Origins.

The term "sergeant" can be given two main definitions; the first being a military rank and the other a governmental role. Whereas technically the two roles were not mutually exclusive, they were very different in roles and duties. The soldier sergeant was a man of what would now be thought of as the'middle class', fulfilling a junior role to the knight in the medieval hierarchy. Sergeants could fight either as heavy to light cavalry, or as well-trained professional infantry, either spearmen or crossbowmen. Most notable medieval mercenaries fell into the'sergeant' class, such as Flemish crossbowmen and spearmen, who were seen as reliable quality troops. The sergeant class were deemed to be 'worth half of a knight' in military value. The office originated in medieval England to serve the sovereign in a police role, much like a bailiff in more recent times. Indeed, the sergeants-at-arms constitute the oldest royal bodyguard in England, dating from the time of King Richard I (around 1189) as a formed body. The title "sergeant-at-arms" appears during the crusades during the reign of King Philip II of France in 1192.  The sergeant-at-arms was a personal attendant upon the king, specially charged with arresting those suspected of treason. Richard I had 24 with him on the Crusades. They were formed into a twenty-strong Corps of Sergeants-at-Arms by King Edward I in 1278, as a mounted close escort. In 1399 King Richard II limited the corps to thirty sergeants, and King Charles II had sixteen. The number was reduced to eight in 1685 and since then it has gradually declined.  The original responsibilities of the sergeant-at-arms included "collecting loans and, impressing men and ships, serving on local administration and in all sorts of ways interfering with local administration and justice." Around 1415, the British House of Commons received its first sergeant-at-arms. From that time onwards the sergeant has been a royal appointment, the sergeant being one of the sovereign's sergeants-at-arms. The House of Lords has a similar officer.  The formal role of a sergeant-at-arms in modern legislative bodies is to keep order during meetings, and, if necessary, forcibly remove any members or guests who are overly rowdy or disruptive. A sergeant-at-arms may thus be a retired soldier, police officer, or other official with experience in law enforcement and security. The Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons has general charge of certain administrative and custodial functions, as well as security within the chamber of the House.

Specific countries.

Australia.

The Australian House of Representatives operates under the Westminster parliamentary system. The Serjeant-at-Arms is a career officer of the Department of the House of Representatives. The ceremonial duties are as the custodian of the mace, the symbol of the authority of the Crown and the House, and as the messenger for formal messages from the House to the Senate. The Serjeant has the authority to remove disorderly people, by force if necessary, from the House or the public or press galleries on the instructions of the Speaker. The administrative duties of the Serjeant include allocation of office accommodation, furniture and fittings for members' offices, coordination of car transport for members, mail and courier services for the House, security for the House and arrangements for school visits. Once a meeting has started in a House the Serjeant will usually stand at the door to keep authority and make sure no one else comes in or out.

Bangladesh.

The Serjeant-at-Arms is the senior official of the National Parliament (Jatiyo Sangshad) who is responsible for maintaining order during sessions and to maintain security and protocol at Parliament under the guidance of Speaker. Presently, Commodore M. Ashraful Haq, a naval officer, is appointed as Serjeant-at-Arms.

Canada.

The Sergeant-at-Arms is the senior official of the House of Commons of Canada. In this role, the sergeant-at-arms is responsible for the building services and security of the House of Commons, and is appointed by the Governor General acting on the advice of the Federal cabinet. The Sergeant-at-Arms carries the mace, the symbol of the authority of the Crown, in the daily parade into the House of Commons chamber.  Provincial legislative assemblies, houses of assembly, national assemblies, and provincial parliaments (the nomenclature for legislatures varying between provinces) also employ sergeants-at-arms.  Although the position has become mostly ceremonial, during the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa, the then Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons, Kevin M. Vickers, assisted RCMP officers in engaging the gunman. Reports show that Sergeant-at-Arms Vickers, alongside RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett, shot and killed the gunman who had gained access to the Centre Block of the Canadian Parliament buildings. René Jalbert, Sergeant-at-Arms of the National Assembly of Quebec, is also known for his role in ending Denis Lortie's killing spree in the Parliament Building on 8 May 1984 by constituting himself hostage and negotiating with the shooter for four hours.

Liberia.

In addition to the president pro tempore, the Senate of Liberia elects a Secretary of the Senate, Assistant Secretary of the Senate and a Sergeant-at-Arms as officers of the Senate, though these positions are not held by sitting senators.

New Zealand.

The New Zealand House of Representatives operates under the Westminster parliamentary system. The current Serjeant-at-Arms is Captain Steve Streefkerk, RNZN (Rtd), a permanent Officer of the House supported by the Chamber and Meeting Support Team.  The Serjeant-at-Arms controls Officials and members staff coming to the House, and the surrounding areas such as the lobbies and the members lounge. There is involvement at Select Committees where the Chairman seeks assistance to maintain good order. The Serjeant-at-Arms sits in the debating chamber opposite the Speaker at the visitors door for each House sitting session to ensure that security is effective, good order is maintained, administers the Members Attendance Register and takes instructions from the Speaker or the other Presiding Officers - Deputy Speaker or two Assistant Speakers, when they are presiding.  The Chamber & Meeting Support Officers control all access to the House, and attend to the needs of the MP's, and officials when the House is undertaking its business.  The Gallery operation for visitors / strangers is controlled by the Parliamentary Service Security Service, but the Speaker and the Serjeant-at-Arms have the overall authority as defined in Standing Orders.  The Clerk of the New Zealand House of Representatives is Mr David Martin Wilson. The Deputy Clerk is Suze Jones.  Past Serjeants-at-Arms in recent times have been Group Captain Manson, Wing Commander Bob McKay, Ms Ipi Cross, Ms Carol Rankin, Mr Donald Cameron, Mr Fred Hutton and Mr Brent Smith.

South Africa.

The Serjeant-at-Arms is a member of the parliamentary staff who acts as the official guardian of the mace, a decorated rod which is the symbol of the authority of the Parliament of South Africa. The mace must be in position in the National Assembly Chamber during a plenary sitting.  The Serjeant-at-Arms is also responsible for maintaining the attendance register of the Members in the House. They must also maintain order in the House and remove people from the House as ordered by the Speaker.  According to the National Assembly Rules, "the Serjeant-at-Arms shall remove, or cause to be removed, any stranger from any part of a Chamber which has been set apart for members only, and also any stranger who, having been admitted into any other part of the Chamber, misconducts himself or herself or does not withdraw when strangers are ordered to withdraw."  The Serjeant-at-Arms is attired in a black tailcoat, waistcoat, starched white shirt, bow tie, and white gloves. The current Serjeant-at-Arms is Regina Mhlomi, who succeeded Godfrey Cleinwerck. The Usher of the Black Rod is Vincent Shabalala whose duty it is to escort the presiding officers of the National Council of Provinces into its Chamber.

Sri Lanka.

The Parliament of Sri Lanka was established in the form of the Westminster parliamentary system. The Serjeant-at-Arms is appointed by the Secretary General of Parliament and is responsible for all ceremonial occasions as the master of ceremonies in Parliament, preservation of order, custody of the Mace, security, admission of visitors, allocation of accommodation within the House and supervision of galleries. Assisting the serjeant-at-arms in his duties would be the Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms and the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms.  Responsible for security, by tradition he is the only officer authorized to carry a weapon (ceremonial sword) inside the Parliament building and is assisted by the Parliament Police Division. Admission of visitors to the precincts of Parliament is controlled by the Serjeant-at-Arms. The Serjeant-at-Arms and Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms would wear a white uniform with medal ribbons during normal sittings of parliament. On ceremonial occasions they would wear a uniform similar to a No. 1 Dress uniform of a Major General in the Sri Lanka Army, with varied gorget patchs and epaulette similar to a flag officer of the Sri Lanka Navy  During the normal Sitting Days of the House, the Serjeant-at-Arms wears a white colour uniform and on Ceremonial Occasions is clad with specially designed black colour Ceremonial Attire. (equivalent to the Rank of the Major-General)  The first serjeant-at-arms M. Ismail MBE was appointed in 1947. Ronnie Abeysinghe was the longest serving Serjeant-at-arms in the history of Sri Lanka. He held the position from 1970 to 1996. The current Serjeant-at-Arms is Anil P. Samarasekara.

United Kingdom.

Parliament.

The Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons is responsible for security matters concerning the House of Commons. The Serjeant, whilst in the Commons overseeing proceedings, can also escort MPs out of the chamber by order of the Speaker of the House. The post dates back to 1415, and has often been held by retired military or police figures (though in recent years those from a civil service background have been appointed). The current Serjeant-at-Arms is Ugbana Oyet (appointed in October 2019); he was previously an electrical engineer in Parliament.  The equivalent officer for the House of Lords is the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod; there was formerly a separate Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Lords, but the two appointments were merged in 1971 (since when the mace has routinely been carried by Black Rod's deputy, the Yeoman Usher).

The Royal Household.

In addition to the above-mentioned officers there are other serjeants-at-arms who attend the sovereign on State occasions, a remnant of the body established by Richard I (though today their role is purely ceremonial). Usually, members of the Royal Household who serve as serjeants-at-arms have had the office bestowed on them as a mark of distinction for long and meritorious service.

Insignia.

The mace serves as a symbol of royal and parliamentary authority. Ten maces are kept in the Jewel House at the Tower of London in addition to those kept by the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Lord Chancellor. As well as carrying their maces, on State occasions each serjeant-at-arms wears a collar of esses as a symbol of his or her office.

United States.

The two houses of the United States Congress maintain the position of sergeant-at-arms. The sergeants are charged with the maintenance of order on the floor of the chamber (in the House, he may "display" the mace in front of an unruly member as an admonition to behave); they serve with the Architect of the Capitol on the commission that oversees the United States Capitol Police and security for the Congress, and they serve a variety of other functional and ceremonial roles.

Other bodies.

Other bodies—from state and local legislative houses (city councils, county legislatures and the like) to civic and social organizations—have created posts of sergeants-at-arms, primarily to enforce order at the direction of the chair and to assist in practical details of organizing meetings. Other duties may include the greeting of visitors or providing security. The sergeant-at-arms may be in charge of the organization's property.  In large organizations, the sergeant-at-arms may have assistants.  A law enforcement officer may serve in the role of sergeant-at-arms or it may be a paid (or unpaid), permanent position in the organization.

A serjeant-at-arms, or sergeant-at-arms is an officer appointed by a deliberative body, usually a legislature, to keep order during its meetings. The word "serjeant" is derived from the Latin "serviens", which means "servant". Historically, serjeants-at-arms were armed men retained by English lords and monarchs, and the ceremonial maces with which they are associated were in origin a type of weapon. ("Sergeant" is a modern UK and North American variant spelling.)

Un sergent d'arme est un officier nommé par une assemblée délibérante, généralement législative, afin de maintenir l'ordre lors des rencontres.


Early life and education.

Schmit studied economics in France at the Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence.

Career.

In 1979, Schmit started his political and diplomatic career as an attaché in the Prime Minister's office in Luxembourg, followed by the Foreign Ministry. In 1989, he became Secretary to the LSAP's delegation in the Chamber of Deputies. He was appointed to the Council of State on 29 October 1991, replacing René Grégorius.  In 2004, Schmit was appointed to the first Juncker-Asselborn Ministry as Minister-Delegate for Foreign Affairs and Immigration, working under Jean Asselborn as Minister for Foreign Affairs.  After the 2009 election, in which Schmit was elected for the Est constituency as the sole LSAP deputy, he did not take his seat but was reappointed to the government. He was promoted to the office of Minister of Labour, Employment and Immigration of Luxembourg. He is the chairman of the EPSCO network of the Party of European Socialists.  Since the 2019 European elections, Schmit has been a Member of the European Parliament, where he belongs to the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) group. He has since been serving on the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

Controversy.

In January 2011, Xavier Bettel claimed that Schmit exerted undue influence on the Grand Ducal Police to drop charges against his 18-year-old son the previous month. Schmit denied that his assistance of his son amounted to undue influence, saying that his 'conscience is clear'.

Personal life.

He is married and has four children.

Nicolas Schmit (born 10 December 1953) is a politician from Luxembourg serving as European Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights since 2019. A member of the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP), he was previously a member of the government of Luxembourg from 2004 to 2019 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2019.

Nicolas Schmit, né le à Differdange (Luxembourg), est un homme politique luxembourgeois, membre du Parti ouvrier socialiste luxembourgeois (LSAP). De à, il est ministre du Travail, de l'Emploi et de l'Économie sociale et solidaire dans le gouvernement dirigé par Xavier Bettel.


Biography.

Education.

While at the film school at UCLA Thomas wrote, produced and directed her master's thesis film, a dramatic feature titled "The Haunting of M", a turn of the century ghost story, shot in Scotland. It was well received by film critics and shown at festivals and art houses.

Film work.

In 1973, Thomas worked with fellow film student Gregory Nava on his master's thesis film, a dramatic feature set in the Middle Ages, "The Confessions of Amans". It was the beginning of a writing collaboration that has spanned more than two decades.  In 1984, Thomas co-wrote and produced "El Norte" with Nava directing. The film was a critical success. Thomas and Nava were nominated for an Academy Award and the film collected honors at various film festivals. In 1995, it was elected to the National Film Registry for the Library of Congress.  Thomas produced "A Time of Destiny" for Columbia Pictures in 1988 and worked for the studio on a few writing jobs.  She returned to the independent film world in 1995 with "My Family", a multi-generational Mexican-American family story set in East Los Angeles which Thomas co-wrote and produced.

Vegetarianism.

While at college, she also wrote her first cookbook, "The Vegetarian Epicure" (Knopf, 1972). The book became a success and is acknowledged as the book that brought pleasure to vegetarian cooking. The book sold over one million copies. A few years later she wrote her second book, "The Vegetarian Epicure, Book Two" (Knopf, 1978). Both books have been translated into several languages, sold in the millions in their various editions, and have remained in print.  In 1996, Thomas wrote "The New Vegetarian Epicure", also published as From Anna's Kitchen, a menu-based cookbook with a new collection of recipes. In 2009, "Love Soup" was published, and in 2016, "Vegan Vegetarian Omnivore".

Today.

Thomas lives in Ojai, California and Los Angeles, where she continues to write screenplays and other fiction. She also teaches at the American Film Institute as a lecturer.

Anna Thomas (born July 12, 1948) is a film screenwriter, film producer and the author of "The Vegetarian Epicure", which contributed to the rise of the vegetarian movement of the 1970s.

Anna Thomas est une scénariste et productrice de cinéma américaine née le à Stuttgart (Bade-Wurtemberg). Elle est aussi auteure de livres de cuisine végétarienne.


Music career.

Lau played guitar in several bands and was a member of the Dutch band Neerlands Hoop Express. In 1979 he founded the band The Scene with Lau as lead singer and guitarist. The band's most well-known songs are "Blauw" and "Iedereen is van de wereld".  Lau left The Scene in 2003 and got touring with keyboardist Jan-Peter Bast in Dutch theaters. In October 2006, he resumed the tour under title "Tempel der liefde" accompanied by Jan-Peter Bast and tango string quartet Pavadita.  In 2007, The Scene had a reunion with Lau and three former band members. (Jeroen Booy, Emilie Blom van Assendelft and Otto Cooymans) They started touring again, and released a new CD.  In 2010, Thé Lau topped the Dutch charts with a collaboration with Dutch rapper Lange Frans, "Zing voor me".

Writing career.

In 2000, he made his debut in literature by writing short stories "De sterren van de hemel" (meaning the stars of heaven). In 2003, his writings were published in a book titled "Thé Lau, de teksten". His first novel was Hemelrijk in 2004, followed by a collection of music stories entitled "In de dakgoot" (meaning in the gutter). In 2007 his work has appeared in "1000 vissen", a collection of stories about the Amsterdam's neighborhood Spaarndammerbuurt where Thé Lau had been living and working for 15 years.

Illness and death.

Lau was diagnosed with throat cancer in August 2013 and was told he could not be cured in April 2014. He died in June 2015 in Amsterdam.

Discography.

Source for Thé Lau discography / Source for The Scene discography:  Non-charting Charting

Matheus J. "Thé" Lau (17 July 1952 – 23 June 2015) was a Dutch musician and writer. Besides his solo career, he was the lead singer of the Dutch band "The Scene". He was born in Bergen, North Holland.

Matthew J. Lau, dit Thé Lau, né le à Bergen, en Hollande-Septentrionale (Pays-Bas) et mort le à Amsterdam, est un musicien, chanteur et écrivain néerlandais.


Background.

Howard Davies-Carr, the father of the boys, said the video was "simply an attempt to capture the boys growing up". While watching the finger-biting scene on his camera after recording it, it "didn't particularly stand out". It was not until he transferred the video onto his computer a few weeks later and played it again that he found it to be comedic.  The Davies-Carr family lives in the United Kingdom. Howard uploaded the video onto YouTube so that it could be watched by the boys' grandfather, who was living in the United States. He chose YouTube because the size of the video file was so big that it could not be sent by email. Originally the video was set to private and he mentions, "I was just about to remove (the video) before it exploded. but once it had (exploded) I had lost control of the clip anyway so I left it." Howard commented on the video: "The clip only went up as I wanted to share it with the boys' grandfather. I was naive about the whole YouTube thing. It became viral and once that happened there was nothing I could do. People have sent lovely comments and messages and I now upload a new video of the boys every six weeks."

Views.

"Charlie Bit My Finger" had received 2.6 million views on YouTube by the start of February 2008 and 12 million views by March 2008. In December 2008, it was the twelfth most viewed video on YouTube with 65 million views. By April 2009, the video had received 92 million hits. It became the second most viewed video in August 2009, and took over the title as the most viewed video ever at the end of October 2009, when it surpassed "Evolution of Dance". By November 2009, "Charlie Bit My Finger – Again!" had received over 130 million views. In addition to being the most viewed, it was also the "most favourited" and the second "most discussed" video on the website in the United Kingdom. In a May 2009 report compiled by Visible Measures, which measures video hits across 150 video-sharing websites, "Charlie Bit My Finger" was the thirteenth most viewed viral video on the Internet. This then earned the a place on the big fat quiz of the naughties as the mystery guests, where Noel Fielding guest they were attacked by baboons.  By the end of 2011, it had been surpassed by music videos Justin Bieber's "Baby", Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance", Eminem feat. Rihanna's "Love the Way You Lie", Shakira's "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)" and Jennifer Lopez feat. Pitbull's "On The Floor", becoming the 6th most viewed video on YouTube. Despite being able to regain its position to number 3 (and becoming the third YouTube video to reach 800 million views), it has been since surpassed by many other videos, dropping out of 30 most viewed YouTube videos. As of September 2019 it has received over 870 million views. As of June 2020, the video had reached 874 million views, with over 2 million likes.

Legacy.

As a result of the video's inadvertent fame, the boys gained recognition. Following the video, multiple clips were uploaded by their father to YouTube. They feature Jasper, the third child in the family. Shelley Davies-Carr, their mother, commented on the success: "Susan Boyle has never had the hits we have had. The video got on to a college networking site in the U.S. and from there it went viral. I think the British accents have helped make it so globally viewed." According to a 2008 interview with Shelley, the boys feel embarrassed when they see themselves on television. She also noted that in 2008 they were "shy about their new fame." Howard commented in 2009 that his sons "are now almost legendary. People want their autographs, it's just crazy."  In their list of YouTube's 50 greatest viral videos, "Time" ranked "Charlie Bit My Finger" as number one.  The video's lasting impact was underscored by the Davies-Carr family's appearance as mystery guests on Channel 4's "Big Fat Quiz of the '00s" on 30 September 2012. Among the references to the video includes an episode of the U.S. television series "The Office".  In a 2012 interview Howard Davies-Carr discussed the pitfalls of his sons' accidental fame saying, "There are an awful lot of unscrupulous people out there who will try and take advantage of people that don't understand what they have." When it comes to the topic of the boys getting older, the boys' father has reflected, "When the boys get to 18, I'd like them to think back and think, 'O.K., I've got something in my life which is more than just what I was when I did the 'Charlie Bit Me' video."  The parents have passed on invitations to talk shows and on making public appearances in media outlets.  In 2014, during his "After The Oscar's Special" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", Jimmy Kimmel enlisted the help of many big-name celebrities to showcase some of YouTube's greatest videos. The first video to be showcased was "Charlie Bit My Finger" and was parodied in a video entitled "Bitman Begins" and featured Tom Hanks, Meryl Streep, and brothers Chris & Liam Hemsworth. Chris played the role of Harry, while Liam played the role of Charlie. The video was a mock trailer for a film featuring the actors. The climactic scene takes place on the roof of a building where Harry wants revenge on Charlie for biting his finger. "Harry" screams the line "Charlie bit me, Charlie bit my finger!" They fall off the roof onto the street below. "Harry" then utters the famous line "Ouch Charlie, that really hurt" while "Charlie" just laughs.  In an April 2015 interview, Charlie said he thought it was "a bit odd that loads of people have watched it." Also according to the interview, Charlie and Harry's parents have made "thousands" from the video through advertising and sponsorship.  The Davies-Carr family now includes two additional sons, Jasper and Rupert.  Osama bin Laden had the video in his computer's audio/visual collection.  A sound-clip from this video features in the first track ("Pulse 8") of the 2015 album Integrity by grime MC Jme.

Financial impact.

It was reported that in 2011 the family made over £100,000 in advertising revenue from the video. The profit from the video was enough that the family could afford to purchase a new house.  Their success has been compared to winning a lottery, a so-called "meme lottery". Since the "Charlie Bit My Finger" video was posted, other videos of babies have gone "viral" on YouTube and the families are monetising them, often making over US$100,000.  In response to requests from viewers online the family created "Charlie Bit My Finger" T-shirts, mugs and limited edition calendars.  The family signed into a partnership with a Viral Spiral, a viral meme video management company specialising in viral videos, which has helped place the viral video in meme advertisements for companies like Sprint and helped to create a viral meme brand. There was also news of a web series featuring the boys in the works.

"Charlie bit my finger - again!", more simply known as "Charlie Bit My Finger" or "Charlie Bit Me", is a 2007 internet viral video famous for formerly being the most viewed YouTube video. As of January 2020, the video has received over 870 million views.

, plus connue sous les titres ou, est une vidéo virale diffusée sur le site YouTube le 22 mai 2007. Elle est notamment connue pour avoir entraîné un phénomène Internet et pour avoir été durant quelques mois la vidéo comptant le plus de vues au monde. En juin 2018, elle compte environ 861 millions de vues et est en quinzième position du classement.


Construction.

The cathedral was built on the style of 17th century traditional Russian churches with a central dome representing Christ with 4 smaller domes representing the four evangelists on designs made by V. Kosyakov. It was built to serve as the cathedral church of the Russian navy stationed in Karosta. The cornerstone was laid in the presence of a number of dignitaries including Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. The cathedral was completed two years later in 1903 and was formally consecrated and dedicated to the patron saint of seafarers in the presence of the Tsar himself.

WWI.

The cathedral's belongings, including bells and icons, were transported to Russia during the outbreak of WWI, for safe keeping. The rest of the items were stolen by the Germans who invaded Latvia. After independence in 1918, the church was converted into a Lutheran church to serve the Latvian navy personnel.

Soviet Occupation.

The cathedral continued to function as place of worship until the Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944. The soviets prohibited anyone entering the Karosta area which was turned into a secret soviet navy territory. Consequently, the cathedral was converted into a gymnasium, a cinema and a recreation and entertainment room, referred to as the'red corner' for the needs of sailors and soldiers. The interior of the central dome was closed to eliminate the Acoustics which made it difficult for navy personnel to hear movies in the cinema.

Independence.

After Latvia's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the cathedral was given back to the Latvian Orthodox Church under the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church with the first service taking place that same year in December.

Mosaics and Paintings.

The mosaics were designed by V. Frolov, while the wood carvings and gilding of the iconostas were made by P. Abosimov. The paintings of the central and the right-side altar spheres were made by F. Railyan and the frescoes of the left-side altar spheres were painted by M. Vasilyev.

The St Nicholas Naval Cathedral () () is a Russian Orthodox cathedral church located in Karosta in the north of Liepāja, Latvia.

La cathédrale navale Saint-Nicolas (en russe : Свято-Никольский морской собор ; en letton: Svētā Nikolaja pareizticīgo Jūras katedrāle) est une église russe orthodoxe située en Lettonie sur les bords de la mer Baltique dans la ville portuaire de Liepaja (quartier de Karosta, autrefois Port-Alexandre III). Elle dépend de l'archidiocèse orthodoxe de Riga.


High school career.

Winslow was a four-year starter at St. John's School in Houston, Texas. He started and ended his career at St. John's with league championships. He was the 2013 Gatorade Texas Player of the Year and averaged 27.5 points, 13.6 rebounds, 3.5 assists, 2.1 blocks and 1.8 steals per game as a senior in 2013–14. Winslow was selected as a McDonald's All-American in 2014.

College career.

Winslow averaged 14 points and five rebounds in his first five games in a Duke uniform. Duke coach Mike Krzyzewski compared Winslow's game to that of former Duke stars Tommy Amaker and Grant Hill. On February 9, 2015, Winslow was named ACC Freshman of the Week, and later earned honorable mention All-ACC honors. In the NCAA tournament, Winslow averaged 14.3 points and 9.3 rebounds per game en route to a national championship. He played in 39 games for Duke as a freshman, averaging 12.6 points, 6.5 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.3 steals in 29.1 minutes per game.  In April 2015, Winslow declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final three years of collegiate eligibility.

Professional career.

Miami Heat (2015–2020).

2015–16 season.

On June 26, 2015, Winslow was selected by the Miami Heat with the 10th overall pick, in the 2015 NBA draft. On July 3, 2015, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Heat. He made his debut for the Heat in the team's season opener against the Charlotte Hornets on October 28, recording five points and seven rebounds off the bench in a 104–94 win. On November 6, he had a then season-best game with 13 points and eight rebounds in a loss to the Indiana Pacers. On January 11, he made his first career start, recording seven points and three rebounds in a loss to the Golden State Warriors. On February 22, he recorded a season-high 15 points, seven rebounds and four assists in 39 minutes off the bench in a 101–93 win over the Indiana Pacers. On March 14, he topped his season-high mark with 20 points in a 124–119 win over the Denver Nuggets. During his rookie year, coach Erik Spoelstra consistently called on Winslow to defend the most lethal attackers in the league, from LeBron James to James Harden, as he developed into a defensive stopper. At the season's end, he earned NBA All-Rookie Second Team honors.

2016–17 season.

Winslow started all nine games for the Heat to begin the season before missing the next 16 with a sore left wrist. On December 22, 2016, he had a season-best game with 23 points and 13 rebounds in a 115–107 win over the Los Angeles Lakers, as he set a career high for points and tied a career best in rebounds. On January 5, 2017, Winslow was ruled out for the rest of the season after undergoing surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right shoulder.

2017–18 season.

Winslow played in all 27 games to begin the season, and scored a season-high 15 points on December 9 against the Brooklyn Nets. He then missed 14 games with a knee strain between December 15 and January 10. On February 5, he scored 16 points against the Orlando Magic. He twice scored 17 points between February 24 and March 1, before setting a season-best 18 points on April 4 against the Atlanta Hawks. On March 12, he recorded 15 points and a season-high 13 rebounds against the Portland Trail Blazers. In Game 3 of the Heat's first-round playoff series against the Philadelphia 76ers, Winslow scored a season-high 19 points in a 128–108 loss.

2018–19 season.

On November 3, 2018, in his first start of the season, Winslow had 15 points, 10 rebounds and eight assists in a 123–118 loss to the Atlanta Hawks. On December 10, he scored a career-high 28 points with six 3-pointers in a 108–105 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. After teammate and starting point guard Goran Dragić suffered a right knee injury, Winslow was named as Miami's starting point guard in mid-December. On December 28, he had 24 points, 11 rebounds and seven assists in a 118–94 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On January 10, he recorded a career-high 11 assists in a 115–99 win over the Boston Celtics.

Memphis Grizzlies (2020–present).

On February 6, 2020, Winslow was acquired by the Memphis Grizzlies in a three-team trade also involving the Minnesota Timberwolves.

National team career.

In 2012, Winslow played for the United States at the FIBA Under-17 World Championship, where he was named to the All-Tournament Team. In 2013, he played at the FIBA Under-19 World Championship. In 2014, he played at the FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship.

Personal life.

Winslow is the son of Robin Davis and Rickie Winslow. His father played basketball for the University of Houston from 1983–87, where he was a member of the famed Phi Slama Jama team that included Hakeem Olajuwon and Clyde Drexler, and was selected 28th overall by the Chicago Bulls in the 1987 NBA draft. Winslow has three older brothers, Cedrick, Brandon and Josh; and an older sister, Bianca. His brother, Josh, plays football at Dartmouth, while sister, Bianca, is a basketball player at Houston.

Justise Jon Winslow (born March 26, 1996) is an American professional basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils where they won the 2015 NCAA Championship.

Justise Winslow, né le à Houston, Texas (États-Unis), est un joueur américain de basket-ball. Il évolue aux postes de meneur et ailier.


Saison cyclonique 2016 dans l'océan Atlantique nord

Seasonal forecasts.

Ahead of and during the season, several meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes will form during a season, and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of the University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), United Kingdom Met Office (UKMO), Coastal Carolina University (CCU), Colorado State University (CSU), and North Carolina State University (NCSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the predicted weakening of the 2014–16 El Niño event. On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes, with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.

Pre-season forecasts.

The first forecast for the year was issued by CSU on December 11, who anticipated that one of four different scenarios could occur. The scenario considered most likely was that Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and thermohaline circulation (THC) would be stronger, but effects from El Niño would remain, resulting in a slightly above average season. The next most likely scenario was that both the AMO and THC would strengthen and the El Niño effects would cease to exist, causing a well above average season. In the other two scenarios, which were given the same probability of occurrence, the AMO and THC would weaken and the effects of El Niño would either disappear or some would remain, resulting in either a near average or well below average season.  TSR subsequently issued their first outlook for the 2016 season during December 16, 2015 and predicted that activity would be about 20% below the 1950–2015 average, or about 15% below the 2005–2015 average. Specifically they thought that there would be 13 tropical storms, 5 hurricanes, 2 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 79 units. A

Mid-season outlooks.

CSU updated their forecast on June 1 to include 14 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes to include Tropical Storm Bonnie. It was again updated on July 1 to include 15 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes, to accommodate for tropical storms Colin and Danielle. On July

Seasonal summary.

The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2016. It was an above average season and the most active since 2012, producing a total of 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. The first storm, Hurricane Alex, developed on January 12, while the final system, Hurricane Otto, made a crossover to the Eastern Pacific on November 25. The higher-than-normal activity was attributed to many factors. Most significantly, one of the strongest El Niño events recorded in history rapidly dissipated, transforming to cool-neutral conditions across the Pacific in late summer. This led to warmer than normal sea surface temperatures across the Atlantic, though the subtropical regions were slightly cooler than normal; slightly lower than normal sea level pressures; and reduced wind shear, especially in the Caribbean Sea, which had experienced record values of wind shear in the past recent years. Moisture levels, however, were anomalously dry, which likely prevented some of the storms from becoming significant hurricanes. Steering currents had also been different from past years, which had previously had a trough of low pressure dominating the East Coast of the United States. The tropical cyclones of this season caused about $16.1 billion in damage and at least 748 deaths, being the costliest season since 2012, the deadliest since 2008. The Atlantic hurricane season officially ended on November 30, 2016. The year opened up with an anomalous storm in January: Hurricane Alex, the first such system to develop in January since 1938. Activity picked up at the end of May into June, with three consecutive tropical storms: Bonnie, Colin, and Danielle. The latter two were the earliest third- and fourth-named storms on record. July saw no storm development for the first time in four years, however. August saw the formation of

Systems.

Hurricane Alex.

A weak area of low pressure developed over northwestern Cuba in association with a stationary front on January 6. The frontal wave intensified as it moved into the central Atlantic, temporarily attaining hurricane-force winds by January 10. Steered by anomalous high pressure, the disturbance turned southeast and tracked over warmer waters. Its associated fronts dissipated, its wind field became more symmetric, and convection increased near the center, leading to the formation of Subtropical Storm Alex by 18:00 UTC on January 12. Despite marginal ocean temperatures, Alex benefited from rapidly cooling upper-air temperatures, and it intensified quickly while turning northeast. The presence of deeper convection near the center and an eye on conventional satellite showcased the storm's transition into a fully tropical

Tropical Storm Bonnie.

An area of low pressure developed into Tropical Depression Two at 18:00 UTC on May 27, while situated about northeast of Great Abaco in the Bahamas. Moving steadily west-northwestwards, Bonnie intensified into a tropical storm on May 28. Shortly thereafter, the storm reached its peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). However, due to hostile environmental conditions, Bonnie weakened to a depression hours before making landfall just east of Isle of Palms, South Carolina, on May 29. Steering currents collapsed afterwards, causing the storm to meander over South Carolina for two days. The storm weakened further into a non-tropical remnant low on May 31, before emerging off the coast while moving generally east-northeastwards. On June 2, Bonnie regenerated into a tropical depression just offshore North Carolina as conditions became slightly more favorable. The next day, despite increasing wind shear and cooling sea surface temperatures, Bonnie reintensified into

Tropical Storm Colin.

On May 27, a tropical wave exited the coast of Africa. By early June, the wave entered the Caribbean Sea and spawned a low pressure system. The low remained disorganized with only isolated convection, mostly in the eastern quadrant. Convection began to wrap into the center as the storm curved northward into the Gulf of Mexico on June 3. After the low passed over the Yucatán Peninsula on June 5, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) upgraded it to Tropical Depression Three. Later that day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Colin. Gradually curving northeastwards, Colin remained disorganized as it accelerated towards the coast of Florida on June 6. The NHC noted that there was uncertainty in locating the circulation center, instead taking the midpoint between two small-scale circulations. However, the NHC increased the winds to 50 mph (85 km/h) following

Tropical Storm Danielle.

A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on June 8, reaching the southwestern Caribbean Sea by June 15. Convection increased that day, and further organized after the system entered the Bay of Campeche three days later, subsequently leading to the formation of a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on June 19. Steered west-northwest and then northwest by a mid-level ridge, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Danielle by 06:00 UTC on June 20 and attained peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) six hours later. Interaction with land began to weaken the storm a few hours later, and Danielle made landfall near Tamiahua, Mexico with winds of 40 mph

Hurricane Earl.

On July 26, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. The disturbance's rapid movement prevented significant development for several days. By August 2, a reconnaissance aircraft reported a closed circulation and tropical storm-force winds. As a result, the disturbance became Tropical Storm Earl around 06:00 UTC. Steered generally westward by a ridge over the South United States, Earl intensified amid warm ocean temperatures and low shear, attaining hurricane intensity and peaking with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) on August 3. Earl struck Turneffe Caye in Belize around 04:00 UTC on August 4 and then made landfall just south of Belize City about two hours later. It quickly weakened over land, but emerged into the Bay of Campeche on August 5 as a minimal tropical storm. A Hurricane Hunters mission flew into Earl later on August 5, measuring 60 mph (95 km/h) winds. The cyclone made

Tropical Storm Fiona.

Late on August 14, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave and its associated convection off the west coast of Africa for potential development. Steered northwest toward a weakness in the subtropical ridge over the central Atlantic, the wave organized sufficiently to become a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC on August 16. The depression slowly organized after formation and developed of a central dense overcast feature,

Hurricane Gaston.

On August 17, the NHC highlighted the potential for tropical cyclogenesis off the western coast of Africa in subsequent days. A weak area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave emerged into the eastern Atlantic three days later, and the disturbance steadily coalesced into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on August 22, about 305 mi (490 km) southwest of the southernmost Cabo Verde Islands. The depression organized while heading northwest, intensifying into Tropical Storm Gaston six hours later and attaining hurricane intensity by 12:00 UTC on August 24, in accordance with data from satellites and an NASA Global Hawk unmanned aircraft. After its initial peak in intensity, Gaston's satellite appearance began to degrade as an upper-level low imparted strong southwesterly shear on the cyclone, causing it to weaken back to a tropical storm. Upper-level winds slackened early on August 27, and a timely microwave pass highlighted the presence of a low-level eye well embedded

Tropical Depression Eight.

A broad low pressure developed on August 26 as a frontal boundary stalled near Bermuda and weakened. Early on August 27, the low became well-defined, but lacked sufficient convection, and was plagued by unfavorable conditions such as dry air and moderate wind shear. However, a large burst of convection near and to the west of the center prompted the upgrade to Tropical Depression Eight at 12:00 UTC on August 28 about southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. A ridge to the north steered the depression westward into an area of moderate wind shear. Late on August 28, the center became exposed from the convection, but convection increased again after about 24 hours. As it approached the Carolina coastline

Hurricane Hermine.

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa between August 16 and August 17. The wave failed to develop for several days due to its quick movement and dry air. Deep convection eventually consolidated and a circulation finally developed by August 28, with a tropical depression developing at 18:00 UTC, about 60 mi (100 km) south-southeast of Key West, Florida. Initially, the depression moved westward, until a break in a ridge caused it to move northeastward early on August 31. Around that time, the cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Hermine. The storm steadily intensified into an 80 mph (130 km/h) Category 1 hurricane by early on September 2, becoming the first hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since Ingrid in 2013. Hermine made landfall near St. Marks, Florida, at 05:30 UTC. After moving inland, Hermine quickly weakened and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 3 near the Outer Banks of

Tropical Storm Ian.

On September 5, the NHC indicated that the development of a tropical cyclone was possible in the East Atlantic over subsequent days. A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 6, slowly coalescing into Tropical Storm Ian by 06:00 UTC on September 12. Steered north and the northeast by an approaching upper-level trough, the cyclone struggled within an environment of high shear, with its low-level center displaced west of its associated convection.

Tropical Storm Julia.

On September 1, a tropical wave entered the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. A low pressure area developed after a burst in convection near the Leeward Islands around September 6, but dry air and wind shear inhibited further development. At 06:00 UTC on September 13, the system maintained sufficient organization to become a tropical depression. Around that time, it made landfall in Jensen Beach, Florida. Despite being inland, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Julia over Jacksonville and peaked with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) shortly thereafter. The cyclone drifted north-northwestward and then northeastward, moving offshore the Southeastern United States on September 14 under

Tropical Storm Karl.

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 12. The wave steadily organized while passing through the Cabo Verde Islands, and attained sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on September 14. Strong shear plagued the cyclone, with its low-level circulation misplaced from the convection. By 06:00 UTC on September 15, however, a significant burst of deep convection prompted the depression's upgrade to Tropical Storm Karl. The cyclone continued west for several days across the unfavorable central Atlantic, with convection sheared to the northeast and the circulation occasionally becoming poorly defined. Despite continued predictions of intensification into a powerful hurricane, Karl instead succumbed to the hostile conditions and

Tropical Storm Lisa.

On September 14, the NHC noted the potential for tropical cyclone development in the East Atlantic later in the week. A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 16, developing into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on September 19, about 225 mi (360 km) west-southwest of the southernmost Cabo Verde Islands. On September 20, the

Hurricane Matthew.

A tropical wave developed into Tropical Storm Matthew near Barbados on September 28. Continuing westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge, the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 18:00 UTC on September 29. The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day, and Matthew began a period of rapid intensification; during a 24-hour period beginning at 00:00 UTC on September 30, the cyclone's maximum winds more than doubled, from 80 mph (130 km/h) to 165 mph (270 km/h), making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane, the first since Hurricane Felix in 2007. Due to upwelling

Hurricane Nicole.

A tropical wave developed into Tropical Storm Nicole about northeast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, early on October 4,  Gradual intensification continued throughout the next few days before briefly stopping, then later resuming on October 11 as the storm turned towards Bermuda and re-strengthened to Category 1 status. On October 12, Nicole became a Category 2 hurricane again. Later on the same day, Nicole became a major hurricane upon reaching Category 3 intensity. The next day,

Hurricane Otto.

On November 15, a broad low pressure area developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. After an increase in convective organization, the system developed into a tropical depression about north of Colón, Panama late on November 20. Fueled by warm waters and good outflow, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Otto by 06:00 UTC on November 21. Otto deepened into a hurricane on November 23 while drifting westward; this was the latest date for a tropical cyclone to reach that intensity over the Caribbean Sea, one day later than the previous record set by Hurricane Martha in 1969. Otto rapidly intensified throughout the following day, and at 17:30 UTC November 24, the storm made landfall on the southern Nicaragua coast near San Juan de Nicaragua at

Other system.

On September 15, Météo-France began monitoring a cyclone in the Bay of Biscay that they claimed was subtropical, having apparently possessing an asymmetric wind field of tropical-storm force winds and a warm thermal core. However, American meteorological agencies disagreed and determined it was non-tropical, as proven by surface analysis data from NOAA, which showed that the cyclone still had an occluded front connected to it – signs that usually indicate an extratropical cyclone. The system drifted southeastwards, attaining a

Storm names.

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2016. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2022 season. This was the same list used in the 2010 season, with the exceptions of "Ian" and "Tobias", which replaced "Igor" and "Tomas", respectively. The name "Ian" was used for the first time this year.

Retirement.

On March 26, 2017, at the 39th session of the RA IV hurricane committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names "Matthew" and "Otto" from

Season effects.

This is a table of all the storms that formed in the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2016 USD.

The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season was the first above-average hurricane season since 2012, producing 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes and 4 major hurricanes. The season officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30, though the first storm, Hurricane Alex which formed in the Northeastern Atlantic, developed on January 12, being the first hurricane to develop in January since 1938. The final storm, Otto, crossed into the Eastern Pacific on November 25, a few days before the official end. Following Alex, Tropical Storm Bonnie brought flooding to South Carolina and portions of North Carolina. Tropical Storm Colin in early June brought minor flooding and wind damage to parts of the Southeastern United States, especially Florida. Hurricane Earl left 94 fatalities in the Dominican Republic and Mexico, 81 of which occurred in the latter. In early September, Hurricane Hermine, the first hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Hurricane Wilma in 2005, brought extensive coastal flooding damage especially to the Forgotten and Nature coasts of Florida. Hermine was responsible for five fatalities and about $550 million (2016 USD) in damage.

La saison 2016 des ouragans (cyclones tropicaux dans l'océan Atlantique) devait s'étendre officiellement du au selon la définition de l'Organisation météorologique mondiale. Cependant, elle a commencé exceptionnellement tôt lorsque l'ouragan "Alex" a fait son apparition au sud des Açores en dépit d’eaux plus froides et de la circulation causant normalement trop de cisaillement pour la formation d'un cyclone tropical.


Questionnaire.

1. Are there previous conclusive reports on this reaction?  "Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know or not done (0)"  2. Did the adverse events appear after the suspected drug was given?  "Yes (+2) No (-1) Do not know or not done (0)"  3. Did the adverse reaction improve when the drug was discontinued or a specific antagonist was given?  "Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know or not done (0)"  4. Did the adverse reaction appear when the drug was readministered?  "Yes (+2) No (-1) Do not know or not done (0)"  5. Are there alternative causes that could have caused the reaction?  "Yes (-1) No (+2) Do not know or not done (0)  6. Did the reaction reappear when a placebo was given?  "Yes (-1) No (+1) Do not know or not done (0)"  7. Was the drug detected in any body fluid in toxic concentrations?  "Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know or not done (0)"  8. Was the reaction more severe when the dose was increased, or less severe when the dose was decreased?  "Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know or not done (0)"  9. Did the patient have a similar reaction to the same or similar drugs in any previous exposure?  "Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know or not done (0)"  10. Was the adverse event confirmed by any objective evidence?  "Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know or not done (0)"  Scoring

References.

A*l-Tajir GK, Kelly WN. Epidemiology, comparative methods of detection, and preventability of adverse drug events. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:1169-1174. Abstract

The Naranjo algorithm, Naranjo Scale, or Naranjo Nomogram is a questionnaire designed by Naranjo "et al." for determining the likelihood of whether an ADR (adverse drug reaction) is actually due to the drug rather than the result of other factors. Probability is assigned via a score termed definite, probable, possible or doubtful. Values obtained from this algorithm are often used in peer reviews to verify the validity of author's conclusions regarding adverse drug reactions. It is also called the Naranjo Scale or Naranjo Score.

L'algorithme de Naranjo, aussi appelé échelle de Naranjo ou nomogramme de Naranjo est un questionnaire conçu par Naranjo "et al." pour déterminer la probabilité qu'une réaction indésirable à un médicament (en anglais ADR pour adverse drug reaction) est réellement due au médicament plutôt qu'à d'autres facteurs. Une probabilité est affectée sur une échelle « certain, probable, possible, douteux » à partir d'une série de notes. Les scores obtenus par cet algorithme sont parfois utilisés dans les critiques de pairs pour vérifier la validité des conclusions de l'auteur au sujet des réactions indésirables.


Facts.

The Applicant, Mr Euan Sutherland was born in 1977, and after realising he was homosexual, had his first sexual encounter with another homosexual man at the age of 16. Although the Applicant was never prosecuted, there was a justified fear that he may be since, in 1990, 455 prosecutions had given rise to 342 convictions and, in 1991, 213 prosecutions gave rise to 169 convictions. This fear led the Applicant to bring the complaint to the Commission.  Under section 12(1) of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 it was an offence for a person to commit buggery with another person and under section 13 it was an offence for a man to commit an act of "gross indecency" with another man, whether in public or private. The Sexual Offences Act 1967 stated that no offence is committed if both parties are aged 21 or over and consented to the acts.

Judgment.

The Commission considered the application and following a hearing published its findings on 1 July 1997. The published findings show that the Commission considered a very wide range of opinions and factors, including the rationale for a higher age of consent for homosexual acts, opinions from medical staff as to what a suitable age limit is and whether a different age for heterosexual and homosexual acts is discriminatory.  The commission found that the existence of different age limits was discriminatory and that no valid grounds existed to justify that discrimination. They therefore found that the age of consent for homosexual acts should be lowered to 16. In arriving at their conclusion the commission cited their reasoning in the previous cases, "Dudgeon v United Kingdom" and "Norris v. Ireland".  In response to the commission's findings the Applicant and the UK Government, on 13 October 1997, submitted an agreement that a Bill would be proposed to Parliament the summer of 1998 to reduce the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16. They agreed that once the legislation was passed the Government would pay reasonable costs and the parties would apply to the Court for approval of a friendly settlement.  The Government brought the "Crime and Disorder Bill" to Parliament in June 1998 which contained a provision to reduce the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16. Those provisions were accepted by the House of Commons, but were rejected by the House of Lords. The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Bill was introduced to the House of Commons on 16 December 1998 and the relevant provisions were again endorsed by that house, but were later rejected by the House of Lords.  The provisions were then reintroduced for a third time under the Parliament Act 1911 such they could pass into force after a delay of one year.  On 28 January 2000, the Bill was re-introduced before the House of Commons and was passed by 263 votes to 102. It was then introduced into the House of Lords on 29 February 2000, where, on 11 April 2000 its Second Reading was not opposed, but some Lords stated they would propose amendments. As a result, the Bill was adopted under the Parliament Act at the end of the 2000 Parliamentary year and the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 received Royal Assent on 30 November 2000 and was brought into force on 8 January 2001.  Following a series of requests for extensions, the Court received notification from the Government on 23 January 2001 that the age of consent had been equalised and then on 1 February 2001 that the Government had paid the Applicant's costs. Accordingly, on 27 March 2001, the case was struck out of the Court's lists.

Sutherland v United Kingdom originated as a complaint by Mr Euan Sutherland to the European Commission of Human Rights that the fixing of the minimum age for lawful homosexual activities at 18 rather than 16, as for heterosexual activities, violated his right to respect for private life under Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The complaint was first filed on 8 June 1994 and ultimately led to the equalisation of the age of consent for homosexual and heterosexual acts.

Sutherland c. Royaume-Uni est un arrêt de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme datant du qui stipule que l'établissement d'une distinction entre majorité sexuelle hétérosexuelle et homosexuelle constitue une discrimination. La majorité sexuelle pour les relations hétérosexuelles était alors fixée à 16 ans contre 18 ans (depuis 1994, 21 ans auparavant) pour les relations homosexuelles.


History.

The earliest known house on the site was Berkshire House, built in about 1626–27 for Thomas Howard, second son of the Earl of Suffolk and Master of the Horse to Charles I of England when he was Prince of Wales. Howard was later created Earl of Berkshire.  After being occupied by Parliamentarian troops in the English Civil War, used for the Portuguese Embassy, and lived in by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, the house was lived in by Charles II's mistress Barbara Villiers, who was made Duchess of Cleveland in 1670, following which the house was known as Cleveland House. She refaced the old house and added new wings. After being owned for some years by a speculator, the house was sold in 1700 to John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgwater, after which it passed by inheritance until 1948.  Cleveland House was re-designed in the Palazzo style by Sir Charles Barry in 1840. The rebuilding was completed and renamed in 1854 for Lord Ellesmere, heir of the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater. It is built in Bath stone with a slate roof in three storeys with a basement.  The building was damaged in the Second World War by a bomb in the street and was subsequently adapted for office use. It was sold by John Egerton, 6th Duke of Sutherland. By 1979, it was the corporate head office of Tube Investments, the British engineering and metals conglomerate.  In 1981, Bridgwater House was purchased for £19 million and restored by Yiannis Latsis, a Greek shipping magnate, and it is still owned by his family.

Art collections.

The Marquess of Stafford had Cleveland House extended in 1803–1806 by architect Charles Heathcote Tatham to accommodate the Stafford Gallery (renamed the Bridgwater Gallery in Bridgwater House), where the collections of paintings of the Duke of Bridgwater and his nephew and heir George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland (whose second son Ellesmere was) were on at least semi-public display.  The collection included about 70 paintings from the famous Orleans Collection, some of which are now in the Sutherland Loan to the National Gallery of Scotland. The collection was opened in 1803, and it could be visited on Wednesday afternoons over four, later three, months in the summer by "acquaintances" of a member of the family, or artists recommended by a member of the Royal Academy.  The painting "Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers", thought lost in a World War II air raid, was rediscovered in 2009.

Bridgewater House is a townhouse located at 14 Cleveland Row in the St James's area of London, England. It is a Grade I listed building.

Bridgewater House est situé à côté du palais St. James à Londres en Angleterre. Propriété de la famille des ducs de Bridgwater et de Sutherland de 1700 à 1948, le palais aristocratique fut orné des armoiries de la famille Egerton. Reconstruit du style italianisant en 1840 par Sir Charles Barry, il est endommagé gravement pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


Amateur career.

Meyer attended Greensburg High School in Greensburg, Indiana, and played for his high school's baseball team. In 2008, his senior year, Meyer had an 8–0 win–loss record, a 0.95 earned run average (ERA), and 108 strikeouts in 51 innings pitched. Meyer was named a high school All-American, Indiana's Mr. Baseball, and the Indiana Player of the Year by Gatorade and Louisville Slugger in 2008.  The Boston Red Sox selected Meyer in the 20th round of the 2008 MLB Draft. Despite being reportedly offered as much as $2.2 million as a signing bonus, Meyer chose not to sign with the Red Sox so that he could follow through on his commitment to attend the University of Kentucky to play college baseball for the Kentucky Wildcats baseball team. In 2011, his junior year, Meyer had a 7–5 win–loss record with a 2.94 ERA, and led the Southeastern Conference with 110 strikeouts.

Professional career.

Washington Nationals.

The Washington Nationals selected Meyer in the first round, with the 23rd overall selection, of the 2011 MLB Draft. Before the 2012 season, MLB.com rated Meyer as the 83rd best prospect in baseball. He pitched for the Hagerstown Suns of the Class A South Atlantic League in 2012, and was named to appear in the All-Star Futures Game at midseason.

Minnesota Twins.

After the 2012 season, the Nationals traded Meyer to the Minnesota Twins for Denard Span. The Twins invited Meyer to spring training in 2013. After the 2013 season, he participated in the Arizona Fall League. The Twins also invited Meyer to spring training in 2014. Before the 2014 season, "Baseball America" ranked Meyer as the 45th best prospect in baseball. Pitching for the Rochester Red Wings of the Class AAA International League in 2014, Meyer was named to the All-Star Futures Game as a replacement for teammate Trevor May.  Meyer began the 2015 season with Rochester. After struggling with a 7.09 ERA in his first eight starts, Meyer began working as a relief pitcher. He pitched to a 0.53 ERA with 20 strikeouts and six walks in 17 innings. The Twins promoted Meyer to the major leagues on June 25. He pitched in two games for the Twins, in which he allowed five runs, including three home runs, in innings. The Twins demoted Meyer to Rochester, where he pitched to a 7.65 ERA in the next 20 innings he pitched, followed by innings pitched without allowing a run to end the season.  In 2016, the Twins decided to send Meyer to Rochester to begin the season as a starting pitcher. The Twins promoted Meyer to the major leagues on April 25, but optioned him back to Rochester on May 3, after making two appearances for Minnesota.

Los Angeles Angels.

On August 1, 2016, the Twins traded Meyer and Ricky Nolasco plus cash for Angels pitchers Hector Santiago and Alan Busenitz. Meyer was optioned to the Triple-A Salt Lake Bees on April 22, 2017.  On September 11, 2017, Angels general manager Billy Eppler announced that Meyer will undergo surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right shoulder. Meyer was on the disabled list since the middle of July. In 13 starts with the Angels, Meyer went 4-5, with a 3.74 ERA, while striking out 75 batters. He was designated for assignment on November 22, 2018 after missing the entire 2018 season. In late December 2018, he re-signed with the Angels to a minor league deal. Meyer retired from professional baseball on June 25, 2019, citing multiple surgeries and countless hours of rehab marking the end of the road.

Personal.

During the baseball offseason, Meyer serves as a substitute teacher at Greensburg High School. Meyer was married to Kyra Domingo in November 2015 in his hometown.

Alex John Meyer (born January 3, 1990) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played college baseball for the Kentucky Wildcats and has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins and the Angels. He officially announced his retirement from professional Baseball on June 25th 2019 due to injuries. He had last played for the Los Angeles Angels in 2017.

Alex John Meyer (né le à Greensburg, Indiana, États-Unis) est un lanceur droitier des Angels de Los Angeles de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


Biography.

Early life.

The future writer was born in the city of Bratislava ("Pressburg"). Her father was either Hungaro-Slovak or Slovak-Hungarian. On her mother's side, she was ethnic German. Dumbravă herself was raised into German culture, and therefore perceived as a German. Fanny spent her earliest childhood moving between the various parts of Austria-Hungary, visiting Vienna at age 4. A year later, her family had emigrated to the Kingdom of Romania, as friends of the Romanian King, Carol I. Her father worked as an insurance executive, and is credited by some historians with being supervisor of the Masonic Lodge "zur Brüderlichkeit".  The royal family soon took notice of Fanny's piano-playing, of her talent for writing German-language poetry, and of her passion for reading Romanian romantic literature. At the court in Sinaia, she became a confidant and lady-in-waiting of Queen Elisabeth and, in July 1884, made her entry into high society as a guest of the royal couple.  In 1886, Fanny Szekulics became a philanthropist and social activist, founding Tibișoiul Society and providing Sunday school for lower-class children. In later years, she was mainly active as a music critic, art promoter, researcher at the Romanian Academy and lecturer on religious subjects, working with sculptor Carol Storck and musicologist Ion Popescu-Pasărea. In 1905, she established, together with politician Vintilă Brătianu, Chindia Society, for the preservation and cultivation of Romanian folklore, specifically folk dances. She was joined there by socialite Frozy Nenițescu, who recalled that, at least originally, the society fought against oriental influences in Romanian dress and shunned the "noise-making" "tarafuri", and was in turn criticized for its "exclusivity". Their work was documented in a 1913 film by Nicolae Barbelian, which commits to cultural memory ten individual national dances taught at Chindia.  Fanny followed her father's Masonic beliefs and joined into the controversial "Rites of Adoption" Masonry. She corresponded with Annie Besant and "Le Droit Humain", becoming recognized as Diva of the Rosy Cross 9th Degree, and probably used the Chindia group in the recruitment of new members.

Literary debut.

Szekulics' first published volume is "Der Haiduck" ("The Hajduk"), printed by W. Wunderling of Regensburg in 1908. The same year, translated by Teodor Nica, it saw print with Carol Sfetea of Bucharest, as "Haiducul" (second edition and third, 1911; fourth edition, 1914). Pseudonymous, the book enjoyed the allure of mystery, and some assumed that it was in fact a literary attempt by Queen Elisabeth. The latter had in fact suggested Szekulics' pen name, which echoes the mountainous surroundings of Sinaia: Lake Bucura and the common noun "dumbravă" ("grove").  A historical novel, "Der Haiduck" was described in "Mercure de France" as a fresco of "Romania's first patriots", with an "entrapping subject matter" and a "perfectly adequate sobriety" of tone. In Transylvania, critic Ilarie Chendi reported being pleasantly surprised by both the book and the good reception it received in Germany. According to Chendi, the work was notable for its sympathetic depiction of the Romanian peasants, with their "clean and ancient way of life". Critics were drawn to Szekulics' minute historical research, which included the verification of historical records in the Hurmuzachi collection, but also inspiration from the popular novels of N. D. Popescu-Popnedea. More controversially, she borrowed heavily from a family manuscript on hajduk Iancu Jianu, and was therefore suspected of plagiarism. The work was also criticized for perpetuating the negative myth of Nikola Abraš (or "Iabraș"), Jianu's main ally, as a traitor to the hajduk insurgency.  "Der Haiduck" came out a second time, in 1912, with a foreword by Elisabeth (signed with her pen name, "Carmen Sylva"). The same year, Dumbravă completed her "history of the Wallachian uprising of 1821", as "Der Pandur" ("The Pandur"). It too was published by Wunderling in Germany, and, in Eliza Brătianu's translation, by Carol Sfetea, before being entirely redone in Romanian by the author herself. The narrative centers on the folk hero Tudor Vladimirescu, depicted as the impersonation of national awakening, but also as a ruthless commander and a blunt politician.  "Der Pandur" was a sequel to "Der Haiduck". The final part of this trilogy, focusing on the Wallachian Revolution of 1848, was burned, by accident, before it could be published. Dumbravă never returned to it, but, by 1918, was conceiving of another novel, tentatively called "Book of Sibyl". She still registered success as an amateur musician. In 1913, at Elisabeth's Peleș Castle, her piano-playing accompanied famous the Romanian violinists George Enescu and Dimitrie Dinicu.

Hiker and philanthropist.

During those decades, the friendship between Dumbravă and Queen Elisabeth centered on their shared interest for hiking through the Southern Carpathians, to and from Sinaia. For Dumbravă, traveling was already a weekly pastime. As recalled by witnesses of these escapades, the physically unattractive and myopic Dumbravă was much admired for her joyful spirit and her adventure-seeking. She wore tailor-made mountaineer's clothes, rode a "famous mare" named Liza, and set up her main camp at the Ialomiței caves. According to Frozy Nenițescu, Dumbravă also took political risks, crossing back into Austria-Hungary, and irritating the Hungarian Border Guard officials with her presence.  With the discovery of this passion, Szekulics turned her attention to travel literature. According to comparatist Luiza Marinescu, her subsequent work should be regarded as fitting in with the Romanian tradition of "descriptive romantic literature" (Alexandru Odobescu, Alexandru Vlahuță, Calistrat Hogaș, Nicolae Iorga), but also as informing the German public about "Romanian specificity". More specifically, critic Mihail Dragomirescu suggests, Szekulics was a disciple of the "Junimea" society. Himself a member of "Junimea", Dragomirescu places the female novelist among the authors illustrating the neoromantic "national ideal" literature promoted, ca. 1900, by cultural theorist Titu Maiorescu.  By 1914, Fanny Szekulics was helping with Queen Elisabeth's charities, a member of the "Ladies' Committee" at the Queen Elisabeth Polyclinic, Bucharest, and a co-manager of Țesătoarea Career School. With Mărgărita Miller Verghy, Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan and other women writers, Sadoveanu was also a founding member of the "Româncele Cercetașe" Association, an early branch of Romanian Scouting, and, in this respect, predecessor the "Asociația Ghidelor și Ghizilor din România".  Soon after, Carol I died, leaving Elisabeth a widow. Reportedly, Dumbravă was able to revive her friend's interest in hiking and literature even after this incident, and, together with the queen, began work on a book of meditation, the never-completed "Cartea Îngerilor" ("Book of Angels"). She delivered one of Elisabeth's funeral orations upon her death in November 1916.

"Cartea munților" and Touring Club.

Fanny Szekulics resumed her activity after World War I. While new editions of "Haiducul" came out in 1919 and 1925, Dumbravă put out editions of her best-selling new essays: "Cartea munților" ("The Book of the Mountains") and "Ceasuri sfinte" ("Holy Hours"). Her first works to be written directly in Romanian, they consolidated her reputation among conservatives and monarchists. According to M. Dragomirescu: ""Cartea munților" [is] a masterpiece of sound Romanian inspiration and healthy language [...]. Therein is so much love of nature, so much intimacy with the mountains' godly beauties, [...] that it is, without doubt, one of the best works in our literature." At the traditionalist review "Transilvania", literary chronicler Ion Georgescu upheld "Ceasuri sfinte" as the antithesis of modernist literature, and as such "a blessing on the Romanian soul".  The new writings blended cultural activism, social ideals, and contemplation of natural beauty. "Cartea munților" thus stands out for promoting environmental protection, with exhortations such as: "Demand, for each and all, the right to rest in the bosom of nature, the right to sunlight, to fresh air, to the green forest, to the thrills of the desire to climb up mountains". She was welcoming in influences from the Western Spiritualists, quoting at length from Emanuel Swedenborg's views on the purified and purifying energy of the mountains, concluding: "The discovery of alpine beauty has been a victory of soul over matter." Mystical, ethical and self-help subjects formed the bulk of "Ceasuri sfinte", which revives and reinterprets symbolic episodes from various religious sources: the Book of Jeremiah, the Biblical apocrypha, the Acts of the Apostles, Joan of Arc's call to arms, etc.  Szekulics' literary fragments and chronicles were published in various magazines of the day, including "Convorbiri Literare", "Ideea Europeană", "Cuget Românesc", Henric Sanielevici's "Curentul Nou", Gala Galaction's "Cultul Eroilor Noștri", and George Bacaloglu's "Cele Trei Crișuri". Such essays included a 1919 introduction to the Synarchist ideas of Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, explaining them as a superior mix of "nationalism" and "humanitarianism".  Dumbravă's activism resulted in the creation of modern national tourism associations: in 1921, "Hanul Drumeților" (Travelers' Inn), followed in 1925 by the Romanian Touring Club. She co-opted other locally famous hikers: physician Nestor Urechia, who is mentioned in her writings as "The Great Bear", geographer Mihai Haret, and writer Emanoil Bucuța of "Boabe de Grâu" journal, who recognized in her one of the founders of Romanian "Carpathianism". According to Bucuța, Dumbravă presided over a "school" of hiking, which was less daring and more accessible than the mountaineering promoted by her male colleagues.  At its height, the Touring Club enlisted 4,000 members, grouped into 12 regional subsections, publishing specialized topographic maps, marking tourist paths, and actively protecting the environment. The circle was joined by the young poet Luca Caragiale, who was supposed to compose verse for "Cartea munților", and by Mircea Eliade, the future novelist and historian of religions.  Despite old age, Szekulics resumed her active lifestyle. In 1923, she was in Switzerland, where she climbed the Matterhorn, returning in 1925 to escalate one of the Mont Blanc glaciers. Back in Romania, she set up a regional standard for women's rock climbing, after reaching the summit of Omu Peak. She later settled in Bran borough, at Poarta village, where she intended to set up her own hostel.

Theosophy and final years.

During the latter part of her life, Szekulics became an avid participant in Theosophy, a modern spiritual movement centered on the teachings of Helena Blavatsky. According to Bucuța, this was a natural step from her "credo", the love of travel as physical exercise, to her belief in eternal transition, or reincarnation. Together with E. F. D. Bertram of Ploiești, the writer founded Romania's first Theosophist Circle, "Frăția" ("Brotherhood"). Located at her Dorobanți townhouse, it was originally a section of the Theosophical Society chapter in France, but soon emancipated itself as an autonomous Society branch, and set up its own regional network.  Her circle introduced Romanians to the writings of Jiddu Krishnamurti, with the 1924 collection "La picioarele învățătorului" ("By the Feet of the Teacher"), translated in her own hand. Like the other prominent Romanian Theosophists, Szekulics affiliated with the Romanian Masonic section, that paid obedience to the National Union of Lodges. She held Spiritist sessions at the Marmorosch Blank Hall, with Luca's brother, Mateiu Caragiale, and feminist Eugenia de Reuss Ianculescu as (more or less implicated) witnesses.  Szekulics, called "perhaps the most involved" Romanian Theosophist by author Constantina Raveca Buleu, eventually presided upon the Theosophical Society's Romanian chapter (est. 1925). Her contributions as a cultural journalist saw print in several new papers, for instance the Theosophical Society sheet "Știri și Însemnări", Constantin Angelescu's "Democrația", and the Association of Christian Women's "Foaia Noastră". She was also involved as an auditor and reviewer for the feminist Romanian Women Writers' Society, alongside Sofia Nădejde and Laura Vampa.  As a result of her Theosophical conversion, Szekulics became fascinated with the concepts of Indian philosophy, and dreamed of traveling to the British Raj. She got her chance in late 1925, when she was invited to the Theosophical Society Conference, in Adyar. Frozy Nenițescu, who walked her off to Gara de Nord, recalls that Dumbravă was highly emotional traveling "into the land of her dreams."  Dumbravă took the journey, arriving at Mumbai port, and then taking the Indian Railways to Chennai (Madras). At Adyar, she met Krishnamurti. She then took trips through the Bengal Presidency and the Kingdom of Mysore.  Having contracted malaria, Szekulics fell seriously ill on her way home. The ship she was on left her in Port Said, Egypt, where she was quickly transported to hospital. Her health worsened and she died there on January 26. According to legend, she had hoped to see the Carpathians, believing that only their sight could cure her. For reasons unknown, her body was cremated, and her ashes were transported back to Romania inside an Egyptian vase.

Legacy.

Shortly after her death, Fanny Szekulics was honored with a memorial piece in "Convorbiri Literare", signed by Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș, the art historian and courtier. Similarly, "Țara Noastră" journal assessed: "Her ashen hand [...] will find a good shelter in the soil of our country—a welcoming and loving mother to all those who understand her". The Bucura Dumbravă Peak, located in the Bucegi and identified by some with the sacred "Kogaionon", was named in the writer's honor.  Her last volume, grouping her letters, came out in 1927 as "Pe drumurile Indiei. Cele din urmă pagini" ("On India's Roads. The Very Last Pages"). Moreover, in 1928, "Der Haiduck" inspired a Romanian film, with Horia Igirosanu as director. Part of Szekulics' estate was passed on to Elena Râmniceanu and the Romanian Institute for Social Studies. It was set up as the annual Bucura Dumbravă Award for Ethics, and had as its first recipient Emanoil Bucuța. A "friends of Bucura Dumbravă" circle still reunited periodically in commemoration of her death, and, in 1934, published a tribute volume, "Când trec anii" ("As Years Pass").  Her books went through several reprints, before, during, and after World War II, and inspired illustrations by woman artist Olga Greceanu. In 1942, "Der Haiduck" was used by C. N. Mihăilescu and Ion Șahighian as the basis for another feature film, "Iancu Jianul".  Despite being relatively famous in her lifetime, Bucura Dumbravă was generally ignored by later schools of literary criticism. As noted by Luiza Marinescu, "she was not included in neither Romanian literary histories nor German ones" (with the exception of "Enciclopedia Cugetarea", 1940), and was disregarded for her presence on Queen Elisabeth's "camarilla". Writing in 1935, essayist Petru Comarnescu opined that Bucura Dumbravă's work had a "local" character, and was far less important than that of her modernist peers—Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu, Henriette Yvonne Stahl. Still, Perpessicius writes, "Cartea munților" survives as the ""vade mecum" of hiking".  Authors were more interested in her adventurous life and her Theosophical ideas. Completed shortly after her death, the novel "Craii de Curtea-Veche" by Mateiu Caragiale makes a sarcastic reference to her as "the theosophist Papura Jilava", briefly seen dancing with the antagonist. As a mystic who died mysteriously, Szekulics is notably mentioned in Mircea Eliade's 1940 novella, "Secretul doctorului Honigberger".  After the establishment of a communist regime, Dumbravă's work, with its monarchist connections, was removed from the literary canon. In the Romanian diaspora, however, two more editions of her work were published (1954, 1956). At home, such reconsideration came in 1969, when historian Dumitru Almaș and Editura Tineretului republished Brătianu's 1912 translation; literary critic Mircea Handoca also put up a 1970 reprint of "Cartea munților", at Editura Stadion. A ballet adaptation of "Haiducul" was also produced by the Romanian National Opera, followed in 1982 by another "Iancu Jianu" film, with Dinu Cocea as director and Adrian Pintea as the star actor.  Still, biographical entries on her were scarcely found in specialty works until the Romanian Revolution of 1989, when she came to be mentioned in standardized writers' dictionaries. In 2011, cartoonist Vali Ivan relied on her "Der Haiduck" to draw a graphic novel about the times of Iancu Jianu.

Bucura Dumbravă, pen name of Ștefania "Fanny" Szekulics, Szekulicz or Seculici (December 28, 1868 – January 26, 1926), was a Hungarian-born Romanian genre novelist, cultural promoter, hiker and Theosophist. Her literary work, mainly written in German, covers romantic stories about the legendary feats of hajduk heroes. They brought her commercial success in both German-speaking Europe and Romania, and were prefaced by Queen-consort Elisabeth of Wied.

Bucura Dumbravă fut le pseudonyme de Ștefania « Fanny » Szekulics, Szekulicz ou Seculici, née le et morte le, écrivaine roumaine d'origine hongroise et alpiniste. Son œuvre littéraire, principalement écrite en allemand, raconte des histoires de haïdoucs et de leurs légendaires exploits. Ils lui apportèrent le succès commercial en Roumanie et en Europe germanophone et furent préfacés par la reine Élisabeth de Wied.


History.

Javanese cooking tradition has a long history, derived from Javanese indigenous elements, and along its history, was enrichen by foreign influences — including Indian, Chinese and European influences. Ancient dishes and recipes was mentioned in numbers of Javanese "prasasti" (inscription) and modern historians has been succeed on deciphered some of them. The inscriptions from Medang Mataram era circa 8th to 10th century mentioned several ancient dishes, among others are "Hadangan Harang" (water buffalo minced meat satay, similar with today Balinese "sate lilit"), "Hadangan Madura" (water buffalo meat with sweet palm sugar), and "Dundu Puyengan" (eel seasoned with lemon basil). Ancient beverages include "Nalaka Rasa" (sugarcane juice), "Jati Wangi" (jasmine beverage), and "Kinca" (tamarind juice). Also various "Kuluban" (boiled vegetables served in spices, similar with today "urab") and "Phalamula" (boiled yams and tubers served with liquid palm sugar).  In Javanese culture, food is an integral part of traditional ceremonies. For example "selamatan" ceremony often performed as a symbol of gratitude, are usually involving a communal feast where participants, guests and attendances are invited to eat together. Food are usually prepared, cooked and served together. It also symbolyzes "gotong-royong" (working together), "guyub" (harmonious communal spirit), abundance and gratitute.

Ingredients.

Rice is an important food crop in Java, dating back to ancient times. The Javanese are known to revere Dewi Sri as the Rice Goddess. Steamed rice is the common staple food, and is served at every meal. "Tumpeng", a cone-shaped yellow rice is essential in slametan, Javanese traditional ceremonies. Rice can be processed into "lontong" or "ketupat", or cooked in coconut milk as "nasi liwet" or colored with turmeric as "nasi kuning" (yellow rice). Other sources of carbohydrate such as "gaplek" (dried cassava) is sometimes mixed into rice or replaces rice. "Gaplek" is usually consumed by poor commoners during hard times when rice is scarce. Tubers such as yam, taro, and sweet potato are consumed as snacks in between meals. Bread and grains other than rice are uncommon, although noodles and potatoes are often served as accompaniments to rice. Potatoes are often boiled then mashed, shaped into discs, spiced, coated in beaten eggs and fried into "perkedel". Wheat noodles, "bihun" (rice vermicelli), and "kwetiau" are influences of Chinese cuisine. The Javanese adopted these ingredients and made them their own by adding "kecap manis" (sweet soy sauce) and local spices to create "bakmi Jawa", "bakmi rebus", and "bihun goreng". Vegetables feature heavily in Javanese cuisine, notably in vegetable-heavy dishes such as "pecel", "lotek", and "urap".  Coconut milk, peanut sauce, "gula jawa" (palm sugar), "asem jawa" (tamarind), "petis", "terasi" (shrimp paste), shallot, garlic, turmeric, galangal, ginger, and chili "sambal" are common ingredients and spices that can be found in Javanese cuisine. Freshwater fishes such as carp, tilapia, gourami and catfish are popular, while seafood such as tuna, red snapper, wahoo, ray, anchovy, shrimp, squid, and various salted fish are popular in coastal Javanese cities. Chicken, goat meat, mutton and beef are popular meats in Javanese cuisine. Next to common farmed chicken, the "ayam kampung" or free-range chicken, is popular and valued for its leaner, more natural flavors. Almost 90% of Javanese are Muslim, and consequently, much of Javanese cuisine omits pork. However, in small enclaves of Catholic Javanese population around Muntilan, Magelang, Yogyakarta, and Klaten, pork might be consumed. Few ethnic groups in Indonesia use pork and other sources of protein considered "haram" under Muslim dietary laws in their cuisine, most prominently Balinese cuisine, Indonesian Chinese cuisine, and Manado cuisine.

Influences.

Compared to the spicy and curry-like cuisine of Sumatra that is heavily influenced by Indian cuisine, Javanese cuisine is most notably influenced by Chinese and European with some local touch. Javanese cuisine in different areas show different foreign influences. For example, Chinese influences is prevalent in Semarang, Yogyakarta, and Cirebon; Indian and Arabic influences in Surabaya, Lamongan, and Gresik; and European influences in Solo and Malang.  Javanese cuisine may also have contributed and influenced foreign cuisines. Javanese "botok", for example, has influenced the South African bobotie dish. Because of the dispersion of Javanese people outside of Indonesia, the Javanese cuisine has influenced the cuisine of Johor in Malaysia, Singapore and the cuisine of Suriname. The influence of Javanese cuisine has contributed significantly to the food of Johor. Malaysian-Javanese dishes such as "nasi ambeng", "soto ayam", "pecel", "tempe", and "sambal tempe" are popular in Malaysia.

Outlets.

Javanese households usually purchase fresh ingredients from the local market every morning, cook and serve them in the late morning to be mainly consumed for lunch. The leftovers are stored to be heated again for family dinner. Other than homemade family dishes, Javanese cuisine are served from humble street side carts and "warung"s, to fancy restaurants in five-star hotels. Small family-run "warung"s are the budget options for street food, serving everything from family dishes for full meals, or snack foods. The popular simple Javanese cuisine establishments are the budget food of "Warung Tegal," which are mainly established by Javanese from Tegal city, and the "Angkringan" street side carts in Yogyakarta and Solo that sold cheap "sego kucing" and various "wedang" (hot beverages). In Javanese tradition, it is common to dine in "lesehan" style, which is sitting cross-legged on the mat while dining in front of short-legged table. It was started as a "warung" lesehan street food dining popular among tourists along Malioboro street in Yogyakarta. Today, Javanese "lesehan" foodstalls can be found in several cities, including Surakarta, Semarang and Jakarta.

Central Javanese cuisine.

The food in Central Java is influenced by the two ancient kingdoms of Yogyakarta and Surakarta (also commonly known as Solo). Most of Central Javanese dishes are indigenously developed, however in coastal cities such as Semarang and Pekalongan, notable Chinese influences can be seen, such as "lumpia" (spring roll) and "bakmi Jawa". While in royal court of Surakarta, the European influences can be seen, such as "bistik Jawa" and "selat Solo". Many of Central Java-specific dishes contain the names of the area where the food first became popular, for example:

Banyumas.

Refers to Javanese cultural region of Western Central Java bordering West Java, including Banyumas, Tegal, Brebes, Cilacap, Kebumen, Purbalingga, and Banjarnegara.

East Javanese cuisine.

The East Javanese cuisine is largely influenced by Madurese cuisine - Madura being a major producer of salt, hence the omission of sugar in many dishes. Many of the East Javanese dishes are also typically Madurese, such as "soto" Madura and "sate" Madura, usually sold by Madurese settlers. Notable Arabic and Indian cuisine influence also can be found such in the coastal cities of Tuban, Gresik, Surabaya, Lamongan, and Sidoarjo, due to the large number of Arabic descendants in these cities. Although there are many dishes with town names attached to them, local versions of these are available in every town. The most popular town-associated dishes are:

Common Javanese dishes.

These are the common Javanese dishes, which can be found throughout Java regardless of the location.

Javanese cuisine is the cuisine of Javanese people, a major ethnic group in Indonesia, more precisely the province of Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java. Though the cuisine of Sumatra is known for its spiciness with notable Indian and Arabic influences, Javanese cuisine is more indigenously developed and noted for its simplicity. Some of Javanese dishes demonstrate foreign influences, most notably Chinese.

La cuisine javanaise est la cuisine des Javanais, une ethnie majoritaire en Indonésie, et plus précisément dans les provinces de Java central, Yogyakarta et Java oriental. Bien que la cuisine de Sumatra soit connue pour ses épices et ses influences indiennes et arabes, la cuisine javanaise est plus marquée par son originalité et sa simplicité. Certains plats peuvent toutefois être marqués par des influences étrangères, et notamment chinoises.