History.

Built in 1855 or 1856, the schooner "Clotilda", under the command of Captain William Foster and carrying a cargo of 110 African slaves, arrived in Mobile Bay in July 1860.  Captain Foster was working for Timothy Meaher, a wealthy Mobile shipyard owner and steamboat captain, who had built "Clotilda" for the lumber trade. Meaher was said to have wagered another wealthy gentleman from New Orleans, that he could successfully smuggle slaves into the US despite the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves. "Clotilda" was a two-masted schooner, long with a beam of, and a copper-sheathed hull. Meaher had learned that West African tribes were fighting and that the King of Dahomey (now Benin) was willing to sell prisoners taken in warfare as slaves. The King of Dahomey's forces had been raiding communities in the interior, bringing captives to the large slave market at the port of Whydah.  Departing on March 4, 1860, Foster sailed from Mobile with a crew of 12, including him. In addition to supplies, he carried $9,000 in gold for purchase of slaves. He arrived in Whydah on May 15, 1860, where he had the ship outfitted to carry slaves, using materials he had transported. He offered to buy some 125 Africans in Whydah for $100 each. They were primarily Tarkbar people taken in a raid from near Tamale, present-day Ghana.  He described meeting an African prince and being taken to the king's court, where he observed some religious practices. Describing how he came in possession of the slaves, Captain William Foster wrote in his journal in 1860, "from thence I went to see the King of Dahomey. Having agreeably transacted affairs with the Prince we went to the warehouse where they had in confinement four thousand captives in a state of nudity from which they gave me liberty to select one hundred and twenty-five as mine offering to brand them for me, from which I preemptorily [sic] forbid; commenced taking on cargo of negroes [sic], successfully securing on board one hundred and ten."  As the slaves were being loaded, Foster saw two steamers off the port and ordered the crew to leave immediately, although only 110 slaves had been secured on board. The "Clotilda" sailed without the last fifteen slaves, in order to avoid capture. After making their way for a time, they saw a man o' war, but were saved when a squall came up and they outran the ship. They reached Abaco lighthouse at the Bahama banks by June 30, on their return to Mobile. As they continued across the Caribbean, they disguised the schooner as a "coaster" (a ship that carried slaves in the coastal trade of domestic slaves along the US coast) by taking down the "squaresail yards and the fore topmast", and avoided interception.  Foster anchored "Clotilda" on July 9 off Point of Pines in Grand Bay, Mississippi, near the Alabama border. He traveled overland by horse and buggy to Mobile to meet with Meaher. Fearful of criminal charges, Captain Foster brought the schooner into the Port of Mobile at night and had it towed up the Spanish River to the Alabama River at Twelve Mile Island. He transferred the slaves to a river steamboat, then burned "Clotilda" "to the water's edge" before sinking it. He paid off the crew and told them to return North.  The African slaves were mostly distributed to the financial backers of the "Clotilda" venture, with Timothy Meaher retaining 30 of the Africans on his property north of Mobile. Cudjo (aka Cudjoe) Lewis, known as "Kossoula" or "Kazoola", was among the 30 held by Meaher. Mobile was in the Deep South and blacks, whether Africans or native-born, were mostly enslaved, occupying the bottom rung of a racial hierarchy. The Africans from "Clotilda" could not be legally enslaved because they were smuggled in; however, they were treated as chattel.  Some of the captives were sold to people who lived a distance from Mobile. Among them were Redoshi (later known also as Sally Smith) and a man later known as William or Billy, who were sold to Washington Smith, a planter from Dallas County, Alabama. They later married and had a daughter.  The federal government prosecuted Meaher and Foster in 1861 for violation of the act prohibiting the slave trade, but did not gain a conviction. They had no evidence from the ship nor its manifest. The men were tried in a federal court in Mobile, and the case was dismissed for lack of evidence. Historians believe the case was dropped by the federal government in part because of the outbreak of the American Civil War.  Because Captain Foster reported he burned and sank "Clotilda" in the delta north of Mobile Bay, archaeological searches have continued into the twenty-first century for the wreck. Several visible wrecks have been referred to by locals as the slave ship.  Wreckage from "Clotilda" was allegedly found in 2018, but the Alabama Historical Commission ruled out the findings because of "major differences between the two vessels," and apparent lack of any fire damage. But in May of 2019, the Alabama Historical Commission announced the "Clotilda" has finally been found by researcher Ben Raines. The wreckage found bears "physical and forensic evidence [that] powerfully suggests that this is the Clotilda."

Africatown.

The Africans taken by Meaher were held on his plantation. The end of the American Civil War resulted in effective emancipation of the survivors of the "Clotilda". As was the case for many freedmen, Redoshi and William stayed with their daughter at the plantation in Bogue Chitto and continued to work there.  Many of Meaher's former slaves returned to Magazine Point, and land owned by Meaher on the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta just north of Mobile and on the west bank of the Mobile River. They founded an all-black community, which was known as Africatown. Other ethnic Africans joined them in the independent community. They adopted community rules based on mostly Takpa tribal customs, and chose their leaders. They maintained use of their Yoruba language into the 1950s, and kept many cultural traditions for decades.  Children born in the community began to learn English, first at church, and then in schools that were founded in the late nineteenth century. Cudjo Lewis lived until 1935 and was long thought to be the last survivor of the "Clotilda". In 2019, a new study established that Redoshi (Sally Smith) lived to 1937, and she is thus considered to be the last survivor. She had continued to live in Bogue Chitto.  The community of Africatown grew as industry was established along the upper river. Workers were attracted to the paper mills built after World War II. In the twentieth century, the population reached 12,000. But closing of industries and the loss of jobs resulted in declines in the population, which is about 2,000 in the early twenty-first century. Since the postwar period, the area was mostly absorbed into a neighborhood of Mobile. A portion is within the neighboring town of Prichard, Alabama. In 2012 the Africatown Historic District was recognized and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Their cemetery is also listed.

Finding the wreck.

On January 24, 2018, reporter Ben Raines claimed to have discovered the wreck of the "Clotilda" in the lower Mobile–Tensaw Delta, a few miles north of the city of Mobile. Record low tides, caused by a storm system that produced the January 2018 North American blizzard, had left parts of a wreck visible above the mud. Based on their preliminary review, a team of archeologists said, "based on the dimensions of the wreckage and its contents... the remnants were most likely those of the slave ship." People in Africatown began to discuss what should be done with the wreckage if it is the "Clotilda", and how best to tell their story.  On March 5, 2018, Raines reported that the wreck he had discovered was not likely to be the "Clotilda". Researchers had concluded the wreckage appeared to be "simply too big, with a significant portion hidden beneath mud and deep water".  A few weeks later, Raines and a team from the University of Southern Mississippi returned to the river and performed the first ever survey of the 12 Mile Island section of the Mobile River. One week later, Raines and Monty Graham, head of Marine Sciences at the University of Southern Mississippi, explored several of the 11 wrecks identified in the survey, along with Joe Turner and a team from Underwater Works Dive Shop. On April 13, the team pulled up the first piece of Clotilda to see the light of day in 160 years. The coordinates and survey data were shared with the Alabama Historical Commission, which hired Search Inc., to verify the find. The discovery was kept secret for a year, until the verification process was complete. On May 22, 2019, the Alabama Historical Commission announced that the wreckage of the "Clotilda" had been found in the Mobile River.

The schooner Clotilda (often misspelled "Clotilde") was the last known U.S. slave ship to bring captives from Africa to the United States, arriving at Mobile Bay in autumn 1859 or July 9, 1860, with 110–160 slaves. The ship was a two-masted schooner, long with a beam of.

Le Clotilda est une goélette de deux mâts considérée comme le dernier navire négrier à avoir accosté aux États-Unis avec une cargaison de 110 captifs africains.


Design and development.

Engine supply.

In September 2017, McLaren terminated their partnership with Honda, citing Honda's repeated failure to supply a reliable and competitive power unit as being behind the decision to end the partnership. During negotiations to secure a new supplier, Renault disclosed that they did not have the capacity to supply McLaren whilst meeting their commitments to customer teams Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Toro Rosso. As part of the agreement between Renault and McLaren, Toro Rosso ended their relationship with Renault and instead acquired Honda engines, freeing up the existing Renault supply chain for McLaren and allowing Renault to supply the team with their 2018-specification engine, the Renault R.E.18.

Engine development.

Renault made the first major updates to the R.E.18 power unit at the Canadian Grand Prix. A second upgrade, including a new MGU-K, was made available for the Austrian Grand Prix after lengthy delays; the parts had originally been scheduled for introduction in, however, the new unit could not be easily fitted to all customer teams as the upgrade would require bodywork changes. The update introduced in Austria also included a bespoke qualifying mode Renault claimed was focused at maximising performance over a single lap similar to the "party mode" high-performance settings available to Mercedes-powered cars. However, after the same power unit found in the works Renault team car of Nico Hülkenberg failed during the Grand Prix, post race both drivers commented that they did not feel any notable change in power throughout qualifying and felt it gave no significant advantage.

Chassis design.

The decision to change from Honda to Renault engines brought with it several challenges for the design team led by McLaren technical director Tim Goss. Where the Honda engine featured the turbocharger mounted to the back of the engine, the compressor at the front and the Motor Generator Unit-Heat positioned in the V shape of the cylinder bank, the Renault R.E.18 engine included all three components attached to the rear of the engine and thus required McLaren to change their design approach. In order to accommodate the R.E.18, McLaren had to redevelop their engine bay, gearbox and the rear suspension geometry. The R.E.18 engine allowed the team more flexibility with the size and position of the fuel cell and allowed the engine to be positioned closer to the driver, however the turbo position on the engine created difficulties as it protruded into the space occupied by the gearbox housing. The team were subsequently required to redesign the gearbox and completely overhaul the rear suspension mounting points in order to fit the engine.  The changes required to accommodate the R.E.18 allowed McLaren to develop a radical design to the rear suspension geometry. The design combined all of the upper elements of the suspension into a single piece, thus minimising the amount of bodywork in a key area of the chassis and in turn reducing drag whilst giving the team a greater degree of control over air flowing over the rear diffuser and producing more aerodynamic grip.  The switch to Renault engines resulted in some problems for the team. During pre-season testing, the MCL33 was observed to have burn marks on the rear of the engine cowling caused by the tight packaging and insufficient cooling for the peak engine temperature. The team introduced a temporary cooling package for the duration of the test ahead of a planned update to the car's bodywork, and later expressed confidence that the engine reliability issues had been resolved.

Mandated changes.

Following changes to the sport's technical regulations, the MCL33 features the "halo" cockpit protection device, a wishbone-shaped frame made of titanium that is mounted above and around the driver's head and anchored to the monocoque forward of the cockpit which is designed to improve safety by deflecting debris away from the driver. The final version of the halo weighed several kilograms and forced teams to extensively modify the chassis. Teams reported that the reinforced chassis needed to withstand the equivalent weight of a London bus in order to pass the mandatory crash tests.  The "shark fin", a carbon fibre panel extending backwards from the engine cowling was removed after McLaren lobbied to the FIA to have it written out of the technical regulations. The MCL33 was launched with a carbon fibre fin running perpendicular to the engine cowling from the airbox to the exhaust. The "t-wing", a thin horizontal wing mounted forward of and above the rear wing was also removed after the FIA banned its use for the 2018 championship.

Pre-season testing.

The MCL33 made its track début at the Circuito de Navarra in Spain where it completed a shakedown before moving to the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya for pre-season testing. Fernando Alonso reacted positively after the first day of testing, highlighting the Renault R.E.18 engine was an evolution of the established R.E.17 model. However, the team struggled with several technical problems—including electrical and hydraulic faults—that limited the car's running. McLaren were forced to defend their design when it was suggested that their reliability issues had been triggered by an inherent flaw in the chassis as the Toro Rosso STR13, which used the Honda engines McLaren had abandoned, had run throughout pre-season testing without interruption. At the conclusion of testing, the MCL33 had completed less mileage than any other car—just compared to the completed by Mercedes, who completed the most mileage across the eight days of testing—and McLaren admitted that they were underprepared for the season.

Development history.

Early development.

Prior to the car's launch, McLaren announced plans for an extensive aerodynamic update to be introduced for the opening round of the championship in Australia. However, the team later admitted that their reliability issues during pre-season testing had forced them to delay the introduction of planned upgrades until the second round in Bahrain. The updates featured revisions to the front wing that were aimed at stabilising the airflow over the car and a new design for the bargeboards and turning vanes that was modelled on a concept pioneered by Red Bull Racing and Ferrari in. Following the Chinese Grand Prix, team principal Eric Boullier stated that the team's planned schedule of updates meant that the "real" MCL33 would not appear until the Spanish Grand Prix. The team underwent staffing changes ahead of the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, with director of chassis development Tim Goss leaving the team.

Mid-season development.

The team introduced its first major update at the Spanish Grand Prix, which featured revised bargeboards and a new front wing. The most substantial changes were focused on the nose, which included grooved channels along the sides, a ducted nose tip and a rearward-facing "cape" designed to funnel air across the car's floor. Commentators noted that the upgrade package integrated concepts originally developed for the Red Bull Racing RB14, Sauber C37 and Force India VJM11. Fernando Alonso praised the upgrades, noting that the car was "much better" than in previous races. However, after difficult races in Canada and France, the team began to suspect that there was a fault in the car's aerodynamics. Unable to find the problem in the windtunnel, they were forced to resort to experimenting with various setups during free practice sessions in an effort to try and find it.

Competition history.

Opening rounds.

In the week before the Australian Grand Prix, Alonso predicted that the race would be the most difficult of the championship for McLaren. Despite this, he and Vandoorne qualified in eleventh and twelfth place, which became tenth and eleventh following the application of penalties to other drivers. Alonso went on to finish fifth and Vandoorne ninth, scoring a combined total of twelve points. In doing so, the MCL33 scored more points in a single race than its predecessor, the Honda-powered MCL32, had in any race in and matched the best result the team had scored while using Honda engines in the past three seasons. The team acknowledged that circumstances—such as the twin retirements of the Haas cars, both of which had been ahead of the McLarens prior to their retirement—had contributed to the result as much as the MCL33's performance and that there was more to come from the chassis an engine package, but that the result was in line with their expectations for the race.  Alonso and Vandoorne qualified in thirteenth and fourteenth for the next race in Bahrain as the team struggled with a lack of grip. The race saw Alonso and Vandoorne finish in seventh and eighth, scoring another ten points and claiming third place from Red Bull Racing in the World Constructors' Championship standings. Alonso and Vandoorne qualified in thirteenth and fourteenth once more in China, as the team struggled with excess drag, particularly on the circuit's long back straight. Alonso finished the race in seventh courtesy of a late pass on Sebastian Vettel while Vandoorne finished in thirteenth after he made a poor start. Alonso qualified thirteenth in Azerbaijan—which became twelfth after Nico Hülkenberg received a grid penalty—and Vandoorne sixteenth. Alonso was involved in a first-lap incident with Hülkenberg and Sergey Sirotkin that saw his car heavily damaged but went on to finish seventh in a race of attrition. Vandoorne struggled with tyre temperatures in the cool conditions, making several pit stops under the safety car to finish ninth.

Mid-season.

Alonso qualified eighth in Spain, marking his first Q3 appearance of the year. Vandoorne missed out on Q3 and ultimately qualified eleventh. Alonso went on to finish the race in eighth place while Vandoorne retired with a gearbox failure. The result saw McLaren lose fourth place in the World Constructors' Championship to Renault. The Monaco Grand Prix saw the team's first failure to score; Alonso qualified seventh and retired with a gearbox failure, whereas Vandoorne qualified twelfth and finished outside the points in fourteenth. The team struggled in Canada, with Alonso and Vandoorne qualifying in fourteenth and fifteenth respectively. Vandoorne finished the race in sixteenth, while Alonso retired from the second race in a row with a gearbox failure. The team experienced another difficult race in France as both cars were eliminated in the first part of qualifying, which Alonso characterised as a "disaster". Vandoorne finished the race in twelfth, one lap off the lead, while Alonso retired with a suspension failure; he was classified sixteenth overall as he had completed ninety percent of the winner's race distance.  Alonso returned to the points in Austria. He qualified fourteenth but was forced to start from pit lane after the team broke parc fermé rules to replace his front wing. He took advantage of a race of attrition to finish in eighth place. Vandoorne qualified in sixteenth and retired from the race on the penultimate lap with collision damage, but was classified as finishing as he had completed ninety percent of the winner's race distance. Despite their return to the points, McLaren lost fifth place in the World Constructors' Championship to Haas. In the week before the British Grand Prix, Éric Boullier resigned from his position as team principal. His role was split in half, with Andrea Stella becoming Performance Director and Gil de Ferran the Sporting Director. The race saw Alonso and Vandoorne qualify in thirteenth and eighteenth, and finish in eighth and eleventh respectively. The result saw the team slip to seventh in the World Constructors' Championship standings, one point behind Force India.

Complete Formula One results.

Driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as they had completed over 90% of the winner's race distance.

The McLaren MCL33 is a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by McLaren to compete in the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship. The car was driven by two-time World Drivers' Champion Fernando Alonso and Stoffel Vandoorne, with additional testing and development work carried out by reigning European Formula 3 champion Lando Norris and McLaren's regular test driver Oliver Turvey. The MCL33 is the first car built by McLaren to use a Renault engine after the team terminated its engine supply deal with Honda after three years. It made its competitive debut at the 2018 Australian Grand Prix. The car was launched with an orange and blue livery designed as a tribute to some of the team's earliest cars.

La McLaren MCL33 est la monoplace de Formule 1 engagée par McLaren Racing dans le cadre du championnat du monde de Formule 1 2018. Elle est pilotée par le Belge Stoffel Vandoorne et par l'Espagnol Fernando Alonso. Le pilote-essayeur est le Britannique Lando Norris.


Origin.

It appears in several Florentine publications from around 1460 along with works of such humanists as Petrarch and Boccaccio. The letter was first printed in Germany in the "Life of Christ" by Ludolph the Carthusian (Cologne, 1474), and in the "Introduction to the works of St. Anselm" (Nuremberg, 1491). But it is neither the work of St. Anselm nor of Ludolph. According to the manuscript of Jena, a certain Giacomo Colonna found the letter in 1421 in an ancient Roman document sent to Rome from Constantinople. It must have been of Greek origin, and translated into Latin during the thirteenth or fourteenth century, though it received its present form at the hands of a humanist of the fifteenth or sixteenth century. Christopher Mylius, the 18th century librarian of Jena, stated the letter was written in golden letters on red paper and richly bound, but lost. It 1899, Ernst von Dobschütz listed over 75 historical manuscripts from Germany, France and Italy that include the Letter of Lentulus in variant forms.  The 19th-century scholar Friedrich Münter believed he could trace the letter down to the time of Diocletian, but this is generally not accepted by present-day scholars.

1680 English translation.

The first English translation of the text appears in 1680 and lists the author as “Publius Lentulus”, a Prefect in Judea at the time of Tiberius Caesar. For this reason, the letter is frequently regarded as apocryphal for a number of reasons. No Governor of Jerusalem or Procurator of Judea is known to have been called Lentulus, and a Roman governor would not have addressed the Senate in the way represented. However, the "Deeds of the Divine Augustus" lists a Publius Lentulus as being elected as a Roman Consul during the reign of Augustus (27 BC-14 AD). The Roman writer cited the expressions "prophet of truth", "sons of men" or "Jesus Christ". The former two are Hebrew idioms, and the third is taken from the New Testament. The letter, therefore, gives a description of Jesus such as Christian piety conceived him.

The letter.

The purported letter reads, in translation:  Lentulus, the Governor of the Jerusalemites to the Roman Senate and People, greetings. There has appeared in our times, and there still lives, a man of great power (virtue), called Jesus Christ. The people call him prophet of truth; his disciples, son of God. He raises the dead, and heals infirmities. He is a man of medium size ("statura procerus, mediocris et spectabilis"); he has a venerable aspect, and his beholders can both fear and love him. His hair is of the colour of the ripe hazel-nut, straight down to the ears, but below the ears wavy and curled, with a bluish and bright reflection, flowing over his shoulders. It is parted in two on the top of the head, after the pattern of the Nazarenes. His brow is smooth and very cheerful with a face without wrinkle or spot, embellished by a slightly reddish complexion. His nose and mouth are faultless. His beard is abundant, of the colour of his hair, not long, but divided at the chin. His aspect is simple and mature, his eyes are changeable and bright. He is terrible in his reprimands, sweet and amiable in his admonitions, cheerful without loss of gravity. He was never known to laugh, but often to weep. His stature is straight, his hands and arms beautiful to behold. His conversation is grave, infrequent, and modest. He is the most beautiful among the children of men.  Different manuscripts vary from the foregoing text in several details; Ernst von Dobschütz enumerates the manuscripts and gives an "apparatus criticus". The description agrees with the so-called Abgar picture of Jesus; it also agrees with the portrait of Jesus Christ drawn by Nicephorus, St. John Damascene, and the Book of Painters (of Mt. Athos).

Effects.

The letter saw widespread publication and was taken as an eyewitness account for a long time. It also gave various artists, such as Dirk Bouts, a model on which to base the face and appearance of Jesus Christ.

The Letter of Lentulus () is an epistle of mysterious origin that was first widely published in Italy in the fifteenth century. It purports to be written by a Roman official, contemporary of Jesus, and gives a physical and personal description of Jesus. The letter may have influenced how Jesus was later physically depicted in art. There is no physical evidence of a document existing before the fifteenth century and it is widely assumed that the document is a forgery.

La Lettre de Lentulus est une lettre prétendument écrite par Publius Lentulus pour le Sénat romain, donnant une description physique de Jésus. Publius Lentulus fut, d'après les "Actes du Divin Auguste", un consul romain sous le règne d'Auguste (27 av. J.-C. - 14 ap. J.-C.), prétendûment gouverneur de la Judée avant Ponce Pilate ou de la Syrie.


History.

2017–2018: Formation through a reality show, debut and "I Am" series.

In August 2017, JYP Entertainment (JYPE) officially announced the agency's new reality survival show to launch a male idol debut project. More details and teasers were released in the next two months, including the show's title—"Stray Kids". Prior to its premiere on October 17, JYPE released Stray Kids' first music video for a song titled "Hellevator", which was later released as a digital single. Two members, Lee Know and Felix, were eliminated from the group, but all nine members ended up in the final line-up. Along with the launch of Stray Kids' official website, JYPE announced the release of the group's pre-debut extended play (EP) titled "Mixtape". It contains seven tracks co-written and co-composed by the members, including "Hellevator" and other songs that they performed during the show. The EP, along with the performance video of its second track titled "Beware" (), was released on January 8, 2018, while the performance video of "Spread My Wings" () was uploaded online a week later. It debuted at number 2 on Gaon's Album Chart and "Billboard"'s World Albums chart.  On March 5, JYPE announced the debut showcase of the group titled Stray Kids Unveil (Op. 01: I Am Not), which was held on March 25 at Jangchung Arena. They officially debuted the next day with the release of their EP titled "I Am Not", along with the music video of its title track titled "District 9", while the music video of "Grow Up" and performance video of "Mirror" were released on March 31 and April 23 respectively. "I Am Not" debuted at number four on Gaon's Album Chart and sold over 54,000 physical copies in March.  On April 14, Stray Kids performed at KCON Japan 2018, the group's first overseas performance since debut.  On July 12, JYPE announced the group's second showcase titled Stray Kids Unveil (Op. 02: I Am Who), which was held on August 5 at Kyung Hee University's Grand Peace Palace. Their second EP named "I Am Who", along with its title track "My Pace", was released the next day.  On October 4, JYPE announced the group's third showcase titled Stray Kids Unveil (Op. 03: I Am You), which was held on October 21 at Olympic Hall, and followed by the release of their new album EP "I Am You" the next day.

2019—present: Touring, "Clé" series, Woojin's departure and Japanese debut.

On March 5, JYPE announced the group's third comeback on March 25, 2019 with the release of their fourth extended play "", in commemoration of the first anniversary of the group's debut. The group earned their first music show win on 4 April on "M Countdown" for the album's lead single, "Miroh." On June 19, the group released their first special album "", along with title track "Side Effects" () between the American leg and the European leg of their first world tour.  Stray Kids released a digital single titled "Double Knot" on October 9 and also announced their District 9 Unlock World Tour starting from November 23–24 at Olympic Hall, Seoul, South Korea, with their fifth extended play "Clé: Levanter", initially announced for release on November 25. However, on October 28, JYPE announced that Woojin had left the group due to personal circumstances, and the release of "Clé: Levanter" was delayed to December 9 as a result. On November 13, the group released the music video for "Astronaut," their first single without Woojin and as an eight-member group. On December 9, Stray Kids released "Cle: Levanter".  Stray Kids released the digital single titled "Mixtape : Gone Days", the first single of Mixtape Project on December 26, 2019.  Stray Kids released the first English version of "Double Knot" and "Levanter" as the digital single "Step Out of Clé", along with "Double Knot" English version music video on January 24, 2020.  Stray Kids made an official Japanese debut on March 18, 2020 with compilation album "SKZ2020" in Japan and South Korea, with the new record of previous songs and including Japanese version of "My Pace", "Double Knot" and "Levanter" () that released as single before  Stray Kids released the Mixtape Project second digital single titled "Mixtape : On Track" (바보라도 알아) on March 26, 2020  On April 1, 2020, Stray Kids announced the group will be releasing their first Japanese single album titled "TOP" on June 3, 2020. It will be used as the theme song for the anime "Kami no Tō -Tower of God-". A Korean version was released on May 13, and an English version on May 20.

Endorsements.

Before the official debut of Stray Kids, the nine members were chosen as new models to endorse Jambangee Jeans in 2018, which was announced on February 13 with the brand's spring collection. On June 26, they were selected as an exclusive model of Ivy Club for the 2018 Fall semester. On July 19, they received for the first set of their CF with Minute Maid Sparkling. Five days after their first CF, they were selected to be promotional models for CGV "Youth Brand Festival" from July 24 to August 31. On September 19, Stray Kids has been chosen as the newest ambassador of Lotte Duty Free. It was announced at Lotte Duty Free official YouTube and Instagram accounts. On October 16, Stray Kids became the new model of the Korean sportswear brand “Pro-Specs”. On June 17, 2019, Stray Kids was chosen as the newest ambassador of Talk Talk Korea Contest in 2019, and June 18, they were appointed as an honorary ambassador by the Korean Culture and Information Service, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.

Members.

Adapted from the group's profile in JYP Entertainment's official website.

Former members.

Notes

Stray Kids (; often abbreviated as SKZ) is a South Korean boy band formed by JYP Entertainment through the 2017 reality show of the same name. The group is composed of eight members: Bang Chan, Lee Know, Changbin, Hyunjin, Han, Felix, Seungmin, and I.N. Originally a nine-piece group, member Woojin left Stray Kids due to undisclosed personal reasons in October 2019. The group released their extended play "Mixtape" in January 2018 and officially debuted on March 25 with "I Am Not".

Stray Kids (hangeul : 스트레이 키즈, RR : "Seuteurei Kijeu", japonais : ストレイキッズ, rōmaji : "Sutoreikizzu"), souvent abrégé officiellement en (hangeul : 슼즈, RR : "Seukjeu") ou anciennement en (hangeul : 슼, RR : "Seuk"), est un boys band sud-coréen, originaire de Séoul en Corée du Sud. Il est formé en par JYP Entertainment lors de l'émission de téléréalité du nom de "Stray Kids". Le groupe est composé de huit membres se prénommant Bang Chan, Lee Know, Changbin, Hyunjin, Han, Felix, Seungmin et I.N. Le groupe réalise un extended play de pré-début s'intitulant "Mixtape" et trois clips vidéo en. Le groupe débute officiellement le avec la sortie du clip vidéo de "District 9", pour leur premier extended play "I Am Not". Le, la JYP Entertainment annonce le départ de Woojin pour des raisons personnelles.


Roots.

The Ukrainian Catholic Church was formed in 1595 through the Union of Brest, when several bishops of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, possibly bowing to pressure from their ruler, the King of Poland, agreed to enter into full communion with the Holy See of Rome. The adherents of this union were a minority within the general Ukrainian population, with strong hostility coming from the adherents of the Orthodox Church. Ukrainian Catholics retained the traditions of Orthodox Church institutions, one of which was an enclosed religious order as the sole approved option for women who wanted to live a religious lifestyle. They were, however, also in touch with the ecclesiastical developments of Western Europe.  Father Jeremiah Lomnytskyj, a Basilian monk, was among the first members of his religious Order trained under Polish Jesuit Fathers. From his experiences with the Polish Roman Catholics, Lomnytskyj conceived the idea of establishing communities of active Religious Sisters to assist the Basilian Fathers in answering the great social needs of the people, as had emerged throughout Western Europe during that era.  Lomnytskyj was invited in 1891 by Father Cyril Sielecki, a widowed priest, to give a mission at the parish of Zhuzhel (now called Zhuzheliany) where he was leaving as pastor. The mission was very well received, and he was approached by several young girls who wanted to give their lives to God. When he indicated that the usual dowry would be needed for admission to a monastery, one girl indicated that she was too poor for that. Lomnytskyj was troubled by this. Michaelina Hordashevska, later to be known as Mother Josaphata, had already been discerning a religious vocation. Fr. Lomnytskyj acted as her spiritual director in Lviv, and under his guidance, she made a private vow of chastity. Lomnytskyj now pondered whether she could be instrumental in realizing this goal of establishing active religious communities of women in their Church, beginning with these several young women. He then invited her to become the first member of this new way of life he was proposing, which he and Seletsky would direct, advising her that there would be much work and suffering ahead. Michaelina accepted his invitation.

Foundation of the Congregation.

In June 1892, Michaelina Hordashevska went to stay with the Polish Roman Catholic Felician Sisters, a fairly new congregation which had been founded with a similar goal by a Polish noblewoman. After two months, she returned to her native city of Lviv on 22 August, and fashioned the religious habit which was to distinguish the new Congregation. Two days later, she was formally given this habit and the religious name Josaphata, in honor of the revered Ukrainian Catholic martyr, Saint Josaphat.  Hordashevka then went to the nearby village of Zhuzhel (site of the parish mission where seven other young women who had been recruited for this new community were waiting to establish a community. They then began their preparation to start their lives of service. Sister Josaphata was appointed Superior of the community. She taught and encouraged the other members of the community, telling them: "Serve your people where the need is greatest".  Within ten years, the 8 Sisters had grown to 128, living in 26 convents throughout Ukraine. They were able to hold their first General Chapter in 1902, in the course of which Sister Josaphata Hordashevka was elected the first Superior General of the Congregation, with Father Jeremiah Lomnytskyj resigning his position as Director of the institute. Unfortunately, severe divisions arose within the Congregation, driving Hordashevka to submit her resignation soon afterwards to the Metropolitan Archbishop of Lviv, the Servant of God Andrey Sheptytsky, O.S.B.M., who accepted it and appointed a new Superior General.  After this, Sister Josaphata was denied permission to make permanent vows, until the next General Chapter went ahead and voted her as Vicaress General of the Congregation, despite her ineligibility for the office due to her canonical status. The delegates of the Chapter petitioned the Metropolitan to allow her to make her final vows, a petition which was granted and she assumed the post. Three years later, though, Mother Josaphata was diagnosed with tuberculosis of the bone. She died from this disease in 1919, at the age of 49.

Growth and persecution.

The Sisters Servants had been founded to minister to the spiritual, moral, intellectual and social needs of the Ukrainian people. As many of them emigrated to other countries over the years, in search of a better life, the Sisters branched out from western Ukraine to Canada, Yugoslavia, Brazil, the United States, Poland, Slovakia, Italy, Great Britain, France, Argentina, Germany, Australia and Kazakhstan.  After World War II, however, Ukraine was absorbed into the Soviet Union. The Communist government which took control of the region soon suppressed the Sisters and seized their properties, as well as that of all other religious institutions. The Sisters were forced to live hidden lives of dedication. The Superior General at that time, Mother Veronica Gargil, was able to flee the Soviet Union with another member of the General Council, first to Czechoslovakia, then, in 1945, to Rome. Shortly after that, the Canadian Province of the Congregation was able to purchase property, which was established as the international motherhouse of the Congregation. Mother Josaphata's remains were exhumed in 1982 and transferred to the Generalate in Rome.  With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Sisters who had lived their consecrated lives in secret were able to re-emerge as a public association. Members of the Congregation from throughout the world joined together to give support and help to their Sisters in Ukraine.

Present day.

In 1992 the Congregation celebrated the centennial of its founding with Sisters Servants from thirteen countries participating in a Divine Liturgy of Thanksgiving and a special Jubilee program held in Ukraine.  On 6 April 1998, Pope John Paul II issued the decree acknowledging Mother Josaphata's heroic virtues, and the occurrence of a miracle effected through intercession to her. She was beatified on 27 June 2001, during a visit by that Pope to her native city of Lviv, along with another member of the Congregation who had been murdered by a Soviet soldier and over twenty other martyrs of the Ukrainian Catholic Church.  As of 2018, there are about 700 sisters serving in Brazil, Canada, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, the United States. The headquarters are in Rome. In the United States, the sisters operate St. Joseph’s Adult Care Home in Sloatsburg, New York.

The Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate (S.S.M.I.) are a religious congregation of women in the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. They were founded in 1845 in Lviv, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now in Ukraine, the first such organization of religious women in this Eastern Catholic Church. The founders were the Blessed Josaphata Hordashevska and the Servant of God, Father Jeremiah Lomnytskyj, O.S.B.M..

Les servantes de Marie Immaculée (en latin : "Congregationis Sororum Ancillarum a Maria Immaculata") sont une congrégation religieuse enseignante de rite byzantin et de droit pontifical. C'est le institut religieux féminin apostolique fondé au sein de l'Église grecque-catholique ukrainienne.


Saison 1995 de la Ligue canadienne de football

CFL news in 1995.

Expansion, relocation, folding and realignment.

Two more United States-based teams were admitted, the Birmingham Barracudas and the Memphis Mad Dogs. In the off-season the Sacramento Gold Miners moved to San Antonio to become the San Antonio Texans. The Texans would play their home games at the Alamodome, which is the only American stadium designed and built to accommodate a regulation Canadian football field. The Baltimore Football Club finally found themselves a new nickname and christened themselves the Stallions at the beginning of the second week of the season. In April 1995, the Las Vegas Posse, after a disastrous 1994 season, were slated to move to Jackson, Mississippi and were included in draft schedules for the league that year; squabbles with the Posse's board of directors and an inability for potential new owners to come up with the funds to cover the team's operations prompted the CFL to suspend the team and disperse its roster instead.  With the admittance of the Barracudas and Mad Dogs, and in hopes of securing a television contract, the CFL undertook a realignment. The longstanding alignment of East and West was discontinued. All five U.S.-based teams would play in the South Division, while all eight Canadian teams would compete in the North Division. Five teams from the North and three from the South would qualify for the playoffs. To make up for the disparity, the lowest-seeded North Division playoff team (which ended up being Winnipeg) played in the South Division playoffs against the top South Division team, in a precursor to the CFL's current crossover playoff rule that would be instituted in 1997.

Uniform changes.

The Toronto Argonauts revealed an all-new logo and colour scheme. Their new colours were dark blue, slate green and metallic silver. The new logo design was based on the ""Jason and the Argonauts"" premise featuring a side profile of a helmeted warrior facing one side and holding up a round shield with an "A" on it.  The Birmingham Barracudas released the design of their logo and uniforms prior to the season. Their team colours were black, blue, teal and burnt orange.  The Memphis Mad Dogs unveiled their new team colours as forest green, burgundy, black and gold.  All three teams got new jerseys with an unusual template. The jerseys had the team's primary logo printed super large on the lower part of one side of the jersey while player numbers', which were much smaller in size, on the opposite side of the player's upper torso. Similar jerseys were being used by teams of the World League of American Football.  As the Sacramento Gold Miners became the San Antonio Texans, they changed their logo from a pick axe striking gold to a logo of a head of a cowboy with a black hat and a red bandana scarf imposed on a large star. They also added burgundy to teal, old gold and black as their team colours.  The Ottawa Rough Riders reverted their team colour of light navy to black. They kept the colours metallic gold and red. The logo that was unveiled last season was retained with black substituting over from light navy. Also after the 1995 season, in time for the 1996 (and what would be their last ever season) the Rough Riders also returned to using a black helmet from a metallic gold one and back to black jerseys as they had worn from at least 1976 to 1993 inclusive instead of the red ones they wore in 1994 and 1995.

Game ball supplier.

The Wilson company, which has supplied the NFL with their game balls since 1940, began supplying the game balls to the CFL this season, and has done so since then. Prior to this, the league used the Spalding J5V ball as their game ball.

The Grey Cup.

The city of Regina played host to the Grey Cup game for the first time. In the game, viewers at home and at Taylor Field witnessed the Baltimore Stallions defeat the Calgary Stampeders, 37–20, becoming the first (and only) American team to win the Grey Cup.

Regular season standings.

Final regular season standings.

"Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points. Teams in bold qualified for the playoffs."

Grey Cup playoffs.

The Baltimore Stallions were the 1995 Grey Cup champions, defeating the Calgary Stampeders 37–20 at Regina's Taylor Field. The Stallions became the only American team to win the Grey Cup. The Stallions' Tracy Ham (QB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player and the Stampeders' Dave Sapunjis (SB) was the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.

The 1995 Canadian Football League season was the 38th season of the CFL, and the 42nd in the modern era of Canadian football.

1995 est la saison de la Ligue canadienne de football et la depuis la fondation de la "Canadian Rugby Football Union" en 1884.


History.

Soviet engineers carried out some early experiments with tracked SPAAGs before and during World War II, including a modification of the T-70 light tank, resulting in the experimental T-90 SPAAG which was armed with two 12.7 mm DShKT heavy machine guns (the prototype was built in November 1942 by GAZ). The T-70 light tank would eventually be further developed into the SU-76 light self-propelled gun chassis, which in turn was to become the base for the ZSU-37 SPAAG using M1939 anti-aircraft gun. It was decided to use the chassis of the SU-76M in order to speed up and cheapen the production of the much needed tracked and armoured SPAAGs.  The ZSU-37 was produced from March 1945 to 1948, and 75 vehicles were built in total (only a few vehicles were produced before the war ended, due to temporary manufacturing technology). As a result of its late production and the almost non-appearance of the few remaining "Luftwaffe" aircraft in the spring of 1945, the ZSU-37 saw no service in World War II. An experimental self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery battalion equipped with 12 ZSU-37 SPAAGs was formed by the end of 1945.  After World War II it became clear that the low rate of fire and firepower of a single 37 mm AA gun was not effective against high-speed low altitude targets. The anti-aircraft artillery crews found it difficult to manually track fast-moving targets. SPAAGs based on a light tank chassis also had quite low manœuvrability in difficult terrain and low off-road speed and range in comparison with medium tanks and self-propelled guns (SPG)s, which the ZSU-37 was meant to protect. The two tandem engines used on the SU-76M chassis required gasoline fuel, which was sometimes a problem in tank units equipped with diesel-engined tanks. The ZSU-37 was retired from service because of the aforementioned reasons soon after series production was stopped.  An effort was made to significantly increase the firepower by mounting the same 37 mm gun into a quad-mount on a T-34 medium tank chassis, but the vehicle never left the design stage as it was recommended by the Technical Council of the Ministry of Transport to use a newer tank chassis and the more powerful S-68 57 mm twin anti-aircraft autocannon, which was being developed at the time. The next step in Soviet tracked SPAAG technology would come with the ZSU-57-2, which was based on the T-54 medium tank chassis and was mass-produced in 1957–1960.  From 1957, design and development work began on new, radar-guided SPAAGs, namely the ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" and the ZSU-37-2 "Yenisei" – a new design (unrelated to the ZSU-37) and based on the chassis of the SU-100P self-propelled gun. Both were intended mainly as replacements for the ZSU-57-2. Development of the "Yenisei" was cancelled in 1962 and the ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" entered production, armed with twin-37 mm 500P "Angara" anti-aircraft autocannon.

Description.

The ZSU-37 SPAAG was based on the chassis of the SU-76M, on which it was mounted an open-top turret armed with one 37 mm 61-K mod. 1939 anti-aircraft autocannon. The vehicle was equipped with an automatic sight of the distance-type with two collimators, a stereo range finder with a 1-meter base, a 12RT-3 radio, a TPU-3F intercom system and mechanical aiming mechanisms with two rates of angular motion for adequate speed and smoothness of aiming (the traverse mechanism had a foot switch of rates).  The crew consisted of six men: a driver, an aimer for azimuth, an aimer for elevation, a sight adjuster for target speed and range, a sight adjuster for target course and dive angle, and a loader.  The ZSU-37 was based on the SU-76M because it also shared its technical drawbacks and advantages, the most discussed of which was the open-top turret. To protect the crew from rain and snow the gun compartment could be covered with tarpaulin, however the gun could not be fully elevated when this was done. The open turret had advantages, such as high elevation angle, excellent visibility for the gunners and no need for ventilation. Light and manoeuvrable, the ZSU-37 was considered quite an effective SPAAG in the mid-1940s. However, it had insufficient off-road capabilities to accompany medium and heavy tanks in difficult terrain.  Ammunition consisted of 320 armour-piercing, fragmentation incendiary and fragmentation rounds (all with tracers). 130 rounds were in 5-round clips and 190 rounds were loose without clips. Armour-piercing composite rounds could be used against enemy heavy tanks. Muzzle velocity was between 890 and 920 m/s depending on projectile type, the armour-piercing shell weighed 0.785 kg, fragmentation shells weighed 0.732 kg. The autocannon could be depressed and elevated manually between -5° and +85°. Cyclic rate of fire was 120 to 130 rounds per minute while the practical rate of fire was about 50 to 60 rounds per minute. Maximum combat vertical fire was 2,500 m while the maximum vertical range was 6,500 m.  The vehicle could cross 0.67 m high vertical obstacles, 2 m wide trenches, ford 0.9 m deep water obstacles and climb 25° gradients. Transmission and undercarriage were identical to those of the SU-76M SPG. The engine was also the same but forced from 140 hp on SU-76M to 160 hp - a GAZ-203 which consisted of two tandem GAZ-202 6-cylinder row liquid-cooled gasoline engines, each producing 80 hp (63 kWt) at 3600 rpm.

Preservation status.

The experimental SU-11 vehicle is on display at the Kubinka Tank Museum in Russia.

ZSU-37 was a Soviet-made, light, self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG), developed by the end of 1943 and produced at Works No. 40 in Mytishchi. It was the first Soviet series-produced tracked SPAAG. ZSU stands for Zenitnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka (), meaning "anti-aircraft self-propelled mount".

Le canon ZSU-37 est un véhicule d'artillerie soviétique anti-aérien automoteur léger, développé à la fin de 1943. Il était produit dans les de Mytichtchi.


History.

In 1863, gold was discovered in Alder Gulch. This brought on "the rush." Two months later, William Ennis homesteaded the site along the Madison River that was soon to become the town of Ennis, his namesake.  In 1886 a mystery creature was noted for making livestock kills in the Madison Valley. A local rancher Israel Ammon Hutchins finally shot & killed the beast, after accidentally shooting one of his cattle, which was on the other side of some brush. A local taxidermist stuffed the canine. Jack Kirby (Hutchins' Grandson) tracked the mount to a Museum in Pocatello, Idaho, around 2007.  Avid Aircraft, a manufacturer of homebuilt aircraft, was located in Ennis. The company ceased operations in 2003.  The 2003 Ennis shooting occurred on June 14, 2003, when 44-year-old, George Harold Davis, opened fire outside the Silver Dollar Saloon bar on Main Street. He killed one man and injured six others. He then fled to Missoula County, Montana, where he was finally stopped and arrested by police. He was sentenced to eleven life terms for the crime.  The Thexton Ranch is located about south of Ennis, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

The town is flanked by Tobacco Root Mountains to the northwest, the Gravelly Range to the southwest and the Madison Range to the east. Approximately north of town, the Madison Dam creates Ennis Lake at the head of Bear Trap Canyon. A large "E" has been placed in a hill west of the town at this location:  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 838 people, 416 households, and 207 families residing in the town. The population density was. There were 527 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 96.9% White, 0.1% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.  There were 416 households of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.2% were non-families. 42.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.91 and the average family size was 2.60.  The median age in the town was 49.8 years. 15.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 30.7% were from 45 to 64; and 25.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 840 people, 367 households, and 219 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,240.2 people per square mile (476.9/km). There were 434 housing units at an average density of 640.8 per square mile (246.4/km). The racial makeup of the town was 97.98% White, 0.48% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of the population.  There were 367 households out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.87.  In the town, the population was spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $30,735, and the median income for a family was $38,542. Males had a median income of $30,956 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,310. About 7.7% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Ennis is the center of a long-standing ranching economy in the Madison River Valley. Large cattle and sheep ranches dot the valley north and south of the town along the river. Ennis is also a major tourist attraction and angling destination for fly fisherman targeting rainbow and brown trout. The small town hosts at least three fly shops and numerous resorts that cater to fly anglers with guided fishing trips on the Madison and in nearby Yellowstone National Park. Ennis is home to Willie's Distillery, known for its bourbon and moonshine, and one of the growing number of micro-distilleries in Montana.

Education.

Ennis has a public library, the Madison Valley Public Library.

Arts and culture.

The Ennis Chamber of Commerce has organized an annual 4th of July parade since the early 1980s. In 2014, the Chamber hosted its 79th annual Fourth of July parade. The annual parade down main street in Ennis attracts visitors from throughout the U.S. and is considered one of the best small town parades in Montana. The 4th of July celebration in Ennis includes a rodeo event at the Ennis Rodeo Grounds just west of town. For at least the last decade, the Madison River Foundation, headquartered in Ennis has sponsored an annual 'Ennis on the Madison' Fly Fishing Festival in mid August. The festival attracts anglers and fly fishing luminaries from around the U.S. Each summer, Ennis hosts three long distance runs, collectively known as the Madison Trifecta. A duathlon is held over the 4th of July weekend between Ennis and Virginia City, Montana. A full marathon, the highest elevation run (over ) in America is held in the Gravelly Range in late July. The Madison Triathlon is held in August of every year between Ennis and Harrison, Montana. In October, the Chamber of Commerce also hosts the annual Hunters Feed. It takes place the day before rifle season opens. Locals line up on Main St. and cook a wild game dish for the attendees to sample. In the past there has been elk, moose, deer, pheasant, and bob cat to try. A winner is chosen for the best chili, best non-chili dish, and most unusual dish. Ennis is also home to Montana's first combined brewery and distillery festival, Tap Into Ennis. The event occurs the third Saturday in May which coincides with the first day of fishing season on the Madison River. The Chamber hosts the event and invites Montana breweries and distilleries, artists, and local music acts. Ennis also hosts the Madison Valley Arts Festival, typically the second Saturday of August.

Infrastructure.

Ennis is served by the Big Sky Airport.

Wildlife restoration.

In 2012, a few miles south of Ennis, in restored wetlands along O'Dell spring creek and the Madison River, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks and the Montana Audubon Society undertook a project to reintroduce trumpeter swans to the Madison Valley. In August 2012, five trumpeter swan cygnets were released in restored wetlands. The goals of the project are to establish at least five breeding pairs of trumpeter swans through annual releases over five years.

Ennis is a town in Madison County, Montana, United States, in the southwestern part of the state. The population was 838 at the 2010 census.

Ennis est une municipalité américaine située dans le comté de Madison au Montana. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de. La municipalité s'étend sur une superficie de.


Northern Ireland.

In Northern Ireland religious segregation has been a phenomenon which increased in many areas, particularly in the capital city of Belfast and Derry. This trend increased since the Troubles, a protracted series of conflicts and tensions between Roman Catholics and Protestants from the late 1960s to the late 2000s. Segregation does not occur everywhere. State schools are non-denominational, but many Roman Catholics send their children to Roman Catholic Maintained Schools.  In government housing, most people will choose to be housed within their own communities. This form of segregation is most common among lower income people who live in larger towns and cities, and areas where there have been heightened levels of violence.  In 2012 "Foreign Policy" reported:

Iran.

Shi'a Islam has been the state religion of Iran since the Iranian Revolution in 1979. While Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism are officially recognized and legally protected religious minorities, they are not allowed to evangelize or allow Muslim Iranians to convert to their faiths. The U.S. State Department has claimed that religious minorities have been subject to harassment and religious persecution.  Other religious minorities like the Bahá'í are not recognized by the government and thus do not have any legal protections nor the constitutional right to practice their religion. The Muslim Network for Bahá'í Rights has reported cases of Bahá'í students being expelled from university due to their religion. According to the Times Higher Education, Bahá'í educators are required to renounce their faith in order to teach in Iranian universities. Due to its heterodox beliefs, the Bahá'í faith is officially considered a heretical movement because of the Bahá'í belief that Bahá'u'lláh is a divinely ordained prophet in contradiction of the Qur'an, which asserts that Muhammad is the last and final messenger sent to mankind.

Pakistan.

Pakistan was created through the partition of India on the basis of religious segregation, as demanded by the pro-separatist Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the All India Muslim League, though not without significant opposition.  In the colonial Indian province of Sind, the historian Ayesha Jalal describes the actions that the pro-separatist Muslim League used in order to spread communal division and undermine the government of Allah Bakhsh Soomro, which stood for a united India: In the few years before the partition, the Muslim League "monetarily subsidized" mobs that engaged in communal violence against Hindus and Sikhs in the areas of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha, as well as in the Hazara District. The Muslim League paid assassins money for every Hindu and Sikh they murdered. As such, leaders of the pro-separatist Muslim League, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, issued no condemnation of the violence against Hindus and Sikhs in the Punjab.  Today, Pakistan is officially an Islamic country and defines who and who is not a Muslim. Under these conditions, Ahmadi Muslims are declared non-Muslim by law of the land and cannot practice their faith freely. They are not permitted to call their mosques as mosques, or meet with people with the Islamic greeting of Peace. Ahmadi Muslims are excluded from government and any other high-profile positions within Pakistan. There have been cases when the Ahmadi Muslims have been expelled from schools, colleges and universities, for being Ahmadi Muslim. Once the entire population of Rabwah, the Pakistani headquarters of Ahmadi Muslims was charged under Anti-Ahmadiyya laws.

Saudi Arabia.

Prior to March 1, 2004, the official Saudi government website stated that Jews were forbidden from entering the country, however, this practice was not enforced.  In the City of Mecca, only Muslims are allowed. Non-Muslims may not enter or travel through Mecca; attempting to enter Mecca as a non-Muslim can result in penalties such as a fine; being in Mecca as a non-Muslim can result in deportation.  In the City of Medina.non-Muslims are not allowed to entering the Nabawi Square, where the Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi is located.

Nepal.

On the banks of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Nepal is a Pashupatinath Temple dedicated to Pashupatinath. This temple complex which is on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites's list since 1979 was erected anew in the 15th century by King kirat Yalamber.  Entry into the inner courtyard is strictly monitored by the temple security, which is selective of who is allowed inside. Practicing Hindus and Buddhists of Indian and Tibetan descendant are only allowed into temple courtyard. Practicing Hindus and Buddhists of other than Nepali, Indian, Tibetan descent are not allowed into the temple complex along with other non Hindu visitors. Others can look at the main temple from adjacent side of the river.

India.

The debate over the ban on non-Hindus entering Hindu temples began around 30 years ago when singer Yesudas, who planned to take part in a music programme, was stopped at the Guruvayur temple gate. He finally had to sing bhajans outside the temple wall. Though several temples in Kerala have signs saying that non-Hindus are denied entry, few of them enforce it as strictly as the Guruvayur temple, which insists on following its distinct traditions. 'Only Orthodox Hindus are allowed’, reads a signboard hanging from the Lion's Gate of the Sri Jagannath Temple in Puri. The issue has triggered many a controversy in the past and continues to arouse strong feelings even today.  The temple is an important pilgrimage destination for many Hindu traditions and part of the Char Dham pilgrimages that a Hindu is expected to make in one's lifetime.  In the past a number of dignitaries, including former prime minister Indira Gandhi, had not been allowed to enter the 12th century shrine because she had married a Parsi, Feroze Gandhi. In 2005, the Queen of Thailand Mahachakri Siridharan was not allowed inside the temple as she was a follower of Buddhism.  In 2006, the shrine did not allow a citizen of Switzerland named Elizabeth Jigler, who had donated 17.8 million Indian Rupees to the temple because she was a Christian. Kashi Vishvanath In Varanasi Located in Varanasi, the temple stands on the western bank of the holy river Ganga, and is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, the holiest of Shiva temples. The most famous of the many temples in Varanasi is the one dedicated to Vishveswara -- Shiva as lord of the universe. Non-Hindus are not allowed inside the temple, although this is not always enforced. On the northern side of Vishwanath Temple is the Gyan Kupor well. Non-Hindus are strictly not allowed to enter here.

Myanmar.

The 2012 Rakhine State riots are a series of ongoing conflicts between Rohingya Muslims and ethnic Rakhine in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. The riots broke out after weeks of sectarian disputes and they have been condemned by most people on both sides of the conflict. The immediate cause of the riots is unclear, with many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine after the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman as the main cause.  Whole villages have been "decimated". Over three hundred houses and a number of public buildings have been razed. According to Tun Khin, the President of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (BROUK), as of 28 June 650 Rohingyas have been killed, 1,200 are missing, and more than 80,000 have been displaced. According to the Myanmar authorities, the violence, between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and thousands of homes destroyed. It also displaced more than 52,000 people.  The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the region. On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in the administration of the region. The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence. A number of monks' organisations that played a vital role in Burma's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya community. In July 2012, the Myanmar Government did not include the Rohingya minority group–-classified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the government's list of more than 130 ethnic races and therefore the government says that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship.  According to Amnesty International, the Muslim Rohingya people have continued to suffer from human rights violations under the Burmese junta since 1978, and many have fled to neighbouring Bangladesh as a result.  As of 2005, the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) had been assisting with the repatriation of Rohingya from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses in the refugee camps have threatened this effort.  Over the years thousands of Rohingya also have fled to Thailand. There are roughly 111,000 refugees housed in nine camps along the Thai-Myanmar border. There have been charges that groups of them have been shipped and towed out to open sea from Thailand, and left there. In February 2009, there was evidence of the Thai army towing a boatload of 190 Rohingya refugees out to sea. A group of refugees rescued by Indonesian authorities also in February 2009 told harrowing stories of being captured and beaten by the Thai military, and then abandoned at open sea. By the end of February, there were reports that of a group of five boats were towed out to open sea, of which four boats sank in a storm, and one washed up on the shore. February 12, 2009 Thailand's prime minister Abhisit Vejjajiva said there were "some instances" in which Rohingya people were pushed out to sea. "There are attempts, I think, to let these people drift to other shores. [...] when these practices do occur, it is done on the understanding that there is enough food and water supplied. [...] It's not clear whose work it is [...] but if I have the evidence who exactly did this I will bring them to account."

Religious segregation is the separation of people according to their religion. The term has been applied to cases of religious-based segregation which occurs as a social phenomenon, as well as segregation which arises from laws, whether they are explicit or implicit.

Une ségrégation religieuse est le fait de vouloir séparer un peuple au sein de la même nation ou d'un même pays sur des caractères racistes et religieux.


Development.

The CityAirbus follows other Airbus Urban Air Mobility initiatives: Skyways to deliver packages by UAVs on the University of Singapore campus, the A3 Vahana single-passenger, self-piloted VTOL aircraft and the A3 Voom on-demand shared helicopter booking service app by A3.  A 2015 feasibility study confirmed the design's operating costs and that it could meet safety requirements. Full-scale testing of the ducted propeller drivetrain was completed in October 2017. Type certification and commercial introduction are planned for 2023.  The "iron bird" systems test prototype was completed and powered on in December 2017 on a test bench in Taufkirchen, Germany, to test the propulsion system chain, flight controls and propeller dynamic loads, verifying the electric, mechanical and thermal dynamics before being installed on the flight demonstrator by mid-2018.  The first structural parts for the demonstrator were produced by Airbus Helicopters. The aircraft's first unmanned flight was on 3 May 2019. Manned flights are planned for 2019.

Design.

The multirotor is intended to carry four passengers, with a pilot initially and to become self-piloted when regulations allow. The overall system is being developed in Donauwörth, with the electrical propulsion system built in Ottobrunn/Munich. The use of four ducted fans contribute to safety and low acoustic footprint. The fully integrated drivetrain has eight propellers and eight Siemens SP200D direct-drive electric motors. The fixed pitch propellers are controlled by their RPM. The four electric batteries total and can produce a combined output four times. The design should cruise at on fixed routes with 15 minutes endurance.

The Airbus CityAirbus is a multinational project by Airbus Helicopters to produce an electrically-powered VTOL personal air vehicle demonstrator. It is intended for the air taxi role, to avoid ground traffic congestion.

Le CityAirbus est taxi volant électrique en milieu urbain. Cet aéronef à décollage et atterrissage vertical est développé par Airbus Helicopters et Siemens.


Crimes and sentencing.

In 2009, Gleason was serving a life sentence for the 2007 murder of Michael Kent Jamerson (March 13, 1953 - May 8, 2007). Gleason had become frustrated with the Department of Corrections because they refused to move out his new, severely mentally ill cellmate, Harvey Watson (September 11, 1945 - May 8, 2009). Watson had been serving a 100-year sentence over a murder dating back to August 11, 1983. Gleason hog-tied, beat and strangled 63-year-old Watson, on the 2-year anniversary of Jamerson's death. Gleason pleaded guilty. Both in court and in media interviews, Gleason vowed to continue killing if not given the death penalty. While awaiting sentencing at a highly secure prison for the state's most dangerous inmates, Gleason strangled 26-year-old Aaron Cooper (September 27, 1983 - July 28, 2010) through wire fencing that separated their individual cages in a prison yard on July 28, 2010. Cooper had been serving a 34-year sentence for robbery. Gleason was subsequently sentenced to death, voluntarily waived his appeals, and got his wish after choosing the electric chair over lethal injection.

Execution.

Gleason was executed by electric chair at Greensville Correctional Center in Jarratt, Virginia, on January 16, 2013, at 9:08pm. His last words were purportedly "Well, I hope Percy ain't going to forget to wet the sponge. Put me on the highway to Jackson and call my Irish buddies. Póg mo thóin. God bless." The phrase "," is translated from Irish as "Kiss my arse." His execution was the first to be carried out by electric chair since the March 2010 execution of Paul Warner Powell, also in Virginia. Gleason stands as the most recent person to die in the Virginia electric chair, the last person to die in the electric chair in any jurisdiction for almost six years until the November 2018 execution of Edmund Zagorski in Tennessee and the most recent person executed by electrocution in a jurisdiction other than the state of Tennessee.

Robert Charles Gleason, Jr. (April 10, 1970 – January 16, 2013) was an American murderer sentenced to death and executed by the Commonwealth of Virginia for two separate murders of two of his cellmates.

Robert Charles Gleason, Jr., né le et mort le à Jarratt (États-Unis), était un meurtrier américain condamné à mort et exécuté par chaise électrique par l'État de Virginie pour avoir tué deux de ses compagnons de cellule.


Geography.

North River is located at (46.949253, -96.802463).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 56 people, 23 households, and 21 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 24 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.  There were 23 households of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.3% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 8.7% were non-families. 8.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.48.  The median age in the city was 47.5 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.3% were from 25 to 44; 48.2% were from 45 to 64; and 7.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.6% male and 46.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 65 people, 19 households, and 19 families living in the city. The population density was 1,017.5 people per square mile (418.3/km2). There were 19 housing units at an average density of 297.4 per square mile (122.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.  There were 19 households out of which 63.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 89.5% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 0.0% were non-families. No households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.42 and the average family size was 3.37.  In the city, the population was spread out with 32.3% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, and 36.9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 140.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $80,000, and the median income for a family was $80,000. Males had a median income of $41,250 versus $29,583 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,584. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

North River is a city in Cass County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 56 at the 2010 census. North River was founded in 1973. It is a suburb/bedroom community directly adjacent to the city of Fargo.

La ville de est située dans le comté de Cass, dans l’État du Dakota du Nord, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Development.

Iran was among the earliest countries to import the TOW missile, as far back as 1971. Extensive repair and assembly facilities were set up at the Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) by the Texas-based Emerson Energy Systems, as well as Hughes Missile Systems, to repair TOW and FGM-77A Dragon missiles.  In May 1975, negotiations between Iran and Hughes Missile Systems on co-production of TOW and AGM-65 Maverick missiles stalled over disagreements in the pricing structure. Hughes set the royalty and initial investment costs for Iran at $20 million for the TOW and $25 million for the Maverick. The subsequent Iranian Revolution in 1979 ended all plans for such co-production. The Iran–Iraq war lead to Iran having an acute need for anti-tank guided missiles to counter Iraq's massive armored formations, leading Iran to import thousands more TOW missiles, as well as Soviet AT-3 Sagger ATGMs. Attempts at local production of both systems began in the first half of the war, with the TOW missile being prioritized due to its better performance. The earliest prototype version was ready in mid-1985, but performance was disappointing compared to Iran's US-made TOW missiles, which received widespread praise in Iran at the time. Following about a year and a half more of R&D work, the Toophan was tested against Iraqi tanks and showed better performance. The missile was shown on an Iranian TV show on March 21, 1987, and production of what would be named the Toophan 1 began by early 1988. R&D and production work continued through the 1990s. The missile was not publicly revealed until 2000, when the Toophan 1 and Toophan 2 were publicly unveiled at the same time. The Toophan has since become Iran's primary anti-tank guided missile.  In addition to Toophan missiles, Iran also produces reverse engineered tripod launchers, guidance sets, and storage boxes, all of which bear the Toophan name. Toophan missiles can be fired from TOW launchers, and their components are generally interchangeable. A number of sources say that the Toophan's quality is inferior to that of original American-made TOW missiles, but is still robustly capable.  In 2014 Iran showed a Toophan/TOW simulator they built for helicopter-launched missiles. In a December 2016 military exercise Iran used the missile against naval targets. In 2018 Iran showed off thermal-sights which can be used with the Toophan. The Toophan can be mounted on Boragh APCs, ATVs, or Safir jeeps. Toophan missiles can be repaired by Iran's Shiraz Electronics Industries.  The Toophan was later developed into the Sadid-1, an ambitious project to build a competitor to the Israeli Spike-ER fire-and-forget missile for attack helicopters and drones. The Sadid-1 had limited success, but was used to develop the successful Sadid-345 glide bomb, which in turn spun off a smaller counterpart, the Qaem air-to-ground munition.

Combat history.

Iran–Iraq War.

Prototype versions of the Toophan-1 were used in the tail end of the Iran–Iraq War.

2006 Lebanon War.

Hezbollah received Toophan missiles in the early 2000s and used them against Israeli Merkava tanks and other vehicles during the 2006 Lebanon War.

Syrian Civil War.

The Toophan missile has seen extensive use in the Syrian Civil War. Hezbollah has used Toophan missiles in the war and is one of the missile's most prominent users. The missiles have also been provided to the Syrian Army and Iranian-backed Shiite militias in Syria. Toophan missiles first appeared in Syria reportedly in October 2015. Overall the Toophan missile's use in Syria is poorly documented, but Toophan-1 missiles seem to be the most common. Furthermore, the Kurdish YPG militia has used Toophan 1 missiles as well. The missiles have since proliferated to a wide range of non-state actors operating in Syria. In addition, Toophan missiles have been captured by groups fighting the Syrian government, including ISIS and al-Nusra.

Iraqi Civil War.

The first known Iraqi group to receive Toophans was Asaib-Ahl-Al-Haq in 2014. The Badr Organization obtained Toophans in 2015 and the Toophan has since been provided to other Shiite militias organized under the Popular Mobilization Units. Iraq's Federal Police have also been delivered Toophans.

Yemen Civil War.

Iran has shipped Toophan missiles to the Houthis in Yemen as well, where they have been used in combat. The first video of Houthis using a Toophan missile was published in November 2018.

Identification.

Identifying Toophan missiles is hard. The Toophan ATGM is very similar to the American BGM-71 TOW ATGM on which it is reverse engineered. Toophan missiles, launchers, control units, and crates are essentially interchangeable with their American counterparts and are regularly mixed together. The many variations of TOW and Toophan missiles also poses challenges.  Toophan missiles can often be identified by their turquoise bands installed by Iran's Defense Industries Organization or by a faint black band on the rear end of the launcher. Toophan missiles, on their packaging, are instead labeled as TOW missiles; for example a Toophan 2M is labeled as a "TOW 2M".  Modern TOW tripods have black rings, while Toophan tripods have yellow rings. Internally, Toophan missiles have different screw placement and cylindrical launch motor nozzles.

Variants.

All data from Aerospace Industries Organization. Penetration values are claimed, not proven.

Other use.

As is common in Iran, the "Toophan" name has been reused for many separate, unrelated weapons systems. Iran produces a UAV, IRAM, MRAP and a jeep under the Toophan name. The Toophan-1 name is also used for heavily repaired AH-1J Cobra helicopters, while the Toophan-2 name is also used for an upgraded variant of the AH-1J Cobra helicopter. Toophan-2 helicopters are able to fire Toophan missiles.

The Toophan ( "Storm", rarely Toofan) is an Iranian SACLOS anti-tank guided missile reverse-engineered from the American BGM-71 TOW missile. The Toophan 1, an unlicensed copy of the BGM-71A TOW missile, began mass production in 1988 and the Toophan 2, a BGM-71C ITOW variant, was publicly shown in 2000. The Toophan comes in at least 11 variants, many of which are poorly documented, including variants with laser guidance, thermobaric warheads, and tandem-warheads with increased penetration. The Toophan is manufactured jointly by the Aerospace Industries Organization of Iran and Iran Electronics Industries.

Le Toophan ou Toofan (, « tempête ») est une série de missiles antichar iraniens. Le Toophan 1 est obtenu par rétro-ingénierie du BGM-71 TOW américain, et dispose de d'explosif antichar pénétrant jusqu'à de blindage homogène laminé. Sa portée maximale est, sa vitesse de pointe de. L'arme est entrée en service vers 1988. Plusieurs variantes ont été construites avec une puissance et un pouvoir pénétrant plus élevés.


Geography.

Edinburg is located at (48.495204, -97.864159).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 196 people, 107 households, and 59 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 125 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 95.4% White, 0.5% Asian, 3.6% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.  There were 107 households of which 16.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 0.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.9% were non-families. 43.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 24.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.83 and the average family size was 2.47.  The median age in the city was 55.7 years. 12.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.9% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 33.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 252 people, 118 households, and 73 families residing in the city. The population density was 831.5 people per square mile (324.3/km2). There were 132 housing units at an average density of 435.6 per square mile (169.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.22% White, 0.40% Asian, 0.40% from other races, and 1.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40% of the population.  There were 118 households out of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.74.  In the city, the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 25.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $28,500, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $27,159 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,430. About 6.0% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 9.2% of those sixty five or over.

History.

The Cenntenial History 1882 - 1894  This is written from recollections of pioneer stories told, official records and preserved newspaper copies.  Coming to this section of Dakota Territory was a Norwegian by the name of Christian Buck. He is known as the "father" of old Edinburgh and the present city of Edinburg. He was acting in the official capacity of Receiver of the U.S. Land Office, and the first postmaster of Edinburgh, being appointed when the office was established on November 1, 1882. The name of the post office and settlement was chosen as a tribute to the university where Mr. Buck received his education.  Associated with Christian Buck was another pioneer by the name of Ove Oveson who operated the first store. The post office was also located in the store. At this time the mail had to be carried from the Dundee post office, six miles east of Edinburgh.  Charles Buck, half brother to Christian, had a small drug store and gave medical aid to the pioneers. A saloon was operated by 0. Travaaten and a blacksmith shop by 0. Runstad. The exact number of dwellings, at this old site, is uncertain but it is believed some were moved to the new town in 1888. There is one landmark in Edinburg that seems to be generally agreed to have been the office of Christian Buck which was moved in from the old site. That building now stands directly west of the Cenex Station. This building was remodeled and it is now the living room of the Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Monson home. It was the only building in the business area, besides one elevator, to stand after the disastrous fire of 1900.  In 1884 several mass meetings were held six miles south of town at the thriving settlement of Garfield to promote the construction of a railroad to serve the new settlements. Almost all surrounding townships were represented. Both the Edinburg and Garfield settlements were doomed to be disappointed for as an outcome of the conferences, the route of the new railroad was changed to by‐pass both communities.  As soon as the railroad lines were definitely established, Garfield was moved to Park River with the exception of the church and school. Edinburg retained its identity and just changed sites from section five to the East Half of the NEI/4 of Section 21, Lampton Township. The first eight blocks of the new townsite were platted on land owned by Daniel Shun.  On April 4, 1896, a petition was signed by Dr. A. A. Flaten and other qualified voters petitioning for incorporating the village of Edinburg. On May 11, 1896, the petition was presented to the Walsh County Commissioners and they referred it to the States Attorney. May 12, 1896, it was declared as an incorporated village; but it had to have the consent of all the qualified voters. It was advertised twice in the Park River Gazette. It was then voted upon. It was adopted June 2, 1896, as an incorporated village, with Christian Buck as Chairman; Dr. A.A. Flaten and J.E. Peterson, Trustees; and George Adams, Clerk. (This information was received from the Auditors Office in the Court House at Grafton ND.)  Many new business enterprises followed for the fast-growing town. Dr. A. A. Flaten purchased the drug store and began his practice of medicine. A creamery and elevator was built by O.H. Rustan. Later Edinburg was to boast of five grain elevators. There were two hotels (Waterman and North Western), two banks, a grocery store owned by John Drady, a general (Mpls.) store opened by J.E. White, a meat market owned by Ben Shuley, and a hardware store owned by Buck and Adams. Nate Knudson had a tin shop, Hans Wick a blacksmith shop and the Melstad Brothers had a general store. Field's Store was also a general merchandise store. The first depot was operated from a boxcar. Grant's Livery Stable was also a thriving business.  The flour mill was built in 1898 by Peder P. Lee. Farmers had to come from Edmore to market their wheat. At that time, very few farmers had horses so had to use oxen. The E & M corner of today was where Hans Anderson had a line of machinery with Robertson Lumber Co. to the north.  The first jewelry store was built by Oscar Mandt. The second saloon was operated by Knut Evenson. Peter Lee was in the restaurant business and Gilbertson had a pool hall. Peder P. Lee built the first furniture store and in 1894 sold it to Ole Brevik. An implement shop was located where Anderson Sales has their building now. A. C. Jensen in the hardware store with Jack Oliver, tinsmith, completes the list of early Edinburg business enterprises.  THE FIRE OF 1900 AND AFTERMATH  About the time the young town was developed, it was hit by the biggest disaster in its history. On April 20, 1900, the entire business section of the town was swept away by a tremendous fire that, in the course of but two hours, consumed every business structure in the village with the exception of Christ Buck's little office building, one elevator and the mill.  At the time of the fire, which started at the rear of the Flaten Drug, a strong south wind was blowing spreading and fanning the flames so fast that people had all they could do to vacate the buildings so that very little was saved. Mrs. Julius Bjornson and Mrs. Jacob Lindal, who lived in an apartment over Field's Store (where the bank now stands), perished in the fire. Many homes were also destroyed in the fire. People moved into the Methodist Church (now located in the city park) until their homes could be rebuilt.  A large cistern at the corner between the present site of the Edinburg Superette and the vacant lot south of the new fire hall (where the hotel was located) was supposed to serve as fire protection. It was inaccessible because of the rapid spread of the fire.  The economic loss was enormous. Yet, even before the ruins had ceased smoking, mass meetings were called, the situation discussed and a decision reached to rebuild the town. In a year's time almost every business place was rebuilt and Edinburg emerged from its supreme test in a more up-to-date shape, with bigger and better structures and a better street system than they had ever hoped for.  Cordelia's Store, built by Mr. Barsness, was one of the first buildings to be erected after the fire. This was rented by Anton Swensrud for a confectionery store and bowling alley. Some of the other businesses built after the fire were: the Merchant's Hotel; N.H. Johnston, Confectionery and Restaurant; McEwan, Dougherty & Shuley, farm machinery and hardware; Duncan & Leslie; Edinburg Roller Mills; W.H. Murphy, Livery - Feed & Stables; John H. Sundvor, General Merchandise Store; J.I. Coffey, Clothing Store; J. Thomasson, Edinburg Meat Market; Skjold and Goodman, Ladies Clothing Store; Dr. David Bell, Physician and Surgeon (his office was over the State Bank Building); The State Bank of Edinburg; and The Merchants Bank of Edinburg.  Death of Christian Buck  About 1910 Christian Buck was living at the hotel. One day a stranger came to the hotel. This man was insane and as Buck came out of his upstairs room, the man shot and killed him. The Founder of the town, Christian Buck was an honest, helpful man who was loved by everyone who lived in Edinburg. He is buried in the southwest corner of the Edinburg Cemetery.

Edinburg is a city in Walsh County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 196 at the 2010 census. Edinburg was founded in 1887.

La ville d’ est située dans le comté de Walsh, dans l’État du Dakota du Nord, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Etymology.

Jedek speakers have no autonym (endonym). Nearby Aslian speakers, particular the Jahai and Menriq, refer to them as the "Jdɛk" [ɟʑəˈdɛk˺].

Sociolinguistics.

Jedek is spoken by about 280 people in Sungai Rual, located on the Rual River just south of the town of Jeli in Jeli District, Kelantan state, northern Peninsular Malaysia. In the 1970s, the Malaysian government sponsored the resettlement of several bands of Semang foragers, both Jahai and Jedek speakers who roamed the middle reaches of the Pergau River, to the Sungai Rual area. Today, the area comprises three hamlets and is inhabited by seven bands, of which four are primarily Jedek-speaking, and three are primarily Jahai-speaking.  The low number of Jedek speakers could lead it to being considered endangered, but several factors are ensuring that intergenerational transmission of the language is not interrupted. The Semang have a strong tradition of maintaining their unique cultural and linguistic identity while undergoing constant contact and social change. The speaker population of Jedek has grown since the 1970s, and Jedek is used in all environments by speakers of all age groups. Meanwhile, all schooling is in the national language Malay, and getting a paid job invariably means knowing Malay, the main language of communication in the areas surrounding Aslian speech communities. Although Jedek speakers have a positive attitude towards their language, the language is unrecognized by the Malaysian government, which regards the settlement area as Jahai-speaking.  Traditionally, Semang communities are highly nomadic and accustomed to the breakup of groups to suit the particular conditions they were experiencing. The Semang also practice band exogamy, meaning that marriage between speakers of different languages is quite common. Due to frequent contact with surrounding communities, Semang are typically fluent in multiple Aslian languages, and in most cases an adjacent majority language (Malay or Thai). Due to the settlement of Jedek- and Jahai-speaking bands together at Rual, most Jedek speakers have some knowledge of Jahai.

Phonology.

Vowels.

Jedek has 9 vowels. All vowels have nasal equivalents, and Jedek demonstrates contrastive nasalization.

Consonants.

Jedek demonstrates a typical Jahaic consonant inventory.  The voiceless bilabial fricative /ɸ/ is a marginal consonant that occurs only in word-final position  Nasals are prestopped in word-final position when preceded by an oral vowel. Nasal consonants also cause progressive nasalization of vowels.  The rhotic consonant varies in pronunciation from the alveolar trill /r/ to the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/. How the speaker pronounces it is dependent partially on the speaker's age: younger speakers are more likely to pronounce it closer to /r/ while older speakers are more likely to have a pronunciation closer to /ʁ/.

Jedek is an Aslian language from the Austroasiatic family first reported in 2017. Jedek speakers describe themselves as ethnic Menriq or Batek to outsiders, but their language, although very closely related, is distinct from these languages.

Le jedek est une langue découverte en 2017 et parlée par environ 280 locuteurs au nord de la péninsule malaise. Elle a été découverte par l'université de Lund en effectuant des recherches sur une des langues asliennes, le jahai, que les locuteurs présumés de celle-ci ne comprenaient pas. Cette langue est donc parlée par des Semang (aborigènes) et non des Malais. Cette langue ne contient aucun mot pour désigner les notions d'achat, de vente ou de vol mais plusieurs permettent de décrire différentes sortes d'échange. Les locuteurs du jedek font donc partie d’une communauté de chasseurs-cueilleurs qui vivaient auparavant le long de la rivière Pergau mais qui ont été déplacés dans le nord de la Malaisie, dans la région de Sungai Rual, près de Jeli au Kelantan. Ces locuteurs sont par ailleurs souvent multilingues, généralement capables de parler jahai, et cohabitent et se marient et avec des locuteurs Jahai.