Baseball career.

Alou was the middle of a trio of baseball-playing brothers that included the older Felipe and younger Jesús. They were the first set of three siblings to play together in the same outfield (on September 15). and all bat in the same half-inning in the majors (September 10), accomplishing both with the Giants in 1963. Matty had been teammates with Felipe during the prior three campaigns, and was likewise with Jesús for the following two. Matty and Felipe later reunited with the Yankees in 1973.  Alou's best years as a player were spent with the Pirates, where he won the National League (NL) batting title in 1966 and was a two-time All-Star in 1968 and 1969. He was a member of a World Series Champion with the Athletics in 1972 and a NL pennant winner with the Giants in 1962.

Playing career.

Alou was born in Haina, Dominican Republic. He was a platoon player for the Giants for several years and was mostly unremarkable. His finest moment in San Francisco came in 1962 when his pinch-hit bunt single in the final game of a three-game tie-breaking playoff against the Los Angeles Dodgers began the rally that won the game and the pennant for the Giants. He batted.333 in the Giants' losing effort against the Yankees in the 1962 World Series. While he was primarily an outfielder, Alou also appeared in one game in 1965 as a pitcher, pitching two scoreless innings.  After Alou was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates before the 1966 season, he received instruction from expert hitting instructor Harry "the Hat" Walker that helped turn him into a formidable hitter and an integral member of a Pirates team which, included future Baseball Hall of Fame members Roberto Clemente, Bill Mazeroski and Willie Stargell. The Pirates fought the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants in a tight pennant race and were in first place on September 10, before they faltered to finish the season in third place for a second consecutive year. Alou won the 1966 batting title with a.342 average, with his brother Felipe finishing second.  His contract was sold by the St. Louis Cardinals to the San Diego Padres on October 24, 1973,  He finished in the top five in hitting four more times after that in –,. His best year was 1969, when he led the major leagues in at-bats (698), doubles (41), and hits (231). His 231 hits in 1969 remain the highest total by any National League player since Joe Medwick, with 237, in 1937.  After leaving the Major Leagues following the season, he played three seasons in Japan (Taiheiyo Club Lions) and managed in the Dominican Professional Baseball League.  On June 23,, the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame inducted Matty Alou into their Hall of Fame during an on-field, pre-game ceremony at AT&T Park before a game between the San Francisco Giants and the New York Yankees. He, along with San Francisco Giants shortstop Omar Vizquel were inducted in front of over 43,000 fans.  Matty Alou died in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic as the result of diabetic complications, according to his former Dominican team, Leones del Escogido. The Giants also confirmed his death and said Alou had been suffering for several years with a variety of health issues.

Mateo "Matty" Rojas Alou (December 22, 1938 – November 3, 2011) was a Dominican former professional baseball player and manager. He played as an outfielder in Major League Baseball from 1960 to 1974. He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) with the Taiheiyo Club Lions from 1974 through 1976. Alou was a two-time All-Star player who is notable for being the 1966 National League batting champion.

Mateo Rojas Alou, connu sous le nom de Matty Alou (né le à Bajos de Haina, San Cristóbal, République dominicaine et mort le à Saint-Domingue en République dominicaine) est un joueur de baseball évoluant à la position de voltigeur dans les Ligues majeures de 1960 à 1974.


Geography.

Chignik Lagoon is at (56.307535, -158.535023), on the southeast shore of the tidal inlet of the same name. It is bordered to the east by the city of Chignik.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of, all of it land.  In 2009 the Marines of 4th Combat Engineer Battalion, 4th Marine Division, began work on an inter-village road system to link Chignik Lake to Chignik Lagoon. This is the first phase of potentially creating road links between Chignik Lagoon, Chignik Lake and Chignik.

Demographics.

Chignik Lagoon first appeared on the 1960 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village (although it probably had been a part of the earlier Chignik Bay settlement listed on the 1890 & 1910 U.S. Censuses when it was the site of some canneries). It did not appear on the 1970 census, but was made a census-designated place in 1980 and has appeared on every census since to date (2010).  As of the census of 2000, there were 103 people, 33 households, and 22 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 7.9 people per square mile (3.0/km). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 5.2/sq mi (2.0/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 11.65% White, 0.97% Black or African American, 81.55% Native American, and 5.83% from two or more races.  There were 33 households, out of which 48.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, and 33.3% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 3.95.  In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 16.5% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 134.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 184.0 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $92,297, and the median income for a family was $99,054. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $38,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,941. There were no families and 1.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Chignik Lagoon (Alutiiq: "Nanwarnaq") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 78.

Chignik Lagoon est une localité d'Alaska aux États-Unis dans le borough de Lake and Peninsula. En 2010, il y avait.


Song information.

Tunstall said of the song: The song is usually performed solo by Tunstall, the original artist, with the layered guitar and vocals constructed piece-by-piece by sampling the parts live, and using a loop pedal unit to create the backing track. A performance of the song on "Later... with Jools Holland" (recorded before the release of "Eye to the Telescope") was an important break in Tunstall's career. The song won Tunstall an award for Best Single of 2005 in "Q", and it received a 2007 Grammy Award nomination for "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance".  The album version was used as the opening theme song for the CBC Television drama "Wild Roses". The song was later redone by Aly & AJ for "Pepsi Smash", included on the Japanese only re-release of their second studio album "Insomniatic". "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree" was also used in advertisements for The WB show "Pepper Dennis" and the 2006 US Open. The song's video ranked No. 19 on VH1's "40 Greatest Videos of 2006." During the programme's airing, Tunstall stated that the day of the video shoot was the only time she had ever worn red lipstick.

Chart performance.

In the United Kingdom, the single peaked at No. 28 in its first week and dropped out of the Top 75 in three weeks.  In the United States, "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree" was initially in the bottom half of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Only after Katharine McPhee sang the song on "American Idol" (in the 5th season) as part of a "Billboard" charts-based song selection did the tune rise rapidly in popularity; it jumped 56 positions on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, going from No. 79 to No. 23, and then moving to No. 20, becoming Tunstall's first single (and only, to date) to appear on that chart's Top 20. McPhee would go on to sing the song again in her final performance show on 23 May 2006, finishing second to Taylor Hicks.  Megan Joy also sang this song on "American Idol", in season 8.

"Black Horse and the Cherry Tree" (commonly written with an ampersand) is a song by Scottish singer-songwriter KT Tunstall that is featured on her debut album, "Eye to the Telescope". It is one of many songs that reuses the famous Bo Diddley beat from the influential 1955 song of his own name. The track was released on 21 February 2005 as the lead single from the album, charting at No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart the same month. The following year, the single became a hit outside Europe, reaching No. 7 in Canada and No. 20 in the United States and New Zealand.

Black Horse and the Cherry Tree est le premier single du premier album "Eye to the Telescope" de la chanteuse/compositrice écossaise KT Tunstall. Sorti le, ce single l'a rendu célèbre notamment grâce à sa performance sur le plateau de Jools Holland. En France, la chanson est connue pour avoir été utilisée dans la publicité de la société Alice ADSL.


Biography.

Krenz was one of the leading stars of coach Dink Templeton's Stanford University team. He won the discus throw at the 1927 national championships with a throw of 44.75 m (146 ft 10 in). In April 1928, he threw beyond Bud Houser's official discus world record of several times in practice.  Krenz won both of his events at the 1928 IC4A Championships, leading Stanford to their second straight team championship. He also won the discus at the 1928 NCAA Championships and placed second in the shot, helping Stanford win that team title as well with a record 72 points. Krenz was heavily favored to make the US Olympic team in the discus; however, at the Olympic Trials he was only successful in the shot put, placing fourth to just make the team. Team leaders considered entering him in both events anyway, but eventually decided not to. Krenz placed fourth in the Olympic shot put final, behind teammates Johnny Kuck and Herman Brix and Germany's Emil Hirschfeld.  Krenz officially broke the discus world record in March 1929, adding more than five feet to Houser's mark with a throw of 49.90 m (163 ft in). He repeated as IC4A discus champion, helping Stanford win the team title by the largest margin in 30 years. He also regained his national discus title, throwing a new meeting record of 47.90 m (157 ft 2 in). At the NCAA Championships, however, he only managed 2nd in the shot and 6th in the discus.  Krenz became the first man to break 50 meters in the discus in 1930, throwing 51.03 m (167 ft in) at an intercollegiate meet in Palo Alto, California. An earlier throw in the same series also broke the previous world record but was not officially ratified. Two weeks later he won his third IC4A discus title, with a new meeting record of 49.01 m (160 ft in), but Stanford lost the team championship to University of Southern California. At the NCAA Championships he was surprisingly beaten by Washington's Paul Jessup, who went on to also win the national title that year, breaking Krenz's world record as he did so.  Krenz continued his throwing career after graduating from Stanford, joining the San Francisco Olympic Club. He was considered a favorite for the approaching Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.  Krenz drowned at Lake Tahoe on August 18, 1931. He had been rowing on the lake with a girl when he decided to take a swim; he was stricken by either cramps or a heart attack and drowned, the girl unable to help him.

Eric Christian William Krenz (May 7, 1906 – August 18, 1931) was an American shot putter and discus thrower. Krenz set two world records in the discus and was considered a favorite for the 1932 Summer Olympics, but his career was cut short when he drowned at age 25.

Eric William Christian Krenz (né le à Stockton et mort le à Emerald Bay) est un athlète américain, spécialiste du lancer du disque.


Biography.

After completing secondary school in Verdun in 1924, Marcel Baltazard began studying medicine in Paris, determined to become a clinician.  In 1928, a friend of Marcel Baltazard, C. Desportes, suggested that he join him in Emile Brumpt's laboratory of parasitology (medical faculty in Paris), where he became an assistant in 1931.  In June 1932, Georges Blanc, to whom Emile Roux entrusted the foundation of Institut Pasteur in Morocco, invited him to prepare his doctoral thesis on the Marrakech's bilharziosis focus. From December 1932 to May 1933, in the laboratory of parasitology at the medical faculty (Paris), he studied the spotted fever. He improved his microbiological technique in René Legroux's laboratory in Institut Pasteur. He attended his medical thesis "Contribution to the study of the vesical bilharziosis in Morocco".  He then rejoined Georges Blanc at Institut Pasteur of Casablanca, where he did research on the transmission of typhus, sodoku, spirochaete, recurrent fevers. In 1935, he received the Desportes Prize from the French Academy of Medicine.  In 1937, Georges Blanc and Marcel Baltazard create from infected fleas' excrements a new vaccine against typhus.  From 1942 to 1945, he participated in the Italian, French and German campaigns as the head doctor in the first group of Moroccan Tabors-Goums.  Back in Morocco in 1945, he was then sent by René Legroux on a temporary mission at Institut Pasteur of Iran. There he prepared a new contract with the Iranian government that will sign Louis-Pasteur Vallery-Radot, René Legroux and Antoine Lacassagne on behalf of Institut Pasteur.  In 1946, he became the director of the Institut Pasteur of Iran, where he re-planned the scientific structures and architecture. There he organized a national campaign of mass vaccination against smallpox and tuberculosis, the latter with the help of WHO and UNICEF. He collaborated with French, American and Soviet research institutes and also founded an agricultural centre for the social rehabilitation of leprous population. In 1947, he studied a plague epidemic in rural environment in Kurdistan, despite the absence of rats on these high plateaux. Studies pointed out the permanence of infection in these foci, and the role played in this permanence by the presence of rodents showing a high resistance to infection. He came to the conclusion that it was necessary to look for a real plague reservoir not among sensitive species eradicated by infection, but among the semi-resistant species that survive. To prove this theory, WHO set up a research campaign associated with Institut Pasteur of Iran.  In 1950, he became WHO' rabies committee expert. He elaborated a testing program of a new serum antirabic, purified and concentrated (called hyperimmun) in the USA. This has paved a new way of using serum antirabic.  In 1954, he was awarded the Bellion Prize by the French Academy of Sciences. In 1956, he becomes member of WHO's expert committee for the plague.  In 1958, Baltazard left Institut Pasteur of Iran and was the adviser of his Iranian colleague, M. Ghodsi, until 1966. In 1961, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Medicine, Paris.  In 1966, in the Institut Pasteur in Paris, he remained in contact with his Iranian team associated with WHO and Russian and American researchers.  In 1968, he became departmental head of the new medical service of epidemiology of transmittable diseases, researching and teaching at the same time. He was managed the organization of epidemiology courses. He also continued the research program previously set up in Brazil, Peru, Burma, and Mauritania, with the prospect to extend investigations to other countries.  He died in Paris on September 1, 1971.

Marcel Baltazard (February 13, 1908 – September 1, 1971) was a French physician and medical researcher. Known for his work on plague and rabies, he was the director of the Pasteur Institute of Iran from 1946 to 1961 and then head of the service of epidemiology in the Pasteur Institute of Paris.

Marcel Baltazard, né le à Verdun et mort le à Paris, est un médecin et biologiste français, ancien directeur de l'institut Pasteur d'Iran et chef du département d'épidémiologie à l'Institut Pasteur de Paris, connu pour ses travaux sur les recherches épidémiologiques.


Etymology.

"Nagapattinam" is derived from "Nagar", referring to people, and "pattinam" referring to town. In Tamil "Pattinam" and "paakkam" depicts coastal towns. The town was also called "Cholakula Vallipattinam" during the Chola period, when it was one of the important ports. Ptolemy refers to Nagapattinam as Nikam and mentions it as one of the most important trade centres of the ancient Tamil country. This view is doubtful as there is no contemporary evidence to prove the existence of the town as a metropolis in the name of "Nikama" or "Nikam". Nagapattinam was referred to by early writers and the Portuguese as "the city of Coromandel". Appar and Tirugnanasambandar, the 7th-century saint poets refer to the city as "Nagai" in their verses in "Tevaram". The town was originally called "Nagai"; the word "Pattinam" was attached during the Chola era when the town emerged as an important port.

History.

There are urn burials in and around the city from the Sangam period indicating some level of human habitation. The neighbouring port, Kaveripoompattinam (modern day Poompuhar), was the capital of the Chola kingdom of the Sangam Age, referred to widely in Tamil scriptures like "Paṭṭiṉappālai". The early works of "Tevaram" by the 7th-century poets Appar and Sambandar mention that the town had fortified walls, busy roads, buildings and a busy port. The inscriptions from the Kayarohanswami temple indicate the construction was initiated during the reign of the Pallava king, Narasimha Pallava II (691 – 729 CE). A Buddhist pagoda was built under Chinese influence by the Pallava king and town was frequented by Buddhist travellers. Thirumangai Azhwar, the 9th century vaishnavite saint poet, is believed to have stolen the golden Buddha statue to fund the Ranganthaswamy Temple at Srirangam; the authenticity of the theory is questionable. In the 11th century CE, Chudamani Vihara, a Buddhist monastery was built by Javanese king Sri Vijaya Soolamanivarman with the patronage of Raja Raja Chola. Nagapattinam was the prominent port of Cholas for trade and conquering gateway to the east.  In the early 16th century the Portuguese made commercial contacts with the town and established a commercial centre in 1554 CE. The Portuguese also conducted missionary enterprise in the town. In 1658, the Dutch established an agreement with King Vijaya Nayakkar of Thanjavur on 5 January 1662. Ten villages were transferred from the Portuguese to the Dutch – Nagappattinam Port, Puthur, Muttam, Poruvalancheri, Anthanappettai, Karureppankadu, AzhingiMangalam, Sangamangalam, Thiruthinamangalam, Manjakollai, Nariyankudi. Ten Christian churches and a hospital were built by the Dutch. They also released coins with the name Nagappattinam engraved in Tamil letters. Under an agreement between the first Maratta King Egoji of Thanjavur and the Dutch, Naagappattinam and surrounding villages were handed over to the Dutch on 30 December 1676. In 1690, the capital of Dutch Coromandel moved from Pulicat to Nagapattinam.  This town fell into the hands of the British in 1781 after the two naval battles between British and French fleets were fought off the coast of Negapatam, as it was then known: the first in 1758 as part of the Seven Years' War and the second in 1782 as part of the American Revolutionary War. The town was taken by the British from the Dutch in 1781 (who had been formally brought into the war in 1780). When the Dutch and British reached a peace agreement in 1784, Nagapattinam was formally ceded to the British. 277 villages, with Nagore as the headquarters, were handed over to the East India Company.  From 1799 to 1845 CE Nagapttinam was the headquarters of Tanjore district. Nagapattinam and Nagore were incorporated as a single municipality in 1866 CE. The town remained one of the chief ports to the Madras Presidency. The port suffered decline after the inclusion of Tranquebar and Tuticorin. Nagapattinam was one of the regions severely affected by the tsunami which followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

Geography.

The district shares borders with Tiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu and Karaikal district of the union territory Puducherry. The district of Nagapattinam lies on the shores of the Bay of Bengal between latitude 10.7906N and Longitude 79.8428E an area of. The District capital, Nagapattinam lies on the eastern coast, 350 kilometers down south of the State capital Chennai and of Tiruchirappalli. It has an average elevation of above the mean sea level. The district has a coastline of.

2004 tsunami.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that occurred on 26 December 2004, with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, triggering a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean. Nagapattinam district was the most affected part in Tamil Nadu, accounting for 6,064 off the 8,009 casualties in the state, predominantly from the fishing community who resided close to the seashore. The damage impacted the fishing industry, as most of the boats were damaged by the inundation. The immediate aftermath created a lull in tourism.

Economy.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Nagapattinam one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the six districts in Tamil Nadu currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Demographics.

According to 2011 census, Nagapattinam district had a population of 697069with a sex-ratio of 1,025 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 165,245 were under the age of six, constituting 84,335 males and 80,910 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 31.54% and.23% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 75.04%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had a total of 413,837 households. There were a total of 671,994 workers, comprising 54,329 cultivators, 216,353 main agricultural labourers, 7,925 in household industries, 207,721 other workers, 185,666 marginal workers, 13,153 marginal cultivators, 128,704 marginal agricultural labourers, 3,630 marginal workers in household industries and 40,179 other marginal workers. The birth rate on a scale of one thousand in rural areas of the district is 19.9, urban is 17.8 and the combined birth rate is 18.85. The death rate on a scale of one thousand in rural areas of the district is 8.2, urban is 6.7 and the combined rate is 7.45.

Education.

There are a total of 891 elementary schools, 185 middle schools, 83 high schools and 79 higher secondary schools in the district.

Administration.

The Collector is the administrative head of each district and is the principle representative of the government for the district. The Collector's main responsibilities include revenue administration, Executive Magistracy, maintaining law and order, licensing and regulatory functions, disaster management, civil supplies, public distribution, social welfare, excise, transport, mining, labour laws, elections, legal affairs, census, general administration, treasury management and co-ordination with various departments of the state and central governments. The Collector is also the head of various committees formed at the district level for the various central and state government schemes.  There are 32 districts in Tamil Nadu, each divided for revenue administration purposes into revenue divisions, which are further divided into Talukas. Each of these Talukas has a list of revenue villages and is headed by a Tahsildar. Developmental administration of the district is carried out by Panchayat Unions (or Town Panchayats) in rural areas. These panchayat unions have a set of panchayat villages under them. In urban areas, the governance is done by municipal corporations, municipalities or town panchayats based on the size of the town; each of these has a set of wards. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town Planning, and Information Technology (IT). The municipalities are administered by a Municipal Commissioner, who is the executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of elected members from each ward of the municipality. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.  Nagapattinam District was formerly a part of Thanjavur District. The district boundary is shared by Tiruvarur, Karaikal, Tanjore and Cuddalore districts. Its population at the 2001 Census was nearly 1.5 million. The district has seven taluks, eleven administrative blocks, eight town panchayats, and four municipalities. Five of the talukas are coastal, and all are named after their main towns, which are their administrative centres. From north to south, they are Nagapattinam, Kilvelur, Thirukkuvalai (non-coastal), and Vedaranyam. It is bordered on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the south by the Palk Strait. On the coast between Tharamgambadi and Nagapattinam lies the small district of Karaikal, an enclave belonging administratively to the Puducherry Union Territory. This is the only district in Tamil Nadu to be formed out of two disjoint regions. The district headquarters, Nagapattinam, is located in the southern part which is less populated than the northern one.

Politics.

The district has two Lok Sabha constituencies, namely Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency). The current Member of Parliament from the Nagapattinam constituency is M.Selvarasu from the CPI. From 1957, the Nagapattinam parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for five times during 1957–1961, 1962–67, 1967–71, 1991–96, and 1996–98 elections. CPI won the seat for 5 times during 1971–77, 1977–80, 1989–91, 1996–98 and 1998 elections. DMK won 4 times during 1980–84, 1999–2004, 2004–09 and 2011 elections. ADMK won the seat once during 1984–89.  There are a total of three legislative assembly constituencies in the district, namely, Kilvelur, Nagapattinam and Vedaranyam. Out of these Kilvelu constituencies ia reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC).

Culture and Tourism.

Tourism plays a key economic role for the town even though fishing is the major occupation.  Kayarohanaswami Temple, a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva, is located in Nagapattinam. The temple has been in existence from the 6th century CE and has been revered by the verses of "Tevaram", the 7th–8th century Saiva canonical work by Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar. The temple is one of the seven temples of the Thyagaraja cult, classified as "Saptha Vidangam", where the deity Thyagaraja is believed to portray different dance styles. The temple is also known for the shrine of Neelayadakshi, the consort of Kayarohanaswami.  Soundararajaperumal Temple is a Hindu temple in Nagapattinam dedicated to Vishnu. It is one of the Divya Desams, the 108 temples of Vishnu revered in "Nalayira Divya Prabandham" by the Tirumangai Azhwar, one of the 12 poet saints called Alwars of the 6th–9th century. The other prominent Hindu temples in the district are Sikkal Singaravelan Temple at Sikkal, Vedaranyeswarar Temple at Vedaranyam, Ettukudi Murugan Temple and Koothanur Maha Saraswathi Temple. Nagore Durgha, a 16th-century minaret located in Nagore, is an important pilgrimage centre of the town. The Kanduri festival is a 14-day event celebrated for the annual "urs"(anniversary) of the saint Hajrath Shahul Hamid (1490–1579 CE), for whom the minaret was built. The festival is celebrated in commemoration of the anniversary of the saint's death, and pilgrims from various religions participate in the rituals and rites. The festival is also seen as a sacred exchange between Hindus and Muslims expressing solidarity of mixed faith in the region. It is believed that 60 percent of the shrines were built by Hindus and historically the minaret has many domestic and international visitors. There are three other prominent mosques; one near Nagai Pudhur Road, one near the new bus stand and another at Moolakadai Street.  Velankanni is a pilgrimage centre located from Nagapattinam. The town is known for the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health, a Roman Catholic church built during the 17th century. Pilgrimage to the basilica is common during September when people of many faiths, especially Hindus, Muslims and Christians of all denominations visit the basilica.

Nagapattinam district is a coastal district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. Nagapattinam district was carved out by bifurcating the erstwhile composite Thanjavur district on October 19, 1991. The town of Nagapattinam is the district headquarters. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,616,450 with a sex-ratio of 1,025 females for every 1,000 males. Until Mayiladuthurai district was created, it was the only discontiguous district in Tamil Nadu.

Le district de Nagapattinam est un district de l'état du Tamil Nadu, dans le sud de l'Inde. Sa capitale est Nagapattinam.


Structure.

The oratorio lasts around 40 minutes and is written in seven movements:

Overview.

In the shadow of the Zhdanov decree.

Compared to most of Shostakovich's other output, especially several of his symphonies, it is all too easy to consider "The Song of the Forests" a simplistic and overtly accessible "official" piece without remembering the context of the time in which it was written. In 1948 Shostakovich, along with many other composers, was again denounced for formalism in the Zhdanov decree. Simplistic and overtly accessible compositions was exactly what the Party demanded. Shostakovich was not the only one writing "safe" pieces at this time. Prokofiev composed his oratorio "On Guard for Peace" and Myaskovsky wrote his 27th Symphony. Even so, Soviet attacks on composers were both arbitrary and unpredictable, due in no small part to vagueness surrounding the theory of socialist realism in music and how it should be applied. Marina Frolova-Walker stated the situation this way: For Shostakovich the story of 1936 was repeated, only this time he was not alone. Most of his works were banned, he was forced to publicly repent, and his family had privileges withdrawn. Yuri Lyubimov says that at this time "he waited for his arrest at night out on the landing by the lift, so that at least his family wouldn't be disturbed". In the next few years Shostakovich divided his compositions into film music to pay the rent, official works aimed at securing official rehabilitation, and serious works "for the desk drawer". The latter included the Violin Concerto No. 1 and the song cycle "From Jewish Folk Poetry".

Composition.

For practical reasons (not to mention those of personal survival), Shostakovich began using two distinct musical idioms in which to compose. The first was more simplified and accessible to comply with Party guidelines. The second was more complex and abstract to fulfill himself artistically. "The Song of the Forests" belongs in the first category. In his "official" style he set a text by Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky, a poet high in Party favor. Dolmatovsky had seen the then-new forest plantations and shared his experiences with the composer.  Shostakovich creates an arc from the opening evocation of vastness of the Russian steppes with a dark, almost Mussorgskian recollection of the devastation of the war just past, to a closing fugue of vigor and affirmation. In between these two points are a series of choral songs encouraging the planting of trees. While composing this piece, Shostakovich read an article in his daughter's school newspaper about groups of "Pioneers"—the Soviet youth movement—becoming involved in the planting project. He asked Dolmatovsky to supply additional lines for children's chorus to represent the Pioneers' efforts. A lyrical movement just before the finale is reminiscent of the recently castigated Eighth Symphony, though more "accessible" to avoid censure. The final fugue, Shostakovich felt, was a risk since fugues were considered formalistic. By using a Russian folk song as the basis for the movement and the potential of citing Glinka as a model, he felt he reduced the risk factor substantially.

Lyrics.

The full cantata has 7 sections.  The title of the poem Оденем Родину в леса! is repeated as a refrain in the cantata. The second movement of the cantata begins as follows:

Continued popularity.

While "Song of the Forest" has been considered neither the best nor the most popular of Shostakovich's oeuvre, it continues to be performed and recorded because it is an attractive musical pastiche. Reminiscences of the boys' chorus from Tchaikovsky's "Pique Dame" rub shoulders with Glinka and even Mussorgsky. There is additionally a direct influence of Mahler's "Das Lied von der Erde", especially the introspective third and fourth movements. Shostakovich hints at this in the similarity of titles between the two compositions. The propaganda value of "The Song of the Forests" may have been purely superficial, but it was enough to satisfy Party ideologues.

Nods to officialdom.

Nevertheless, the composer considered this oratorio a shameful work. Before the work's premiere, a friend of Shostakovich said to him, "It would be so good if instead of Stalin you had, say, the queen of the Netherlands—she's a big fan of reforestation. The composer replied, "That would be wonderful! I take responsibility for the music, but as for the words..."  Ironically, the work glorified Stalin least of all. The fierce battles of World War II had deforested huge tracts of the Soviet Union and the concern for replacing and increasing forest land became a major issue in the immediate post-war years. This appeal for forestation was the core musical idea in the oratorio, with Stalin getting only a few "pro forma" phrases. These acknowledgements proved totally superfluous and were easily jettisoned after Stalin's death. Nevertheless, heightening the irony was Shostakovich's receiving a Stalin Prize for the work.

The Song of the Forests ("Песнь о лесах"), Op. 81, is an oratorio by Dmitri Shostakovich composed in the summer of 1949. It was written to celebrate the forestation of the Russian steppes (Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature) following the end of World War II. The composition was essentially made to please Joseph Stalin and the oratorio is notorious for lines praising as the "great gardener", although performances after Stalin's death have normally omitted them. Premiered by the Leningrad Philharmonic under Yevgeny Mravinsky on 15 November 1949, the work was well received by the government, earning the composer a Stalin Prize the following year.

Le Chant des forêts (en ) opus 81 est un oratorio dont la musique a été composée par Dmitri Chostakovitch sur des poèmes d'Eugène Dolmatovski. Composé à l'été 1949, il est créé le par l'Orchestre philharmonique de Leningrad sous la direction de Ievgueni Mravinski. Bien accueilli par les autorités soviétiques, il valut à son auteur le Prix Staline l'année suivante.


Career.

Babbar assisted advertisement filmmaker Prahlad Kakkar for a year as a production assistant. During this time Babbar was cast in advertisement films for several companies, including KitKat.  Babbar made his acting debut in the Aamir Khan production, "Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na" alongside Imran Khan and Genelia D'Souza. His portrayal of the annoying, attention-seeking brother of Genelia's character won him critical appreciation as well as numerous awards. At the 54th Filmfare Awards, Babbar received a Special Jury certificate, as well as nominations for Best Male Debut and Best Supporting Actor. The film went on to become a major commercial success.  Following this initial success, he appeared in films which earned him little recognition. In 2011, Babbar appeared in four films, the first of which was Kiran Rao's Dhobi Ghaat, which opened to positive reviews at film festivals worldwide. Babbar also featured in the action-thriller "Dum Maro Dum" alongside Abhishek Bachchan and Rana Daggubati, and in the Prakash Jha-directed social drama "Aarakshan" with Amitabh Bachchan, Saif Ali Khan and Deepika Padukone. Also, in 2011, he acted opposite Kalki Koechlin in "My Friend Pinto". His subsequent films include "Ekk Deewana Tha" and "Issaq", both of which underperformed at the box office. In 2014, he made Bengali film debut in film titled "Auroni Taukhon" with Paoli Dam.  Following a battle with substance abuse in 2013, Babbar went through rehab in Mumbai, and attended extensive counselling. After gaining sobriety, he attended acting school taking up a course in method acting at the Jeff Goldberg Studio in 2016. Babbar's first role after the course was in a short film entitled "The Guitar". He made his feature film comeback with the comedy drama "Umrika", which opened at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival to positive response.  In 2018, he made a comeback with the film "Baaghi 2", with Tiger Shroff in lead role, where Prateik for the first time portrayed an antagonist role as Sunny. He appeared in two more films; Anubhav Sinha's "Mulk" where he played Shahid Mohammed and Nitin Kakkar's "Mitron".  In 2019, he appeared in a comedy-drama film, "Chhichhore" directed by Nitesh Tiwari and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala, a story of seven friends. He also appeared in the 2019 Tamil language action thriller film "Darbar", written and directed by AR Murugadoss and produced by Allirajah Subaskaran starring Rajinikanth. The film was a major commercial success.  As of September 2019, he has four upcoming films under various stages of production "Brahmastra", "Yaaram", and Sanjay Gupta's gangster film "Mumbai Saga".

Personal life.

Babbar was born on 28 November 1986 and is the son of the actor-politician Raj Babbar and the actress Smita Patil. His mother died due to complications in childbirth when Prateik was born. Prateik was raised by his maternal grandparents in Mumbai. He has said in interviews that he had a strained relationship with his father while growing up, as his father was "always busy with his other family." However, he has also stated that he and his father were reconciled after Prateik grew to adulthood. Prateik's stepmother is the actress Nadira Babbar and his half-siblings are Arya Babbar and Juhi Babbar, who are also actors.  In 2011, during the filming of "Ekk Deewana Tha", he began a relationship with Amy Jackson, a British actress from Liverpool. They broke up the following year.  In 2019, he married his longtime Girlfriend Sanya Sagar.

Prateik Smita Babbar (born 28 November 1986) is an Indian actor. The son of late actress Smita Patil and Raj Babbar, he began his career as a production assistant before pursuing an acting career. Prior to his screen debut, Babbar appeared in television advertisements for a variety of products, including NestleKitKat, on the recommendation of the filmmaker Prahlad Kakkar. Since his debut in Bollywood, Babbar has received accolades such as a Filmfare Award and a Stardust Award.

Prateik Babbar (hindi : ) est un acteur indien, né le. Il est le fils de l'actrice Smita Patil et de l'acteur devenu homme politique Raj Babbar. Sa mère est morte quelques semaines après sa naissance des suites de complications dues à l’accouchement.


Roman preparations.

Both Carthage and Rome were in the process of mobilizing their resources for the coming war. Hannibal commanded the Carthaginian forces, while the Roman Senate decided on the Roman deployment of forces.  The Roman navy had already been mobilized by 218 BC, having launched 220 quinqueremes, perhaps in preparation for the Second Illyrian War (220/219 BC). Consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus had received two legions, 8,000 infantry and 600 cavalry, plus 16,000 allied infantry and 1,800 allied cavalry and instructions to sail for Sicily in 160 great warships and 12 light galleys and from there to Africa (he never made it) provided the other consul, Publius Cornelius Scipio, could keep Hannibal out of Italy. Scipio received two legions of the same number of infantry and cavalry plus 14,000 allied infantry and 1,600 allied cavalry with 65 banked ships for transport. Lucius Manlius was given two legions with 10,000 allied infantry and 1,000 cavalry. Gauls of the Boii and Insubres tribes in northern Italy had attacked the settlers intended to build the Roman colonies of Placentia and Cremona, and had penned them and a small Roman relief force in Mutina. One of the two legions and an allied detachment originally intended for Scipio was diverted for the relief of Mutina under the Praetor Lucius Manlius Vulso. This happened as Scipio retreated to Placentia after the Battle of Ticinus and to Cremona after the Battle of the Trebbia. A fresh legion, together with a contingent of allied troops, was raised to replace this detachment, delaying Scipio's departure.

Punic preparations.

Hannibal had dismissed his army to winter quarters after the Siege of Saguntum. When the army assembled in the summer of 218 BC, Hannibal stationed 15,000 soldiers and 21 elephants in Carthaginian controlled Iberia under Hasdrubal Barca, and sent 20,000 soldiers to Africa, with 4,000 garrisoning Carthage itself. The army that marched for Italy from Cartagena is supposed to have numbered 90,000 foot and 12,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. The elephants were reported by Appian; there is no mention of the elephants by Polybius or Livy, so it has been speculated that the elephants may have been carried to Emporiae by sea. The Iberian contingent of the Carthaginian navy numbered 50 quinqueremes (only 32 were manned) and 5 triremes, which remained in home waters. Carthage mobilized at least 55 quinqueremes for immediate raids on Italy and Sicily.

Prelude.

Hannibal marched from Cartagena in May, divided his army into three columns, crossed the Ebro and subdued the area between the Pyrenees and Ebro and Siccle rivers after a two-month-long campaign. Before crossing the Pyrenees, Hannibal left Hanno with 11,000 soldiers to guard the newly conquered area, along with all the heavy baggage, and released 10,000 reluctant soldiers from the invasion. Hannibal had used diplomacy to pacify the Gallic tribes beyond the Pyrenees, and his march was not contested until they reached the territory of the Volcae on the banks of the Rhône by late September. By then, the army had shrunk to 38,000 foot and 8,000 horsemen. After reaching the west bank of the river, Hannibal decided to rest for three days. The Carthaginians collected boats and built rafts as they prepared to cross the river. Although the Volcae inhabited both banks of the river, they had retreated to the eastern where they encamped and awaited the Carthaginian crossing attempt.  Hannibal put Hanno, son of Bomilcar, in charge of a mobile column made up of infantry and cavalry on the third night, and sent this force upriver under cover of darkness to find another suitable crossing place. Led by local guides, Hanno located a crossing about to the north of the Carthaginian camp near an "island", and crossed the river undetected. His Spanish fighters, which composed most of his forces probably on the account of being their best swimmers, crossed the river with their shields over inflated animal skins, being followed by the rest of the detachment on hastily built rafts. The force then rested for a day, and they then moved south on the following night (the second night after leaving the main army) and arrived behind the Volcae camp at dawn.

The battle.

Hanno signalled Hannibal by lighting a beacon and using smoke. The main Punic army started to cross the 1000 yard wide river. The rafts carrying Numidian cavalry were furthest upstream, while boats carrying dismounted cavalry crossed below them, with three or four horses in tow, tied to their boats. These took the brunt of the river's current and the mobile infantry in canoes were placed below them. Some soldiers may have crossed the river by swimming. Hannibal himself was among the first to cross, and the rest of the Carthaginian army assembled on the western bank to cheer their comrades while they waited their turn to cross.  The Gauls, seeing the boats being launched, massed on the eastern riverbank to oppose the Carthaginians. Battle was soon joined on the eastern shore but the Carthaginians managed to establish a foothold. Hanno, timing his attack, sent part of his force to set the Volcae camp on fire while the rest of his force fell on the rear of the Gallic army just as Hannibal’s group established a foothold. Some of the Gauls then moved to defend the camp, while some immediately took flight. Soon the whole enemy force was scattered.

Aftermath.

The majority of the Carthaginian army crossed the river on the day of the battle using rafts, boats and canoes in relays. Hannibal took measures to have his elephants ferried across the river the following day. Either the elephants were ferried across on rafts covered by dirt, or they swam across. Once the army had gathered on the eastern bank, scouting parties were sent out, as Hannibal had received word that a Roman fleet had reached Massalia. One group of Numidians met a group of Roman and Gallic cavalry while scouting and retreated after a brief skirmish.  Publius Scipio had sailed from Pisa and reached Massalia after sailing five days along the Ligurian coast, and there had disembarked his army. Learning from the locals that Hannibal had already crossed into Gaul, he sent 300 Roman horsemen and some Gallic mercenaries up the east bank of the Rhône to locate the Carthaginian army. These troops met and scattered the aforementioned force of Numidian cavalry out scouting for Hannibal, and managed to locate the Carthaginian camp as well.  Scipio, after learning Hannibal's location, loaded his heavy baggage onto the ships and marched north with his army to confront Hannibal. Despite outnumbering Scipio at this point, Hannibal decided to push towards the Alps and started marching north following the eastern bank of the Rhone. Scipio arrived at the deserted Carthaginian camp, and finding that the Carthaginians were three days' march away, returned to Massalia. He put his army under the command of his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, then serving as his legate, and ordered him to sail for Iberia. Publius Scipio himself returned to Italy to organise the defences against Hannibal's anticipated invasion.

Battle site location.

Historians disagree on the specific location of the battle site, identifying various locations starting from Bourg Saint-Andéol (De Beer, 1969, p. 122-3), Beaucaire and Fourques on the Rhône, based on different hypotheses. Polybius (3.42.1) identified the battle site as being four days march from the sea. Assuming a march limit per day for the Carthaginian army, the site is likely between Avignon and Orange, upstream of the Durance river, based on the probable ancient coastline, which has advanced further south because of silting from the Rhône since 218 BC.

Hannibal’s vanishing soldiers.

Hannibal might have mobilized 137,000 (Hannibal’s army: 102,000 troops, Hasdrubal's 15,000, army in Africa: 20,000) soldiers before setting out for Italy. After subduing the lands north of Ebro in Catalonia, Hannibal left Hanno there with 11,000 soldiers, and released another 10,000 troops from service. Hannibal’s army numbered 59,000 soldiers when he crossed the Pyrenees. It seems that 22,000 soldiers had vanished since crossing the Ebro, without any information being available about their specific fate. On the Rhône, Hannibal had 46,000 soldiers available; another 13,000 had disappeared although the army had fought no battles between the Pyrenees and the Rhône. When the Carthaginian army finally reached Italy, it supposedly numbered 26,000 (Polybius 3.56.4). The Punic army had lost 75% of its starting strength during the journey to Italy. The cause of this drastic reduction is speculated as: large scale desertion by new recruits, high casualties suffered in Catalonia from direct assaults on walled towns, garrisoning of parts of Gaul, severe winter conditions faced on the Alps, and the unreliability of the figures given by Polybius.  Hans Delbruck proposed another hypothesis: Hannibal had mobilized a total of 82,000 troops, not 137,000. After leaving 26,000 in Iberia (with Hasdrubal Barca and Hanno), and releasing 10,000 prior to crossing the Pyrenees, he arrived in Italy with at least 34,000 soldiers. The balance was lost in battles or to the Alpine elements. The basis of this theory is:  Given that Hannibal had at least 6,000 cavalry, 20,000 heavy infantry and 8,000 light infantry before the Gauls joined him, a total of 34,000 troops when he reached Italy. Which means that the Carthaginian army had still lost 25% of its starting strength on the march to Italy.

The Battle of the Rhône Crossing took place during the Second Punic War. The Carthaginian army under Hannibal Barca, while marching to Italy in the autumn of 218 BC, fought an army of the ethnically-Gaulish Volcae tribe on the east bank of the Rhone River possibly near Aurasio. The pro-Roman Volcae, acting on behalf of a Roman army camped on the east bank near Massalia, intended to prevent the Carthaginians from crossing and invading Italy. Devising a plan to circumvent the Volcae, the Carthaginians, before crossing the river to attack the Gauls, had sent a detachment upriver under Hanno, son of Bomilcar, to cross at a different point and take position behind the Gauls. Hannibal led the main army across after Hanno sent smoke signals saying that the ambush was in place. As the Gauls massed to oppose Hannibal’s force, Hanno attacked them from behind and routed their army. Although the battle was not fought against a Roman army, the result of the battle had a profound effect on the war. Had the Carthaginians been prevented from crossing the Rhone, the 218 invasion of Italy might not have taken place. This is the first major battle that Hannibal fought outside the Iberian Peninsula.

La bataille du Rhône désigne un ensemble de manœuvres et de combats centrés sur le passage du Rhône par l'armée d'Hannibal Barca au cours de l'automne 218 av. J.C. au début de la deuxième guerre punique. Elle consiste à déjouer l'opposition des Gaulois à la traversée du Rhône, puis en un sévère accrochage contre une patrouille de reconnaissance romaine.


Life.

Education.

On October 15, 1859, came a birth that was propitious in the literary story of Ossetia. That birth was of Kosta Khetagurov, a man who was not yet a man, but soon to become the man of letters of Ossetia. The birthing occurred in a small mountain village which is known as Nar. Nar is at the end of a long road now, it is a small but known city, close to the larger town of Tibsli. Tibsli is in the Alagir gorge of North Ossetia. The town of Nar is close to the Georgian-Russian border, a fact to which importance shall come later.  Quickly, Kosta was recognized as a drawing prodigy. The attention of many and all was raised by this fact, and Kosta had very high expectations set for him. These years were difficult for Kosta but helped his development strongly.  It cam time for Kosta to enter a new school. Due to his recognitions as a gestating artist, Kosta was selected to attend a distant and more prestigious school, the school of the Stravopol Lyceum. This school was one of great color, and was in a region of Russian significance, the later place where Mikhail Gorbachev cut his teeth. Kosta's remarkable facility with brush and pen was apprehended and remarked upon by the Russian drawing master Smirnov, who was not related to the beverage.  It was now that a crossroads arose. Kosta had a disagreement with father Khetagurov about the direction of his future efforts. The father was convinced that the proper life for Kosta was that of a soldier. As a result, the father informed Kosta of the many patriotic benefits and opportunities for the fighting man. Kosta, however, rebutted this argument strongly that he was not interested in fighting opportunities. There was some back and forth on this matter. Eventually, Kosta won out, though it is not known whether this was done by reconciling or by scorning father Khetagurov. The mind made up, in 1881 Kosta entered the Academy of Arts in Petersburg. There, the din and hubbub surrounding Kosta's work raised the expectations even higher. There was a widespread thought that Kosta would become an artist for life.  A double-edged sword struck the poor Kosta, however, as he found his stipend suddenly removed from his life. The stipend has been up to this point in the story a form of deep reliance by Kosta, and he struggled to maintain himself without it. There were trials of the spirit as the many hours of work stockpiled. There were trials of the body as Kosta was forced to undertake laborious activities in pursuit of sustenance. Still, one end did not meet the other. In these dark times Kosta was buffeted by an impossible situation. He had no choice but to throw the towel in and return to Nar. Why was the stipend taken from Kosta? It is a fact unknown, but at least one author speculates it was due to the political divisions that were becoming rife in Russia.

Painting period.

Although Kosta was partially unschooled, his paintings were still formidable. This allowed Kosta to live for a time from commissions of his skills. To much herald and trumpet there was a great exhibition of his work soon into this period. The exhibition was considered a cultural moment of note in [Vladikavkaz]. There are contemporary accounts that the exhibition was a great coup, both for the reputation and for the funding of Kosta. There are three paintings of especial noteworthiness described in the accounts as the opus of the master: "Children Stone-breakers", "In an Ossetian Hut", "The Zikara Pass". There is an account of the verisimilitude of the painting "St.Nina", which upon display caused crowds to gather round and peer closely.It is said that these assembled throngs asked a custodial worker to let them unto a rope and poke the canvass to assure that it was a flat expanse and not a box with a statue contained. Indeed, the painting is still held in high esteem today. There was then the conundrum in that a paying opportunity presented itself, but only that of the rude painter of theatrical backdrops. This construction of scenes was lucrative but Kosta was displeased that the theaters advertised his presence so widely. He did not wish his name to become associated with that form of painting more crass.

Marriage.

It is not known if Kosta married at this time or not. There are some who say yes, others who say no. In fact, there is a great dearth of common information about many details of Kosta's personal life.

The National Poet Emerges.

The early rate of painting was vast—some mourn that this rate did not maintain itself. However, it is said that when Kosta returned to the house of Nar it was as if a great stone had been placed on his paint brush. The interests of Kosta migrated away from the paint. At first, despite the "dreary situation" that alarmed Kosta, painting was still attempted, but with subplot of unhappiness. Other attempts of the pen began to supplant the paint-making. Many say this was "the birth of a great poet." Kosta is also unlike others in that he wrote in both Ossetian and Russian. The first book of Kosta, the collection of the early poems, was a Russian effort. The main influence on Kosta is identified to be the current that permeated Russia, the revolutionary and democratic spirit now sleeping but soon to rise like a burning sun. Kosta's work was unerringly popular, seeking to point to the suffering of the ordinary at every turn.  The patriotism which the Kosta father tried so hard to drill into the young Kosta is also apparent. Patriotism is scattered left in right to the early works. The degree of patriotism culminates in "The Ossetian Lyre." This book was published in 1899 for the first time. Ever since this date the Ossetian Lyre has been among the most cherished of Ossetian books. The amount of cherishing exhibited by the people is seemingly greater all the time, this is remarkable. There are Kosta songs, Kosta sayings and wisdom, Kosta slogans and more in Ossetia.  One popular poem that has been translated to English is called "Mother of Orphans". An excerpt is included as an example of the Kosta subject matter, but the translation does not convey the skill of the verse.  "And while dark and dismal
 Still the ashes glowed,
 She could not with weeping
 Ease her heart's dire load.  Then she told the children:
 "See, I'm boiling beans!"
 Really she was cooking
 Pebbles for her weans."  Interpretation of the above is given: A fire of not enough warmth and light is in the house. Crying is found to be not enough for the heart to unloose its great emotions. Instead, there is no place for the emotion. The children are also dissatisfied. As a bit of backdrop, it is clear in the original Ossetian poem that the children are orphans. Additionally, the woman is a widow. This is a theme of the poem, wherein the woman is later chiding of the man for dying in a rock fall and leaving the others behind. This may be difficult for different cultures to contemplate if they have the aid for widows and orphans, but at the time there was not. Then, a deception occurs, wherein the children are coaxed to sleep by promise of later food, but such food is not to come. Instead the pot has boiling rocks.

First exile.

To think of Kosta as no more than a painter and poet is misleading. He was standout public figure, fond of publicity, popular as an actor, and he very loudly opposed every unjust movement which he perceived to be occurring. Now, this would be accepted and thanked. It is easy to imagine, however, that the Czars were not fond of this trouble bringing artist. Those who were about strictures and maintaining the past traditions were upset with him, and a series of escalations in angry officials resulted in Kosta's first banishment. In 1895 Kosta was forcibly packed up and forced to leave immediately from the region of Terek without returning. This was of some difficulty for Kosta, but not too great, as he had a ready dwelling available in Stavropol. Unsatisfied with remaining in this boyish haunt that he remembered so well, eventually the Kosta home was moved to Pyatigorsk.  To this time, Kosta had written: "I've known no happiness, but I'd
 give my freedom
 Which I am used, like happiness,
 to prize,
 If I might pave one step the way
 to freedom,
 That road which waiting for the
 people lies."

Second exile.

Kosta remained without rest, regardless of where he moved himself. Kosta made himself an enemy of the Czar policies, and spoke forcibly against them once more. The Czar's underlings struck back, and in retribution for the trouble Kosta was exiled for the second time in the length of fice years, now to Kherson. This occurred 1899. Although the first exile was of moderate annoyance it could be taken by Kosta in stride and not too affecting of his work. The second of the exiles, however, seemed to drain from Kosta the essential spirits and job required to be the great artist. Without the spirits there was great sickness and despair. His work of the time has the quality of sickness:  "Glorious sunlight strikes my forehead
 Warmly wafting voluptuous vapors of rippled
 Nostalgia, tears appear in my ears, my
 Hearing senses sorrowful drops of love outside.
 I wish to move, to shake the bars, for
 Within these still walls the devil himself hides." It was because of such great sickness that Kosta was finally allowed back to his home, in the year 1901. Friends who had not seen Kosta for two years could swear that he left as a delighted soul and he came back looking like old father Kosta before he died. Kosta was ill with serious symptom and it looked to be, in quite a correct thought, that Kosta had not too much more time in life.

Death.

Before the Death of Kosta it is said he wrote:  "...the dawn is breaking,
 the sun is gleaming on the bay-
 onets".  This clever word is a prophetic view that there was to be a new day, and new change, and with it would come death. It is both a prophecy of Kosta's death and a prophecy of the First World War which was to come in ten years. Kosta was sick and lingering for many years, then he died in the year of 1906.

Philosophy.

There are poetic similarities between poets. There is a brand of poetry that is about the ordinary and good among the people. Kosta is in this brand. Similarly branded in philosophy are considered Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Nekrasov, Robert Burns, Taras Shevchenko according to those who know the poets.  Themes in common in this philosophy are those of social and justice concerns. There is emphasis on truth and progress of man, a them of what is called "humanism" in his efforts. He writes:  "To the truths radiance
 Boldly go treading.
 Cowards and lay-abouts,
 Clear off, no meddling!"  There is a constant theme in the work of Kosta that plays to the gap between the money and life enjoyed by the rich, and the money and life enjoyed by the poor. Kosta spent many harsh and unforgiving on the people who were well off and rich at the expense of others. Even the rich who were not possessing their money from other peoples misfortunes felt the sting of Kosta's pen. To the people "who eat well and are happy" there comes this translation, not expertly rendered due to difficulty of the script:  "Your happiness -I don't require it –
 No happiness for the people
 there...
 In brilliant mansions I'm expiring,
 Fainting and blinded by their
 glare...
 For ages built by slavedom tor-
 tured,
 In them the groans of orphans
 choke,
 In them the wine with tears is wa-
 tered-
 No, by yourselves enjoy good
 fortune,
 Where so unfortunate is the folk!"  There has been much talk of the patriotism of the poet Kosta. True, the significance of Kosta is most felt in Ossetia and not too many places outside. But, at the time he was a man who people had knowledge of around the world. Kosta, too, had knowledge of those who knew him elsewhere. Therefore, to call Kosta a regional poet is not fully accurate. The Caucasus mountains have sung Kosta's praises across many national borders. One example of Kosta's international poetry follows:  "The world is my temple,
 The Love is my shrine,
 The universe is my homeland"  As for the roots of this philosophy, it is the current of revolutionary thought that was boiling in the Russian lands. These voices talked to Kosta throughout his development. Yet, nor is Kosta a solely Russian poet by far. The aspects of the Ossetian culture and traditions are so strong in the poetry of Kosta and so embedded in his philosophy that it is no surprise that Kosta is so revered in Ossetia.

Legacy.

To quote the Soviet poet of esteem Nikolai Tikhonov, Kosta "became an asset for progressive thought, the foremost art and the vanguard of mankind" and "he joined by right the great family of world classical writers".  Wrote one historian, "Kosta's influence on forming the Ossetian mentality is immense, and we believe that his beneficial moral power will be everlasting." The poems and other works of Kosta are still available for purchase and in many languages as well. They are in libraries and book stores and on the internet in these many languages. Another fact of noteworthiness is that today Ossetia is known as a place of great arts and culture, with large thanks to Kosta. To reflect this, one of the three universities of Ossetia, has the name Kosta Khetagurov upon it.

Statue.

There have now been many statues of Kosta put up across the region. A more recent and impressive statue is the one in Vladikavkaz. This enduring stone shaft once projected a great enduring legacy of Kosta. There is a sign upon it that can be read, "To Kosta Khetagurov, the founder of Ossetian literature - from the government of the Soviet Union." However, members of the Georgian militia, do not have the same respect for Kosta as the Russians do. In the ongoing conflict between Russia and Georgia they decapitated the head of Kosta's statue mentioned above. There was also damage to the Kosta home and museum in such conflicts.

Konstantin (Kosta) Khetagkaty (Ossetian: Хетӕгкаты Леуаны фырт Къоста, – ) was a national poet of the Ossetian people who is generally regarded as the founder of Ossetian literature. He was also a talented painter and a notable public benefactor. He is often known by the Russian version of his name, Kosta [Levanovich] Khetagurov ()

Kosta Khetagourov (en, en, Konstantin Levanovitch Khetagourov), né le 1859 à Nar, alors dans l’Empire russe, aujourd’hui en Ossétie-du-Nord-Alanie, et mort le 1906, est un poète, peintre et artiste, considéré comme le poète national de l’Ossétie.


Early history.

Hilda and Nellie Ranscombe, and Marm and Helen Schmuck, played softball together during the summer of 1930 on a team called the Preston Rivulettes. They were looking for a winter sport to play and decided to form a hockey team. They reached out to prominent sports journalist Alexandrine Gibb for assistance. In January 1931, the team held its first practice with ten players: The manager of Preston's Lowther Street Arena, Herb Fach, coached the team and Roy Osgood was their manager. Team chaperones were Molly Hanlon and Beatrice Collard. In 1932, Marvin Dykeman joined as secretary/manager and Olive Dykeman as chaperone. Many of the original players remained on the team throughout the next decade, however, the Rivulettes welcomed new members throughout the 1930s, including, Dot Raffey, Helen Sault, Violet Hall, Ruth Dargel, Elvis Williams, Norma Hipel, Gladys Hawkins, and Marie Beilstein.

Ladies Ontario Hockey Association.

The Preston Rivulettes joined the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association (LOHA) in January 1931. Since league schedules were already fixed for the year, they could not play any regular season games. The LOHA allowed the Rivulettes to play a qualifying match against the Grimbsy Peaches to determine eligibility for the 1931 playoffs. After defeating the Peaches in a two-game series, the Rivulettes earned entry into the second round of the playoffs. The Rivulettes defeated the Port Dover Sailorettes in the LOHA quarterfinals, moving on to defeat London in the semi-finals, and Pembroke in the LOHA finals. The Rivulettes were LOHA intermediate champions in their first season.  The Rivulettes played teams from Ontario cities such as Toronto, Kitchener, Stratford, London, Hamilton, Guelph and Port Dover. Between 1930 and 1940, the team played an estimated 350 games. They lost only two and tied three. For the entire decade of the 1930s, the Rivulettes won the Bobby Rosenfeld Trophy. The trophy was given to the Ontario champions. In addition, the Rivulettes were six-time winners of the Eastern Canadian championship and the Elmer Doust Cup.  <nowiki>*</nowiki>In 1927, the Senior division title was not contested for, instead the Rivulettes were Intermediate Provincial champions. Lack of ice time forced the Toronto Silverwoods and the Ottawa Rowing Club to forgo the Senior title.  The Ladies Ontario Hockey Association disbanded in 1940 due to declining participation and resources during wartime, leaving Ontario with no organized leagues or provincial championships. Although men's sport also declined at this time, it saw a resurgence in the postwar period. This did not occur to the same extent for women's sports and the Preston Rivulettes did not reconvene after the war.

Dominion Women's Amateur Hockey Association.

The Dominion Women's Amateur Hockey Association (DWAHA) was founded in 1933. DWAHA oversaw a national playoff for the top women's hockey teams in Canada, called the Dominion Championship. Lady Bessborough, the wife of Governor General of Canada Lord Bessborough donated a championship trophy for the Dominion Women’s Amateur Hockey Association. For the inaugural series, the Ontario Champion Preston Rivulettes played the Western Champion Edmonton Rustlers. This was the first time Preston had played outside of Ontario, and since Edmonton had covered all expenses on the Rivulettes' behalf, they could easily afford it. The team departed from Preston on a Wednesday, with 200 fans cheering them off at the train station, and arrived in Edmonton on Saturday, five hours before game time. They played before a crowd of 2500 people. The Rivulettes found themselves down by a score of 2-0. They came back to tie the game, but Hazel Case of the Rustlers later scored the game-winning goal. The Rivulettes had lost their first game in three seasons. The Rustlers won the second game of the championship series by a score of 1-0 to earn the title of Dominion Champions. This was the first ever recognition of a Canadian women's hockey national championship team. Although not able to secure the championship, the Rivulettes received favourable media coverage in Preston and throughout Ontario. On the week following their defeat, the team was welcomed to the Provincial Legislature in Toronto for a congratulatory meeting with Premier Henry.  Preston was scheduled to return the favour of hosting the 1934 Edmonton championship team the following year, however, the Rivulettes were not able to raise the $1,800 to stage a rematch with the Rustlers. Because of this, the Rustlers remained Dominion Champions.  In 1935, the Rivulettes defeated the Montreal Maroons in the Eastern Canadian semifinals and the Summerside Primrose A.C. from P.E.I. in the finals to claim the Eastern Canadian Championship. The Western champion team, Winnipeg Eatons, travelled to Preston to face the Rivulettes. This was the first time a western team had made the journey east. The Rivulettes won a hard-fought two game series to claim their first ever Dominion Championship.  After a dominating performance in the Ontario league in 1936, the Rivulettes travelled to the Montreal Forum to face the Maroons for the Eastern Canadian Championship. To keep costs down, the Rivulettes sent only eight players to the Eastern finals. After solidly beating Montreal 9-2, the Rivulettes achievements were reported on the sports page of the "New York Times". The 1936 Dominion series was to take place in Winnipeg and the Rivulettes were facing financial challenges after the costs of travelling to Montreal. The DWAHA changed the rules which had previously guaranteed money for the visiting team and the Rivulettes were unable to work out a financial deal with Winnipeg. With Preston unable to cover their own travel expenses, they forfeited the Lady Bessborough Trophy to Winnipeg.  The Rivulettes won the Lady Bessborough trophy as Dominion Champions on home ice in Preston in 1937 and 1938. In 1939 they won the Championship in Charlottetown, P.E.I.

Ontario dominance.

Although their early success served to promote women’s hockey, by 1938, their continued success proved to be an organizational challenge to the LOHA governing body. From 1931 to 1935, the Rivulettes were undefeated and had won five consecutive provincial championships. Many teams in Ontario did not want to join the LOHA because they felt they had no chance of winning. The Rivulettes success caused the number of member teams to decrease. The LOHA decided to create an A League and a B League, with the B League being for first year and less skilled teams. LOHA president Bobbie Rosenfeld found it to be the only way to increase the number of member teams.

Financial difficulties and gender discrimination.

Most members of the Preston Rivulettes worked full-time jobs or attended school during the 1930s. Coveted evening ice times were especially difficult to obtain for a women's team, leaving them left to practice at odd hours or whenever they were able. In March 1938, the LOHA semi-final between the Preston Rivulettes and the Northern Marvels of Cobalt had to be rescheduled. The game was set to be played in Preston, however the Ontario Hockey Association (men’s hockey association) forced a change in venue so that a men’s game could be played. Even though the Rivulettes often drew larger crowds than the Preston men's teams, they were often forced to make last minute scheduling changes because the men's play-off series took precedence.  Financial difficulties strained women's hockey teams throughout the country during the Depression. In 1937, the Alberta Provincial champion Calgary Grills were barred from the DWAHA for not paying their $10 membership fee.

Legacy.

Hilda Ranscombe was team captain of the Preston Rivulettes for the duration of their existence. In 1999, her name was submitted to the Hockey Hall of Fame for induction consideration, however, women were not inducted until 2010.  The formation of the Preston Rivulettes was named a National Historic Event on February 15, 2016. A federal historical marker reflecting that to be unveiled in Cambridge, Ontario, on December 22, 2017.

The Preston Rivulettes were inducted into the Cambridge Sports Hall of Fame on May 2, 1998, as members of the inaugural class of 1997. The Preston Rivulettes women's hockey team won four Dominion Championships and ten Ontario titles between 1931 and 1940. The team had a winning percentage of over 95%, a record unmatched in the history of women's hockey.

Les Rivulettes de Preston sont une équipe féminine de hockey sur glace de la ville de, au Canada. Entre 1930 et 1941, les Rivulettes remportent 10 titres de championnat de l’Ontario, 5 titres de championnat de l’Est du Canada et 5 championnats du Dominion.


Text.

The play was never published in its own era; the unique copy of the text was preserved in MS. Egerton 1994, an important collection of play manuscripts now in the collection of the British Library.

Authorship.

E.B. Everitt, Eric Sams, and Peter Ackroyd have argued that this play is perhaps Shakespeare's first drama. According to Sams, "Edmund Ironside" "contains some 260 words or usages which on the evidence of the "Oxford English Dictionary" were first used by Shakespeare himself... Further, it exhibits 635 instances of Shakespeare's rare words including some 300 of the rarest." Sams dates the play to 1587, noting that the play's presentation after that period until the death of Elizabeth I would have been illegal because of an edict that was passed that would have applied to a scene featuring a brawl between two archbishops. He further argues that the play's strong similarities in both line and plot to "Titus Andronicus", and the latter play's high number of mentions of the Roman setting, may indicate that "Titus" is something of a rewriting of "Edmund Ironside". His appendix notes correlations of images and ideas that are found only in Shakespeare's plays and not from any known playwright of the era, such as serpents stinging via their tongues and reporting of Judas Iscariot saying "all hail," which is non-Biblical, but also found in such plays as "Henry VI, Part 3".

Synopsis.

Act I.

"Edmund Ironside" tells the story of a battle between two men who both want to be king of England: Edmund Ironside, who is a native, and depicted as noble, and Canutus (based on Cnut the Great), who is a Danish prince, and depicted as treacherous. Canutus is preoccupied with the possibility that the native English population will side with Ironside and rebel against Canutus.  A third important figure is Edricus (based on Eadric Streona), who is duplicitous, plays each side against the other, and who also wants the crown. Edricus is occasionally found alone on stage, and frequently boasts about his villainy (in a manner similar to the protagonist of Shakespeare’s "Richard III").

Act II.

Stitch, brother to Edricus, is a cobbler, and wants to join the ranks of his brother’s supporters. Their mother discloses that Edricus was in fact born the bastard child of a soldier she once met. Edricus calls her a witch, and says that Stitch can enter his service, but first he must banish their parents from town. Stitch does this.  Canutus, angry that two of his supporters have deserted him on the day of his wedding to Southampton's daughter, Egina, decides to get revenge on them by cutting off the hands and noses of their sons. Stitch gets an axe and cuts off the hands of the two boys. News arrives that Ironside has had a victory against Canutus' troops in the north.

Act III.

Canutus attacks London. Ironside’s army fights back.  Edricus attempts to frighten Ironside’s men by showing them a severed head and declaring it to be Ironside’s. Then Ironside reappears, and in a battle Canutus is again driven back, and Ironside praises his men for the victory.  Canutus rails against his troops and supporters, calling them cowards. After this, Edricus writes to Ironside, asking forgiveness. He then exchanges clothing with Stitch.  Stitch, now dressed in aristocratic clothing, has a scene where he play-acts the part, and is a Falstaffian comic tyrant.

Act IV.

Ironside reads the letter written by Edricus, and delivered by the disguised Edricus. In the letter Edricus claims that he defected because of rumors that Ironside was hunting for him, and he begs for mercy. Ironside is skeptical, and then recognizes Edricus beneath his disguise. Edricus explains that he planned to reveal himself and side with Ironside, or else exile himself. Edricus also claims to have information regarding Canutus' military plans. Ironside is trusting and announces that he will give Edricus a military command. In an aside, Edricus admires the success of his own dissimulation.  Meanwhile, as the Danes are ravaging the country, Emma, the stepmother of Ironside, says goodbye to her two young sons Alfred and Edward, who are about to embark and find safety with her brother, Duke Richard the Fearless of Normandy.  Canutus receives a letter from Edricus describing his insinuation into Ironside's confidences. Canutus exalts in this, and his soldiers look forward to battle. The drums sound.  Edricus meets Canutus and tells him he plans to be absent when Ironside needs him most. When Ironside attacks Canutus, Edricus backs Canutus and Ironside is driven off. Canutus promises to reward Edricus. Edricus then runs after Ironside to try to explain.

Act V.

Ironside is cursing Edricus, when Edricus enters limping and with his hand wrapped in a scarf, claiming that he had a plan to support Ironside, if only Ironside had not retreated. Edricus points to his “injuries”. Ironside is persuaded and apologizes. Alone Edricus gloats.  Ironside and Canutus meet, each claiming to be king. Canutus, uses his knowledge of the law to argue his point. Ironside, angry, argues in return. They then draw swords, and a battle begins. Edricus has an idea to resolve the issue. He suggest that they either split the kingdom or that Canutus and Ironside fight one-on-one. The idea is accepted and the fight between the two men begins. Ironside seems to be winning, and Canutus yields, offering his hand to Ironside, who receives it honorably. Ironside wants the Danes to select which side, east or west, of England they want. Canutus and Ironside leave to go celebrate. Edricus, in an aside, speaks the last words of the play: “By heaven I'll be revenged on both of you.”

Edmund Ironside, or War Hath Made All Friends is an anonymous Elizabethan play that depicts the life of Edmund II of England. At least three critics have suggested that it is an early work by William Shakespeare.

Edmund Ironside, ou bien War Hath Made All Friends, est une pièce de théâtre élisabéthaine anonyme. Elle est parfois considérée comme l'une des pièces apocryphes de William Shakespeare, mais cette interprétation ne fait pas l'unanimité.


Club career.

Kecman started his basketball career with KK Beopetrol and he stayed there until the summer of 2001. He then transferred to FMP Železnik where he spent the entire 2001–02 season. In the summer of 2002, he moved to Partizan Belgrade and stayed there for two full seasons before leaving in the summer of 2004.  During the 2004–05 season he played for Makedonikos, Efes Pilsen and Oostende. In July 2004, Kecman signed with Greek team Makedonikos that will participate in the ULEB Cup next season. In December 2004, Kecman, along with teammate Dušan Jelić, decided to leave the club because of problems with payments. Only two weeks after, he signed with EFES Pilsen. Only a few months later, Kecman parted ways with the Turkish club and signed with Oostende, the last club he played for in that season.  He played the 2005–06 season in the Ukraine for Kyiv. In July 2006, he moved back to Partizan Belgrade.  On July 1, 2008, Kecman signed a two-year contract with the Greek League club Panathinaikos. On 16 June 2009, he was waived by the club after only one season.  He signed with Partizan Belgrade again on September 1, 2009.  In August 2012 he signed a one-year contract with French team Chorale Roanne Basket. In August 2013, he signed with AS Monaco Basket. He was released after only four games.

Coaching career.

In September 2015, following the departure of Duško Vujošević, Kecman was named an assistant coach to the new team's head coach Petar Božić, with whom he played together in many title runs with Partizan.

Dušan Kecman (Serbian Cyrillic: Душан Кецман; born November 6, 1977) is a Serbian professional basketball executive, coach and former player. He currently serves as a team manager for Partizan. During his playing career, he played both shooting guard and small forward positions.

Dušan Kecman, (en ), né le à Belgrade, dans la République socialiste de Serbie, est un joueur serbe de basket-ball. Il évolue aux postes d'arrière et d'ailier.


Early life.

Philippe was born in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, south of Paris, the son of Lucien de La Guêpière, clerk of the works at the château de Sceaux, where the architect employed by Louis XIV's natural son, the duc du Maine, had been his uncle, Jacques de La Guêpière (1670–1734).  Apparently having followed the architectural courses of the theoretician Jacques-François Blondel, from the 1730s La Guêpière took courses in architecture in Paris. He attended the Académie royale d'architecture. In 1750 he issued his engraved folio volume "Plans, coupes et élévations de différents palais et églises". That same year Leopoldo Retti, who was engaged in building the Neues Schloss in Stuttgart for Karl Eugen, made an artistic reconnoitering trip to Paris, in the company of the duke's garden designer Hemmerling. In Paris he oversaw the engraving of a suite of four folio sheets of the floorplan, section, elevations and profiles of the schloss that was being built. In Paris he may have encountered La Guêpière. At any rate, in 1752 Karl Eugen named La Guêpière architect to his court of Württemberg, to fill the post left empty by the unexpected death of Retti, in September the previous year.  La Guêpière was one of the group of French-trained architects, like François de Cuvilliés in Munich, who brought the latest French style to the small German courts. He was occupied with works at the ducal "Residenz" of Stuttgart, the Neues Schloss that was built adjacent to the former palace, and also at that of Karlsruhe. He was also responsible for the palatial retreat Schloss Solitude near Stuttgart and the waterside "Schloss" of Monrepos in the grounds of Ludwigsburg (1760–64).

In Stuttgart.

At Stuttgart La Guêpière lost little time in engraving and publishing further designs. His "Recueil de différens projets d’architecture représentant plusieurs monuments publics et autres" (Stuttgart, Jean Nicolas Stoll) was published on 11 December 1752. Like his Paris engravings, it broke with earlier traditions of architectural treatises by featuring just the works of a single architect (Klaiber).  La Guêpière's work at the Stuttgart "Neues Schloss" was never completed. By 1756 the shell of the wing that faced the city was completed, the central "Mittelbau" erected and the interior decoration in the garden wing was complete. First the garden wing was destroyed by fire in 1762, then Karl Eugen faced opposition over his extravagance and abandoned Stuttgart for Ludwigsburg. The "Neues Schloss" was bombed to a ruin in World War II and has been rebuilt as a shell with modern interiors and some reproduced reception rooms.  At Ludwigsburg Palace, the alternate seat of the duke, La Guêpière was occupied in 1757–1758, in providing a court theater and in refurbishing the main block of the palace. Here the palace was not badly damaged in World War II. The theatre retains its stage machinery constructed under the direction of La Guêpière, the oldest surviving stage machinery preserved in Europe. The water pavilion Monrepos was built from 1755 and completed in 1764 [Hlawtsch 1991].

Return to Paris.

He left Württemberg in 1768, with Schloss Solitude almost completed, to return to Paris, where he was one of the first architects to turn away from Rococo, developing his style towards the "Goût grec" the "Greek taste' that was the early forerunner of neoclassicism. His folio volume "Recueil d'esquisses d'architecture" was issued from Paris in 1765.  La Guêpière was the architect of the neoclassical "hôtel de ville" of Montbéliard in Franche-Comté, where his patron Karl Eugen was "stathouder". The "corps de logis" of the château was also rebuilt in more stylish and commodious fashion.  His works in France include interiors (since replaced) for the former bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève. A pavilion to contain a menagerie at the Château de Sceaux, sometimes credited to him, was built by Jacques de La Guêpière.  He died in Paris.  The only monograph devoted to La Guêpière is Hans Andreas Klaiber's "Der Württembergische Oberbaudirektor Philippe de La Guêpière: Ein Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte der Architektur am Ende des Spätbarock", published in Stuttgart in 1959.

(Pierre Louis) Philippe de La Guêpière (c. 1715 – 30 October 1773) was an 18th-century French architect whose main commissions were from Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg.

Philippe de La Guépière (de son nom complet "Pierre-Louis-Philippe de La Guépière", orthographié aussi "Guêpière") est un architecte français né aux alentours de 1715 à Sceaux et mort en 1773 à Paris. Il fit partie de ces architectes qui amenèrent les dernières modes architecturales dans les duchés et cours germaniques. Il œuvra principalement pour le duché de Wurtemberg.


History.

NOVA University Lisbon was founded in 1973 and is the newest public university in the Lisbon metropolitan area, with teaching units in Lisbon, Almada, Oeiras, and Cascais.  It was founded as a response to ever-increasing demand for higher education in Portugal and in Lisbon in particular. While its early years focused on graduate and specialist programs, NOVA started expanding its teaching and research from 1977 onwards.  The structure of NOVA was organized according to a departmental and interdisciplinary model, where each of the Academic Units enjoy a great deal of autonomy.

Academic units.

NOVA is divided into nine academic units, which enjoy a great deal of autonomy. These are the following.

Research units.

NOVA University Lisbon hosts 42 Research and Development Units (R&D Units), 15 of which are research partnerships between NOVA and other national institutions. In 2013, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FC&T) evaluated 75% of NOVA R&D Units with "Exceptional", "Excellent" or "Very Good".  NOVA is responsible for approximately 10% of the national research papers indexed to the Web of Science. Since the launch of the European Research Council (ERC) grants programme in 2009, NOVA's researchers were awarded a total of 10 grants, placing NOVA as one of the top national institutions in this field.

NOVA School of Business and Economics.

The Lisbon MBA is a partnership between NOVA, Catholic University of Portugal and MIT Sloan School of Management. The partnership includes a full-time 1-year MBA and a Part Time MBA. The two Universities that offer this MBA program hold the triple crown accreditation namely AMBA, EQUIS and AACSB.  In 2019, the NOVA School of Business and Economics is ranked 30th among the best European Business Schools according to the Financial Times ranking.  NOVA is also actively involved in cooperation actions promoted by the Portuguese Government, in particular with North-American universities such as the University of Texas at Austin (UTA), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), namely in master's courses and doctoral and research programmes.

Rankings.

In 2014, THE-QS World University Rankings has evaluated NOVA as one of the world's best universities being ranked number 312 in the world. NOVA is the only Portuguese university in the QS Top 50 under 50 ranking, having reached this position for the third year in a row.  The Times Higher Education 100 Under 50 Rankings 2015 placed NOVA as the 89th best university in the world under 50 years old. The results achieved in the main rankings of universities under 50 years have granted NOVA the inclusion in Yerun network (Young European Research Universities Network).  The Nova School of Business and Economics which has expanded and internationalized itself as a global business school, is the only business school in Portugal to have achieved Eduniversal's 5 palmes distinction, being placed among the top 100 Business Schools worldwide. It was also classified as #23rd in Europe by the Financial Times ranking for the best Business Schools in Europe in 2015.  NOVA was also highlighted for 100% of its professors having a PhD and its gender and international diversity, with 40% women in the faculty and 29% professors of a foreign nationality.  Nova SBE's Masters of Finance is the #19th best in the world by the Financial Times, the Masters in Economics is the 5th best in the world by Eduniversal rankings, and the 17th best Masters in Management in the world by the Financial Times.

NOVA University Lisbon ("Universidade NOVA de Lisboa" - ), NOVA, is a Portuguese university whose rectorate is located in Campolide, Lisbon. Founded in 1973, it is the newest of the public universities in the Portuguese capital city, earning its name as the "New" (NOVA) University of Lisbon.

L'université nouvelle de Lisbonne (Nova) (en portugais "Universidade Nova de Lisboa") est une université publique portugaise fondée le à Lisbonne dans le cadre d'une grande réorganisation universitaire au Portugal.


The Last of the Mohicans (1920 American film)

Plot.

In 1757, in the midst of the French and Indian War, three French divisions and their Huron Indian allies are advancing on Fort William Henry, a British stronghold south of Lake George in the colony of New York. Chingachgook (Theodore Lorch) sends his son Uncas (Roscoe), the last living warrior of the Mohican tribe, to warn the fort's commander, Colonel Munro (James Gordon), of the imminent danger. Uncas is admired by Munro's daughter Cora (Barbara Bedford), much to the displeasure of her suitor, Captain Randolph (George Hackathorne).  Upon receiving Munro's plea for assistance, General Webb (Sydney Deane) dispatches a relief force of 3000 men to Fort William Henry with the Munro sisters, but with the aid of an Indian runner named Magua (Beery), the sisters and Major Heyward (Henry Woodward) take a shortcut through the wilderness. Magua, who is a Huron sympathizer, then pretends to lose his way. In the forest they encounter Uncas, Chingachgook and the hunter and scout Hawkeye (Harry Lorraine), accompanied by an eccentric preacher named David Gamut (Nelson McDowell). When Heyward asks for directions to Fort Edward, the men become suspicious of Magua who, like all Indians in the area, should have an intimate knowledge of the terrain. Their fears of treachery are confirmed when they discover that Magua has disappeared.  Uncas and Hawkeye conceal Heyward and the women in a cave, but Magua and his men find the hiding place, and after a fierce firefight the women are captured. Magua offers to spare "Golden Hair" (Alice) if Cora will become his squaw; but Uncas, Chingachgook and Hawkeye counterattack and rescue the hostages. Although they leave Magua for dead, he is actually uninjured.  The hostages and their rescuers arrive at Fort William Henry at the same time as the column of troops, but the situation is still dire. The only thing keeping the besiegers at bay is a formidable gun emplacement on the left rampart. The cowardly Captain Randolph informs Montcalm, the French commander, that the rampart guns are nonfunctional, leaving Munro no choice but to surrender the fort. Though promised safe passage for the women and children, the Hurons, under the influence of French-supplied whiskey, slaughter the civilians and torch the fort.  Magua kidnaps the Munro sisters for a second time and flees. Uncas and Hawkeye pursue him, but Magua reaches a neutral Delaware village. The dispute is taken before a Delaware council of three; their judgment is that Cora be released to Uncas, and that Alice remain with Magua. To save her sister, Cora offers to take her place. Uncas vows that Magua will not leave with his true love; but by Delaware law, Magua is protected until sundown.  That night, Cora escapes and is pursued by Magua to the edge of a precipice. She threatens to jump if he approaches, so Magua waits patiently for her to fall asleep. When she does, he grabs her arm. She flings herself off the cliff, but Magua still has hold of her arms. When Uncas appears, the situation is reversed: Cora tries to save herself, but Magua uses his knife to pry her fingers loose, and she falls to her death. In the ensuing fight, Magua stabs Uncas, whose body rolls down the embankment to rest near Cora's. With his final, dying strength, Uncas reaches forth and takes Cora's hand in his. Magua flees when Chingachgook and Hawkeye arrive, but Hawkeye shoots him dead.  At Cora and Uncas's burial ceremony, Munro becries the passing of his daughter and Chingachgook mourns for his son, the last of the Mohicans.

The Last of the Mohicans is a 1920 American film adapted from James Fenimore Cooper's 1826 novel of the same name. Clarence Brown and Maurice Tourneur directed an adaption by Robert Dillon — a story of two English sisters meeting danger on the frontier of the American colonies, in and around the fort commanded by their father. The adventure film stars Wallace Beery, Barbara Bedford, Lillian Hall and Alan Roscoe.

Le Dernier des Mohicans ("") est un film muet américain réalisé par Clarence Brown et Maurice Tourneur, sorti en 1920.


Early life and education.

Amina Nleung was born in Bafia, Cameroon, on March 14, 1961. She is the eighteenth child in a nineteen-child family and the only girl in her family to attend school. She immigrated to Quebec in 1986. In 1992, she earned her BBA in tourism management (marketing), and in 1993, her MBA in marketing research at the University of Quebec at Montreal's School of Management Sciences.

Career.

Gerba was president of the Rotary Club of Old Montreal between 2014 and 2015.  In 2013, Gerba was selected for the United States' International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP). Starting on March 14, 2015, and continuing for twelve weeks, Gerba set up the first Technovation Challenge in Montreal along with fellow IVLP alumna Stéphanie Jecrois; the program was to promote STEM studies among girls.  On February 23, 2018, then-Deputy Premier of Quebec, Dominique Anglade, and then-Ministry of Immigration, Diversity and Inclusion, David Heurtel, announced that Gerba would head the board of directors for a new governmental agency, Entreprendre Ici. The agency was created to promote diversity within entrepreneurship and to help solve problems affecting entrepreneurs of different backgrounds.  Gerba is a director for the Canadian Council on Africa, the African Business Roundtable, and Fonds Afro-Entrepreneurs. She serves on the University of Quebec at Montreal's board of directors as a socioeconomic member.

Afrique Expansion.

In 1995, Gerba founded Afrique Expansion, a consulting firm designed to help create business partnerships between North American and African companies. She also created a magazine of the same name in 1998.  In May 2017, Gerba set up an international forum under the Afrique Expansion brand in Yaoundé, Cameroon, regarding the strengthening of the digital economy in the country. Numerous delegates came to the event, including Jacques Bonjawo, Ernest Simo, and Arthur Zang, as well as executives from major telecommunications companies in Cameroon such as MTN Group, Orange, and Camtel.

Afrique Expansion Forum.

In 2003, she created a biennial forum called Forum Africa (now Afrique Expansion Forum) to discuss economic development for African businesses. The event has featured several notable speakers including Pierre Pettigrew and Alpha Oumar Konaré in 2009; Daniel Kablan Duncan, Charles Sirois, and Jean-Louis Roy in 2013; Philippe Couillard in 2015; and Lise Thériault, Sheila Copps, Louis Vachon, and Francine Landry in 2017. The World Bank, African Development Bank, and AfreximBank also send delegations to the forum.

Kariderm and Kariliss.

Gerba founded two beauty companies based out of Laval, Quebec: Kariderm in 1996 and Kariliss in 2011, focusing on shea butter skin-care and hair-care products respectively. She also founded Flash Beauté Incorporated, which manufactures Kariderm, the first shea butter product to obtain organic certification by ECOCERT. Her companies employ the 2,000 women of the Songtaaba Cooperative in Burkina Faso, who receive a portion of all sales and funding from a microfinance program created by Gerba.

Awards and honours.

In 2010, Gerba was named Entrepreneur of the Year by the Gala de Réseau des Entrepreneurs et Professionnels Africains (Gala de REPAF). In 2012, Gerba received a University of Quebec at Montreal recognition prize.  In 2014, Gerba was named a Knight of the Order of Quebec for her role in promoting business partnerships between North American and African businesses and encouraging diversity in entrepreneurship. She was named "Personnalité Monde des Affaires de l’année" (Business World Personality of the Year) at the 2018 Gala Dynastie awards show.

Amina Gerba (born March 14, 1961) is a Cameroonian-Canadian businesswoman and entrepreneur. She is the founder and CEO of Afrique Expansion, Afrique Expansion Forum, and "Afrique Expansion" magazine. She also founded the beauty care brands Kariliss and Kariderm–the latter being the world's first shea butter product to earn organic certification. In 2014, she was a recipient of the National Order of Quebec. She is a director for the Canadian Council on Africa, African Business Roundtable, and Fonds Afro-Entrepreneurs, and is the president of the board of directors for Entreprendre Ici.

Amina Gerba, née Nleung-Abah est arrivée au Canada en 1986 avec son époux, Gerba Malam. Elle est la fondatrice et présidente-directrice générale d'Afrique Expansion Inc., présidente-fondatrice des Laboratoires Kariliss Inc et cofondatrice de Flash Beauté Inc./Kariderm.