Plot.

The story focuses on a young adult named Atsushi Nakajima. After being kicked out of his orphanage, Atsushi accidentally stops the suicide of a detective named Osamu Dazai believing he was drowning in the river. During his interactions with Dazai, Atsushi learns he is gifted with a supernatural ability capable of transforming him into a berserker white tiger in the moonlight; this made the orphanage torture him and kick him out in the past. Dazai recruits him into the Agency and there he meets many other ability users as they tackle various cases and events taking place within the city of Yokohama, a place teeming with individuals with Supernatural Abilities. Atsushi becomes the target of the Port Mafia members, most notably Dazai's former student, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, as there is a bounty on his head on the black market.  During Atsushi's fights against the mafia, he also meets Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, the leader of the Fellowship of the Guild who placed the bounty on his head. Fitzgerald reveals there is a supernatural book capable of changing reality linked with Atsushi's tiger, hence putting a bounty on the black market. Fitzgerald disregards any superficial damage the Guild might bring to Yokohama in exchange for the book, having an airship named "Moby Dick" destroy the city. However, he is nearly killed by Atsushi and Akutagawa once joining forces while former mafia member Kyoka Izumi stops Moby Dick.  Another man known as Fyodor Dostoyevsky appears wishing to obtain the book too in order to erase all gifted people. He arranges a mortal fight between the detectives and the mafia but the true leader behind this organization, Natsume Soseki, stops the fight. While Atsushi and Akutagawa corner the virus' originator, Dazai manages to arrest Dostoyevsky with Fitzgerald's help. However, Dostoyevsky is later revealed to have orchestrated his own imprisonment in order to lead his followers. Pages of the book are later found by Dostoyevsky's group The Decay of Angels who uses its powers to frame the Agency for a murder case. Dazai is imprisoned alongside Dostoyevsky and the government sends its military forces known as the Hunting Dogs to execute the members from the Agency. As the Agency faces defeat, they form an alliance with Fitzgerald and the mafia in exchange for one of their followers. Across the multiple fights, it is revealed there is another person above Dostoyevsky and that person must be stopped. During an encounter with one of Fyodor's allies, Sigma, Atsushi discovers that the leader of Decay of Angels is a person codenamed Kamui. Ranpo Edogawa then manages to gather the Agency and prove their innocence to the law. After this, he uses his skills to determine Kamui's identity.

Development.

The manga originated from Kafka Asagiri's idea to gather multiple famous late authors and poets and draw them as young adults and teenagers with supernatural powers. Sango Harukawa provided Asagiri with designs which helped the writer write the stories easier. Asagiri stated that the designs of Atsushi and Dazai were done to contrast each other athough there were some revisions done in the making of the series. Besides the common narrative produced through the manga, Asagiri also wrote light novels which would be aimed for casual readers. The light novels were also written with the idea of having more books released per year. The lives of more writers inspired Asagiri, most notably the friendship of Osamu Dazai, Ango Sakaguchi and Sakunosuke Oda.

Media.

Manga.

Written by Kafka Asagiri and illustrated by Sango Harukawa, "Bungo Stray Dogs" began publishing the manga in Kadokawa Shoten's "seinen" magazine "Young Ace" in 2012. Kadokawa has compiled the series into seventeen "tankōbon" volumes as of May 2019. The series has been licensed for North America by Yen Press with the first volume being released on December 20, 2016. The English translation is by Kevin Gifford.  A manga based on the light novel "Beast" will debut in January 2020 with Shiwasu Hoshikawa making the art. This spin-off manga features Ryūnosuke Akutagawa as the main character.

Anime series.

An anime television series adaptation produced by Bones was directed by Takuya Igarashi and written by Yōji Enokido. Nobuhiro Arai and Hiroshi Kanno served as the chief animation directors, while the former also served as character designer along with Ryō Hirata. Taku Iwasaki composed the series' music. Kazuhiro Wakabayashi was the series' sound director at Glovision. Additionally, Yumiko Kondou was the art director, Yukari Goto was the anime's color designer, Tsuyoshi Kanbayashi was the director of photography and Shigeru Nishiyama was the editor. Granrodeo performed the anime's opening theme, titled "Trash Candy", and Luck Life performed the anime's ending theme, titled.  The series was split into two halves: the first half, containing twelve episodes, premiered on 7 April 2016 and ended on 23 June 2016, being broadcast on Tokyo MX, Teletama, Chiba TV, tvk, GBS (Gifu Broadcasting), Mie TV, SUN, TVQ Kyushu, and BS11. The second half, also containing twelve episodes, premiered on 6 October 2016 and ended on 22 December 2016. The series has been licensed for streaming by Crunchyroll. As for the second half, Screen Mode sung the opening theme titled "Reason Living" while Luck Life once again sung the ending theme titled.  An OVA was bundled with the 13th limited edition manga volume, which was released on 31 August 2017.  On 21 July 2018, it was announced that the series would receive a third season. The cast and staff would reprise their roles from the previous two seasons. The third season premiered from 12 April 2019 and ended on 28 June 2019, being broadcast on Tokyo MX, TVA, KBS, SUN, BS11, and Wowow. Granrodeo performed the third seasons' opening theme "Setsuna no Ai" (セツナの愛 "lit. "A moment's love"") and Luck Life performed the third season's ending theme "Lily". Funimation released the simuldub on May 17, 2019.  The anime is licensed in North America by Crunchyroll with home video distribution by Funimation, and in the United Kingdom by Anime Limited.  In June 2020, Kadokawa announced that an anime television series adaptation of the spin-off manga, "Bungo Stray Dogs Wan!", is in production.

Theatrical films.

At the "Mayo(w)i Inu-tachi no Utage Sono Ni" event on 19 February 2017, a film project based on the manga series was announced. Titled "", the film premiered on 3 March 2018 with the staff and cast from the anime series returning to reprise their roles.  A new live-action film was announced in July 2019. It will be based on the stage plays from the series.

Video game.

An action role-playing game titled "Bungo Stray Dogs Mayoi Inu Kaikitan" has been announced and is set to release on iOS and Android. The game will include character side stories that were not found in the anime series as well as new game-exclusive scenarios.

Stage plays.

A stage play based on the events in the first season of the anime was realized starting at the KAAT Kanagawa Arts Theatre in Yokohama from December 2017, with the play moving through major cities in Japan. It was also shown at the Morinomiya Piloti Hall in Osaka on January 12–13, and at AiiA 2.5 Theater Tokyo from January 31 to February 4. Starting in September 2018, a second stage play was done based on the light novel "Dazai Osamu and the Dark Era" and its anime adaption in the second season of the show. It was first shown in Tokyo at the Sunshine Gekijō from September 22 to October 8 and then moved to Osaka where it ran at the Morinomiya Piloti Hall on October 13–14. A third stage play based on the rest of the second season, thus excluding Dazai's backstory at the beginning of the season, was performed from June to July 2019 in Iwate, Fukuoka, Aichi and Osaka, and in July in Tokyo.

Reception.

Manga.

"Bungo Stray Dogs" was well received in Japan. As of late 2016, the manga sold 4.1 million books. The series also appeared in the "Da Vinci" magazine poll from Kadokawa Shoten, while the franchise combined sold 1,878,804,092 units in 2016. By 2018, the series reached 6 million copies. It came in at number 11 for the "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics of 2014". Author Dan Brown was attracted by the manga when the author created a ficitonal version of himself to promote the story. Brown stated he was pleased with the result.  Critical reception to the series has been positive. "The Fandom Post" said ever since its start the series has had potential to be an entertaining manga, citing the characterization of Atsushi and the power he has, later leading to interesting mystery arcs when more characters from multiple parties become involved.

Anime.

The anime series and its film have been popular, appearing in multiple polls, involving its style, cosplay among others. Atomix listed it as the fifth best anime from 2016, praising its premise, designs and references to writers. In the "Newtype" Anime Awards 2016–2017 at the Machi Asobi Vol. 19 event, the anime series took the second place in "Best television series" behind "Fate/Apocrypha". Rebecca Silverman from Anime News Network listed the third season of the anime as one of her favorite anime from early 2019. The home media releases of the series were also popular in Japan, achieving good sales. The film "Dead Apple" was also the winner of "Newtype"s "Theatrical Film Award" in 2018. In 2019, the series once again took second place in the best television series award behind "" in the same magazine's awards.

Multiple light novels have been published. An anime television series adaptation by Bones aired in 2016 in two parts, the first part aired between 7 April 2016 and 23 June 2016, and the second part aired between 6 October 2016 and 22 December 2016. An anime film, "", was released on 3 March 2018. A third season aired between 12 April 2019 and 28 June 2019. Another film, "Bungo Stray Dogs The Movie: Beast", was confirmed in March 2020 to be in development.

La plupart des personnages de la série sont nommés d'après des auteurs de littérature connus et/ou de personnages qu'ils ont créé comme Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Atsushi Nakajima, Agatha Christie, Osamu Dazai, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Rampo Edogawa, Edgar Allan Poe, Mark Twain, Natsuhiko Kyogoku, Kenji Miyazawa, Doppo Kunikida, Akiko Yosano et Chūya Nakahara.


Design and development.

Design of the Caudron C.800 began soon after the Franco-German Armistice of June 1940, proceeding in parallel with that of the Castel C.25S. Both aircraft were intended to increase the number of machines available for recreational gliding in the southern, unoccupied region of France. Its wood framed, fabric covered high wings are braced from below with short and quite broad chord faired struts, one on each side, from the lower fuselage to the constant chord wing centre section. Outboard the wing panels taper roughly elliptically, with obliquely hinged ailerons filling their whole trailing edges.  The fuselage is a plywood covered wooden monocoque with an oval cross section; the wing is mounted at the highest point immediately behind the cockpit, which places instructor and pupil in side-by-side seats ahead of the leading edge, equipped with dual control and covered by a short, upward opening, rear hinged, multi-piece canopy. There is another pair of opening fuselage transparencies immediately below the canopy. Behind the wing the fuselage tapers, initially quickly, to the tail where the narrow chord, round tipped tailplane is mounted, with some dihedral, on top of it. The broader, split elevators are ahead of a straight edged, blunt tipped narrow fin and wide rudder. Like the wings, the empennage is wood framed and fabric covered. The monowheel undercarriage is assisted by a sprung, wooden skid reaching forwards from the wheel to the nose, and by a tail skid.  Two prototype C.800s were flown during World War II, the first in April 1942. A single-seat version, the C.810 was also flown in 1942 but these two prototypes were destroyed by bombing. An improved single-seat variant, the C.811 was flown after 1945 but not developed; it was seen by the French Air Ministry as too similar to existing types such as the Grunau.  In 1951 an improved version of the C.800 named C.801 was designed by Raymond Jarlaud. This had a reinforced structure, an enlarged rudder and balanced ailerons. Cockpit visibility was improved by simplifying the frames with more curved glazing and ground handling was made easier by moving the monowheel forward.

Operational history.

After the liberation of France in 1944, the French government ordered 450 as part of an effort to revive French aviation, though this was later reduced to 248. Production of 300 began in 1945 at the Aire-sur-Adour factory of the Fouga company, by then part of SCAN. Most went to civil gliding clubs becoming, along with the Castel C.25S, the national standard two-seat trainer type until their replacement by the Wassmer WA 30 Bijave in the early 1960s. It remained an important club stalwart for twenty years after its introduction. Some were operated by the French Air Force and Aéronavale.  Ten C.801s were built at Aire-sur-Adour but were withdrawn from use in 1957 on safety grounds.  In 2010 six C.800s remained on the French civil aircraft register and one on the Dutch.

Aircraft on display.

"Data from" Aviation Museums and Collections of Mainland Europe. C.800s are on public display at

The Caudron C.800, at first also known as the Epervier () is a French two seat training glider, designed and first flown during World War II and put into large scale post-war production. It was the dominant basic training glider with French clubs until the 1960s and several still fly.

Le Caudron C.800 est un planeur biplace français, conçu par Raymond Jarlaud et ayant fait son premier vol au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il sera produit en grandes quantités après-guerre. Jusque dans les années 1960, il sera le planeur le plus utilisé par les clubs français pour la formation de base. Plusieurs volent encore.


Career.

After graduating from Duncanville High School and attending Texas Women's University, Jones was a Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader for two years, a Dallas Mavericks Dancer for one year, and toured with the United Service Organization (USO) and United States Department of Defense to Korea, Japan, Israel, and Egypt. She has also performed on "Monday Night Football" and "The Miss Texas Pageant." She began her career as a model before moving to Los Angeles to pursue acting full time.  Jones made her television debut in 2000 on the Saturday-morning series "City Guys". Later that year, she won the co-leading role alongside Tracee Ellis Ross, Golden Brooks, and Persia White on the UPN comedy series "Girlfriends", which was created by Mara Brock Akil. She played the role of self-centered and materialistic "Toni Childs" for six seasons of the series. In May 2006 it was confirmed that Jones left "Girlfriends" because her contract expired, and she wanted to pursue film roles.  She had the female leading roles in the comedy films "Universal Remote" and "Redrum" (both 2007), and appeared in "The Perfect Holiday". In August 2007, Jones filmed "" with Jessica Simpson. In September 2008 she appeared in the Ne-Yo video for "She Got Her Own," a remix of his hit single "Miss Independent." She next appeared in the 2010 music video "Got Your Back" by T.I. featuring Keri Hilson. Jones also co-starred alongside Laura Harring in the 2009 independent film "Drool".  In 2010, Jones had the leading role in the TBS micro-series "Gillian in Georgia". In 2013 she appeared on the second season of the FX series "American Horror Story" in the episode "Spilt Milk" as a call girl named Pandora. Later that year, Jones was cast in the recurring role of Cynthia Irving in the Fox supernatural drama series "Sleepy Hollow". In 2015, Jones was cast in the leading role of Michigan State Trooper Amanda Fisher in the Starz comedy-horror series "Ash vs Evil Dead". In 2018 she began producing and starring in Urban Movie Channel's drama series "Monogamy". In 2019, she reunited with her "Girlfriends" co-stars Tracee Ellis Ross, Golden Brooks, and Persia White in an episode of the ABC comedy series "Black-ish".

Jill Marie Jones (born January 4, 1975 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress and former professional dancer and NFL cheerleader. She is best known for her role as Antoinette "Toni" Childs–Garrett from 2000 to 2006 on the UPN/The CW comedy series "Girlfriends".

Jill Marie Jones, née le à Dallas, est une actrice américaine. Ancienne danseuse et pom-pom girl professionnelle, elle se fait connaître par les rôles réguliers qu'elle incarne dans les séries "Girlfriends" (2000-2006), "Sleepy Hollow" (2013-2015) et "Ash vs. Evil Dead" (2015-2016).


56e division (armée impériale japonaise)

History.

In October 1941, the 146th Infantry Regiment and 2nd Battalion of the 56th Field Artillery Regiment were re-organized as the "56th Independent Mixed Regiment" (subordinated to Sakaguchi detachment). It departed from Palau on 16 December 1941 and landed in Davao City on 17 December 1941 and sailed again on 7 January 1942 to Tarakan. Afterwards, it was slated for the Borneo invasion. On 21 January 1942 it sailed from Tarakan to Balikpapan and on 19 February 1942, the Sakaguchi detachment was sent to eastern Java, arriving on 1 March 1942, to cooperate with the 48th Division. The Sakaguchi detachment is credited with the capture of Cilacap Regency port after a 400 km long march. The detachment was merged back into the 56th Division in April 1942.  With the Pacific War becoming imminent, the 56th Division was fully mobilized in November 1941. Although initially the 56th division was slated as reinforcements for the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the rapid cessation of British resistance have resulted in division been attached to 25th Army and sent to Burma in March 1942, landing in Rangoon and participating in the Battle of Toungoo. The 56th Division linked with the 55th Division in Toungoo on 28 March 1942. Its reconnaissance elements forced the Chinese to evacuate the city opening the way to the east. Later the 56th Division flanked the allied line to the east, by advancing through the mountains to the Salween River in the Karenni States. The Division defeated the Chinese 6th Corps in the Karen Hills area battles of Mawchi on 13 April 1942, Bawlake, Bato, Taunggyi and Loikaw on 20 April 1940, and forced their retreat eastward to Yunnan. Advancing north through the Shan States the 56th Division defeated elements of the Chinese 65th Corps to take the city of Lashio on the Burma Road. The fall of Lashio to the 56th Division on 29 April 1942 cut off much of the local Chinese Army from China and compelled the Allies to evacuate Burma. The Division advanced into Yunnan in pursuit of the Chinese but were halted at the Battle of Salween River by the Chinese 36th and 88th Divisions on 31 May 1942.  From May 1942, the 56th Division performed mostly garrison duties on the Yunnan border. The 113th Infantry Regiment was mostly in Yunnan except for the 3rd Battalion in Longling County. The 148th Infantry Regiment was stationed in Tengchong. The heavy fighting resumed in January 1944 with the Battle of Lashio, as part of Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan campaign in 1944. During the campaign, the division's 114th Infantry Regiment, borrowed from the 18th Division, was credited with shattering Merrill's Marauders in the Siege of Myitkyina in May–August 1944 and in delaying the 15:1 superior Chinese forces and inflicting heavy Chinese casualties during the Battle of Mount Song. Faced with numerically and better equipped enemy in an attrition battle, the 56th Division suffered heavy losses. The remnants of the division were removed from the front line in October 1944, and on the day of the surrender of Japan, 15 August 1945, on the border between South Burma and Thailand.  Allentown, PA: 1981

The was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the.It was formed on 10 July 1940 at Kurume, simultaneously with 51st, 52nd, 54th, 55th, and 57th Divisions. The formation nucleus was the headquarters of the 12th Division. Its manpower came primarily from Fukuoka, Saga and Nagasaki prefectures. The "56th Division" was initially assigned to the, under the command of the Western District Army.

La'est une unité d'infanterie de l'armée impériale japonaise basée à Kurume puis en Birmanie durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Son nom de code est '. Elle est créée le en même temps que les,,,, et divisions. Elle partage son quartier-général avec la. Elle recrute dans les préfectures de Fukuoka, de Saga, et de Nagasaki. Elle est initialement affectée au sous l'autorité de l'armée du district de l'Ouest.


Biography.

He is the first of his name to have borne the title of Earl of Menteith in his own right. He was the only son of Sir Patrick Graham of Kincardine. Patrick was the younger brother of Sir Robert Graham; both of them being sons of Sir Patrick Graham, ancestor of the Earls and Dukes of Montrose. They are believed to have been direct descendants of John de Menteith, laird of Ruskie, younger son of Mary I, Countess of Menteith and her husband, Walter "Bailloch" Stewart. Sir John Menteith had become infamous for handing over Sir William Wallace to the English during the Wars of Scottish Independence after he was betrayed by his servant Jack Short. The younger Sir Patrick Graham married Euphemia Stewart, Countess Palatine of Strathearn, and became in her right Earl of Strathearn. Their son Malise, whose name was an anglicisation of the Gaelic name "Maol Íosa", was born about 1407, or perhaps later. It is through his mother that he descends from Robert II.  During the earlier years of his life he bore the title Earl of Strathearn, and as such was proposed as a hostage for King James I; he was named among those who welcomed King James at Durham in March 1424. The King, however, took advantage of the Earl's minority, and deprived him of the earldom of Strathearn, making him Earl of Menteith instead. The charter of the new earldom was dated 6 September 1427. His reduction of land from all of Strathearn to just Menteith was likely an indirect result of the death of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany who was said to have died in Stirling Castle in 1420. The lands named in the grant to be part of the reshaped earldom, many of which can still be identified, indicate that he received the newly constituted earldom comprehended the whole of Aberfoyle parish and a portion of that of Port of Menteith. But this was only the smaller half of the original earldom, the remainder being annexed to the Crown.  Two months after his receiving the above charter Earl Malise, in November 1427, entered England as a hostage for King James I, and was confined in the castle of Pontefract, whence he was not released until 17 June 1453. James, Lord Hamilton, who had married the Earl's sister, Euphemia Graham, widow of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, was the chief agent in obtaining the release, and received a grant on 17 December 1453 of the lands in the lordship of Kinpont, West Lothian. The Earl in the charter styles himself Earl of Menteith and Lord of Kinpont, the latter being a very early possession of the Graham family, which had descended to him through his father.  The Earl appears on various occasions in his place in Parliament, but little is known of his history except that he appears to have become involved in debt. He is said to have been present at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, and to have fought for the King; but this is doubtful, as he must then have been above eighty years of age. In the retour of his grandson to the estates on 6 May 1493, Earl Malise is said to have died at the peace of King James IV of Scotland. The exact date of his death is not known, but he was dead before 19 May 1490, perhaps not very long before that date, when a gift was made to John Home of Earlston of the ward of the lands of Gilmerton, held of Malise, Earl of Menteith, and then in the King's hands by his decease.  The Earl was at least twice married. His first wife is said to have been Janet de Rochford. On 19 April 1471 Janet, Countess of Malise, Earl of Menteith, is held to be entitled to her terce from Kinpont, belonging to her son Patrick. She probably died not long afterwards, but this is uncertain. In 1490 the Countess of Menteith was named Marion, and she survived her husband, marrying John Drummond before 17 May 1491. She was still alive in 1530, dying between 28 April and 23 August in that year. The Earl had a great many children, but was succeeded by his grandson, Alexander Graham, 2nd Earl of Menteith.

Malise Graham (1st Earl of Menteith) (1416–1490) was a 15th-century Scottish magnate, who was the heir to the Scottish throne between 1437 and 1451, if Elizabeth Mure's children were not counted as lawful heirs (a question that hadn't been addressed).

Malise Graham (né vers 1406/1413 et mort en 1490) est un noble écossais qui fut le comte de Strathearn et le comte de Menteith.


History.

The Radziwiłł family owned vast areas of land in Lithuania and Poland and some of its members were dissatisfied with the role of the magnates, who in the Polish–Lithuanian political system theoretically had the same rights as the Polish nobility. Eventually, the interests of the wealthy clan, known as the "Family", and the Crown began to drift apart.  In 1654, during the Swedish and Russian invasion of Poland, known as The Deluge, two notable princes of the Radziwiłł clan, Janusz and Bogusław, began negotiations with the Swedish king Charles X Gustav, aimed at dissolving the Commonwealth and the Polish–Lithuanian Union. At the time Lithuania was in turmoil: it was being attacked on two separate fronts by Russia and Sweden, while the Ukrainian peasant revolt known as the Khmelnytsky Uprising was spilling into the Grand Duchy's southern regions from Ukraine. Eventually, most of the Polish-controlled Lithuanian army capitulated to the Swedes and the state collapsed. Most of the Crown of Poland along with western parts of Lithuania were occupied by Swedish forces, while the Russians seized most of Lithuania (except Samogitia and parts of Suvalkija and Aukštaitija).  On 17 August, Janusz Radziwiłł signed the Treaty of Kėdainiai, placing the Grand Duchy under Swedish protection. On 10 October 1655 (O.S.), Janusz and Bogusław Radziwiłł signed an agreement with the Swedes at their castle at Kėdainiai. According to the treaty, signed by the two cousins in the name of all Lithuanian nobility, the Polish–Lithuanian Union was declared null and void. In exchange for military assistance against Russia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was to become a protectorate of Sweden, with a personal union joining two states. In addition, "The Family" was to be given two sovereign principalities carved from their lands within the Grand Duchy and the Lithuanian nobility was to retain its liberties and privileges.  The agreement never came into force. Its main proponent, Janusz Radziwiłł, died only 2 months after it was signed, on 31 December at Tykocin Castle, which was then besieged by forces loyal to the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania John II Casimir. The castle was taken soon after by Paweł Jan Sapieha, who immediately succeeded Janusz Radziwiłł to the office of Grand Hetman of Lithuania. The tide of the war soon turned and a popular uprising in Poland broke the power of the Swedish army. The Swedish occupation of Lithuania sparked a similar uprising in Lithuania. The Swedish defeat and eventual retreat from the territories of the Commonwealth abruptly ended the plans of Janusz's cousin Bogusław, who lost his army in the Battle of Prostki and died in exile in Königsberg on 31 December 1669.  With the passing of the two cousins, the Radziwiłł family fortunes waned. Bogusław became commonly known as "Gnida" (The 'Louse') by his fellow nobles while Janusz was termed "Zdrajca" (the 'Traitor'). Their treason against the Commonwealth largely overshadowed the deeds of numerous other family members of the next generation, including Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł (1625–1680), who served faithfully against the Swedes.

Assessment.

Although seen as an act of treason by contemporaries, modern views on the Swedish-Lithuanian accord differ. Some argue that the arrangement with the Swedes was made by Janusz Radziwiłł not out of greed and the political ambition, but rather out of Realpolitik. According to another theory, Janusz Radziwiłł was merely attempting to secure a strong ally against Russia. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania lacked the resources to fight a war on two fronts, and the Polish Crown, which by this time had its own serious problems, was able to supply only trifling amounts of money and military forces. Ultimately, Janusz Radziwiłł's choice was perhaps wrong – the Swedes proved to be not much better than the Russians.

Union of Kėdainiai (or Agreement of Kėdainiai, Lithuanian: "Kėdainių unija", Polish: "Umowa Kiejdańska") was an agreement between several magnates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the king of the Swedish Empire, Charles X Gustav. It was signed on 20 October 1655 during the "Swedish Deluge", part of the Second Northern War. In contrast to the preceding Treaty of Kėdainiai of 17 August, which put Lithuania under Swedish protection, the purpose of the Swedish-Lithuanian union was to end Lithuania's union with Poland, and set up two separate principalities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. One of these was to be ruled by the Radziwiłł ("Radvila") family, while the rest of the duchy was to remain a Swedish protectorate.

L'Union de Kėdainiai (ou Accord de Kėdainiai, polonais: "Umowa Kiejdańska") est un accord entre plusieurs magnats du Grand-Duché de Lituanie et le roi de l'Empire suédois, Charles X Gustave. Il a été signé le au cours du "Déluge suédois", qui fait partie de la Deuxième guerre du Nord. Contrairement au précédent traité de Kėdainiai du, qui a mis la Lituanie sous la protection suédoise, le but de l'union suédo-lituanienne est de mettre fin à l'union de la Lituanie avec la Pologne, et de mettre en place deux principautés séparées dans le Grand-Duché de Lituanie. L'une d'elles doit être gouvernée par la famille Radziwiłł ("Radvila"), tandis que le reste du duché devait rester un protectorat suédois.


Plot.

Reggie Wilson's Hollywood career as a film editor ended after he had an affair with his boss's wife. He then moved to England, became successful and married the daughter of a producer. They are both working on a new film 'Eclipse'. His new life is threatened when he starts receiving intimate letters from a woman. She reminds him of a relationship they had some time ago but he genuinely has no knowledge of it. Has he a sick mind or is he the victim of an evil scheme?

Production.

Losey was blacklisted in the United States at the time when he made the film. Along with a number of other American directors and screenwriters, he moved to Britain and began making films, disguising his real identity behind an alias. The screenplay was written by Howard Koch who had also been blacklisted, and wrote under the name Peter Howard. The film was made at Shepperton Studios.  Losey has a small cameo part in the film, playing a film director.

Critical reception.

Allmovie wrote "Perhaps Koch and his director Joseph Losey...were too drawn in to the plot's semi-metaphorical take on blacklisting to see that the scenes are not properly focused, the dialogue lacks enough sparkle and that the string of coincidences causes some plausibility problems. Fortunately, Finger is helped immensely by the on-target performance of leading man Richard Basehart and the beautifully wicked one of Mary Murphy, as well as the solid turn from Constance Cummings"; Derek Winnert wrote "It is one of the least well known of all Losey’s films, but then it is arguably also one of the least too, though far from negligible"; and Dennis Schwartz noted a "tightly scripted crime thriller...The conclusion comes with a pat resolution, but by that time I was engrossed in the improbable story and too much impressed with the fine acting to care that much if I was being manipulated."

The Intimate Stranger is a 1956 British film-noir, drama film directed by Joseph Losey, under the pseudonym Alec C. Snowden, and starring Richard Basehart, Mary Murphy, Constance Cummings and Roger Livesey. It was released in the U.S. as Finger of Guilt.

L’Étrangère Intime ("The Intimate Stranger", également connu sous le titre "Finger of Guilt") est un film britannique réalisé par Joseph Losey sous le pseudonyme de Alec C. Snowden, sorti en 1956.


Early life.

William Richard Joseph (Bill) Cook was born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire on 10 April 1905, the oldest child of John Cook, a railway inspector, and his wife, Eva Boobyer. He had two younger siblings; a sister, Stella, and a brother, Leonard. He was educated at Trowbridge Trinity School and Trowbridge Boy's High School. He gained his Higher School Certificate with a distinction in mathematics, for which he was awarded a university scholarship. He entered Bristol University, from which he received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1925. This was followed by a Diploma of Education in 1926, and a Master of Science degree in 1927, writing his dissertation on "The forces between atoms and ions".

Rockets.

Cook worked as a part-time lecturer, and an assistant to John Lennard-Jones. He considered becoming a teacher, but in 1928 he elected to become a civil servant instead, joining the staff of the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich as a librarian. He initially worked in the external ballistics section of the Research Department there, where he developed the Cook Camera. This was used to investigate the problem of the inaccuracy of the Royal Navy's triple-mounted 6 inch naval guns. The problem was traced to the blast waves interfering with each other, and was resolved by delaying the firing of the middle gun by a few milliseconds. In 1929, he married Grace Purnell. They had a daughter, Betty.  In 1935 Cook was sent to work on the 3-inch anti-aircraft rocket, the brainchild of Lord Cherwell and Duncan Sandys. The rocket had a problem, the bonding of the cordite to the outer case failing. Cook led the project which corrected this, enabling the rockets to be deployed in 1940, with the first battery under Sandys' command, in time to support the air defence of Britain during the Second World War. He divorced Grace in 1939, and married Gladys Allen, a librarian at Woolwich. They had a son, Robert Anthony, and a daughter, Elizabeth Mary. The Rocket Development Department moved from Woolwich to Fort Halstead, and then to Aberporth in 1940, where it became the Projectile Development Establishment, with Sir Alwyn Crow as Controller of Projectile Development and Cook as his deputy.  In 1943, Cook was asked to provide an expert opinion on military intelligence that the Germans were developing long-range rockets. Cherwell, Crow and Cook were agreed that a long-range liquid-propellant rocket was technologically infeasible, and a solid-propellant rocket using cordite would be impractically large. Wernher von Braun proved them wrong, with the successful deployment of the V-2 rocket. Cook then turned to the study of missile guidance mechanisms for the British Liquid Oxygen-Petrol / Guided Aerial Projectile (LOP/GAP) liquid-propellant rocket. After the war he became director of the Ministry of Supply's Rocket Propulsion Establishment at Westcott, Buckinghamshire.

Nuclear weapons.

Funding for the Rocket Propulsion Establishment was niggardly, and in 1947 the Chief of the Royal Naval Scientific Service (CRNSS), Frederick Brundrett, recruited Cook as his Director of Physical Research. In this capacity, Cook was mainly concerned with underwater warfare, particularly the detection of submarines. In 1950, Brundrett became Deputy Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence to Sir Henry Tizard, and Cook succeeded him as CRNSS. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1951. Tizard retired soon after the 1951 election that returned Winston Churchill's Conservative Party to office, and was succeeded by Sir John Cockcroft. But Cockcroft was also the director of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire, and found himself unable to devote sufficient time to both roles. He therefore was succeeded as Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence by Brundrett in 1954. Brundrett asked Cook to become the chairman of the Defence Research Policy Committee.  On 27 July 1954, Cabinet agreed to develop the hydrogen bomb. This task would fall most heavily on the shoulders of Sir William Penney, who was appointed the head of the Weapons Group of the newly created United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). To help him, Penney suggested Cook be appointed as his deputy. Sir Geoffrey Taylor supported this, and the Lord President of the Council, the Marquess of Salisbury, persuaded the First Sea Lord, Sir Rhoderick McGrigor, to release Cook to work with Penney. Cook commenced work at the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston on 1 September 1954. His task was to manage the British hydrogen bomb programme. He confessed to the chief scientist, Samuel Curran, "I'm not a real scientist."  Although Penney and Cook had very different temperaments, they forged a good working relationship. Under Cook, "the establishment ran like clockwork... everything was well-documented; there was a lot of open discussion; and everything operated on a very short time scale." Cook kept a tight rein on the work through the Weapons Development Policy Committee, which he created in April 1956. The consensus of scientists who worked on the project was that Britain would not have developed the hydrogen bomb without Cook, although Cook gave the credit to Penney. Cook was present as the scientific director of the Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Malden Island in May and June 1957, and the successful thermonuclear test at Christmas Island in November 1957. He was created a knight bachelor in the 1958 New Year Honours.

UK Atomic Energy Authority.

On 1 February 1958, Cook became the UKAEA's Member for Engineering and Production vice Sir Christopher Hinton, who had left to become chairman of the Central Electricity Generating Board. In the wake of an inquiry by Lord Fleck, production was separated from the UKAEA's Industry Group in July 1959, and Cook became Member for Development and Engineering. In April 1961, these two functions were also separated, and Cook became the head of the Reactor Group. The British government decided in 1957 that electricity generation by nuclear power would be promoted, and that there would be a building programme to achieve 5,000 to 6,000 MW capacity by 1965, a quarter of UK's generating needs.  Cook was responsible for the four magnox reactors at Calder Hall, the four reactors under construction at Chapel Cross, and the uranium enrichment plant at Capenhurst. From Hinton he had inherited a conflict of responsibilities for reactor development between the Industry Group and Cockcroft's Research Group. Cockcroft wanted it in the Research Group, and proposed building a research centre in Winfrith with low-powered research reactors for testing various combinations of coolants, neutron moderators and nuclear fuels. In the end, Cockcroft prevailed and Winfrith was built. Cook mainly dealt with the development of new reactors. A number of types were developed, including the Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR) at Windscale, considered a natural successor to the Magnox reactors; the Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) at Dounreay; the high-temperature Dragon reactor at Winfrith. In addition, under the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement, the Royal Navy received access to Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) technology used in US nuclear submarines. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1962.

Ministry of Defence.

In 1960, Cook returned to the Ministry of Defence as one of two deputies to the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence, Sir Solly Zuckerman, the other being Alan Cottrell. This was a turbulent time for the Ministry of Defence, with tight budgetary constraints leading to heated debates over procurement of new weapons systems, none more so than the BAC TSR-2, which was eventually cancelled. Cook was involved in negotiations with the French, and later German and Italian governments, to build a replacement, which eventually saw service with the RAF as the Panavia Tornado. He also managed to salvage a troubled project known as PT428, which became the Rapier surface-to-air missile.  The controversial 1966 Defence White Paper led to the resignation of Zuckerman and then Cottrell. Cook then served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence from 1966 until 1970, when he retired from the civil service, although he chaired nuclear safety committees until 1981. He was involved in several projects, including the SEPECAT Jaguar, the Mallard communications system, and the FH70 howitzer. In 1967, the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson sent Cook to brief the French military attaché in London, Colonel André Thoulouze, on the British hydrogen bomb project. The French hydrogen bomb project was stalled, and Wilson hoped that providing some assistance might influence the President of France, Charles de Gaulle, to approve the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities. He gave the French indications of paths that would not work, and suggested that their proposed design was too complex. This proved to be sufficient to set the French scientists on the right track, and France successfully tested a hydrogen bomb on 24 August 1968. Despite this, de Gaulle still vetoed Britain's membership of the EEC a second time. For his services, Cook was raised to a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1970 Birthday Honours.

Later life.

After Rolls-Royce went bankrupt in 1970, the Secretary of State for Defence, Lord Carrington, asked Cook to chair a committee to determine whether the development of the RB211 jet engine should be continued. He recommended that it should be. When Rolls-Royce was nationalised in 1971, he was appointed one of the company's directors. He retired as a director in 1976, but continued to assist the company for four more years. He was a director of GEC Marconi Electronics from 1972 to 1979, and Marconi International Marine from 1971 to 1975. He was also a consultant to British Telecom from 1982 to 1985.  Cook suffered a massive stroke from which he did not regain consciousness, and died in London's Westminster Hospital on 16 September 1987.

Sir William Richard Joseph Cook, (10 April 1905 – 16 September 1987) was a British civil servant and mathematician. A graduate of Bristol University, he joined the staff of the Woolwich Arsenal in 1928, working on the 6-inch naval guns and the 3-inch antiaircraft rocket. During the Second World War he was deputy controller of the Projectile Development Establishment. After the war he became director of the Ministry of Supply's Rocket Propulsion Establishment at Westcott, Buckinghamshire. In 1947 he joined the Royal Naval Scientific Service, serving as its chief from 1950 to 1954, when he became deputy head of the Weapons Group of the newly created United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). It was under his leadership that Britain developed the hydrogen bomb, and he was present as the scientific director of the Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Malden Island in May and June 1957, and the successful thermonuclear test at Christmas Island in November 1957. In 1958, he became the UKAEA's Member for Engineering and Production, and oversaw the expansion of the civil nuclear power industry.

Sir William Richard Joseph « Bill » Cook, né le à Trowbridge et mort le, est un scientifique et haut fonctionnaire britannique spécialiste du nucléaire et des questions de défense.


Background.

After years of civil war since the failed campaign against Dong Zhuo, two major factions emerged from the multitudes of feuding warlords: one led by the northern warlord Yuan Shao who nominally controlled the provinces of Ji, Qing, Bing, and You; the other led by his former friend and subordinate Cao Cao, who, in addition to the three provinces of Yan, Yu, and Xu, also had the imperial court and the Han Emperor Xian under his control. The two warlords clashed in the Battle of Guandu of 200, which ended decisively in Cao Cao's favour. Although Yuan Shao was defeated, he managed to reorganize his army, and the rebellions that sought to take advantage of his defeat were quickly suppressed. Yuan Shao died in June 202, said to be in frustration and anger at his defeat, leaving his sons to succeed his legacy.  Yuan Shao was survived by three sons: the eldest son Yuan Tan, the second son Yuan Xi, and the youngest son Yuan Shang. Although it was customary for the eldest son to succeed the father, Yuan Shao had favoured the good-looking Yuan Shang and had arranged for Yuan Tan to be adopted by his elder brother, Yuan Tan's uncle. Since Yuan Shao never formally decided on an heir, the uncertainties regarding the inheritance remained uncertain upon his death, dividing Yuan Shao's camp into two. Among Yuan Shao's advisors, Xin Ping and Guo Tu supported Yuan Tan while Pang Ji and Shen Pei rallied behind Yuan Shang. Although there was a general expectation that the eldest Yuan Tan will succeed his father, the pro-Yuan Shang faction feared reappraisal from Yuan Tan and produced a forged will that proclaimed Yuan Shang as the successor. A resentful Yuan Tan then took his army away to Liyang (黎陽; northwest of present-day Xun County, Henan) by the Yellow River which held the frontier against Cao Cao. Yuan Shang sent a few additional troops with Pang Ji to assist (or spy on) Yuan Tan, but refused his brother's plea when Yuan Tan requested further reinforcements. A furious Yuan Tan killed Pang Ji in response.  Cao Cao had shifted his focus away from the Yuan clan after his victorious Guandu campaign, but eventually returned to the frontline fortifications in Guandu in the spring of 202. His advisor Xun Yu had previously warned Cao Cao to not turn his back on his newly defeated enemy, lest the remnants regroup and strike from behind. Four months after Yuan Shao's death, Cao Cao led his army across the Yellow River to attack the remnants at Liyang.

The battle.

Cao Cao put Li Dian and Cheng Yu in charge of supplies while he crossed the river. The supplies were to be ferried by water, but Yuan Shang's officer Gao Fan (高蕃) held a position on the river and blocked the supply line. Cao Cao initially suggested that the goods should be brought by land instead, but since Li Dian argued that Gao Fan's men were lightly armed and not prepared for naval warfare, he allowed Li Dian and Cheng Yu to attack Gao Fan. The attack was successful, and the water route was cleared for the supply train.  Historical sources vary on the events following Cao Cao's crossing. The official Wei records in "Records of the Three Kingdoms" indicate that Cao Cao won successive battles over the course of six months, forced the Yuan brothers out of Liyang but suddenly lifted the siege of the Yuan headquarters of Ye and withdrew to Xu City. However, Yuan Shao's post-biography in the "Records", the "Book of the Later Han", and contemporary references such as the "Chu Shi Biao" contradict the Wei account, while the fact that the operation took so long also suggests that it might not have gone as smoothly as Cao Cao's official biography stated. It was more likely, therefore, that the Wei records suppressed mention of Cao Cao's defeats in this region. Using a combination of the aforementioned sources, an alternate account of the battle is presented below.  Outmatched by Cao Cao in numbers, Yuan Tan found it difficult to hold his position in Liyang and sent for help. In response, Yuan Shang left Shen Pei to guard Ye while he brought his army in person to reinforce Liyang. The two sides fought west and south outside Liyang, where remains of the defenses used in the battle could still be seen during the Tang dynasty. In April 203, the Yuan brothers came out of their fortification, but Cao Cao overran them and forced them back behind the walls of Liyang proper. Before Cao Cao could lay siege to Liyang, though, the brothers withdrew at night to Ye, seventy kilometers to the north.  The next month, Cao Cao's army followed the Yuan brothers' retreat until they reached Ye. Here, however, he appeared to had outstretched himself and was driven back by Yuan Shang's counterattack outside the city. The setback caused Cao Cao to turn his attention away from the Yuan headquarters for the moment, as he turned east to storm the city of Yin'an (陰安; in present-day Qingfeng, Henan) and collected grains from the granaries in southern Wei Commandery (魏郡; around present-day Handan, Hebei). By the time Cao Cao was ready to attack Ye again in late May or June 203, his advisor Guo Jia offered advice to the contrary to take advantage of the Yuan brothers' simmering tensions: Cao Cao accepted the advice and retreated homeward, placing Jia Xin (賈信) in the beachhead fortress of Liyang while presumably leaving the untenable position of Yin'an to his enemies.  When Cao Cao was retreating across the Yellow River, Yuan Tan requested new equipment and additional troops from Yuan Shang so he could catch Cao Cao mid-river. Doubtful of his elder brother's intentions, Yuan Shang granted neither. Yuan Tan's advisors Guo Tu and Xin Ping added fuel to the fire by suggesting it was Shen Pei who made Yuan Shao send Yuan Tan away to be adopted by his uncle, causing a furious Yuan Tan turned his army to attack Yuan Shang and Shen Pei in Ye. Yuan Tan was defeated and fled to Nanpi, while Cao Cao returned to his capital Xu City apparently unmolested.

Aftermath.

Despite initial successes, Cao Cao had suffered setbacks, and in the end could only retain the beachhead Liyang after nine months of campaigning. He stayed in Xu City for the next three months, possibly to assert his authority to prevent any disorder that might arise from his extended absence. During his stay there, he issued two proclamations that sought to punish and demote officers who had been unsuccessful, with the reason that ranks and rewards should not be given to those who failed to earn them.  The threat of the Yuan brothers would soon resolve itself, as Guo Jia had reasoned. The Yuan brothers had turned against each other, with Yuan Shang gaining the upper hand in the fraternal conflict. Yuan Tan was eventually driven from Nanpi and took refuge in Pingyuan; besieged there, he turned to Cao Cao for help. The Governor of Jing Province Liu Biao, an old ally of Yuan Shao, had the famed writer Wang Can write a letter each to Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang on his behalf, urging them to fight against their nemesis Cao Cao, not amongst themselves. The letter to Yuan Tan in particular celebrated the Yuan brothers' victory in Ye against a strong enemy, and sternly disapproved of Yuan Tan's reliance on Cao Cao. Still, Liu Biao's remonstrances fell on deaf ears.  Cao Cao was engaged in battle with Liu Biao on their common border when Yuan Tan's ambassador Xin Pi came to him. It turned out that Xin Pi was disillusioned about his lord, and suggested to Cao Cao that this would be the opportunity to destroy both Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan, before the two brothers make up and unite their forces. Xun Yu had also made an argument along these lines previously. Cao Cao accepted the advice, and ostensibly allied with Yuan Tan. In 204, Cao Cao launched an attack from Liyang and routed Yuan Shang's army from Ye to relief Yuan Tan, causing Yuan Shang to seek refuge with Yuan Xi. In the year after that, Cao Cao accused Yuan Tan of ill intent and cancelled the alliance, and followed that by laying siege to Nanpi. Yuan Tan was killed in that battle. The Yuan clan's hold on China's north was thus broken, though they would hold on until their final destruction in 207.

The Battle of Liyang, fought between October 202 and June 203 in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, was an invasion attempt by the warlord Cao Cao against the brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan, the sons of Cao's rival Yuan Shao. The battle in October 202 was the first between the two factions since the death of Yuan Shao four months earlier. Although it ended in Cao Cao's withdrawal, events in this battle brought tensions between the Yuan brothers to the surface as Yuan Tan mutinied against his younger brother Yuan Shang after Cao Cao's temporary exit from the scene.

La bataille de Liyang (), a lieu en 202-203, à la fin de la dynastie Han. elle est le résultat d'une tentative d’invasion par le Seigneur de guerre Cao Cao du territoire tenu par Shang Yuan et Yuan Tan, les fils de feu Yuan Shao, un rival de Cao Cao. La bataille a lieu lors du neuvième mois lunaire de 202 et c'est la première confrontation entre Cao et le clan Yuan depuis la mort de Yuan Shao, quatre mois auparavant. Bien qu’elle s’achève par la retraite de Cao Cao, cette bataille fait remonter à la surface les tensions entre les deux frères, au point qu'Yuan Tan se mutine contre son frère cadet Yuan Shang après le départ temporaire de Cao Cao.


Life and career.

Kathleen Thompson Norris was born in San Francisco, California on 16 July 1880. Her parents were Josephine (née Moroney) and James Alden Thompson. When she was 19 both her parents died. As the oldest sibling she became effectively the head of a large family and had to work. Initially, she found employment in a department store, which was soon followed by work in an accounting office and then the Mechanic's Institute Library. In 1905, she enrolled in a creative writing program at the University of California, Berkeley and began writing short stories. The San Francisco Call, which had published a few of her stories, hired her to write a society column in September 1906. In the course of that work she met Charles Gilman Norris (whose late older brother was the famous novelist Frank Norris), and they soon fell in love. He moved to New York to be art editor of The American Magazine. After eight months of daily correspondence and some improvements in her family's financial situation, she joined him there and they were married in April 1909.  She resumed writing short stories, which began to appear in newspapers and then magazines starting in 1910. Charles took on a lifelong role as Kathleen's literary agent, and also took care of many household management roles as she became increasingly successful as a writer. Shortly after becoming a new mother, she wrote her first novel, "Mother." It started as a short story in The American Magazine in 1911. A publisher asked her to expand it into a novelette, which became a national sensation and earned the praise of Theodore Roosevelt for its celebration of large families. A devout Catholic, she wrote the book in part as a commentary against birth control, which was rapidly influencing women's attitudes about motherhood. Her 1914 novel "Saturday's Child" received a positive, lengthy review from William Dean Howells, who remarked on her sensitivity to class issues.  Norris became involved in various social causes, including women's suffrage, Prohibition, pacifism, and organizations to benefit children and the poor.  Many of her novels were made into films, including "Butterfly" (1924), "My Best Girl" (1927), "The Callahans and the Murphys" (1927), "Passion Flower" (1930), and "Change of Heart" (1934, based on the novel "Manhattan Love Song").  Some of Norris's novels were adapted for a radio series, "By Kathleen Norris", making her "the first nationally famous writer to have her works brought to radio listeners as a daily serial program." The program, produced by Phillips Lord, was broadcast on CBS October 9, 1939 - September 26, 1941.  Kathleen Thompson Norris died January 18, 1966 in San Francisco at the home of her son Dr. Frank Norris. She was 85.

Family.

In 1919 the family moved to a ranch in the Santa Cruz Mountains near Saratoga, California, adjacent to the Villa Montalvo estate of James Duval Phelan. They later built a house in Palo Alto and spent summers at the ranch. Kathleen's sister Teresa, who had married William Rose Benét and borne three children, died in 1919. Kathleen fought for and eventually obtained guardianship of the two nieces and a nephew, Rosemary, Kathleen Anne and James Benét.  Her granddaughter Kathleen Norris (San Francisco 1 Mar 1935-San Francisco 8 Dec 1967) was the second wife of Prince Andrew Romanov (b. London 21 Jan 1923).

Kathleen Thompson Norris (July 16, 1880 – January 18, 1966) was an American novelist and newspaper columnist. She was one of the most widely read and highest paid female writers in the United States for nearly fifty years, from 1911 to 1959. Norris was a prolific writer who wrote 93 novels, many of which became best sellers. Her stories appeared frequently in the popular press of the day, including "Atlantic", "The American Magazine", "McClure's", "Everybody's", "Ladies' Home Journal" and "Woman's Home Companion." Norris used her fiction to promote family and moralistic values, such as the sanctity of marriage, the nobility of motherhood, and the importance of service to others.

Kathleen Thompson Norris (née le – morte le ) dans la même ville de San Francisco, est une écrivaine et une chroniqueuse américaine qui connut une popularité exceptionnelle.


Background.

Public debt did not exist in the Regency of Tunis until the end of the reign of Mustapha Bey in 1837, but his successors found themselves in increasingly difficult financial circumstances. They wanted to modernise the country and its institutions: Ahmed Bey had set up a military academy at Le Bardo and begun training a larger army. He sent 15,000 Tunisian soldiers to fight for the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War, and also established new government offices—the rabta managing state grain silos; the ghaba in charge of olive oil forests; and the ghorfa, the central state procurement office. His successor Muhammad Bey was an ambitious palace-builder.  To fund these expensive new ventures, the Beys of Tunis relied on tax revenues paid on a customary basis. Most of the country paid the "mejba" () established in the seventeenth century under the Muradid dynasty. There is much scholarly debate about exactly what this constituted and how it was levied, but it appears that before 1856, the term "mejba" signified a tax paid by a tribe, clan or other social group, based on a collective assessment. The Beys also imposed monopoly taxes on salt, tobacco, tanned hides and other commodities.

Muhammad Bey - the mejba and foreign influence.

In 1856, Muhammad Bey embarked on a major fiscal reform. He gave up most of his taxes on commodities and agricultural goods (except for olive and date trees, oils and cereals) as well as the old "mejba" levies, and instituted a new capitation tax called the "i'ana" () which quickly also became known as the mejba, although it was a new tax calculated on a completely different basis—it was levied on individuals rather than on groups. This new mejba was fixed at 36 piastres per adult male per year. For most peasants, this equated to about 45 days' labour. To reduce potential unrest, the five largest towns—Tunis, Sfax, Sousse, Monastir, Tunisia and Kairouan—were exempted. The new tax raised 9.7m piastres out of a total 22.95m piastres of government income. Although burdensome, the new mejba was not sufficient to eliminate the government deficit. The developing economy meant that increasingly gold and silver coin tended to

Sadok Bey - Reform and rising debt.

Muhammad Bey was succeeded in 1859 by his brother Sadok Bey, In 1860, Sadok Bey introduced conscription for the first time in Tunisia—military service was now obligatory for a period of eight years. Recruits were selected by lot, and those who could afford it could buy themselves out of the service. Thus it was only the poor who ended up serving.  Following the introduction of the new mejba and military service, on 23 April 1861 Sadok Bey promulgated the first written constitution in the Arab world, separating executive, legislative and judiciary powers, through a new Supreme Council, legislature and court system and thereby limiting his own powers. This constitution reaffirmed the equality of rights for Muslims, Christians (effectively, therefore, for Europeans) and for Jews; in particular, concerning the right to own property. This created a new legal environment which encouraged Europeans to set up businesses in Tunisia. The new constitution was not popular. The new Supreme Council was filled with placemen of the Grand Vizier Mustapha Khaznadar, mamluks, and others of

Outbreak of the revolt.

In September 1863 the decision was taken to apply the new mejba (or, properly, the "i'ana") to the five towns that had previously been exempted, and to double the rate to 72 piastres per head. This measure was vigorously opposed by the Bey's ex-Minister Kheireddine Pasha, General Hussein and General Farhat Gaied Jbira who served on the Supreme Council and was also the caïd (governor) of El Kef. General Hussein exclaimed: 'the conditions of the country will not allow it to bear any more taxes. The country is in danger!' Kheireddine Pasha said that most of the additional revenue generated by the increase would be taken up by the cost of the army needed to raise it. The notables convened by Sadok Bey to hear his plans made clear that they would not be able to enforce them on their people.

Murder of General Ferhat.

As soon as the news spread, trouble broke out in the tribal regions. Caravans were looted and stocks of weapons and powder were built up. In an attempt to calm the growing unrest, a decree of 22 March 1864 modified the new mejba again, making it into a progressive tax. Those eligible to pay were graded into six categories on the basis of their wealth, and the mejba applied to them on a scale of 36 to 108 piastres. It was however stipulated that the average rate paid by the population under each caïd was to remain at 72 piastres. To show the government's determination to push ahead with the new tax, the Bey ordered

Revolt of Ali Ben Ghedhahem.

The death of General Farhat galvanised the rebels. El Kef was besieged by surrounding tribes, while the authorities refused to let them enter the town. The Governor of Kairouan, General Rashid, took refuge in a house with was then surrounded; the defenders opened fire and killed some of the attackers. After a tense negotiation, the General was allowed to leave for Sousse, but the countryside was so hostile that from there, he was obliged to make for Tunis on a British ship. A provisional government was set up by the rebels in Kairouan after he departed. Similar incidents unfolded across much of north an interior of the country. At Béja, Téboursouk, Makthar and Jendouba, the governors were forced to flee for their lives and their property was looted. The governor of the Majer tribe in the Thala region was not so fortunate. Besieged in his fortress, he killed dozens of attackers before it fell. He was killed, along with his entire family, and his body decapitated on 21 May.  The dead governor's secretary, Ali Ben Ghedhahem (), born

Uprising in the Sahel.

Despite these negotiations however, the rebellion spread to the coastal towns of the Sahel region as well. In the Gabes region, the governor escaped death by handing over to the rebels all the tax money he had already collected. The Bey then sent a boat to rescue him. On 30 April in Sfax, the rebels took control of the town, ransacked the tax offices, seized the casbah and freed the prisoners confined there. On 23 May the local authorities sought to regain control of the town by arresting the rebel leaders, but the entire town rose up to demand their

European and Ottoman intervention.

The French government instructed its consul Charles de Beauval not to involve himself in the internal politics of the Regency, but despite this, he did not hesitate to advise Sadok Bey to revoke his reforms, suspend the constitution, and send Khaznadar away. The British government had likewise given its consul Richard Wood instructions to keep out of the dispute, but he nevertheless offered the Bey the opposite advice— to support Khaznadar and maintain the new constitution, while cancelling the doubling of the mejba. With the official justification of concern for their expatriates, Britain France and Italy all sent naval forces to cruise the Tunisian coasts. In fact each wanted to be sure that neither of the others would take advantage of the rebellion to secure hegemony over the Regency.  On 11 May, Haydar Effendi, the former Ottoman Minister Plenipotentiary in Tehran, arrived at La Goulette with an Ottoman naval squadron to reinforce the rights of the Sublime Porte. He was welcomed enthusiastically by the people of Tunis who feared that European soldiers were about to land in the country. His real purpose was to take advantage of the situation to bring Tunis back under closer Ottoman rule. He proposed that Sadok Bey sign an agreement undertaking not to enter into any treaty with another power without the Sultan's consent, pay 3m piastres a year in tribute, and present himself in Istanbul to receive an Imperial investiture. Even the British consul, who favoured maximum Ottoman influence in Tunisia to frustrate the French, would not support these demands, and the agreement

Waning of the revolt.

The Ottoman envoy's mission had been a godsend for the Bey. Not only did he make a show of force to deter the European powers, he also brought desperately-needed financial support in the amount of 0.5m francs in gold coin. At the same time the government was able to raise further funds by selling the coming olive harvest to European traders in advance, with Khaznadar once again profiting from the transaction. This allowed the Bey to re-recruit 2,000 zouaoua troops who had been dismissed from service by his predecessor Muhammad Bey for grave indiscipline. As they were Kabyles from Algeria, their loyalty could be relied on as they had no ties to the Arab tribal leaders of the rebellion. The Bey was also able to use some of this money to begin buying off some of the tribal leaders, and mistrust started to spread among the rebels. The fear grew that if the uprising continued, the country would end up being occupied by the French army. The rebellion began to falter. In the countryside, people wanted to return to their fields in time for the harvest; in the coastal towns, fear of brigandage

Repression.

Reprisals in the Sahel.

Negotiations between Ben Ghedhahem and the Bey did nothing to discourage the rebels of the coastal towns. The arrival of General Osman in Sousse to recruit soldiers raised tensions once again. From 23 July, the town was besieged by the inhabitants of nearby towns who wanted him gone and the new taxes abolished. The people of Monastir, Tunisia refused to send help to Osman and even, on 11 September, refused to allow General Slim to land in the town, after he had been sent by the Bey to rally them.  On 29 August, a "mhalla" (military column) headed by General Ahmad Zarrouk set out from Tunis for the Sahel region. It advanced slowly - time was on the Bey's side as harvest approached

Harrying the north.

In the North, the troops of ’Ali Ben Ghedhahem tried to oppose the advance of a General Rustum's column as it approached El Kef. Some of his close allies were however betrayed and handed over to the Bey's forces. His lieutenant was given a thousand strokes with a stick in front of the women of the harem in the Bardo palace, and thrown barely alive into a dungeon. Soon a second mhalla under Ali Bey joined up with Rustum's forces. To avoid annihilation, Ben Ghedhahem and 5,000 of his men slipped away over the Algerian border to take refuge with the Nemencha people in January 1865. With him out of the way, the northwest was subjected to the same exactions as the Sahel and fines were imposed, though as more of the population were nomadic they could more easily evade the

The end of Ali Ben Ghedhahem.

In January 1865 Ali Ben Ghedhahem and his brother Abd En Nebi were taken under watch to Constantine while his men were disarmed and interned by the French. The French treated them well, as they saw him as a potential ally in the event of a future conquest of the country. On 5 February Sadok Bey granted a fresh amnesty to the rebels who had fled, but not to the Ben Ghedhahem brothers. At the same time, the Bey made secret contact with them, claiming that the French were making preparations to betray them and deliver them both to him at the Bardo. Finally, missing his homeland, Ali Ben Ghedhahem took flight on 17 November 1865 and returned to Tunisia, hiding out in the Regba massif near the border at Ghardimaou. The Bey's armies under General Slim laid

Aftermath.

Ruin of the countryside.

Much of the countryside was laid waste. The harvests had all been seized and sold, reducing the people to famine for three years. People ate herbs and roots, and there were even reports of desperate people eating children in some areas. In the wake of the hunger came cholera, in 1865, 1866 and 1867, and there was a typhus outbreak in 1867.  " 'Dead bodies lay in the roads, unburied. They were collected every morning in the caravanserais and the mosques, and heaped in carts. Bubonic plague and typhus combined; this new scourge caused such ravages that there were two hundred new victims each day in the town of Sousse alone. Already, when there was only famine to contend with, Europeans did not

Debt crisis.

The extorsions of Zarrouk and the other commanders did much to enrich them, but nothing to improve the government's finances. With no other recourse, Sadok Bey was persuaded by Khaznadar to take out yet another foreign loan, on which Khaznadar once again made substantial commissions. As Nassim Shamama had fled in June 1864, the following month a loan of 5m francs was arranged with a Jewish financier named Morpurgo from Alexandria, of which only 0.5m found their way to the treasury. A new contract was signed with the Erlanger Bank on 1 November 1864 for 15m francs guaranteed by customs revenues. A further 10m francs was subscribed several weeks later by the Oppenheim Bank, guaranteed by the tax on olive trees. As loan after loan was subscribed on terms very favourable to lenders, the Paris

Rebellion of 1867.

Unrest broke out again in 1867 in the northwestern border region of Kroumirie. The kroumirs lived an independent existence in their forests, and the government in Tunis did not have the means or the will to bring them firmly under its rule. The rebellion might therefore have remained a local affair, but on 11 September 1867, the government learned to its astonishment that Sadok Bey's youngest half-brother, Sidi Adel, had escaped from the palace in the night, travelled west, and placed himself at the head of the rebels, proclaiming himself Bey. He was accompanied by a number of high-ranking officials, who were deeply dissatisfied with the continued influence of Mustapha Khaznadar and the damaging effect it was having on the country. Sadok Bey confined himself in the Bardo palace, but

The Mejba Revolt (1864–65) was a rebellion in Tunisia against the doubling of an unpopular poll tax (the "mejba") imposed on his subjects by Sadok Bey. The most extensive revolt against the rule of the Husainid Beys of Tunis, it saw uprisings all over the country and came close to prompting military intervention by Britain and France. The revolt was suppressed with great brutality and the government became ever more seriously indebted to foreign creditors, backed by European governments, until it was finally unable to resist French occupation in 1881.

L’insurrection de 1864 en Tunisie oppose la majeure partie de la population tunisienne au pouvoir beylical. Elle a pour origine le doublement des impôts payés par chaque habitant. Après avoir fait trembler le pouvoir en place, elle est férocement réprimée par l’armée beylicale tunisienne. Les exactions et les confiscations des forces de répression aggravent la situation économique du pays qui n’a d’autre choix que de recourir aux emprunts des banques étrangères, ce qui entraîne la faillite et la mise sous tutelle européenne des finances tunisiennes.


Precursor protest.

In the late 1960s, the U.S had plans for an underground nuclear weapon test in the island of Amchitka at Alaska. Because of the 1964 Alaska earthquake the plans raised some concerns of the test triggering earthquakes and causing a tsunami. A 1969 demonstration of 7,000 people blocked a major U.S.-Canada border crossing in British Columbia, carrying signs reading "Don't Make A Wave. It's Your Fault If Our Fault Goes". Further demonstrations occurred at U.S. border crossings in Ontario and Quebec. The protests did not stop the U.S. from detonating the bomb.  While no earthquake nor tsunami followed the test, the opposition grew when the U.S. announced they would detonate a bomb five times more powerful than the first one. Among the opposers were Jim Bohlen, a veteran who had served in the U.S. Navy during the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Irving Stowe and Dorothy Stowe, a Quaker couple. As members of the Sierra Club they were frustrated in the lack of action by the organization.

Formation.

In October 1969, Bohlen and the Stowes started meeting at a church basement, calling themselves the Don't Make a Wave Committee and planning anti-nuclear protests. From Irving Stowe, Bohlen learned a form of passive resistance, "bearing witness", where objectionable activity is protested by mere presence. Jim Bohlen's wife Marie came up with the idea to sail to Amchitka, inspired by the anti-nuclear voyages of Albert Bigelow in 1958. The idea ended up in the press and was linked to The Sierra Club. The Sierra Club did not like this connection and in 1970 Jim and Marie Bohlen, Irving and Dorothy Stowe and Paul Cote, a law student and peace activist established The "Don't Make a Wave Committee", working independently of The Sierra Club. Early meetings were held in the Shaughnessy home of Robert and Bobbi Hunter. The first office was opened in a back-room of a storefront off Broadway on Cypress, in Kitsilano, Vancouver.

Transition to Greenpeace.

During meetings in 1970 Bill Darnell combined the words ‘green’ and ‘peace’, thereby giving the organization its first expedition name, Greenpeace. Many Canadians protested the United States military underground nuclear bomb tests, codenamed Cannikin, beneath the island of Amchitka, Alaska in 1971. In May the year, the "Don't Make a Wave Committee" sent Jim Bohlen and Patrick Moore, to represent the "Don't Make a Wave Committee" in US Atomic Energy Commission hearings in Alaska.The "Don't Make a Wave Committee" first expedition hired the "Phyllis Cormack", a halibut seiner available for charter, to take protestors to the testing zone on the island of Amchitka. The expedition was called "Greenpeace I", and included Canadian journalist Robert Hunter. In the fall of 1971 the ship sailed towards Amchitka and faced the U.S. Navy ship Confidence. The activists were forced to turn back. Because of this and the increasingly bad weather the crew decided to return to Canada only to find out that the news about their journey and the support from the crew of the Confidence had generated widespread sympathy for their protest. Greenpeace chartered another ship, a former minesweeper "Edgewater Fortune", which was renamed the "Greenpeace Too!". Paul Watson, also a co-founder of Greenpeace was selected to crew the 2nd vessel. One day out of Amchitka the United States Atomic Energy Commission conducted the underground 5 Mt Cannikin nuclear test a day earlier than scheduled on November 6, 1971. The nuclear test gained widespread criticism and the U.S. decided not to continue with their test plans at Amchitka. In 1972, The Don't Make a Wave committee changed their official name to "Greenpeace Foundation".  On 4 May 1972, following Irving Stowe's departure from the chairmanship of the Don't Make A Wave Committee, the fledgling environmental group officially changed its name to the "Greenpeace Foundation". Later that year David McTaggart would sail his yacht, "Greenpeace III", to French Polynesia to oppose the French atmospheric nuclear tests at Mururoa atoll, supported by the new Greenpeace Foundation.

The Don't Make a Wave Committee was the name of the anti-nuclear organization which later evolved into Greenpeace, a global environmental organization. The Don't Make a Wave Committee was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to protest and attempt to halt further underground nuclear testing by the United States in the National Wildlife refuge at Amchitka in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. The Don't Make a Wave Committee was first formed in October 1969 and officially established in early 1970.

Le Comité, traduit en français par « Ne faites pas une vague », comme vague de protestation contre le risque d'une vague de tsunami et d'un nuage nucléaire, est le nom d'une organisation antinucléaire devenue Greenpeace, organisation non gouvernementale mondiale pour l'environnement.


Garment types.

These garments can be broadly classed as pre-made, made to measure, and homemade.

Pre-made.

Padded underwear with pockets into which sections of padding can be inserted are marketed by companies catering to crossdressers. Many of these premade garments are often criticised for looking lumpy or false.

Made to measure.

At least one company specialises in manufacturing custom made garments specifically designed from the purchaser's measurements. These garments are more expensive than pre-made or homemade garments but are generally well made.

Homemade.

The cheapest form of hip and buttock padding is homemade. Information on making padding is available on web sites and in at least one book.  Using the person's own measurements and a table of comparative measurements, it is possible to determine how thick the padding needs to be at various places, such as the widest point on the hips and the fullest point on the buttocks.  Homemade padding is usually made by cutting a block of high-density polyurethane foam rubber to shape. This is the same type of foam as used for upholstery. The most common tool used for shaping the foam for this application is an electric knife. The block is usually cut as a flat piece which is wrapped around the hips and buttocks, rather than being carved as a curved piece. The foam is carved only on the "inside", so that the outside surface remains smooth.  The padding is usually worn inside a compression garment such as one intended to be worn by females to lift and shape the buttocks.

Hip and buttock padding is used to increase the apparent size of the hips and buttocks in order to increase apparent waist-hip ratio which implies more feminine body shape. It is used by both sexes: women wishing to increase their physical attractiveness, some transgender people and cross-dressers. Performers both male in drag and female. This technique is often used by drag queens to create the illusion of a feminine figure, often taking it to the extreme for comedic value.

Le rembourrage de hanches et de fesses est réalisé par certaines personnes transgenres, notamment les personnes transsexuelles et travesties. Il est utilisé pour augmenter la taille apparente des hanches et des fesses pour ressembler à celles d'une femme cisgenre et/ou assignée. Le rembourrage est destiné à améliorer le passing en tant que femme, en modifiant le rapport taille-hanche apparent, et le rapport épaules-hanches. Cette technique est souvent utilisée par les drag-queens pour créer l'illusion d'une silhouette féminine, souvent exagérée, pour une appréciation comique.


Background.

She was born in Sheema District, Western Uganda, in 1969.

Education.

Kamatenesi attended Kasanna Primary School. She later attended "Nganwa High School" for her O-Level education, between 1984 and 1988. In 1985, she joined "Mary Hill Secondary School" in Mbarara, for her A-Level studies. In 1993, she was admitted to Makerere University, Uganda's largest and oldest public university. She studied Botany and Zoology, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree. She studied for the postgraduate Diploma in Education, also from Makerere. Her Master of Science in Environment and Natural Resources Management degree and her Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology, were both obtained from Makerere University.

Work experience.

Soon after writing her final examinations in Botany and Zoology at Makerere in 1996, she was recruited as a Teaching Assistant in the Faculty of Science at the same institution. From 1998 until 2000, she served as Lecturer and Head of Department, "Uganda Fisheries Training Institute" in Entebbe. She later would serve as the Head of Fisheries Extension Education and Administration, Fisheries Training Institute, Entebbe. From 2010 until 2011, she served as the Deputy Dean, Research and Graduate Studies, in the Faculty of Science, Makerere University. From February 2011 until May 2014, she served as the Dean of the School of Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences at Makerere University. On 2 May 2014, Kamatenesi Mugisha was appointed Vice Chancellor of Bishop Stuart University, a position she currently occupies.

Other considerations.

Mugisha has over 30 scientific publications to her name. She is married and is the mother of four children. She is a Born-again Christian.

Maud Kamatenesi Mugisha, sometimes written as Maud Kamatenesi-Mugisha, is a Ugandan natural scientist and academic administrator. She is the current Vice Chancellor of Bishop Stuart University, a private institution of higher education in Uganda, accredited by Uganda's "National Council for Higher Education" (NCHE).

Maud Kamatenesi Mugisha, parfois écrit Maud Kamatenesi-Mugisha, est une scientifique et administratrice académique ougandaise. Elle est l'actuelle Vice-Chancelière de l'Université Bishop Stuart.


Biography.

Fisher is best remembered for her 1959 song "The Big Hurt", written by her manager Wayne Shanklin. The song went to #3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the US. The track also peaked at #30 in the UK Singles Chart. "The Big Hurt" is notable because it featured a flanging effect when mixing engineer Larry Levine—who went on to help Phil Spector create his wall of sound—inadvertently mixed the mono and stereo versions of the song together but out of sync; a happy accident. It is claimed to be the first record to have such phasing. DJ Dick Biondi on WKBW in Buffalo, New York, would introduce the record as "Toni Fisher's weird one". The song was recorded in the Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles and engineered by Stan Ross and Dave Gold.  Disc jockey Wink Martindale commented that the record label billed the singer as "Miss Toni Fisher" because of her powerful voice, which is consistently audible over the phasing, the instruments, and the background noise, to confirm to the listener that the singer is indeed a woman.  "The Big Hurt" was later covered by Wes Montgomery, Del Shannon, Scott Walker, Vikki Carr, Nick Cave, and others.  In 1962 she had another Top 40 hit single with "West of the Wall" (#37), a song about the sadness of lovers separated by the 1961 erection of the Berlin Wall. She had recorded the melody before; an earlier version, "Toot Toot Amore" on Signet Records had different lyrics.  Fisher died in Salt Lake City, Utah, on January 11, 1999, of a heart attack at age 74.

Toni Fisher (born Marion Colleen Nolan, December 4, 1924 – January 11, 1999) was an American pop singer. She was known for her recordings of "The Big Hurt", "West of the Wall", "Maybe (He'll Think Of Me)," and "Why Can't The Dark Leave Me Alone". She was later known as Toni F. Monzello, following her marriage to Henry Monzello.

Toni Fisher, née Marion Colleen Nolan le à Los Angeles (Californie), et morte le à Salt Lake City (Utah), est une chanteuse particulièrement connue pour ses enregistrements des chansons "The Big Hurt" et "West of the Wall".


History.

Founded in 1410 century by Lama Dugpa Dorje, it belongs to the Sakya Order. It is noted for its six-hundred-year-old thangkas and its Matho Nagrang Festival.  The "gompa" is the only one in Ladakh belonging to the Sakyapa and is said to be one of the few which is seeing an increase of monks in recent years.

Description.

Most of the buildings are, apparently, rather dilapidated but there is a new assembly hall or "du-khang" which was built in 2005 and which has very colourful paintings and a Sakyamuni Buddha as main statue. There is a small chapel on the top story containing images of Sakya Pandita and other Sakya lamas. There is a'museum' adjoining it with a number of very beautiful old "thangkas", some of which are thought to have been brought from Tibet in the first half of the 15th century when the monastery was founded. Unfortunately, many of them are very worn. The masks and robes worn by the lamas in the annual dance festival may also be seen in the museum.

The festival of the oracles.

The annual festival of the two Rongtsan oracles takes place around the Buddhist new year, usually in the first half of March. Two monk are chosen every three years to get ready as the potential receptacles. They purify themselves with months of fasting and meditation to make themselves suitable receptacles for receiving the oracles spirits. When possessed they are said to be able to perform many astounding feats such as cutting themselves with knives and walking around the ramparts of the top storey blindfolded with no fear of falling down the precipice below. While in this trance state they answer questions about the prospects for Matho and Ladakh for the coming year as well as personal questions put to them by individuals. However, if skeptical questions are put to the oracle to test him, he is said to react "with a frenzied display of anger."

Matho Monastery, or Matho Gonpa or Mangtro Monastery or Mangtro Gonpa, from the Tibetan "mang" that means "many" and "tro" that means "happiness", is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery located 26 kilometres southeast of Leh in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, northern India, on the banks of the Indus River. The village of Matho is located at the mouth of a deep gorge running out of the Zanskar Range and across the Indus. It is directly opposite Thikse Monastery.

Le monastère de Matho Gompa est situé sur la rive opposée de l'Indus, à d'altitude dans le Ladakh (État du Jammu-et-Cachemire, en Inde). Le monastère se situe face au monastère de Thiksey, un complexe de douze étages et abrite de nombreux objets de l'art bouddhiste et de stupas, et dont l'un des principaux points d'intérêt est le Temple Maitreya. Il est également connu sous d'autres noms Mashro Gompa or Mangtro Gonpa.


Course.

The headwaters of the river are in the Nimba Range of the Guinea Highlands in the country of Guinea and flow south towards the border with Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea it begins to form the border between Guinea and Bong County in Liberia. Flowing generally south, it forms the international boundary for around 6 miles. At Niatande, Liberia, it meets the Mani River and enters Liberia, forming the boundary between Bong and Nimba counties. The river then flows to the southwest for approximately before turning to the southeast for a stretch. Near Zahn it takes a small river, and turns southwest again.  After about it begins to form the boundary between Bong and Grand Bassa counties and turns west for about 10 miles. The river then continues to the southwest, and after approximately it enters Grand Bassa County. After around it turns south for eight miles (13 km) and then flows back to the southwest for approximately 10 miles. Near Shoigabli it turns due south for about where it passes Mount Finley and turns more westerly and flows generally southwest for another 9 miles. Between Zoblum and Alfabli the Saint John widens and flows to the northwest for around before heading west for a mile to Hartford. The river then dives to the southwest for its final 6.5 miles. Here it receives the Mechlin and Benson rivers as it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Edina and Buchanan.

Details.

The river’s drainage basin covers over both Liberia and Guinea. At in length, it is one of the six main or major rivers of Liberia. There are only 16 rivers in the country total. The average annual discharge of the St. John is as measured at the inland station of Baila. During the wet season in October, flows average, while in February during the dry season the flows average at the same location.  The mouth of the river is approximately south and east of the Saint Paul River’s mouth near Monrovia. Flowing generally southwest from its source to the ocean it contains occasional rapids and a waterfall. Near the ocean the river reaches its widest point of about across and is the location of Factory Island, the largest of the many islands in the river. The river received its name from Portuguese explorers in the 15th Century who spotted the mouth on St. John’s feast day.

Aquatic life.

The Saint John River has a variety of aquatic life in and along the shores over the length to the river. Species include the Slender-snouted Crocodile on inland portions of the waterway. There are at least 65 species of fish in the river, including species of Mastacembelidae, Barbus eburneensis, Chrysichthys johnelsi, Killifish, Electric catfish, Nile perch, and Tilapia among others. Birds also use the riverbanks and islands as nesting grounds, including the Three-cusped Pangolin, Palaearctic, Sandpipers, Greenshanks, Little Ringed Plover, and Water Chevrotain in the Kpatawee Wetlands area in Bong County.

The Saint John River is one of the six main rivers in the West African nation of Liberia. With its headwaters in neighboring Guinea, the river flows generally southwest through Liberia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Bassa Cove near Edina in Grand Bassa County. The river has a drainage basin covering.

Le fleuve Saint John est, avec un cours de, l'un des six principaux fleuves du Liberia. Il prend sa source dans les plateaux de la Guinée voisine, adopte un cours orienté globalement vers le sud-ouest à travers le Liberia et se jette dans l’Océan Atlantique à Bassa Cove, près d'Edina dans le Comté de Grand Bassa. Son bassin hydrographique s'étend sur.


Notable instances.

Sports figures.

A number of notable sports teams, including both collegiate and professional, as well as sports personalities, have engaged in the challenge. Notable instances of sport-figure participation include: Television broadcasters who have participated include:  College football teams that posted videos include Old Dominion University, Temple University, University of Pittsburgh, Louisiana State University.

Artists and celebrities.

Once many versions of the challenge began surfacing with Rae Sremmurd's "Black Beatles" as the background music, Rae Sremmurd paused a concert to do a Mannequin Challenge video live on stage.  "Dancing With the Stars" in the U.S. created a video with cast and crew on the dance floor that was posted to dancer Val Chmerkovskiy's Instagram account.  Musical artists who participated included:  Ellen DeGeneres and Warren Beatty created a video of a table tennis game and posted it to Instagram.  "The Late Late Show with James Corden" created an elaborate video of more than 2 minutes and 30 seconds, that involved the entire crew, backstage area and studio audience.  Blac Chyna and Rob Kardashian created a video in the hospital delivery room.  The cast of "Saturday Night Live" created a video along with Kristen Wiig as a promotion for the season's November 19, 2016 episode.  First Lady Michelle Obama froze for the Mannequin Challenge together with LeBron James and the rest of the Cleveland Cavaliers during their visit to the White House to be honored for their NBA Championship victory.  On November 18, 2016, the erotic dance troupe Chippendales uploaded their Challenge on their social medias. On November 22, actress Tracee Ellis Ross coordinated a video before the awarding of the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House, which included celebrities such as Ellen DeGeneres, Robert De Niro, Tom Hanks, Bill Gates, Diana Ross, Rita Wilson, Michael Jordan, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Frank Gehry.  On December 6, celebrity attendees at the 2016 British Fashion Awards participated in the challenge as Gigi Hadid won the award for International Model of the Year. Anna Wintour, Donatella Versace, Christopher Bailey, Franca Sozzani, Kate Moss, Yolanda Foster and Naomi Campbell were also part of it.  On December 14, the Boston Pops Orchestra and Conductor Keith Lockhart participated in the challenge during a rehearsal for the orchestra's 43rd Annual Holiday Pops Season and posted a video on YouTube.  On December 21, the crew of Food Network's Beat Bobby Flay participated in the challenge and posted a video on Facebook  In August 2019, on Young Thug's album So Much Fun one of the songs was named Mannequin Challenge

Politicians.

On November 7, the night before election day, Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton participated in a video with Jon Bon Jovi, Bill Clinton, Huma Abedin and various staffers on her campaign plane.  First Lady Michelle Obama posed for a video with the NBA champions Cleveland Cavaliers at the White House.  Former Managing Director of World Bank Group and current Indonesian Minister of Finance, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, did the challenge after delivering a lecture at Padjadjaran University, along with the Rector and thousands of students whom attended the lecture.  On December 13, Westmount, Quebec's city council became the first municipality to release a mannequin challenge filmed in the council chambers. The video features eight council members and the mayor frozen during a seemingly chaotic council meeting.

Activism.

On November 10, film makers Simone Shepherd, Kevalena Everett and Todd Anthony made a series of videos that re-created scenes related to the Black Lives Matter movement, as a promotional teaser for their feature film "Black in Blue".  In November 2016, the Revolutionaries of Syria Media Office, a Syrian media organisation, published a video showing two White Helmet volunteers performing a staged rescue operation for the meme. The organisation apologised for their volunteers' error of judgement and said it had not shared the recording on their official channels.

Legacy.

Videos of the challenge uploaded to YouTube have been used to advance machine learning research in depth prediction.

The Mannequin Challenge was a viral Internet video trend which became popular in November 2016, in which people remain frozen in action like mannequins while a moving camera films them, often with the song "Black Beatles" by Rae Sremmurd playing in the background. The hashtag "#MannequinChallenge" was used for popular social media platforms such as Twitter and Instagram. It is believed that the phenomenon was started by students at a high school in Jacksonville, Florida. The initial posting has inspired works by other groups, especially professional athletes and sports teams, who have posted increasingly complex and elaborate videos.

Le est un phénomène venant d'Internet et des réseaux sociaux. À l'origine, un groupe de jeunes lycéens américains de Floride aurait produit une vidéo, en, restant immobiles tels des mannequins, sur la chanson Black Beatles de Rae Sremmurd. Les vidéos se sont multipliées au sein des lycées.