Objective.

USRA provides a mechanism through which universities can cooperate effectively with one another, with the government, and with other organizations to further space science and technology, and to promote education in these areas. Its mission is carried out through the institutes, centers, divisions, and programs. Administrative and scientific personnel now number about 420. A unique feature of USRA's management is its system of standing panels of technical experts, drawn from the research community, to provide oversight for USRA's institutes, centers, divisions and programs.

Origin.

USRA's origins extend back to 1966, when the NASA Administrator requested the help of the NAS in forming a national consortium to assume management of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The president of the NAS, Dr. Frederick Seitz, first turned to the Universities Research Association (URA), which had recently been created to operate the National Accelerator Laboratory. Seitz raised the issue of NASA's involvement at a URA meeting in the fall of 1966. However, because of budgetary concerns with the National Accelerator Laboratory, URA did not wish to assume any additional responsibilities.  To satisfy its immediate needs, NASA took upon itself the management of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory but left open the possibility of wider participation of the academic community through an institute. At this time, the idea of a Lunar Science Institute (LSI) took form. To develop further the concept of the LSI, the NAS created a committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Kenneth Pitzer to study NASA/University Relations. In the fall of 1967, the Pitzer Committee recommended the establishment of the LSI initially to be operated by Rice University under a subcontract with the NAS, but eventually to be operated by a university consortium. The Pitzer committee concluded that the pattern established at LSI could form the basis for the development of a much broader link between NASA and the academic community.

Charter.

On March 1, 1968, President Lyndon Johnson announced the creation of the Lunar Science Institute (LSI), and USRA was chartered the following year as the parent organization of LSI. The initial headquarters of USRA was at the University of Virginia, where Professor A. R. Kuhlthau served as the first president of the association.  In 1976, Dr. Alexander J. Dessler became the second USRA president. Dessler moved the headquarters of the association to Rice University, where he served as chairman of the Department of Space Physics and Astronomy.  In 1978 USRA headquarters moved to Columbia, Maryland.  Dr. David C. Black was appointed USRA president in 2000. Black served as director of USRA's Lunar and Planetary Institute from 1988 to 2001, and is internationally recognized for research in theoretical astrophysics and planetary science.  Dr. Jeffrey Isaacson was named president and CEO of USRA, effective October 20, 2014.

Other programs.

USRA initially concentrated on the management of Lunar Science Institute (later renamed the Lunar and Planetary Institute) but, armed with its broad charter, the consortium began to explore other ways to serve the university space research community as early as 1970. Today, USRA researchers are involved with university, government and industry scientists and engineers in a broad array of space and aeronautics related fields, including astronomy and astrophysics, earth sciences, microgravity, life sciences, space technology, computer science, and advanced concepts.  Most USRA research activities include related educational components.  The presidents of USRA have been:

The Universities Space Research Association (USRA) was incorporated on March 12, 1969 in Washington, D.C. as a private, nonprofit corporation under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Institutional membership in the association has grown from 49 colleges and universities when it was founded, to the current 105 institutions. All member institutions have graduate programs in space sciences or technology. Besides the 95 member institutions in the United States, there are two member institutions in Canada, four in Europe, two in Israel, one in Australia and one in Hong Kong.

L'Universities Space Research Association ou USRA est une organisation américaine privée à but non lucratif qui coordonne des programmes de recherche dans le domaine spatial (technologie et science) impliquant une centaine d'universités ainsi que plusieurs institutions qui lui sont directement rattachées. L'USRA emploie directement plus de 400 personnes dont une majorité de scientifiques.


Plot.

Lawyer Donald Kenneth "Deke" Gentry (Kirk Douglas) is given the task of playing matchmaker for the three daughters of his wealthy client Chloe Brasher (Thelma Ritter).

Trivia.

This film is noteworthy for a few reasons. After appearing in a variety of films such as westerns and historical epics, Kirk Douglas was starring in a romantic comedy film, a genre that many people were not used to seeing him in.  Also, Mitzi Gaynor had not appeared in any other film after "For Love or Money". She stated that she was "too ordinary for films" and that she would be better off entertaining audiences through different ventures.  Douglas' car in this movie is a red 1962 Chrysler 300 Sport Convertible.

Reception.

Leslie Parrish was nominated for a Golden Globe as "Most Promising Newcomer - Female" for her performance in this film.  Many people noted that this film was similar to romantic comedies made famous by the classic comedy team of Rock Hudson and Doris Day. Supporting actors like Thelma Ritter and Gig Young, who, starred with Hudson and Day in other films, make an appearance here. Some were fairly critical of Douglas' performance in a romantic comedy film while others were pleasantly surprised by the actor's versatility.

Home media availability.

Universal released this film in 2013 as a stand-alone DVD from the print-on-demand "Universal Vault Series". In 2016, it was re-released as part of the "Kirk Douglas Centennial Collection", a five-disc set featuring seven other films ("Spartacus", "Man Without a Star", "The Last Sunset", "Lonely Are the Brave", "The List of Adrian Messenger", "The War Wagon", and "A Lovely Way to Die"). Prior to these official releases by Universal, it was common to find this film in a DVD-r format.

For Love or Money is a 1963 romantic comedy film distributed by Universal International, produced by Robert Arthur, directed by Michael Gordon, and starring Kirk Douglas, Mitzi Gaynor, and Gig Young. It was written by Larry Markes and Michael Morris, and released on August 7, 1963.

Trois filles à marier (titre original : ") est un film américain réalisé par Michael Gordon et sorti en 1963.


History.

Planning for handling returned lunar samples began early in the Apollo program. In 1964, a proposal was made for a small () sample receiving laboratory equipped with remote-controlled manipulators operating in a sterile, high-vacuum chamber to prepare samples for distribution to scientists, and this proposal was subsequently expanded to include a clean room with analytical instruments for performing preliminary analyses on the samples.  A committee of the Space Science Board reviewed the idea of a lunar sample receiving laboratory and sought to address multiple concerns. One was the fear that creating a facility with too great a capacity to analyze the samples would discourage distribution of samples to outside researchers and effectively exclude them. In addition, space biologists and the United States Public Health Service expressed concern about "back contamination" of Earth by extraterrestrial microorganisms brought back via returning spacecraft, (although many of the astronauts and scientists involved in the program were skeptical that non-terrestrial microorganisms could survive lunar conditions). To address these issues, the committee in 1965 recommended a laboratory with limited analytical capacity and an ability to quarantine the returning astronauts and samples.  The result of this planning was the Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) in Building 37 at the Johnson Space Center, built to process and conduct basic analysis on lunar materials and to quarantine the materials and astronauts. (The requirement that astronauts be quarantined following their missions was dropped beginning with Apollo 15.) The LRL was completed in 1967 at a cost of $7.8 million. The LRL was used for study, distribution and safe storage of the samples, but although the LRL had adequate facilities to process samples for the current mission, the facility was not ideal, and it lacked facilities to process or store samples from previous missions. To address some of these concerns, NASA dropped the requirement after Apollo 12 that samples be processed in vacuum (in favor of a simpler-to-work-in nitrogen atmosphere). An additional vault and, subsequently, a new laboratory – the Sample Storage and Processing Laboratory (SSPL) – were built in Building 31 of the Johnson Space Center. All lunar samples were moved from the LRL to Building 31 after the last Apollo mission  Nonetheless, there were still concerns about the adequacy of the facility and about the wisdom of maintaining the entire collection of lunar samples in a single facility that might be vulnerable to natural disasters (especially the hurricanes to which Houston is vulnerable) and military actions. The collection was divided among multiple vaults at the Johnson Space Center while a vault was built in an empty ammunition bunker at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas as second-site storage. Fourteen percent of the lunar sample collection was moved to this bunker in 1976, transported secretly at night with a police escort in a specially modified passenger bus. This smaller collection of materials remained at Brooks until 2002, when the base was transitioned from military control as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process. The second-site lunar materials were then moved to the White Sands Test Facility, where a new, smaller facility was built inside an existing secure building to house the samples. Of the of lunar samples returned by the Apollo program, are currently stored at White Sands.  With a selection of the lunar samples secured offsite, construction began on the LSLF, with state-of-the-art facilities for handling the samples and better protection against natural disasters. The LSLF was constructed in a new annex of Building 31 (Building 31N at the Johnson Space Center) beginning in 1977. Built for a cost of $2.5 million, the building was dedicated on July 20, 1979, the tenth anniversary of the first manned Moon landing.

Features.

The two-story, facility consists of storage vaults for the samples, laboratories for sample preparation and study, a vault for sample data and records, and machinery to supply nitrogen to the cabinets in which the samples are stored and processed.  The facility's storage vaults are elevated above anticipated storm-surge sea level heights to protect the samples from threats posed by hurricanes and tornadoes. During hurricane threats, a water-tight door is bolted into the frame of the door to the pristine sample vault in order to protect the samples. The facility takes extensive measures to prevent contamination of the lunar samples. For example:  The facility has room to store many more lunar samples. NASA anticipates that more samples from the Moon will be brought back and processed and curated in the lab.

Samples stored at facility and other lunar samples.

The facility is the chief repository of the samples returned by the Apollo program. The Apollo missions to the lunar surface (Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17) returned a total of 382 kilograms (842 pounds) of lunar rocks, core samples, pebbles, sand and lunar surface dust, comprising 2200 individual specimens. Seventy-five percent of the lunar materials returned by Apollo are housed at the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility, most in pristine condition. Some of the materials have been processed into smaller samples to meet scientific requirements, resulting in more than 110,000 individually cataloged samples.  Perhaps the most notable of the samples stored at the facility is the Genesis Rock, a sample ultimately determined to be nearly as old as the Moon itself. Also at the facility is the sample known as Big Muley, the largest sample returned from the Moon by Apollo.  In addition to the Apollo materials, the Johnson Space Center also houses other extraterrestrial samples:  In addition to the lunar samples returned by the Apollo missions, an additional of lunar samples were returned to Earth by three automated Soviet spacecraft, Luna 16, Luna 20, and Luna 24.

Access to facility and samples.

Approximately 100 people visit the facility annually for research or educational purposes, and the facility provides samples to hundreds of others each year for research or educational purposes.  Researchers seeking samples submit proposals, which are evaluated by an independent peer review panel. 40 to 50 such proposals are approved each year and approximately 400 lunar samples (most weighing less than one gram) are sent to these scientists.

The Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility (LSLF) is a repository and laboratory facility at NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, opened in 1979 to house geologic samples returned from the Moon by the Apollo program missions to the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. The facility preserves most of the of lunar material returned over the course of Apollo program and other extraterrestrial samples, along with associated data records. It also contains laboratories for processing and studying the samples without contamination.

Le Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility ou LSLF est un centre de l'agence spatiale américaine, la NASA, dans lequel sont conservés et étudiés la majeure partie des 382 kg de roches lunaires ramenées par les équipages des six missions du programme Apollo ayant atterri sur la Lune entre 1969 et 1972. Le LSLF est situé au Centre spatial Lyndon B. Johnson à Houston (Texas).


Development.

The Bereznyak design bureau had developed the liquid-fuelled Kh-28 (AS-9 ‘Kyle’) and the KSR-5P (AS-6) anti-radiation missiles. They merged with Raduga in 1967, so Raduga was given the contract in the early 1970s to develop a solid-fuel successor to the Kh-28 to equip the new Su-24M 'Fencer-D' attack aircraft. Consequently, the project was initially designated the Kh-24, before becoming the Kh-58.  During the 1980s a longer-range variant was developed, the Kh-58U, with lock-on-after-launch capability. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Raduga have offered several versions for export.

Design.

It was designed to be used in conjunction with the Su-24's L-086A "Fantasmagoria A" or L-086B "Fantasmagoria B" target acquisition system. The range achieved depends heavily on the launch altitude, thus the original Kh-58 has a range of 36 km from low level, 120 km from, and 160 km from.  Like other Soviet missiles of the time, the Kh-58 could be fitted with a range of seeker heads designed to target specific air defence radars such as MIM-14 Nike-Hercules or MIM-104 Patriot.

Operational history.

The Kh-58 was deployed in 1982 on the Su-24M 'Fencer D' in Soviet service. The Kh-58U entered service in 1991 on the Su-24M and Mig-25BM 'Foxbat-F'. The Kh-58E version can be carried on the Su-22M4 and Su-25TK as well, while the Kh-58UshE appears to be intended for Chinese Su-30MKK's.

Variants.

Some Western sources have referred to a Kh-58A that is either optimised for naval radars or has an active seeker head for use as an anti-shipping missile - it probably represents another name for the Kh-58U.

The Kh-58 (; NATO:AS-11 'Kilter') is a Soviet anti-radiation missile with a range of 120 km. the Kh-58U variant was still the primary anti-radiation missile of Russia and its allies. It is being superseded by the Kh-31. The NATO reporting name is "Kilter".

Conçu par les bureaux d'études "MKB Raduga", le Kh-22 "Burya" (en, « tempête »), nom de code OTAN : AS-4, est un très gros missile de croisière anti-navire soviétique. Il a été conçu en particulier pour détruire les porte-avions de l'US Navy, voire des groupes aéronavals complets, lorsqu'il est équipé d'une charge nucléaire.


Early life.

The eldest child and daughter of Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland, and Princess Ingeborg of Denmark, she was born Princess Margaretha of Sweden and Norway (later just "of Sweden", due to the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905) in Stockholm.  In 1916 Margaretha's confirmation attracted enthusiastic press coverage; the event was said to mark the beginning of a new age for the Swedish royal house, which had lacked princesses for so long.

Marriage and family.

On 22 May 1919, at the Storkyrkan, Stockholm, she was married to Prince Axel of Denmark, her maternal first cousin once removed. The marriage was a love match; her mother remarked that the couple were so much in love that they could not be left alone in a furnished room. Her wedding was celebrated with great festivities in Stockholm.  They had two sons:  She was a maternal aunt of King Harald V of Norway and Kings Baudouin and Albert II of Belgium; and grandaunt of King Philippe of Belgium and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg.

Activities.

Margaretha adjusted herself well in Denmark, which she had often visited on family occasions during her upbringing. She lived a private life devoted to her family on the estate Bernstorffshøj in Gentofte and generally avoided publicity, and kept in close contact with her relations abroad. She was interested in social issues in Sweden, and became the patron of several charity organisations in Denmark, and was the chairperson of Gentofte Børnevenner.  She was a leading guest at the 1947 wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.  After the death of her sister Queen Astrid of Belgium in 1935, she became a great support for her sister's children in Belgium. Also after the death of her other sister, the Norwegian Crown Princess Märtha in 1954, she became a great support for her sister's children in Norway; she was the godmother of princess Märtha Louise of Norway.  Her spouse died in 1964. As a widow, she was often back in Sweden, where she would join other members of the Swedish royal house in representative duties at official ceremonies — most notably, the Nobel Prize. To her family, she was affectionately known as "Tante Ta" ("Aunt Ta").  She died in Kongsted, near Fakse, Denmark, in 1977.

Princess Margaretha of Sweden (Margaretha Sofia Lovisa Ingeborg; 25 June 1899 – 4 January 1977) was a member of the Swedish Royal Family and the Danish Royal Family by marriage. She was the elder sister of Crown Princess Märtha of Norway and Queen Astrid, Queen Consort of the Belgians.

Marguerite de Suède (en suédois : "Margaretha av Sverige och Norge"), princesse suédo-norvégienne puis danoise, est née le à Djurgården (Royaume de Suède et de Norvège) et morte le à Rønnede (Danemark).


Biography.

Paul was born on January 6, 1863, on Bromö, an island in lake Vänern in Sweden. At that time his last name was Wiedesheim-Paul. The family name hailed from a Preussian Major named Ludwig von Wiedesheim, born in Anhalt-Kothen, Germany and an Italian earl named Fernando Pollini (Pollini became Paul in German). When Paul was nine years old, the family moved to Jokioinen in Finland and added an "r" to Wiedersheim. Paul, his older sister, a younger sister and seven younger brothers grew up on a large estate his father managed.  Paul's father wanted him to become a farmer, and he first studied agriculture at Mustiala Agriculture Center in Tammela. After three years of studies, Paul's father let Paul manage a farm the father owned on the Ruissalo island outside Turku. Soon growing bored with farming, Paul decided to become an artist. In 1886, he began studying music in Helsinki. During this period he became a socialist and shed Wiedersheim from his surname. Studying at the Music Academy in Helsinki, he became a friend of Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. Both studied with the famous Italian composer and pianist Ferruccio Busoni, who brought them to Germany when he moved there from Helsinki in 1889.  When Paul first arrived in Berlin the city was a cultural center that drew artists from all over Europe. Since it was further north than Paris, the other artist Mecca at this time, many Scandinavian artists were drawn to Berlin. Paul joined the Scandinavian artist community where in addition to Sibelius he counted Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, Swedish writer August Strindberg and artist Albert Engström among his friends.  Paul is depicted in one of Edvard Munch’s paintings, "The Vampire". The painting shows a red-haired woman bending her head over the neck of a man hiding his face in her lap.

Early novels banned.

Collaborating with Sibelius, Paul discovered he was better at composing plays and novels than music and after a concert in Helsinki in 1891 focused on his writing. That year he published his first novel, "En bok om en menniska" (A book about a man), which was published by Bonniers in Stockholm. In 1892 he published a collection of short stories called "The Ripper", a title inspired by London serial killer Jack the Ripper. Albert Bonnier considered this book too indecent and refused to publish it and other books Paul later wrote about violence and sexuality. Instead, "The Ripper" was published by Grönlund in Turku, Finland, but the book was controversial and critics considered some of its content obscene. In 1893, Paul published "Herr Ludvigs", which is believed to be based on his father's misfortunes as a businessman. Wiedersheim-Paul had died in 1892 after losing most of his assets. The book contains interesting descriptions of Helsinki.  Many of Paul’s early novels challenged contemporary morals. His "En bok om en menniska" was autobiographical and describes a man who is struggling to define and promote his identity. The main character passionately opposes the norms of the society, disdains the bourgeoisie and has a sense of spiritual superiority. Breaking with the norms and becoming an artist, he then faces an identity crisis and suffers a mental breakdown. This book was the first in a series of three and dedicated to Sibelius, who also appears in the book thinly disguised as Sillen.  The second novel in the "En bok om en människa" series titled "Med det falska och det ärliga ögat" (With the false and the honest eye) was published in 1895 and dedicated to Paul’s piano teacher Ferruccio Busoni. This book was mainly about free love and the conflict between the carnal and the intellectual, and contained characters based on Paul’s artist friends in Berlin. One of its inspirations was Edvard Munch and his art.  Several of Paul’s novels were considered obscene because of their violent and abnormal sexual content. In "The Ripper", one of the stories was an imaginary diary of Jack the Ripper with graphic details. Another short story, "Oidipus i Norden", was inspired by an 1889 murder in south Sweden, Yngsjömordet, where a mother and her son had an incestuous relationship and bludgeoned the son’s wife to death. "The Ripper" was not the only novel banned as obscene. After the release of "Die Madonna mit dem Rosenbush", (The Madonna with the rose bush) in 1904, the publisher was sued. The novel’s main character is an artist who delivers a different work than the portrait he was commissioned to paint, enraging his client. The novel, which is set in 16th-century Lübeck, describes conflicts between Catholics and Lutherans and contains some debauchery. It was translated into Swedish.  Paul’s artist friend Axel Gallén-Kallela created the cover for one of his novels, "Ein gefallener profet" (A fallen prophet) in 1895. This novel was well received and so were Paul's early plays. At the Helsinki opening of the historic play "Kung Kristian II" in 1898, Paul received standing ovations and was crowned with a laurel wreath that he kept for the rest of his life. The royalties for his books and plays made sure his family had some steady income during the 25 years these lasted.

A Strindberg letter.

In Sweden, Paul was overshadowed by August Strindberg, his older friend whom he greatly admired and whose work influenced Paul's early novels. When Strindberg relocated to Berlin in 1892 after his divorce from Siri von Essen, Paul was the one who introduced him to everyone worth knowing and to the hangout Zum schwarzen Ferkel, where the artist community gathered. For a while the two writers boarded together. In 1893 Strindberg had just married Frida Uhl, an Austrian journalist. The couple spent their honeymoon in England, where the heat made Strindberg uncomfortable. They left England for Germany, planning to visit Paul. Penniless Strindberg wrote a letter to Paul on June 20: Höfers Hotel, Hamburg
  20 Juni 93.
  Adolf Paul, Br.
  Sedan i går morgse sitter jag fången i Höfers Hotel, Hamburg. Orsaken: Skinnerier på vägen, så att det fattades 2 mark att komma till Rügen. Nu växer hotellräkningen, och koleran står och väntar; så här blir nog ingen Weimarresa av. Jag har ställt pengar på Rügen, men om det kommer några vet fan! Har Ni några, så telegrafera över dem att jag får rymma åtminstone. 20 Mark går det med. Jag hade en 7-helvetes otur. Ty Pontoppidan var bortrest; och Drachman som jag sökte, var också rest. (Min resa dit tog de sista 7 marken!) Nu har jag inga telegrafpengar, ingenting, och nerverna, som jag ser på min skrivstil, äro åtgångna. Jag borde egentligen skjuta mig, men det skulle ha varit gjort för länge sedan.
 Vänl.
 August Strindberg.
 The letter complains about money, cholera and bad nerves. The last sentence reads: “I should shoot myself, but that should have been done a long time ago.” In 1894, Paul contributed to a book honoring Strindberg in which he especially highlighted Strindberg’s view of the battle between the genders, and revealed a familiarity with Nietzsche’s übermench ideal. In the mid-1890s Strindberg, who was now middle-aged, had separated from Frida Uhl, with whom he had a daughter. He suffered from severe paranoia and, according to some sources, wrongly accused Paul of having based unsympathetic characters on him in two of his books. Other sources say, however, that both Strindberg and Paul populated their novels with miserable characters based on each other. Most of the artists in Paul’s group based fictional characters on each other and used each other in paintings.  As opposed to his on and off relationship with Strindberg, Paul remained a lifelong friend of Sibelius and cooperated with him on several occasions. In 1898 Sibelius composed music to Paul’s play "Kung Kristian II" (King Kristian II) and in 1911 for the wedding march in "Die Sprache der Vögel". Paul also wrote lyrics for Sibelius’ "Korsspindeln". Both "Kung Kristian II" and another play, "Karin Månsdotter", were performed at the Stockholm Royal Theatre in 1898.  In the late 1890s, Paul's bohemian circle of artist friends dissolved and Paul settled down and started a family. After moving to Berlin, Paul had adapted to German circumstances and was writing in German, reaching a larger audience than possible when writing in Swedish. Having mostly grown up and come of age in Finland, he was not well connected in Stockholm, which may have hampered his career potential. His works were published by large publishing houses in Sweden, Finland and Germany, including Bonniers, Wahlström & Wistrand, Åhlen & Åkerlund, Grönlunds, Lűbke & Hartmann, Breitkopf & Härtel and Schuster & Löffler.  Paul continued to work on plays and novels and his career waxed and waned over the years. One of his best known novels was his 1915 bestseller titled "Die Tänzerin Barberina" (Barberina, the dancer) whose main character was based on the dramatic life of Italian dancer Barbara Campanini (1721–1799), who was brought to Berlin by Frederick the Great of Prussia to become a highly paid dancer at the newly opened Berlin Opera and his lover. Literature critics considered Paul's psychological portrayals of Voltaire in "Ormen i paradiset" and Napoleon in "S:t Helena" among his literary highlights.  Between 1914 and 1919 Paul worked as a screenwriter and wrote scripts for some 14 films, including "Die Teufelskirche". In 1919 he wrote a movie script for "Die Tänzerin Barberina" starring Strindberg's third wife Harriet Bosse.  Paul’s 75th birthday in 1937 was celebrated with the publication of "Das Lebenswerk Adolf Pauls", which covered his published and unpublished production over the years. In addition to plays and film scripts he authored some 20 novels. In 1937 the King of Sweden, Gustaf V, honored him with the Order of Vasa.

Marriage.

He never returned to settle in Scandinavia but did not give up his Swedish citizenship. Paul married Natalie Brehmer on August 18, 1897, when she was 18 and he was 34. She came from a family of senators, lawyers and mayors. Her father was a wealthy merchant in Lübeck. Intelligent, artistic and beautiful, Natalie Paul was her husband's muse and many of Paul's artist friends dedicated works to her. "There was just something very special about her", one of her granddaughters recalls. Adolf and Natalie Paul had five children, twin daughters and three sons; the oldest son died after a childhood accident.  The couple's children became Swedish citizens to avoid being drafted into Kaiser Wilhelm II's army. In 1931, when Germany faced mass unemployment, being Swedish citizens enabled two of the younger children to move to Sweden and find employment. And after Paul died on 30 September 1943, his widow and two remaining children, a son with his family and a daughter, were evacuated to Sweden where they remained for the rest of their lives.

Adolf Georg Wiedersheim-Paul (6 January 1863 – 30 September 1943) was a Swedish writer of novels and plays. He lived most of his adult life in Berlin, Germany, where he was a friend of Swedish writer August Strindberg, Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, Norwegian painter Edvard Munch and Finnish artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela.

Adolf Georg Wiedersheim-Paul, né le à Brommö, (sur le lac Vänern en Suède) et mort le à Berlin, sous le Troisième Reich, est un écrivain suédois. Il vécut la majeure partie de sa vie en Allemagne, où il eut pour amis August Strindberg, Jean Sibelius, Edvard Munch et Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


District council.

Three Rivers is a non-metropolitan district that elects one-third of its councillors every four years and with the fourth year for elections to Hertfordshire County Council. In the 2014 elections new ward boundaries came into effect and the council was reduced from 48 to 39 seats. All seats were contested at that election although future elections will continue to be conducted in thirds.  The Liberal Democrat administration fell to minority status with the resignation of two councillors from the party, in March and April 2018.  Following the 2 May 2019 elections, the composition of the council is:

County council.

For elections to Hertfordshire County Council, the district is divided into six divisions, three of which are held by the Conservatives, two by the Liberal Democrats, and one by Labour:

Parliament.

For parliamentary elections, the district is divided across three constituencies. Most of the district is within the South West Hertfordshire constituency, which is considered a safe Conservative seat and held by a Conservative MP (currently Gagan Mohindra) since its creation in 1950. The eastern parts of the constituency, to the north and south of Watford, are part of that borough's constituency, which is a three-way marginal currently held by Conservative Dean Russell, having fluctuated between Labour and the Conservatives. Parts of two wards, north of the M25, are in the St Albans constituency, which is currently held by the Liberal Democrat Daisy Cooper.

Wards.

Three Rivers is composed of thirteen wards, each electing three councillors:

Rail.

Train services are provided by Chiltern Railways and the Metropolitan line of the London Underground.  London Underground stations:  Chiltern Railways stations:  A special fare structure exists as the stations are outside the Greater London boundary.  London Overground stations:  West Coast Main Line stations:

Three Rivers is a local government district in south-west Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Rickmansworth. The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by the merger of Rickmansworth Urban District, Chorleywood Urban District and part of Watford Rural District. The confluence of the Chess and the Gade with the Colne in Rickmansworth inspired the district's name.

Three Rivers est un district non métropolitain du Hertfordshire, en Angleterre. Le conseil de district siège à Rickmansworth. Il tire son nom des rivières Chess, Gade et Colne. Le district est créé le, par le Local Government Act de 1972. Il est issu de la fusion des districts urbains de Rickmansworth et Chorleywood, et de portions du district rural de Watford.


Examples.

Consider a grid graph with "r" rows and "c" columns; the total number "n" of vertices is "r*c". For instance, in the illustration, "r" = 5, "c" = 8, and "n" = 40. If "r" is odd, there is a single central row, and otherwise there are two rows equally close to the center; similarly, if "c" is odd, there is a single central column, and otherwise there are two columns equally close to the center. Choosing "S" to be any of these central rows or columns, and removing "S" from the graph, partitions the graph into two smaller connected subgraphs "A" and "B", each of which has at most "n"/2 vertices. If "r" ≤ "c" (as in the illustration), then choosing a central column will give a separator "S" with "r" ≤ √"n" vertices, and similarly if "c" ≤ "r" then choosing a central row will give a separator with at most √"n" vertices. Thus, every grid graph has a separator "S" of size at most √"n", the removal of which partitions it into two connected components, each of size at most "n"/2. To give another class of examples, every free tree "T" has a separator "S" consisting of a single vertex, the removal of which partitions "T" into two or more connected components, each of size at most "n"/2. More precisely, there is always exactly one or exactly two vertices, which amount to such a separator, depending on whether the tree is centered or bicentered.  As opposed to these examples, not all vertex separators are "balanced", but that property is most useful for applications in computer science, such as the planar separator theorem.

Minimal separators.

Let "S" be an "(a,b)"-separator, that is, a vertex subset that separates two nonadjacent vertices "a" and "b". Then "S" is a "minimal (a,b)-separator" if no proper subset of "S" separates "a" and "b". More generally, "S" is called a "minimal separator" if it is a minimal separator for some pair "(a,b)" of nonadjacent vertices. Notice that this is different from "minimal separating set" which says that no proper subset of "S" is a minimal "(u,v)"-separator for any pair of vertices "(u,v)." The following is a well-known result characterizing the minimal separators:  Lemma. A vertex separator "S" in "G" is minimal if and only if the graph formula_7, obtained by removing "S" from "G", has two connected components formula_8 and formula_9 such that each vertex in "S" is both adjacent to some vertex in formula_8 and to some vertex in formula_9.  The minimal "(a,b)"-separators also form an algebraic structure: For two fixed vertices "a" and "b" of a given graph "G", an "(a,b)"-separator "S" can be regarded as a "predecessor" of another (a,b)-separator "T", if every path from "a" to "b" meets "S" before it meets "T". More rigorously, the predecessor relation is defined as follows: Let "S" and "T" be two "(a,b)"-separators in 'G'. Then "S" is a predecessor of "T", in symbols formula_12, if for each formula_13, every path connecting "x" to "b" meets "T". It follows from the definition that the predecessor relation yields a preorder on the set of all "(a,b)"-separators. Furthermore, proved that the predecessor relation gives rise to a complete lattice when restricted to the set of "minimal" "(a,b)"-separators in "G".

In graph theory, a vertex subset formula_1 is a vertex separator (or vertex cut, separating set) for nonadjacent vertices formula_2 and formula_3 if the removal of formula_4 from the graph separates formula_2 and formula_3 into distinct connected components.

En théorie des graphes et en informatique théorique, un séparateur d'un graphe connexe est un sous-ensemble des sommets du graphe dont la suppression rend le graphe non-connexe. Cet objet est intéressant notamment pour décomposer un graphe en des graphes plus petits et plus simples.


Gameplay.

Players control a hikikomori named at home in her apartment, the only area she can explore when awake.  After Madotsuki falls asleep, she begins to dream. Madotsuki's dream resembles the room she's in, except she is able to leave the room. This takes Madotsuki to a nexus of 12 doors, with each leading to a different world. These 12 worlds, in turn, connect to a number of other worlds, forming a large and expansive area for the player to explore. The purpose of the game is for the player to navigate these dream worlds to obtain 24 objects, known as "effects".  There is no way to encounter a game over in the game, though enemies do exist in the form of NPCs that can teleport the player to inescapable areas, forcing them to wake up or use an effect to return to the nexus.

Release and reception.

Originally a little-known game that became popular on the Japanese forum 2channel, the game gained a following outside Japan after an unofficial English translation was released. After gaining a cult following on 2channel, popularity of the game quickly increased by viral means among Japanese players. The first public release of the game took place on June 26, 2004, as a demonstration preview of an incomplete game. With each following version from 0.01 to 0.09, new features and content were progressively introduced, along with various bug fixes. The latest version, 0.10, featured general bug fixes and became available on October 1, 2007. Over a decade later, the game was released on Steam by publisher Playism on January 10, 2018.  Independent game designer Derek Yu enjoyed the game, comparing its visual theme to "EarthBound" and stating "The lack of dialogue or any 'action' fills me with this strange sense of dread". Gamertell's Jenni Lada scored the game 85 out of 100. She praised the unique premise, distinct art style and abstract gameplay which evokes a "dream world experience". Lada noted the geometry of the dream areas, which allows for loops and exitless rooms, and found that it could be "winding and confusing". Whilst she warned that it won't be to everyone's tastes due to "dark or graphic imagery" and found the ending to be disappointing, she concluded that "Yume Nikki" was worth experiencing. Kotaku's John Jackson praised the game for its ethereal dream-like setting and its non-linear gameplay mechanic, stating, "Out of every games [sic] about dreams, this is the one that probably comes closest to actually resembling one". He goes on to argue the game's limitations and vast, undefinable architecture forces the player to question their surroundings and the significance of the smallest actions and events that confront them.  The game inspired a large number of fangames with a similar style of gameplay, such as "Yume 2kki" and ".flow". The game's structure was also a major influence on "Lisa the First", the predecessor of "", as well as "Undertale".

Legacy.

Various merchandise based on the game has been released under the "Project Yume Nikki" brand. The game was adapted into both a manga and a light novel. The light novel is titled and was written by Akira. The title was licensed for digital distribution in the English language by J-Novel Club. The manga was illustrated by Hitoshi Tomizawa, and was serialized in Takeshobo's web manga magazine "Manga Life Win+" from May 2013 until March 2014. A Vocaloid album, entitled was released on April 27, 2013. A two-volume official soundtrack, featuring all the original tracks for the game, as well as ten arrangements by doujin group INFINITY∞, was published in Japan by Glaive Music on August 31, 2014. A two-volume version of the soundtrack was also released on iTunes and Amazon Music in 2014. An app version of the Nasu minigame was released for iOS and Android devices in November 2013.  A 3D reboot of the game, "Yume Nikki: Dream Diary", was released for Windows on February 23, 2018. It was developed by Active Gaming Media under supervision and cooperation from Kikiyama, featuring some unused design concepts from the original game. It was revealed after a two week countdown on Kadokawa Corporation's website following the release of "Yume Nikki" on Steam. It was also released for the Nintendo Switch on February 21, 2019.

The initial version was released as a free online download in June 2004 with subsequent updates over time, the last occurring in 2007. It was later released on Steam by publisher Playism in January 2018. A 3D reboot, "Yume Nikki: Dream Diary", was released the following month. In addition, various fangames inspired by it have also been released.

Yume Nikki (ゆめにっき, lit. « Journal des Rêves ») est un jeu vidéo indépendant créé par Kikiyama. Le jeu a été créé avec RPG Maker, mais il ne possède que quelques éléments du jeu vidéo de rôle.


History.

The Hebron Lutheran Church, The Homeplace, James City Historic District, Madison County Courthouse, Madison County Courthouse Historic District, and Woodbourne are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.6 km2), all of it land.

Transportation.

The main highways serving Madison are U.S. Route 29 Business and Virginia State Route 231. Through the entirety of their trip through the town, both highways follow Main Street. US 29 Bus is the old alignment of U.S. Route 29, which now bypasses the town just to the southeast. US 29 extends southwest towards Charlottesville and northeast towards Washington, D.C. SR 231 extends southeast towards Orange and northwest towards Sperryville.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 210 people, 109 households, and 57 families living in the town. The population density was 961.4 people per square mile (368.6/km2). There were 115 housing units at an average density of 526.5 per square mile (201.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 71.90% White and 28.10% African American. Of the 109 households 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.7% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.7% were non-families. 44.0% of households were one person and 21.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.65.  The age distribution was 18.6% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.7% 65 or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.3 males.  The median household income was $32,188 and the median family income was $43,750. Males had a median income of $34,500 versus $18,958 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,445. About 4.5% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 5.1% of those sixty five or over.

Madison is a town in Madison County, Virginia, United States. The population was 229 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Madison County.

La ville de Madison est le siège du comté de Madison, dans le Commonwealth de Virginie, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Summary.

The story follows the heroic Jedi Knights as they struggle to maintain order and restore peace during the tumultuous Clone Wars. More and more systems are falling prey to the forces of the dark side as the Galactic Republic slips further and further under the sway of the Separatists and their never-ending droid army. Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan learner Ahsoka Tano find themselves on a mission with far-reaching consequences, one that brings them face-to-face with crime lord Jabba the Hutt. But Count Dooku and his sinister agents, including the nefarious Asajj Ventress, will stop at nothing to ensure that Anakin and Ahsoka fail at their quest. Meanwhile, on the front lines of the Clone Wars, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Master Yoda lead the massive clone army in a valiant effort to resist the forces of the dark side.

Differences from the Movie.

The book was released before the movie, "Star Wars: The Clone Wars", was released. Because of this, there are some differences between the movie and the book. One difference is the Battle of Teth. In the movie, after the clones are defeated and Asajj Ventress and her droids and closing in on the surviving clones, there are six troopers instead of five like in the movie. Also, the character dialogue in the book is much different than in the film.

Publishing deal with Penguin Group.

On January 1, 2008 it was announced the publishing company Penguin Group obtained rights to publish books for an upcoming series "". It was revealed Penguin had planned many kinds of books to publish for the series including a main line novel series based on the movie and the show. Del Rey Books, the company that published the novel series is an imprint of Penguin.

Star Wars: The Clone Wars, written by Karen Traviss, is the novelization of the animated film "". The audio book is narrated by Jeff Gurner. It is the first in a series of five novels designed to tie into the events of the movie and the animated series. The book was released almost 3 weeks before the film was released. Because of this there are some discrepancies between the book and the film. This book, like the movie and series, is set between Star Wars: Episodes 2 and 3.

The Clone Wars (titre original : "The Clone Wars") est un roman de science-fiction écrit par Karen Traviss. Publié aux États-Unis par Del Rey Books en 2008, il a été traduit en français et publié par les éditions Fleuve noir la même année. Ce roman, se déroulant dans l'univers étendu de "Star Wars", est le premier roman de la série "The Clone Wars", formée de cinq livres, qui se situe en l'an -22. La série est écrite en alternance entre Karen Traviss et Karen Miller. Le premier tome est l'adaptation du film d'animation "" sorti en 2008.


Taxonomy.

"Faxonius immunis" was first described by Hermann August Hagen in 1870, in his "Monograph of the North American Astacidae", under the name "Cambarus immunis". The original specimens came from Lawn Ridge, Marshall County, Illinois.

Description.

"Faxonius immunis" is similar to a number of species of crayfish in the genus "Orconectes". While the colouration of the claws is distinctive, it can be difficult to use that to identify a specimen without reference specimens for comparison. "F. immunis" can be distinguished from "O. virilis" by the presence of a notch near the base of the "dactylus" (finger) of the claw, which is not found in "O. virilis".

Distribution and habitat.

North America.

"Faxonius immunis" naturally occurs across a wide area of eastern North America, from Maine and Connecticut in the east to Colorado and Wyoming in the west, and from Alabama in the south and north to [Manitoba]], Ontario and Quebec in Canada. Populations in Quebec may be the result of introductions by anglers from New York; the Canadian populations are centered in southern Ontario. It is believed to have been introduced to a number of states in New England, including Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont.

Europe.

"Faxonius immunis" has been popular in the aquarium trade in Germany, and is kept as a pet both in aquaria and garden ponds. The first recorded escape was a single individual in a small canal in the Rhine valley of Baden-Württemberg in 1997. Later, a breeding population was discovered, and this has now spread at least as far downstream as Karlsruhe ( downstream) and possibly as far as Speyer ( downstream from Karlsruhe). It has since been recorded from other locations in Europe, including the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, as well as in France. It appears to be out-competing another invasive species, "Orconectes limosus", which has been present in the area for five decades.

Habitat.

"Faxonius immunis" is only found in slow-flowing bodies of water, such as streams, ponds, marshes and roadside ditches, in contrast to "O. virilis" which also lives in rivers with moderate flow. It can survive in areas with large fluctuations in the amount of available water, by burrowing into the ground when the surface waters recede.

Faxonius immunis is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is native to North America and it is an introduced species in Europe, where it lives along the Upper Rhine. Its common names include calico crayfish and papershell crayfish.

Xander Jan Bogaerts (né le 1er octobre 1992 à Oranjestad, Aruba) est un joueur d'arrêt-court des Red Sox de Boston de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


History.

A group of involved physicists met at Fisk University in 1973 to honor several well known African-American physicists. In 1977, the Society was established at Morgan State University, with its founding co-chairs being Walter E. Massey and James Davenport.

Activities.

The organization holds its annual conference in February. More recently, it has jointly held these conferences with the National Society of Hispanic Physicists. Attendance at these conferences is upwards of 500 persons, drawing people from all over the world, from Kenya to California. This conference has a cutting-edge scientific program as well as a student professional development program that includes mentor-protégé match-making and a recruiting fair.  Throughout its history NSBP has had an active interest in physics related activities outside of the United States. Twenty years ago under the leadership of the late Nobel Laureate, Abdus Salam, and the late Charles Brown, several NSBP members organized the Edward Bouchet-Abdus Salam Institute (EBASI). EBASI (1) provides mechanisms for synergistic scientific and technical collaborations between African and American physical scientists, engineers, and technologists, (2) enhances the impact of science and technology on the sustainable development of the countries on the African continent, and (3) increases the technical manpower pool working in Africa today by facilitating the training of Ph.D. students from African universities. More recently, through a program funded by the Kellogg Foundation NSBP will assist South Africa in its efforts to increase the number of Black astronomers and astrophysicists and to build capacity in the field.  The organization offers scholarships, some in conjunction with Black Enterprise magazine, and conducts outreach programs aimed at students from kindergarten through high school.

Notable members.

Neil DeGrasse Tyson and Ronald L. Mallett are affiliated with the organization. Shirley Ann Jackson served as its president. The current President is Willie Rockward.

The National Society of Black Physicists (NSBP) was established in the United States in 1977 to promote the professional well-being of African Diaspora physicists and physics students within the international scientific community and the world community at large.

La (NSBP), (Société nationale des physiciens noirs), est une association de scientifiques créée en 1977 pour la valorisation professionnelle et la promotion des travaux des universitaires et chercheurs afro-américains dans le domaine des sciences physiques.


Nineteenth century.

American Civil War.

In Latin, a monitor is someone who admonishes: that is, reminds others of their duties—which is how USS "Monitor" was given its name. She was designed by John Ericsson for emergency service in the Federal navy during the American Civil War (1861–65) to blockade the Confederate States from supply at sea. Ericsson designed her to operate in shallow water and to present as small a target as possible, the water around her acting as protection.  Nathaniel Hawthorne described "Monitor" thus:  The Battle of Hampton Roads (March 1862), between "Monitor" and, was the first engagement between ironclad vessels. Several such battles took place during the course of the American Civil War, and the dozens of monitors built for the United States Navy reflected a ship-to-ship combat role in their designs. However, fortification bombardment was another critical role that the early monitors played, though one that these early designs were much less capable in performing.  Three months after the Battle of Hampton Roads, John Ericsson took his design to his native Sweden, and in 1865 the first Swedish monitor was built at Motala Warf in Norrköping, taking the engineer's name. She was followed by 14 more monitors. One of them, "Kanonbåten Sölve", served until 1922 and is today preserved at the Maritiman marine museum in Gothenburg.  Ericsson and others experimented greatly during the years of the American Civil War. Vessels constructed included a triple-turreted monitor, a class of paddlewheel-propelled monitors, a class of semi-submersible monitors, and a class of monitors armed with spar torpedoes.

1866 to 1878.

In the 1860s and 1870s several nations built monitors that were used for coastal defense and took the name "monitor" as a type of ship. Those that were directly modelled on "Monitor" were low-freeboard, mastless, steam-powered vessels with one or two rotating, armoured turrets. The low freeboard meant that these ships were unsuitable for ocean-going duties and were always at risk of swamping, flooding and possible loss. However, it greatly reduced the cost and weight of the armour required for protection, and in heavy weather the sea could wash over the deck rather than heeling the ship over.  Attempts were made to fit monitors with sails, but the provision of masts interfered with the turrets' ability to operate in a 360-degree arc of fire and the weight of masts and sails aloft made the ships less stable. One ship,, which combined turret and sails with a low freeboard, was lost in heavy weather.

War of the Pacific.

A late example of a vessel modeled on "Monitor" was BAP, designed by Captain Cowper P. Coles, the advocate and developer of turret ships for the Royal Navy. "Huáscar" was one of many monitor designs to be equipped with a ram. She was built and launched in 1865 for the Peruvian Navy at Birkenhead, England, and attained fame in the Battle of Pacocha during the Peruvian Civil War of 1877.  BAP "Huáscar", under the command of Rear Admiral Miguel Grau, fought with distinction during the War of the Pacific. "Huáscar" successfully raided enemy sea lanes for several months and delayed an invasion of the Chilean Army into Peruvian territory until she was captured by the Chilean Navy at the Battle of Angamos in 1879. Once in Chilean hands, "Huáscar" fought a small battle with the Peruvian monitor "Manco Capac", during the bombardment of Arica, where she was damaged; after the land battle was lost, the crew scuttled BAP "Manco Capac" to prevent capture.  Over the years, both Chile and Peru came to venerate the ship and the officers from both sides that died on her deck, either commanding her or boarding her, as national heroes. "Huáscar" is currently commissioned in the Chilean Navy, has been restored to a near-original condition and, as a museum ship, is open to visitors at its berth in Talcahuano.

1884–1897.

In an effort to produce a more seaworthy vessel that was more capable in ship-to-shore combat, a type called the breastwork monitor became more common in the later nineteenth century. These ships had raised turrets and a heavier superstructure on a platform above the hull. They were still not particularly successful as seagoing ships, because of their short sailing range and the poor reliability of their steam engines. The first of these ships was, built between 1868 and 1870. She was later sunk and used as a breakwater near Melbourne, Australia and is still visible there, as her upper works project from the water.

Spanish–American War.

Monitors were used frequently during the Spanish–American War in 1898. Notable United States Navy monitors which fought in the war were,,, and. These four monitors fought at battles or campaigns such as the Bombardment of San Juan, the Battle of Fajardo, and the Philippines Campaign. Other monitors also participated in the conflict.

Twentieth century.

World War I.

During World War I, the Royal Navy developed several classes of ships which were designed to give close support to troops ashore. Termed "monitors", they owed little to the monitors of the 19th century, though they shared the characteristics of poor seaworthiness, shallow draft and heavy armament in turrets.  The first class, the, had been laid down as large river gunboats for the Brazilian navy. Later monitor classes were equally makeshift; they were often designed for carrying whatever spare guns were available from ships scrapped or never built, with the hulls quickly designed and built in "cheap and cheerful" fashion. They were broad beamed for stability (beam was about 1/3 of the overall length) which together with a lack of emphasis on speed made them extremely slow, and they were not suitable for naval combat or any sort of work on the high seas. Monitors of the Royal Navy played a part in consolidating the left wing of the Western Front during the Race to the Sea in 1914.  In addition to these ships, several monitors were built during the course of the war. Their armament typically consisted of a turret taken from a de-commissioned pre-dreadnought battleship. These monitors were designed to be resilient against torpedo attacks—waterline bulges were incorporated into the of 1915. As the war settled to its longer course, these heavier monitors formed patrols along with destroyers on either side of the Straits of Dover to exclude enemy surface vessels from the English Channel and keep the enemy in port. The monitors could also operate into the river mouths., one of the "Lord Clive"-class monitors, which had a single gun added in 1918, was able to shell a bridge away near Ostend. Other RN monitors served in the Mediterranean.  The dimensions of the several classes of monitor varied greatly. Those of the "Abercrombie" class were by in the beam and drew compared to the s of 1915 that were only long. and the of 1916 were long. The largest monitors carried the heaviest guns. By this point the United States Navy had largely stopped using monitors. Only a few still existed, and only seven were still in service, all of which had been relegated to being submarine tenders. This would be the last war in which United States monitor-type vessels would see commissioned service. The last original American monitor,, renamed USS "Cheyenne" in 1908, was stricken from the Navy List in 1937.  The Austro-Hungarian Navy had also invested heavily in the construction of river monitors to patrol its internal river systems such as the Danube and its tributaries. These vessels were among the first to fire on Serbian territory at the start of the First World War, and took part in the bombardment of Belgrade, as well as other Balkan campaigns against Serbia and Romania. At the end of the war, the surviving vessels were parceled out to the navies of the new state of Yugoslavia and Romania as war prizes. Several would see action in World War II as well.

World War II.

The smaller Royal Navy monitors were mostly scrapped following World War I, though and survived to fight in World War II. When the requirement for shore support returned, two large new s, "Roberts" and "Abercrombie", were constructed and fitted with guns from older battleships. Allied monitors saw service in the Mediterranean in support of the British Eighth Army's desert and Italian campaigns. They were part of the offshore bombardment for the Invasion of Normandy in 1944. They were also used to clear the German-mined River Scheldt by the British to utilize the port of Antwerp.  The former Italian WW1 monitor "Faa di Bruno" had been redesignated as floating battery by the beginning of WW2, in which role she continued to play until the capitulation of Italy. She was then captured by the Germans and served as monitor "Biber" in Genoa, until German surrender. She was scrapped after the war.  The German, Yugoslav, Croatian and Romanian navies all operated river monitors on the Danube, which saw various combats during the war.

Soviet river monitors.

The Soviets built many monitors before World War II, and used them mostly on rivers and lakes. After experiences during WWI, the Russian Civil War and the Manchukuo Imperial Navy raids in the Far East, the Soviets developed a new monitor class for their river flotillas. The lead ship of the new series was "Zheleznyakov", laid down in the Kiev factory "Lenin's Smithy" in the fall of 1934. Currently, "Zheleznyakov" is preserved as a museum and monument on the Dnieper.

1946–1964.

The Royal Navy still had (completed 1943) and (1941) in reserve in 1953. They were typical monitors, trunk-decked vessels, some long overall, in the beam and with an mean draught carrying two guns.  The Brazilian Navy presently operates the last true "monitor" as part of their inland waterway force,.

Vietnam War.

The Vietnam War was the U.S. Navy's second riverine war, after the American Civil War. On 18 December 1965, the U.S. Navy, for the second time in a hundred years, authorized the reactivation of a brown-water navy, this time in South Vietnam. After studies were conducted, plans were drawn up by the U.S. Naval Advisory Group in February 1966, and by the summer of 1966 Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara authorized the U.S. Navy a Mobile Riverine Force (MRF).  Although U.S. Navy Patrol Craft Fast (Swift Boats), Patrol Boat River (PBRs) and assorted gunboats had been performing counter-insurgency operations in country prior to 1966, the allies were not gaining success in the Mekong Delta region. A stronger naval force was needed, one that was heavily armored, and heavily gunned.  The U.S. Navy's MRF initially consisted of "River Assault Flotilla One", under Program 4 in 1967, and consisted of four "River Assault Divisions": RAD-91 which contained 3 monitors; RAD-92 contained 2 monitors; RAD-111 had 3 monitors; and RAD-112 operated 2 monitors. These "river battleships", as they were known by the men, operated in conjunction with the CCB (Command Control Boat—also a monitor), ATCs Armored Troop Carrier (ATC), and the Assault Support Patrol Boats (ASPBs) which were also assigned to each RAD.  Vietnam monitors were originally converted from World War II long all-steel Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) Mark 6s. They were constructed under two phases: Programs 4 and 5. Under Program 4, 10 monitors were armed with one 40 mm cannon and then fielded. Program 5 monitors would correct any deficiencies from the previous vessels, and were fielded as the "Monitor (H) 105 mm" (Howitzer) and the "Monitor (F)" (Flamethrower). The Program 4 monitors mounted their single barrel 40 mm cannon in a Mk 52 turret; while the Program 5 monitors mounted their 105 mm cannon in a T172 turret, and the six flamethrowers were mounted in M8 cupola turrets (one on each side of the vessel's 40 mm turret). Because the U.S. Marine Corps was also using the M49 105 mm howitzer, there was a shortage, and only 8 "Monitor (H)" versions could be procured for the brown-water navy.  As fielded, the 24 monitors of the U.S. Navy in Vietnam averaged about 10 tons of armor, were about long, had two screws, were powered by two 64NH9 diesel engines, (maximum speed), wide, draft, and were normally manned by 11 crewmen. When South Vietnam fell on 30 April 1975, all monitors fell into the enemy's hands; leaving only one survivor, a training monitor, that never left the US. "Training" monitor #C-18 is on display, along with one Swift Boat and one PBR at the U.S. Naval Amphibious Base in Coronado, California.

Similar vessels.

River monitors.

The monitor, by proving the efficacy of turrets over fixed guns, played a part in development of the dreadnought battleship from the ironclad. As a shallow draft vessel it also led to the river gunboats which were used by imperial powers to police their colonial possessions; indeed the largest and most heavily armed river gunboats became known as river monitors. They were used by several navies, including those of the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan.

Submarine gunboats.

USS "Monitor" had had very little freeboard so as to bring the mass of the gun turret down, thereby increasing stability and making the boat a smaller and therefore harder target for gunfire. At the end of the American Civil War, the U.S. Navy -class monitors had large ballast tanks that allowed the vessels to partially submerge during battle. This idea was carried further with the concept of the Royal Navy's R class of submarine gunboats.  The British M-class submarines were initially designed for shore bombardment, but their purpose was changed to attacking enemy merchant vessels as their gun would be more effective at long range than a torpedo against a moving target. Only one,, entered service before the end of World War 1; she was lost in the English Channel after the war in 1925 after being accidentally rammed while submerged: her gun came free of its mount and she was completely flooded.

Derivative uses of the name.

To overcome the stability problems arising from the heavy turret mounted high in monitors, their hulls were designed to reduce other top weight. After Ericsson's ships, monitors developed the trunk deck design as the upper deck had to be heavily armoured against plunging shells. Because of the weight high in the hull, its breadth was minimized, giving rise to a vessel broad-beamed at the waterline, but with a narrow upper deck. The term for this sort of construction was tumblehome. Ships which were far narrower at the deck than the waterline were said to have a "pronounced tumblehome".  By analogy, nineteenth century railway coaches with clerestory roofs to accommodate ventilators and lamps above the heads of standing passengers in the centre while lower to the sides where passengers were seated were called monitors or monitor cars in the U.S.; the raised part of the roof was known as a turret. In ship design of around 1900, a turret deck was a more austere version of the trunk deck.

John Poyntz Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, KG, KP, PC (27 October 1835 – 13 August 1910), known as Viscount Althorp from 1845 to 1857 (and also known as the "Red Earl" because of his distinctive long red beard), was a British Liberal Party politician under, and close friend of, British prime minister William Ewart Gladstone. He was twice Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

John Poyntz Spencer, né le à Spencer House (Londres) et mort le à Althorp, comte Spencer, connu sous les titres de "" jusqu'en 1857, est un homme d'État britannique.


Career.

Born in Slavonski Brod, Austro-Hungary (nowadays Croatia), Perlić was not tall but strong and reliable, playing either as an attacking midfielder or a winger, remembered by strong and effective shots from mid-distance. His playing style was characterised as simple and rational, pressing always the ball and fighting all over the field. He is among the players with longest playing careers at that period: 25 years.  Perlić started playing in the youth team of local club ŠK Proleter. He moved to a major local club, NK Marsonia, where he became senior and played between 1927 and 1933. In 1933 he moved to the national capital, Belgrade, and signed with one of the major Yugoslav clubs, SK Jugoslavija. His good exhibitions will make him with Jugoslavija will earn him 3 calls for the Belgrade representative team (it was usual at that time major cities to have their own selections), and later in 1936 his first call to the national team.  In 1937 Perlić moved to France and played one season with Lille OSC in the Ligue 1. The following year he returned to SK Jugoslavija and played further two seasons in the Yugoslav National Championship. In August 1940 he moved to ŠK Bata Borovo and played with them in the 1940-41 Serbian League. However at the end of the season the Second World War started and the Yugoslav football was reorganised. During the war, Nikola Perlić would be twice imprisoned for his resistance activities. He would appear again in the football fields after the war ended, wearing again the colors of Borovo, now renamed into Slaven Borovo. He will stay in Borovo until 1953 finishing his career at the impressive age of 41.

National team.

His debut for the Yugoslav national team was on 6 September 1936, in a 9:3 win in a friendly match against Poland in Belgrade. His fairway match was on 12 November 1939, in a 0:2 loss against Hungary in Belgrade. In between Perlić made a total of 8 appearances and scored 3 goals. His highlight at the national team occurred on 18 May 1939, when he scored the winning goal against England in a 2:1 victory in Belgrade.

Personal life.

After retiring Perlić became a tailor. He died on 19 January 1986, in Borovo (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia).

Nikola Perlić (4 February 1912 – 19 January 1986) was a Yugoslavian footballer who played in top league clubs in Yugoslavia and France, and played for the Yugoslav national team.

Nikola Perlić, né le à Slavonski Brod (en Autriche-Hongrie, aujourd'hui en Croatie) et mort le à Borovo, est un joueur et entraîneur de football croate et international yougoslave.


Biography.

Sumner wrote an autobiographical sketch for the fourth of the histories of the Class of 1863 Yale College. In 1925, Rev. Harris E. Starr, class of 1910 Yale Department of Theology, published the first full-length biography of Sumner. A second full-length biography by Bruce Curtis was published in 1981. Other authors have included biographical information about Sumner as shown by citations in this "Biography" section.

Early life and education.

Sumner was born in Paterson, New Jersey, on October 30, 1840. His father, Thomas Sumner, was born in England and immigrated to the United States in 1836. His mother, Sarah Graham, was also born in England. She was brought to the United States in 1825 by her parents. Sumner's mother died when he was eight.  In 1841, Sumner's father went prospecting as far west as Ohio, but came back east to New England and settled in Hartford, Connecticut, in about 1845. Sumner wrote about his high regard for his father: "His principles and habits of life were the best possible." Earlier in his life, Sumner said, that he accepted from others "views and opinions" different from his father's. However, "at the present time," Sumner wrote, "in regard to those matters, I hold with him and not with the others." Sumner did not name the "matters."  Sumner was educated in the Hartford public schools. After graduation, he worked for two years as a clerk in a store before going to Yale College from which he graduated in 1863. Sumner achieved an impressive record at Yale as a scholar and orator. He was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in his junior year and in his senior year to the secretive Skull and Bones society.  Sumner avoided being drafted to fight in the American Civil War by paying a "substitute" $250, given to him by a friend, to enlist for three years. This and money given to him by his father and friends allowed Sumner to go to Europe for further studies. He spent his first year in the University of Geneva studying Latin and Hebrew and the following two years in the University of Göttingen studying ancient languages, history and Biblical science. All told, in his formal education, Sumner learned Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and German. In addition, after middle age he taught himself Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Polish, Danish, and Swedish.  In May 1866, he went to Oxford University to study theology. At Oxford, Henry Thomas Buckle planted the sociology seed in Sumner's mind. However, Herbert Spencer was to have the "dominating influence upon Sumner's thought."

Tutor, clergyman and professor.

Except for a stint as a clergyman, Sumner's whole career was spent at Yale.  While at Oxford, Sumner was elected a tutor in mathematics. He was made a lecturer in Greek at Yale, beginning in September 1867.  On December 27, 1867, at Trinity Church, New Haven, Sumner was ordained Deacon in the Episcopal Church. In March 1869, Sumner resigned his Yale tutorship to become assistant to the Rector of Calvary Episcopal Church (Manhattan). In July 1869, Sumner was ordained Priest.  From September 1870 to September 1872, Sumner was Rector of the Church of the Redeemer in Morristown, N.J. On April 17, 1871, Sumner married Jeannie Whittemore Elliott, daughter of Henry H. Elliott of New York City. They had three boys: one died in infancy, Eliot (Yale 1896) became an officer of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Graham (Yale 1897) became a lawyer in New York City.  Robert Bierstedt writes that Sumner preached two sermons every Sunday at the Church of the Redeemer. They "stressed without surcease the Puritan virtues of hard work, self-reliance, self-denial, frugality, prudence, and perseverance." Furthermore, writes Bierstedt, "it may be said that Sumner spent his entire life as a preacher of sermons." However, Sumner "preferred the classroom to the pulpit," so he left the ministry and returned to Yale in 1872 as "professor of political and social science" until he retired in 1909. Sumner taught the first course in North America called "sociology."  Other than what he said in the ordination service, there is no information about what motivated Sumner to be ordained. At his ordination, Sumner said that he thought that he was "truly called" to the ministry.  Sumner did not make known, at least publicly, his reasons for leaving the ministry. However, he and historians suggest that it might have been a loss of belief and/or a dim view of the church and its clergy.  Clarence J. Karier says, "Sumner found that his deity vanished with the years." "I have never discarded beliefs deliberately," Sumner said later in life, but "I left them in a drawer and, after a while, when I opened it there was nothing there at all." Harris E. Starr found that Sumner "never attacked religion" or "assumed a controversial attitude toward it." At the same time, Starr found that during Sumner's time as a professor he stopped attending Trinity Church, New Haven, where he had been ordained Deacon. After that, Sumner attended church only occasionally. However, in the closing years of his life, he baptized a little grandson, and not long before his death he attended New Haven's St. John's Church to receive Holy Communion. Starr wrote that these two events "suggest that deep down in his nature a modicum of religion remained."  In his book "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other" (1883), Sumner argued that the "ecclesiastical prejudice in favor of the poor and against the rich" worked "to replunge Europe into barbarism." Furthermore, Sumner asserted, that this prejudice still lives, nourished by the clergy. "It is not uncommon," he said, "to hear a clergyman utter from the pulpit all the old prejudice in favor of the poor and against the rich, while asking the rich to do something for the poor; and the rich comply."  The Yale University Library's guide to Sumner's papers ranks him as "Yale's most dynamic teacher of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Students clamored to enroll in his classes." Sumner's "genuine love for aspiring students, commanding personality, wide learning, splendid dogmatism, and mastery of incisive English" makes it easy to understand his reputation.  Sumner himself described his life as a professor as "simple and monotonous." "No other life could have been so well suited to my taste as this," he wrote in his autobiographical sketch.  In spite of Sumner's description of his life as "simple and monotonous," he was "a champion of academic freedom and a leader in modernizing Yale's curriculum." This led Sumner into conflict with Yale's President, Noah Porter who, in 1879, asked Sumner not to use Herbert Spencer's "Study of Sociology" in his classes. "Sumner saw this as a threat to academic freedom and bluntly refused Porter's request. The faculty soon split into two factions one supporting and the other opposing Sumner's defiance." Sumner stood his ground and won out.  Until his 1890 illness, Sumner wrote and spoke constantly on the economic and political issues of the day. His "acidic style" outraged his opponents, but it pleased his supporters. The rest of Sumner's life at Yale was routine. In 1909, the year of his retirement, Yale awarded Sumner an honorary degree.  Although Sumner was a professor of political science, his actual involvement in politics was limited to two things he reported in his autobiographical sketch. In 1873–1876, he served as an alderman in New Haven. In 1876, researching the contested presidential election, he went with a group to Louisiana to find "what kind of a presidential election they had that year." Sumner said that was his "whole experience in politics." From this experience, he concluded, "I did not know the rules of the game and did not want to learn."

Retirement and death.

Sumner's health became poor in 1890, and after 1909, the year of his retirement, it "declined precipitously." In December 1909, while in New York to deliver his presidential address to the American Sociological Society, Sumner suffered his third and fatal paralytic stroke. He died April 12, 1910, in Englewood Hospital in New Jersey.  Sumner spent much of his career as a muckraker, exposing what he saw as faults in society, and as a polemicist, writing, teaching, and speaking against these faults. In spite of his efforts, his career ended with pessimism about the future. Sumner said, "I have lived through the best period of this country's history. The next generations are going to see wars and social calamities."

Economics.

Sumner was a staunch advocate of "laissez-faire" economics, as well as "a forthright proponent of free trade and the gold standard and a foe of socialism." Sumner was active in the intellectual promotion of free-trade classical liberalism. He heavily criticized state socialism/state communism. One adversary he mentioned by name was Edward Bellamy, whose national variant of socialism was set forth in "Looking Backward", published in 1888, and the sequel "Equality".

Anti-imperialism.

Like many classical liberals at the time, including Edward Atkinson, Moorfield Storey, and Grover Cleveland, Sumner opposed the Spanish–American War and the subsequent U.S. effort to quell the insurgency in the Philippines. He was a vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League which had been formed after the war to oppose the annexation of territories. In 1899 he delivered a speech titled "The Conquest of the United States by Spain" before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University. In what is considered by some to be "his most enduring work," he lambasted imperialism as a betrayal of the best traditions, principles, and interests of the American people and contrary to America's own founding as a state of equals, where justice and law "were to reign in the midst of simplicity." In this ironically titled work, Sumner portrayed the takeover as "an American version of the imperialism and lust for colonies that had brought Spain the sorry state of his own time." According to Sumner, imperialism would enthrone a new group of "plutocrats," or businesspeople who depended on government subsidies and contracts.

Sociologist.

As a sociologist, his major accomplishments were developing the concepts of diffusion, folkways, and ethnocentrism. Sumner's work with folkways led him to conclude that attempts at government-mandated reform were useless.  In 1876, Sumner became the first to teach a course titled "sociology" in the English-speaking world, though this course focused on the thought of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, rather than the formal academic sociology that would be established 20 years later by Émile Durkheim in Europe. He was the second president of American Sociological Association serving from 1908 to 1909, and succeeding his longtime ideological opponent Lester F. Ward.  In 1880, Sumner was involved in one of the first cases of academic freedom. Sumner and the Yale president at the time, Noah Porter, did not agree on the use of Herbert Spencer's "Study of Sociology" as part of the curriculum. Spencer's application of supposed "Darwinist" ideas to the realm of humans may have been slightly too controversial at this time of curriculum reform. On the other hand, even if Spencer's ideas were not generally accepted, it is clear that his social ideas influenced Sumner in his written works.

Sumner and Social Darwinism.

William Graham Sumner was influenced by many people and ideas such as Herbert Spencer and this has led many to associate Sumner with social Darwinism.  In 1881, Sumner wrote an essay titled "Sociology." In the essay, Sumner focused on the connection between sociology and biology. He explained that there are two sides to the struggle for survival of a human. The first side is a "struggle for existence," which is a relationship between man and nature. The second side would be the "competition for life," which can be identified as a relationship between man and man. The first is a biological relationship with nature and the second is a social link, thus sociology. Man would struggle against nature to obtain essential needs such as food or water and in turn this would create the conflict between man and man in order to obtain needs from a limited supply. Sumner believed that man could not abolish the law of "survival of the fittest," and that humans could only interfere with it and in so doing, produce the "unfit."  According to Jeff Riggenbach, the identification of Sumner as a social Darwinist  Sumner was a critic of natural rights, famously arguing

Warfare.

Another example of social Darwinist influence in Sumner's work was his analysis of warfare in one of his essays in the 1880s. Contrary to some beliefs, Sumner did not believe that warfare was a result of primitive societies; he suggested that "real warfare" came from more developed societies. It was believed that primitive cultures would have war as a "struggle for existence," but Sumner believed that war in fact came from a "competition for life." Although war was sometimes man against nature, fighting another tribe for their resources, it was more often a conflict between man and man, for example, one man fighting against another man because of their different ideologies. Sumner explained that the competition for life was the reason for war and that is why war has always existed and always will.

"The Forgotten Man".

The theme of "the forgotten man" was developed by Sumner over a series of 11 essays published in 1883 in "Harper's Weekly", and further developed in two speeches delivered that year. Sumner argued that, in his day, politics was being subverted by those proposing a "measure of relief for the evils which have caught public attention." He wrote:  Sumner's "forgotten man" and its relationship to Franklin Roosevelt's "forgotten man" is the subject of Amity Shlaes's "".

Legacy.

Sumner's popular essays gave him a wide audience for his "laissez-faire" advocacy of free markets, anti-imperialism, and the gold standard. Sumner had a long-term influence over modern American conservatism as a leading intellectual of the Gilded Age.  Thousands of Yale students took his courses, and many remarked on his influence. His essays were very widely read among intellectuals, and men of affairs. Among Sumner's students were the anthropologist Albert Galloway Keller, the economist Irving Fisher, and the champion of an anthropological approach to economics, Thorstein Bunde Veblen.  The World War II Liberty Ship was named in his honor.  Yale University has maintained a professorship named in Sumner's honor. The following have been the William Graham Sumner Professor of Sociology at Yale University:

Works.

Sumner's works number "around 300 items" including books and articles on "economics, political science and sociology."  Books and pamphlets  Collected Essays  Periodical Publications (not in collections)

William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was a classical liberal American social scientist. He taught social sciences at Yale, where he held the nation's first professorship in sociology. He was one of the most influential teachers at Yale or any other major school. Sumner wrote widely within the social sciences, with numerous books and essays on American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. He supported "laissez-faire" economics, free markets, and the gold standard. He adopted the term "ethnocentrism" to identify the roots of imperialism, which he strongly opposed, and as a spokesman against it he was in favor of the "forgotten man" of the middle class, a term he coined. He had a long-term influence on conservatism in the United States.

William Graham Sumner (-), était un sociologue américain et libéral. Il fut le premier professeur de sociologie de l'université de Yale, et le premier à avoir enseigné un cours intitulé "sociologie". Polymathe, Sumner est l'auteur de nombreux essais concernant l'histoire américaine, l'histoire économique, les sciences politiques, la sociologie et l'anthropologie. Il est l'inventeur du terme ethnocentrisme, terme qu'il emploie dans son livre "Folkways" (1906) pour identifier les principaux moyens de justification utilisés par les impérialistes. On peut y lire que l'ethnocentrisme "est le terme technique pour cette vue des choses selon laquelle notre propre groupe est le centre toutes choses. Chaque groupe pense que ses propres coutumes sont les seules bonnes et s'il observe que d'autres groupes ont d'autres coutumes, celles-ci provoquent son dédain".


Story.

In about the year 1230 BC the Israelites are in slavery in Egypt. At this difficult time the Jewish slave-girl Merapi falls in love with Prince Seti, son of the Pharaoh Menapta. This socially inappropriate love leads to numerous problems, which can nevertheless be resolved. At the end of the film Moses leads his people through the Red Sea and into freedom.

Production.

One of the most outstanding scenes is the parting of the Red Sea by Moses (Hans Marr). Since at the same time the American film "The Ten Commandments" was being made, which also featured the parting of the Red Sea, the Viennese team took extraordinary care over this scene out of fear of superior American special effects technology. In the final version, thanks to subsequent trick editing, the gigantic wooden construction, designed to release 100 cubic metres of water from both sides at once, is unrecognisable. The water poured into a closed wooden trough 8 metres square and 1 metre deep on the Laaer Berg park in Vienna. The walls of water to either side were modelled out of plaster, which looked completely realistic on black-and-white film. One single take could now depict both the parting and the closing of the sea: for the former the shot was simply spliced into the film in reverse.  The actors were filmed in the dry and overwhelmed by the "sea" later, during the editing. When, a few weeks after the "Sklavenkönigin" opened, the competing film was also in the cinemas, it came as a surprise that the parting of the Red Sea was considerably more realistic in the Austrian production. It was not only the Viennese critics who noted this: even Hollywood colleagues expressed their amazement that in this regard the Laaer Berg had outdone Hollywood.  The director of Sascha-Film, Arnold Pressburger, assisted the film director Michael Kertész as artistic director. The assistant director was Arthur Gottlein. The cameramen Max Nekut Gustav Ucicky and Hans Theyer were supported by Sascha Kolowrat-Krakowsky, the film's producer, as technical director.  The film is supposed to have cost 1.5 billion Kronen. The true value of the sum is admittedly relativised by the constant high inflation that raged until the mid-1920s, but nevertheless it is one of the highest outlays ever for an Austrian film. Sascha-Film was only able to obtain credit from their bank against the personal security provided by Sascha Kolowrat-Krakowsky. The reason for this was partly the high production costs, but also the film's very risky economic prospects - many Austrian film production companies, after several boom years, had gone bankrupt. Austrian production companies were less and less able to stand up to the strong competition of cheap foreign imports, particularly from the United States. Additionally inflation was receding, which made Austrian films more expensive abroad, after a period in which the film export had flourished, thanks to the weak currency. Besides, the high period of the epic film was gradually passing - the sensation value of the enormous crowd scenes and of scantily clad actresses was falling.

Cast.

Sets and costumes.

The sets and buildings were created by Artur Berger and Emil Stepanek, who already had experience of monumental epics, having worked on the greatest film structure in Austrian film history, the Tower of Babel in "Sodom und Gomorrha" of 1922. The costumes were by Remigius Geyling. The great majority of the cast were very simply dressed, but the palace residents and the priests had some of the most imaginative and creative costumes of the silent film period.

Background.

Like other films of the period the "Die Sklavenkönigin" was inspired by the Egyptomania that was sweeping the world after the discovery of the intact tomb and treasures of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. The female lead, for once, was not the director's wife, as in most of Michael Kertész's previous films: Lucy Doraine was by this time divorced from him, and so the starring role went to María Corda, the wife of his competitor Alexander Korda, who was also making epics in Vienna at this time.  The premiere took place in the Eos-Kino, in which Sascha-Film had an interest. For the occasion the cinema was done up in Ancient Egyptian style and decorated with pictures of gods and statues of warriors.

Versions.

The black-and-white silent 35 mm film, 2,300 metres long, had a sound track added in 1932 by the "Selenophon Licht- und Tonbildgesellschaft"; without the inter-titles it was only 2,074 metres long.  In 2005 using a positive print on a nitrate base of the English edition from the British Film Institute, the film was restored by the Filmarchiv Austria, thus re-creating a print of excellent quality with English inter-titles which was used for the reconstruction of the German version, with added music by the leading Austrian silent film pianist Gerhard Gruber.

The Moon of Israel (, or "The Queen of the Slaves") is a 1924 Austrian epic film. It was directed by Mihaly Kertész (later Michael Curtiz). The script was written by Ladislaus Vajda, based on H. Rider Haggard's novel "Moon of Israel", which in its turn was inspired by the Biblical story of the Exodus.

L'Esclave reine (titre d'origine : "Die Sklavenkönigin") est un film autrichien réalisé par Mihaly Kertész (qui sera plus tard connu sous le nom de Michael Curtiz), sorti en 1924. Ce film est l'adaptation au cinéma du roman "" écrit par Henry Rider Haggard, lui-même inspiré par l'Exode hors d'Égypte.


Background.

The German forces in the Netherlands surrendered to the Allies on 5 May 1945. However, the western part of the country remained occupied by the Germans until Allied troops could arrive to disarm them. Local newspapers reported on 6 May that Canadian forces would reach Amsterdam the next day.  On 7 May, thousands of people gathered on the Dam, the central square of the city, to celebrate the end of the war and welcome the Allied soldiers. Shortly after noon, a handful of Humber Armoured Cars of the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division began to approach the Dam by way of the Rokin to carry out reconnaissance. A convoy of German vehicles, also carrying out reconnaissance, narrowly passed the British vehicles near the Dam, but quickly disappeared again. The British, observing that the situation was potentially explosive, decided to withdraw from the city until forces of the Dutch resistance () had successfully disarmed the Germans and taken possession of three key locations: the Royal Palace, the main money office and the main post office (Operation Three Castles).

Shooting.

While the local citizens celebrated on Dam square, German soldiers of the Kriegsmarine were trapped inside the (Grand Club) building, a large building at the corner of the Dam and Kalverstraat. In the nearby Paleisstraat, local forces arrested two German soldiers. One of them refused to surrender his weapon and fired a shot. German soldiers then appeared in the windows, on the balcony and on the roof of the and started firing into the crowd with machine guns.  Large-scale panic broke out on Dam square and most of the crowd dispersed via the Nieuwendijk, Rokin and Damrak. Some people sought cover behind street lights and other objects, including a barrel organ known as and a small truck.  After the initial shots, a second round was fired. The Germans and resistance forces then started to exchange fire. In total, the shooting lasted about two hours, until about 5pm. Members of the Scouts, Red Cross and nurses attempted to aid the victims. According to some sources, Major Overhoff, who commanded the local forces, persuaded a German officer, Bergmann, to join him in entering the and ordering the German soldiers to cease fire. In another version of events, the shooting had already ended by the time they reached the, after local forces had fired bazooka grenades at the building, or threatened to do so. The German soldiers at the remained there until they were taken into custody by Canadian forces on 9 May and taken back to Germany.  German and local forces also exchanged fire at Amsterdam Central Station that day, causing the death of two Dutch soldiers and a number of German soldiers.

Aftermath.

The day after the shooting, on 8 May, Canadian forces entered the city. Tens of thousands gathered on Dam square on 9 May to celebrate the liberation and listen to speeches by Prime Minister Gerbrandy and others.  The shooting was never fully investigated. After the event, local newspapers reported between 19 and 22 fatalities, but no official list of casualties was ever released. Stichting Memorial voor Damslachtoffers 7 mei 1945, an organisation founded to commemorate the event, has since identified a total of 32 people who died as a result of the event, not including German casualties. Twenty-six died immediately while five more died later of gunshot wounds. The last known victim died on 22 June. The actual number of fatalities may be higher; in some cases, it had not yet been determined whether the death was related to the Dam square shootout. The full number of wounded is also unknown; newspaper reports gave between 100 and 120 wounded.

Remembrance.

Two years after the shooting, a commemorative plaque was unveiled on the facade of the at the corner of the Dam and Kalverstraat.  Between June 2015 and March 2016, 15,509 virtual stones were placed on the website plaatseensteen.nl / placeastone.nl, shaping the letters of the victims’ names. On 1 March 2016, the end result was transferred to stone reliefs and embedded in the pavement of Dam square. The memorial was unveiled by Mayor Eberhard van der Laan on 7 May 2016 following a ceremony in the Nieuwe Kerk church.  A national Remembrance of the Dead ceremony is held on Dam square every year on 4 May.  Carel Frederik Overhoff, who commanded the Dutch forces in Amsterdam on 7 May 1945, received the Military Order of William in 1947 for his efforts to put an end to the fighting, but the honour was rescinded in 1952 after Overhoff was convicted of embezzlement and imprisoned.

The 1945 shooting on Dam square took place during the liberation of Amsterdam on 7 May 1945, in the last days of World War II in Europe. German soldiers fired machine guns into a large crowd gathered on Dam square to celebrate the end of the war, killing over 30 people.

Le, deux jours après la capitulation allemande, des milliers de Néerlandais se sont regroupés sur la place du Dam, à Amsterdam. Ils attendaient l'entrée dans la ville des troupes canadiennes.