Background.

"Vienna" was written in January 1980. The song features a dramatic grand piano in the verses and chorus, and a viola solo in the middle of the song. Other sounds include a solid synth bass line played on a MiniMoog, an Elka string synthesiser and a Roland CR-78 drum machine. The drum machine pattern created by Warren Cann was the basis of the song. Then, Cann and the classically trained Billy Currie together wanted to create something that might sound like it had been written by a late-19th-century romantic composer, so they started creating the basic chords and sounds of the song, and the romantic violin solo was influenced by the German composer Max Reger. The lyrics, which are about a brief love affair in the city of Vienna, were quickly written by Midge Ure. According to Currie, Ure was hesitant about the overly classical romantic feel of the orchestration, and said: "This means nothing to me," to which the producer Conny Plank replied: "Well, sing that then." Ure said that he had in his mind only the line "The feeling is gone, this means nothing to me – oh Vienna!" when he went into studio. Then he wrote the vocal part while bass player Chris Cross started playing some bass lines with his synthesizer.  In interviews at the time it was said that the song took its inspiration from the 1948 film "The Third Man", which is based around the Austrian capital, but Midge Ure later admitted he made that up when asked what the song was about. Ure is said to have been influenced by The Walker Brothers' 1978 single "The Electrician".  Ure said of the track: "We wanted to take the song and make it incredibly pompous in the middle, leaving it very sparse before and after, but finishing with a typically over-the top classical ending."

Release.

The song became the title track on the band's album "Vienna", released in 1980. The record company Chrysalis Records was reluctant to release the song as a single, as they thought it was too slow and too long to be successful. But the band wanted to release it as a single and it was released as the album's third single in January 1981. The single was hugely successful and reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, and peaked at number 1 in Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands.

Music video.

The music video, directed by Russell Mulcahy, is particularly evocative of "The Third Man". It was Ultravox's second video, after "Passing Strangers" (also with Mulcahy), and cost £6000–£7000, footed by the band after Chrysalis refused to fund it.  The gravestone that is shown in the video and on the single cover is part of the grave of Carl Schweighofer and is located on the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna. Schweighofer was a famous Austrian piano manufacturer.

B-sides.

The B-side to the single is "Passionate Reply", a light, poppy synthpop song similar to many tracks on the "Vienna album". The 12" single also features "Herr X", a version of the Kraftwerk-esque album track "Mr. X" sung entirely in German by Warren Cann with the aid of native German producer Conny Plank. Both tracks were included on the remastered CD version of the "Vienna" album as bonus tracks.

Reissue.

In 1993 "Vienna" was re-released by Chrysalis, to promote the Midge Ure/Ultravox greatest hits compilation "If I Was: The Very Best of Midge Ure & Ultravox". This reissue peaked at number 13 in the UK Singles Chart. Like the compilation album, the single also included songs by Midge Ure (as B-sides).

Track listings.

All songs written and composed by Warren Cann, Chris Cross, Billy Currie and Midge Ure, except where noted.

Vienna 92.

In April 1992, a re-recorded version of "Vienna", by a new Ultravox line-up, was released as a single in Germany. This line-up consisted of original Ultravox member Billy Currie on keyboards, violin and percussion, and Tony Fenelle on vocals, guitar and percussion. The backing vocals on B-side "Systems of Love" were performed by Alison Limerick and Jackie Williams. The single did not chart. On the album "Revelation", it was not included.

Cover versions.

The song has been covered by various artists since its release:

References in popular culture.

It was jokingly suggested in an episode of television sitcom "Father Ted", titled "A Song for Europe", that "Vienna" was written and performed by a priest called Father Benny Cake who changed his name so that nobody would know he was a priest, presumably referring to Ure even though the song was incorrectly stated as having got to number one in the United Kingdom. However, the song did reach number one in Ireland where "Father Ted" is set.  In the premiere episode of "Ashes to Ashes", 21st-century Detective Inspector Alex Drake awakens aboard a floating brothel in 1981 whilst "Vienna" plays; it is then heard on Edward Markham's Walkman.  The song is also heard on Professor Grisenko's Walkman in the "Doctor Who" episode "Cold War", set in 1983.  "Vienna" can also be heard as background music during the twelfth episode of the third season of "The Americans".  The song is played in the season finale of "13 Reasons Why" over Hannah Baker's final message to Clay Jensen.  The chorus of "Vienna" is featured during the cold open of the final episode of "" as Andrew Cunanan (played by Darren Criss) shoots and murders Gianni Versace (played by Édgar Ramírez).

"Vienna" is a 1980 song by British new wave band Ultravox. It was released as the third single from the band's fourth album "Vienna" on 9 January 1981 through Chrysalis Records. It spent four consecutive weeks at number two in the UK Singles Chart without ever getting to number-one; it was kept off the number-one spot by John Lennon's "Woman" for a week, and then by Joe Dolce's "Shaddap You Face", for a further three weeks. "Vienna" is ranked as the eighth best-selling UK single for 1981. The single was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry in February 1981, for UK sales exceeding 500,000 copies. Nevertheless, the single peaked at number one on the Top 40 charts in many European areas including the Netherlands, Belgium and Ireland.

Vienna est une chanson du groupe britannique Ultravox figurant sur l'album homonyme sorti en 1980. Elle sort en single, comme troisième extrait de l'album, le.


Career.

As a youth player Rodrigues played for Feyenoord and Portuguese Real Sport Clube.  Rodrigues joined Eredivisie club ADO Den Haag from amateur FC Boshuizen on 16 May 2012, signing a 1+1 years contract. In July, he was loaned out to Eerste Divisie club Dordrecht. Rodrigues made his league debut in a 1–1 away draw against Emmen on 10 August, playing the full 90 minutes.

Levski Sofia.

On 11 February 2013, Rodrigues signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Bulgarian club Levski Sofia. He made his debut away at Chernomorets Burgas in a 2–0 win on 3 March. On 13 March, he scored his first goal for Levski in the 22nd minute of a Bulgarian Cup quarter-final first leg tie against Litex Lovech. On 20 April, in a 2–1 away victory over Litex, Rodrigues netted his first league goal and assisted Hristo Yovov.  On 21 July 2013, Rodrigues opened the scoring in Levski's first match of the 2013–14 A PFG season against Botev Plovdiv, but was subsequently sent off after an altercation with Veselin Minev.  During the first half of the 2013–14 season Rodrigues scored 14 goals in total helping Levski Sofia to overcome several teams and progress to the 3rd place in the league ranking. He also scored a penalty in the 7-6 win after penalties against CSKA Sofia in a Bulgarian Cup Eternal Derby third round tie, eventually helping the team to reach the quarter-finals of the competition. The strong overall performance led to the interest of several European clubs. In January 2014, West Ham United sent an offer to Levski for a trial, but Rodrigues refused it, stating that he would only negotiate with a team which is guaranteed to offer him a contract.

Elche.

On 27 January 2014, Rodrigues signed with Elche CF on a six-month loan through Promoesport (an investment fund linked to Gimnàstic de Tarragona), with a buyout clause. He made his La Liga debut on 1 March, coming on as a second-half substitute in the 1–0 home win over Celta de Vigo, and scored his first goal in the category on 3 May, netting the game's only in an away success against Málaga CF.  In the 2014 summer Rodrigues signed a four-year deal with the Valencian club, after his buyout clause was activated. On 31 July 2015 he rescinded his link.

PAOK.

On 4 August 2015, Rodrigues signed a three years' contract with PAOK for an undisclosed fee. On 23 September 2015, in a home derby game against AEK Athens he scored his first goal in Greek Super League. On 11 January 2016, PAOK turned down Al-Ahli Saudi FC's offer in the region of €1.7 million for Garry Rodrigues. He finished the season with 7 goals being the third scorer of the club. On 24 November 2016 in UEFA Europa League group stage away match against ACF Fiorentina in the dying seconds Rodrigues storms downfield, cuts in from the left and fires into the roof of the net, giving his club an incredible 3-2 win.

Galatasaray.

On 9 January 2017, PAOK officially announced the transfer of Garry Rodrigues to Galatasaray for a fee of €3.7m. The transfer has been announced, thanks to the contribution of the 27-year-old player for so long. He is contracted to Galatasaray until the summer of 2021.

Al-Ittihad.

On 6 January 2019, Rodrigues joined Al-Ittihad of Saudi Arabia for a fee of €9m.

Fenerbahçe.

On 13 July 2019, Fenerbahçe announced the signing of Rodrigues on loan for 2 years from Al-Ittihad.

International career.

Rodrigues received his first international call-up in August 2013 to play friendly match against Gabon on the 14th of that month. He substituted Djaniny at halftime. On 30 December 2013, Rodrigues appeared as a starter in the 1–4 loss against Catalonia in a friendly match, assisting his team's goal that was scored by Djaniny. On 6 September 2014 he scored his first international goal in a 3–1 away win over Niger in Cape Verde's successful qualification for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations. Rodrigues was included in their squad for the finals in Equatorial Guinea, but due to competition from Kuca, Djaniny and Júlio Tavares he played only in the goalless draw with Zambia, which confirmed their elimination from Group B.

Garry Mendes Rodrigues (born 27 November 1990) is a Dutch-born Cape Verdean footballer who plays as a winger for Fenerbahçe on loan from Al-Ittihad.

Garry Mendes Rodrigues est un footballeur cap-verdien né le à Rotterdam. Il évolue en tant qu'ailier au sein du club au Fenerbahçe, en prêt de l'Ittihad FC


Biography.

Born on October 18, 1953 in Paris to a Swiss-German mother and an Alsatian father, Julien Weiss, a guitarist of classical training which he learned from École Normale de Musique de Paris as a student, had fallen in love with Arabic music in 1976 when he met Munir Bachir, the Iraqi grand master of the oud (oriental lute). He then embarked on the study of this instrument and of the refined laws governing oriental micro-tonal music. Abandoning the oud for the qanûn, a sort of oriental zither which he had learned from great masters in various countries of the Middle East, Julien Weiss had founded in 1983 the instrumental ensemble Al-Kindi conceived as a takht (grouping of soloists) devoted to music of the Arab world. Three years later, in 1986, he converted to Islam and took the name Julien Jâlal Eddine Weiss as a homage to Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī. During his career, Weiss performed at more than five hundred concerts, notably at the Théâtre de la Ville de Paris, the Institut du monde arabe in Paris, the Beiteddine Festival in Lebanon, Carnegie Hall in New York, and at Nuits de Fourvière in Lyon, as well as in cities such as Hong Kong, São Paulo, and Washington. In 2001, he was made an Officier of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French Republic. Weiss died of cancer on January 2, 2015 in Paris at the age of 61. French novelist Mathias Énard cited his death in his novel "Boussole" (translated into English as "Compass"). He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, France.

Julien Jâlal Eddine Weiss (October 18, 1953—January 2, 2015) was a French musician, composer and the founder of Al-Kindi Ensemble, a Sufi musical group based in Aleppo, Syria.

Julien Jâlal Eddine Weiss, né Bernard Weiss le à Paris et mort le dans sa ville natale, est un musicien français. Il est le fondateur de l'Ensemble Al-Kindî.


Original building (1970–2001).

5 World Trade Center (5 WTC) was originally a steel-framed nine-story low-rise office building built in 1970–72 at New York City's World Trade Center. The building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki and Emery Roth & Sons. The structure was 118 ft (36 m) tall and had a black exterior. It suffered severe damage and partial collapse on its upper floors as a result of the September 11 attacks in 2001. The remaining structure was demolished by the Port Authority in December 2001, making way for reconstruction. The building was L-shaped and occupied the northeast corner of the World Trade Center site. Overall dimensions were, with an average area of per floor.  The Chambers Street and World Trade Center () subway stations were located directly east of the building, and access to the station was available through the lobby. The building's remaining underground concourse space housed The Mall at the World Trade Center. The largest Borders bookstore in New York City spread across three floors of 5 World Trade Center, on the corner of the building adjacent to the intersection of Church and Vesey Street.  In 1984, artist Joanna Gilman Hyde painted the canvas titled "Self Organizing Galaxy" on the roof of 5 World Trade Center.

September 11 attacks.

Floors 4–9 suffered partial collapse and/or fire damage as a result of the September 11 attacks. Floors 1–3 were not damaged. The building's structural integrity on its upper floors were partially compromised due to the impact of steel and other debris from the North Tower. Other collapsed sections were due to fire damage. Portions of internal collapse and burnout were found on upper floors, mainly floors 6–8. The black exterior facade suffered severe fire damage. Floors 5–9 were on fire after the collapse of the South Tower. A section of the fuselage from United Airlines Flight 175 landed on the roof. 5 WTC was the least damaged building of the entire complex. The Borders bookstore was undamaged after both towers collapsed. The building was the location of the Survivors' Staircase, which was recovered from the building's underground after it was demolished.  The building was demolished by weakening its internal structure and using cables to pull down the rest of the structure, the same way 4 and 6 World Trade Center were demolished. The last standing section of 5 WTC was removed by December 2001.  The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)/ASCE Building Performance Study Team found that some connections between the structural steel beams failed in the fire. This was most apparent in the collapse of 5 World Trade Center, where the fireproofing did not protect the connections, causing the structure to fail. The structural failure didn't cause the entire building to collapse, as seen after the attacks that the structural skeleton remained intact.  2 World Trade Center will stand at the exact location where the original 5 World Trade Center once stood.

New building.

5 World Trade Center (5 WTC) was expected to be designed for residential or mixed use in the original master plan for the complex by Daniel Libeskind. The building was to have a height limit of no more than and up to of floor space. Negotiations over the World Trade Center site concluded in April 2006, with private developer Larry Silverstein yielding his right to develop on the site designated for One World Trade Center along with 5 World Trade Center to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in exchange for assistance in financing Towers 2, 3, and 4.  The Deutsche Bank Building began undergoing deconstruction in March 2007, which was finally completed by 2011. During this time, work along Liberty Street involved preparing the northern quadrant of the site for development. After site preparation work was done, construction began on the Vehicular Security Center and Liberty Park, which are both complete as of 2016.  On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced that JPMorgan Chase will spend $290 million to lease the site until 2011 for construction of a 42-story building. JPMorgan Chase would eventually back out of the deal, leaving the Port Authority with no plans to build the skyscraper.  In June 2019 a joint RFP was issued following a deal between Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation with the agencies to split the proceeds. In November 2019 a possible partnership between Silverstein Properties and Brookfield Properties was reported to develop the site.

Construction history.

Following JPMorgan Chase's acquisition of Bear Stearns in March 2008, the company announced plans to use Bear Stearns' existing headquarters at 383 Madison Avenue as its new headquarters for J.P. Morgan Investment Bank. The company abandoned plans to occupy a skyscraper at 130 Liberty Street. A proposal to convert the planned office tower into a residential or mixed-use tower was explored instead.  On May 1, 2008, deconstruction of the former Deutsche Bank building resumed.  On May 11, 2009, it was announced that the Port Authority was proposing to cancel the construction of 5 World Trade Center altogether as part of an overall plan to halve the amount of office space available in the fully reconstructed World Trade Center to. The agency, citing the recession and disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, also proposed the reduction of 200 Greenwich Street and 175 Greenwich Street to "stump" buildings of approximately four-stories. It was proposed in July 2009 to move the planned construction site for the Performing Arts Center to the 130 Liberty Street location, but these plans were later rejected. The Performing Arts Center was planned to be constructed near the center of the World Trade Center site as part of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. At that location, construction would not begin until 2015. The proposal did not specify whether the Performing Arts Center would occupy the entire site, thereby ending plans for 5 World Trade Center, or if the center would become integrated into a new mixed-use skyscraper on the site.  On March 25, 2010, the Port Authority announced that it had assumed responsibility for the development of 5 World Trade Center, in addition to One World Trade Center, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, the transportation hub, and other site infrastructure. Towers 2, 3, and 4 would continue to be developed by Silverstein Properties. On June 15, 2010, New York University had expressed interest in expanding to 5 World Trade Center as part of its NYU 2031 program. These plans were also eventually rejected.  On February 28, 2011, the deconstruction of the Deutsche Bank Building was completed, and construction of another World Trade Center project, the Vehicular Security Center and Tour Bus Parking Facilities began. Development of the site was officially given to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. On September 1, 2011, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began construction to incorporate the site into the new WTC development, acting as its developer.  On October 14, 2011, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced an agreement to rebuild the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church in Liberty Park. The church would be located adjacent to the future Liberty Park, which would be built on top of the Vehicular Security Center.  On December 9, 2011, Phase 2 construction of the South bathtub, located on the site of 130 Liberty Street, continued with the excavation and concrete placement. By 2012, concrete placement and steel erection of the South Bathtub continued.  By May 10, 2013, the ground was prepared for construction. A walkway that is next to the site of 5 WTC, will be constructed into a supermarket. By 2014, the ground had been transformed into parking spaces for vehicles belonging to the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD). According to the agency, this usage of the site is only temporary.

Design.

The original design for the tower was by Kohn Pedersen Fox, and called for a 42-story building with a seven-floor cantilevered section starting at the 12th floor. This section of the building would have housed JPMorgan Chase's large trading floors, rising above the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, and would be taller than 7 World Trade Center. As of September 2013, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and Port Authority were actively marketing the site, but had not released any information about the building.  In June 2018, YIMBY reported on a new design for the tower, after rendering was spotted on a fence surrounding the construction site, hinting an announcement from the Port Authority may be coming soon. According to the article, it is "a glassy building with a triangular motif reminiscent of the David Childs-designed 1 WTC. The depiction is roughly 70 stories in height, which could indicate yet another supertall is planned for the area."

5 World Trade Center (also referred to as 130 Liberty Street) is a planned skyscraper at the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The site is across Liberty Street, to the south of the main World Trade Center site., the project is on standby while the Port Authority explores a potential sale of the lot to a developer and looks for tenants to occupy the skyscraper. The proposed building shares its name with the original 5 World Trade Center, which was heavily damaged as a result of the collapse of the North Tower during the September 11 attacks and was later demolished. The Port Authority has no plans to construct a building at 130 Liberty Street, although it is open to future development of the site as office, retail, hotel, residential or some mix of those uses.

Five World Trade Center (aussi appelé 130 Liberty Street et abrégé en 5 WTC) est un gratte-ciel prévu sur le site du World Trade Center dans le quartier de Lower Manhattan, à New York.


Notation.

Znamenny Chants are not written with notes (the so-called linear notation), but with special signs, called "Znamëna" (Russian for "marks", "banners") or "Kryuki" ("hooks"), as some shapes of these signs resemble hooks. Each sign may include the following components: a large black hook or a black stroke, several smaller black 'points' and 'commas' and lines near the hook or crossing the hook. Some signs may mean only one note, some 2 to 4 notes, and some a whole melody of more than 10 notes with a complicated rhythmic structure.  The stolp notation was developed in Kievan Rus' as an East Slavic refinement of the Byzantine neumatic musical notation.  The most notable feature of this notation system is that it records transitions of the melody, rather than notes. The signs also represent a mood and a gradation of how this part of melody is to be sung (tempo, strength, devotion, meekness, etc.) Every sign has its own name and also features as a spiritual symbol. For example, there is a specific sign, called "little dove" (Russian: голубчик "(golubchik)"), which represents two rising sounds, but which is also a symbol of the Holy Ghost.  After the fall of Kievan Rus' to the Mongols, the Znamenny Chant and stolp notation continued to develop to the North (particularly in Novgorod), where it flourished and was adopted throughout the Grand Duchy of Moscow.  Gradually the system became more and more complicated. This system was also ambiguous, so that almost no one, except the most trained and educated singers, could sing an unknown melody at sight. The signs only helped to reproduce the melody, not coding it in an unambiguous way.  Because of the complexity of the system, a simplification was developed by Ivan Shaidurov around 1600, called "red marks" (Russian: киноварные знаки ("kinovarnye znaki")), which consisted of small letters in red and which were placed before each Znamenny sign. These indicate the highest note of the sign it stands before. This is generally regarded as the first step towards a certain simplification of the system.  The use and evolution of the system stopped in the middle of the 17th century, after the church reforms by Patriarch Nikon. From that time Western music started to penetrate into Russian culture, and the Russian-Orthodox Church introduced a "Latin", polyphonic way of singing, based on Polish, German and Italian harmonies. The term "Latin" however was considered derogatory, since it also referred to "heretical Latin faith". Znamenny Chant, however, has been preserved to a certain degree in the chanting traditions that are directly descended from it. Currently, stolp notation (Znamenny signs) continues to be used by Russian Old Believers, mostly in combination with the above-mentioned "red marks", as shown in the first illustration. In the 19th century Edinovertsy, particularly outside Russia, have tried to move to the modern neumatic form of notation that tries to capture exact relations between pitches; and they currently use a standard linear notation.  Chanting traditions that preserve and/or are descended from the Znammeny chant include the following:  cf. F. Mark Mealing/Our People's Way/A Study in Doukhobor Hymnody & Folklife. U. Penna, 1972. The Strochnoy chant (early Russian polyphony) was also based on Znamenny chant, and although it is not widely used in the church practice now, it can be occasionally performed by some choirs. Many Russian composers (Sergei Rachmaninov, Alexander Grechaninov, Maximilian Steinberg, and Vladimir Martynov) studied Znamenny chants and used them in their compositions. There are also many adaptations of Znamenny melodies for four-part choir, popular in both Russia and abroad.

Performing practice.

Because Znamenny Chant requires a specific manner of performance, the chant books contain several instructions as to dynamics and tempo. For the Old Believers church chant also has an educational function: one has to sing in such a way that the sound astonishes the ear and the truth, enclosed in the chants, penetrates the heart. Znamenny performance practice excludes classical vocal training. Singers perform with their own, natural voices, sometimes in a style reminiscent of folk music. Znamenny Chant does not have any pauses or rests, and all chants are performed fluently. Ideally, singers will sing in such a way that their voices become united in one single voice. Originally Znamenny Chant was performed only by male voices. Today, on account of the small number of people able to sing at church services and the evolution of the tradition, it is usually performed by both male and female voices.

Znamenny Chant () is a singing tradition used by some in the Russian Orthodox Church. Znamenny Chant is unison, melismatic liturgical singing that has its own specific notation, called the "stolp" notation. The symbols used in the stolp notation are called'(, 'hooks') or'(,'signs'). Often the names of the signs are used to refer to the stolp notation. Znamenny melodies are part of a system, consisting of Eight Tones (intonation structures; called glasy); the melodies are characterized by fluency and well-balancedness. There exist several types of Znamenny Chant: the so-called "Stolpovoy", "Malyj" (Little) and "Bolshoy" (Great) Znamenny Chant. Ruthenian Chant (Prostopinije) is sometimes considered a sub-division of the Znamenny Chant tradition, with the Muscovite Chant (Znamenny Chant proper) being the second branch of the same musical continuum.

Le Chant Znamenny (en russe Знаменное пение, знаменный распев) est une tradition vocale de l'Église orthodoxe russe. Le chant Znamenny est une liturgie mélismatique à l'unisson qui a sa propre notation, appelée "stolp". Les symboles utilisés dans cette notation "stolpe" sont appelés "Kryuki" (en russe крюки, crochets) ou "Znamena" (en russe знамёна, signes). Souvent les noms des signes sont utilisés pour se référer à la notation stolp. Les mélodies Znamenny sont une partie du système des Huit Modes (structures d'intonation, appelées "hlasy") ; les mélodies sont caractérisées par leur fluidité et leur équilibre. Il existe plusieurs types de chant Znamenny : les plus connus sont les "Stolpovoy", "Malyj" (Petit) and" Bolshoy" (Grand) chants Znamenny. Le chant Ruthénien ("Prostopinije") est souvent considéré comme une subdivision de la tradition du chant Znamenny, avec le chant Moscovite, devenant la seconde branche du même continuum musical.


History.

Before the construction of Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in 1941 and Moses Lake Army Air Base in 1942 the area was largely barren. Native Americans knew the area as Houaph, which meant willow. Chief Moses was leader of the Sinkiuse tribe from 1859 to 1899, and was forced to negotiate with white settlers who began to settle in the area in the 1880s. Under pressure from the government, Chief Moses traded the Columbia Basin land for a reservation that stretched from Lake Chelan north to the Canada–US border. The government later traded again for what is now the Colville Indian Reservation.  The new settlers named the lake in honor of Chief Moses. The city was originally named Neppel, after a town in Germany where one of the original settlers had lived. The first settlers established fisheries and farms — some of the first exported items were carp, jackrabbits and fruit — but irrigation attempts failed and settlers left at about the same rate as they came. When the town was incorporated and renamed Moses Lake in 1938, the population was estimated at 302 people.  The arrival of the air base in 1942 and irrigation water pumped from Grand Coulee Dam in 1955 offered newcomers a reason and a way to settle in an area that previously had little to offer other than good fishing and a place to water sheep and cattle. Moses Lake was quickly transformed into a hub for a vast region where transportation, agriculture and recreation came together.  The air base was built to train World War II pilots to fly the P-38 Lightning and B-17 Flying Fortress, two planes that were essential to the war effort. The base was closed after the war ended, but reopened in 1948 as a U.S. Air Force base and test area for Boeing's B-47 Stratojet and B-50 Superfortress.  The B-47 tests led to development of modern commercial jetliners still used today. Fighter jets were stationed there to protect Grand Coulee Dam to the north and the Hanford site to the south. Boeing still uses the airport as a test and evaluation facility for its aircraft. Japan Airlines used the airport as a training area from November 1968 until March 2009. The old air base is now owned by the Port of Moses Lake and is home to Grant County International Airport, Big Bend Community College and several businesses.  Farmers, meanwhile, had developed new methods to irrigate water from the lake and from the Columbia River and began planting expansive irrigated acreage. When the Columbia Basin Project was completed in the mid-1950s, farms expanded by thousands of acres, growing potatoes, corn, onions, carrots and sugar beets.  In little more than a decade, Moses Lake's population grew from 300 to 2,679 in 1950. Today, the population is 21,419 (2014 estimate).

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 20,366 people, 7,600 households, and 4,995 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 8,365 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 76.4% White, 1.6% African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 14.9% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 30.1% of the population.  There were 7,600 households of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.25.  The median age in the city was 32.1 years. 29.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 12.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 14,953 people, 5,642 households, and 3,740 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,468.6 people per square mile (567.1/km2). There were 6,263 housing units at an average density of 615.1 per square mile (237.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.16% White, 1.69% African American, 1.02% Native American, 1.43% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 15.44% from other races, and 3.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25.41% of the population.  There were 5,642 households out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.20.  In the city, the population was spread out with 28.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $36,467, and the median income for a family was $42,096. Males had a median income of $34,945 versus $25,193 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,644. About 11.0% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

Climate.

Moses Lake has a dry climate, and is classed as a semi-arid climate. It is warm during summer, when temperatures tend to be in the 80s (°F) and somewhat cold during winter, when temperatures tend to be in the 30s (°F). The warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of. The coldest month is January, with an average minimum temperature of.  Temperature variations between night and day are greater during summer (), and less during winter ().  The annual average precipitation at Moses Lake is 7.69 inches (195 mm). Although rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, it is not unusual in mid-summer for a month or six weeks to pass without any measurable rainfall. The wettest month is December with an average rainfall of 1.19 inch (30 mm).

Economy.

Moses Lake's historic economic base has been agriculture, but now includes considerable manufacturing and technology. Several companies have moved to the area, including REC Silicon (one of the world's largest manufacturers of polysilicon, used in solar panels). Moses Lake has also attracted some alternative fuel companies, such as Washington Ethanol & Washington Biodiesel.  BMW, in partnership with the SGL Group, began construction in July 2010 on a $100 million carbon-fiber manufacturing plant. The plant was designed to produce 300 tons of carbon fiber per year from a single production building, and began operations in 2011. In 2013, ground was broken for a second 300-ton building, bringing projected production to 600 tons per year. In 2014, a third 300-ton building was started. When the third building is completed, SGL Moses Lake will be the largest producer of carbon fiber in the world. Mitsubishi in 2016 announced that the company would use the port of Moses Lake for its new regional jet (MRJ) FAA flight testing. The testing will be completed by the end of 2018. Other major corporations that have facilities in (or are based in) Moses Lake include:

Transportation.

Road.

Moses Lake is bisected by two major highways that bypass the city center: Interstate 90 and State Route 17. State Route 171 and Interstate 90 Business serve the city's downtown, connecting to the two highways.

Rail.

The Columbia Basin Railroad is headquartered in Moses Lake and operates the city's railroad. It is the busiest shortline railroad in Eastern Washington.  During the 1990s, a high-speed rail line between Seattle and Moses Lake was proposed, primarily to use Grant County International Airport as a satellite airport for the Seattle metropolitan area.

Public transportation.

Moses Lake and Grant County are served by the Grant Transit Authority, which runs several bus routes within the city and intercity bus service to nearby Ephrata and other towns.

Airport.

Larson Air Force Base, five miles from the city of Moses Lake, originally was named Moses Lake Army Air Base. It was activated on 24 November 1942 as a World War II training center. Major Donald A. Larson, for whom the base was later renamed, was from Yakima, Washington.  The Secretary of Defense announced on November 19, 1965 that Larson was to be closed by June of the following year. Larson Air Force Base, since renamed Grant County International Airport, is now a world-class heavy jet training and testing facility used by the Boeing Company, the U.S. Military and NASA. Columbia Pacific Aviation now handles charter passenger service to and from Moses Lake. With and a main runway long, it is one of the largest airports in the United States.  Moses Lake is also served by the much smaller Municipal Airport, which has one runway.

Education.

Schools.

Learning centers.

The Japanese Supplementary School of Moses Lake (モーゼスレイク補習授業校 "Mōzesu Reiku Hoshū Jugyō Kō"), a weekend Japanese educational program, previously operated in Moses Lake.

Sister cities.

Moses Lake has one sister city, according to the Washington State Lt. Governor's list of Washington Sister Cities:  Moses Lake has a long history with its sister city; Yonezawa, Japan. The two cities have been exchanging students every summer for over 20 years. There is a street named after Yonezawa in Moses Lake and a street named after Moses Lake in Yonezawa. In 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints announced plans to build the Moses Lake Washington Temple on Yonezawa Boulevard between Division Street and Road K NE.

Moses Lake is a city in Grant County, Washington, United States. The population was 20,366 as of the 2010 census. Moses Lake is the largest city in Grant County. The city anchors the Moses Lake Micropolitan area, which includes all of Grant County and is part of the Moses Lake-Othello combined statistical area.

Moses Lake est une ville du comté de Grant, dans l'État de Washington, aux États-Unis. Plus grande ville du comté, elle jouxte le lac Moses.


History of the phrase.

Ruskin coined the term "pathetic fallacy" to attack the sentimentality that was common to the poetry of the late 18th century, and which was rampant among poets including Burns, Blake, Wordsworth, Shelley, and Keats. Wordsworth supported this use of personification based on emotion by claiming that "objects... derive their influence not from properties inherent in them... but from such as are bestowed upon them by the minds of those who are conversant with or affected by these objects." However Tennyson, in his own poetry, began to refine and diminish such expressions, and introduced an emphasis on what might be called a more scientific comparison of objects in terms of sense perception. The old order was beginning to be replaced by the new just as Ruskin addressed the matter, and the use of the pathetic fallacy markedly began to disappear. As a critic, Ruskin proved influential and is credited with having helped to refine poetic expression.  The meaning of the term has changed significantly from the idea Ruskin had in mind. Ruskin's original definition is "emotional falseness", or the falseness that occurs to one's perceptions when influenced by violent or heightened emotion. For example, when a person is unhinged by grief, the clouds might seem darker than they are, or perhaps mournful or perhaps even uncaring.  There have been other changes to Ruskin's phrase since he coined it: The particular definition that Ruskin used for the word "fallacy" has since become obsolete. The word "fallacy" nowadays is defined as an example of flawed reasoning, but for Ruskin and writers of the 19th century and earlier, "fallacy" could be used to mean simply a "falseness". In the same way, the word "pathetic" simply meant for Ruskin "emotional" or "pertaining to emotion".  Setting aside Ruskin's original intentions, and despite this linguistic 'rocky road', the two-word phrase has survived, though with a significantly altered meaning.

Examples of Ruskin's original meaning.

In his essay, Ruskin demonstrates his original meaning by offering lines of a poem:  <poem>They rowed her in across the rolling foam— The cruel, crawling foam...</poem>  Ruskin then points out that "the foam is not cruel, neither does it crawl. The state of mind which attributes to it these characters of a living creature is one in which the reason is unhinged by grief"—yet, Ruskin did not disapprove of this use of the pathetic fallacy:  Now, so long as we see that the feeling is true, we pardon, or are even pleased by, the confessed fallacy of sight, which it induces: we are pleased, for instance, with those lines... above quoted, not because they fallaciously describe foam, but because they faithfully describe sorrow.  Ruskin intended that pathetic fallacy may also refer to any "untrue" quality: as in the description of a crocus as "gold", when the flower is, according to Ruskin, saffron in color.  The following, a stanza from the poem "Maud" (1855) by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, demonstrates what John Ruskin, in "Modern Painters", said was an "exquisite" instance of the use of the pathetic fallacy:  <poem> There has fallen a splendid tear She is coming, my dove, my dear; The red rose cries, "She is near, she is near;" The larkspur listens, "I hear, I hear;" </poem>

Science.

In science, the term "pathetic fallacy" is used in a pejorative way in order to discourage the kind of figurative speech in descriptions that might not be strictly accurate and clear, and that might communicate a false impression of a natural phenomenon. An example is the metaphorical phrase "Nature abhors a vacuum", which contains the suggestion that nature is capable of abhorring something. There are more accurate and scientific ways to describe nature and vacuums.  Another example of a pathetic fallacy is the expression, "Air hates to be crowded, and, when compressed, it will try to escape to an area of lower pressure." It is not accurate to suggest that air "hates" anything or "tries" to do anything. One way to express the ideas that underlie that phrase in a more scientific manner can be found and described in the kinetic theory of gases: effusion or movement towards lower pressure occurs because unobstructed gas molecules will become more evenly distributed between high- and low-pressure zones, by a flow from the former to the latter.

The phrase pathetic fallacy is a literary term for the attribution of human emotion and conduct to things found in nature that are not human. It is a kind of personification that occurs in poetic descriptions, when, for example, clouds seem sullen, when leaves dance, or when rocks seem indifferent. The British cultural critic John Ruskin coined the term in Volume 3 of his work, "Modern Painters" (1856).

La ( provenant du grec ancien, qui signifie « souffrance, passion ») est une figure de style consistant en l'attribution à la nature de sentiments humains. Elle doit être distinguée de la personnification, dont elle est un sous-genre. La est un processus inconscient pour l'individu qui en est sujet.


Early years.

Olsen grew up in Wayne, New Jersey, and attended Wayne Hills High School, where he played football and basketball under his father, Chris Olsen Sr. As a high school senior he was one of three finalists for the Gatorade Player of the Year award, along with former Miami Hurricane teammate Kyle Wright. He was a "USA Today" First-Team All-American as a senior in 2002. He finished his career with 73 receptions for 1,474 yards, and a school-record 27 touchdowns. He played in the 2003 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.  Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Olsen was listed as the No. 2 tight end in the nation in 2003, and the No. 2 prospect in New Jersey behind Nate Robinson.  In track & field, Olsen competed in the throwing events and as a sprinter. He recorded a personal-best time of 11.40 seconds in the 100 meters. He placed 2nd in the shot put event at the 2003 NJSIAA Meet of Champions, recording a career-best throw of 18.03 meters. He also had top-throws of 46.63 meters in the discus throw and 59.83 meters in the javelin throw.

College career.

Olsen originally enrolled at the University of Notre Dame but transferred as a freshman to the University of Miami in 2003. In 2003, he was on the Hurricanes' scout team before suffering a shoulder injury and being redshirted. He became the starter of the Miami Hurricanes in his sophomore season in 2005 after Kevin Everett was drafted in the third round by the Buffalo Bills. In his career, he totaled 87 receptions for 1215 yards and six touchdowns.

7th Floor Crew involvement.

In 2003, Olsen was one of the players that participated in the University of Miami's rap group, the 7th Floor Crew, under the pseudonym "G-Reg". Many media sources ridiculed him for his involvement in the group, which earned national notoriety for their sexually explicit and vulgar lyrics. Olsen addressed the media about the issue almost a week after the draft. He apologized for his actions and stated he had moved on.

Professional career.

Chicago Bears.

The Chicago Bears selected Olsen in the first round as the 31st overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. He signed a five-year contract with the team on July 3, which made him the first player of the draft's top 64 selections to come to terms with their team. He sustained a knee injury during the Bears' final preseason game in 2007, and consequently, he missed the team's first two games while recovering. He made his NFL debut on September 23, 2007 against the Dallas Cowboys, catching two passes for twenty-eight yards. Olsen caught his first touchdown two weeks later during a Week 5 match-up against the Green Bay Packers. Olsen finished the season with 39 receptions for 391 yards and two touchdowns.  Olsen saw his playing time increase during his second season. He started 7 of 16 games, making 54 receptions for 574 yards and five touchdowns. He led the team in receiving touchdowns, while finishing second in receptions and receiving yards. Olsen was selected as a second alternate for the 2009 Pro Bowl. Chicago's Comcast SportsNet named Olsen the Bears Player of the Year.  In 2009, Olsen quickly developed a rapport with Jay Cutler, whom the Bears had acquired from the Denver Broncos. Olsen and Cutler connected for 60 receptions, for 612 yards, and eight touchdowns. He led the Bears in receptions and touchdowns, while finishing behind Devin Hester for most receiving yards. Before the 2010 season the Bears fired Ron Turner and hired Mike Martz as offensive coordinator. His numbers dropped compared to his 2008 and 2009 seasons, as he recorded 41 receptions for 404 yards, and five touchdowns. However, Olsen helped the Bears win their first 2011 playoff game against the Seattle Seahawks, catching three passes for 113 yards and two touchdowns.

Carolina Panthers.

On July 28, 2011, Olsen was traded to the Carolina Panthers for a 2012 third round draft pick.

2011 season.

During his first year with Carolina, he caught 45 receptions for 540 yards and five touchdowns.

2012 season.

In the 2012 season, Olsen recorded 69 receptions for 843 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns.

2013 season.

In the 2013 season, Olsen recorded 73 receptions for 816 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns.

2014 season.

Through the first six weeks of the 2014 season, Pro Football Focus rated Olsen as the best tight end in pass block efficiency and receiving. Through the first seven weeks of the season, he led all tight ends in receiving yards with 493, and had recorded at least five catches and 60 yards receiving in all but one game throughout the year. He finished the regular season with a career-high 84 catches, 1,008 receiving yards, as well as six touchdowns en route to the Panthers second consecutive NFC South division title. Olsen finished third in the NFL for receptions by a tight end and second for both yards on the season and yards per game. It was Olsen's first 1,000 yard receiving season. For his efforts during the 2014–15 season he was voted to the 2015 Pro Bowl. Playing for Team Carter, Olsen had three receptions for 53 yards and two touchdowns.

2015 season.

On March 5, 2015, the Panthers signed Olsen to a three-year extension worth $22.5 million. The extension includes a $12 million signing bonus with an average annual salary of $7.5 million, according to Olsen's agent Drew Rosenhaus.  He proved especially valuable to the Panthers in 2015, as teammate and #1 wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin suffered an ACL tear and did not play for the entire year. Olsen was tasked with being the main target of soon-to-be NFL MVP Cam Newton, and performed well. During the Panthers week three matchup against the New Orleans Saints, Olsen caught 8 passes including two touchdowns and a career-high 134 receiving yards. He also tied a career long reception of 52 yards. Through the first four weeks of the season Olsen had 17 receptions for 243 yards and 2 touchdowns. He continued his high level of play during a week 6 matchup against the Seattle Seahawks. Olsen caught 7 catches for 131 yards along with a game-winning touchdown with under a minute to play. The touchdown helped keep the Panthers undefeated season alive as they improved to 5–0 on the season. He played well against the New Orleans Saints again later in the season. he recorded nine receptions, including one on 4th down during the Panthers final drive, and 129 yards. Through the first 13 games of the year Olsen recorded 65 receptions for 969 yards and 6 touchdowns.  During the 2015 season, Olsen set Panthers records for career receiving yards and receptions for a tight end, both previously held by former Panther Wesley Walls. During the Panthers' 41-38 victory over the New Orleans Saints to improve them to 12–0, he caught nine passes for 129 yards and, during the game, passed Walls for most career receptions by a TE in Panthers' history.  Olsen finished the 2015 regular season with 77 receptions with 1,104 yards and 7 touchdowns. He was selected for his second consecutive Pro Bowl and to the AP All-Pro second team. According to PFF, Olsen ranked as the 2nd-best receiving tight-end in the NFL, behind only Rob Gronkowski. He was ranked 38th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.  In the NFC Divisional Round, Olsen hauled in six catches for 77 yards and a touchdown to help the Panthers to a 31-24 win over the Seattle Seahawks and an NFC Championship game matchup with the Arizona Cardinals. He caught six passes for 113 yards against the Cardinals to help the Panthers in their 49–15 win and a Super Bowl 50 berth against the Denver Broncos. In Super Bowl 50, he had four catches for 41 yards, but the Panthers lost by a score of 24-10.

2016 season.

The 2016 season saw the Panthers fail to return to the playoffs following their Super Bowl 50 appearance. Olsen still had a good season in terms of production. He finished the 2016 season with 80 receptions for 1,073 yards and three touchdowns. He would be named to his third consecutive Pro Bowl. With a 17-yard catch in the second quarter of the game against the Atlanta Falcons, Olsen set an NFL record, becoming the first tight end in NFL history to record three consecutive 1,000-yard receiving seasons. He was also ranked 67th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.

2017 season.

During Week 2 against the Buffalo Bills, Olsen left the game with a foot injury. Olsen later confessed that his foot was broken, which was positive after an X-ray test. It required surgery, causing him to miss 6–8 weeks. He was placed on injured reserve on September 19, 2017. On November 19, Olsen served as a guest analyst on FOX Sports, calling a matchup between the Vikings and the Rams. On November 24, 2017, Olsen was activated off injured reserve to the active roster. He ended up playing the next game against the New York Jets, upon playing Olsen aggravated his surgically repaired foot and was taken out of the game.

2018 season.

On April 26, 2018, Olsen signed a two-year extension with the Panthers worth $17.1 million with a potenial max of $20.1 million.  In the season opener against the Dallas Cowboys, Olsen left the game in the second quarter with a foot injury. It was confirmed that he had re-fractured his right foot and would be sidelined indefinitely.  On December 2, Olsen ruptured his plantar fascia in the second quarter during a 24-17 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was placed on season-ending injured reserve on December 5, 2018. He finished the 2018 season with 27 receptions for 291 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns in nine games.

2019 season.

In Week 2 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Olsen caught six passes for 110 yards as the Panthers lost 20-14. In Week 3 against the Arizona Cardinals, Olsen caught six passes for 75 yards and two touchdowns as the Panthers won 38-20. Overall, Olsen finished with 52 receptions for 597 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.  On February 3, 2020, the Panthers released Olsen.

Seattle Seahawks.

On February 18, 2020, Olsen signed a one-year, $7 million contract with the Seattle Seahawks.

Sportscasting.

In 2020, Olsen became a booth analyst for Fox Sports' broadcasts of the XFL.

Personal life.

Olsen's older brother, Chris Jr., played quarterback for the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. His brother also tried out for a spot on the Bears' roster, during their rookie mini-camp in May 2007, but was not offered a contract. His younger brother, Kevin, was recruited heavily by several D1 schools, before deciding to play at Greg's alma mater, Miami. After incidents during his freshman and sophomore years, Kevin was dismissed from the team and the university. Kevin signed with the Charlotte 49ers in 2015 to live and play in the same town as his brother Greg. On February 19, 2017, Kevin was arrested on multiple charges. Kevin was found not guilty on the charges in October 2018.  Olsen founded Receptions For Research: The Greg Olsen Foundation in 2009, which helps fund cancer research. Greg's mother, Sue, is an 11-year cancer survivor and the inspiration for his foundation. One of his fundraising events includes Kicks for a Cure Kickball Tournament, the world's largest charity kickball tournament. The large-scale event is held annually each summer in Chicago's Grant Park and hosts over 1,000 people. Kickball teams compete and have fun in an effort to raise money for cancer research.  Greg and wife Kara welcomed their first son, Tate Christian Olsen, in early June 2011. In April 2012, he announced that they were expecting twins. On October 9, 2012, twins Talbot and T.J. (Trent Jerry) were born. T.J. was born with a very rare congenital heart condition known as Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, or HLHS. Talbot was born without complications.

Gregory Walter Olsen (born March 11, 1985) is an American football tight end for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Miami and was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He holds an NFL record as the first tight end in league history to record three consecutive seasons with 1,000 receiving yards.

Gregory Olsen, dit Greg Olsen, né le à Paterson, est un joueur américain de football américain. Depuis 2020, ce tight end joue pour les Seahawks de Seattle en National Football League (NFL). Il a joué auparavant pour les Bears de Chicago et les Panthers de la Caroline.


Biography.

Xydakis was born in Piraeus in 1958. He studied graphic arts at the Technological Educational Institute of Athens from 1976 to 1977 before attaining a degree in dentistry from the University of Athens in 1984, where he later went on to pursue postgraduate studies in history of art from 1998 to 2002.  Having joined "Kathimerini" in 1992, Xydakis became arts editor of the newspaper in 1999 and subsequently editor-in-chief from 2003 to 2014. He received an award from the Athanassios Botsis Journalism Foundation in 2009. From 2002 to 2005 he was General Secretary of the Greek section of the International Association of Art Critics.  In the January 2015 election, Xydakis stood as a candidate for the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA). He was elected MP for the Athens B constituency, and following the formation of a Syriza-led coalition government under Alexis Tsipras, Xydakis was appointed Alternate Minister of Culture in the combined Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs, serving under Aristides Baltas.  The Syriza–ANEL coalition resigned on the 20 August 2015 and remained in office until a caretaker cabinet led by Vassiliki Thanou was appointed. Speaking to the "Observer" before the September 2015 election, Xydakis said: "We have all aged. It seems like years since we were elected, and yet it was only months ago. So much has happened, events have been so big, it has almost been too much for anyone to take in."  He was re-elected to parliament for the Athens B electoral district in the second election of 2015, but failed to win re-election at the 2019 election.

Nikos Xydakis (; born 1958) is a Greek journalist, art critic, and left-wing politician. From 27 January to 28 August 2015, he served as the Alternate Minister for Culture in the cabinet of Alexis Tsipras. From 23 September 2015 to 5 November 2016, he served as the Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs.

Níkos Xydákis (), né en 1958 au Pirée, est un journaliste et homme politique grec, membre de la Coalition de la gauche radicale (SYRIZA). Il est nommé Ministre adjoint de la Culture le.


Early years.

Wisniewski was standout guard at Penn State University. He was twice named All-America (1987 and 1988). He was a key contributor on the Nittany Lions 1986 national championship team. He capped his senior season by playing in the Hula Bowl and the Japan Bowl.  He earned a Bachelor of Science in marketing in 1989.

Professional career.

Wisniewski was selected in the second round (#29 overall) of the 1989 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He was then immediately traded to the Los Angeles Raiders along with a sixth round pick (#140-Jeff Francis), in exchange for a second round choice (#39-Daryl Johnston), a third round choice (#68-Rhondy Weston) and a fifth round choice (#119-Willis Crockett).  He would play all of his 13 seasons in the league with the Raiders. "Wiz" became the standout Guard of the 1990s and made the Pro Bowl 8 times in his career tying him at the time of his retirement with Art Shell, Howie Long, and Tim Brown (Who would later surpass him) for most by a Raider. He was also named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team and was a first team All-Pro twice. Missed only 2 regular season starts in 13-year career due to injury.  On January 27, 2011 it was announced that Wisniewski would be returning to the Oakland Raiders as an assistant offensive line coach under new Head Coach Hue Jackson, new offensive coordinator Al Saunders and new offensive line coach Bob Wylie. He was thrilled by saying "I'm back to my first love, the Oakland Raiders and working with the Offensive Line. I’m a Raider for life. I can help in technique, help in mindset and attitude and really push these young men to develop and to be the heartbeat of the team." Wisniewski said via the Raiders website. He also said in a statement that "I’m thrilled to be working in the building again for the Silver and Black and helping to shape the future of the offensive line." He and Wylie replaced Chris Morgan and Jim Michalczik, who were not retained for the 2011 season.  Following the death of Raiders owner Al Davis in October 2011, Jackson's firing the following January and the hirings of new general manager Reggie McKenzie and new head coach Dennis Allen, Wisniewski, one of the few coaches retained by the new regime, was slated to assist under new offensive line coach Frank Pollack. However, right before the start of training camp in July 2012, it was announced that Wisniewski had resigned for "personal reasons" but would remain with the club as an ambassador.

Personal life.

Wisniewski lives in Oakland, California and maintains an association with the Raiders. He spent one year at Stanford University, helping coach the offensive line on a team that reached the Orange Bowl Wisniewski is a born-again Christian and currently volunteers at The Well Christian Community Church in Dublin, California, the church founded by fellow ex-Raider, Napoleon Kaufman. In 2004, Wisniewski was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame.  His brother, Leo, was a three-time letterman for the Penn State football team (1979–1981). Wisniewski's nephew (Leo's son), Stefen, was a guard/center on the Penn State team & had a standout career there. The Oakland Raiders picked him 48th pick in the 2011 NFL Draft, and on April 18, 2015 he signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He played with the Philadelphia Eagles and Kansas City Chiefs and started at left guard for both teams as they went on to win Super Bowl LII and Super Bowl LIV.

Steve Wisniewski (born April 7, 1967), nicknamed "The Wiz", is a former offensive guard who played 13 seasons with the Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders, and later served as the team's assistant offensive line coach. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 1989 NFL Draft, but his playing rights were traded to the Raiders that same draft. He played college football at Penn State.

Steve Wisniewski, surnommé « », né le à Rutland, est un joueur américain de football américain. Cet offensive guard a joué pour les Raiders de Los Angeles / Raiders d'Oakland (1989-2001) en National Football League (NFL).


Club career.

Early career and Exeter City.

Born in Oxford, Gosling signed for Swindon Town Centre of Excellence as a ten-year-old. A year later he signed for Plymouth Argyle Centre of Excellence after he moved with his family to Newquay in Cornwall. He was released by Argyle at the age of 16 whereupon he enrolled at Hartpury College. He graduated through the Exeter City youth team to sign professional terms under Paul Tisdale in April 2012.  He scored a "stunning goal" against Dorchester Town in pre-season, and joined Conference South side Dorchester on loan in September; the initial one-month loan deal was later extended until January. During this loan spell he scored the goal that knocked Exeter's rivals Plymouth Argyle out of the FA Cup on 4 November.  He made his debut for Exeter on 12 January 2013, as a late substitute for Steve Tully in a 3–0 win over Southend United at St James Park. He scored his first goal for the club to complete a 3–0 home win over Northampton Town in League Two on 2 March. After the match, Gosling said he hoped to become a first team regular at the club.  On 13 March 2014, Gosling joined Conference North side Gloucester City on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut three days later in a 3–3 draw against Gainsborough Trinity. Gosling made twelve appearances and scored three times: against Brackley Town, Harrogate Town and A.F.C. Telford United.  On 17 May 2014, Gosling announced that he was leaving Exeter, though he was offered a new contract by the club.

Bristol Rovers.

After leaving Exeter City, it announced on 24 June 2014 that Gosling had signed for recently relegated Conference Premier side Bristol Rovers for the 2014–15 season. He made his debut on 9 August as the Pirates began the season with a goalless draw against Grimsby Town. On 16 September, he scored his first goal for the club, concluding a 3–1 win over Nuneaton Town at the Memorial Stadium. Eleven days later, he struck the only goal for a win at Southport.  He played 23 league games across the season, scoring three goals, the last being the opener in a 7–0 rout of Alfreton Town in the last game of the regular season on 25 April 2015, relegating the opponents. He helped Rovers seal an immediate return to The Football League with a play-off victory over Grimsby on 17 May.  After not featuring for Bristol Rovers since the 26 December fixture against Wimbledon, Gosling joined Newport County on 26 February 2016 on an initial one-month loan. He made his debut on 1 March versus Crawley Town and played a further five times before returning to help Rovers earn promotion to League One. He signed a new contract with the Gas on 20 June 2016.  In August 2016 Gosling was loaned to Cambridge United of League Two on a six-month loan. His loaned was ended prematurely in November 2016 after making seven appearances for the club. On 16 January 2017 it was announced that Gosling would again go out on loan, this time to Forest Green Rovers of the National League.

Torquay United.

On 6 June 2017, it was announced that Gosling had joined Torquay United following his release from Rovers. He was released by Torquay at the end of the 2017–18 season.

International career.

In January 2014, it was confirmed that Gosling was eligible to play for Gibraltar in upcoming friendlies and their Euro 2016 qualifying campaign by national team coach Allen Bula, and was under consideration for his next squad. He was eventually called up to the squad for friendlies against Estonia and Malta on 26 May and 4 June 2014, respectively. Gosling made his international debut in the match against Estonia at the A. Le Coq Arena in Tallinn, starting the match and scoring the equaliser in the eventual 1–1 draw. The goal was Gibraltar's first away goal since joining UEFA. He became Gibraltar's outright top scorer of all time on 7 September 2015 when he scored their second competitive goal, a consolation at the end of an 8–1 away loss to Poland in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. With the goal, he also became the first Gibraltar player to score more than one goal at the international level.

Jake Gosling (born 11 August 1993) is a footballer who plays as a winger who is currently unattached after leaving Torquay United in July 2018.

Jake Gosling, né le à Oxford en Angleterre, est un footballeur international gibraltarien d'origine anglaise. Il évolue actuellement au poste de milieu latéral avec le club du Cambridge United en prêt de Bristol Rovers.


Early life.

She was born Simone Ovide in about 1913 near the Haitian town of Léogâne, the daughter of a mulatto merchant and writer, Jules Faine, and Célie Ovide, one of the maids in his household. At an early age her mother gave her up, and she spent much of her childhood in an orphanage in Pétion-Ville, an exclusive suburb in the hills above Port-au-Prince. The orphans were encouraged to acquire vocational skills and Simone Ovide was trained as a nurse's aide. While working as a nurse she met a young doctor named François Duvalier. The couple was married on 27 December 1939, and had four children: Marie Denise, Nicole, Simone “Queen”, and Jean-Claude, their only son.

First Lady.

After their marriage, François Duvalier became minister of public health and labor in 1949 and won election to the presidency in 1957. Throughout his 14 years in office, his wife guarded access to her husband and developed and promoted her own palace favorites.  Because of her acquired status and her imperious bearing, Haitians referred to her as "Mama Doc". She was, like her husband, reported to be a Vodou expert. She cultivated the image of a benefactor; dispensing charity to inhabitants of "Cite Simone", a planned settlement named for her that is known today as Cité Soleil, one of the most miserable slums in Latin America.  Simone Duvalier's influence reached its peak after the death of her husband on 21 April 1971, when her nineteen-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier succeeded his father as Haiti's "President for Life". Simone Duvalier retained the title of First Lady, and relished the power it conferred. According to a number of her associates, she deeply resented having to relinquish that role after Jean-Claude Duvalier married in 1980 and she was demoted to "Guardian of the Duvalierist Revolution".

Exile and death.

When her son was ousted from power in February 1986, Simone Duvalier joined him and his wife, Michèle Bennett, in exile in France. She was rarely seen in public. After her son's bitter divorce from his wife, Simone Duvalier lived with her son in relative poverty in the suburbs of Paris.  She died on 26 December 1997.

Simone Duvalier (; "née" Ovide; 19 March 1913 – 26 December 1997), also known as Mama Doc, was the wife of Haitian leader François "Papa Doc" Duvalier and the First Lady of Haiti.

Simone Duvalier, née Simone Ovide ( à Léogâne - à Paris), surnommée ou, fut Première dame d'Haïti de 1957 à 1971, en tant qu'épouse du dictateur et président à vie François Duvalier dit, puis conseillère auprès de son fils Jean-Claude Duvalier dit.


Career.

Parsons was born in 1924 in Bruin, Kentucky. He moved to California at age 24 and settled near Monterey. Parsons worked in automobile sales and eventually owned his own import car lot.  At age 31, he bought his first competition car, an Austin-Healey, from the proceeds of his work in sales. After he raced the Healey in amateur events, he moved on briefly to a Porsche, then a Lotus type 15. In 1959, he bought a Maserati Birdcage racer from Texan Jim Hall, later of Chaparral cars fame. Following his experience with the Maserati, which turned out to be expensive to operate, Parsons sold the Birdcage and raced a Sunbeam Alpine roadster. The Alpine racing effort was sponsored by Randy Hilton. During the 1963 SCCA season in California, he raced a Lotus 23B twin cam. By 1964, he was driving an AC Cobra roadster powered by a 289 cubic inch Ford V8. In 1965, he campaigned a Genie - Chevy Mark 10. In 1966, he switched to a McLaren-Elva Mark II, and won the USSRC Championship, with a win at the final race at Road America, and second-place finishes at Laguna Seca Raceway, Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, and Las Vegas.  Later in 1966, Parsons began driving in the Canadian American Challenge Cup with a Chevrolet powered McLaren. Parsons drove a series of historic Can Am cars over the next six years. In 1968, he drove a Lola T160, the following two years a Lola T163. During the 1971 Can Am campaign, Parsons raced a McLaren M8D, another Lola T163, and eventually returned to the cockpit of a McLaren M8D by the end of the season. The last M8D he drove belonged to actor-driver Paul Newman. The original Can Am series was from 1966 to 1974. In the years that Parsons participated, he scored 145 points, which places him eighth overall among Can Am drivers. His highest total was 81 points in 1969.  1969 was also the year of his highest finish as an endurance race car driver, when he won the prestigious 24 Hours of Daytona with Mark Donohue as a co-driver in a Penske Racing Lola T70 coupe. Parsons had been a last-minute substitute for an injured team driver, and Donohue gave Parsons credit as being key to the win, even though Donohue drove most of the race. In 1970, Parsons drove a Ferrari 312P at the rainy 24 Hours of Le Mans race, where he finished 10th overall with fellow American driver Tony Adamowicz. In addition to Donohue and Adamowicz, Parsons teamed once with Jo Bonnier at Watkins Glen International in 1969.  Parsons also briefly drove Formula 5000 and, in 1967, drove in a USAC Championship Car race at Riverside International Raceway.  After his racing career, Parsons lived in California until his death on January 3, 1999.

Charles W. "Chuck" Parsons (February 6, 1924 – January 3, 1999) was an American sports car racing driver. Parsons drove in SCCA and USSRC competition, then became a driver in the Can Am series. Like many drivers of the era, he participated in multiple venues, such as the 24 Hours of Daytona and 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance races while driving the same year in the Can Am series.

Charles W. "Chuck" Parsons, né le à (Kentucky) et décédé le à Walnut (Californie) âgé de 74 ans, est un pilote automobile américain sur circuits à bord de voitures de sport, Grand Tourisme et Sport-prototypes.


2019 World Women's Handball Championship

Venues.

Kumamoto region was entrusted with the organization of the World Championship. Additionally the Japanese Organizing Committee will have a venue in Tokyo in order to prepare for the 2020 Olympic Games. Kumamoto has had a lot of experience with handball tournaments, hosting the 1997 Men’s World Championships.

Qualification.

1. If countries from Oceania (Australia or New Zealand) participating in the Asian Championships finished within the top 5, they qualified for the World Championships. If they placed sixth or lower, the place would have been transferred to the wild card spot.

Draw.

The draw was held on 21 June 2019 in Tokyo, Japan.

Seeding.

The seeding was announced on 19 June 2019. As organizer, Japan had the right to choose their group.

Referees.

17 referee pairs were selected.

Squads.

Each team consisted of up to 28 players, of whom 16 may be fielded for each match.

Preliminary round.

The schedule was announced on 3 July 2019.

Tiebreakers.

In the group stage, teams were ranked according to points (2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). After completion of the group stage, if two or more teams had scored the same number of points, the ranking was determined as follows:  If the ranking of one of these teams is determined, the above criteria are consecutively followed until the ranking of all teams is determined. If no ranking can be determined, a decision shall be obtained by IHF through drawing of lots.  During the group stage, only criteria 4–5 applied to determine the provisional ranking of teams.  "All times are local (UTC+9)."

Main round.

Group I.

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Group II.

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Final ranking.

All Star Team.

The All Star Team and MVP was announced on 15 December 2019.

The 2019 IHF World Women's Handball Championship, the 24th event hosted by the International Handball Federation, was held in Japan from 30 November to 15 December 2019.

Le Championnat du monde féminin de handball 2019 est la du Championnat du monde de handball qui a lieu du 30 novembre au au Japon, sept mois avant Jeux olympiques de Tokyo. C'est une compétition organisée par la Fédération internationale de handball (IHF) et la Fédération japonaise de handball qui réunit les meilleures sélections nationales.


Family.

Peter Caxaro was born of a noble Mdina family in Malta. Unfortunately, the date of his birth is still unknown, and it is very doubtful whether it had ever been recorded at all. We might suppose, however, that he was born around the beginning

Studies and offices.

Caxaro's first studies were undertaken in Malta. Later, he went to Palermo, Sicily, to pursue them further. At the time, Palermo was a flourishing city imbued with the spirit of Renaissance humanism. There, Caxaro completed his studies and became a notary in 1438. A couple of months after his graduation, he was appointed judge at the courts of Gozo for the

Friendship with Dominicans.

During all this time, Caxaro was on very good terms with the Dominican friars. These had a monastery at Rabat, Malta, very close to Mdina, Caxaro's home-town and centre of operation. The Dominicans had originally arrived in Malta around 1450, and quickly forged good friendships amongst the literary population and professional people, including academics.

Marriage attempt.

Around 1463, Caxaro aspired to marrying a widow, Franca de Biglera. However, her brother, a Canon at the bishop's cathedral chapter, objected on the grounds of “spiritual affinity”, since Caxaro's father was a godfather to

Excommunicated.

At the Town Council of Mdina Caxaro had three particular themes which he seemed to come to life about: the welfare and maintenance of his town-home Mdina, the education of the common people, and the accountability of civil servants.  In 1480, Caxaro took an active and bold part in an issue which involved the bishop of Malta, who was suspected of corruption. Caxaro was

Death.

On August 12, 1485, Caxaro drew up his will, and died a few days later. The precise date of his death is still not known with any certainty. All his possession went to the Dominican friars.  It is not known where he

Caxaro's cultural formation.

Unveiled.

Peter Caxaro was virtually unknown until he was made famous in 1968 by the publication of his "Cantilena" by the Dominican Michael Fsadni and Godfrey Wettinger. It was Michael Fsadni who discovered the "Cantilena" on September 22, 1966, at the back of the third page from the last in the first of Reverend Brandan Caxaro's notarial registers (1533–1536), currently numbered R175, in the Notarial Archives, Valletta. Caxaro's work was actually transcribed by Rev. Brandan himself in its original Maltese version. The discovery was encountered with enthusiasm within scholarship circles since it had eventually given Maltese literature its greatest boost for a very long time. It had taken the authors about two years before they were able to present Caxaro's "Cantilena" to

The man.

Introducing his transcription of the composition, Rev. Brandan - a member of the Society of True Christians - indicated its author as a "philosopher, poet and orator".  On examination, it is positively held that Caxaro's original version was in the Maltese tongue, and that Rev. Brandan transcribed it as faithfully as possible as he recalled it. The composition proves that Caxaro's qualification as a philosopher, poet and orator is fully justified since its construction is professionally accomplished. He certainly was a man of learning.  Lately, a few proposals have been made which held that the said composition, in part or as a whole, does not have Peter Caxaro as its author. It has been said that the poem is none other than Rev. Brandan's innocent transcription in

Extant fragments.

Little of Caxaro's scholarship is known to exist. Much work has yet to be accomplished in this difficult field. We only possess isolated parts of his contributions, the most complete being the "Cantilena", which, in itself, comes down to us through an imperfect, indirect source.  That Brandan's transcript of the "Cantilena" is faulty is evident from various internal traits. Furthermore, the reasons for which Brandan recalled the work, and even the manner in which he did so, is unto this day a baffling uncertainty. The cheerfulness felt by Brandan apparently seems to be doubly caused, namely by both the memory of the composition "and" the memory of his ancestor (with a necessary relationship of one to the other). Brandan's opening sentence of the short prologue seems to suggest that he was gladdened "more" by the relationship than by any of the related parts. Wettinger and Fsadni had suggested that it was the consolation which Brandan saw in the content of the composition that prompted him to leave us a memory of it, writing it down in one of the registers of his acts. But this

The philosopher.

"Philosopher" is the title attributed to Caxaro by Rev. Brandan. In the rest of the "Cantilena"’s prologue, which is formally in accord with the general practice of the times, the poetic rather than the philosophical or oratorical excellences of Caxaro are emphasized. These are left in the shadow, even by modern scholars. It has been naively ventured that the appellative "philosopher" is to be understood merely in the sense of a man of wisdom or learning ("“bniedem gharef”", literally indicating a sophist rather than a philosopher). However, being

A Humanistic character.

It seems to be opportune at this point to highlight two instances from Caxaro's acquaintances, namely, his father's contact with Barcelona and Valencia, and Caxaro's own connection with Palermo.

Humanist Catalonia.

Catalonia, together with Aragon, became familiar with humanism before Castille. The first contact of the Catalan scholars with the movement was at its first appearance at the Pontifical court of Avignon, where Petrarch sojourned, and at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), Basle (1431) and Florence (1438–1455), as at the Neapolitan court of Alphonse V of Aragon, so-called "El Magnanimo" (died 1458).  The Catalan movement was initiated by Juan Fernandez' efforts in the 14th century. Fernandez travelled to the East and returned with many Greek manuscripts. He later established himself as a translator, compiler and commentator of classical texts, therefore giving rise to a literary culture concerned with human interests.

Humanist Palermo.

King Alphonse the Magnanimous of Aragon, asserting his seat at Naples, and set in giving additional splendour to the reign of Aragon, was successful in changing the Neapolitan court in one of Renaissance's most brilliant great centres. Naples and its favoured twin Palermo were visited by the most eminent of humanists from all over the Italian peninsula, Catalonia, Castile and Aragon.  From the first half of the 15th century onwards, Palermo went through an enormous and impressive economic, demographic and urbanistic development, manifesting a substantial cultural facelift. Though the times were rather difficult due to the frequent incursions of the Turks, and the disastrous effect of epidemics and other diseases, the enthusiasts of the "humanæ litteræ" were great in number. Up to Caxaro's visit to Palermo many native men familiar with the "studia humanitatis" made a name for themselves and for their town, scholars like Giovanni Aurispa and Giovanni Marrasio.  As in the case of Catalonia, the spirit of humanism was imported to Sicily from Northern Italy where large numbers of Palemitans went to study. Prior

The spirit of mediaeval humanism.

In order to comprehend better Caxaro's philosophy we cannot do less than grasp the spirit of humanism in his age.  The heart of the Mediaeval humanists, as distinct from that of the 14th century Mediaeval masters, and from the exponents of the 16th century Renaissance, was the retrieval and imitation of the beauty of ancient letters. This had nothing of any anti-Christian sentiment but definitely emphasized naturalism enormously. The imitation of the customs of "pagan" antiquity came later.  The beginning of humanism coincided with a number of other occurrences. In the first place, the Eastern Schism, a critical moment in the Catholic Church which weakened the papacy. Next, a marked ignorance of the clergy and a relaxation of discipline. Thirdly, the corruption of the customs of the high classes. And finally, the decadence of Scholasticism.  The forerunners of humanism imprinted their views with surprising power. The works of Brunetto Latini (1230–1291), Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), Francesco Petrarca (1304–1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) became the daily bread of the humanists.

The "Cantilena".

The textual analyses of the "Cantilena", employed during these last twenty-five years, have given ample food for thought. In general, the comments regarded the embarrassing inconsistencies which exist in the extant copy of the "Cantilena".  The literary value of Caxaro's work, and its standing in the Maltese literary tradition, has likewise been embellished from the historical literary analyses’ point of view. The general lines of this discussion, however, had already been quite satisfactorily described by Wettinger and Fsadni in 1968.  More interesting comments had been advanced from the perspective of literary criticism. However, much work has to be done in this field, especially by scholars with professional standing on mediaeval Arabic, Spanish and Sicilian idioms, dialects and poetic forms.  Due to the "Cantilena"’s uniqueness interesting results have been put forward by historical linguistics, emphasising the drastic changes in the Maltese language over a span of four centuries.  What interests us here, however, is not the "Cantilena"’s literary value as much as its philosophical content. Before proceeding further, it would be opportune to give the transliteration of the "Cantilena":  Paraphrased in English:

Idiosyncratic analysis.

At its appearance in 1968 the "Cantilena" had been declared to be not readily understandable by today’s generation. The publishers themselves found it “terribly difficult and absolutely daunting”. The interpreter, it had been said, had to be a philologist, a Maltese, one in possession of Arabic, familiar with the history of Malta, and well informed on the author of the composition. It must be admitted that a foreigner, even if expert in this field of study, but unfamiliar to a Maltese way of thinking, will find the text difficult and obscure.  The main idea of the text, the so-called “physical interpretation”, is simple enough. An uncontrollable person had been responsible for the collapse of a building

The text.

An idiosyncratic analysis of the "Cantilena" implies the minute examination of its constitution, particularly of the ideas expressed therein. In the first place we shall describe the intrinsic pattern in philosophical terms:  A. VV. 1-2: THE INVOCATION: TRIAD OF COMMUNICATION  B. VV. 3-6:

Caxaro's philosophy.

Given the aforementioned background to Caxaro's thought we shall hereunder indicate introductory and merely signalatory problematics proper to the philosopher under study. The suggested propositions can neither be exhaustive nor comprehensive but may simply aid our understanding of Caxaro's philosophical positions.

The common tongue.

In the first place it is never enough to emphasise the use of the (Maltese) vulgar idiom by Caxaro. This marked a qualitative leap which resulted from a humanistic formation. The option to express himself with masterly skill while positively valuing highly the language of the people, as opposed to the Latin and Sicilian idioms of the cultured class, indicates

Humankind at the centre.

Similarly important is the profane theme and nature of Caxaro's composition. This marks a further sign of Caxaro's humanistic character. The "Cantilena" is not a-religious or anti-Christian but it decidedly does not belong to what is sacred, religious or biblical. It is definitely not irreverent or blasphemous but it characteristically considers life, persons and their surroundings from a human standing.  The theme dwells on the qualities distinctive of the human nature, such faculties which affirm the astonishing skills

The sphere of reality.

The concreteness of Caxaro's reflections stands out loud and clear against any theoretical speculation. The arid, scholastic, professional terminology and mental structure is completely done away with. The practical existential perspective to life and reality is preferred. This may be considered typically Maltese in

Myth "vs." Logos.

Narration in Caxaro, as elsewhere, does not imply shallowness. Nor does it hint at an incapability to express oneself otherwise, namely, in arbitrary (professional) terms. Narration must be considered also as a scientific genre of expression. In fact, it is a traditional technique rich in history where sophistication is purposely ignored, choosing a more fluid, free and inclusive mode of communication.  Caxaro's composition, following the line of Plato's own professional preferences, is shrouded in a

Allegory "vs." Parable.

Caxaro's narration cannot be taken as a puerile typification of moral or spiritual relations. It is futile to search for strict correspondence between each and every figure he uses and concrete occurrences in life, his or any other. It is on these grounds that the “marriage proposal” interpretation must not be taken seriously, for it despoils Caxaro's composition from its abounding intrinsic qualities.  Correspondences do exist indeed in the "Cantilena" between the various symbolisms which

Truth "vs." Appearance.

This is an important theme in the "Cantilena", maybe carrying the greatest consequence for the whole composition. "“Fen tumayt insib il gebel sib tafal morchi”" (“Where I hoped to find rock I found soft clay”, v. 13{19}) gives us the hint.  This may well be the key to the composition's enigma. We have here a juxtaposition of an apparent truth (a pseudo-truth) and the truth itself.  In its most general terms this is a metaphysical problem. It marks human's encounter with a reality which is in itself concealed and garbed with the immediate consciousness and evidence of the sensible. Caxaro eventually contrasts the phenomenal to the

Metaphysics.

Caxaro's ontological and epistemological philosophy, together with his psychology, commences with the concrete experience of defeat and impotency (see v. 11{15}). It is not a momentary despondency but rather a state of being. It is the consciousness of humans helplessly succumbing to a reality which overshadows them.  From the reflection of this mode of existence determined by circumstances there arises in Caxaro the humanistic trigger to break out of the humiliating condition (diametrically opposed to the humanizing condition) by a rediscovery of the intrinsic spiritual power within humans themselves. "“Vargia ibnie”" (“and build it up again”, v. 11{15}) recalls Petrarca's call for rebirth; a reblooming out of the dust. This marks an essential moment in the

Logic.

No minute examination of Caxaro's logic as presented in vv. 7-10{11-14}. Caxaro's formal logic seems to be characteristic of his times, showing a notable departure from the former scholastic logic. His syllogism is simple. It avoids complicated compounds. It

Causation.

Caxaro seems to have in mind notions other than the archaic Aristotelian concepts of cause. The whole of vv. 3-4 recall one of the motive forces which Empedocles called “Strife”, accounting for the dissolution or decay of the other force, “Love”, which is the principle of generation.  Furthermore, Plato's own concept of cause seems to play an additional

Communication.

The triad at the head of the "Cantilena" is part of the general narrative theory of language. It rests on two legs, namely, Caxaro's examined life, a tenet proceeding from Socrates and Plato up to Petrarch, and further on the transmission of that experience.  This is opposed to the teaching of an otherwise abstract theory, somewhat confirming a superiority

Symbolism.

In this context one can easily comprehend the nature of the language used by Caxaro: an expressive mode which, in accordance with his general philosophy, is intrinsically unconfined and porous. It is likewise based on a theory of correspondences.  Caxaro does not seem to employ images in an unrelated (or extrinsically related) aloof manner. He does not merely appropriate their external form in some way. Caxaro aptly creates a harmony of nuances amongst the symbols he uses, taking advantage of their mutual agreeability. Moreover, he presents them in an analogous relationship with his world of being through the understanding of that world as an indissoluble unity.  Caxaro's symbols, like those of the Megalithics in Malta and the posteriors Eleatics in Greece, are neither simple nor artificial. They do not point to the author's identification to the images "qua" images. Caxaro's peculiar material expression presupposes a prior cosmic spiritual relationship between all matter.  This is a philosophy very proper to the mediaeval philosophers, especially those of the so-called Platonic school.  Unfortunately, here we must sadly restrain myself from

See also.

Philosophy

Sources in chronological order.

1949  1965  1968  1969  1970  1971  1972  1973  1974  1975  1977  1978  1979  1980  1981  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1989  1990  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997  1999  2000  2001  2004  2006  2008  2009

Pietru "Peter" Caxaro (c. 14001485) was a Maltese philosopher and poet. He is so far Malta's first known philosopher, fragments of whose works are extant. His philosophical views and positions qualify him as an honourable adherent of the mediaeval humanist movement. His contribution skilfully stands as a mature reflection of the social and cultural revival of his time.

Pietru Caxaro (vers 1400 - peu après ) est un poète maltais, auteur du plus vieux texte écrit en maltais, Il-Kantilena.


Biography.

Early life.

His father, born at in France, fought in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Philippe Martinez's mother comes from Santander in northern Spain.  Philippe Martinez attended school in Rueil-Malmaison, west of Paris. He engaged into politics as a high school student, first joining the Young Communist Movement and later the French Communist Party.

Professional career.

A technician in the metalworking industry, he worked for the Renault factory of Boulogne-Billancourt from 1982,<ref name="Le Monde_3/2/2014"></ref> before he was transferred to the Center for Motor Research at Rueil-Malmaison.  A union member since 1984, he became the CGT central union delegate at Renault.  He left the French Communist Party in 2002 since he disagreed with Robert Hue who wanted to disestablish the Party's sections inside the companies.  In 2008, Martinez was elected general secretary of the Metalworkers' Federation (FTM-CGT), the third largest federation within the CGT with 60,000 members. In this respect, he negotiated with the employers within the scope of the reorganisation of the automotive industry, thus showing his ability to discuss by containing the most radical elements of his union.  In 2013, he was elected a member of the CGT executive committee.

General secretary of the CGT.

Even if he was foreseen to become the general secretary of the union, Martinez was unknown to the public. Even though his team was seen as too close to the previous leading team, it was elected with 57.5 percent of the votes of the National Confederal Committee. Martinez's partner Nathalie Gamiochipi, who was appointed to call for votes against Martinez, decided to support him with the votes of the CGT Santé, the second largest federation of the CGT with 75,000 members. Martinez was elected general secretary of the CGT by the National Confederal Committee on February 3, 2015 with 93.4 percent of the votes, and was confirmed to that position by the congress of Marseille in April 2016, after he travelled across France during one year to meet the local sections of the union to strengthen his popularity.  Even though Martinez embodies the grassroots and the radical line of the union, he is open for labour relations and supportive of the traditional strategy of the union, according to newspapers "Le Figaro" and "Libération". However, according to "Les Echos", Martinez being no longer a member of the Communist Party since 2002, he has been the "first [such] general secretary of the CGT since 1946", which shows a "a further step in the detachment of both organisations", even though Martinez did not become supportive of social-democracy. Moreover, Martinez is the first technician, not worker, to lead the union. To take account of the growing influence of the ultra-left in the union, Martinez took on a hard line of struggle against employers and liberalism, notably against the Valls government by demanding the withdrawal of the 2016 Labour reform bill, to which the CGT became the main opponent. Demonstrations were accompanied by blockades of refineries, repetitive strikes in the transport sector, and stoppage of nuclear power plants, which threatened the smooth running of the UEFA Euro 2016 in France. The Filpac-CGT (Federation of Workers of the Book, Paper and Communications Industry), demanded that all national daily newspapers publish a column of Philippe Martinez —called ("Modernity is Social Progress, not Labour Law!")—, for them to be printed out. Only the newspaper "L'Humanité" published the tribune, and the Filipac voted a strike to stop printing the newspapers, which aroused criticism from newspaper leaders and the national daily press union (SPQN), in the name of freedom of the press.  Faced with the internal oppositions and the decreasing importance of the CGT in the staff representatives elections, this anti-establishment opinion could enable the union to unify the militants and draw benefit from the left-wing voters' dissatisfaction toward the Socialist Party government.  Martinez was re-elected as the general secretary of the CGT during the union's 51st congress in Marseille in April 2016.  Under Martinez's chairmanship, in March 2017, the CGT became the second most important union in the private sector after the French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT). However, it remained the largest union in small businesses and in the Civil Service and therefore remained the largest organisation among all wage earners.  Under Martinez's direction, the CGT organised a 36-day strike in the first semester 2018 against the government's reform plans of the SNCF.  In May 2019, Martinez was re-elected general secretary of the CGT during the 52nd congress in Dijon. He was the only candidate to his own succession and was re-elected with 90.65 percent of votes.

Opinions.

When he was elected the general secretary of the CGT, Martinez proposed to reduce the weekly work time to 32 hours to enable the creation of four million new jobs. He also supports a €1800 gross monthly minimum wage, a 60 years old retirement age, and opposes the payment of dividends to shareholders.  Between the two rounds of the 2017 French presidential election between Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen, Martinez claimed he wanted "Macron to have the highest possible score" against the National Front candidate, thereby overstepping the original position of the GGT.  Martinez supported the welcoming of migrants several time: for instance in 2018, he claimed that it was France's "duty" to "welcome them all" and considered as "scandalous" the government's decision to distinguish economic migrants from refugees.

Private life.

Martinez lives with Nathalie Gamiochipi, former general secretary of the CGT Santé, the second largest federation of the CGT with 75,000 members.

Philippe Martinez (born 1 April 1961 in Suresnes, Seine department) is a French trade unionist. He has been the general secretary of the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) since 2015.

Philippe Martinez, né le à Suresnes, est un syndicaliste français, secrétaire général de la Confédération générale du travail (CGT) depuis 2015.