Career.

Jupp played in several Southend bands after leaving art college in 1962 and was in the R&B group the Orioles (1963 to late 1965), which included Mo Witham (guitar, vocals) and Bob Clouter (drums), but the band were never recorded.  After a break from music, Jupp formed Legend in 1968, who were signed to Bell Records. They released an eponymous album "Legend", playing a mix of pop, rockabilly and blues rock styles using no electric instruments. The original band: Nigel Dunbar (drums), Chris East (guitar, vocals and harmonica) and Steve Geere (string bass and vocals), who recorded this album with Jupp (guitar, piano and vocals), split soon afterwards, so Jupp assembled a new line-up, with Mo Witham on guitar, John Bobin on bass and Bill Fifield on drums. A recording deal with Vertigo produced a second album, in 1970, using the same line-up. Confusingly, this album was also called "Legend", but is usually referred to as the "Red Boot" album, after the cover picture. Fifield left to join T.Rex (where he was renamed Bill Legend, after the band he had left, by Marc Bolan), and was replaced on drums by Bob Clouter who had played with Jupp in the Orioles. This line-up recorded the second Vertigo album "Moonshine" issued in 1972 (and re-released on CD in 2007), after which the band broke up.  Returning to Southend, Jupp pursued a low-key existence until the pub-rock revolution (spearheaded by local bands such as Dr. Feelgood, for whom he wrote the hit single "Down at the Doctors") created a fresh interest in rock and roll. He signed to Stiff Records in 1978, and they initially released a compilation album of the first three Legend albums, which was also called "Legend", giving three albums with this title. This was followed by his first solo album, "Juppanese", an album in two different styles. The first half was recorded with Rockpile and produced by Nick Lowe, and is in a simple raw style, whereas the second half, produced by Gary Brooker of Procol Harum, was slicker. The album had a cover photo of Jupp sitting at a table of oriental food, pulling at the corners of his eyes. Jupp had a long-standing connection with Procol Harum; Brooker, then with R&B group the Paramounts, was one of his early idols. When Procol's bassist David Knights went into management, Legend were his first act. He also produced their final album "Moonshine". Robin Trower also produced Legend's second single "Georgia George Part 1" which was actually Jupp backed by Mo Witham and Procol's Matthew Fisher and B.J. Wilson.  The follow-up album "Long Distance Romancer" was produced by Godley and Creme, and has a slick, highly produced, sound, which was generally seen as less successful.  Jupp went on to release a further seven solo albums, some appearing on Swedish and German labels. His songs have been recorded by Rick Nelson, Elkie Brooks, the Judds, Chris Farlowe, Delbert McClinton, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds, Gary Brooker, the Hamsters, Dr. Feelgood, Roger Chapman, and the Searchers.  At one time the Mickey Jupp Band had Joy Sarney as its vocalist.  In February 2009 the early Legend line-up of Chris East, Mo Witham, John Bobin, Bob Clouter and Mickey Jupp self-released a new album, "Never Too Old To Rock", featuring a selection of Jupp–East songs written over the previous twenty years.

Appreciation.

On 6 February 2015, most of a two-hour edition of the Belgian radio show Dr Boogie on Classic 21 was dedicated to Jupp who was described (in French) as a 'hidden treasure of rock', a 'white Chuck Berry'. and a musician 'almost without ego'.  In August 2015, an authorised biography of Mickey Jupp, entitled "Hole in my Pocket: the true legend of Mickey Jupp, the rock and roll genius who declined to be a star", written by Mike Wade, was published by Amazon/South Wing Books.  "Oddities" CD only, Line LICD-9.00464 (Germany) (CD compilation of BBC sessions, singles, and unreleased tracks)  "Southend Rock 2" The Lunch Label 01702-001, CD compilation with "Standing At The Crossroads Again" (UK) "Some Sides Of Line: 20th Anniversary" Line LMS-9.01356, CD compilation with "Poison Girls" (Germany)

Recordings.

Appearance on other albums.

"The Greatest Pop Ballads" Repertoire Records RR-4763, 2CD compilation with "Pilot" (Germany)

Michael Graham 'Mickey' Jupp (born 6 March 1944, in Worthing, Sussex, England) is an English musician and songwriter, mainly associated with the Southend music scene.

Michael Graham Mickey Jupp (né le à Worthing, dans le Sussex, en Angleterre) est un musicien et compositeur anglais, principalement associé à la Southend scène de musique. A l'époque, Mickey Jupp Band comprenait Joy Sarney comme vocaliste.


Song information.

A light rock song, it describes a man who has been to the future and has seen a bright, happy world where everyone is filled with joy, cities are filled with light, with no fear of war, and all exploitation has ceased as all creatures have happier lives. Once he returns, however, he is pressured to lie about the incident (i.e., to "keep it dark"). Instead he claims that he was kidnapped by thieves who wanted to take his money.. The cover depicts the three wise monkeys.  In the DVD interview accompanying the 2007 re-release of "Abacab", the album from which the song comes, composer Tony Banks said that "the idea was that this character had to pretend that he'd just been robbed by people and that's why he'd disappeared for a few weeks, and in fact what had happened [was] he'd been to the future and gone to this fantastic world where everything was wonderful and beautiful and everything... but he couldn't tell anybody that, because no one would believe him and the powers that be kept him silent."  The song's structure is unusual: the rhythm is in a 6/4 time signature, with a distinctly syncopated rhythm guitar part. Lead singer Phil Collins sings in falsetto for certain lines of the song. The pace overall, particularly the drums, is similar to the album's title track.

Music video.

A music video supported the single release of the song, featuring Collins, Tony Banks, and Rutherford in two different settings. In the first and second verses and the fade out, the band walks along bleak city streets (in Amsterdam) wearing trenchcoats and fedoras. When the chorus comes in, it shifts to the band wearing all-white suits and sunglasses, and walking through a field, with the sun shining. In both settings, Banks mimes with a mini Casio keyboard and Rutherford with the neck from a guitar, while Collins keeps the beat of the song with drumsticks, mostly hitting air, or the walls of the Amsterdam houses.

"Keep It Dark" is a song by British band Genesis, released on 23 October 1981 as a single in Europe only. It reached number 33 in the UK Singles Chart.

Elle a été écrite par Tony Banks, Phil Collins et Mike Rutherford et produite par Hugh Padgham. Extraite de l'album "Abacab", elle a atteint la 33 place au Royaume-Uni.


Biography.

Castillo-Chavez came to the United States from Mexico in 1974, at the age of 22. He began working at a cheese factory in Wisconsin to support himself. He then returned to his mathematics studies by applying to the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, where he graduated in 1976, with dual degrees in Math and Spanish literature. He continued his MS in Mathematics at University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. He holds a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1984). Prior to moving to Arizona State University in 2004, he spent 18 years as a professor at Cornell University. He has published scientific articles and books, and served on panels and committees for organizations such as the National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, and the American Mathematical Society.  His research interests, as a mathematical epidemiologist, relate to the mechanisms underlying the spread of disease, and their containment, prevention of spread and elimination. In 2006, Arizona State University described him as one of the most prominent mathematicians in the country, an expert in epidemiological modeling, and among the top research contributors to literature on the progression of diseases.  His 50 PhD students include 20 women, 29 from US underrepresented groups and 7 from Latin America. He has been a research co-mentor to over 500 undergraduates-most though the Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute or MTBI that he founded in 1996. Recognized by his mentoring and motivational skills, Prof. Carlos Castillo-Chavez has inspired hundred of students to become also mentors and dedicate efforts for service to others. He has received recognitions for his work on enhancing prospects for academic success and providing research opportunities for underrepresented groups in mathematics and biology. An inspiring letter mentions Carlos Castillo-Chavez as a rockstar researcher and a selfless mentor.

Appointments.

Primary  External

Selected publications.

Books (selected)  Scientific articles (selected/most cited out of more than 250 publications)

Research.

Carlos Castillo-Chavez' research program lives at the interface of the "mathematical and natural and social sciences" with emphasis on  Models for the spread of scientific concepts, ideas, or media driven information have been introduced. Research on gun dynamics and their relationship with recurrent “mass” shootings is being conducted primarily under the leadership of Sherry Towers.  Castillo-Chavez has co-authored over 250 publications and a dozen books, textbooks, research monographs and edited volumes. Castillo-Chavez and collaborators carry out research on the role of behavior and mobility on the dynamics of emergent and re-emergent diseases including Ebola, Influenza, Tuberculosis, and Zika. Finally, the dynamics of collaborative and active learning inspired and supported by the deep mentoring efforts carried out via the Mathematical Biology Institute or MTBI, founded in 1996, have resulted in publications that highlight models and frameworks for collaborative learning through user-inspired research.

Founder of the Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute or MTBI (1996).

MTBI was originally established in 1996 at Cornell University by Dr. Carlos Castillo-Chavez, before it was moved to Arizona State University in the spring of 2004. MTBI funding was provided by Cornell University and Los Alamos National Laboratory (T-Division) from 1996-2004. Currently, MTBI is funded in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Security Agency (NSA), Arizona State University and the Office of the Executive Vice-President and Provost of the University. The high level of financial and administrative support provided by ASU to MTBI is a reflection of the serious commitment to recruitment and retention efforts within the fields of mathematics and science.  MTBI is an intensive summer research experience that prepares undergraduate students for the rigors of graduate level research at the interface of mathematics, statistics, and the natural and social sciences. Select students are invited to Arizona State University for eight weeks, where their time is split between classroom instruction on research methods and hands-on research projects.  MTBI has recruited and enrolled a total of 507 regular first-time undergraduate students and 78 advanced (returning) students. Of these regular students 420 are U.S. citizens or permanent residents; 290 (69%) are underrepresented minorities and/or members of the Sloan Pipeline Program (URMs include Hispanic, African American and Native American students). have been provided mentoring (many of these teaching and grad assistants returned to MTBI for multiple years). Through July 2017, 281 out of 420 (67%) of U.S. MTBI student participants had enrolled in graduate or professional school programs (this number includes teaching/graduate assistants who were involved with MTBI over the course of multiple years). Two hundred five (205) are underrepresented minorities (66% of all MTBI US participants who entered graduate or professional schools were URMs). To date 129 US MTBI student participants have completed their Ph.Ds, 97 of whom are URMs; 75% of US MTBI Ph.D. recipients are URMs.  Further, taking into consideration gender (as US women are an underrepresented group in the mathematical and life sciences at the doctoral level) the results are even more dramatic. Of the 129 US MTBI student participants who have earned Ph.Ds. 117 (or 90%) belong to an underrepresented minority and/or underrepresented group (including Asian and White/mixed females).

Director of Institute for Strengthening and The Joaquin Bustoz Math-Science Honors Program (JBMSHP).

The Joaquin Bustoz Jr. Math-Science Honors Program (JBMSHP) is a summer residential mathematics program intended for mature and motivated students who are interested in academic careers requiring mathematics, science, or engineering-based coursework and who are typically underrepresented in those fields of study. Selected participants include first-generation college bound students and students representing diverse backgrounds from high schools throughout the State of Arizona, including rural communities and the Navajo Nation.  Participants live on the Arizona State University (ASU) Tempe campus while enrolled in a university level mathematics course for college credit such as College Algebra, Pre-Calculus, Calculus I, Calculus II, or Applied Mathematics in the Life and Social Sciences. In addition to the coursework, students work in groups to conduct applied mathematics research involving real-life mathematics problems to help deepen their understanding of the class material. Students present their findings in an oral presentation to their class peers and JBMSHP staff as well as at a poster symposium for faculty, staff, and family members. Tutoring and problem-solving sessions are provided as well as a variety of academic presentations and activities. Tuition, room and board, textbooks, and classroom expenses are provided at no cost to the student.  Since 1985, 2,820 students have participated in the JBMSHP. 58% of the participants have been female. 50% are Hispanic, 16% are Native American, 13% are Asian, 13% are Caucasian, and 8% are African American. 35% of the students who attend the JBMSHP attend for multiple summers, earning as many as 11 university credits before enrolling at a university as a first-time freshman.  Since 1985, 59% of all JBMSHP alumni students have attended ASU after their high school graduation. 71% of all JBMSHP alumni currently attending ASU are majoring in a Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) field. JBMSHP alumni consistently earn higher grade point averages when compared to non-JBMSHP students at Arizona State University within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the Ira A. School of Engineering, and the W.P. Carey School of Business. As of fall 2018, JBMSHP alumni grade point average compared to those non-JBMSHP alumni currently at Arizona State University is 13% higher within the College of Liberal Arts, 11% higher within the Ira A. School of Engineering, and 14% higher within the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College. As of the fall of 2018, JBMSHP alumni have earned 1,244 degrees from ASU, with 1,079 undergraduate degrees and 165 graduate degrees earned from ASU. 59% of JBMSHP alumni who have earned a degree from ASU are female, 52% are Hispanic, 18% are Asian, 11% are Native American, 12% are Caucasian, and 7% are African American. 159 JBMSHP students have graduated from ASU as part of Barrett, The Honors College. Since 1985, 73% of all JBMSHP alumni who attended ASU earned a degree from ASU.

Carlos Castillo-Chavez' students and The Math Genealogy Project.

The Mathematics Genealogy Project (MGP) is an initiative to compile all possible information about the mathematicians in the world, who receive a doctorate degree in mathematics. The project also intends to keep track of the intellectual history of individual and record advisors, universities and areas of study. MGP started in 1996 by Harry Coonce, a mathematician at Mankato State University in Minnesota. The data base considers mathematicians in the most inclusive manner, including people with degrees in mathematics education, statistics, computer science, operations research. The project currently has 239,144 records of mathematicians as of Feb, 2019. The distribution of the number of students is presented in figure below. According to the MGP, 172,959 mathematicians do not have students under their supervision, corresponding to 75,7% of the entire list. 23.5% of mathematicians have had less up to 20 students under their supervision. The page under the name of “Extrema” lists up to the Top 250 Advisors. Prof. Carlos Castillo-Chavez has currently 50 PhD students, being the only Latino-heritage mathematician listed in the top 250 positions. The probability of having 48 students or more under supervision is just 0,08%, that is, less that 1 per 1.000 mathematicians. Professor Castillo-Chavez’s name is included in this top 250 list which, includes names like Ronold Wyeth Percival, Rudiger W. Dornbusch, Andrei Kolmogorov, Daron Acemoglu, Robert Solow, Simon A. Levin, Marvin Fisher, C. R. Rao, Jerome Arthur Feldman, Edward Prescott, among others.

Founder of the Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center or SAL-MCMSC (2008).

Applied Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences (AMLSS) investigates and integrates complex areas of the physical, life and social sciences while preparing a new generation of students in mathematics. The objective of these programs is to develop critical thinking skills and purposeful competencies in mathematics, as well as an appreciation for the contributions of mathematics to the fields of science, engineering, business, government and economics. The Levin Center members have a history of stimulating synergistic cross-disciplinary activities, and initiating biological, environmental and sociological research that involves a significant use of quantitative methods—mathematics, modeling, statistics and simulations. The center's name was motivated by the work conducted by Simon A. Levin, Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution and the Director of the Center for BioComplexity at Princeton University. Research areas include:

Founder of the Applied Mathematics in the Life and Social Sciences Degrees (2008) Ph.D. and BS programs.

The Ph.D. program at the Applied Mathematics in the Life and Social Sciences at Arizona State University produces a new generation of scientists with an understanding of global issues and vigorous training in quantitative theory and methods. The graduates come from a wide range of backgrounds and will be able to quickly adapt to the changing employment demands we are already seeing in areas such as homeland security, sustainability and conservation biology, urban system dynamics, public health, disease evolution and addiction, infrastructure and technological research.”  The Applied Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences (AMLSS) doctoral degree is designed especially for students who want to make innovative and far-reaching scientific contributions to the global challenges of our time. The program's faculty includes mathematicians, statisticians, theoretical biologists and social scientists from five different schools at Arizona State University. The curriculum—with dynamic and statistical approaches as critical and unifying components— is aimed at producing first-rate scientists whose skills will always be in high demand both within and outside of academia. AMLSS graduate students are supported in their work by the members of the MCMSC.  AMLSS was established in 2008 and is supported by the Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center. Its notable accomplishments include graduating 38 doctoral students since its inception (25, or 66%, are underrepresented minorities). Additionally, ASU’s first ever PhD degree in mathematics to an African American student, Edme Soho, was realized in 2012; the second, to Kehinde Salau, was awarded in 2013. The first to a Native American, Adrian Smith, all were AMLSS students. Within the AMLSS program alone, we have awarded 38 Ph.Ds. since 2008, 25 (66%) to URM students, and anticipate an additional three graduates this year. Of these 38 doctorates, 19 were awarded to Hispanic/Latino students (10 male, nine female), five to African American (Black) males, and one to a Native American male. Two were awarded to White females, and two to international females. Finally, five international males and three white males have attained their doctoral degrees within AMLSS.

Carlos Castillo-Chavez (born 1952) is the Emeritus and Founding Director of the Mathematical and Computational Modeling Sciences Center at Arizona State University. He is a Regents Professor and Joaquín Bustoz Jr. Professor of Mathematical Biology at Arizona State University.<ref name="titleAwards/Honors"> Professor Castillo-Chavez was the Executive Director of the Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute (MTBI) and the Institute for Strengthening the Understanding of Mathematics and Science. He also worked as rector of Yachay Tech University in Ecuador during 2016 to 2018. For 2019, Castillo-Chavez is Provost Visiting Professor in the Applied Mathematics Division and Data Science Initiative at Brown University.

Carlos Castillo-Chavez (né en 1952) est un mathématicien mexicain, directeur émérite et fondateur du Centre des sciences de la modélisation mathématique et computationnelle de l'université d'État de l'Arizona. Il est professeur Regents et professeur de biologie mathématique à l'université d'État de l'Arizona<ref name="titleAwards/Honors">. Le professeur Castillo-Chavez était directeur exécutif de l'Institut de biologie mathématique et théorique (MTBI) et de l'Institut de renforcement de la compréhension des mathématiques et des sciences. Il a également été recteur de l'Université Yachay Tech en Équateur de 2016 à 2018. En 2019, Castillo-Chavez est professeur invité dans la division de mathématiques appliquées et la Data Science Initiative de l'université Brown.


Research.

Dickenstein is editor-in-chief of the journal "Revista de la Unión Matemática Argentina". She is also a corresponding editor for the SIAM Journal on Applied Algebra and Geometry.  In 2009-2010, Dickenstein was an Eisenbud professor at MSRI, and in 2012-2013, she was a Simons professor at MSRI. In 2016, Dickenstein was a Knut and Alice Wallenbergs Professor at KTH.  Her research focuses on using Algebraic geometry and combinatorics to predict behaviours of Biological systems without knowing precise parameters. She in conjunction with Mercedes Perez Milian has created a system called The MESSI System (named after the footballer, Lionel Messi) which stands for Modifications of the type-Enzyme-Substrate or Swap with Intermediates. This allows researchers to prove general results valid in certain networks.

Education.

Dickenstein obtained her Ph.D. from the Universidad de Buenos Aires in 1982 under Miguel E. M. Herrera.

Honors.

In 2015, Dickenstein received the TWAS Prize from The World Academy of Sciences for the advancement of science in developing countries.  In 2018, Dickenstein was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society for "contributions to computational algebra and its applications, especially in systems biology, and for global leadership in supporting underrepresented groups in mathematics." In 2020 she was named a SIAM Fellow "for contributions to algebraic geometry and its applications within geometric modeling and in the study of biochemical reaction networks".

Children's Books.

Dickenstein has produced several books for children, including "Mate max: la matemática en todas partes", which presents mathematical problems designed for young children.

Alicia Dickenstein (born 17 January 1955, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine mathematician known for her work on algebraic geometry, particularly toric geometry, tropical geometry, and their applications to biological systems. She is a full professor at the University of Buenos Aires, a 2019 Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, a prior vice-president of the International Mathematical Union (2015–2018), and a 2015 recipient of The World Academy of Sciences prize.

Alicia Dickenstein (née le à Buenos Aires ) est une mathématicienne argentine connue pour ses travaux sur la géométrie algébrique. Elle est professeure à l'université de Buenos Aires, élue en 2019 Fellow à l'American Mathematical Society, ancienne vice-présidente de l'Union mathématique internationale (2015-2018) et récipiendaire 2015 du Prix de The World Academy of Sciences.


Early life and ordination.

Quinn was born in Riverside, California, and ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of San Diego on July 19, 1953. Pope Paul VI named him auxiliary bishop of San Diego with the titular see of Thisiduo on October 21, 1967. He was consecrated on December 12.  He became a regular contributor to "America".

Arch/Bishop of Oklahoma City.

On November 17, 1971, he was appointed Bishop of Oklahoma City-Tulsa. When the diocese was split to form the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City and the Diocese of Tulsa on December 13, 1972, Quinn became the first Archbishop of Oklahoma City.  The website of that Archdiocese reports that "he revealed his priorities by his actions: emphasis on priestly vocations, desire for better pastoral care of Spanish-speaking Catholics, re-establishment of a Catholic newspaper, appointment of a full-time youth director, and a reorganization of Catholic charities."  Pope Paul VI named Quinn to participate in the 1974 World Synod of Bishops.

Archbishop of San Francisco.

Quinn's was a popular appointment by Pope Paul VI in 1977 and for almost his entire episcopate in San Francisco he enjoyed the support of priests and the lay faithful. In the early years of his time as Archbishop he was simultaneously president of the USCC NCCB, which often kept him away from the archdiocese.  Quinn recognized that the Archdiocese was too large for effective pastoral governance and helped devise plans for the creation of the Diocese of San Jose, which was erected by Pope John Paul II on January 27, 1981.

Views.

Irenicism and liberalism.

Quinn was an irenic and liberal presence in San Francisco who, in the 1970s and 1980s, offering national leadership to Catholics in the United States on issues as diverse as U.S. women religious, the moral permissibility of nuclear weapons, sanctuary for Central American refugees, and working to overturn Roe vs Wade and restore legal protection to unborn children.

Óscar Romero.

After the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero in March 1980, Quinn issued a statement lauding the murdered prelate as "a voice for the poor and the oppressed." Quinn later attended Archbishop Romero's funeral in San Salvador.

AIDS.

In 1985, Archbishop Quinn initiated the Catholic Church's first institutional response to the AIDS epidemic and when John Paul II visited San Francisco in 1987, Archbishop Quinn arranged that he met with several AIDS patients, including a young boy.

LGBT.

Quinn reached out to gay Catholic as early as 83. He issued a document that asked priests to take concerns of gay people seriously. In it, he said he wanted gay Catholics to find "a church where he or she will find acceptance, understanding, and love." Priests were reminded in the letter that many gay Catholics saw their orientation as a positive.  He supported the efforts of Most Holy Redeemer Church in The Castro in their efforts to reach out to the LGBT population of the neighborhood. Quinn regularly visited this parish, especially during the annual 40 Hours Vigil held throughout the 1980s in support of those who were HIV-positive and their caregivers.

Loma Prieta earthquake.

In the 1990s, Quinn turned his attention to the needs of the archdiocese after the Loma Prieta earthquake, which damaged many churches. The Archdiocese of San Francisco drew up a plan which would see the closure of a dozen parishes whose churches had been damaged in the earthquake. This plan drew the wrath of many priests, 41 of whom signed a petition to Quinn dissenting from his plan. Quinn sold the former archiepiscopal residence and in the summer of 1992 moved into the Cathedral rectory where he lived with his fellow clergy until his retirement.

"The Reform of the Papacy".

Throughout his episcopate he maintained strong links with the Catholic Church in England visiting it regularly and maintaining strong personal links with the country. After his retirement from the full-time ministry he spent time at Campion Hall, Oxford where in 1996 he gave a celebrated paper on "The Claims of the Primacy and the Costly Call to Unity", a paper which was a first draft of his 1999 book "The Reform of the Papacy".  This call for the reform of the Roman Curia and a concomitant reduction in the power of that Curia has been interpreted by some conservative voices in the Church as an 'attack' on the papacy. Quinn repeatedly made it clear that he was not opposing the Vatican and in many ways his writings prefigured the views of Pope Francis.

John Raphael Quinn (March 28, 1929 – June 22, 2017) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of San Francisco from 1977 to 1995 and Archbishop of Oklahoma City from 1971 to 1977. He served as the president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops from 1977 to 1980.

John Raphael Quinn, né le à Riverside en Californie et mort le à San Francisco, est un prélat américain qui fut archevêque d'Oklahoma de 1971 à 1977, puis archevêque de San Francisco de 1977 à 1995. Il servit aussi comme président de la Conférence des évêques catholiques des États-Unis de 1977 à 1980.


Plot.

In Lafayette, Indiana, September 1999, Jeremy Camp (KJ Apa) departs for Calvary Chapel College in Murrieta, California. The night of his arrival, he goes to a concert of Canadian Christian band, the Kry, where he meets the lead singer, Jean-Luc LaJoie (Nathan Parsons), who become fast friends with Jeremy, who comes to him for musical advice. After the concert, Jeremy meets Melissa Henning (Britt Robertson), a fellow student at his school, and friend of Jean-Luc, who loves Melissa, but Melissa does not reciprocate the feeling. The pair (Jeremy and Melissa) get to know each other, and quickly begin dating, causing a rift among Jeremy, Melissa, and Jean-Luc. As a result, Melissa ends her relationship with Jeremy. Jeremy goes back to his family in Indiana for Christmas break. A few days after Christmas, Jeremy receives a phone call from Jean-Luc, saying that Melissa is sick, and asks Jeremy to come back to California. Upon his arrival, Jeremy visits Melissa in the hospital, who tells him that she has been diagnosed with Stage 3C cancer in her liver. She also tells Jeremy that she loves him. Jeremy says the same, and proposes to her. She accepts. During this time, Jeremy begins to make a name for himself as a Christian singer-songwriter. Melissa learns that the cancer has spread to her ovaries, and that she needs a surgery that will leave her infertile. After the surgery was supposed to happen, Melissa wakes up to Jeremy, who tells her the surgery was canceled because she is now cancer-free. Six months later, Jeremy and Melissa wed. Everything seems perfect until after their honeymoon, Melissa wakes up in pain. Jeremy takes her to the hospital, where they find out her cancer has returned, and that nothing more can be done for her. As Melissa grows weaker, Jeremy begins to question his faith in God. In the hospital, Jeremy sings a song he wrote ("Walk by Faith") during their honeymoon. Melissa dies shortly after. Jeremy becomes angry at God, and chooses to abandon his musical career, smashing his guitar until it breaks. Inside it, he finds a note Melissa left for him to find after her death, telling him that suffering does not damage faith, but strengthen it, and encouraging him to continue writing songs. Two years later, Jeremy performs a song he wrote after Melissa's death (I Still Believe) about his suffering, but eventually restored faith. After the concert, he meets a girl named Adrienne (Abigail Cowens), who tells Jeremy that she lost someone close to her, and she was angry at God, and his songs changed her life. The film ends with Jeremy promising to share Melissa's story, believing that God will use it to change lives. The credits reveal that Jeremy and Adrienne got married in 2003, and have three children.

Production.

The film is the first project of a deal struck between the Erwin Brothers and Lionsgate after the success of their film "I Can Only Imagine" in 2018. It is also the first film produced by Kingdom Story Company, a film studio founded by the Erwin Brothers, Kevin Downes, and Tony Young, and the Erwin Brothers' second music biopic after "I Can Only Imagine".  Jeremy Camp was actively involved in the production of the film, while singer-songwriter Bart Millard of MercyMe (whose life story was told in the Erwin Brothers' "I Can Only Imagine") acted as an executive producer, along with Camp, Jon Gunn, and others.

Casting.

KJ Apa was announced as the star of the film, playing Camp, and Gary Sinise was announced for the role of Camp's father, at CinemaCon in April 2019. That same month it was announced that Britt Robertson would co-star as Melissa Camp, joined by Shania Twain as Camp's mother, Melissa Roxburgh as Melissa's sister, and Nathan Parsons as Jean-Luc Lajoie, lead singer for the band The Kry, a mutual friend.  Apa, who did his own singing for the film, said he was drawn to the story because "[t]heir love is seriously put to the test in this movie," adding, "it's about journeying through your biggest fears and disappointments and coming out still believing. I believe that anyone, everyone can relate to this film because it's a story about love, loss, and hope." Apa later related that his role in "I Still Believe" is "the coolest thing I've ever done". Jeremy Camp stated that Apa was concerned about detail and would often consult him whenever he was in doubt regarding how to play his character in certain scenes.  Co-director Andrew Erwin related that he hoped the cast, particularly Apa and Robertson, would attract non-Christians in addition to a Christian audience.

Music.

Composer John Debney was hired to write the score for the film, while KJ Apa sang his own renditions of several songs written by Jeremy Camp during the period of his life accounted in the film, including "I Still Believe", "Walk by Faith", and "This Man". "I Still Believe" is John Debney's third time composing the score for a Christian film, after "The Passion of the Christ" in 2004 and "The Young Messiah" in 2016.

Writing.

Jon Erwin, Jon Gunn, and Madeline Carrol (who starred in "I Can Only Imagine") wrote the screenplay for "I Still Believe". The film is Madeline Carrol's screenwriting debut. Jeremy Camp, initially apprehensive about how the film's script would read, was surprised to find that he liked it right off for "[h]ow accurate and beautifully done it was."

Filming.

Filming began in the Mobile, Alabama area in May 2019, where it was filmed entirely.  The film's cinematographer, Kristopher Kimlin, had collaborated with the Erwin Brothers on their past productions, "Moms' Night Out", "Woodlawn", and "I Can Only Imagine".

Theme.

Regarding the film's main theme, Jeremy Camp, on whose life the film is based, said that it "tells my story and shares what God has done amidst all the hard things I went through. It shows hope in the midst of pain."  The film's stars, Apa, Robertson and Twain, also shared their thoughts on the film's themes, with Twain commenting that "[t]his is [about] a love that goes beyond fear, that goes beyond any doubt[.]" Apa said that  "I Still Believe"'s co-director, Jon Erwin, said in an interview with the Baptist Press that

Soundtrack.

The original motion picture soundtrack was released digitally by Capital Records on March 6, 2020, and included Debney's score, Apa's renditions of Camp's songs "This Man", "I Still Believe", "My Desire", and "Right Here", as well as new versions of "I Still Believe" and "Walk by Faith" performed by Jeremy Camp, and two tracks featuring dialog from the film.

Release.

"I Still Believe" premiered at ArcLight Hollywood in Hollywood, California on March 7, 2020, and was released in North American theaters on March 13 by Lionsgate, with early showings on IMAX theaters on March 11. "I Still Believe" is the first feature-length faith-based film to be released on IMAX screens.  As the COVID-19 pandemic receded, the film was released in three Santikos Theatres locations in San Antonio, Texas on May 1, 2020.

Rating.

"I Still Believe" was rated PG by the Motion Picture Association of America for "thematic material".

Marketing.

The film's first trailer was released in August 2019, while the second was released in January 2020.  Christian band MercyMe announced in October 2019 that it would be promoting the film through their winter-spring 20/20 tour with Jeremy Camp as a special guest. In February 2020, Camp wrote and released "I Still Believe: A Memoir" in promotion of the film. Jeremy and Adrienne Camp and Jon Erwin spoke at Liberty University in early March prior to the film's release to promote "I Still Believe".  Regarding Lionsgate's role behind the film's marketing, co-director Jon Erwin related that

Video on demand.

Due to movie theaters closures because of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, Lionsgate and Kingdom Story Company announced on March 19 that the film would get an early digital Premium VOD release on March 27 in the United States and Canada, just two weeks after the film's theatrical debut and before the end of the usual 90-day theatrical run. Lionsgate chairman Joe Drake said in a statement, "With theaters closed nationwide due to these unprecedented events, we want to continue to make "I Still Believe" available to consumers... We're enormously proud of the movie that the Erwin Brothers created and are grateful to be able to share it with audiences for their home viewing pleasure." The Erwin brothers added, "As filmmakers, we are heartbroken that we can’t share "I Still Believe" on a big screen the way we intended. We make movies because we love movies and we stand firmly behind the nation’s theater chains, from the largest circuits to the smallest mom and pop indies that have been so dramatically affected by these unprecedented closures. But the safety of guests comes first, and we're proud to have the opportunity to share online a movie whose inspiring message of love, hope and faith is perfect for these uncertain times."

Reception.

Box office.

In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside "The Hunt" and "Bloodshot", and was projected to gross $11–15 million from 3,250 theaters in its opening weekend. The film was number one at the box office on its first day at $4 million, including $780,000 from Wednesday IMAX screenings and Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to just $9.1 million, finishing third behind holdover "Onward" and "Bloodshot". The weekend was also noteworthy for being the lowest combined grossing since October 1998, with all films totaling only $55.3 million, which was attributed to COVID-19 concerns.  As the COVID-19 pandemic receded, the film was released in three Santikos Theatres locations in San Antonio, Texas on May 1, 2020.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "I Still Believe" holds an approval rating of 51% based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 5.57/10 and a public rating of 98% based on 1,837 verified ratings. The website's critics consensus reads, ""I Still Believe"s palpable good intentions are offset by its predictable handling of a fact-based story that ends up preaching to the choir." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 41 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed it average reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, and PostTrak reported it received an average 4.5 out of 5 stars.  In a favorable review, Pete Hammond of "Deadline Hollywood" said that ""I Still Believe" doesn't rewrite any of the rules of this genre, but it does ask the right questions of faith in light of unimaginable tragedy without trying to sugarcoat them. For those who truly want to'still believe', it should be enough. Fans of Apa also ought to be happy. Cynics should quarantine themselves from this; it's not for you." Megan Basham of "World" also wrote a positive review for the film, and, while criticizing it for its "melodramatic raging", similarly praised its depiction of faith amidst suffering, saying, "[t]he Erwins are careful to show that God is faithful even when He says 'no.'" Joe Leydon of "Variety", in a positive review for the film, praised Apa's and Robertson's performances and commended the Erwin Brothers' direction, saying that in "I Still Believe" "they amp the emotional power – subtly at first, then gradually more aggressively – with a 'Love Story'-style scenario that is all the more potent for being based on real-life events."  Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" commended the film for dealing with "the difficulty of maintaining faith when tragedy strikes for no apparent reason", although his review was ultimately negative, with him stating as a bottom line that "[t]ears will be jerked, but you'll feel the machinations." Carla Meyer of "The San Francisco Chronicle", while praising Robertson's acting and her chemistry with Apa, derided the film for the lack of "any character development for Jeremy beyond caretaker and worried partner." Similarly, "IndieWire" writer David Ehrlich gave the film a "C-", stating that "[t]he power of the Camps' story is hard to deny, but it would almost be impossible to make it seem more hollow. Maybe if the Erwins depicted people with half the same detail with which they dote upon Jesus, "I Still Believe" wouldn't feel so insufferably forced to those of us who don't. Similarly, "TheWrap" contributor Carlos Aguilar, while praising Kristopher Kimlin's cinematography and the "above-average production value", called the film "[s]accharine" and "[f]ormulaic to the core, from the protagonist's short-lived moment of doubt to the epiphany that sets him back on course."

I Still Believe is a 2020 American Christian musical romantic drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and starring KJ Apa, Britt Robertson, Shania Twain, Melissa Roxburgh, and Gary Sinise. It is based on the life of American contemporary Christian music singer-songwriter Jeremy Camp and his first wife, Melissa Lynn Henning-Camp, who was diagnosed with ovarian cancer shortly before they married. Camp's song "I Still Believe" is the film's namesake.

J'y crois encore (") est un film biographique américain réalisé par Andrew et Jon Erwin, sorti en 2020. Il s’agit de l’adaptation de la vie du chanteur Jeremy Camp et de sa femme Melissa Lynn Henning-Camp dont le cancer de l'ovaire a été diagnostiqué avant leur mariage.


Early life and career.

Myrtle C. Bachelder was born on March 13, 1908, in Orange, Massachusetts. She earned a bachelor of science degree from Middlebury College in 1930, and became a high school science teacher and athletics coach in South Hadley Falls, Massachusetts. She received her master of education degree from Boston University.

World War II: the atomic bomb.

During World War II, Bachelder enlisted in the Women's Army Corps (WAC) in November 1942, at the Springfield, Massachusetts headquarters. After spending time in training at military bases in several U.S. states, she received orders assigning her to the Company 'D' WAC Detachment of the Manhattan District, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Her secret assignment was to lead a group of 15 to 20 women from the WAC, stationed in Des Moines, Iowa, to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and from there to Santa Fe, New Mexico. She and the women under her command arrived at Los Alamos, New Mexico on October 21, 1943.  "Manhattan" was the code name for the special military division dedicated to developing an atomic weapon. In the clandestine laboratory at the remote Los Alamos desert site, Bachelder was responsible for the analysis of the spectroscopy of uranium isotopes. Since the uranium-235 isotope is fissile, whereas the uranium-238 isotope is not, Bachelder's role in the project was a crucial task: to ensure the purity of the sub-critical material, and therefore the nuclear explosion, of the world's first atomic bombs. These methods were used during the preparation of plutonium-239, the fissile material used in the construction of the atomic bomb for the Trinity nuclear test, on July 16, 1945. Analogous methods were used for the uranium weapon, code-named "Little Boy", which destroyed Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945, and for the plutonium bomb which destroyed Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945, leading to the Japanese surrender. The secret program was under the general direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer, whom Bachelder described as:

Contribution to post-war developments in nuclear energy.

The conclusion of the Second World War was also the dawning of a new "Atomic Age", in which the peacetime potential of nuclear energy began to be explored. Bachelder was among the scientists who opposed the May-Johnson Bill of October 1945, a Congressional bill proposed by the Interim Committee, which would have maintained military control over nuclear research. The bill was defeated in Congress and superseded by the McMahon Atomic Energy Act. In January 1947, the newly formed Atomic Energy Commission approved the declassification of 270 previously secret documents. These included discoveries related to X-radiation and purification of uranium ores, which had been made by Bachelder during the course of the war effort. At this time, the rarity and importance of Bachelder's achievements as a woman in science were also acknowledged.

Scientific research and later career.

After leaving the Army, Bachelder became a research chemist at the University of Chicago, where the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction had been achieved in 1942. Nobel Laureate James Franck had been Director of the Chemistry Division of the Metallurgical Laboratory during the earlier phases of the Manhattan Project. Bachelder joined the University's Institute for the Study of Metals (renamed as the James Franck Institute in 1967), and she conducted further research in metallochemistry.  Among other achievements, Bachelder developed methods for the purification of the rare elements tellurium and indium. Other aspects of her broad scientific expertise found application in the field of marine archaeology, when she determined the chemical composition of brass cannons found in the Aegean Sea on sunken ships. She also made contributions to astrochemistry, when NASA asked her to analyze the chemistry of Moon rocks which had been collected from the Moon's surface during the Apollo missions from 1969 to 1972.  Bachelder retired from the Franck Institute in 1973, and was subsequently active as an official of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). She died in Chicago on May 22, 1997.

Reflections.

Bachelder believed that her role in the development of the atomic bomb, and the subsequent use of atomic weapons against Japan, had been justified in order to end the Second World War and to avoid greater loss of life that would have been entailed in a U.S. land invasion and extended conflict with Japan. Later, during the period of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, Bachelder stated that, although she supported nuclear arms control:

Myrtle Claire Bachelder (March 13, 1908 – May 22, 1997) was an American chemist and Women's Army Corps officer, who is noted for her secret work on the Manhattan Project atomic bomb program, and for the development of techniques in the chemistry of metals.

Myrtle Claire Bachelder, née le et morte, est une chimiste américaine et officier du Women's Army Corps, connue pour son travail secret sur le programme de la bombe atomique du projet Manhattan et pour le développement de techniques de chimie des métaux.


Background.

Under the leadership of Joseph Smith, Latter Day Saints established several communities throughout the United States between 1830 and 1844, most notably in Kirtland, Ohio; Independence, Missouri; and Nauvoo, Illinois. However, the Saints were driven out of each of them in turn, due to conflicts with other settlers (see History of the Latter Day Saint movement). This included the actions of Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs, who issued Missouri Executive Order 44, which called for the "extermination" of all Mormons in Missouri. Latter-day Saints were finally forced to abandon Nauvoo in 1846.  Although the movement had split into several denominations after Smith's death in 1844, most members aligned themselves with Brigham Young and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Under Young's leadership, about 14,000 Mormon citizens of Nauvoo set out to find a new home in the West.

The Trek West.

As the senior apostle of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles after Joseph Smith's death, Brigham Young assumed responsibility of the leadership of the church. He would later be sustained as President of the Church and prophet.  Young now had to lead the Saints into the far west, without knowing exactly where to go or where they would end up. He insisted the Mormons should settle in a place no one else wanted and felt the isolated Great Basin would provide the Saints with many advantages.  Young reviewed information on the Great Salt Lake Valley and the Great Basin, consulted with mountain men and trappers, and met with Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, a Jesuit missionary familiar with the region. Young also organized a vanguard company to break trail to the Rocky Mountains, evaluate trail conditions, find sources of water, and select a central gathering point in the Great Basin. A new route on the north side of the Platte and North Platte rivers was chosen to avoid potential conflicts over grazing rights, water access, and campsites with travelers using the established Oregon Trail on the river's south side.  The Quincy Convention of October 1845 passed resolutions demanding that the Latter-day Saints withdraw from Nauvoo by May 1846. A few days later, the Carthage Convention called for establishment of a militia that would force them out if they failed to meet the May deadline. To try to meet this deadline and to get an early start on the trek to the Great Basin, the Latter-day Saints began leaving Nauvoo in February 1846.

Trek of 1846.

The departure from Nauvoo began on February 4, 1846, under the leadership of Brigham Young. This early departure exposed them to the elements in the worst of winter. After crossing the Mississippi River, the journey across Iowa Territory followed primitive territorial roads and Native American trails.  Young originally planned to lead an express company of about 300 men to the Great Basin during the summer of 1846. He believed they could cross Iowa and reach the Missouri River in four to six weeks. However, the actual trip across Iowa was slowed by rain, mud, swollen rivers, and poor preparation, and it required 16 weeks – nearly three times longer than planned.  Heavy rains turned the rolling plains of southern Iowa into a quagmire of axle-deep mud. Furthermore, few people carried adequate provisions for the trip. The weather, general unpreparedness, and lack of experience in moving such a large group of people all contributed to the difficulties they endured.  The initial party reached the Missouri River on June 14. It was apparent that the Latter-day Saints could not make it to the Great Basin that season and would have to winter on the Missouri River.  Some of the emigrants established a settlement called Kanesville (present-day Council Bluffs) on the Iowa side of the river. Others moved across the river into the area of present-day Omaha, Nebraska, and built a camp called Winter Quarters.

The Vanguard Company of 1847.

In April 1847, chosen members of the vanguard company gathered, final supplies were packed, and the group was organized into 14 military companies. A militia and night guard were formed. The company consisted of 143 men, including three black people and eight members of the Quorum of the Twelve, three women, and two children. The train contained 73 wagons, draft animals, and livestock, and carried enough supplies to provision the group for one year. On April 5, the wagon train moved west from Winter Quarters toward the Great Basin.  The journey from Winter Quarters to Fort Laramie took six weeks; the company arrived at the fort on June 1. While at Fort Laramie, the vanguard company was joined by members of the Mormon Battalion, who had been excused due to illness and sent to winter in Pueblo, Colorado, and a group of Church members from Mississippi. At this point, the now larger company took the established Oregon Trail toward the trading post at Fort Bridger.  Young met mountain man Jim Bridger on June 28. They discussed routes into the Salt Lake Valley and the feasibility of viable settlements in the mountain valleys of the Great Basin. The company pushed on through South Pass, rafted across the Green River, and arrived at Fort Bridger on July 7. About the same time, they were joined by 12 more members of the sick detachment of the Mormon Battalion.  Now facing a more rugged and hazardous trek, Young chose to follow the trail used by the Donner–Reed party on their journey to California the previous year. As the vanguard company traveled through the rugged mountains, they divided into three sections. Young and several other members of the party suffered from a fever, generally accepted as a "mountain fever" induced by wood ticks. The small sick detachment lagged behind the larger group, and a scouting division was created to move farther ahead on the designated route.

Arrival and settlement.

Scouts Erastus Snow and Orson Pratt entered the Salt Lake Valley on July 21. On July 23, Pratt offered a prayer dedicating the land to the Lord. Ground was broken, irrigation ditches were dug, and the first fields of potatoes and turnips were planted. On July 24, Young first saw the valley from a "sick" wagon driven by his friend Wilford Woodruff. According to Woodruff, Young expressed his satisfaction in the appearance of the valley and declared, "This is the right place, drive on."  In August 1847, Young and selected members of the vanguard company returned to Winter Quarters to organize the companies scheduled for following years. By December 1847, more than 2,000 Mormons had completed the journey to the Salt Lake Valley, then in Mexican territory.  Farming the uncultivated land was initially difficult, as the shares broke when they tried to plow the dry ground. Therefore, an irrigation system was designed and the land was flooded before plowing, and the resulting system provided supplemental moisture during the year.  Salt Lake City was laid out and designated as Church headquarters. Hard work produced a prosperous community. In their new settlement, entertainment was also important, and the first public building was a theater.  It did not take long, however, until the United States caught up with them, and in 1848, after the end of the war with Mexico, the land in which they settled became part of the United States.

Ongoing migration.

Each year during the Mormon migration, people continued to be organized into "companies", each company bearing the name of its leader and subdivided into groups of 10 and 50. The Saints traveled the trail broken by the vanguard company, splitting the journey into two sections. The first segment began in Nauvoo and ended in Winter Quarters, near modern-day Omaha, Nebraska. The second half of the journey took the Saints through the area that later became Nebraska and Wyoming, before finishing their journey in the Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah. The earlier groups used covered wagons pulled by oxen to carry their supplies across the country. Some later companies used handcarts and traveled by foot.  By 1849, many of the Latter-day Saints who remained in Iowa or Missouri were poor and unable to afford the costs of the wagon, teams of oxen, and supplies that would be required for the trip. Therefore, the LDS Church established a revolving fund, known as the Perpetual Emigration Fund, to enable the poor to emigrate. By 1852, most of the Latter-day Saints from Nauvoo who wished to emigrate had done so, and the church abandoned its settlements in Iowa. However, many church members from the eastern states and from Europe continued to emigrate to Utah, often assisted by the Perpetual Emigration Fund.

Handcarts: 1856–60.

In 1856, the church inaugurated a system of handcart companies in order to enable poor European emigrants to make the trek more cheaply. Handcarts, two-wheeled carts that were pulled by emigrants instead of draft animals, were sometimes used as an alternate means of transportation from 1856 to 1860. They were seen as a faster, easier, and cheaper way to bring European converts to Salt Lake City. Almost 3,000 Mormons, with 653 carts and 50 supply wagons, traveling in 10 different companies, made the trip over the trail to Salt Lake City. While not the first to use handcarts, they were the only group to use them extensively.  The handcarts were modeled after carts used by street sweepers and were made almost entirely of wood. They were generally six to seven feet (183 to 213 cm) long, wide enough to span a narrow wagon track, and could be alternately pushed or pulled. The small boxes affixed to the carts were three to four feet (91 to 122 cm) long and eight inches (20 cm) high. They could carry about 500 pounds (227 kg), most of this weight consisting of trail provisions and a few personal possessions.  All but two of the handcart companies successfully completed the rugged journey, with relatively few problems and only a few deaths. However, the fourth and fifth companies, known as the Willie and Martin Companies, respectively, had serious problems. The companies left Iowa City, Iowa, in July 1856, very late to begin the trip across the plains. They met severe winter weather west of present-day Casper, Wyoming, and continued to cope with deep snow and storms for the remainder of the journey. Food supplies were soon exhausted. Young organized a rescue effort that brought the companies in, but more than 210 of the 980 emigrants in the two parties died.  The handcart companies continued with more success until 1860, and traditional ox-and-wagon companies also continued for those who could afford the higher cost. After 1860, the church began sending wagon companies east each spring, to return to Utah in the summer with the emigrating Latter-day Saints. Finally, with the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, future emigrants were able to travel by rail, and the era of the Mormon pioneer trail came to an end.

Sites along the trail.

The following are major points along the trail at which the early Mormon pioneers stopped, established temporary camps, or used as landmarks and meeting places. The sites are categorized by their location in respect to modern-day US states.

The Mormon Trail is the long route from Illinois to Utah that members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints traveled for 3 months. Today, the Mormon Trail is a part of the United States National Trails System, known as the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail.

Le Mormon Pioneer Trail est un sentier de randonnée américain entre Nauvoo dans l'Illinois et Salt Lake City dans l'Utah. Long de, il traverse l'Iowa, le Nebraska et le Wyoming sur les traces de nombreux Mormons passés là entre 1846 et 1868. Classé National Historic Trail depuis le, il est géré par le National Park Service.


History.

Background.

The background to the congress lay in the failure of the Paris Commune in June of the previous year, and in the different lessons drawn from it by the two most prominent members of the International, Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin. Marx, in his pamphlet "The Civil War in France", believed that the major lesson from the Commune was that it was essential for the proletariat to take control of the State and thus the International had to become a true political party of the proletariat. On the other hand, Bakunin saw the most important element of the Commune as being the Parisian workers' rejection of the State in all its forms and continued to call for a revolutionary alliance of workers and peasants in a decentralized organization.  In September 1871, the General Council of the International, headed by Marx, held a conference in London at which a series of resolutions were passed, including one (sometimes known as Resolution No.9) which stated: "That this constitution of the working class into a political party is indispensable in order to ensure the triumph of the social revolution and its ultimate end — the abolition of classes." This was seen by many to imply a major change of direction to the content of the International's General Rules.  The resolution caused a great deal of consternation in many sections of the International, particularly in Italy, French-speaking Switzerland and Spain, as it was seen as a measure which would eliminate the autonomy of local sections and turn the General Council into a centralized political office. The Conference itself was considered irregular by these sections, who believed that decisions of this nature could only have been decided at a regular congress of the International.  In June 1872, a Congress was convened for 2 September 1872 in The Hague, the agenda for which was to concern a general revision of the organization's General Rules.

During the conference.

The Hague Congress met from 2 to 7 September 1872 in The Hague, Holland. Marx declared that the proletariat had to take control of the state for a successful revolution, and advocated that the Congress vote to uphold this view. The anarchists naturally objected. Anarchist leaders Mikhail Bakunin and James Guillaume were expelled for protesting after the Congress accepted Marx's proposal. Bakunin was not present at the conference but was expelled in absentia.

Aftermath.

After the expulsion of Bakunin and James Guillaume from the Hague Congress, the anarchists declared it null and void.  The anarchist faction (including the Jura federation, and the federations of Spain, Italy and Belgium) then held its own Congress of Saint-Imier, a few days later, from which also emerged the Anarchist St. Imier International.  Later in that year of 1872 Bakunin wrote:  The legitimacy of this conference has been contested. Mr. Marx, a very able political conniver, doubtless anxious to prove to the world that though he lacked firearms and cannons the masses could still be governed by lies, by libels, and by intrigues, organized his Congress of the Hague in September 1872. Barely two months have passed since this congress and already in all of Europe (with the exception of Germany where the workers are brainwashed by the lies of their leaders and their press) and its free federations – Belgian, Dutch, English, American, French, Spanish, Italian – without forgetting our excellent Jura Federation [Switzerland] – there has arisen a cry of indignation and contempt against this cynical burlesque which dares to call itself a true Congress of the International. Thanks to a rigged, fictitious majority, composed almost exclusively of members of the General Council, cleverly used by Mr. Marx, all has been travestied, falsified, brutalized. Justice, good sense, honesty, and the honor of the International brazenly rejected, its very existence endangered – all this the better to establish the dictatorship of Mr. Marx. It is not only criminal – it is sheer madness. Yet Mr. Marx who thinks of himself as the father of the International (he was unquestionably one of its founders) cares not a whit, and permits all this to be done! This is what personal vanity, the lust for power, and above all, political ambition can lead to. For all these deplorable acts Marx is personally responsible. Marx, in spite of all his mis-deeds, has unconsciously rendered a great service to the International by demonstrating in the most dramatic and evident manner that if anything can kill the International, it is the introduction of politics into its program. And:  Is it not astonishing that Mr. Marx has believed it possible to graft onto this precise declaration, which he himself probably wrote, his scientific socialism? For this – the organization and the rule of the new society by socialist savants – is the worst of all despotic governments!

The Hague Congress was the fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), held from 2–7 September 1872 in The Hague, the Netherlands.

En 1872, l'Association internationale des travailleurs s'assemble en Congrès à la Haye. Elle est notamment vouée à tirer les enseignements de l'échec de la Commune de Paris.


Function.

Trypsin inhibitor is present in various foods such as soybeans, grains, cereals and various additional legumes. The main function of trypsin inhibitors in these foods is to act as a defense mechanism. By having this harmful component wild animals learn that any food that contains trypsin inhibitor is a food to avoid. Trypsin inhibitor can also be essential for biological processes within the plant.  Trypsin inhibitor can also naturally occur in the pancreas of species such as the bovine. The function of this is to protect the animal from any accidental activation of trypsinogen and/or chymotrypsinogen

Inactivation.

Trypsin inhibitor is heat liable, therefore by exposing these foods to heat, the trypsin inhibitor is removed and the food subsequently becomes safe to eat. Boiling soybeans for 14 minutes inactivates about 80% of the inhibitor, and for 30 minutes, about 90%. At higher temperatures, e.g. in pressure cookers, shorter cooking times are needed. ELISA tests can be used to measure the degree of deactivation achieved.

Applications in commercial industries.

The most prominent application of trypsin inhibitor is livestock feed. Soybeans are a popular ingredient in livestock feed therefore trypsin inhibitor can be a concern due to the presence of it in soybeans. The majority of soybeans used in livestock feed is converted to soybean meal and through the process the trypsin inhibitor is removed due to the heat treatment. However, experiments have been done concerning animals who consume activate trypsin inhibitor and they consistently have decreased weights. A study revealing that a protease inhibitor from the eggs of the freshwater snail "Pomacea canaliculata", interacting as a trypsin inhibitor with the protease of potential predators, was reported in 2010, the first direct evidence for this mechanism in the animal kingdom.

Clinical significance.

The peptide tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) has been used as a marker of mucinous ovarian carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. TATI is metabolised by the kidneys and is, thus, elevated in patients with kidney failure. It may be elevated in non-neoplastic processes such as pancreatitis and can be used as a prognostic marker in this setting (levels above 70 micrograms/L are associated with poor prognosis).  Fifty percent of stage I mucinous ovarian carcinomas are associated with elevated TATI, and nearly 100% of stage IV tumors show elevated TATI.  Eighty-five to 95% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas are associated with increased TATI (but elevation in pancreatitis limits the clinical utility of TATI in this setting; see above).  Sixty percent of gastric adenocarcinomas show elevated TATI, in particular tumors of diffusely infiltrative/signet ring type. TATI, thus, complements CEA, which is elevated exclusively in intestinal type adenocarcinoma of the stomach.  In urothelial carcinoma, TATI expression varies with stage, ranging from 20% in low-stage tumors to 80% of high-stage tumors.  TATI sensitivity in the setting of renal cell carcinoma is approximately 70%. Elevated TATI is more likely to be seen in patients with advanced-stage disease.  In nearly all tumor types studied, TATI is a marker of poor prognosis.

A trypsin inhibitor (TI) is a protein and a type of serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that reduces the biological activity of trypsin by controlling the activation and catalytic reactions of proteins. Trypsin is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of many different proteins, primarily as part of digestion in humans and other animals such as monogastrics and young ruminants. When trypsin inhibitor is consumed it acts as an irreversible and competitive substrate.

Un inhibiteur de trypsine (IT) est une protéine et un type d'inhibiteur de protéase à sérine (serpine) qui réduit l'activité biologique de la trypsine en contrôlant l'activation et les réactions catalytiques des protéines. La trypsine est une enzyme impliquée dans la dégradation de nombreuses protéines, principalement dans le cadre de la digestion chez l'homme et d'autres animaux tels que les monogastriques et les jeunes ruminants. Lorsque l'inhibiteur de la trypsine est consommé, il agit comme un substrat irréversible et compétitif.


Early life and education.

Arjen Henrik Lubach was born on 22 October 1979 in a hospital in Groningen, Netherlands. He was raised in Lutjegast, where he lived until age 15.  Lubach's parents were both lawyers and his father was a professor at the University of Groningen. Lubach is a great-grandson of Mayor Obbe Norbruis of Schoonebeek and Zuilen (1895–1970). He and his two brothers were raised outside of Lutjegast. Lubach felt like an outsider because his family did not speak the Gronings dialect. He describes his younger self as "complex" and a "kid who stayed indoors". Although he was bullied, he considers his youth to have been enjoyable. His family was religious: the children went to the Protestant primary school "School met de Bijbel" ("School with the Bible"), they prayed every day, read from the Bible (which was used to find a solution to pretty much any problem) and went to church every Sunday.  Lubach was 11 years old when his mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. She died a year later. The loss of his mother, with whom he was very close, left a great impact on him and increased his doubts about religion. After primary school, he went to the Maartenscollege in Haren. The choice was made in part because his father had promised to raise the children religiously on his mother's deathbed.  At the Maartenscollege, Lubach met his first great love, on whom many of the fictitious characters in his later work were based. Lubach went on to study Spanish at the University of Groningen. When he lost his religion, he concluded that life was pointless, which temporarily led him into an "existential crisis". Later he decided to fill this void by developing his own personal sense of meaning. Lubach then quit his studies and worked as a taxi driver in Groningen for several months, following that by working as a harbourmaster on Vlieland. He subsequently commenced studying philosophy. During the second year, when he also studied Swedish, he met Janine Abbring. With her he made a spontaneous trip to Denmark, where they wrote their first hit single.

Career.

Writing.

In August 2006, Lubach's debut novel "Mensen die ik ken die mijn moeder hebben gekend" ("People I Know Who Knew My Mother") appeared, and in April 2008 his novel "Bastaardsuiker" ("Brown Sugar"), both at Meulenhoff publishing. In March 2011, Lubach's new novel Lubach "Magnus" was published by Podium, followed by the thriller "IV" in 2013, which was nominated for the Gouden Strop. Furthermore, he writes for the VPRO radio, columns for "CJP magazine", opinion pieces for "NRC Next" and scenarios for film and theatre.  Lubach previously worked as a freelance textwriter for radio and television, including "Vara Laat", "Koppensnellers" and "De Wereld Draait Door".

Theatre.

In 2001, Lubach became part of the theatre fellowship Op Sterk Water (with Roel van Velzen and others), with whom he performed at, amongst others, Lowlands, Hard Gelach, Laughing Matters and in theatres in the Netherlands and Belgium. In June 2014, he left Op Sterk Water to present a talkshow.  In the summers of 2009, 2011 and 2013, Lubach performed together with comedian Tim Kamps at the itinerant festival De Parade with the show "Het Monica da Silva Trio". In theatre season 2011 and 2012 they played their show in theatres throughout the Netherlands and Belgium.

Radio.

Lubach started his radio career at OOG Radio, the local broadcasting organisation of the city of Groningen. As a volunteer, he presented a daily programme for two years.  In 2003, Lubach got a late night programme as "Arjen L" at 3FM, at first for the NPS and later for the VARA, and he could be heard as the sidekick of Claudia de Breij and Giel Beelen.  In 2007, Lubach did a weekly contribution for the VPRO in the radio programme De Avonden on Radio 6.

Internet and television.

Since 2005, Lubach – together with Edo Schoonbeek and Pieter Jouke – has maintained the comedy website Buro Renkema. Some of their items were shown at "Pauw & Witteman", "Koppensnellers" and "De Wereld Draait Door". In June 2007, ABN AMRO threatened to sue them, because they created a parody of ABN AMRO online banking. The bank eventually backed off when Buro Renkema refused to take the flash video down.  Early 2007, Lubach was part of the jury in the show "Lama Gezocht". From late 2007 on, he presented "De Nieuwste Show" for BNN from Monday till Thursday together with Patrick Lodiers. Since September 2009, Lubach and Edo Schoonbeek co-produce the ""Rap service"" under the name "MC T-Lex" for the AVRO show "Koefnoen". Arjen Lubach participated in the TV show "Wie is de Mol?" in 2010, dropping out in the seventh episode. In June 2010, he and five friends founded the website Recensiekoning ("Review King"), for which he writes regularly.  For the NTR and IJswater Films, Lubach wrote the scenarios "De Goudfazant" ("The Golden Pheasant") and "Midzomernacht" ("Midsummer Night"). The latter premiered at the Netherlands Film Festival in 2011, and was shown at other film festivals in Uruguay, Brive and Leeuwarden, and was broadcast on Nederland 2 on 2 December 2011. In 2012, Lubach wrote for Talent United Films the scenario for the television film "Honderden Brommers" ("Hundreds of Mopeds").  On 31 August 2012, he won the finale of the television show "De Slimste Mens" ("The Smartest Human") against Mark Huizinga and Jan Rot.  From the 13th season of "Wie is de Mol?", Lubach presents the programme "MolTalk" on Radio 1 and on the second screen, where he looks forward to and back on every episode of that day. In 2013, Lubach and linguist Paulien Cornelisse started a monthly language segment on "De Wereld Draait Door".  On Sunday 9 November 2014, the first episode of "Zondag met Lubach" aired. It is a satirical talkshow, in which he takes a critical look at the last week's news. Because of 22 March 2015 episode in which he mocked the Dutch monarchy by proclaiming himself "Pharao of the Netherlands" and launched a citizens' initiative to confirm it, Lubach was awarded the title of Republican of the Year 2015 by the New Republican Society.  In early 2017, the "Zondag met Lubach" video "The Netherlands welcomes Trump in his own words" that ridiculed United States President Donald Trump while at the same time using self-mockery, went viral and was viewed more than 73 million times worldwide. It inspired the similar German late-night satirical talkshow "Neo Magazin Royale" of Jan Böhmermann to launch a Europe-wide video contest to let every country make its own parody video.

Music.

In 2001, Lubach and Janine Abbring scored a number 3 hit under the pseudonym of Slimme Schemer ft. Tido. This song, "Jelle", originated as a joke at the Noorderslag festival; it is a parody of American rapper Eminem and British singer Dido's song "Stan". It is about a fan, Jelle, who disappointedly sings (in second person singular) about "De Kast" singer Syb van der Ploeg, blaming him for not replying to his messages.  In 2015, Lubach secretly released the song "Justified (Sunrise Funk)" under the pseudonym Hartebees, which became a hit. Radio host Domien Verschuuren discovered Lubach was the artist, because his name was listed as producer on Deezer. In July 2016 it became known that Arjen Lubach is part of a dance duo called The Galaxy. The Amsterdam-based DJ duo released their "Bass Country Club EP" in 2015 with the Barong Family label, which was founded by Yellow Claw. The Galaxy released their second EP, "Moon & The Stars EP" in late 2016.

Views.

Lubach described himself as "a republican to the core" and has spoken out against the Dutch monarchy. He considers belief in a God to be something remarkable and has taken an assertive position against the excesses of religion. Looking back on his own time as a believer, Lubach called it "the biggest brainwash ever. Absolute nonsense". According to him, religion gave him great feelings of guilt about living in sin. He called it "outrageous" that he was taught to pray, but he does not fault his parents. He experienced relinquishing faith as "an enormous liberation" that gave him a greater sense of calm. He is now an atheist.  Lubach is a vegetarian. In the "ZML" episode of 1 November 2015, he was still making fun of vegetarians, saying they overdid it, but he did argue that the population as a whole should eat less meat, primarily for environmental reasons. He then demonstratively ate a half sausage slice, and threw away the other half. During the "ZML" episode of 17 September 2017, Lubach ferociously criticised animal suffering in factory farming, recalling the recent Fipronil crisis, numerous farm fires killing hundreds of thousands of animals and mistreatment of animals in farms (particularly De Knorhof in Erichem) and slaughterhouses. He then launched a new ironic certification mark for animal-unfriendly meat, whilst commenting on "real meat": "I do not buy that shit anymore". One month later, Lubach jokingly tweeted that the "Zondag met Lubach" menu at his workplace contained lots of meaty dishes, wondering whether the VPRO canteen was aware he did not eat meat.  During COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, he has been supportive of the Dutch government’s firm position against the proposed Eurobond, blaming the citizens of Southern European countries (more specifically in this case Italy) for electing anti-austerity politicians for decades.

Arjen Henrik Lubach (; born 22 October 1979) is a Dutch comedian, author and television presenter. He hosts the weekly news satire television show "Zondag met Lubach".

Arjen Hendrik Lubach, né le à Groningue, est un humoriste, écrivain et animateur de télévision néerlandais. Il est principalement connu pour sa présentation de l'émission d'actualités satirique "Zondag met Lubach" (ZML) sur NPO 3, diffusée chaque dimanche soir et longue d'une demi-heure.


History.

The parish was established in 1866. It was formed from portions of St. Stephen the Martyr, St. Michael's, Holy Cross, Cathedral and St. Columba's parishes. The first pastor was Father John Larkin, formerly of County Galway, Ireland by way of St. Michael's. He purchased a small frame Episcopal church on the corner of Broadway and 37th St. The old name was retained and the chapel converted for use until a new church building could be constructed. The present edifice was dedicated on February 13, 1870.  As the city rapidly expanded northward the community, known as the "Tenderloin", teemed with immigrants from Europe. In 1872, A parochial school adjoining the church was built, staffed by the Sisters of Charity. Later, the Christian Brothers were enlisted to provide instruction. By the early 1900s the area was known for newspaper publishing (The New York Herald) and theaters (The Metropolitan Opera House (39th St)). Holy Innocents was called the "actor's church". Eugene O'Neill, the playwright, was baptized in the church in 1888.  Pastor Rev. Dr. Richard Brennan transferred here in 1890 from being pastor since 1875 of St. Rose of Lima's Old Church (New York City), after the death of the former pastor, Rev. Larkin.The parish debt being paid off, the church was consecrated by Archbishop Corrigan on February 12, 1901.  In the early 1900s, the parish owned three buildings behind the church, one serving as the rectory and the others bringing in some income from boarders. By 1910, the area went through a profound change as the tenements were rapidly replaced by imposing commercial buildings. With its congregation dispersed, Holy Innocents faced financial difficulties. On December 18, 1924 "The New York Times" reported that the Church had sold the three buildings "as a site for a twenty-story office building." The property was purchased by Morris Rosenstein, a dealer in cotton fabric, with a business on Bleeker Street. Rosenstein built a twenty-storey storage and loft building at 135-9 West 36th Street to designs by the eminent Emery Roth.  When Joyce Kilmer's daughter Rose (1912–1917) was stricken with infantile paralysis shortly after birth, Kilmer would stop by the church "every morning for months" on his way "to the office and prayed for faith".

Present day.

In addition to serving as a regional parish, the church has since 2009 been a location for daily Mass in the 1962 Roman Missal form, recognized in Pope Benedict XVI's 2007 motu proprio "Summorum Pontificum" as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite. While most churches have more Masses on Sundays than on weekdays, Holy Innocents' has three Masses on Sundays (two of them in the Tridentine form), three on Saturdays (two in the post-Vatican II form), but on Monday to Friday five each day (only one in Tridentine form). Holy Innocents is the oldest church in the Garment District.

Architecture.

Designed by Patrick C. Keely in the Gothic Revival style, the cornerstone was laid on June 20, 1869. The building was constructed of Ohio and Belleville mixed stone. The interior is noted for the high altar of white marble that is surmounted by a fresco of the Crucifixion by Constantino Brumidi. The church was dedicated on Sunday, February 13, 1870; music provided by the Seventh Regiment Band.  During Father O'Farrell's tenure two side altars of Carrara marble were installed. The Church has twenty stained glass windows from Munich; however subsequent building in the area has somewhat dimmed the interior.

"The Return Crucifix".

According to a popular account, one day, artist Charles Bosseron Chambers stopped by Holy Innocents for Mass. Afterwards he observed a young man praying before a life-size crucifix and immediately made a quick sketch. In later speaking to the man, Chambers learned that he was a Frenchman who had drifted away from religion since coming to New York, but was now heading back to fight in World War I, and had prayed for a return to the faith. Chambers produced an oil painting from the sketch, which was subsequently "...reproduced by one of the largest publishing companies in color and sepia, and [had] decided success." After the war, Chambers was later able to make contact with the soldier, who told him that having survived the war, he had entered a monastery. The refurbished crucifix, now termed "The Return Crucifix", is one of two shrines at the church, the other being of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, the Madonna of New York. There is also a stained glass rendition of Chamber's painting in the choir loft.

The Church of the Holy Innocents is a Roman Catholic parish church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, located at 128 West 37th Street at Broadway, Manhattan, New York City.

L'église des Saints-Innocents (Church of the Holy Innocents) est une église catholique de New York située au 128 West 37th Street à Broadway (Manhattan). Elle dépend de l'archidiocèse de New York et elle est consacrée aux Saints Innocents.


Early life and education.

Born in Siegburg, Germany, Wimar immigrated to the United States at the age of 15 with his family. They settled in St. Louis, Missouri, which attracted numerous German immigrants in the major 19th century emigration.  In 1846 he began studying painting with Leon Pomarede. Together they traveled up the Mississippi River. In 1852 he went to the Düsseldorf Academy to study with Emanuel Leutze. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.

Career.

Wimar returned to St. Louis in 1856. About this time, he painted a notable incident from the colonial era, "The Abduction of Boone's Daughter by the Indians" (1855–1856). It was one of his first works to achieve notice in the United States. A recent exhibit at the Amon Carter Museum described the painting as showing five Indians and Jemima in a canoe, each wondering when rescuers would come for her.  Wimar primarily painted the themes of Indian life on the Great Plains, showing the Native American hunts of buffalo and other activities related to their nomadic lives. He also painted scenes of the emigrant wagon trains that carried pioneer settlers across the western expanses.  He made two long trips in 1858 and 1859 up the Missouri River, and was inspired by his experiences and observations of Native American life. He also traveled up the Mississippi.  Among Wimar's most well-known works were murals painted in 1861 in the Rotunda of the St. Louis Court House. The building is now part of the Gateway Arch National Park.

Karl Ferdinand Wimar (also known as Charles Wimar and Carl Wimar; 20 February 1828 – 28 November 1862), was a German-American painter who concentrated on Native Americans in the West and the great herds of buffalo.

Karl Ferdinand Wimar, également connu sous les noms de Charles Wimar et Carl Wimar, né le à Siegburg au sein du Royaume de Prusse et décédé le à Saint-Louis dans l'état du Missouri aux États-Unis, est un peintre germano-américain, connu pour ces tableaux représentant la conquête de l'Ouest, les Amérindiens et les troupeaux de bisons de la région des Grandes Plaines.


Biography.

Early life and family.

Princess Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis was born on 24 March 1982 at St. Emmeram's Abbey, a 500-room palace in Regensburg owned by her family, the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis. She is the second child of Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn and Taxis and Countess Gloria von Schönburg-Glauchau. She has an older sister, Princess Maria Theresia, and a younger brother, Prince Albert, who succeeded their father in 1990 as the 12th Prince of Thurn und Taxis.  Until 1918, the House of Thurn and Taxis held the rank of royalty in the German Empire, where they once owned the continental postal system as an Imperial fief. As they were required to intermarry with other reigning or once-reigning dynasties, Elisabeth's mother is of similar background. Through her father, she is a descendant of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, John VI of Portugal, Louis Philippe, King of the French and Charles IV of Spain. Through her mother, by birth a member of a mediatised comital dynasty, Elisabeth descends from the houses of the Russian princely families Golitsyn and Meshchersky and the German princes of Reuss. The House of Thurn and Taxis is one of Germany's wealthiest and most prominent families. From her maternal side, she is a descendant of the House of Schönburg. Her mother is the daughter of the politician and journalist Joachim, Count of Schonburg-Glauchau, as well as the sister of socialite Countess Maya von Schönburg-Glauchau and author Alexander, Count of Schonburg-Glauchau, a grandnephew by marriage of Queen Elizabeth II. Through her maternal grandmother, Countess Beatrix Széchenyi de Sárvár-Felsővidék, she is a descendant of Count István Széchenyi.  During her childhood, Elisabeth and her siblings were frequent guests of Michael Jackson at his Neverland Ranch, visits she recalled in her blog after his death in 2009. Describing Jackson as "excruciatingly shy," she defended his reputation, writing, "I couldn't imagine Michael hurting a fly, let alone a friend."  Elisabeth was educated at Sevenoaks School in Kent, England, and has a bachelor's degree in media and communication studies from the American University of Paris.

Career.

Elisabeth worked as a features editor for the London-based "Finch’s Quarterly Review" and penned a blog, "The Princess Diaries," for "Finch's" until departing in 2010. The blog contrasted the expectations, pleasures, difficulties and assumptions surrounding "princess" status with more "normal" issues like flat-hunting, London weather, and work. Elisabeth also contributed a monthly column in "Vogue" and articles for German and international art and style publications, including New York-based style magazine "Quest".  A devout Roman Catholic, Elisabeth has written for the British "Catholic Herald" about the revival of traditional religious communities in France, as well as a monthly column in "Vatican" Magazine. She signed a 2008 petition asking the bishops of England and Wales to provide more Latin Sunday Tridentine Masses. In December 2010, she published a liturgical volume titled "The Faith of Children: in Praise of the People's Devotion". The book, which featured a foreword by Pope Benedict XVI's elder brother, Georg Ratzinger, was published in Italian and German.  In 2011, her blog posts from "Finch’s Quarterly Review" were translated into German and published as a book titled "Tagebuch einer Prinzessin".  In 2012, she began working as a contributing style editor for fashion magazine "Vogue". In March 2015, she drew media criticism when she shared a photo on Instagram of what appears to be a homeless woman in Paris reading an issue of Vogue, which she posted with the comment, "Paris is full of surprises...and @voguemagazine readers even in unexpected corners!" She later deleted the photo and apologised on Twitter for causing any offense.  In October 2019 Elisabeth curated Sotheby's "Magnificent Jewels and Noble Jewels" sale in Geneva.

Personal life.

Elisabeth has frequently featured in socialite diary items and appeared in a "Vanity Fair" article entitled "Fortune's Children" in June 2009, photographed by Bruce Weber. "I think it's a huge privilege to be able to use the access that we have in an interesting way," she said, discussing a book about art collectors she is writing in collaboration with her cousin, photographer Alex Flick.  In 2009, she was made a Dame of the Order of Malta.  Elisabeth has resided in New York City, London, and Rome.

Princess Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis ("Elisabeth Margarete Maria Anna Beatriz Prinzessin von Thurn und Taxis"; born 24 March 1982) is a German journalist, author, socialite, and art collector. By birth, she is a member of the German princely House of Thurn and Taxis. Since 2012 Elisabeth has worked as a style editor-at-large for "Vogue". A Catholic traditionalist, she has written as a columnist for "Vatican Magazine" and authored a book on Catholic spirituality called "The Faith of Children: in Praise of the People's Devotion". She has been referred to in the press as Princess TNT, a nickname once associated with her mother, Gloria, Princess of Thurn und Taxis.

La princesse Elisabeth de Thurn et Taxis (en allemand "Elisabeth Margarete Maria Anna Beatriz Prinzessin von Thurn und Taxis", les titres allemands étant inclus dans le nom de famille), est une journaliste, auteur et socialite mondain, est née le à l'abbaye Saint-Emmeran de Ratisbonne, en Bavière. De naissance, elle appartient à la maison princière de Thurn und Taxis. Depuis 2012, Elisabeth travaille en tant que journaliste de mode pour le journal Vogue. En tant que catholique, elle écrit pour le "Vatican Magazine". Elle a également écrit plusieurs livres titrés "The Faith of Chirldren: In Praise of the People's Devotion" (en français "La foi des enfants: éloge de la dévotion du peuple"), ainsi que "Tagebuch einer Prinzessin" (en français "Journal d'une princesse"). Par la presse, elle est souvent connue sous son surnom "Princesse TNT", qui est souvent assimilé à sa mère, la princesse Gloria von Thurn und Taxis.


5...Ng6 retreat.

When Black retreats 5...Ng6, White chases the f6-knight with 6.e5. Then after 6...Ng8 7.Bc4, former world champion Max Euwe recommended 7...d5 8.Bxd5 c6, contending in volume 11 of his opening series that Black has a decisive advantage.  Instead of holding on to the extra piece with the usual 6...Ng8, a more logical continuation according to Eric Schiller is 6...Bb4, giving Black the better game after 7.exf6 Qxf6 with a lead in development and pressure in the center.

5...Nc6 retreat.

When Black retreats 5...Nc6, White chases the knight again with 6.d5. Then Black has 6...Ne5 (the Main line), or 6...Bb4 (Pinski's move).

6...Ne5.

After 6...Ne5, White chases again with 7.f4. Then after 7...Ng6 the game usually continues 8.e5 Ng8 9.d6 cxd6 10.exd6 (see diagram). In this case White's attack is very dangerous, and likely to prevail in practical play, with the threat of Nb5–c7 difficult to defend satisfactorily. Precise defense may theoretically preserve Black's advantage but White has achieved his opening objectives.

Pinski's 6...Bb4.

GM Larry Kaufman wrote in 2004 that the Müller–Schulze Gambit is by 4...Nxe5 5.d4 Nc6 6.d5 Bb4 7.dxc6 Nxe4 8.Qd4 Qe7, which he attributes to the Polish IM Jan Pinski. In 2003 Pinski analyzed 9.Qxg7 Nxc3+ 10.Be3 Nd5+ 11.c3 Rf8 12.cxb4 Nxe3 13.fxe3 Qxb4+, concluding "Black is very close to winning". White may also continue with the less risky 9.Be3.

Halloween Gambit with colors reversed.

A similar gambit can be tried by Black: after 4.g3, Black can play 4...Nxe4 This line is arguably sounder than its White counterpart because White's 4.g3 has weakened the f3-square. Moreover, White cannot play the line recommended by Kaufman with colors reversed, because 5.Nxe4 d5 6.Nc3 d4 7.Bb5 dxc3 8.Nxe5? Qd5 9.Qe2? loses to 9...Qxh1+. However, with the pawn on g3, Nh4 is possible and it should be easier to castle.

Illustrative games.

The following speed chess games (played by Brause, a chess computer) show what can befall an unprepared player of the black pieces:  The next game, played in a Halloween Gambit thematic tournament, won the prize for the most spectacular game won by White.

The Halloween Gambit (also known as the Müller–Schulze Gambit or Leipzig Gambit) is an aggressive chess opening gambit in which White sacrifices a knight early on for a single pawn. The opening is an offshoot of the normally staid Four Knights Game and is defined by the moves:

Le gambit Halloween se caractérise par le sacrifice du Cavalier en e5 dans la partie des quatre cavaliers : 1. e4 e5 2. Cf3 Cc6 3. Cc3 Cf6 4.Cxe5.