Formation processes.

The major processes involved in the formation of lunar soil are:  These processes continue to change the physical and optical properties of the soil over time, and it is known as space weathering. In addition, fire fountaining, whereby volcanic lava is lofted and cools into small glass beads before falling back to the surface, can create small but important deposits in some locations, such as the orange soil found at Shorty Crater in the Taurus-Littrow valley by Apollo 17, and the green glass found at Hadley-Apennine by Apollo 15. Deposits of volcanic beads are also thought to be the origin of Dark Mantle Deposits (DMD) in other locations around the Moon.

Mineralogy and composition.

Lunar soil is composed of various types of particles including rock fragments, mono-mineralic fragments, and various kinds of glasses including agglutinate particles, volcanic and impact spherules. The agglutinates form at the lunar surface by micrometeorite impacts that cause small-scale melting which fuses adjacent materials together with tiny specks of metallic iron (Fe) embedded in each dust particle's glassy shell. Over time, material is mixed both vertically and horizontally (a process known as "gardening") by impact processes. However, the contribution of material from external sources is relatively minor, such that the soil composition at any given location largely reflects the local bedrock composition.  There are two profound differences in the chemistry of lunar regolith and soil from terrestrial materials. The first is that the Moon is very dry. As a result, those minerals with water as part of their structure (mineral hydration) such as clay, mica, and amphiboles are totally absent from the Moon. The second difference is that lunar regolith and crust are chemically reduced, rather than being significantly oxidized like the Earth's crust. In the case of the regolith, this is due in part to the constant bombardment of the lunar surface with protons (i.e. hydrogen (H) nuclei) from the solar wind. One consequence is that iron on the Moon is found in the metallic 0 and +2 oxidation states, whereas on Earth iron is found primarily in the +2 and +3 oxidation states.

Properties.

The significance of acquiring appropriate knowledge of lunar soil properties is great. The potential for construction of structures, ground transportation networks, and waste disposal systems, to name a few examples, will depend on real-world experimental data obtained from testing lunar soil samples. The load-carrying capability of the soil is an important parameter in the design of such structures on Earth.  Due to myriad meteorite impacts (with velocities in the range of 20 km/s), the lunar surface is covered with a thin layer of dust. The dust is electrically charged and sticks to any surface it comes in contact with. The density of lunar regolith is about 1.5 g/cm. The soil becomes very dense beneath the top layer of regolith. Other factors which may affect the properties of lunar soil include large temperature differentials, the presence of a hard vacuum, and the absence of a significant lunar magnetic field, thereby allowing charged solar wind particles to continuously hit the surface of the Moon.

Moon dust fountains and electrostatic levitation.

There is some evidence that the Moon may have a tenuous atmosphere of moving dust particles constantly leaping up from and falling back to the Moon's surface, giving rise to a "dust atmosphere" that looks static but is composed of dust particles in constant motion. The term "Moon fountain" has been used to describe this effect by analogy with the stream of molecules of water in a fountain following a ballistic trajectory while appearing static due to the constancy of the stream. According to a model proposed in 2005 by the Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, this is caused by electrostatic levitation. On the daylit side of the Moon, solar ultraviolet and X-ray radiation is energetic enough to knock electrons out of atoms and molecules in the lunar soil. Positive charges build up until the tiniest particles of lunar dust (measuring 1 micrometre and smaller) are repelled from the surface and lofted anywhere from metres to kilometres high, with the smallest particles reaching the highest altitudes. Eventually they fall back toward the surface where the process is repeated. On the night side, the dust is negatively charged by electrons from the solar wind. Indeed, the fountain model suggests that the night side would achieve greater voltage differences than the day side, possibly launching dust particles to higher velocities and altitudes. This effect could be further enhanced during the portion of the Moon's orbit where it passes through Earth's magnetotail; see Magnetic field of the Moon for more detail. On the terminator there could be significant horizontal electric fields forming between the day and night areas, resulting in horizontal dust transport - a form of "Moon storm".  This effect was anticipated in 1956 by science fiction author Hal Clement in his short story "Dust Rag", published in "Astounding Science Fiction".  There is some evidence for this effect. In the early 1960s, Surveyor 7 and several prior Surveyor spacecraft that soft-landed on the Moon returned photographs showing an unmistakable twilight glow low over the lunar horizon persisting after the Sun had set. Moreover, the distant horizon between land and sky did not look razor-sharp, as would have been expected in a vacuum where there was no atmospheric haze. Apollo 17 astronauts orbiting the Moon in 1972 repeatedly saw and sketched what they variously called "bands," "streamers" or "twilight rays" for about 10 seconds before lunar sunrise or lunar sunset. Such rays were also reported by astronauts aboard Apollo 8, 10, and 15. These may have been similar to crepuscular rays on Earth.  Apollo 17 also placed an experiment on the Moon's surface called LEAM, short for Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites. It was designed to look for dust kicked up by small meteoroids hitting the Moon's surface. It had three sensors that could record the speed, energy, and direction of tiny particles: one each pointing up, east, and west. LEAM saw a large number of particles every morning, mostly coming from the east or west—rather than above or below—and mostly slower than speeds expected for lunar ejecta. In addition, the experiment's temperature increased to near 100 degrees Celsius a few hours after each lunar sunrise, so the unit had to be turned off temporarily because it was overheating. It is speculated that this could have been a result of electrically-charged moondust sticking to LEAM, darkening its surface so the experiment package absorbed rather than reflected sunlight. However, scientists were unable to make a definite determination of the source of the problem, as LEAM operated only briefly before the Apollo program ended.  It is possible that these storms have been spotted from Earth: For centuries, there have been reports of strange glowing lights on the Moon, known as "Transient lunar phenomena" or TLPs. Some TLPs have been observed as momentary flashes, now generally accepted to be visible evidence of meteoroids impacting the lunar surface. But others have appeared as amorphous reddish or whitish glows or even as dusky hazy regions that change shape or disappear over seconds or minutes. These may have been a result of sunlight reflecting from suspended lunar dust.

Harmful effects of lunar dust.

A 2005 NASA study listed 20 risks that required further study before humans should commit to a human Mars expedition, and ranked "dust" as the #1 challenge. The report urged study of its mechanical properties, corrosiveness, grittiness, and effect on electrical systems. Most scientists think the only way to answer the questions definitively is by returning samples of Martian soil and rock to Earth well before launching any astronauts.  Although that report addressed Martian dust, the concerns are equally valid concerning lunar dust. The dust found on the lunar surface could cause harmful effects on any human outpost technology and crew members:  The principles of astronautical hygiene should be used to assess the risks of exposure to lunar dust during exploration on the Moon's surface and thereby determine the most appropriate measures to control exposure. These may include removing the spacesuit in a three-stage airlock, "vacuuming" the suit with a magnet before removal, and using local exhaust ventilation with a high–efficiency particulate filter to remove dust from the spacecraft's atmosphere.  The harmful properties of lunar dust are not well known. However, based on studies of dust found on Earth, it is expected that exposure to lunar dust will result in greater risks to health both from direct exposure (acute) and if exposure is over time (chronic). This is because lunar dust is more chemically reactive and has larger surface areas composed of sharper jagged edges than Earth dust. If the chemical reactive particles are deposited in the lungs, they may cause respiratory disease. Long-term exposure to the dust may cause a more serious respiratory disease similar to silicosis. During lunar exploration, the astronauts' spacesuits will become contaminated with lunar dust. The dust will be released into the atmosphere when the suits are removed. The methods used to mitigate exposure will include providing high air recirculation rates in the airlock, the use of a "Double Shell Spacesuit", the use of dust shields, the use of high–grade magnetic separation, and the use of solar flux to sinter and melt the regolith.

Present availability.

The Apollo astronauts brought back some of lunar rocks from six landing sites. Although this material has been isolated in vacuum-packed bottles, it is now unusable for detailed chemical or mechanical analysis—the gritty particles deteriorated the knife-edge indium seals of the vacuum bottles; air has slowly leaked in. Every sample brought back from the Moon has been contaminated by Earth's air and humidity. The dust has acquired a patina of rust, and, as a result of bonding with terrestrial water and oxygen molecules, its chemical reactivity is long gone. The chemical and electrostatic properties of the soil no longer match what future astronauts will encounter on the Moon.  Moon dust-contaminated items finally became available to the public in 2014, when the US government approved the sale of private material owned, and collected, by astronauts. Since then only one item has been produced for sale with genuine Moon dust collected after the item spent over 32 hours on the Moon. A luggage strap, exposed to the elements of the Moon for 32 hours, a piece of Charles "Pete" Conrad's spacesuit on the Apollo 12 mission, was sold by his estate to a private purchaser at auction. In 2017 lunar soil collected by Neil Armstrong in 1969 was put up for auction. While many jewelry- and watch-makers claim their product contains "Moon dust", the products only contain pieces of, or dust from, meteorites believed to have originated from the Moon.

Lunar soil is the fine fraction of the regolith found on the surface of the Moon. Its properties can differ significantly from those of terrestrial soil. The physical properties of lunar soil are primarily the result of mechanical disintegration of basaltic and anorthositic rock, caused by continual meteoric impacts and bombardment by solar and interstellar charged atomic particles over years. The process is largely one of mechanical weathering in which the particles are ground to finer and finer size over time. This situation contrasts fundamentally to terrestrial soil formation, mediated by the presence of molecular oxygen (O), humidity, atmospheric wind, and a robust array of contributing biological processes. Some have argued that the term "soil" is not correct in reference to the Moon because on Earth, soil is defined as having organic content, whereas the Moon has none. However, standard usage among lunar scientists ignores that distinction.

Le sol lunaire est la fine fraction de régolithe rencontrée à la surface de la Lune. Ses propriétés peuvent différer significativement de celles des sols terrestres. Les propriétés physiques du sol lunaire sont le résultat de la mécanique de désintégration des roches basaltiques et anorthositiques, causée par le bombardement continu de météorites et de particules chargées durant des millions d'années.


Biography.

Born on 17 August 1889 in Calcutta, West Bengal, Niranjan Pal was born in an illustrious Sylheti family, his father was the noted freedom fighter, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Niranjan himself as a teenager was briefly involved in the Indian freedom struggle during an association with Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Madanlal Dhingra in London. By the late 1910s, he started writing and eventually wrote "The Light of Asia" and "Shiraz", both of which were performed on stage in London. Both were commercially successful and attracted the attention of German filmmaker Franz Osten, who made screen versions in India. Himanshu Rai, then a lawyer, also acted in one of Niranjan Pal's plays "Goddess" also performed in London, though some sources suggest that it was Devika Rani who first met him, through their common Brahmo Samaj connections, which paved way for his eventual stake in the creation of Bombay Talkies.  Following the successes of "The Light of Asia" and "Shiraz" 1928, Pal moved back to India with his English wife, Lily, and son Colin Pal, and embarked on a career as the screenplay writer for Bombay Talkies. He also started directing films, and made among others "Needle's Eye" (1931), "Pardesia" (1932), and "Chitthi" (1941). His career as a director was however far less successful than his work as a screenwriter, in which role he wrote some of India's earliest blockbusters "Achhut Kanya" (1936), "Janmabhoomi" (1936), "Jeevan Naiya" (1936) and "Jawani Ki Hawa" (1935). Of these Achhut Kanya was the most popular, and continues to be a landmark film as it dealt with the subject of untouchability.  He also collaborated with noted dancer, Uday Shankar to write a libretto for first Indian ballets, performed by Anna Pavlova and Uday Shankar himself.

Family.

Niranjan Pal's family is in the film industry, his son Colin Pal was a prominent journalist, and film historian, who wrote books, 'Shooting Stars' and autobiography "Aye Jibon: Such is life" won a National Award from the Indian Government in 2001. Colin died, on 28 August 2005, after a prolonged illness, in Mumbai, at the age of 83  Niranjan's grandson Deep Pal is a cinematographer. He has been in the film industry for over 35 years. He pioneered Steadicam in India and has been behind the camera for over 672 feature films. A majority of Deep's films are documentaries for the BBC including 'Cages' and 'Dabbawalas', which won the Palm De Canes (2001). He also worked as still Photographer with Basu Bhattacharya at Aarohi Films.

Niranjan Pal (17 August 1889 – 9 November 1959) was an Indian playwright, screenwriter, and director in the Indian film industry in the silent and early talkie days. He was a close associate of Himanshu Rai and Franz Osten, with whom he was a founding member of Bombay Talkies.

Niranjan Pal, né à Calcutta (Indes britanniques) le et mort dans cette ville le, est un dramaturge, scénariste et réalisateur dans l'industrie cinématographique indienne du temps du muet et du début du parlant. Proche collaborateur de Himanshu Rai et de Franz Osten, il fonde avec eux les studio et société de production cinématographiques Bombay Talkies.


Accord de libre-échange entre l'Inde et l'ASEAN

Background.

The ASEAN–India Free Area emerged from a mutual interest of both parties to expand their economic ties in the Asia-Pacific region. India's Look East policy was reciprocated by similar interests of many ASEAN countries to expand their interactions westward.  After India became a sectoral dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1992, India saw its trade with ASEAN increase relative to its trade with the rest of the world. Between 1993 and 2003, ASEAN-India bilateral trade grew at an annual rate of 11.2%, from US$2.9 billion in 1993 to US$12.1 billion in 2003. Much of India's trade with ASEAN is directed towards Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand, with whom India holds strong economic relations.  In 2008, the total volume of ASEAN-India trade was US$47.5 billion. ASEAN’s export to India was US$30.1 billion – a growth of 21.1 per cent in comparison with that of 2007. ASEAN’s imports from India were US$17.4 billion – a growth of 40.2 per cent in comparison to that of 2006. As for foreign direct investment (FDI), the inflow from India to ASEAN Member States was US$476.8 million in 2008, accounting for 0.8 per cent of total FDI in the region. Total Indian FDI into ASEAN from 2000 to 2008 was US$1.3 billion. The ASEAN-Dialogue Partners trade and investment statistic data can be accessed through http://www.asean.org/22122.htm.  Acknowledging this trend and recognising the economic potential of closer linkages, both sides recognised the opportunities for deepening trade and investment ties, and agreed to negotiate a framework agreement to pave the way for the establishment of an ASEAN–India Free Trade Area (FTA).

History.

At the Second ASEAN-India Summit in 2003, the ASEAN-India Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation was signed by the Leaders of ASEAN and India. The Framework Agreement laid a sound basis for the eventual establishment of an ASEAN-India Regional Trade and Investment Area (RTIA), which includes FTA in goods, services, and investment.  ASEAN and India signed the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods (TIG) Agreement in Bangkok on 13 August 2009, after six years of negotiations. The ASEAN-India TIG Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2010. The 7th ASEAN-India Summit in Cha-am Hua Hin, Thailand on 24 October 2009 agreed to revise the bilateral trade target to 70 billion USD to be achieved in the next two years, noting that the initial target of USD 50 billion set in 2007 may soon be surpassed.  ASEAN-India trade grew at over 22 percent annually during the 2005-2011 period. Trade between India and ASEAN in 1964-2002 increased by more than 37 percent to $79 billion, which was more than the target of $70 billion set in 2009.  At the 10th ASEAN-India Summit in New Delhi on 20 December 2012, India and ASEAN concluded negotiations for FTAs in services and investments. The two sides expect bilateral trade to increase to $100 billion by 2015, and $200 billion within a decade.  ASEAN and India are also working on enhancing private sector engagement. Details on the re-activation of the ASEAN-India Business Council (AIBC), the holding of the ASEAN-India Business Summit (AIBS) and an ASEAN-India Business Fair (AIBF), are being worked out by officials. On 27 April 2010, India informed the ASEAN Secretariat that the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) would be organising the ASEAN Trade and Industrial Exhibition at the Pragati Maidan in New Delhi on 8–11 January 2011, at the sidelines of the AIBF.  The Fourteenth ASEAN Transport Ministers (ATM) Meeting on 6 November 2008 in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines adopted the ASEAN-India Aviation Cooperation Framework, which will lay the foundation for closer aviation co-operation between ASEAN and India. The ASEAN-India Air Transport Agreement (AI-ATA) is being negotiated with the implementation timeline of 2011.  In tourism, the number of visitor arrivals from ASEAN to India in 2006 was 277,000, while the number of visitor arrivals from India to ASEAN in 2008 was 1.985 million. At the Sixth ASEAN-India Summit held on 21 November 2007 in Singapore, India proposed to set a target of 1 million tourist arrivals from ASEAN to India by 2010. The 2nd Meeting of ASEAN and India Tourism Ministers (ATM+India) held on 25 January 2010 in Bandar Seri Begawan positively responded to India’s proposal to develop an ASEAN-India Tourism Cooperation Agreement and requested the ASEAN-India Tourism Working Group to further discuss and prepare the draft agreement. The Ministers also supported the establishment of the ASEAN Promotional Chapter for Tourism in Mumbai as an important collaborative platform for ASEAN National Tourism Organisations (NTOs) to market Southeast Asia to the Indian consumers and, at the same time, create mutual awareness between ASEAN Member States and India.

Tariffs.

The signing of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement paves the way for the creation of one of the world’s largest FTAs – a market of almost 1.8 billion people with a combined GDP of US$2.8 trillion. The ASEAN-India FTA will see tariff liberalisation of over 90 percent of products traded between the two dynamic regions, including the so-called “special products,” such as palm oil (crude and refined), coffee, black tea and pepper. Tariffs on over 4,000 product lines will be eliminated by 2016, at the earliest.

Criticism.

While there are many benefits to the ASEAN-India FTA, there is concern in India that the agreement will have several negative impacts on the economy. As previously stated, the two regions aim to reduce their tariffs on a majority of their traded goods. This will allow them to increase the market access of their products. It is criticised, however, that India will not experience as great an increase in market access to ASEAN countries as ASEAN will in India. The economies of the ASEAN countries are largely export-driven, maintaining high export-to-GDP ratios (in 2007, Malaysia had a ratio of over 100%). Considering this, as well as the global financial crisis and India's expansive domestic market, the ASEAN countries will look eagerly towards India as a home for its exports.  Since the early 2000s, India has had an increasing trade deficit with ASEAN, with imports exceeding exports by more than US$6 billion in 2007-2008. It is feared that a gradual liberalisation of tariffs and a rise in imported goods into India will threaten several sectors of the economy, specifically the plantation sector, some manufacturing industries, and the marine products industry. As a dominant exporter of light manufacturing products, ASEAN has competitive tariff rates that make it difficult for India to gain access to the industry market in ASEAN countries.  Before the agreement was signed, the Chief Minister of Kerala, V.S. Achuthanandan, led a delegation to the Indian Prime Minister protesting against the FTA. The state of Kerala is an important exporter in the national export of plantation products. It fears that cheap imports of rubber, coffee, and fish would lower domestic production, adversely affecting farmers and ultimately its economy. Kerala has already experienced a flooding of its market with inexpensive imports under the South Asia Free Trade Agreement of 2006. Cheap coconuts from Sri Lanka and palm oil from Malaysia has since hindered Kerala's coconut cultivation.  To alleviate the losses that arise from the initial stages of trade, the Government of India must be able to effectively redistribute some of the wealth to those industries who suffer from the increased competition with ASEAN markets. This way, total welfare gains in India would increase and India would ultimately benefit from trade with ASEAN.

The ASEAN–India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) is a free trade area among the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and India. The initial framework agreement was signed on 8 October 2003 in Bali, Indonesia. and the final agreement was on 13 August 2009. The free trade area came into effect on 1 January 2010. India hosted the latest ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit in New Delhi on 26 January 2018. In the financial year 2017-18, Indo-ASEAN bilateral trade grew by almost 14% to reach US$81.3 billion. India's imports from ASEAN were valued at US$47.13 billion while its exports to ASEAN stood at US$34.2 billion.

L'accord de libre-échange entre l'Inde et l'ASEAN est un accord de libre-échange entre l ́Inde et l'ASEAN signé le et entré en vigueur le. L'accord-cadre de cet accord a été signé le.


Biography.

At the age of 13 he won a scholarship to Trinity College of Music in London and after graduating became a session musician. In the late 1960s he played in The Thunderbirds, the backing group for vocalist Chris Farlowe, and was also in the backing band of singer Terry Reid, who toured with The Rolling Stones and Cream in the United States in 1968. During 1969 and 1970 he served as touring organist for The Crazy World of Arthur Brown.  Solley was a founding member of British progressive rock band Paladin, whose second LP "Paladin Charge!" featured a cover design by Roger Dean. Following the break-up of Paladin in 1973, Solley joined Fox, which had a series of hit singles before breaking up in 1977.  After turning down membership in several groups, Solley became a member of the progressive rock group Procol Harum playing organ and synthesisers, (this allowed Chris Copping to take over on bass guitar). During his time with the group he recorded one album, "Something Magic", and toured extensively to promote the album. Shortly afterwards the group broke up.  In 1978 he joined the newly founded Whitesnake recording their debut EP "Snakebite". On the sleeve, he was credited as a special guest, but he continued touring with the band until July 1978. His position in the band was later taken by Jon Lord.  In the 1980s, Solley began writing TV jingles for clients including British Airways, BMW, and Coca-Cola, and he became a record producer. His credits include albums for the Australian bands Sports ("Don't Throw Stones") and Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons ("Screaming Targets", "Hats Off Step Lively") and the 1982 Jo Jo Zep album "Cha", featuring the novelty salsa-rock hit "Taxi Mary" with vocals by Jane Clifton, and Ray Pereira and Des 'Animal' McKenna on percussion and drums. Solley's best-known production is the 1980 single "What I Like About You" by The Romantics. He also produced the Grammy nominated album, "1916" by Motörhead.  In 1997, he briefly rejoined Procol Harum for a concert in Redhill and, in 2004, played with their lead singer Gary Brooker in a concert in Guildford.  Solley is of Romanian descent, his grandparents were from Romania. His father is Leslie Solley, a British politician and barrister.

Peter Solley (born 19 October 1948, London) is an English Grammy-nominated musician and record producer. He has recorded with Eric Clapton, Al Stewart and Whitesnake as well as producing records for Ted Nugent, Oingo Boingo, Motörhead, The Romantics, Jo Jo Zep with Des 'Animal' McKenna, Peter Frampton, The Sports, Wreckless Eric and many others.

Peter "Pete" Solley (né le à Londres) est un musicien et producteur de disques britannique nommé aux Grammy Awards. Il a enregistré avec Eric Clapton, Al Stewart et Whitesnake, Ted Nugent, Oingo Boingo, Motörhead, The Romantics, Jo Jo Zep avec Des 'Animal' McKenna, Peter Frampton, The Sports, Wreckless Eric et bien d'autres.


Education.

Xingwana obtained a Bachelor of Science degree from University of Witwatersrand in 1985 and three postgraduate diplomas, one in Economic Principles from the University of Limpopo in 2002, and the other two in Development and Leadership Studies, and Rural Development from the University of Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe.

Political career.

Xingwana became a Member of Parliament after the 1994 South African elections. She is currently also chairperson of the Southern African Development Community's Regional Women's Caucus and director of the South African Council of Churches' Women's Development Programmes (1987). She has chaired the Joint Monitoring Committee for the Improvement of Quality of Life and Status of Women (2002–2004), the Parliamentary Women's Caucus (1999–2004), the Malibongwe Rural Development Project for Women (1998–2000) and the National Assembly Portfolio Committee for Sports and Recreation (1994–1999). She has been a tutor of Classes for Domestic Workers in rural areas and the suburbs of Johannesburg, as well as for Learn and Teach, since 1985. From 1999 to 2004, she was on the National Assembly Portfolio Committee for Defence. She has also been on the ANC's Provincial Executive Council for Gauteng (1998–2001) and the National Assembly Portfolio Committee: Environmental Affairs and Tourism (1996–2004), Head of Development for the ANC Women's League (1991–1994) and a member of FEDSWA (1981–1991). Her membership to the United Democratic Front lasted from 1983 until 1991, and she has been a member of the ANC Women's League since 1993.  Xingwana has spoken of her opposition to the return of Capital punishment in South Africa stating that "it is against our ethos of human rights" and the democratic values of the country.

Controversy.

In her appointment as Agriculture and Land Affairs Minister, Xingwana caused controversy in 2007 when she accused white farmers of being cruel and inhumane towards their workers. She claimed that farmers regularly "rape and assault" their workers. These statements enraged many farmers, and two farm unions, AgriSA and the Transvaal Agricultural Union, challenged her to provide evidence that would support her accusations. The minister called for a meeting with the unions, but the farmers walked out in protest. Former President Thabo Mbeki was called in to resolve the dispute.

Executive toilet.

In April 2009, a report in the Afrikaans newspaper "Rapport" repeated details found by one of its readers in a three-page Land Affairs document of a special mobile toilet, imported at R500,000, for Xingwana's exclusive use while handing over land in various parts of the country. Its specifications were said to include gold trimmings, but Xingwana's spokesperson denied the claim, declaring that, although Xingwana did indeed have a specially-reserved toilet, it was no different from those which played host to the "hoi polloi".

Homophobic remarks.

In March 2010 Lulu Xingwana stormed out of an art exhibition that she was attending in her capacity of minister of Arts and Culture, calling the work 'immoral'. It was alleged by an anonymous insider that Xingwana had objected to the display of same-sex couples, but the official reason provided through her spokesperson was that it was "It was immoral, offensive and going against nation-building."

Designer furniture procurement.

In early February 2013 it was reported that Xingwana spend R2.1 million on refurnishing the department of Women, Children and People with Disabilities head office with new designer furniture. Nearly half of that amount was spent on custom made furniture for her own office. Xingwana was accused by opposition parties of using public resources to indulge in her own "extravagant taste in furniture and overseas trips" instead of defending the rights of vulnerable South Africans, which her department is responsible for.

Afrikaner-domestic violence remarks.

On 26 February 2013 Xingwana stated on the Australian news channel ABC News: "Young Afrikaner men are brought up in the Calvinist religion believing that they own a woman, they own a child, they own everything and therefore they can take that life because they own it."  After making the remarks she was accused by the Afrikaans civil rights organisation AfriForum of discriminating "on the basis of race, faith and gender", and that this was "an extreme verbal attack on the integrity of Afrikaners." The Christian Democratic Party called for the president to fire her. The Afrikanerbond stated that her comments where an "extreme verbal attack on the integrity of Afrikaners" and speculated that she made the statement in an attempt to divert attention away from report detailing mismanagement within her department.  The following day Xingwana retracted her remarks and publicly apologised "unconditionally."

Lulama "Lulu" Marytheresa Xingwana (born 23 September 1955) is a South African politician who served as Minister for Women, Children and People with Disabilities from November 2010 - May 2014. Previously she held the position of Deputy Minister of Minerals and Energy from 2004 to 2006 and was Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs from 2006 to 2009, succeeding Thoko Didiza.

Lulama Marytheresa Xingwana dite Lulu Xingwana, née le, est une personnalité politique sud-africaine, membre du congrès national africain (ANC).


Description.

CMS is a general framework for Electronic Signatures for various kinds of transactions like purchase requisition, contracts or invoices. CAdES specifies precise profiles of CMS signed data making it compliant with the European eIDAS regulation (Regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market). The eIDAS regulation enhances and repeals the Electronic Signatures Directive 1999/93/EC. EIDAS is legally binding in all EU member states since July 2014. An electronic signature that has been created in compliance with eIDAS has the same legal value as a handwritten signature.  An electronic signature, technically implemented based on CAdES has the status of an advanced electronic signature. This means that A resulting property of CAdES is that electronically signed documents can remain valid for long periods, even if the signer or verifying party later attempts to deny the validity of the signature.  A CAdES-based electronic signature is accepted in a court proceeding as evidence; as advanced electronic signatures are legally binding.[8] But it gets higher probative value when enhanced to a qualified electronic signature. To receive that legal standing, it needs to be doted with a digital certificate, encrypted by a security signature creation device ("qualified electronic signature"). The authorship of a statement with a qualified electronic signature cannot be challenged - the statement is non-repudiable.  The document ETSI TS 101 733 Electronic Signature and Infrastructure (ESI) – CMS Advanced Electronic Signature (CAdES) describes the framework.

Evolution of the framework.

The main document describing the format is ETSI TS 101 733 Electronic Signature and Infrastructure (ESI) – CMS Advanced Electronic Signature (CAdES).  The ETSI TS 101 733 was first issued as V1.2.2 (2000–12). The current release version has the release number V2.2.1 (2013-04). ETSI is working on a new draft of CAdES. All drafts and released documents are publicly accessible at.  The ETSI TS V.1.7.4 (2008-07) is technically equivalent to RFC 5126. RFC 5126 document builds on existing standards that are widely adopted. These include:

Profiles.

ETSI "TS 101 733" specifies formats for Advanced Electronic Signatures built on CMS (CAdES). It defines a number of signed and unsigned optional signature properties, resulting in support for a number of variations in the signature contents and processing requirements.  In order to maximize interoperability in communities applying CAdES to particular environments it was necessary to identify a common set of options that are appropriate to that environment. Such a selection is commonly called a profile.  ETSI "TS 103 173" describes profiles for CAdES signatures, in particular their use in the context of the EU Services Directive, "Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market".  There are four profiles available:

CAdES ("CMS Advanced Electronic Signatures") is a set of extensions to Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) signed data making it suitable for advanced electronic signatures.

CAdES ("acronyme de CMS Advanced Electronic Signatures") est un ensemble d'extensions au standard de signature Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) le rendant compatible avec la signature électronique avancée.


Biography.

Born on a New Hampshire farm on July 20, 1850, Shedd arrived in Chicago, Illinois in 1871 and began working as a stock clerk for Marshall Field. By 1901, he had worked his way up to a vice-presidency and took over as president upon Field's death in 1906. Field himself described Shedd as "the greatest merchant in the United States," and, indeed, under Shedd's presidency Marshall Field & Company became the largest store in Chicago and the largest wholesale and dry goods company in the world.  Shedd was a civic leader and founding member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, which continues to play an active role in the city's efforts to maintain itself as a world-class metropolis. One of the Commercial Club's most notable undertakings was the sponsorship of Edward Bennett and Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago, which was released in 1909 and which to this day is considered to be one of the most important urban planning documents ever created.  One of Chicago's major philanthropists, he contributed extensively to Chicago charities, universities and museums, and in the early 1920s he provided $3 million to build Chicago's Shedd Aquarium, as a complement to The Field Museum (founded in 1893 as a part of the World's Columbian Exposition and renamed in honor of Marshall Field in 1905) and The Art Institute of Chicago (whose current building was also a product of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition). Completed in 1930, the Shedd Aquarium remained the world's largest aquarium for most of the century.  In 1920, Shedd provided the funds for the construction of the Shedd-Porter Memorial Library in Alstead, New Hampshire.  He died of appendicitis in Chicago on October 22, 1926.

Legacy.

In 2002, The John G. Shedd Institute for the Arts, a community-based performing arts center and music school in Eugene, Oregon, was co-founded by one of his great-grandchildren.  With his wife, Mary Roanna (née Porter) (1863–1942), they had daughters Helen Shedd Reed Keith and Laura Abbie Shedd Schweppe (? – 1937). Laura married Charles Hodgdon Schweppe (1881–1941) in 1913. His grandson John Shedd Reed was president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway from 1967 to 1986 as well as president of the Shedd Aquarium from 1984 to 1994.

John Graves Shedd (July 20, 1850October 22, 1926) was the second president, and chair of the board, of Marshall Field & Company.

John Graves Shedd ( - ) est un chef d'entreprise américain. Il a été président et directeur de la "Marshall Field & Company". Le grand magasin "Marshall Field's" de Chicago est célèbre dans le monde entier, et l'équivalent du Harrods de Londres ou des Galeries Lafayette de Paris.


Production.

Producer Ed Friendly acquired the production rights to the book “My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House” by Lillian Rogers Parks and Frances Spatz Leighton in 1977 after being contacted by a New York literary agent. The book had been on the New York Times best-seller list for 26 weeks and serialized by more than 100 newspapers and publications. The 187-page treatment was written by Gwen Bagni and Paul Dubov based on the book by and interviews with Ms. Rogers. Bagni and Dubov won a Writer’s Guild Award for the teleplay in 1980 in the category of Television: Long Form-Multi Part. Paul Dubov died from cancer before the award ceremony and was presented the award posthumously. The teleplay was subsequently published as a book entitled “Backstairs at the White House: A Novel” in 1978.  Michael O'Herlihy co-produced and directed the series. O’Herlihy also collaborated with Ed Friendly on Young Pioneers (1976), Young Pioneers' Christmas (1976), Peter Lundy and the Medicine Hat Stallion (1977), and The Flame is Love (1979). Composer Morton Stevens had also worked with Ed Friendly on Peter Lundy and the Medicine Hat Stallion (1977) and The Flame is Love (1979), as well as Judgment Day (1981).  Elaborate recreations of the White House, including the First Family’s residence and servants’ quarters, were built at Samuel Goldwyn Studios. Author Lillian Rogers Parks could find no fault in the sets when she visited them in 1978. Richard Y. Haman (Art Director) and Anne D. McCulley (Set Decorator) received Emmy nominations for their creations for the miniseries. When shooting was concluded an effort was made to find homes for the White House sets, but Ed Friendly was turned down by the studios and universities he approached. Other than $40,000 worth of doors taken by UCLA, the sets were bulldozed and sent to landfills, much to the disgust of Friendly.

Casting.

Casting commenced early 1978 with first casting announcements of Leslie Uggams as Lillian Rogers Parks, Olivia Cole as her mother Maggie Rogers, Louis Gossett Jr. as White House staff member Mercer, Cloris Leachman as the White House head housekeeper, Julie Harris as Mrs. Helen Taft, Robert Vaughn as President Woodrow Wilson, Celeste Holm as Mrs. Florence Harding, and William Conrad as President William Howard Taft. Victor Buono later replaced William Conrad in that role. The first episode featured Paul Winfield as Emmett Rogers Sr.. Gregory Itzin appeared in his first (uncredited) television role as a White House tour guide.

Plot summary.

Part 1: Presidents Taft, Wilson, Harding.

Taft: Watching John F. Kennedy’s inauguration on television, Lillian Rogers Parks (Leslie Uggams) recalls the times she and her mother, Maggie Rogers (Olivia Cole), spent working as domestic staff in the White House. In 1909 Maggie supports her two children as a maid and hairdresser because her absentee husband Emmett Rogers (Paul Winfield) cannot be depended on to support them. She secures a job at the White House during the administration of William Howard Taft (Victor Buono). Mrs. Elizabeth Jaffray (Cloris Leachman), the Head Housekeeper, informs Maggie that she will be hairdresser for First Lady Helen “Nellie” Taft (Julie Harris) and is the first black woman to serve in the First Family’s living quarters. Chief Usher Ike Hoover (Leslie Nielsen) introduces Maggie to the White House staff including Houseman Levi Mercer (Louis Gossett, Jr.) and Doorman & Presidential Barber John Mays (Robert Hooks). They all instruct her in the etiquette of keeping the First Family’s private lives from the outside world, though not necessarily from gossip among the White House staff. Mrs. Taft is pleased with how Maggie does her hair. Maggie first meets President Taft when she discovers her ten-year-old daughter Lillian Rogers (Tania Johnson) eating ice cream with him. When Nellie has a stroke, President Taft and Maggie help her learn to speak again. Lillian (Leslie Uggams), older now and crippled in one leg from polio, takes in work as a seamstress. Maggie keeps her busy and employed with small work orders from the White House.  Wilson: In 1913 President Woodrow Wilson (Robert Vaughn) is elected and his family moves into the White House. First Lady Ellen Wilson (Kim Hunter) declares herself to be a "crusader for Negroes" and even visits Maggie at her small apartment. Mrs. Wilson dies in 1914 and the President is grief stricken. Eventually he marries Edith Bolling Galt (Claire Bloom) to the relief of the White House staff who are worried by his depression. Lillian begins working in the White House as a seamstress but is not allowed to work as a domestic servant due to her disability. When the United States enters World War I Maggie's son Emmett Rogers, Jr. (Kevin Hooks) enlists and fights on the Western Front in Europe. He returns home permanently injured by a poison gas attack. The family is distraught when news arrives that Emmett Rogers, Sr. has died. When President Wilson suffers a debilitating stroke in 1919, Senator Albert B. Fall (John Randolph) tells him the Senate is praying for him. “Which way?” replies Wilson. The First Lady takes over and manages the Executive branch for the remainder of his second term.  Harding: President Warren G. Harding (George Kennedy) and First Lady Florence Harding (Celeste Holm) are briefly introduced at the end of Part 1. President Harding orders spittoons for every room of the White House while Mrs. Harding (an avid mystic) tells Maggie she feels Maggie can be trusted because she has “good vibes.”

Part 2: Presidents Harding (continued), Coolidge, Hoover.

Harding (continued): Gullible President Harding is manipulated by the scheming Ohio Gang in his cabinet led by Attorney General Harry Daugherty (Barry Sullivan). His administration is plagued by corruption, eventually leading to the Teapot Dome Scandal. The staff keeps to itself the knowledge of his multiple mistresses and the liquor smuggled into the White House during Prohibition. Maggie, as always, refuses to believe any bad rumors about the First Family. Problems mount when Vice President Calvin Coolidge (Ed Flanders) refuses to tell the President how he will vote in an upcoming Senate showdown. Two administration aides commit suicide when implicated in the corruption scandals. The staff is cleaning the White House when they hear that President Harding has died in San Francisco while he and the First Lady are on a western coast goodwill tour.  Coolidge: Calvin Coolidge and his wife, Grace Coolidge (Lee Grant) arrive at the White House in 1923. President Coolidge introduces the staff to his stringent cost-cutting ways as he micro-manages the household expenses, including how and what to prepare in the kitchen. Due to staff retirements, Maggie has now moved up to the position of First Maid. Lillian begins buying things for the apartment on credit (as everyone else in the country is also doing).  President Coolidge may be tight-fisted when running the household, but he is a loving family man to his wife and two sons. When their younger son dies of blood poisoning, Coolidge and Grace are grief stricken for more than a year. Mrs. Jaffray, who has tormented Maggie over the years, is fired when the President catches her verbally abusing the staff. Coolidge confides to Grace that he fears the economy is over-heated and leading to a depression, but he is unwilling to force his policy of personal frugality on the rest of the nation. Maggie worries about Lillian dating a string of men and frequenting speakeasies. Lillian rejects Maggie’s offer to find her a job at the White House. Coolidge chooses not to run for a new term and Herbert Hoover (Larry Gates) is elected President.  Hoover: President Herbert Hoover (Larry Gates) and First Lady Lou Hoover (Jan Sterling) take up residence in the White House. The Great Depression has dealt a death blow to the economy. Emmett, Jr. has moved to Arizona for his health. Lillian loses her jobs at the dress shop and movie theatre, and the household items she bought on credit are repossessed. Swallowing her pride Lillian takes a job as a maid at the White House where First Maid Maggie indoctrinates her on how to behave in the White House. She makes Lillian work harder than the rest of the staff to dispel suspicions of nepotism. The Hoovers communicate as little as possible with the staff, with the First Lady using her fingers to signify “Come,” “Quiet,” and “Go.” Lillian is instructed by the First Lady to perform only “light work” from now on.

Part 3: Presidents Hoover (continued), Franklin Roosevelt.

Hoover (continued): Maggie continues to work Lillian especially hard. Lillian resents it but Maggie tells her times are hard and many people would be glad to have her job. Times get harder when the staff is informed they are all going to have their pay cut. Despite Hoover’s efforts the banks close their doors and Maggie loses her life savings. After an attack on the President the staff is informed they now must keep out of sight whenever the President or the First Lady walks through the White House. Maggie takes in fellow staff member Houseman Fraser (James A. Watson Jr.) as a boarder for extra income. The Bonus Army of World War I veterans descend on Washington and are referred to by the First Lady as “communists fomenting revolution.” Roy Clayton (James Crittenden), an army buddy of Emmett, Jr.’s, describes the deplorable conditions in the Bonus Army encampment to Maggie, Lillian, and Fraser. On President Hoover’s orders the Army attacks and drives out the men, women and children in the Bonus Army camp before burning it and all their possessions to the ground. Maggie collapses from the increased work load at the White House. The staff does not regret to see the Hoovers depart without fanfare.  Roosevelt: The loud and boisterous family of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (John Anderson) and his wife Eleanor Roosevelt (Eileen Heckart) are greeted by the staff in 1932. The staff is impressed with the First Lady’s energy and openness, a complete reversal from the Hoover administration. When President Roosevelt discovers Lillian is also a victim of polio he tells her to take the elevator from now on, even if he is riding it. While Maggie recuperates at home Lillian tells her gossip about the First Family. Maggie disapproves and reminds her that the First Family’s private lives are strictly confidential and not to be repeated.  Howell Crim (Richard Roat) is now Chief Usher. Housekeeper Nesbitt (Louise Latham) is also new to the staff, replacing Housekeeper Long. She assigns Lillian the task of breaking in the new maids. Lillian meets and secretly marries Wheatley Parks (Harrison Page). They do not tell Maggie until they move into her apartment. The White House becomes so crowded with guests that the First Lady moves into Lillian’s upstairs sewing room. Relations between Lillian and Wheatley become strained due to the long hours she is putting in preparing for a visit from King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of England. Maggie retires in March 1939 and is given a gold watch in recognition for her thirty years of service in the White House. Mercer offers to walk her out, but she replies, “No, I want to go out the way I came in; by myself.” The staff listens to the radio broadcast of President Roosevelt declaring war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Lillian is soon making blackout curtains for the White House. Wheatley enlists in the army and tells Lillian he will be leaving her when he gets back from the war. Just like her mother, Lillian is married to the White House. Houseman Fraser also enlists and stops by the apartment to say good-bye to Maggie and give her his ration stamps. The episode concludes with President Roosevelt discussing Japanese victories in the South Pacific.

Part 4: Presidents Roosevelt (continued), Truman, Eisenhower.

Roosevelt (continued): Many of the staff are showing the mental and physical signs of old age. Eleanor Roosevelt summons Maggie out of retirement to help with the visit of Madame Chiang Kai-Chek. Maggie comments to Mercer how rundown the White House is looking but he tells her there is no money for repairs. Lillian pleads with her mother to rest more but Maggie refuses. When she collapses on the stairs Maggie asks to be taken home. Maggie tells Lillian, “Don’t let that White House swallow you.” Chief Usher Crim informs the staff that Fraser has been killed in a London air raid and adds his name to the list of staff members who have died for their country. President Roosevelt’s health is declining. He discovers Lillian in his bedroom repairing the curtains and they discuss the deterioration of the White House. Roosevelt says he may come back as a ghost for a visit when his time comes.  Truman: President Roosevelt is dead. Lillian sternly scolds the staff for making fun of newly-sworn-in President Harry Truman (Harry Morgan) and First Lady Bess Truman (Estelle Parsons), just as her mother would have done. To cut down expenses, the Trumans reduce staff meals to one a day. The elderly mothers of both the President and First Lady move into the White House and require special treatment. Housekeeper Nesbitt is fired by the First Lady for refusing to give her a stick of rationed butter. She is replaced by Housekeeper Walker (Marged Wakeley). Hitler dies in Berlin and two nuclear bombs on Japan bring World War II to an end. Lillian is concerned that Maggie is not taking proper care of herself, spending too much time working on her White House scrapbook. The First Family moves to Blair House when the White House starts to collapse from lack of repairs. While repairs are in progress only Mercer and Mays are kept on while the rest of the staff are let go. Lillian is re-hired by First Lady Bess as a seamstress after the President narrowly wins the election. From the window of her upstairs sewing room she witnesses an assassination attempt on President Truman. The President shows his courage by refusing to cancel his scheduled speech at Arlington despite the assassination attempt. As Truman leaves the White House on the last day of his term Mercer tells him, “Mr. President, sir, you’ve got class.”  Eisenhower: Dwight D Eisenhower (Andrew Duggan), in total disrespect of tradition, orders the portraits of President Roosevelt and President Truman removed from the main entrance hall. The President and First Lady Mamie Eisenhower (Barbara Barrie) refuse to speak directly with staff and communicate with them through intermediaries. The First Lady prefers fashion designers for making her dresses, so Lillian is demoted to repairing linens and curtains. At times the Eisenhowers can be personable; the President asks Lillian to sample his home-made soup and the First Lady throws a surprise birthday party for her, but most of the time the old guard of Lillian, Mercer, and Mays feel unnoticed and underappreciated. Before she dies, Maggie tells Mercer, “You see that Lillian writes my book now.” Mercer and Lillian retire before the Kennedy administration takes office. On Lillian’s last day Housekeeper Walker asks what she is going to do now. Lillian replies, “I’m going to write a book.”

Awards.

This mini-series was nominated for 11 Emmy Awards (winning in 1 category), 1 Golden Globe Award, and 1 Writers Guild of America Award.

Home media.

Acorn Media released the mini-series on Region 1 DVD on November 1, 2005.  Filmverlag Fernsehjuwelen released the DVD in Germany (October 30, 2015) and Austria (December 2015) using the title "".

Backstairs at the White House is a 1979 NBC television miniseries based on the book "My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House" by Lillian Rogers Parks (with Frances Spatz Leighton). The series, produced by Ed Friendly Productions, is the story of behind-the-scenes workings of the White House and the relationship between the staff and the First Families.

Backstairs at the White House est une mini-série de 1979 diffusée sur la NBC. Elle est basée sur le livre "My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House" de. La série, produite par Ed bienvenus Productions, est l'histoire du fonctionnement en coulisse de la Maison Blanche et des relations entre le personnel et les premières familles.


Biography.

Reimann was born in Elbing (Elbląg), West Prussia (today Poland). He worked as a riveter at the Schichau yards in 1912–16 and was drafted into the German Army in the First World War. In 1913, he became a member of the German Metal Workers' Union and the Socialist Labourers Youth, in 1916 of the Spartakusbund.  In 1918 he was sentenced to 1 year imprisonment for his participation in an anti-war demonstration at Elbing throughout the German Revolution of 1918–19. After his release from prison Reimann moved to Ahlen in 1920 to work as a miner, joined the German Coalminer Union and became a full-time official of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1921. Reimann fought against the French Occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 and was imprisoned for a short time. Throughout the 1920s, he held several positions within the Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition (RGO), the Communist union in the Ruhr area.  After the Nazis took over power in Germany in 1933 Reimann continued his work, now in illegal underground and became the head of the RGO in 1934. In 1935 Reimann was a delegate at the 7th Congress of the Comintern in Moscow and later worked for the KPD-Foreign office in Prague. After Germany invaded Czechoslovakia in March 1939 Reimann was arrested on 4 April 1939 and imprisoned at Hamm Prison, Sachsenhausen concentration camp and Falkensee.  After the end of World War II, Reimann was a candidate of the Western KPD organization for the executive committee of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED) but had to quit as the SED activities were limited to East Germany. In 1948, Reimann became chairman of the West German Communist Party.  Reimann was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1946–54, the advisory board of the British Occupation Zone in 1946–48 and the economical board of the Bizone in 1947–49.  He was the head of the KPD group at the parliamentary council and a member of the Bundestag in 1949–53. In 1954, he moved to East Germany but continued to operate his position as the head of the West German KPD, which was illegalized in 1956.  Reimann returned to West Germany in 1968, became a member of the newfounded German Communist Party in 1971 and its honorary chairman. Reimann died in Düsseldorf.

Max Reimann (31 October 1898 – 18 January 1977) was a German communist Politician and member of the German Bundestag.

Max Reimann, né le à Elbing en Prusse orientale et mort le à Düsseldorf en Allemagne de l'Ouest, est un homme politique allemand. Au moment de la fondation de la République fédérale d'Allemagne (Allemagne de l'Ouest) en 1949, il y est le chef du Parti communiste.


Premise.

After returning home from a school excursion, four boys, Felix Ferne, Andy Lau, Sam Conte, and Jake Riles find themselves in an alternate reality where they battle mystical threats and demons to find their way back home.  One year after the boys return home, they discover they have special elemental powers after returning from the alternate reality but when they thought they were at peace, they discover they weren't the only ones who crossed over from the alternate reality.  When a new student, Luke, attends Bremin High, he encounters Ben, Heath, Nicco and Jesse who become suspicious of Ben who realises they have special powers and they use them to fight a creature known as the "Mega-Demon".

Production.

Development.

On 26 October 2011, it was announced that Matchbox Pictures and producers of "The Slap" were developing a thirteen-part youth-oriented drama series for the ABC called "The Lost Boys". However, due to copyright reasons, the show's name was later changed to "Nowhere Boys". The series creator Tony Ayres conceived the idea for "Nowhere Boys" after learning that the ABC, which had already enjoyed success with "Dance Academy", was looking for a new series that would appeal to boys. Ayres developed "Nowhere Boys" with a range of writers, including Roger Monk and Craig Irvin. He became the show's producer and showrunner alongside Beth Frey, while Michael McMahon and Helen Panckhurst served as the executive producers. Panckhurst left her position as executive producer at the end of the first series.  The first series of "Nowhere Boys" was financed with the assistance of the Australian Children's Television Foundation, Film Victoria, ABC3 and Screen Australia. Filming took place in Melbourne, Victoria from 18 February 2013 to 23 May 2013. Episode one was filmed at the primary school and Were Street in Montmorency, Victoria, as well as the skate park and high school in Greensborough, Victoria. The first four episodes premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival in August 2013.  On 4 April 2014, it was announced that "Nowhere Boys" had received funding from Film Victoria for a second series to consist of thirteen episodes. It was financed with the assistance of ABC Television, Film Victoria and the BBC. Frey returned as producer and McMahon returned as executive producer. Ayres took over Panckhurst's position as executive producer. Filming for the second series commenced in Melbourne from 7 July 2014 to 17 September 2014. Actress Rachel Griffiths made her debut as a television director during series two. In November 2015, ABC announced that a third series of "Nowhere Boys" would premiere in 2016 with a new cast and characters, replacing the original cast members. Filming for the third series began in May 2016. The storyline for the third series picks up several years after the events of the second series. On 19 June 2017, Film Victoria announced funding for a fourth series. It consisted of 13 episodes. Filming for the fourth season began 25 January 2018.

Casting.

In April 2013, it was announced that Joel Lok, Dougie Baldwin, Rahart Adams and Matt Testro were cast as the four teenage boys. Lok portrays Andy, a geek of Singaporean descent who loves science and Bear Grylls. Ayres, who previously worked with Lok on "The Home Song Stories" (2007), revealed that he had him in mind for the role of Andy. Testro plays alpha jock Jake and Adams plays the skater boy Sam. Testro said that he and Adams both auditioned six times for the roles of Jake and Sam, with both originally auditioning for each other's characters. Baldwin stars as Felix, a Goth who has an interest in magic. Sean Rees-Wemyss was cast as Felix's younger brother Oscar, a disabled social outcast who is bullied at school. Rees-Wemyss revealed that he initially auditioned for the role of Felix but the directors felt he was too young for the part. Darci McDonald plays Felix's best friend Ellen. Tamala Shelton plays Sam's popular girlfriend Mia and Michala Banas plays the mysterious magic shop owner Phoebe. Libby Tanner and Damien Richardson were cast as Jake's parents Sarah and Gary, and Heidi Arena was cast as Felix's mother Kathy.  In November 2015, it was announced that the third series would feature a new cast and characters that would replace the original cast members. Kamil Ellis, William McKenna, Jordie Race-Coldrey, Joe Klocek and Luca Sardelis were revealed as the new cast members in May 2016. Ellis portrays "tech-nerd and sci-fi enthusiast" Luke, McKenna plays the role of Ben, Race-Coldrey plays "musical theatre geek" Jesse, and Klocek portrays "the school's bad boy" Heath. Sardelis was cast as the show's first "Nowhere Girl", Nicco.

Reception.

Critical response.

"Nowhere Boys" received generally positive reviews. David Knox of TV Tonight awarded "Nowhere Boys" 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated that the series "is so well produced and performed." Knox went on to say that "it's great to see a fully-fledged ABC3 production with male leads" following "a number of female-skewed projects" such as "Dance Academy" and "Dead Gorgeous". He concluded, ""Nowhere Boys" hits its mark from the outset with a clever mix of drama and mystery." Rebecca Marshall of the "Sunshine Coast Daily" noted that the series features "a fascinating mix of fantasy, mystery, dark magic and drama" and commended "ABC for opening up opportunities for new-generation actors to hone their skills." "The Sydney Morning Herald"s Melinda Houston awarded "Nowhere Boys" 3 out of 4 stars and praised the "great talent behind the camera" which "gives the young actors plenty to work with." She concluded, "The result is bound to please its target audience and many more."  Myke Bartlett of "The Weekly Review" praised the script as "fast enough and funny enough to keep the kids hooked, with degrees of cleverness and subtlety likely to please a more mature palate." Bartlett concluded his review by stating that viewers finally have "a reason to watch ABC3." Luke Buckmaster of "Crikey" stated that after viewing the first four episodes, "both grown-ups and adolescents will find it addictive viewing." He also added, "it's good stuff: pacey and addictive yoof-tainment with snazzy packaging and a compelling 'what if' existential premise." News.com.au's Dianne Butler wrote that she enjoyed watching the first episode and described it as "funny and kind of disturbing."

Release.

Broadcasting.

"Nowhere Boys" is sold in Australia and New Zealand by the Australian Children's Television Foundation. In Australia, the first series premiered on ABC3 on 7 November 2013 and ended on 30 January 2014. It aired on Thursday nights at 6:30 pm. The second series moved to Sunday nights at the same timeslot. It premiered simultaneously on ABC, ABC3 and ABC iview on 23 November 2014 with a double episode. On 31 December 2014, a special one-off mini episode that bridges episodes six to seven of series two was broadcast during ABC's New Year's Eve special.

International broadcasts.

"Nowhere Boys" is sold internationally by NBCUniversal. On 28 April 2014, it was announced that the show had been acquired by the BBC for broadcast in the United Kingdom on their kids channel CBBC. The BBC also pre-bought series two. CBBC's Head of Acquisitions and Drama Development, Sarah Muller, stated ""Nowhere Boys" offers CBBC an amazing opportunity to acquire a really top-notch international drama from a world-class production company to complement our existing slate of UK-produced shows." The show premiered on CBBC on 1 September 2014. In Canada, episodes of "Nowhere Boys" began screening on the Family Channel in October 2015. In the US, the show has been revealed as part of the starting lineup of shows for the new network Universal Kids, which launched on 9 September 2017. Also, Netflix LATAM has this series on its catalogue since 2016, in original version with Spanish subtitles and dubbed to latinamerican Spanish.

Other media.

Home release.

The first series of "Nowhere Boys" was released on DVD in Australia on 5 February 2014, six days after the series one finale aired on television. The second series DVD was released on 4 March 2015. The third series DVD was released 1 March 2017.

Online game.

"Nowhere Boys: The 5th Boy" is an interactive online game that coincided with the first series. It was created by Matchbox Pictures and built by Melbourne-based online developers Millipede and released on the ABC3 website on 7 November 2013. The game allowed the player to take on the persona of a fifth "nowhere boy", who is lost in a strange world and has to try to find his way home. The platforms in "Nowhere Boys: The 5th Boy" were intertwined to give the player the feeling that they are directly in control of the direction of the television series. For example, when the player passed objects through the dimensions in the game, the object would appear in the show. These objects helped the Nowhere Boys on their mission and were often key to their survival.

Movie.

On 23 December 2014, it was announced that Screen Australia would be funding a movie based on the television series titled, "Nowhere Boys: The Rise of the Bear". However, in July 2015, it was revealed that the movie's name was changed to "". The 80-minute feature-length movie was directed by David Caesar and written by Tony Ayres, Rhys Graham and Craig Irvin. It was produced by Beth Frey and executive produced by Ayres and Michael McMahon. "Nowhere Boys: The Book of Shadows" picks up a year after the boys crossed dimensions, discovered magic and battled the restoring demon. Having grown apart, they are drawn together again when Felix discovers a magically sealed Book of Shadows, which unwittingly releases a powerful force of chaos. The boys are reluctantly drawn into a showdown that threatens their world and loved ones.  Dougie Baldwin, Joel Lok, Rahart Adams, Matt Testro, and Sean Rees-Wemyss reprised their roles as Felix, Andy, Sam, Jake, and Oscar. Others who also returned for the movie included series regulars Darci McDonald (Ellen), Michala Banas (Phoebe), Victoria Thaine (Alice), Ben Keller (Bear), Tamala Shelton (Mia) and Michelle Gerster (Viv). Angourie Rice also joined the cast. "Nowhere Boys: The Book of Shadows" began filming in Melbourne in July 2015. It screened in selected Australian movie theatres on 1 January 2016 and had its television premiere on ABC3 on 6 March 2016.

Nowhere Boys is an Australian teen-oriented television drama series created by Tony Ayres. It was first broadcast on ABC3 (which is now officially named ABCME) on 7 November 2013. The first two series follow the adventures of four mismatched teenage boys – goth Felix Ferne (Dougie Baldwin), nerd Andrew "Andy" Lau (Joel Lok), golden child Sam Conte (Rahart Adams), and alpha jock Jake Riles (Matt Testro). "Nowhere Boys" was renewed for a second series which began airing from 23 November 2014. An 80-minute feature-length movie based on the show, titled "", premiered in selected Australian movie theatres on 1 January 2016. A third series of "Nowhere Boys", titled "Two Moons Rising", started airing in 2016 with a new cast and characters, replacing the original cast members. The fourth and final series, titled "Battle For Negative Space", started airing on 3 December 2018.

Nowhere Boys ou Garçons de nulle part (au Québec) est une série télévisée australienne créée par Tony Ayres. Elle est diffusée sur ABC3 depuis le.


Career.

Schnee joined the "Reichsmarine" in April 1934. After serving aboard the light cruiser, he transferred to the U-boat arm in May 1937. He spent two years on board the Type IIB U-boat, under the command of "Oberleutnant zur See" Otto Kretschmer, completing five combat patrols as 1.WO (second-in-command), between October 1939 and January 1940.  Schnee's first command, from January to July 1940, was the Type IIA U-boat, in which he sailed on only a single short patrol in April supporting "Operation Weserübung" (the invasion of Norway).  His next command, between July and October 1940, was the Type IIC U-boat. In her he sailed on three more patrols around the coasts of the British Isles sinking two ships for a total of 3,188 tons, and damaging one of 15,434 tons.  Schnee commanded the Type IIB training boat during November 1940, but as this class of U-boat were withdrawn from front-line service, in January 1941 Schnee was given command of the newer, larger Type VIIC U-boat. Schnee sailed on seven combat patrols in "U-201" between April 1941 and August 1942, sinking 19 merchant ships (totalling 87,001 tons) and damaged two others (13,386 tons). He also sank two British Royal Navy auxiliary warships, the fighter catapult ship and the anti-submarine naval trawler. In August 1941 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and in July 1942 with the Oak Leaves.  In October 1942 Schnee joined the BdU staff. In his position as the "Geleitzugs-Admiralstabsoffizier", he planned and organized operations against Allied convoys.  In September 1944 Schnee took command of the new "Elektroboot", one of only two Type XXI U-boats to go on patrol ( being the other). "U-2511"s first and only patrol began on 3 May 1945 at Bergen. The next day Schnee received the cease-fire order, prior to the German surrender, and a few hours later spotted a group of British warships. Simulating an attack, he evaded the destroyer screen, closed to within of the British cruiser, and then left the area without being detected. "U-2511" returned to Bergen on 5 May to surrender as ordered. Schnee spoke to officers from "Norfolk" a few days later, who could not believe that "U-2511" was able to get so close without any sonar contact. Schnee is said to have requested a comparison of the respective ships' logs, which confirmed his account. His "Leitender Ingenieur" (chief engineer) on this patrol was Gerd Suhren.

Post-war.

After the war Schnee served for six months in the German Mine Sweeping Administration. In October 1945 he was called to testify at the trial of Heinz-Wilhelm Eck and the officers of, for their actions after the sinking of. Although appearing for the defence, Schnee was forced to admit he would not have acted as Eck did. He then worked for some years as a commercial representative before becoming the director of a sailing school on Elba. He was also for many years the chairman of the "Verband Deutscher Ubootfahrer" ("Association of U-boat Crews in Germany"). He died in 1982.

Otto Adalbert Schnee (31 December 1913 – 4 November 1982) was a "Korvettenkapitän" (corvette captain) with Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. He commanded the U-boats,,, and, sinking twenty-one merchant ships on twelve patrols, for a total of of Allied shipping, and received the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves. He is thirty-seventh in the list of U-Boat aces of World War II.

Otto Adalbert Schnee, né le et mort le, est un militaire allemand, "korvettenkapitän" de la "Kriegsmarine" durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il a commandé les U-boats U-6, U60, U-121, U-201 et U-2511, avec lesquels il a coulé de navires. Il est le trente-septième as d'U-boat de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il a été décoré de la croix de chevalier de la croix de fer avec feuilles de chêne et de l'insigne de combat des U-Boote.


Early life and education.

Grace Oladunni Lucia Olaniyan was born in Efon-Alaiye, Ekiti State, Nigeria, to Elizabeth (née Olatoun) and R. A. W. Olaniyan. Between 1952 and 1956, she was a student of the Queen's School in Ede in the Osun State. She enrolled for her tertiary studies in 1957 at the Nigerian College of Arts and Science in Enugu and in 1959 transferred to the University College of Ibadan (now Ibadan University). Olaniyan graduated with honors in 1962 with a degree in chemistry.

Career and research.

Following completion ofher degree, she immediately went to work at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (now the National Root Crops Research Institute) at Moor Plantation in Ibadan.  In 1963, she was hired as a research assistant in the Department of Chemical Pathology at Ibadan University and earned her doctorate in Chemical Pathology in 1969. In 1970, she was hired by the university as a lecturer and then in 1975, she served as a visiting research Fellow at the Northwest Lipid Research Laboratory in Seattle, Washington. She returned to Ibadan University and was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1975 and in 1979 promoted to Reader. By 1979, when she began publishing, she had married Professor Ajibola Taylor. In 1980, she served as a visiting scientist at the Metabolic Research Unit of the University of West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica and then in 1984, Taylor was promoted to full professor of Chemical Pathology at Ibadan University. That same year, she returned for a second research fellowship to the Northwest Lipid Research Laboratory in Seattle and also completed a posting as a visiting scientist in Port of Spain, Trinidad at the Department of Chemical Pathology. In 1990, Taylor was hired as an Associate Professor at the University of Zimbabwe School of Medicine in Harare and taught in the Department of Pathology. In 1991, she returned to Ibadan University where from 1991 to 1994 she was Head of Department of Chemical Pathology and served as an honorary Consultant at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. She retired in 2004 but continued to lecture at Ibadan in the Department of Chemical Pathology.  Her specialty was the analysis of lipids in cardiovascular disease and her comparison of lipid metabolism confirmed that cholesterol levels are not a product of race, but rather diet and exercise levels. She was awarded numerous honors for her research, including the Shell-BP Scholarship in Chemistry, a World Health Organization Fellowship, the Fulbright–Hays Fellowship, a Ciba-Geigy Fellowship, and the Association of African Universities Fellowship. Taylor was inducted into the Nigerian Academy of Science in 1997, as the second woman to have ever been honored as an inductee. In 1998, the L'Oréal-UNESCO prize was launched to award one woman from each of five regions—Africa and Arab states, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, North America—for their scientific achievement and contributions to improving humanity. Taylor was the African recipient in the inaugural honorees of the L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science, becoming the first African to receive the award. In 2012, she was honored by the Ekiti State Government for her contributions to mentoring and teaching medical students.

Grace Oladunni Taylor (also known as Grace Oladunni Lucia Olaniyan-Taylor; born 24 April 1937) is a biochemist, formerly at University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She was the second woman to be inducted into the Nigerian Academy of Science and the first African awarded a L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science.

Grace Oladunni Taylor (aussi connue sous le nom de Grace Oladunni Lucia Olaniyan-Taylor), née en 1937, est une biochimiste de l'université d'Ibadan, au Nigéria. Elle est la deuxième femme à avoir été intronisée à l' et l’une des scientifiques ayant reçu les premiers prix L'Oréal-UNESCO pour les femmes et la science décernés.


The Sewing Club.

The Elsinore Sewing Club (known as "Helsingør Syklub" in Danish) was a codename given to an illegal underground Danish Resistance Movement group which formed during the occupation of Denmark in the Second World War in 1943. The club was an underground rescue operation, secretly transporting Danes from Helsingør (Elsinore: a town in Denmark) to safety across the Øresund; a straight which connects the Danish and Swedish borders; to the Swedish shores of Helsingborg. The name was used as an alias, and to deter the Nazis from discovering the rescue operation of the Danish-Jewish evacuation.  The group is especially renowned for the success rate of its operation, rescuing hundreds of Jews and bringing them to safety in Sweden after the Germans decided to deport Danish Jews to Nazi concentration camps. It is said that they transported around 700 Jews to safety. The Elsinore Sewing Club was one of the many successful Danish rescue operations and underground groups which took place during World War II. The Elsinore Sewing Club was amongst other underground groups which participated in the Jewish evacuation including Mogens Staffeldt’s bookshop, The Rockefeller Institute, The Lyngby Group and The Danish Swedish Refugee Service. Unlike many other European countries, the Danes (people of Denmark) were a population who stood up for their Jewish population during World War II. Denmark had a 98.5 percent survival rate of Danish Jews by the end of World War II.

Background: German Occupation of Denmark in World War II.

Due to the devastation caused by World War I, Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Sweden and Norway decided to declare their neutrality when World War II begun. This meant that they did not want to take part in the conflict. In their plea to become neutral, the governments believed their citizens would be spared of the horrors surrounding the new World War, but they were wrong.  On 9 April 1940, German forces crossed the border into the neutral country Denmark, sparking the commencement of the German occupation of Denmark. This violated the previously agreed non-aggression treaty between Germany and Denmark. As the Danes were not expecting this, they were poorly equipped and outnumbered by the many German troops who began disembarking troops at the docks in Copenhagen, Denmark’ capital. This began the emergence of Danish Resistance Movement, as citizens of the public and soldiers wanted to help fight back against the Germans in an attempt to save their country.  It was later discovered that the Danish government had previously been warned about the German attack, however these warnings had all been ignored. Hans Lunding, a Colonel from the Danish army’s intelligent office confirmed that the Danish Intelligence knew the attack was to be issued on April 8 or 9 but the Danish government made no effort to stop it. Herluf Zahle, the Danish ambassador to Germany, also warned the Danish government of the attack, but this was also ignored.  As a result of the surprise attack to the Danish nation, the Danish government did not have time to declare the official war on Germany. As a result of this, sixteen Danish soldiers died in the initial invasion. After the first two hours, the Danish government surrendered as they believed there was little hope and would attempt to work out an agreement with Germany instead. In the first few years of the German occupation of Denmark, the Germans began to question the status of the Danish Jews. The Danes defended their Jewish citizens by shutting the Germans down, stating that there was no “Jewish question” in Denmark. There were also very few Danish resistance groups which had formed to combat the Germans in the first few years of the German occupation. The only resistance activities which had taken place were the production of underground newspapers. This caused Winston Churchill to label Denmark and its inhabitants as “Hitler’s Pet Canary”. Subsequently, Danish Resistance movements began to form in higher numbers in 1941, following the invasion of the Soviet Union, also referred as Operation Barbarossa. The Elsinore Sewing Club was one of these resistance movements to form in an attempt to fight back against the Germans.

Formation of The Elsinore Sewing Club.

The Elsinore Sewing Club was formed by four Danish citizens and occupants of the town Elsinore in Denmark. The formation was aimed in helping the persecuted Jews across the Øresund straight. The members included bookbinder Erling Kiær, police officer Thormod Larsen, police clerk Ove Bruhn, and newspaper editor Børge Rønne. They addressed each other by their surnames – Kiær, Larsen, Bruhn and Rønne. The group expanded through its progression, however, these four were the founders and initial members of the group. The group was given a variety of names in order to maintain its innocence and subtlety from the German Nazis. Such names included the "Kiær-route", which highlighted the vital role played by Erling Kiær, but this neglected in crediting the other three members. Another name which was used to represent the group during its time was "the Police-route", which attributed the high level of involvement by the Elsinore Police as well as the Coastal Police. It was agreed on to settle with the name, The Elsinore Sewing Club, or put more simply, the Sewing Club, to avoid any discrediting of vital members, whilst also maintaining the group’s innocence.

Erling Kiær.

was born on the 16 February 1907, in Helsingør, Denmark. He was the son of August Kiær and Emmely Andrew. He was the founder and one of the most active members in the Elsinore Sewing Club resistance movement, and was one of the first Danish citizens to actively organise the transportation of Jews from Denmark to Sweden. He worked in agriculture after attending Sorø Academy School in Denmark, became a captain in the army whilst also training as a bookbinder. He was a citizen of Helsingør, and when the German occupation and persecution of the Danish Jews began in World War II, he was amongst the many citizens who were active in assisting to fight back. The escape route which the Elsinore Sewing Club created to rescue the Danish Jews to safety in Sweden was named the “Kiaer Line”, after Erling Kiær, as he was the founder of the group. Kiær was a dedicated member of the rescue operation, he registered as a refugee in Sweden in 1943. Despite the work he was doing being illegal, he continued making regular trips from Helsingør to Sweden, carrying mail and refugees. On May 12, 1944, Erling Kiær’s motorboat was found by German patrol boats, and he was arrested and taken to West Prison, and later, to a German concentration camp. He managed to survive, and he returned to Denmark. Erling Kiær was commended for his brave efforts in 1947 and was appointed Swedish consul in Helsingør. He received the Swedish Royal Order of Vasa of the first degree. He died on 22 October 1980.

Location.

The City of Elsinore (Helsingør), Denmark.

Helsingør, known in English as Elsinore, is a city in North-Eastern Denmark. It lies opposite Helsingborg, Sweden at the narrowest part of The Sound (Øresund). It was the place where The Elsinore Sewing Club first formed, and where the four founders of the group inhabited.

The City of Helsingborg, Sweden.

Helsingborg, formerly known as Hälsingborg, is a city and seaport located in Southern Sweden. It is situated at the narrowest part of The Sound (Øresund), and opposite the Danish town of Helsingør. This was the place where the Danish Jews were brought to be rescued.

The Øresund Bridge.

The Øresund is a straight which connects the town of Elsinore (Helsingør) in Denmark, to Helsingborg in Sweden. The straight is now renowned because of the events which occurred in World War II when the Elsinore Sewing Club initiated the transportation of thousands of Danish Jews over this straight to safety by boats. Denmark and Sweden began the planning for a construction of a fixed link which would connect the two regions in March 1991. The bridge was later constructed and opened to the public in June 2000, and is now referred to as the Øresund Bridge.

Danish Resistance Movement.

The Danish Resistance Movement formed because many Danes, mainly soldiers and sailors, were unhappy with their government’s cooperation in the fight against Germany in World War II. They took it amongst themselves and decided that if their leaders would not fight the operation, they would.  One of the most effective methods which the Danes used during the Holocaust in World War II was the formation of resistance and underground groups. The entire nation joined together in order to help the Danish Jews who had been persecuted. Prior the German invasion on Denmark in 1943, the number of people involved in resistance movements were small, however this quickly changed. By October 1943, thousands of people joined the groups and thousands of others cooperated with them. By the time the war had ended, there were 56,000 members of the Danish Underground.  In the smuggling of the Jews, the Danish Resistance Movement, including the Elsinore Sewing Club, recruited fishermen and anyone willing to help transport Jews to the shores of Helsingborg in Sweden.

The Museum of Danish Resistance.

The Museum of Danish Resistance documents the resistance movement during the German takeover of Denmark during World War II between 1940 and 1945. It contains many collections of objects, photos and records which document the resistance movement. It is located in Kastellet, Denmark, and is open to anyone who is interested in Denmark’s history during World War II. The part of the National Museum of Denmark and is one of many museums located across Denmark which all recount different aspects of Danish history and all serve their own purpose. The National Museum of Denmark is the largest museum of cultural history, but other museums in the group include Kronborg Castle, Christiansborg Palace, Danish War Museum, and many more. The Museum of Danish Resistance is currently closed due to a fire which occurred on April 28, 2013. The damage resulted in the building being demolished, however all artefacts and museum objects were saved. A new exhibition has been built in place of the old museum, however, has not opened yet due to the current restrictions in place as a result of COVID-19 (Coronavirus).

Tribute in The Holocaust Museum.

Due to their efforts, the Holocaust Museum in Washington, DC has dedicated an exhibit to The Elsinore Sewing Club with a display of one of the three boats which the group used during the rescue operation. It is displayed as a symbol of light to contrast the dark chapter of mankind history which took place during the Holocaust in World War II. The exhibition is permanent and contains the fishing boat and a tv monitor with an informative display about the group. It is located on the second floor of the museum.

The Elsinore Sewing Club (), was a Danish organization established in 1943 which covertly transported Danish Jews to safety during the Nazi occupation of Denmark. The town of Helsingør (known as Elsinore in English) was only two miles away from Sweden, across the Øresund, from the Swedish city of Helsingborg. This allowed the transport of refugees by local boats.

Le club de couture d'Elseneur (danois: "Helsingør Syklub"), est une organisation de la résistance danoise en activité dans la ville d'Elseneur lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


History.

The first tennis player to study and develop this shot was Argentine Guillermo Vilas. Vilas was inspired by an advertisement where Juan Carlos Harriot, a famous polo player during the '70s, hit a backwards shot between his horse's hind legs. He debuted his version in a 1974 exhibition match at the courts of Club Obras Sanitarias in Buenos Aires against the French player Wanaro N'Godrella. One year later, in 1975, he hit this shot for the very first time during an official ATP match in Indianapolis Championship against the Spaniard player Manuel Orantes; the shot became known as "Gran Willy" ("the great willy") after him. Romanian Ilie Năstase, who pioneered a backward over-the-shoulder shot known as the "Bucharest Backfire", also executed the backward tweener during the late '70s.  In the 1980s, players employing the backward tweener shot included the French player Yannick Noah, German player Boris Becker, the Swede Stefan Edberg, and Argentine Gabriela Sabatini, whose version became known as "the Sabatweenie". American Andre Agassi used it in the 1990s. In the 21st century, Swiss player Roger Federer hit tweeners on several notable occasions, further popularizing the shot. He successfully hit a backward tweener for a winner to give himself match point in the 2009 US Open semifinal, which he called "the greatest shot I ever hit in my life." Federer has also used front-facing tweeners on several occasions. A high jump front-facing tweener was also notably executed by Mary Pierce during the quarter finals of the 2000 French Open.

The tweener or between-the-legs shot is a difficult tennis shot where a player hits the ball between his or her legs. It is typically performed facing away from the opponent, when the player attempts to recover a lob and has no time to turn back around, and hits the ball backward between their legs. Forward-facing tweeners, sometimes called "front tweeners", are also occasionally employed. In competitive matches the tweener is a crowd-pleasing, seldom used last resort, but it is a common trick shot in exhibitions. Players who famously executed the backward shot include the pioneer Guillermo Vilas (whose version was called the "Gran Willy"), Yannick Noah, Ilie Nastase, Gabriela Sabatini (whose version became known as "the Sabatweenie"), Roger Federer, Juan Martín del Potro, Nick Kyrgios, Daria Kasatkina, Agnieszka Radwańska and Simona Halep.

Un tweener ou coup entre les jambes est un coup de tennis difficile où un joueur frappe la balle entre ses jambes.


Names.

Ouyang Yuqian's name at birth was Ouyang Liyuan (), and his "hao" was Nanjie (). He also used the stage names and pen names including Lanrong (), Liansheng (), and Taohua Buyi'an Zhu ().

Early life and education.

Ouyang Yuqian born on 12 May 1889 into a wealthy and highly educated family in Liuyang, Hunan Province. His father was Ouyang Ligeng (), and mother Liu Yixia (). His grandfather Ouyang Zhonghu () was a scholar who served as governor of Guilin Prefecture during the Qing dynasty.  When he was 15, Ouyang went to study in Japan. He graduated from Seijo School () in Tokyo, and then studied business at Meiji University and literature at Waseda University. In 1906, Ouyang and other Chinese students in Japan co-founded the Spring Willow Society (春柳社, Chunliu She), which marked the beginning of modern Chinese theatre.

Career.

Early career — Peking opera and drama.

He returned to China in 1911 and founded the New Play Comrade Society () with his Spring Willow colleague Lu Jingruo (). They later established the Spring Willow Theatre in Shanghai, but it went out of business when Lu died in 1915.  In 1914, Ouyang Yuqian began to write and act in Peking operas. From 1914 to 1928, he wrote 18 operas, and directed and performed in 29. He also adapted more than 50 traditional stories into Peking opera, including many from the classic novel "Dream of the Red Chamber". His acting was so highly acclaimed that he was considered the southern counterpart of the master Mei Lanfang. In 1918, he was invited by Zhang Jian to establish an actors' school and the Gengsu Theatre () in Nantong, Jiangsu.  Although a famous Peking opera performer, Ouyang was also active in promoting the "New Play" (spoken drama). He joined several New Play societies in the 1910s and co-founded several pioneering drama troupes, including the Masses Theatre Society, the Drama Cooperative Society (), and the Southern Drama Society. During this period, he collaborated with like-minded dramatists and directors Hong Shen, Ying Yunwei, Zhang Shichuan, Zheng Zhengqiu, and Zhou Jianyun. In 1922, he wrote the play "After Returning Home" (), considered one of the earliest satirical comedies in China. In his 1928 play "Pan Jinlian", he depicted Pan Jinlian, the archetypal femme fatale of classical Chinese culture, as a free-spirited woman victimized by a male-dominated traditional society. He played the title role himself.

1920s and 1930s — film and drama.

After Zhang, Zheng, and Zhou started the Mingxing Film Company in 1922, they invited Ouyang Yuqian to join their studio, but Ouyang declined because, according to himself, he was earning a "substantial salary" as a Peking opera performer. He did help out on several occasions, but at the same time wrote three films for the rival China Sun Motion Picture Company from 1926 to 1928. He acted in two of the three films, "Why Not Her?" () and "A Wandering Songstress" (), and directed the third, "Three Years Later" ().  In 1929, Ouyang Yuqian was invited by Chen Mingshu, chairman of Guangdong Province, to establish the Guangdong Drama Research Institute in Guangzhou. His political view turned increasingly left-wing, especially after the 1932 Japanese attack of Shanghai. He joined the Left-Wing Dramatist League in Guangzhou and participated in the first drama festival in the Soviet Union. In 1933, he joined Chen Mingshu's Fujian Rebellion, and was forced to escape to Japan after its failure.  After returning to Shanghai in 1934, Ouyang Yuqian joined Xinhua Film Company and wrote his first sound film "New Peach Blossom Fan" (). In 1935, he joined Mingxing, by then one of the largest Chinese film studios, and helped the studio secure a crucial bank loan using his own family resources. He made three films with Mingxing: "Qingming Festival" (), "Xiao Lingzi" (), and "Red Haitang" ().

Japanese invasion and Civil War.

Ouyang Yuqian joined Lianhua Film Company in 1937. While he was shooting the film "So Busy" (), the Empire of Japan launched a full-scale invasion of Shanghai, which destroyed most of the city's film studios. After Japan occupied the Chinese sections of Shanghai, Ouyang made several anti-Japanese plays in the Shanghai International Settlement, before fleeing to British Hong Kong, where he wrote the screenplay for the patriotic film "Mulan Joins the Army".  During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ouyang Yuqian spent most of his time in Guilin, Guangxi in southwest China, which was largely free from Japanese occupation. He studied Guilin opera and established a school for the art. He established Guangxi Provincial Art Museum in 1940, and an art theatre 1944. In 1944, he and Tian Han organized the First Southwest Opera Expo in Guilin, which lasted three months and attracted almost a thousand performers.  After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, he returned to Shanghai in 1946 and served as the playwright-director of New China Drama Society (). He also taught at Shanghai Experimental School of Drama. In January 1947, he led a delegation to perform in Taiwan, but had to leave when the February 28 Incident broken out. Because of the Chinese Civil War, Ouyang left again for Hong Kong, and worked as the screenwriter-director of Yonghua Film Company.

People's Republic of China.

In March 1949, he was invited by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to attend the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He was elected director of the Chinese National Opera Improvement Committee and a Standing Committee member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles.  Ouyang Yuqian became the founding president of Central Academy of Drama in April 1950. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1955. He also served as vice chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, vice chairman of the Chinese Dramatists Association, and chairman of the Chinese Dancers Association. He was a member of the first National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the first and second National People's Congress.  In his later years, he published several memoirs and books on film and drama theory, and a book on Tang dynasty dances. On 21 September 1962, Ouyang Yuqian died of an illness in Beijing.

Personal life.

Ouyang Yuqian married Liu Yunqiu (), also known as Liu Wenqiu (), in 1906. They had a daughter, Ouyang Jingru (Chinese: 欧阳敬如; 13 September 1928 – 2013) and an adopted son Ouyang Shanzun (; 24 May 1914 – 2 July 2009), who was also a dramatist.

Ouyang Yuqian (; May 12, 1889 – September 21, 1962) was a Chinese playwright, Peking opera actor and writer, film screenwriter and director, and drama educator. He is considered by drama historians as one of the three founders of Chinese spoken drama, together with Tian Han and Hong Shen. He was also one of the top Peking opera performers, regarded as a southern counterpart of Mei Lanfang.

Ouyang Yuqian (, – ) est un dramaturge chinois, acteur de l'Opéra de Pékin, écrivain, scénariste de cinéma, et professeur d'art dramatique. Il est considéré par les historiens du théâtre comme l'un des trois fondateurs de l'art dramatique parlé en Chine, avec Tian Han et Hong Shen. Il est également l'un acteurs les plus renommés de l'Opéra de Pékin, vu comme l'équivalent de Mei Lanfang du sud de la Chine.