Overview.

According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 1,715, which had fallen to 1,650 by the time of the 2011 census. Bramham is located south of Wetherby, midway between Leeds and York and about south of Harrogate in the so-called Golden Triangle. Bramham is a part of the Wetherby Ward of Leeds Metropolitan Council and is at the north-eastern edge of West Yorkshire where it borders North Yorkshire at Tadcaster, away. Bramham was in the Elmet constituency until the 2010 general election when it became part of the newly created Elmet and Rothwell constituency and the local Conservative M.P. is Alec Shelbrooke.  Bramham Park (at ), to the south-west of the village, is home to the Leeds Festival, an annual music and arts festival, which is held over the August Bank Holiday weekend each year.

History.

Bramham is at the crossroads of the east-west Roman road from York through Tadcaster to Ilkley and the north-south Great North Road, now the A1 road, giving it a history that goes back to the Romans. Anglian (English) place name elements "ham", "inga" and "ingaham" are often closely related those of Roman sites and Roman roads. Running north south and following approximately, the Magnesian Limestone belt, a line of ingaham (Collingham "homestead of Cola's folk") and ham (Bramham "homestead amongst the broom") names can be identified, which also coincide with the distribution of seventh century burials.  Bramham is recorded in the "Domesday Book" as the Manor of Bramham and the Holder in 1066 was Ligulfr. The amount of land to be taxed (geld) was 12 carucates and there were eight ploughs in the village. By 1086, Bramham was held by Nigel from Count Robert of Mortain and Demesne ploughs (for lord’s needs) were three. There were 15 villeins or tenant farmers holding a total of 5.5 ploughs between them. An estimate of the total population of Bramham in 1086 was 68. Bramham's value in 1066 was 160 shillings but only 50 shillings in 1086 after the Harrying of the North, indicating quite a severe levels of destruction. Bramham was a mill site in 1086. In comparison, Wetherby had a population of 41 and was valued at only 20 shillings in both 1066 and 1086.  The oldest part of All Saints Parish Church in Bramham was built in about 1150 by the Normans. The church consists of nave, aisles, and chancel, with tower and short spire; and has a fine pointed doorway. The churchyard is oval in shape and therefore Anglian in origin.  Older houses in the centre of the village are constructed of Magnesian Limestone quarried in the parish. Stone from Bramham was used for the pendants and hanging ornaments on the vaults and ceilings of York Minster, and in records of the building of the Minster, Bramham stone is specially referred to as being used for this purpose. The Bramham limestone was transported to York by water from Tadcaster or Cawood. The Battle of Bramham Moor was fought, in the snow, on 19 February 1408. Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, who with other nobles had rebelled against King Henry IV, was met here by Sir Thomas Rokeby; the rebels were cut to pieces and Percy was killed, his head, with its silver locks, being carried off and set on a stake on London Bridge.  There is a memorial stone marking where the Earl of Northumberland fell and was killed at Blackfen Wood, Bramham, but the stone was moved from the actual site of the battle some years ago. A plaque erected to denote the significance of the stone has been vandalised and nowadays is difficult to find or decipher. In 2008, to commemorate the 600th anniversary of the battle, an information board and a two-sided limestone memorial stone bearing "Bramham" and "Site of Battle" signs was erected on Paradise Way, the new local access road, which crosses the battlefield site.  It is known that English Civil War soldiers who died during the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644, a few miles to the north-east, are buried in the churchyard at Bramham. Records show that three soldiers rest there: Samuell Allan, Robert Johnson and Thomas Mirole. Prior to the battle, Cromwell is reputed to have trained his Ironsides on Bramham Moor, and to have recruited local young farmers whose riding skills made them ideal cavalry soldiers.  By 1686, Bramham was a staging post on the London to Edinburgh coaching route and had a population of 291, which was higher than that of Wetherby at only 279. In 1801, the population of Bramham was around 800, reaching 1,300 by 1861. However, a significant decline led to the population falling back to 950 in 1901. The population has gradually been increasing since then, although the 1861 peak was only overtaken in 1981. By 2001, the village had a population of about 1,750, about a quarter of whom were under the age of 19 and well over half (62%) were under the age of 44, making it a village of young people. There were 674 households, a growth of 20% on the 1991 census.  Arthur Mee's "The King's England: Yorkshire West Riding", first printed in 1941, describes Bramham: During the First World War there was an aerodrome at Bramham Moor at Headley Bar, which opened on 18 March 1916. The aerodrome was set in of land of which was occupied by station buildings. Initially, "B" and "C" flights, 33 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps were based at the new aerodrome with "A" flight detached to nearby York Racecourse. Following a bombing raid on York on 2 May 1916 by Zeppelin airships, the airfield on York Racecourse was closed, and 33 Squadron at RFC Bramham Moor became responsible for the air defence of Leeds, Sheffield and York against further Zeppelin attack. 33 Squadron's aircraft were the RAF BE 2c and BE 2d biplanes, these later being replaced by the much better FE 2b biplane. In early 1918, after the RAF was formed, RFC Bramham Moor became known as RAF Tadcaster. In July 1918, a group of American pilots and ground staff were based at Bramham Moor for training. When the USA had entered the First World War in 1917, their pilots had gone straight into action with a lack of combat experience and had suffered heavy losses. It was subsequently decided that all American pilots should pass through the British training schools such as the one at Bramham. After the First World War, with a reduced need for warplanes, the aerodrome was closed down in December 1919. One large hangar remains, as a listed building, among the barns of Headley Hall Farm. During the Second World War, dummy aeroplanes were left on the old runway so that from the air, it looked like an operational airfield.  For many years, the village had a rural emphasis although as the Great North Road grew in importance, the number of coaching inns and stables increased to service the passing trade. Over the years, a significant amount of employment has been provided by the local estates, particularly Bramham Park and the other grand houses in the village. In the late 20th century there was a decline in employment in agriculture that coincided with the growth of the village as home to a significant number of commuters. As a result, the village has become increasingly diverse in nature. A large part of the village is included in a conservation area and all the land outside the present built area is currently designated green belt.  The army officer, ethnologist and anthropologist General Augustus Pitt Rivers was born in Bramham cum Oglethorpe on 14 April 1827.

Present-day.

Description.

The annual report by the chairman of the Parish Council in 2004 states:

Education.

Bramham Primary School, just outside the parish boundary, provides the village's primary education, mainly feeding Boston Spa Comprehensive School.

Healthcare.

Bramham's Medical Centre is situated on Clifford Road, near the centre of the village. Hospital treatment is usually provided by hospitals in Leeds or Harrogate. Bramham has an ambulance station, however Yorkshire Ambulance have considered moving the station to Wetherby, since the upgrade to the A1(M) has meant the Bramham site no longer has efficient access to the motorway.

Community activities.

Community-based activities take place in Bramham Village Hall, and include groups and classes for drama, dance and fitness, Guides and Brownies, youth, and ramblers, and provides for church functions, senior citizens, parties, Bramham in Bloom, the NSPCC, and the Yorkshire Countrywomen's Association. Entertainment has included bands from the US and Sweden, comedian Dominic Holland, an evening with Indian musicians, and New Year's Eve parties.  Bramham Community Action Group was established in 2005 and is implementing elements of a Parish Plan. In 2006 the group organised the Bramham Gala, which was held on the playing fields on Aberford Road. This was the first time the event has been held for over 20 years. Bramham Gala took place again in June 2007 and is now scheduled as a yearly event.  Since 2003 the Leeds Music Festival has been held on the three days of the August Bank Holiday weekend in the grounds of Bramham Park. Under an agreement between Leeds City Council, the Parish Council, the promoter (Festival Republic), and the Bramham Park Estate. A number of free tickets are available to residents of the parish who make a financial contribution to the Bramham Community Fund, and to residents of Bardsey and Clifford. Festival Republic, formerly Mean Fiddler, specified that the Community Fund should be used to benefit the residents of the village, and Bramham's local community groups. The Fund has made grants of over £300,000 reports the Secretary of the Fund (December 2017)  There are two public houses: The Red Lion and The Swan. The Red Lion's darts and pool teams play in the Wetherby and District Pub League. The Swan has a dominoes team. A former public house, the White Horse, closed in 2010 and is now a private residence.

Sport.

Bramham Football Club was founded in 1907, and plays home games at Freely Lane. It has two teams in the Harrogate and District League. The club reformed in 2005, and won the Barkston Ash Cup in 2005 and the Harrogate and District League Division One title in 2006, and again in 2007. Bramham FC also has Junior and Girls football teams.  Bramham and Clifford Cricket Club has one team in the local Wetherby and District League (division 4) and a Thursday evening team in the Whixley Evening League. It plays at Rhodes Lane in nearby Clifford village.  The Bramham Horse Trials are held at Bramham Park every June and form one of the UK's leading 3-day horse riding events, attracting international competitors. In 2006, over 35,000 visitors attended the event. Bramham International Horse Trials was voted the best event in the British Equestrian Trade Awards in February 2006.  Levi Whitehead of Bramham was the fastest runner in England in his day. He ran in 19 minutes, and when 96 walked four miles an hour. He died, aged 100, in 1787.  Neil Hudson is the current founding member of the Bramham dodgers dodge ball team - winning 5 major accolates, most recently at Crewes tournament during the May bank holiday of 2017.

Bramham College.

Bramham College was a public school opened in January 1843 when Dr. Benjamin Haigh leased Bramham Biggin plus of parks and gardens. The college was extended to include a hall, theatre, gymnasium and cloisters, and a Grecian-style refectory with a glass dome. The College gained a good reputation and during its short life and attracted the sons of leading Yorkshire families. It closed after falling into decline following a severe epidemic of cholera in 1869. Several pupils died and are buried next to their headmaster under the yew tree at the eastern end of Bramham churchyard. Former pupils of Bramham College formed Bradford Football Club in 1863, and in 1880 joined Bradford Cricket Club at Bradford Park Avenue.

Bramham Moor Hunt.

The Bramham Moor Hunt was founded in the 1740s by George Fox Lane, the son-in-law of Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley (1676–1731) who had built Bramham Park in the late 17th century. George Fox Lane was Member of Parliament for York from 1742 to 1761 and was created Lord Bingley in 1762. His only son Robert Fox Lane pre-deceased him and, in 1792, the Bramham Park estate came to James Fox (1758–1821), the nephew of George Fox Lane. James 'Jemmy' Fox was a scholar, a raconteur and, for a time, Member of Parliament for Horsham. He was a horseman who devoted himself to the estate and organised the Bramham Moor Hunt, collecting the hounds into a pack and hunting on set days over recognised hunting country. The hunting man's toast, "The Bramham Moor and five-and-twenty couple", was initiated by Jemmy Fox. It was Fox's idea to reverse the 'Fox Lane' name he had adopted to 'Lane Fox'.  In 2002, the Bramham Moor Hunt merged with the Badsworth Hunt to become the Badsworth and Bramham Moor Hunt. The Bramham fox hounds, which, for many years, had been kennelled at Hope Hall, Bramham moved to Thorpe Audlin, near Pontefract. The Badsworth and Bramham Moor Hunt is active in areas that the two separate hunts covered previously.  During the Second World War, two Hunt-class destroyers of the Royal Navy were named after the two hunts; "HMS Badsworth" and "HMS Bramham" respectively.  A LNER Class D49 locomotive, "The Bramham Moor", was built in April 1932 by the London & North Eastern Railway's Darlington Works as number 201 (later British Railways 62736), typically hauling seven to ten coach trains on moderate length (50–100 mile) journeys in the north-east of England and remained in service until June 1958 when it was scrapped.

TV.

Between 1979 and 1986, Bramham with fellow nearby Luddenden was used as filming locations for external scenes in the 1980s ITV Yorkshire Television situation comedy series "In Loving Memory", starring Dame Thora Hird and Christopher Beeny.

Bramham is a village in the civil parish of Bramham cum Oglethorpe in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, West Yorkshire, England.

Bramham est un village du Yorkshire de l'Ouest, en Angleterre. Il est situé à près de Boston Spa et Wetherby.


Taxonomy.

"Nakalipithecus" was first described from a right jawbone, the holotype KNM-NA46400, and eleven isolated teeth excavated in 2005 by a team of Japanese and Kenyan researchers in mud flow deposits in the Nakali area of northern Kenya's former Rift Valley Province, hence the genus name "Nakalipithecus" ("Nakali ape"). The species name is in honour of the late Japanese geologist Katsuhiro Nakayama who worked on the expedition. The specimen dates to about 9.9–9.8 million years ago in the Late Miocene. The specimens are housed by the National Museums of Kenya. The holotype preserves all 3 lower molars, and the isolated teeth are: a left first incisor, a right first incisor, a right canine, a right third upper premolar, a left third upper premolar, a right left fourth upper premolar, a left fourth upper premolar, a right first upper molar, a right third upper molar, a left third upper molar, and a left fourth lower premolar.  It is debated if great apes evolved in Africa or Eurasia given the abundance of early fossil apes species in the latter and the paucity in the former, despite all modern great apes except the orangutan being known from Africa. The first Miocene African ape, "Samburupithecus", was discovered in 1997, and the only others known are "Nakalipithecus" and "Chororapithecus". It is unclear how "Nakalipithecus" is related to other apes. It is possible these Late Miocene African apes were stem great apes closely related to the last common ancestor of all modern African apes, which existed about 9–8 million years ago.  "Nakalipithecus" and the 9 million year old Greek "Ouranopithecus macedoniensis" exhibit many similarities with each other, but "Nakalipithecus" has more basal (primitive) traits, which could indicate that it was the ancestor or closely related to the ancestor of "Ouranopithecus". "Ouranopithecus", in turn, is postulated to be closely related to australopithecines and the human line. This would show that apes evolved in Africa. However, evidence of common ancestry can also be interpreted as convergent evolution, with similar dental adaptations caused by inhabiting a similar environment, though "Ouranopithecus" seems to have consumed more hard objects than "Nakalipithecus". A 2017 study on deciduous fourth premolars—deciduous teeth are less affected by environmental factors as they soon fall out and are replaced by permanent teeth—found that "Nakalipithecus" and later African apes (including australopithecines) shared more similarities with each other than to Eurasian apes, though drew no clear conclusion on the "Nakalipithecus"–"Ouranopithecus" relationship. "Nakalipithecus" has also been proposed to have been the ancestor to the 8 million year old "Chororapithecus", which possibly represents an early member of the gorilla line; if both of these are correct, then "Nakalipithecus" could potentially represent an early gorilla.

Anatomy.

"Nakalipithecus" has an overall large size, with teeth similar in size to those of female gorillas and orangutans. The specimen is thus presumed female. The "Samburupithecus" specimen was also about the same size. Unlike other apes, the canines are short, and as long as they are wide—about in height and width respectively. For comparison, the left first incisor is. The premolars are elongated, and the protoconid (the cusp on the tongue side) of the third premolar is oriented more cheekwards, which is a distinguishing characteristic of Miocene African apes from Miocene Eurasian apes. Compared to African apes contemporary with "Nakalipithecus", the tooth enamel on the molars is thinner, and the cusps (which project outward from the tooth) are less inflated, creating a wider basin. In the holotype, the first, second, and third molars are,, and, respectively. Like modern and some contemporary apes, but unlike earlier East African apes, the first molar is relatively large, with a first molar to second molar ratio of 85%. Like "Ouranopithecus" and early "Sivapithecus" ("Sivapithecus" is known from the Indian subcontinent), but unlike most contemporary and future apes, the third molar was much larger than the second, with a third molar to second molar ratio of 115%, though this ratio is smaller than that of the later Southeast Asian "Khoratpithecus". The mandible is less robust (heavily built) than those of contemporary Eurasian Miocene apes, except for "Ouranopithecus".

Palaeobiology.

During the Late Miocene, East Africa, the Sahara, the Middle East, and Southern Europe all appear to have been predominantly seasonal sclerophyllous evergreen woodland environments. Nakali appears to have been dominated by C3 (forest) plants. "Nakalipithecus" is known from the Upper Beds, which comprise lakeside or riverine deposits. Climate change caused the expansion of grasslands in Africa from 10–7 milling years ago, likely fragmenting populations of forest-dwelling primates, leading to extinction.  Nakali has also yielded a black rhino specimen, the pig "Nyanzachoerus", an antelope, the hippo "Kenyapotamus", the rhino "Kenyatherium", the giraffe "Palaeotragus", the horse "Hipparion", the elephants "Deinotherium" and (possibly) "Choerolophodon", and the colobine monkey "Microcolobus". The third premolar of a small nyanzapithecine ape was also found in Nakali, and "Samburupithecus" was nearly contemporaneous with "Nakalipithecus", and was discovered to the north of Nakali.

Nakalipithecus nakayamai is an extinct species of great ape from Nakali, Kenya, from about 9.9–9.8 million years ago during the Late Miocene. It is known from a right jawbone with 3 molars and from 11 isolated teeth, and the specimen is presumed female as the teeth are similar in size to those of female gorillas and orangutans. Compared to other great apes, the canines are short, the enamel is thin, and the molars are flatter. "Nakalipithecus" is one of only three Late Miocene great apes known from Africa, the others being "Samburupithecus" and "Chororapithecus". "Nakalipithecus" seems to have inhabited a sclerophyllous woodland environment.

Nakalipithecus est un genre éteint d'hominidés, décrit en 2007, qui vivait en Afrique de l'est au Miocène, il y a environ d'années.


Overview.

Jack Copeland's education includes a BPhil and a DPhil from the University of Oxford in philosophy, where he undertook research on modal and non-classical logic under the supervision of Dana Scott.  Jack Copeland is the Director of the Turing Archive for the History of Computing, an extensive online archive on the computing pioneer Alan Turing. He has also written and edited books on Turing. He is one of the people responsible for identifying the concept of hypercomputation and machines more capable than Turing machines.  Copeland has held visiting professorships at the University of Sydney, Australia (1997, 2002), the University of Aarhus, Denmark (1999), the University of Melbourne, Australia (2002, 2003), and the University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom (1997–2005). In 2000, he was a Senior Fellow in the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States.  Copeland is also President of the US Society for Machines and Mentality and a member of the UK Bletchley Park Trust Heritage Advisory Panel. He is the founding editor of "The Rutherford Journal", established in 2005.  Copeland was awarded Lecturer of the Year 2010 by the University of Canterbury's student union.

"The Rutherford Journal".

Jack Copeland is editor-in-chief of The Rutherford Journal, an open-access peer-reviewed online academic journal published in New Zealand that covers the history and philosophy of science and technology. The journal is published as needed and was established in December 2005 by Copeland. The full text of articles is freely available online in HTML format. The journal is named after the New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), who studied at the Canterbury College (Christchurch).  The journal is indexed in various index lists. It was listed in an article on electronic journals in the Journal for the Association of History and Computing and included in the "Isis Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences". The journal features technology as diverse as totalisators and the CSIRAC computer.

Brian Jack Copeland (born 1950) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, and author of books on the computing pioneer Alan Turing.

Brian Jack Copeland (né en 1950) est un professeur de philosophie à l'université de Canterbury (Christchurch, Nouvelle-Zélande), et un auteur de livres sur le pionnier de l'informatique Alan Turing.


Interventions.

Many methods have been developed to prevent suicide. The general methods include: direct talks, screening for risks, lethal means reduction and social intervention. Individuals with access to proper mental health care, a sense of belonging, good problem-solving skills, and a system of beliefs that discourages suicide are less likely to attempt suicide.

Lethal means reduction.

Means reduction — reducing the odds that a suicide attempter will use highly lethal means — is an important component of suicide prevention. This practice is also called "means restriction".  It has been demonstrated that restricting lethal means can help reduce suicide rates, as delaying action until the desire to die has passed. In general, strong evidence supports the effectiveness of means restriction in preventing suicides. There is also strong evidence that restricted access at so-called suicide hotspots, such as bridges and cliffs, reduces suicides, whereas other interventions such as placing signs or increasing surveillance at these sites appears less effective. One of the most famous historical examples of means reduction is that of coal gas in the United Kingdom. Until the 1950s, the most common means of suicide in the UK was poisoning by gas inhalation. In 1958, natural gas (virtually free of carbon monoxide) was introduced, and over the next decade, comprised over 50% of gas used. As carbon monoxide in gas decreased, suicides also decreased. The decrease was driven entirely by dramatic decreases in the number of suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning. A 2020 Cochrane review on means restrictions for jumping found tentative evidence of reductions in frequency.  In the United States, firearm access is associated with increased suicide completion. About 85% of attempts with a gun result in death while most other widely used suicide attempt methods result in death less than 5% of the time. Although restrictions on access to firearms have reduced firearm suicide rates in other countries, such restrictions are difficult in the United States because the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution limits restrictions on weapons.

Crises hotline.

Crisis hotlines connect a person in distress to either a volunteer or staff member. This may occur via telephone, text messaging, online chat, or in person. Even though crisis hotlines are common, they have not been well studied. One study found a decrease in psychological pain, hopelessness, and desire to die from the beginning of the call through the next few weeks; however, the desire to die did not decrease long term.

Social intervention.

In the United States, the 2012 National Strategy for Suicide Prevention promotes various specific suicide prevention efforts including:

Media guidelines.

Recommendations around media reporting of suicide include not sensationalizing the event or attributing it to a single cause. It is also recommended that media messages include suicide prevention messages such as stories of hope and links to further resources. Particular care is recommended when the person who died is famous. Specific details of the method or the location are not recommended.  There; however, is little evidence regarding the benefit of providing resources for those looking for help and the evidence for media guidelines generally is mixed at best.  TV shows and news media may also be able to help prevent suicide by linking suicide with negative outcomes such as pain for the person who has attempted suicide and their survivors, conveying that the majority of people choose something other than suicide in order to solve their problems, avoiding mentioning suicide epidemics, and avoiding presenting authorities or sympathetic, ordinary people as spokespersons for the reasonableness of suicide.

Medication.

The medication lithium may be useful in certain situations to reduce the risk of suicide. Specifically it is effective at lowering the risk of suicide in those with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

Counseling.

There are multiple talk therapies that reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviors including dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Cognitive behavior therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP) is a form of DBT adapted for adolescents at high risk for repeated suicide attempts. The brief intervention and contact technique developed by the World Health Organization also has shown benefit.  The World Health Organization recommends "specific skills should be available in the education system to prevent bullying and violence in and around the school".

Coping planning.

Coping planning is an strengths-based intervention that aims to meet the needs of people who ask for help, including those experiencing suicidal ideation. By addressing "why" someone asks for help, the risk assessment and management stays on what the person needs, and the needs assessment focuses on the individual needs of each person. The coping planning approach to suicide prevention draws on the health-focused theory of coping. Coping is normalized as a normal and universal human response to unpleasant emotions and interventions are considered a change continuum of low intensity (e.g. self-soothing) to high intensity support (e.g. professional help). By planning for coping, it supports people who are distressed and provides a sense of belongingness and resilience in treatment of illness. The proactive coping planning approach overcomes implications of ironic process theory. The biopsychosocial strategy of training people in healthy coping improves emotional regulation and decreases memories of unpleasant emotions. A good coping planning strategically reduces the inattentional blindness for a person while developing resilience and regulation strengths.

Strategies.

The traditional approach has been to identify the risk factors that increase suicide or self-harm, though meta-analysis studies suggest that suicide risk assessment might not be useful and recommend immediate hospitalization of the person with suicidal feelings as the healthy choice. In 2001, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, published the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, establishing a framework for suicide prevention in the U.S. The document, and its 2012 revision, calls for a public health approach to suicide prevention, focusing on identifying patterns of suicide and suicidal ideation throughout a group or population (as opposed to exploring the history and health conditions that could lead to suicide in a single individual). The ability to recognize warning signs of suicide allows individuals who may be concerned about someone they know to direct them to help.  Suicide gesture and suicidal desire (a vague wish for death without any actual intent to kill oneself) are potentially self-injurious behaviors that a person may use to attain some other ends, like to seek help, punish others, or to receive attention. This behavior has the potential to aid an individual's capability for suicide and can be considered as a suicide warning, when the person shows intent through verbal and behavioral signs.

Specific strategies.

Suicide prevention strategies focus on reducing the risk factors and intervening strategically to reduce the level of risk. Risk and protective factors, unique to the individual can be assessed by a qualified mental health professional.  Some of the specific strategies used to address are:  Psychotherapies that have shown most successful or evidence based are dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), which has shown to be helpful in reducing suicide attempts and reducing hospitalizations for suicidal ideation and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which has shown to improve problem-solving and coping abilities.

After a suicide.

Postvention is for people affected by an individual's suicide. This intervention facilitates grieving, guides to reduce guilt, anxiety, and depression and to decrease the effects of trauma. Bereavement is ruled out and promoted for catharsis and supporting their adaptive capacities before intervening depression and any psychiatric disorders. Postvention is also provided to minimize the risk of imitative or copycat suicides, but there is a lack of evidence based standard protocol. But the general goal of the mental health practitioner is to decrease the likelihood of others identifying with the suicidal behavior of the deceased as a coping strategy in dealing with adversity.

Risk assessment.

Warning signs of suicide can allow individuals to direct people who may be considering suicide to get help.  Behaviors that may be warning signs include:  Additionally, the National Institute for Mental Health includes feeling burdensome, and strong feelings of pain—either emotional or physical—as warning signs that someone may attempt suicide.

Direct talks.

An effective way to assess suicidal thoughts is to talk with the person directly, to ask about depression, and assess suicide plans as to how and when it might be attempted. Contrary to popular misconceptions, talking with people about suicide does not plant the idea in their heads. However, such discussions and questions should be asked with care, concern and compassion. The tactic is to reduce sadness and provide assurance that other people care. The WHO advises to not say everything will be all right nor make the problem seem trivial, nor give false assurances about serious issues. The discussions should be gradual and specifically executed when the person is comfortable about discussing their feelings. ICARE (Identify the thought, Connect with it, Assess evidences for it, Restructure the thought in positive light, Express or provide room for expressing feelings from the restructured thought) is a model of approach used here.

Screening.

The U.S. Surgeon General has suggested that screening to detect those at risk of suicide may be one of the most effective means of preventing suicide in children and adolescents. There are various screening tools in the form of self-report questionnaires to help identify those at risk such as the Beck Hopelessness Scale and Is Path Warm?. A number of these self-report questionnaires have been tested and found to be effective for use among adolescents and young adults. There is however a high rate of false-positive identification and those deemed to be at risk should ideally have a follow-up clinical interview. The predictive quality of these screening questionnaires has not been conclusively validated so it is not possible to determine if those identified at risk of suicide will actually die by suicide. Asking about or screening for suicide does not create or increase the risk.  In approximately 75 percent of completed suicides, the individuals had seen a physician within the year before their death, including 45 to 66 percent within the prior month. Approximately 33 to 41 percent of those who completed suicide had contact with mental health services in the prior year, including 20 percent within the prior month. These studies suggest an increased need for effective screening. Many suicide risk assessment measures are not sufficiently validated, and do not include all three core suicidality attributes (i.e., suicidal affect, behavior, and cognition). A study published by the University of New South Wales has concluded that asking about suicidal thoughts cannot be used as a reliable predictor of suicide risk.

Underlying condition.

The conservative estimate is that 10% of individuals with psychiatric disorders may have an undiagnosed medical condition causing their symptoms, with some estimates stating that upwards of 50% may have an undiagnosed medical condition which if not causing is exacerbating their psychiatric symptoms. Illegal drugs and prescribed medications may also produce psychiatric symptoms. Effective diagnosis and if necessary medical testing which may include neuroimaging to diagnose and treat any such medical conditions or medication side effects may reduce the risk of suicidal ideation as a result of psychiatric symptoms, most often including depression, which are present in up to 90–95% of cases.

Risk factors.

All people can be at risk of suicide. Risk factors that contribute to someone feeling suicidal or making a suicide attempt may include:

Support organizations.

Many non-profit organizations exist, such as the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention in the United States, which serve as crisis hotlines; it has benefited from at least one crowd-sourced campaign. The first documented program aimed at preventing suicide was initiated in 1906 in both New York, the National Save-A-Life League and in London, the Suicide Prevention Department of the Salvation Army.  Suicide prevention interventions fall into two broad categories: prevention targeted at the level of the individual and prevention targeted at the level of the population. To identify, review, and disseminate information about best practices to address specific objectives of the National Strategy Best Practices Registry (BPR) was initiated. The Best Practices Registry of Suicide Prevention Resource Center is a registry of various suicide intervention programs maintained by the American Association of Suicide Prevention. The programs are divided, with those in Section I listing evidence-based programs: interventions which have been subjected to in depth review and for which evidence has demonstrated positive outcomes. Section III programs have been subjected to review.  If you or someone you know displays sign or symptoms of suicidal thoughts or actions these prevention organizations are available:

Economics.

In the United States it is estimated that an episode of suicide results in costs of about $1.3 million. Money spending on appropriated interventions is estimated to result in a decrease in economic losses that are 2.5 fold greater than the amount spent.

Suicide prevention is a collection of efforts to reduce the risk of suicide. These efforts may occur at the individual, relationship, community, and society level. Suicide is often preventable.

La prévention du suicide est un terme parapluie qui désigne les efforts collectifs des organisations citoyennes locales, des professionnels de la santé et des professionnels liés pour réduire l'incidence du suicide. Les efforts généraux ont inclus la prévention et les mesures proactives dans le milieu de la médecine et de la santé mentale, ainsi que la santé publique et les autres domaines. Du fait que les facteurs de protection et de soutien social et d'engagement social, ainsi que risques environnementaux tels que l’accès aux moyens létaux, semblent être des aspects significatifs de la prévention du suicide, le suicide ne doit pas être perçu isolément comme une question médicale ou mentale


Geography.

Flemington is located at (39.266749, -80.129378), along Simpson Creek.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

At the 2010 census there were 312 people, 124 households, and 90 families living in the town. The population density was. There were 139 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 98.7% White, 0.6% African American, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6%.  Of the 124 households 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.4% were non-families. 23.4% of households were one person and 13.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.94.  The median age in the town was 45 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.1% were from 45 to 64; and 20.8% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

2000 census.

At the 2000 census there were 287 people, 108 households, and 77 families living in the town. The population density was 943.5 inhabitants per square mile (369.4/km2). There were 117 housing units at an average density of 384.7 per square mile (150.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.26% White, 1.05% African American, 0.35% Native American, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.44%.  Of the 108 households 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 24.1% of households were one person and 14.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.19.  The age distribution was 23.7% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.  The median household income was $27,917 and the median family income was $40,417. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $21,563 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,540. About 22.7% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 10.5% of those sixty five or over.

Flemington is a town in Taylor County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 312 at the 2010 census. Flemington was incorporated in 1922 by the West Virginia Circuit Court, and named for James Fleming, an early settler in the area originally from Hampshire County.

Flemington est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Taylor en Virginie-Occidentale. <mapframe zoom=11 latitude =39.266667 longitude =-80.129444 align=left width=200 height=200 text="Carte interactive de Flemington"> { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2686834", "properties": { "fill": "#D9FFB2", "stroke": "#004000" } } </mapframe>


Biography.

She lost her mother while still a baby and was adopted by Kadri Bey, a distant relative of some distinction, and his wife, who was childless. She was taught entirely at home by private tutors, who discovered her artistic talent. She began painting seriously at the age of ten and took lessons from Osman Hamdi Bey. Then, she received instruction in drawing and watercolors from Salvatore Valeri, an Italian- born Professor at the "Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi" (School of Fine Arts, now part of the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University). She also learned how to play piano, violin, and traditional instruments such as the oud and kemenche.  At the urging of Hamdi Bey, she sent some paintings to an exhibition in Munich, where they were awarded a gold medal. Shortly after, she became a music teacher at Istanbul Girls High School and was later assigned to teach art and embroidery. She also gave painting lessons to Abdul Hamid II's daughter at the Adile Sultan Palace. During this period, she also composed music to the words of various poets that was published in several cultural magazines.  Shortly after showing three of her works at a major exhibition held by the Istanbul Opera Society in 1911, she was diagnosed with tuberculosis, but it was too late to provide effective treatment and she died the following year. After her death, forty of her paintings were sold to benefit the "Ottoman Painters Society". Kadri Bey felt so much grief, he made an Umrah to Mecca and lived there until forced to leave when Ottoman rule was overthrown.  She was buried in Karacaahmet Cemetery. Her tombstone bears an inscription by the well-known calligrapher,, and her life served as inspiration for the novel "Son Eseri" (Last Work) by Halide Edip Adıvar, published in serial form in the newspaper "Tanin".

Müfide Kadri Hanım (1889/90, in Istanbul – 1912, in Istanbul) was a Turkish painter and composer; one of the first female artists in Turkey and the first professional female art teacher in the Ottoman Empire. She created mostly portraits and scenes with figures.

Müfide Kadri, née en 1889 ou 1890 et morte en 1912 à Istanbul dans l'Empire ottoman, est une peintre turque. Elle est l'une des premières artistes féminines et la première femme enseignante professionnelle d'art dans l'Empire ottoman.


History.

In 1926, the Solvay company began to exploit a chalkstone quarry at Belvoye, near Damparis in Franche-Comté. In April 1934, workers noticed the presence of large fossil bones in the southeastern face of the quarry. A scapula was shown to foreman Koehret who notified the company engineers Verhas and Chardin. They advised director Étienne Haerens to immediately excavate the marl lens containing the remains. Paleontologists Jean Piveteau and Raymond Ciry were asked to supervise this effort. The excavation started in May and was finished on 22 June 1934. The same year, baron Jean de Dorlodot published an article about the excavation process, considering most bones part of a single sauropod skeleton, washed into the sea by river flooding.  The company donated the bones to the "Muséum national d'histoire naturelle" at Paris where preparator Pansard partly freed them from the rock matrix. In 1939, Albert-Félix de Lapparent began to study them in detail, benefiting from further preparation by Pansard. In 1943, de Lapparent published a description referring the sauropod bones to "Bothriospondylus madagascariensis", a species based on fragmentary remains from Madagascar. Seven theropod teeth found among the bones he referred to "Megalosaurus insignis". By the 1980s, a consensus had developed that the skeleton had little to do with "Bothriospondylus madagascariensis". It was referred to as the "French Bothriospondylus" or the "Damparis sauropod". As it was one of the most complete sauropod finds in France and of a considerable age, it was deemed important enough to be named as a separate taxon. In 2017, Philip D. Mannion, Ronan Allain and Olivier Moine named and described the type species "Vouivria damparisensis". The generic name is a latinisation of French "la vouivre" — itself derived from Latin "vipera", "adder" — a winged dragon or wyvern from local legend. French writer Marcel Aymé in 1941 dedicated a famous novel to this theme, "La Vouivre", the creature taking the shape of a beautiful lady adorned with an enormous ruby. The specific name refers to the provenance at Damparis. The naming article appeared in an electronic publication and therefore Life Science Identifiers were needed to make the name valid. These are B06BCF72-56A8-4DD6-BC27-CC0BA6D0092D for the genus and CCAA960C-6A39-46A4-8AC9-70D8BA816647 for the species.  The holotype, MNHN.F.1934.6 DAM 1-42, was found in a layer of the Calcaires de Clerval, possibly the Tidalites de Mouchard member dating from the middle to late Oxfordian. Its age is likely between 163.5 and 157.3 million years. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull. It contains five teeth, three neck vertebrae, two back vertebrae, the first four vertebrae of the sacrum, a front tail vertebra, ribs, both shoulderblades, the right coracoid, the right humerus, both ulnae, a right carpal, the first, second and third right metacarpals, the first phalanges of the first to fourth left fingers, two possible hand claws, the left pelvis, the right ischium, both thighbones, both shinbones, both calfbones, a left astragalus, the first left metatarsal and the first, second and third right metatarsals. The bones were recovered from a surface area of about thirty square metres. They were not articulated but roughly located in their natural position. From this it was concluded in 2017 that the animal had died "in situ" near a coastal lagoon, its weight forming a lens in soft chalkstone, and after an exposure of several years during which it was scavenged by theropods, was covered by a new chalk layer which protected the bones after hardening.

Description.

The body length of "Vouivria" has been estimated at fifteen metres, its weight at fifteen tonnes. The thighbone length is 146 centimetres.  The describing authors identified a number of distinguishing traits, autapomorphies or unique derived characters. Four of these distinguished "Vouivria" from all other known sauropods. In the middle and rear neck vertebrae, the spinopostzygapophyseal laminae, or SPOLs, ridges that run from the rear joint processes to the neural spine, thicken towards the rear near the top of the spine. In the third metacarpal of the hand, the ridge that runs along the inner rear corner of the shaft, if the bone is held vertically, splits at about a quarter of the shaft length measured from the top, the outer branch having the form of a bulge. The fourth metacarpal has a flange along the top third of the inner rear corner. Between the lower condyles of the thighbone, two transverse ridges run, at the border with the rear shaft.  Also, two "local" autapomorphies were identified, that distinguished "Vouvria" from its nearest relatives in the Brachiosauridae. In the front tail vertebrae both the anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (ACDL) and the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (PCDL), ridges that run on the front underside, respectively the rear underside, of the transverse process towards the vertebral body, are well-formed. The humerus or upper arm bone, has a deltopectoral crest, serving for the attachment of the "musculus deltoideus" and the "pectoralis major", that doubles in transverse width to below.

Phylogeny.

Already de Lapparent considered the specimen an exemplar of the Brachiosauridae. This was confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis in 2017, showing "Vouivria" to be a basal member of the Brachiosauridae, placed above "Europasaurus" and below "Brachiosaurus altithorax" in the evolutionary tree. If correct, this would make "Vouivria" the oldest known brachiosaurid and the oldest known member of the Titanosauriformes.

Vouivria is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs, belonging to the Brachiosauridae, that lived in the area of present France during the Late Jurassic. The type species is "Vouivria damparisensis".

Vouivria est un genre éteint de dinosaures sauropodes du Jurassique supérieur (Oxfordien). Il est connu par une espèce unique, Vouivra damparisensis, dont les restes fossiles ont été retrouvés dans une carrière située à Damparis, dans le département du Jura en France.


Significance.

The Graph Drawing symposia have been central to the growth and development of graph drawing as a research area: as Herman et al. write, "the Graph Drawing community grew around the yearly Symposia." Nguyen lists Graph Drawing as one of "several good conferences which directly or indirectly concern with information visualization", and Wong et al. report that its proceedings "provide a wealth of information". In a 2003 study the symposium was among the top 30% of computer science research publication venues, ranked by impact factor.

History.

The first symposium was held in Marino, near Rome, Italy, in 1992, organized by Giuseppe Di Battista, Peter Eades, Pierre Rosenstiehl, and Roberto Tamassia. The first two symposia did not publish proceedings, but reports are available online. Since 1994, the proceedings of the symposia have been published by Springer-Verlag's Lecture Notes in Computer Science series.  Countries in which the conference has been held include Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany (twice), Greece, Ireland, Italy (three times), and the United States (five times).

Citation data and its analysis.

A citation graph having vertices representing the papers in the 1994–2000 Graph Drawing symposia and having edges representing citations between these papers was made available as part of the graph drawing contest associated with the 2001 symposium. The largest connected component of this graph consists of 249 vertices and 642 edges; clustering analysis reveals several prominent subtopics within graph drawing that are more tightly connected, including three-dimensional graph drawing and orthogonal graph drawing.

The International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD) is an annual academic conference in which researchers present peer reviewed papers on graph drawing, information visualization of network information, geometric graph theory, and related topics.

International Symposium on Graph Drawing (abrégé en GD) est une conférence scientifique annuelle dans les domaines du tracé de graphes, de la visualisation d'informations des réseaux d'information, de la et la diktyologie, et de sujets connexes.


Geography and wildlife.

The park itself is situated some 35 kilometres east of Bahawalpur and presents a synthesis of forest and desert life. It occupies land on both sides of Desert Branch canal, and is spread over an area of 127,480 acres (51,368 hectares) - out of which 20,974 acres (8,491 hectares) are green land (irrigated plantations), 101,726 acres (40,942 hectares) are dry land (desert), and 4,780 acres are wet land (ponds and lakes). The park's terrain is generally flat, interspersed with sand dunes measuring between 1 and 6 meters in height and occupying as many as thousands of acres apiece.  The biosphere reserve is crossed by the dried-up bed of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and comprises Patisar Lake and irrigated land. Officials said that indigenous trees like Indian rosewood and Acacia karroo will be planted over 1,212 acres of barren land in the wildlife reserve.  Many species of animals can be found throughout the park. These include several wild animals of the desert such as Asiatic wildcats, rabbits, bustards, and deer. Reptiles in the park include the monitor lizard, Russell's viper, Indian cobra, saw-scaled viper, wolf snake, John's sand boa, and spiny-tailed lizard. More than 160 species of birds are also present, including the houbara bustard, griffon vulture, crested honey buzzard, marsh harrier, hen harrier, laggar falcon, peregrine falcon, kestrel, Eurasian sparrowhawk, Egyptian vulture, lark, shrike, wheatear, and barn owl. Lake Patisar, a large body of water in the center of the park, is ideal for bird watching. In mid-winter, the lake is regularly home to between 10,000 and 30,000 ducks and common coot.

Attractions.

The Punjab government has plans to convert the Lal Sohanra National Park into a wildlife safari park of international standard. One of its most prominent attractions is currently the lion safari, which allows guests to see lions in their natural habitat at close range. In addition, the park's captive breeding suite holds a pair of Indian rhinoceros which were given by Nepal. Rhinos were once found as far west as the Peshawar Valley during the reign of Mughal Emperor Babur, but are now extinct in Pakistan.  Over 400 animals are currently being bred in the Lal Sohanra Park, including a large population of blackbucks, a breed of antelope most notable for its pronounced sexual dimorphism. The park is constantly supplied with new blackbucks in order to extend its efforts toward blackbuck conservation.  There are archaeological remains of an ancient civilization which once flourished along the Ghaggar-Hakra River.

Lal Suhanra is a national park in Pakistan that is situated in the Bahawalpur district of Punjab province. It is one of South Asia's largest nationals parks, and is a UNESCO declared Biosphere Reserve. Lal Sohanra is notable for the diversity of its landscape, which includes desert, forest and wetland ecosystems.

Lal Suhanra est un parc national du Pakistan situé dans le district de Bahawalpur, dans la province du Pendjab. Il a été créé en 1972.


History.

2006–2017: Founding and growth.

Beddit was founded on October 12, 2006 by Lasse Leppäkorpi. The company originally performed basic monitoring in hospitals by tracking the heart rate and breathing of patients without touching them and was unable to release a sleep-tracking product to the public due to the expensive cost of manufacturing one at the time.  Beddit released their first sleep-tracker in November 2013 for early backers after a successful crowd-funding campaign on Indiegogo, where crowd-funders raised over $500,000.  Misfit's Shine fitness tracker announced support for Beddit's sleep-trackers as part of a partnership between the two companies in July 2014. Beddit released a sleep-tracking app for the Apple Watch on October 6, 2015. On October 4, 2016, Beddit released the Beddit 3 sleep-tracker at select Apple Stores, on Amazon, and on Beddit's website.  On April 28, 2017, Beddit announced that they would be phasing out older Beddit devices and that the older devices would soon be incompatible with the Beddit app, while giving users the option to upgrade to Beddit 3 for free. At the time of the announcement, 80% of Beddit's users were Beddit 3 users.

2017–present: Acquisition by Apple and Apple ownership.

On May 8, 2017, Apple Inc. acquired Beddit for an undisclosed amount.  In September 2018, Beddit announced in an App Store update that their cloud service will shut down on November 15, 2018 for existing users and that new users will not be able to access its cloud service starting on September 21, 2018. Beddit's cloud service shut down as planned on November 15 in update to the Beddit app.  On December 7, 2018, Beddit released its first sleep tracker Beddit 3.5 since being acquired by Apple in 2017 on Apple's website and in stores. Beddit 3.5 is similar to its predecessor Beddit 3, but it now has a dedicated opening for its USB cable and hides its stitches.  Beddit 3.5 only works with the Beddit (for Model 3.5) app, which requires iOS 12 and the original app was rebranded as Beddit (for Model 3.0), which supports iOS 9. Beddit 3.5 has the ability to sync with HealthKit and will function with one or two people in a bed, however, the second person cannot be tracked unless they have their own Beddit 3.5 device. Beddit 3.5 retains the Beddit brand and does not have the Apple logo, but is labeled "Designed by Beddit in California, Assembled in China" according to an FCC filing, which is an adaption of the phrase that is printed on most Apple products.

Beddit Oy (formerly Finsor Oy) is a Finnish-based technology company that makes sleep-tracking devices and a sleep-tracking app to help monitor sleep. The company was founded in October 2006 and was acquired by Apple in May 2017.

Beddit Oy (anciennement Finsor Oy) est une société technologique basée en Finlande qui fabrique des appareils de suivi du sommeil et une application de suivi du sommeil pour aider à surveiller le sommeil. La société a été fondée en octobre 2006 et a été acquise par Apple en mai 2017.


Development.

"Bad Day L.A." was first announced for the Xbox and PC by developer Enlight Software on April 28, 2005. Inspiration for the game came from American McGee being in traffic seeing a Sunset Boulevard billboard from the Department of Homeland Security about preparations for Biochemical terrorism. Calling it "the proverbial straw that broke the camel's back", McGee decided to make a video game as a way to inject the message of having nothing to fear but fear itself. To offset the violent events happening in "Bad Day L.A.", the art duo Kozyndan was hired to make the art style have a humorous nature.  The Xbox version of "Bad Day L.A." was planned to be distributed by the London-based Supersonic Group, but was never released. A graphic novel based on the game and other American McGee games "American McGee's Alice" and "American McGee's Grimm".  The game was shown at E3 2005. Originally planned for an early 2006 release, on August 22, 2006, Aspyr Media announced that the game had gone gold and would be released on August 28. A demo for the game was available from MTV's website.

Reception.

The game received "unfavorable" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.  GameSpot gave it a 3 out of 10, and called it "an abject failure" and a "spectacular failure in almost every facet of its execution". IGN gave it a 2.7, saying that "it's terrible". G4's "X-Play" gave it their lowest rating, a 1 out of 5, and also gave it a "Golden Mullet Award" for the year of 2006. "PC Gamer" gave it a 20%, saying it was "so tasteless that I wanted to scrub myself with Lysol after getting up from the computer" and "being a bad Postal clone".  GameSpy "awarded" the title the "Coaster of the Year" award for 2006. GamesRadar awarded it the "collateral damage" award for the Anti-Game Of The Year claiming that it seemed to be "designed to end up on this list. If so... congratulations, guys, you did it!" But the game lost the award to Sonic The Hedgehog as that was apparently "the most disappointing" rather than "the absolute worst game of the year." Ben Croshaw of Zero Punctuation briefly described it as "fondly remembered alongside botched prostate surgery." GamesRadar ranked it as the 25th worst game ever made. Rolling Stone's Glixel also called it one of the worst games ever made.  Mikel Reparaz from GamesRadar placed it on his list of "Unfunny games", noting the comedic timing being off, poorly direct visual gags, and overall horrible voice acting.

American McGee presents: Bad Day L.A. () is a 2006 third-person action video game by American McGee. Players assume the role of Anthony Willams, a former Hollywood agent turned homeless man in Los Angeles. During this time LA is ravaged by both natural and man-made disasters. Anthony only wishes to save himself, though through the course of the story he becomes an unwilling savior. The game's attempted tone is one of political satire, targeting all spectra of politics.

Bad Day L.A. est un jeu vidéo de tir à la troisième personne développé par Enlight Software et édité par The Mauretania Import Export Company, sorti en 2006 sur Windows.


Early career.

Born and raised in New Plymouth on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island, Coltman was educated at Francis Douglas Memorial College in his hometown, where he played first XV rugby. Coltman's All Black teammate Beauden Barrett was also his teammate in their first XV. During his high school years, he represented his local province, at under-16 and under-18 level.  After graduating high school, he moved south to Dunedin to attend the University of Otago and while there he began playing for Alhambra Union in Dunedin's Premier club rugby competition as well as turning out for's under-18, under-19 and academy sides.

Senior career.

Coltman first played provincial rugby for Otago during the 2010 ITM Cup, debuting in a match away to and making six appearances during what was a dismal year for the Razorbacks in which they finished 14th and last on the log to consign themselves to the Championship division in the newly formatted 2011 ITM Cup.  Aged just 21 in 2011, he began to establish himself as Otago's first choice in the number 2 jersey, playing in all 10 regular season games, including 6 starts as the men from Dunedin finished 3rd in the Championship, just missing out on the play off spots as New Zealand's domestic season was cut short to accommodate the 2011 Rugby World Cup which was taking place in the country.  Otago finished 2nd on the Championship log in both 2012 and 2013 and were defeated in the final by in 2012 before going down to in the semi-finals the following year. Coltman played 22 of the Razorbacks 23 games across the 2 seasons and this included 18 starts.  2014 was a difficult year for Otago, with an inexperienced side finishing 6th out of 7 teams on the log to miss out on the playoffs altogether, although they did bounce back the following year, ending up in 3rd place before being bettered by in the semi-finals, their 3rd playoff defeat in 4 years. Coltman played 18 games across the 2 seasons and scored 3 tries.  He spent a large part of the 2016 Mitre 10 Cup season training with the All Blacks so was only able to feature in 4 matches for the Razorbacks as they topped the Championship log and made it all the way to the playoff final before being surprisingly defeated at home by.

Super Rugby.

A member of the wider training group in 2011 and 2012, Coltman finally made the full squad ahead of the 2013 Super Rugby season. Serving as back up to experienced All Black, Andrew Hore, he managed an impressive 13 appearances, mainly from the replacements bench, during his first campaign of Super Rugby. This apprenticeship served him well as Hore's retirement at the end of 2013 left Coltman as the Highlanders first choice hooker for 2014 Super Rugby season and he started 11 times as his franchise reached the tournament quarter finals before being defeated 31-27 by the in Durban.  2015 was an historic year for the Highlanders as they lifted their first ever Super Rugby title after a 21-14 victory over the in the final. Ash Dixon had been brought in from to provide competition for the number 2 shirt, however Coltman started 15 games to Dixon's 4 and featured in all 19 fixtures during the 'Landers maiden Super Rugby winning season. The competition between Coltman and Dixon continued through 2016 and with the Highlanders unable to hold on to their title, losing 42-30 to the in the semi-finals, Coltman only started 6 games through the year out of a total of 10 appearances.  Coltman started for the Highlanders against the touring British and Irish Lions team on 13 June 2017, contributing heavily towards the Highlanders' narrow 23-22 win and scoring a try in the 59th minute. Coltman was replaced by Greg Pleasants-Tate in the 67th minute.

International.

Coltman was a member of the New Zealand Under-20 side which won the 2010 IRB Junior World Championship held in Argentina, scoring 1 try in 5 matches.  He was called up to the All Blacks squad to provide injury cover for Nathan Harris during the 2016 Rugby Championship, but didn't get any game time during the tournament as Dane Coles and Codie Taylor remained fit and in good form. However, during the 2016 end-of-year rugby union internationals, he made his debut, coming on as a 65th minute replacement for Codie Taylor in a 68-10 victory against in Rome.  Coltman failed to make the field for the All Blacks during 2017, due to injury, but was re-selected for the three-test 2018 Steinlager series against France after an outstanding Super Rugby season. Coltman replaced Codie Taylor in the 71st minute of the series' final test, on 23 June 2018. Coltman did not make a mistake as the All Blacks beat France 49-14, winning the series 3-0.  After a series of excellent performances throughout the 2019 Super Rugby season, Coltman overtook Nathan Harris as New Zealand's third-choice hooker. He made two appearances off the bench during the 2019 Rugby Championship, with Dane Coles still struggling with injuries.  On 28th August 2019, All Blacks Head Coach, Steve Hansen, named Coltman in New Zealand's 31-man squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Coltman made his first-ever start for New Zealand during the pool stages, in a 63-0 win over Canada. Although Coltman didn't play in any other tests during the pool stages, he replaced Dane Coles off the bench during the 24th minute of the Bronze Final. Coltman was one of the star performers of the match, with New Zealand beating Wales 40-17 in the bronze final, claiming third place at the World Cup.

Career Honours.

University of Otago Hardmen  New Zealand Under-20  Highlanders

Liam James Coltman (born 25 January 1990) is a New Zealand rugby union player who plays as a hooker for in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the in the international Super Rugby competition.

Liam Coltman, né le à New Plymouth (Nouvelle-Zélande), est un joueur de rugby à XV international néo-zélandais évoluant au poste de talonneur. Il évolue avec la franchise des Highlanders en Super Rugby depuis 2013, et avec la province d'Otago en NPC depuis 2010.


History.

The first documented treatment of the problem is in chapter III, section III of Ernst Mach's textbook "The Science of Mechanics", first published in 1883. There, Mach reported that the device showed "no distinct rotation." In the early 1940s (and apparently without awareness of Mach's earlier discussion), the problem began to circulate among members of the physics department at Princeton University, generating a lively debate. Richard Feynman, at the time a young graduate student at Princeton, built a makeshift experiment within the facilities of the university's cyclotron laboratory. The experiment ended with the explosion of the glass carboy that he was using as part of his setup.  In 1966, Feynman turned down an offer from the editor of "Physics Teacher" to discuss the problem in print and objected to it being called "Feynman's problem," pointing instead to the discussion of it in Mach's textbook. The sprinkler problem attracted a great deal of attention after the incident was mentioned in "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!", a book of autobiographical reminiscences published in 1985. Feynman neither explained his understanding of the relevant physics, nor did he describe the results of the experiment. In an article written shortly after Feynman's death in 1988, John Wheeler, who had been his doctoral advisor at Princeton, revealed that the experiment at the cyclotron had shown “a little tremor as the pressure was first applied [...] but as the flow continued there was no reaction.” The sprinkler incident is also discussed in James Gleick's biography of Feynman, "Genius," published in 1992, where Gleick claims that a sprinkler will not turn at all if made to suck in fluid.  In 2005, physicist Edward Creutz (who was in charge of the Princeton cyclotron at the time of the incident) revealed in print that he had assisted Feynman in setting up his experiment and that, when pressure was applied to force water out of the carboy through the sprinkler head,

Solution.

The behavior of the reverse sprinkler is qualitatively quite distinct from that of the ordinary sprinkler, and one does not behave like the other "played backwards." Most of the published theoretical treatments of this problem have concluded that the ideal reverse sprinkler will not experience any torque in its steady state. This may be understood in terms of conservation of angular momentum: in its steady state, the amount of angular momentum carried by the incoming fluid is constant, which implies that there is no torque on the sprinkler itself. There are two counterbalancing forces: the pressure differential pushing on the back of the nozzle, and the inflowing water impacting on the opposite side.  Many experiments, going back to Mach, find no rotation of the reverse sprinkler. However, in setups with sufficiently low friction and high rate of inflow, the reverse sprinkler has been seen to turn weakly in the opposite sense to the conventional sprinkler, even in its steady state. Such behavior could be explained by the diffusion of momentum in a non-ideal (i.e., viscous) flow.  However, careful observations of the actual behavior of experimental setups show that this turning is associated with the formation of a vortex inside the body of the sprinkler. An analysis of the actual distribution of forces and pressure in a non-ideal reverse sprinkler provides the theoretical basis to explain this:

A Feynman sprinkler, also referred to as a Feynman inverse sprinkler or as a reverse sprinkler, is a sprinkler-like device which is submerged in a tank and made to suck in the surrounding fluid. The question of how such a device would turn was the subject of an intense and remarkably long-lived debate.

Le tourniquet de Feynman (anglais "Feynman sprinkler" ou "Feynman inverse sprinkler") est un dispositif expérimental composé d'un tourniquet à gicleurs immergé qui aspire le liquide environnant.


Biography.

Hans Gruijters studied psychology and political and social sciences at the University of Amsterdam. In 1954 he received a master's degree in psychology. After that he became the executive secretary with a textile company in Helmond. Later he was a joint proprietor of various companies in hotel and catering industry in Amsterdam. From 1960 to 1967 he ran the foreign affairs section of the Dutch daily newspaper Algemeen Handelsblad. From 1971 to 1973 he was the main editor of the VNU, a Dutch media conglomerate.  As a politician Gruijters was an active member of the VVD. As of 1959 he acted as the chairman of the Amsterdam's JOVD. From November 1962 until 21 March 1966 he was VVD's representative in the Amsterdam's city council. After a conflict which had been provoked by his decision not to attend the wedding ceremony of Princess Beatrix and Claus von Amsberg he left the VVD. He thought that the marriage would not contribute to the social role that the royal house should play in society.  Together with Hans van Mierlo he founded D66 in 1966. From 7 July 1970 to 1971 he was a member of the Provincial Council of North Holland. As of 7 December 1972 until 11 May 1973 he was a member of the Dutch House of Representatives. From 11 May 1973 until 19 December 1977 he was a minister of public housing and environmental planning in the cabinet of Den Uyl. In 2004 he left the D66 as he felt no longer to be welcome there.

Johannes Petrus Adrianus "Hans" Gruijters (; 30 June 1931 – 17 April 2005) was a Dutch politician and co-founder of the Democrats 66 (D66) party and journalist.

Johannes Petrus Adrianus Gruijters, dit Hans Gruijters, né le à Helmond et mort le à Lelystad, est un entrepreneur et homme politique néerlandais.


Career.

Rogers was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the 37th round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft out of Chatfield Senior High School in Littleton, Colorado. He did not sign with the Orioles, and instead attended the University of Kentucky to play college baseball. In 2010, he tied for the Southeastern Conference lead in losses (7) and runs allowed (68), as he went 4-7 with a 6.40 ERA. In 2011, he tied for second in the Southeastern Conference in losses (7), and was third-highest in runs allowed (56). After the 2011 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star. In 2012, he was fourth in the Southeastern Conference in runs allowed (45). Pitching in college from 2010-12, he was 13-18 with a 5.35 ERA. After his junior season, Rogers was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the 11th round of the 2012 MLB draft.  Rogers signed with the Twins and made his professional debut that season with the Elizabethton Twins and also played for the Beloit Snappers. In 15 games (ten starts) between both teams, he was 4-3 with a 2.27 ERA. Rogers started 2013 with the Cedar Rapids Kernels and was promoted to the Fort Myers Miracle during the season. In 25 games between the two clubs, 24 of which were starts, Rogers was 11-7 with a 2.88 ERA. In 2014 he pitched for the New Britain Rock Cats where he compiled an 11-6 record with a 3.29 ERA in 24 games started, and in 2015 he played for the Rochester Red Wings where he posted an 11-12 record with a 3.98 ERA in 28 games (27 starts). The Twins added Rogers to their 40-man roster after the 2015 season. He began 2016 with Rochester.  Rogers was called up to the major leagues on April 13, 2016, and he made his major league debut the next day. He was optioned to Rochester on April 19, and recalled to Minnesota on May 17. After his May 17 promotion, he spent the rest of the season with Minnesota, going 3-1 with a 3.96 ERA in 57 relief appearances.  Rogers spent all of the 2017 season with the Twins, pitching to a 7-3 record, a 3.07 ERA, and a 1.31 WHIP in innings pitched, with a major-league-leading 30 holds. The following season, Rogers appeared in 72 games for Minnesota, pitching to a 1-2 record in innings. In 2019, Rogers began as the setup man before being installed as the closer. He recorded 30 saves in 36 opportunities, striking out 90 in 69 innings with an ERA of 2.61.

Personal life.

Rogers' identical mirror image twin brother, Tyler, is a pitcher for the San Francisco Giants. The brothers became the 10th set of twins to play in MLB.

Taylor Allen Rogers (born December 17, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his major league debut in 2016.

Taylor Allen Rogers (né le à Littleton, Colorado, États-Unis) est un lanceur gaucher des Twins du Minnesota de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


History.

The European School of Strasbourg was inaugurated on 4 September 2008 in a ceremony attended by, amongst other dignatories, the French Minister of Education, Xavier Darcos, the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe, Terry Davis, and the Mayor of Strasbourg, Roland Ries.  The school originally shared a campus with another local French secondary school, the "Collège Vauban", before moving into its current purpose built campus, located in the Strasbourg quarter of Robertsau, in 2015. It is based in proximity to Strasbourg's European district, the location of various institutions, agencies, and other bodies of the European Union, and the seat of the Council of Europe.

Legal status.

The school received its initial status as an Accredited European School from the Board of Governors of the European Schools in November 2009, and received accrediation to offer the European Baccalaureate programme in May 2013.  EES is recognized as public school under French law, with an agreement with the European Union obliging it to priortise, for enrolment purposes, the children of EU staff, in return for the receipt of funds proportional to the number of children of EU staff enrolled in the school.

Multilingual curriculum.

Students at the European School of Strasbourg must enrol in either the English, French or German sections of the school. Students enrolled in the school are generally instructed in the language of the respective section. Students must then choose from either English, French or German for their second language, which becomes the language of instruction for the History, Geography and Ethics curriculum from the third-year secondary. Students are also expected to take a third language upon entering the secondary school.  In 2019, students enrolled in the school represented 48 different nationalities, whilst teachers represented 13 different nationalities.

The European School of Strasbourg (), or EES, is a public Accredited European School in Strasbourg, France. Founded in 2008, it is an all-through school, which offers a multicultural and multilingual education leading to the European Baccalaureate as its secondary leaving qualification.

L'École européenne de Strasbourg est un établissement public d'enseignement français, qui bénéficie du statut d'école européenne agréée (ou type 2). Il s'agit d'une école intergouvernementale et bilingue fondée sur la Convention des Écoles Européennes et a pour but principal d'accueillir les enfants des fonctionnaires européens et de leur offrir un enseignement complet, de la maternelle au lycée, dans deux langues. Il existe actuellement treize Écoles européennes dans l’Union Européenne et celle de Strasbourg, capitale européenne, fût la première créée en France.


Overview.

The conjecture was proposed by Leonard Susskind and Juan Maldacena in 2013. They proposed that a non-traversable wormhole (Einstein–Rosen bridge or ER bridge) is equivalent to a pair of maximally entangled black holes. EPR refers to quantum entanglement (EPR paradox).  The symbol is derived from the first letters of the surnames of authors who wrote the first paper on wormholes (Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen) and the first paper on entanglement (Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Rosen). The two papers were published in 1935, but the authors did not claim any connection between the concepts.  Preliminary evidence, though indirect, for ER=EPR is that a certain entangled pair has been realized as an ER bridge using AdS/CFT correspondence.

Conjectured resolution.

This is a conjectured resolution to the AMPS firewall paradox. Whether or not there is a firewall depends upon what is thrown into the other distant black hole. However, as the firewall lies inside the event horizon, no external superluminal signalling would be possible.  This conjecture is an extrapolation of the observation by Mark Van Raamsdonk that a maximally extended AdS-Schwarzschild black hole, which is a non-traversable wormhole, is dual to a pair of maximally entangled thermal conformal field theories via the AdS/CFT correspondence.  They backed up their conjecture by showing that the pair production of charged black holes in a background magnetic field leads to entangled black holes, but also, after Wick rotation, to a wormhole.  This conjecture sits uncomfortably with the linearity of quantum mechanics. An entangled state is a linear superposition of separable states. Presumably, separable states are not connected by any wormholes, but yet a superposition of such states is connected by a wormhole.  The authors pushed this conjecture even further by claiming any entangled pair of particles—even particles not ordinarily considered to be black holes, and pairs of particles with different masses or spin, or with charges which aren't opposite—are connected by Planck scale wormholes.  The conjecture leads to a grander conjecture that the geometry of space, time and gravity is determined by entanglement.

ER=EPR is a conjecture in physics stating that two entangled particles (a so-called Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen or EPR pair) are connected by a wormhole (or Einstein–Rosen bridge) and may be a basis for unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics into a theory of everything.

ER = EPR est une conjecture en physique proposant que les particules intriquées soient connectées au travers d'un trou de ver (ou pont Einstein-Rosen). Cette conjecture pourrait être une base pour l'unification de la relativité générale et de la mécanique quantique.


Gameplay.

"Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2" is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The game features a similar gameplay to its predecessors and other Lego video games, alternating between various action-adventure sequences and puzzle-solving scenarios. The ability to manipulate time is allowed to players directly from the new open world of Chronopolis, which is a myriad of 17 different Marvel locations (consisting of a variation of Ancient Egypt, an apocalyptic Asgard, Attilan, Hala, the Hydra Empire, K'un-L'un, Knowhere, Lemuria, Man-Thing's Swamp, Manhattan, an, a Marvel Noir version of New York City called Manhattan Noir, Nueva York, a variation of the Old West, Sakaar, Wakanda, and Xandar) linked through time and space and surrounding Kang the Conqueror's Citadel. The game also introduces a new four-player competitive Super Hero battle mode, allowing players to fight each other cooperatively in battle arenas.

Characters.

Much like the two previous Lego Marvel games, the players are able to take control of a roster of iconic characters from the Marvel Universe, each with their own unique abilities. For example, Star-Lord is capable of flight, Black Panther can activate claw switches, and Spider-Man can swing on his webs, crawl on walls and use his spider-sense to detect hidden objects. The game also features characters from different time periods and realities over the Marvel Universe, which includes Spider-Gwen, a cowboy version of Captain America, a Hulk, and many others. In addition, the game also features variations of sundry characters, like Iron Duck (who is merely Howard the Duck wearing the Iron Man's armor) and Carnom (a fusion of the Venom symbiote and the Carnage symbiote that is exclusive to the game).  While some characters are just based on the comic books, others have their visuals taken from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, such as the Guardians of the Galaxy, Doctor Strange, and Ant-Man. Using the ability to manipulate time, the players can change the look and abilities of certain characters. For instance, they can take Baby Groot (from the "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2") and move time forward for him to become his adult version, and Spider-Man can go both ways with his Noir and 2099 counterparts.

Downloadable content.

On 6 October, ten DLC packs were announced for the game. Of these ten, there are six level packs and four character packs based on Marvel Cinematic Universe films, superhero teams, and time variant heroes.

Plot.

The Guardians of the Galaxy help defend Xandar from an attack by Kang the Conqueror, who wields a time crystal. Kang's ship, the "Damocles", launches devices which cause a section of Xandar to disappear. Meanwhile, at Avengers Mansion, Nick Fury presents the Avengers with several missions: Captain America, She-Hulk, and Thor fight the Presence in Siberia; Iron Man and Captain Marvel defeat Attuma at his underwater base; and Spider-Man, Ms. Marvel, and White Tiger battle several escaped supervillains on the Brooklyn Bridge. The Guardians arrive just before Kang, who uses his devices to steal Manhattan with the heroes inside it and makes it part of his battle arena called Chronopolis, consisting of various locales that he has stolen from across time and space with his citadel at its center.  Captain America leads a team through a portal to Medieval England, where they help Sir Percy reclaim his castle from the Enchantress and Nathan Garrett. A team led by She-Hulk follows Klaw through a portal to Wakanda, where Black Panther joins them to fight Man-Ape in the vibranium mines. The heroes converge in a version of Manhattan ruled by Hydra, where they battle Klaw and vibranium soldiers created by Arnim Zola, and defeat Baron Zemo in a dogfight. Thor, Captain Marvel, and She-Hulk travel to a swamp where they vanquish Man-Thing. Kang reveals that Man-Thing was guarding the Nexus of All Realities, which kept the various realms of Chronopolis separated. Kang destroys the Nexus and challenges the heroes to rise up and face him.  Regrouping at Avengers Mansion, the heroes detect a faint signal from outside Chronopolis. Searching for a device to boost its strength, the Guardians travel to the Old West where they battle MODOK and the Circus of Crime. Retrieving the device, they learn that the signal is being sent from Knowhere by Cosmo the Spacedog. The heroes plan to retrieve the fragments of the Nexus in order to bring Knowhere into Chronopolis and use its energies to bring down the barrier surrounding Kang's citadel. In preparation, Doctor Strange leads a team to the Sanctum Sanctorum where they fight Baron Mordo and retrieve the Book of the Vishanti, while Thor leads a party to apocalyptic Asgard to enlist the aid of Heimdall, facing Surtur in the process.  The search for the five Nexus fragments again splits the heroes into teams. Captain America's group travels to the underwater city of Lemuria, but falls into a trap and must battle the Red King and several versions of the Hulk in Sakaar. Joined by the Hulk and Stingray, they return to Lemuria and defeat Attuma, retrieving a fragment. Moving on to Ancient Egypt, they enter a Sphinx and join Horus of the Heliopolitans in facing Loki and N'Kantu, the Living Mummy to obtain another. Spider-Man's group visits the "Marvel Noir" version of Manhattan, where they help Iron Fist, Daredevil, Luke Cage, and Spider-Man Noir defeat the Kingpin. Iron Fist accompanies them to K'un-L'un, where they fight Steel Serpent to free Shou-Lao and retrieve a Nexus fragment. Proceeding to the Alchemax building in "Marvel 2099"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Nueva York, Spider-Gwen and Spider-Man 2099 help them defeat the "2099" version of Green Goblin and a fusion of Venom and Carnage to obtain another fragment. In the Kree home world of Hala, the Guardians battle Ronan the Accuser. Meanwhile, in Attilan, the Inhumans defeat Maximus. Black Bolt and Medusa then head to Hala, where they free the Guardians from the control of the Supreme Intelligence and help them retrieve another fragment. As Kang observes the heroes' exploits and plots to destroy them, his assistant Ravonna becomes increasingly disturbed by his actions.  With the fragments gathered, the heroes assemble a device to bring Knowhere through a portal opened by Doctor Strange. Their first attempt nearly brings Ego the Living Planet through instead. Once Knowhere is in Chronopolis, they use an electromagnetic pulse to knock out the energy shield protecting Kang's citadel. As they begin their assault, Kang summons the "Damocles". Iron Man, Spider-Man, and Star-Lord disable the ship, battling Korvac and escaping before it crashes. Captain America, Captain Marvel, Doctor Strange, and Star-Lord enter the citadel and face Kang, who grows to gigantic size, uses the time crystal to reverse the "Damocles"<nowiki>'</nowiki> destruction, and wields it as a sword. Captain America creates a giant solid hologram of himself and uses it to defeat Kang. Ravonna betrays Kang and uses the time crystal to turn him into a baby. The heroes celebrate their victory, and Ravonna promises to return the components of Chronopolis to their original places in time and space once the remaining villains are dealt with.  In a post-credits scene, with everything restored to normal, Iron Man, Captain America, and Captain Marvel are visited by Ravonna in her new alias as Terminatrix. She is accompanied by an elderly Kang, the Supreme Intelligence, Cosmo, and Man-Thing, who inform the Avengers of a "chronal fracture incident".

Audio.

Due to the game being affected by the 2016–17 video game voice actor strike, the cast from the previous game as well from "Lego Marvel's Avengers" did not return to reprise their roles as they were affiliated with the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA). While in favor of a new voice cast, Greg Miller voices Howard the Duck, Peter Serafinowicz voices the game's antagonist Kang the Conqueror, Sacha Dhawan reprised his role as Steel Serpent from the "Iron Fist" Netflix television series and Marvel Comics writer Stan Lee returned to voice himself.

Reception.

The game was well received by critics, who praised the game's linguistic content as well as the possibility to play with various Marvel characters.

External links.

Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One on 14 November 2017, and by Feral Interactive for macOS on 2 August 2018. It is the sequel to 2013's "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" and the third installment of the "Lego Marvel" franchise.

Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 est un jeu vidéo d'action-aventure développé par Traveller's Tales et édité par WB Games, sorti le sur Xbox One, PlayStation 4 et Windows et le sur Nintendo Switch. Le jeu a notamment pour thème le voyage dans le temps.


Early life and education.

She was born on 18 December 1986 in Amritsar, Punjab. Her father owns a management firm and her mother, is a professor at PGDAV College of Delhi University, who has authored two books and also works with Gandhi Smriti.  Chadda was brought up in Delhi, India. After completing her schooling from Sardar Patel Vidyalaya in 2002, she took a Diploma in Social Communication Media from St. Stephen's College, Delhi.

Career.

Chadda began her career as a model and then she moved to theater. She has performed plays touring in India and Pakistan. Later, she also received her training under Barry John.

Initial struggles (2008–2011).

Chadda made her acting debut in a supporting role as Dolly in Dibakar Banerjee-directed 2008 film "Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!". Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN described her as a "revelation " in the film. She appeared in the 2010 comedy film "Benny and Babloo" as Fedora. Taran Adarsh reviewing for Bollywood Hungama stated that Chadda "stand[s] out with confident portrayal" and Komal Nahta from Koimoi stated that she lend[s] "fine support" in the film. In the meanwhile, a Kannada movie in which she had acted, titled "Nirdoshi" was released in 2010 after a delay of almost 3 years.

Breakthrough (2012).

In 2012, she played a pivotal role in Anurag Kashyap's crime drama "Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1". The plot (spanning 50 years) tells a story of power struggles, politics and vengeance among three crime families. She stated in an interview that this role as 'Nagma Khatoon' helped her get 11 film roles. The film premiered at the 65th Cannes Film Festival and she was universally praised for her performance. Taran Adrash found Chadda "simply brilliant from the very inception". Mansha Rastogi of Now Running said "Chadda brings a perfect blend of the strength and helplessness of a woman in the yesteryears". She reprised her role as Nagma Khatoon in the sequel "Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2". The film premiered in the Cannes Directors' Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival with its prequel. According to Madhureeta Mukherjee of "The Times of India" "Chadda holds fort in the sequel too, strong and poised, she's fab", and Taran Adarsh stated she "fetches dignity to her character". Chadda received a Filmfare Award nomination in the Best Supporting Actress category and won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.

Recognition (2013–2015).

Chadda's first release of 2013 came in the Mrighdeep Singh Lamba-directed coming of age comedy film "Fukrey", in which she portrayed a tough-talking female don Bholi Punjaban. Taran Adarsh wrote "Richa Chadda is in terrific form and from her introduction itself, the graph of the film steers Northwards". She then appeared in one of the segments in the Anurag Kashyap-produced anthology film "Shorts" titled "Epilogue". Chadha and Shirvastav play a dysfunctional couple who seem extremely unhappy with each other. The segment featuring Chadda, received mixed reviews from critics.  Chadda next appeared in a supporting role as Rasila in Sanjay Leela Bhansali-directed drama film "Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela", an adaptation of the Shakespearean tragedy of "Romeo and Juliet". Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" said "You have to applaud Richa Chadda... for being the talent [she is]". Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote "Richa Chadda doesn’t have a big role but she owns the scenes she walks in with her inbuilt fire". She received a nomination in IIFA Best Supporting Actress category for the role.  Chadda next appeared in Navneet Behal-directed 2014 film "Tamanchey" in the role of Babu, a criminal. Chadda's role received mixed reviews, being compared to her earlier works. Saibal Chatterjee reviewing for NDTV criticized: "Chadda, coming off a string of well-received screen performances, is completely off-colour here. There is far less meat in the role than she imagines", though Mohar Basu from Koimoi found Chadda "feisty and brilliant in the film". Chadda has worked with director Mira Nair in a Mexican-American anthology film "Words with Gods" which is directed by nine different directors. Chadda plays the role of Meghna in the segment titled "God Room". It was screened out of competition at the 71st Venice International Film Festival.  "Masaan" was appreciated at 2015 Cannes Film Festival and won two prestigious awards. NDTV's Saibal Chatterjee gave "Masaan"(2015) 4.5 stars, saying "Richa Chadha inhabits not just the body of Devi Pathak, but her entire soul. The result is as powerful a screen heroine as any we have seen in years." Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN, said- "Masaan is a deeply affecting film that is brought to life by its remarkable cast, particularly Sanjay Mishra, Richa Chadha, and terrific new-find Vicky Kaushal."  Richa Chadda talks about ‘HER’ kind of cinema after Masaan release- "People ask me what kind of cinema I ‘represent’, don’t know the answer to that. All I know is that I want to be a part of change in Indian cinema. Just a tiny dent."  After a massive appreciation for Masaan, her next movie was a biopic of Charles Sobhraj, "Main Aur Charles". She played the role of Charles’ girlfriend. Being a law student, she defended Charles in legal proceedings as she tries to convince police how misunderstood the criminal Sobhraj really is. Her blind love and faith is well captured in her adamant expressions and lines. "He (Charles) can escape but no one can escape him," she says.

Critical and commercial success (2016–present).

In January 2016, Chadda appeared as a journalist in social-drama "Chalk n Duster". Gayatri Gauri of Firstpost remarked <nowiki>"Richa Chadda, in a supporting role as a news anchor, looks equally uncomfortable. In an effort to add aunthenticity, she is given a Gujarati dialogue, which only adds to the actor’s apparent discomfort."</nowiki>  She later appeared in "Sarbjit", a biographical-drama film based upon the life of Sarabjit Singh. She portrayed the role of Sukhpreet, and share screen alongside Aishwarya Rai and Randeep Hooda. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but was a moderate commercial success. Surabhi Redkar from Koimoi.com praised Chadda<nowiki>'s performance and said "Richa Chadha as Sukhpreet, the wife does a fabulous job. She hardly speaks but emotes extremely powerfully with her eyes. As a wife longing for her husband’s return, she is spot on."</nowiki>  In 2017, Richa acted in an Indian web-series "Inside Edge", playing the lead character of a struggling actress. The series was positively received by both critics and audience. In the same year, "Jia Aur Jia" was released. The film received unfavorable reviews from critics and did not perform well at box office too.  After that, she reprised her role as "Bholi Punjaban" in "Fukrey Returns", a much-awaited sequel to 2013 film "Fukrey". Just like its prequel, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics and became a huge commercial success, grossing more than 70 crore in just 12 days. The film has become the highest grossing film of Chadda. Umesh Punwani of Koimoi.com describes Richa's performance as <nowiki>"</nowiki>Richa Chadha retains the swag and is as badass as she was in the first one. Her unconventional chemistry with Varun Sharma shines brighter in this one taking forward the dreamy pair of Choocha-Bholi.<nowiki>"</nowiki>  Richa Chadda worked in Sudhir Mishra's version of the "Devdas" saga, entitled "Aur Devdas" as Paro. Her much delayed film with Pooja Bhatt, "Cabaret", released on 9 January 2019. Chadda also worked for David Womark's Indo-American production "Love Sonia". The film had its world premiere at the London Indian Film Festival on 21 June 2018. The film was released in India on 14 September, 2018.[6]

Upcoming projects.

Her two films, "Section 375" a courtroom drama produced by Kumar Mangat Pathak, Abhishek Pathak and directed by Ajay Bahl, co-starring Akshaye Khanna is releasing on 13 September 2019. And her second film "Panga" directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari with Kangana Ranaut as main lead, is due for release on 24 January 2020.  As of August 2019, Richa Chadda is working on two projects - "Abhi toh Party Shuru Hui Hai", "Ghoomketu, and Shakeela" both are slated to be released in 2019.

Modeling and endorsements.

In 2014, she posed as a mermaid for a People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ad campaign, encouraging people to avoid eating fish and to go vegetarian. The same year, she walked the ramps of Lakme Fashion Week and performed in a play called "Trivial Disasters". Although she appeared in PETA ads supporting vegetarianism, she opposed the beef ban in Indian state of Maharashtra.  In 2015, Richa Chadda represented India at the 18th Marrakech International Film Festival. The festival representatives invited her as a Jury member alongside Hollywood film-maker and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, the president of the Marrakech Film Festival.  She had also done advertisements for Minute Maid, Tata Sky, Archies Gallery, Virgin Mobile and Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate.

Off-screen work.

Activism.

In January 2020, the actress had expressed solidarity with the students victimized in the JNU attack joining other actors from the film fraternity like Taapsee Pannu participating in a protest in Mumbai.

Richa Chadda is an Indian actress who works in Hindi films, Best known in Fukrey Series. After Debuting in a small role in the comedy film "Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!" (2008), she worked as a supporting actress in several films. Her major breakthrough was a supporting role in the film noir gangster saga "Gangs of Wasseypur" (2012), where her role as the bellicose and extremely foul-tongued wife of a gangster earned her a Filmfare award. Her sole foray into mainstream cinema has been as a supporting character in "Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram-Leela" (2013).

Richa Chadda, née le à Amritsar, au Punjab, en Inde, est une actrice indienne qui travaille dans le cinéma en hindi.