Geographic Overview.

Occupying the southwest part of South America, Chile is normally divided into three geographic areas:  The latitudinal width of the country, which spans over 39° (over 72° if the Chilean Antarctic Territory is included) its elevation and influence of the Pacific Ocean are the main factors behind the climatic variety and landscape of Chile, which determines the development of the formation of different ecosystems in the country.  The main Chilean attractions are the 6,435 km long coast, the Andean ski resorts, the mountains and volcanoes, and the islands and archipelagos, including Easter Island. The country has 14 natural monuments, 36 National Parks, 10 biosphere reserves, 52 natural reserves, 39 sanctuaries of Nature, and 12 Ramsar wetlands, mainly in the extreme parts of the country.  Souvenirs one can buy in Chile include wines, copper etches, wood carvings, and textiles.

Norte Grande.

The Atacama Desert, the driest desert in the world was picked in October 2014 by Lonely Planet to be among the 10 top travel regions of 2015. The desert, which has been inhabited for several thousand years, makes up the main portion of the Norte Grande. A myriad of geoglyphs, petroglyphs and pictographs attest the presence of ancient cultures in the area. Among the most remarkable are those of Azapa Valley, Lluta Valley, the Atacama Giant and Pintados Geoglyphs, these latter are protected within the Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve. R. P. Gustavo Le Paige Archaeological Museum and the Archaeological Museum of San Miguel de Azapa are home to the most important collections of artifacts and mummies in Chile, including the famous Chinchorro mummies, the oldest mummies in the world, of the Chinchorro culture buried between 5000 and 1700. C. The extreme aridity of the Atacama has been a key factor in the preservation of such archaeological remains.  The Chuquicamata copper deposit boasts the largest open pit mine in the world and the remains of extractions made from 12,000 and 10,000 years ago in an iron oxide mine, the oldest mine in the continent.  Arica is a coastal city with beautiful beaches and is also a starting point for travelers heading east to Putre for enjoying the majestic Puna landscape of Lauca National Park. Southward from Lauca, Volcán Isluga National Park includes ceremonial sites for the Aymara people.  Inland from Iquique, the desolate pampas are home to a few scattered towns and villages. Among those, the most interesting is the ghost town of Humberstone, declared World Heritage by UNESCO in 2005. In this area the tamarugo forests of the Pampa del Tamarugal break the barren monotony of the landscape.  The altiplano of Norte Grande has a wide variety of natural scenery including salt flats, volcanoes, lakes and geysers. San Pedro de Atacama and surrounding area offer one of the most spectacular combinations of archeology and awe-inspiring natural sights. San Pedro was the cradle of the Atacameño Culture. Villages with interesting cultural past are Caspana, Toconao, Socaire and Chiu Chiu. Notable are also the pre-Hispanic fortresses of Quitor, Lasana and Turi. Antofagasta is the largest city in Norte Grande. La Portada, a stunning natural arch, is located a short drive from Antofagasta.  Pan de Azúcar National Park is a park where sea and desert meet.  Also, there more than a dozen of astronomical facilities, including optical observatories and radio observatories. Among others, the most important are: Paranal (VLT), at an altitude of 2635 meters above sea level, is the world's most advanced and powerful astronomical observatory. the ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array), to date the largest astronomical project in the world; and La Silla, all dependent of ESO (European Southern Observatory).  In this area can be seen the flowering desert, a phenomenon that occurs between September and November with normal range rainfall in the desert. In the end of the Norte Grande, near Putre, is the Lake Chungará, one of the highest lakes in the world at 4500 m above sea level, and Parinacota volcano. San Pedro de Atacama is frequently visited by foreign tourists who go to appreciate the architecture of the town, the highland lakes, and the Moon Valley, so named because its landscape resembles the moon.  The coastal resorts of the Norte Grande, like Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, see an increase in national tourism during the summer months.

Norte Chico.

The Andes of Norte Chico are home to many of the highest volcanoes in the world, the highlight being the Ojos del Salado, the highest active volcano in the world at 6,891.3 meters tall and the highest peak in Chile. It is also the second highest peak in the Southern and Western hemispheres. Apart from Ojos del Salado and other volcanoes, attractions in this portion of the Andes include Nevado Tres Cruces National Park and Laguna Verde.  Norte Chico boasts some of the best beaches and exclusive coastal resorts in the country, such as Bahía Inglesa and those of La Serena, and Coquimbo. These also see an increase in national tourism during the summer months.  The clear skies of Norte Chico and its world-renowned infrastructure have made it ideal for astronomical tourism.  Elqui Valley is a very popular destination. In January 2015, the travel section of "The New York Times" said the Elqui Valley as the 5th of the 52 places it had to visit in 2015. Here, the dazzling green of the valley floor contrasts nicely with the barren brown slopes of the mountains that flank it.  Also found within Norte Chico is El Tatio Geyser Field, the largest geyser fields in the Southern Hemisphere and the third largest in the world.  The syncretism between Aymara tradition and Catholicism has produced festivals and religious traditions, such as those dedicated to Virgen del Carmen in La Tirana and to Virgin of Andacollo, and carnivals. The Baile chino, one of the manifestations of religious fervor, was declared Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2014.

Zona Central.

This area is home to the main ski resorts in Chile, which attract a significant number of tourists from the northern hemisphere because the reversed alpine skiing season. They are Chapa Verde, Portillo, Valle Nevado and Termas de Chillán. Furthermore, Wine tourism is common in Zona Central, and the Wine Routes of the Casablanca, Cachapoal and Colchagua valleys are some of the finest in Chile.  Apart from the national capital itself and its many attractions, the metropolitan region surrounding Santiago includes several attractions such as the Cajón del Maipo, Pomaire, and some of the oldest vineyards in the country, as well as various archaeological sites.  Due to its proximity to the capital, the coast of the Valparaiso Region has the largest number of tourists during the summer months, primarily on the central coast and in Viña del Mar. The latter city is considered the "tourist capital of Chile" thanks to its thirteen beaches, its various entertainment centers, one of major casinos in the country, and the International Song Festival of Viña del Mar, the largest and best-known festival of Latin America.  Valparaíso is a wonderful, amphitheater-shaped city, whose historic quarter has been recognized as a World Heritage Site.  Santiago, the capital and main urban center of Chile, home to many historic sites and heritage. Within the Greater Santiago, there are 174 heritage sites under the custody of National Monuments Council (CMN), among which are archaeological, architectural and historical monuments, in addition to typical or picturesque areas. Of these, 93 are located within the commune of Santiago, considered the "historic center" of the city Although no Santiagan monument was even declared World Heritage by UNESCO, three have already been proposed by the Chilean government: the Incan sanctuary cerro El Plomo, the church and convent of San Francisco and Palace of La Moneda Meanwhile, in June 2012, the magazine "National Geographic" listed the Central Market of Santiago as fifth out of the ten best in the world. In January 2011, the travel section of "The New York Times" listed the city of Santiago as the first of the 41 places it had to visit that year, while TripAdvisor considered it the sixth best destination of South America in 2012.  The O'Higgins Region, south of Santiago, is known as "Huaso country" for its rural "criollo" culture. Pichilemu, in the O'Higgins Region, is reputed to have the best beaches for Surfing in Chile, if not the world. Other tourist sites in the O'Higgins region include the historically significant city of Rancagua, and the Rio de los Cipreses nature reserve.  Furthermore, in this area of the country are El Teniente, the most underground mine of copper in the world, and the mining town of Sewell, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2006.  Further south in the Maule and Bio Bio regions are the Radal Siete Tazas National Reserve and Laguna del Laja National Park.

Zona Sur.

Araucanía Region is the heartland of the Mapuche people. This area exhibits an incipient development of Indigenous tourism, in different sectors. in the coastal area of Araucania Ethnological tourism is developed on the banks Mapuche Budi Lake.  The Chilean Patagonia, the circuit of the Seven Lakes and various national parks like Conguillío, Vicente Pérez Rosales, the oldest in Chile and most visited of the country in 2011; Puyehue National Park between others.  The Andean sector of Araucania, highlight the great national parks, such as Conguillio National Park the forest of araucarias, Villarrica National Park, huerquehue National Park, Tolhuaca National Park besides the national reserves as Alto Biobio National Reserve, Malalcahuello National Reserve, Nalcas National Reserve, Malleco National Reserve, China Muerta National Reserve.  The capital of Araucania is Temuco, city of different service, hotels, tourist circuits, airport, markets, and the symbolic and historic sectors, the Cerro Ñielol Natural Monument is an icon of this city, and the most important tourist point.  Valdivia is one of Chile's most beautiful cities, recognition received mainly because of its lush natural surrounding. South from the city lies the colonial Valdivian Fort System.  Also in this area of the country are the Lake O'Higgins, the deepest lake of the Americas and fifth in the world with 836 meters; On the other hand, several studies have located the oldest archaeological remains of the current Chilean continental territory in Monte Verde, Los Lagos Region, about 14,800 B.C., at the end of Upper Paleolithic, making it the first known human settlement in the Americas.  The Lake District is characterized by piedmont lakes crowned by snowcapped volcanoes, whose lower flanks are covered with lush forests of native trees. Lovely lake-resort towns and villages dot the lakesides, chiefly Pucón, Villarrica, Frutillar and Puerto Varas. Puerto Montt is the tourist hub of the region; two of them, were considered among the best destinations in South America in 2012 by the specialized tourism site TripAdvisor.  The almost perfect cone of Osorno Volcano is an iconic landmark in the region, as is Villarrica Volcano, which is one of the few volcanoes in the world that has an active Lava lake.  As an added bonus, this zone includes the granite domes of the Cochamó Valley.

Zona Austral.

Zona Austral is a premier destination for Ecotourism and Adventure travel. It features countless islands and islets, a maze of steep-sided fjords and channels, large glaciers and icefields and exuberant unspoilt temperate rainforests. Turbulent rivers descend from the Andes, chief of those being the Futaleufú River, which is widely considered one of the world's most challenging rivers for whitewater kayaking and rafting. Other opportunities for outdoor recreation, include hiking, cycling, sea kayaking and flyfishing.  Chiloé is characterized by having a rolling green countryside, but is better known for its peculiar wooden architecture and for its culture, which is full of myths and traditions. Also is remarkable its temperate rainforests.  The scenic Carretera Austral crosses or is nearby to many of the most popular destinations in this portion of Chile. Those include Pumalín Park, Yelcho Lake, Queulat National Park, Cerro Castillo National Reserve, General Carrera Lake and Caleta Tortel.  Laguna San Rafael National Park is the only park where visitors can contemplate at the same time the huge glaciers of Patagonia and the rich diversity of plants of the Valdivian Ecoregion.  Torres del Paine was selected as the eighth wonder of the world in 2013;, one of the most beautiful national parks in the world.  In the ice fields, the Glacier Pío XI (or Brüggen), the longest glacier in the southern hemisphere outside the Antarctic, and one of the few advancing glaciers in the world; and Puerto Williams, the southernmost city in the world  The sprawling glaciers of the Cordillera Darwin, which is contained within Alberto de Agostini National Park, are reachable only by boat. Other typical destinations are Puerto Williams and Cape Horn.

Chile insular.

In the middle of the Pacific Ocean, Easter Island, is world-renowned for its unique cultural and natural heritage. Traditionally called "Rapa Nui" and previously known as "Te pito o te henua" ("The navel of the world") and "Mata ki te rangi" ('eyes looking at the sky'), it is one of the main tourist destinations in Chile because of its natural landscapes and mysterious ancient culture of Rapa Nui people that since time immemorial, developed completely isolated for centuries until it almost became extinct in the mid-19th century. Its most notable feature is the over 1,000 enormous and mysterious statues known as moai, which have been shrouded in mystery since their discovery. To preserve these characteristics, the government has designated, through the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF), the island as Rapa Nui National Park, while UNESCO declared this park as a World Heritage Site in 1995. It is named Easter Island because it was discovered on Easter Sunday in 1722.  Among the activities that can be carried out in "Rapa Nui" are different excursions and tours, visiting the craft market, the Padre Sebastián Englert Anthropological Museum, the ceremonial center Tahai, the quarries of Puna Pau and Rano Raraku, visiting the different "ahus" on the beaches of Anakena and Ovahe, seeing the archaeological site of Orongo, witnessing shows with music and island dances, and the annual festival "Tapati Rapa Nui", the main artistic and cultural activity of the island, where a series of ceremonies and traditions are performed.  The Juan Fernández archipelago is also well known for its jungles and endemic flora, formed by the islands Robinson Crusoe, Santa Clara and Alexander Selkirk. The geological origin of these islands is volcanic and their subtropical weather is rainy. The activities that can be performed are varied, among them hiking, horseback riding, snorkeling, spearfishing, fishing, and observation of flora and fauna, which is mostly endemic. The Juan Fernández Islands are also known for being inhabited by Alexander Selkirk, the man who inspired the novel Robinson Crusoe. The islands were previously named Island Mas Afuera, and Island Mas a Tierra, but in 1966 the Chilean government renamed the Island Más Afuera to Alejandro Selkirk Island and Island Más a Tierra to Robinson Crusoe Island, in order to promote tourism. Incidentally, Selkirk never set foot on Alejandro Selkirk Island, only on Robinson Crusoe Island. The islands can be accessed by air and sea routes.

Chilean Antarctic Territory.

According to information gathered by the National Tourism Service (Sernatur), 35,000 tourists visited the Antarctic in the 2012–2013 season, 32% more than in the 2011–2012 season, when it was visited by 26,500 people. 34% of those visitors were Europeans (34%). Of the total percentage of visitors, 5% were from Chile.

Winter Tourism.

In Chile from June to September it is possible to practice Winter Sports, especially skiing and snowboarding During the Andes, between the regions of Valparaíso and Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica, there are eighteen ski resorts of international quality, as Portillo, the oldest ski resort in South America and home to the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1966, and Valle Nevado, which has one of the largest ski areas in South America

World Heritage Sites in Chile.

As part of the cultural heritage of Chile, there are buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, nature, architecture, handicraft, artistic, ethnographic, folk, historical, religious or technological scattered throughout the Chilean territory. Among them are those assets declared World Heritage by UNESCO, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are:

Ethical Traveler Destination.

Chile has been included in the 2010, 2011 and 2012 lists of ""The Developing World's 10 Best Ethical Destinations"." This is an annual ranking produced by Ethical Traveler magazine, which is based on a study of developing nations from around the world to identify the best tourism destinations among them. The benchmarking uses categories such as environmental protection, social welfare, and human rights.

Touristic Projects.

Within Bicentennial projects, the National Tourism Service (Sernatur), a dependent entity of the Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism, launched in 2011 the first circuit of the touristic project "Rutas Chile", which aims to bring "more distinctive elements [...] in geographical matters, cultural, heritage and tourism [integrating] fundamental elements of national identity, the presence of featured tourist products [...] and the existence of road structure." These tourist routes cover the fifteen regions of Chile and are formed according to a main theme, which is determined by the contents available along the route.  In the table below are named the eleven tourist circuits and the corresponding regions of Chile, in.

Hotel industry.

The availability of hotel beds reaches over 22,500 in Santiago. According to Sernatur, and according to services they offer and the requirements with which they comply, there are ten five star hotels in Chile. Ordered from north to south, those hotels are:

Since the mid-1990s, tourism in Chile has become one of the main sources of income for the country, especially in its most extreme areas. In 2005, this sector grew by 13.6%, generating more than US$500 million, equivalent to 1.33% of the national GDP.

Cet article traite de différents aspects du tourisme au Chili. Le Chili est un pays d’Amérique du Sud partageant ses frontières avec le Pérou au nord, la Bolivie au nord-est et l’Argentine à l’est. Le gouvernement revendique aussi une possession sur le continent Antarctique. L'étendue de ce territoire serait d'environ kilomètres carrés. L'île de Pâques, située à kilomètres de Valparaíso, la ville aux mille couleurs, déclarée patrimoine culturel de l'humanité par l'UNESCO depuis 2003, fait partie du Chili depuis 1884.


Early and personal life.

Tiber was born as Eliyahu Teichberg, in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York. His family moved to White Lake in Bethel in 1955 where they acquired a rooming house that they expanded into a motel, called the El Monaco Motel, at the intersection of New York Route 17B and New York Route 55 near the southeast shore of White Lake. He was Jewish. He changed his name before enrolling in college.  Tiber graduated from Midwood High School in Brooklyn, and attended Brooklyn College and received a BFA from Hunter College. He was in the MFA program at Pratt Institute.  Tiber died at the age of 81 in Boca Raton, Florida from complications of a stroke.

"Taking Woodstock".

In his book "Taking Woodstock", Tiber says he was present at the Stonewall Riots on June 28, 1969, and that he had a part in bringing the Woodstock Festival to Bethel, New York on August 15–17, 1969.  Tiber said he led a closeted life in Bethel in the early 1960s as he spent time managing his parents' El Monaco Motel, serving as president of the Bethel Chamber of Commerce, and, at the same time, participating in the gay scene in New York, where he lived.  According to "Taking Woodstock", Tiber read that Wallkill, Orange County, New York had on July 15, 1969—30 days before the music festival was to start—pulled the plug on the planned Woodstock Festival at the Mills Industrial Park northeast of Middletown, New York.  Tiber says in the book that he had a permit for the White Lake Music and Arts Festival, a planned chamber music event at his motel. He contacted Michael Lang on or about July 18 and pitched the idea of having the festival on along the edge of White Lake by the motel.  According to "Taking Woodstock", when Lang said the motel property was too small, Tiber introduced the Woodstock festival producers to dairy farmer Max Yasgur, and helped facilitate the deal.  Lang, however, says that Tiber referred him to a local real estate salesman, and that the salesman drove Lang, without Tiber, to Yasgur's farm. Sam Yasgur, son of Max Yasgur, agrees with Lang's version, and said that his mother, who is still alive, said that Max did not know Tiber. Artie Kornfeld, a Woodstock organizer, has said he found out about Yasgur’s farm from his own sources.  The motel later became an Italian restaurant before being torn down in 2004. It is now marked by a clock tower welcoming people to White Lake.  Tiber left Bethel shortly after Woodstock and soon moved to Los Angeles, where he became a movie set designer.

Screenwriter.

His 1970s book, "Rue Haute", was made into a French-language film directed by his domestic partner, André Ernotte. It was Belgium's entry for the 49th Academy Awards Best Foreign Language Film in 1977. The book was released in English in the United States in 1977 under the name "High Street".

Teaching career.

He taught creative writing at New School University, fine art at Hunter College, and art design history at the New York Institute of Technology.

Elliot Michael Tiber (born Eliyahu Teichberg; April 15, 1935 – August 3, 2016) was an artist, professor, and screenwriter who wrote a memoir about the Woodstock Festival held in Bethel, New York in 1969. He claimed responsibility for the relocation of the festival after a permit for it was withdrawn by the zoning board of a nearby town.

Elliot Tiber est un artiste, scénariste et écrivain américain, né Eliyahu Teichberg à Bensonhurst (Brooklyn (New York)) le et mort le à Boca Raton en Floride.


Background.

"Door to Door" was the group's last studio album before they disbanded in 1988. It was also the last Cars record to feature Benjamin Orr before his death in 2000. The band would not release another studio album until 2011's "Move Like This".  Although by 1987 the Cars had reached the heights of superstardom, their last few albums had relied heavily on studio tricks and machines but this album was an attempt to move back to the group's original roots. For example, where the previous album, "Heartbeat City", extensively used sampled and sequenced drums (a move that had somewhat alienated drummer David Robinson), this album returned to having Robinson performing the drums in the studio, often simultaneously with other band members  During a writing jam session, the band began to play "Ta Ta Wayo Wayo", a song from their earliest days together. It had never been recorded in the studio, except as a demo in 1977. They enjoyed the tune so much that the 1987 version of the song made it onto the album. The opening track, "Leave or Stay", also was originally a 1977 demo that was not properly recorded until "Door to Door", although they had often played the song live in the band's early days. Both tracks had their respective 1977 demo versions eventually issued on the 1995 compilation "".  While the original album bears the credit "Produced by Ric Ocasek", individual tracks from this record that appear on various Cars compilations bear the credit "Produced by Ric Ocasek and Greg Hawkes".  The lead single of the album, "You Are the Girl", reached number #17 on the Billboard 100 as well as reaching number #2 on the rock charts. The follow-up single, "Strap Me In", only scraped into the top 100, peaking at #85, although it was much more successful on the rock charts, where it reached #4. The final single released, "Coming Up You", peaked at 74 on the charts and was also a moderate hit on the adult contemporary charts.

Door to Door is the sixth studio album by the American rock band the Cars. It was released in 1987 on Elektra Records.

, sorti en 1987, est le sixième album du groupe de new wave américain The Cars. Le groupe se sépare l'année suivante.


Etymology.

Jish is the ancient Giscala. The Arabic name "el-Jish" is a variation of the site's ancient name "Gush Halav" in Hebrew, literally "abundance of milk", which may be a reference to the production of milk and cheese (for which the village has been famous since at least the early Middle Ages) or to the fertile surroundings. Other scholars believe the name "Gush Halav" refers to the light color of the local limestone, which contrasted with the dark reddish rock of the neighboring village, Ras al-Ahmar,

History.

Bronze and Iron Age.

Settlement in Jish dates back 3,000 years. The village is mentioned in the Mishnah as "Gush Halav", a city "surrounded by walls since the time of Joshua Ben Nun" (m. Arakhin 9:6). Canaanite and Israelite remains from the Early Bronze and Iron Ages have been found there.

Classical antiquity.

During the Classical era the town was known as "Gischala", a Greek transcription of the Hebrew name "Gush Halav". Both Josephus and later Jewish sources from the Roman-Byzantine period mention the fine olive oil for which the village was known. According to the Talmud, the inhabitants also engaged in the production of silk. Eleazar b. Simeon, described in the Talmud as a very large man with tremendous physical strength, was a resident of the town. He was initially buried in Gush Halav but later reinterred in Meron, next to his father, Shimon bar Yochai.<ref name="el-Jish/Gush Halav">el-Jish/Gush Halav</ref> Jerome recorded that Paul the Apostle lived with his parents in "Giscalis in Judea", which is understood to be Gischala.  After the fall of Gamla, Gush Halav was the last Jewish stronghold in the Galilee and Golan region during the First Jewish Revolt against Rome (66-73 CE). Gischala was the home of Yohanan mi-Gush Halav, known in English as John of Gischala, a wealthy olive oil merchant who became the chief commander in the Jewish revolt in the Galilee and later Jerusalem. Initially known as a moderate, John changed his stance when Titus arrived at the gates of Gischala accompanied by 1,000 horsemen and demanded the town's surrender.  In addition to Jewish burial sites and structures dated to 3rd - 6th centuries, Jewish-Christian amulets were discovered nearby. Christian artifacts from the Byzantine period have been found at the site. The synagogue of Gush Halav went through several phases of construction and reconstruction, one destruction being dated by excavator Eric M. Meyers to the earthquake of 551.

Early Muslim, Crusader, and Mamluk periods.

Jish acquired its modern name in the Middle Ages. Historical sources from the 10th-15th centuries describe it as a large Jewish village and it is mentioned in the 10th century by Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi. Jewish life in the 10th and 11th centuries is attested to by documents in the Cairo Geniza. In 1172, the Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela found about 20 Jews living there. Ishtori Haparchi also attended a megilla reading when he visited in 1322.

Ottoman period.

In 1596, Jish appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the "Nahiya" of "Jira", of the Liwa Safad. It had a population of 71 households and 20 bachelors; all Muslim. The villagers paid taxes on goats and beehives, but most of its taxes were in the form of a fixed sum, total taxes were 30,750 akçe.  In the 17th century, the village was inhabited by Druze. The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi, who passed by the village in 1648, wroteThen comes the village of Jish, with one hundred houses of accursed believers in the transmigration of souls ("tenāsukhi mezhebindén"). Yet what beautiful boys and girls they have! And what a climate! Every one of these girls has queenly, gazelle-like, bewitching eyes, which captivate the beholder—an unusual sight.  The Galilee earthquake of 1837 caused widespread damage and over 200 deaths. Three weeks afterward, contemporaries reported "a large rent in the ground...about a foot wide and fifty feet long." All the Galilee villages that were badly damaged at the time, including Jish, were situated on the slopes of steep hills. The presence of old landslides has been observed on aerial photographs. The fact that the village was built on dip slopes consisting of soft bedrock and soil has made it more vulnerable to landslides. According to Andrew Thomson, no houses in Jish were left standing. The church fell, killing 130 people and the old town walls collapsed. A total of 235 people died and the ground was left fissured. At the time, the village was noted as a mixed Muslim and Maronite village in the Safad district.  At the end of the 19th century, Jish was described as a "well-built village of good masonry" with about 600 Christian and 200 Muslim inhabitants.  A population list from about 1887 showed "El Jish" to have about 1,935 inhabitants; 975 Christians and 960 Muslims.

British Mandate.

At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Jish had a population of 721; 380 Christians and 341 Muslims. The Christians were classified as 71% Maronite and 29% Greek Catholic (Melchite). By the 1931 census, Jish had 182 inhabited houses and a population of 358 Christians and 397 Muslims.  In the 1945 statistics, Jish had a population of 1,090; 350 Christians and 740 Muslims, and the village spanned 12,602 dunams, mostly Arab-owned. Of this, 1,506 dunums were plantations and irrigable land, 6,656 used for cereals, while 72 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

State of Israel.

Israeli forces captured Jish on 29 October 1948, in Operation Hiram, after "a hard-fought battle." Benny Morris reports allegations that ten prisoners of war, identified as Moroccans fighting with the Syrian Army, and a number of villagers, including a woman and her baby, were murdered. The Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, ordered an investigation of the deaths but no IDF soldiers were brought to trial.  Elias Chacour, now Archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, whose family resettled in Jish, wrote that when he was eight years old he discovered a mass grave containing two dozen bodies.  Many of the residents of Jish forced to leave the village in 1948 fled to Lebanon and became Palestinian refugees. Christians from the nearby town of Kafr Bir'im resettled in Lebanon and Jish, where today they are citizens of Israel, but continue to press for their right of return to their former villages. In October 1950, Israeli forces raided Jish and detained seven suspected smugglers who were stripped, bound and beaten. They were released without charge.  In December 2010, a hiking and bicycle path known as the Coexistence Trail was inaugurated, linking Jish with Dalton, a neighboring Jewish village. The 2,500 meter-long trail, accessible to people with disabilities, sits 850 meters above sea level and has several lookout points, including a view of Dalton Lake, where rainwater is collected and stored for agricultural use.  Today Jish is known for its efforts to revive Aramaic as a living language. In 2011, the Israeli Ministry of Education approved a program to teach the language in Jish elementary schools. Maronites in Jish say that Aramaic is essential to their existence as a people, in the same way that Hebrew and Arabic are for Jews and Arabs.

Demographics.

Today, 55% of the inhabitants of Jish are Maronite Christians, 10% percent are Melkites and 35% percent are Muslims. The population of the village was.

Geography.

Jish is located in Upper Galilee, in the Northern district of Israel. The town is close to Mount Meron, the tallest standing mountain of Galilee. Recently, a new road has connected Jish with the nearby Jewish village of Dalton.

Religious sites and shrines.

According to Christian tradition, the parents of Saint Paul were from Jish. John of Giscala, the son of Levi, was born in Jish. Other churches in Jish are a small Maronite Church that was rebuilt after the 1837 earthquake and the Elias Church, the largest in the village, which operates a convent.  The tombs of Shmaya and Abtalion, Jewish sages who taught in Jerusalem in the early 1st century, are located in Jish. According to tradition, the prophet Joel was also buried there.

Archaeology.

Eighteen archaeological sites have been excavated to date in Jish and vicinity. Archaeologists have excavated a synagogue in use from the 3rd to 6th centuries CE. Jewish-Christian amulets were discovered nearby.  Coins indicate that Jish had strong commercial ties with the nearby city of Tyre. On Jish's western slope, a mausoleum was excavated, with stone sarcophagi similar to those seen at the large Jewish catacomb at Beit She'arim. The inner part of the mausoleum contained ten hewn "loculi", burial niches known in Hebrew as "kokhim". In the mausoleum, archaeologists found several skeletons, oil lamps and a glass bottle dating to the fourth century CE.  A network of secret caves and passageways in Jish, some of them located under private homes, is strikingly similar to hideaways in the Judean lowlands used during the Bar Kokhba revolt.

Jish (;, Gush Halav) is a local council in Upper Galilee, located on the northeastern slopes of Mount Meron, north of Safed, in Israel's Northern District. In it had a population of, which is predominantly Maronite Catholic and Melkite Greek Catholic Christians (63%), with a Sunni Muslim Arab (about 35.7%).

Jish (en arabe: الجش; en hébreu: גִ'שׁ, גּוּשׁ חָלָב) aussi appelé Gush Halav est une ville de Haute-Galilée, situé sur les pentes nord du Mont Meron, à 9 kilomètres au nord de Safed, dans le district du Nord d'Israël. Sa population est majoritairement maronite et grecque-catholique melkite (entre de 55% et 10%), avec une minorité musulmane sunnite (environ 35%).


Life.

She was born at Trausnitz Castle in Landshut, the eldest daughter of Otto II Wittelsbach and his wife Agnes of the Palatinate, herself a daughter of the Welf count palatine Henry V and Agnes of Hohenstaufen.  Otto II succeeded his father Louis I as Bavarian duke and as Count palatine in 1231. In the conflict between the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II and the Roman Curia, he initially sided with the pope, but became a supporter of Frederick in 1241. Otto II had initially betrothed Elisabeth to Duke Frederick II of Austria, however, the new political alliance would lead to the marriage of the elder daughter of the Wittelsbach and the elder son of the Hohenstaufen, Conrad IV. The wedding ceremony took place on 1 September 1246, probably at Vohburg in Bavaria, against fierce protests by the papal legate Albert von Behaim.  Conrad IV had inherited the title of a King of Jerusalem from his mother Yolande of Brienne. Appointed Duke of Swabia in 1235, he was elected King of the Romans in 1237 to represent his father in his German dominions. Upon Frederick's death on 13 December 1250, still involved in a war against Pope Innocent IV and his allies, he also succeeded him as King of Sicily. He would continue the war and left for Sicily in 1251, leaving his wife behind, who gave birth to their only child Conradin in March next year. On 21 May 1254 Conrad IV died of malaria at his army camp in Lavello, Basilicata, without ever having seen his son.  During the "interregnum" after the death of Emperor Frederick II, Elisabeth tried to secure the rights of her minor son Conradin, backed by her brothers, the Bavarian dukes Henry XIII and Louis II. In 1256 Elisabeth had to witness the execution of Louis' wife Maria of Brabant, whereafter she gave Conradin to the Bishop of Constance for care and education. Beset by intriguing Pope Alexander VI, she agreed to appoint Conradin's uncle Manfred, an illegitimate son of Frederick, regent in the Kingdom of Sicily on her son's behalf. However, she could not prevent the election of Richard of Cornwall as King of the Romans in 1256/57.  Elisabeth remained a widow for five years. On 6 October 1259 in Munich, she married her second husband Count Meinhard II of Gorizia–Tyrol, a member of the Meinhardiner dynasty, who became Duke of Carinthia in 1286. Her second husband, just released from custody by Archbishop Philip of Salzburg, was of inferior status and about ten years younger than her, nevertheless his Tyrolean domains comprised the strategically important mountain passes across the Alps to Italy. The couple had six surviving children.  Elisabeth's relationship to her firstborn son Conradin remained a reserved one. When Charles of Anjou defeated Manfred of Sicily in the 1266 Battle of Benevento, her brother Louis and her husband Meinhard encouraged Conradin's decision to go on campaign. In August 1267, mother and son met for a last time at Hohenschwangau Castle before Conradin left for Italy, together with his uncle and his stepfather, who however deserted him in Verona. After Elisabeth heard of his defeat and execution in 1268, she had the Santa Maria del Carmine Church erected in Naples in his memory. In 1272 she founded the Cistercian abbey of Stams in Tyrol, together with her husband Meinhard, where she is also buried.

Marriages and children.

Elisabeth and Conrad would only have one son:  Elisabeth and her second husband Meinhard had six children:

Elisabeth of Bavaria ( – 9 October 1273), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was Queen consort of Germany from 1246 to 1254 by her marriage to King Conrad IV of Germany.

Élisabeth de Bavière, née en au château de Trausnitz près de Landshut et morte le, issue de la maison de Wittelsbach, fut reine de Germanie, de Jérusalem et de Sicile par son mariage avec Conrad IV de Hohenstaufen en 1246. Après le décès de son époux en 1254, elle s'est remariée avec Meinhard de Goritz et fut comtesse de Goritz–Tyrol de 1259 jusqu'à sa mort.


History.

The ancient site of the city was first settled from the late ninth or early eighth centuries BCE by the Messapians. In the late sixth century BCE it developed in importance and, even after it had been partially Hellenised during the period of Magna Graecia, it still retained its native traditions. According to Aulus Gellius, the poet Ennius referred to the linguistic and cultural heritage given him by the city in asserting that he had "three hearts", Greek, Oscan and Latin ("Quintus Ennius tria corda habere sese dicebat, quod loqui Graece et Osce et Latine sciret").  Rudiae is identified with the archaeological remains found in the immediate outskirts of Lecce. These comprise traces of an amphitheatre, a necropolis and two city walls built of tuff. In the past the walls were towered and defended by a ditch 4 km long. Judging by the extent of these, its entire area covered some 100 hectares, twice the size of nearby Lupiae (as Lecce was then called) in the Roman period. Later the city lost importance and by the first century CE, according to Silius Italicus, was reduced to a modest village even as its neighbour was growing in size and importance.  From the archaeological standpoint, however, Rudiae seems to have played the role of stylistic and distribution centre for funerary pottery over a considerable period. It is recognised as the most important site for both quantity and quality of such vases used in the Messapian region. Almost all local discoveries are housed in the Sigismondo Castromediano Museum in Lecce.

References.

Part of the article is translated from the Italian Wikipedia

Rudiae ("Rusce" in the local dialect and Ῥοδίαι in ancient Greek), is presently an archaeological park beside the Via San Pietro in Lama that runs south-west from the city of Lecce. The place was identified as the former home of the poet Ennius by the Renaissance Humanist, Antonio de Ferraris.

Rudiae est le nom latin (Ροδίαι en grec ancien) d'une cité de Messapie, en Italie du Sud. L'emplacement de l'antique "Rudiae" est identifié avec le site archéologique situé au lieu de "Rusce", aujourd'hui englobé dans la commune de Lecce. "Rudiae" est surtout connu comme le lieu où est né en 239 le poète latin Ennius.


Biography.

Born Arthur Berger in Vienna in 1892 to Jewish parents (Simon Berger, a civil servant, and his wife Pauline, née Beran), Berger was educated at the "Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt" and between 1911 and 1915 the "Hochschule für angewandte Kunst in Wien", where he was trained in architecture by the highly respected Jugendstil architects Josef Hoffmann and Oskar Strnad.  At first Berger worked with his brother Josef Berger and with Martin Ziegler on the residential building programme of Red Vienna, but in 1920 he changed over to working for Sascha-Film as an architect for scenery and film structures. For the directors Michael Curtiz and Alexander Korda he collaborated on the sets for their epic films "Prinz und Bettelknabe" (1920), "Der junge Medardus" (1923), "Harun al Rashid" (1924), "Die Sklavenkönigin" (1924) and "Salammbô" (1924). He often worked with Emil Stepanek and Julius von Borsody. From the mid-1920s however he was involved almost entirely with undistinguished melodramas and light entertainment films. In 1926 he was responsible for the sets on "Die Pratermizzi", and in 1927 for the scenery and buildings of the enormously successful "Café Elektric" directed by Gustav Ucicky. In 1931 he and Siegfried Bernfeld collaborated on the screenplay for "Die große Liebe", the first film directed by Otto Preminger.  In 1932 Berger created the sets for "Die vom 17er Haus", an election advertising film on behalf of the Social Democrats in the Landtag election, which was made using the Selenophon sound process. The film is set in the year 2032, in which numerous skyscrapers in glass cladding surround the Stephansdom. To avoid this vision of a city not worth living in, the Viennese are urged to act according to the election slogan at the end of the film: ""Seid gescheit! Das rote Wien siegt! Wählt sozialdemokratisch!"" ("Be clever! Red Vienna is the winner! Vote Social Democrat!"). Along with Rossak's "Mr. Pims Europareise" this was one of the only two Social Democrat promotional films made by the agency Kiba (Kinobetriebsagentur), and also the last before the party was banned by the Austrian Fascist government.  In 1933 Berger was co-founder of the "Lehrinstitut für Tonfilmkunst" ("Teaching Institute of Sound Film") in Vienna, where he also taught. He was also a member of the "Österreichischer Werkbund" ("Austrian Labour Union") and of the "Bund österreichischer Künstler" otherwise known as the "Kunstschau/Sonderbund deutschösterreichischer Künstler" ("Union of Austrian Artists"). In 1936, when under economic and political pressure from Nazi Germany the German prohibition against Jews and persons of Jewish descent working in the film industry was also adopted in Austria, Berger immigrated, via Prague and Paris, to Moscow, where he continued his career with Mosfilm as Artur Semyonovich Berger into the 1970s.  He died in Moscow in 1981.  Berger had two sons, Peter (died 2001) and Sascha (living in Moscow) who both worked as architects, in Austria and Russia (Moscow), and also two daughters, Marianne, (died 2009) and Vera, 96, living in Wörgl, Tirol, Austria.

Artur Semyonovich Berger (, ; 27 May 1892 – 11 January 1981) was an Austrian-Soviet film architect and set designer. He was active in Austria between 1920 and 1936, during which time he worked on about 30 feature films. In 1936 he emigrated to the Soviet Union, where he continued to work on films until the early 1970s.

Artur Semyonovich Berger (en ), né à Vienne (Autriche) le et mort à Moscou le, est un scénographe, un scénariste et un réalisateur austro-soviétique. Il est actif en Autriche entre 1920 et 1936, période pendant laquelle il travaille sur quelque trente longs métrages. En 1936, il émigre en Union soviétique, où il continue à travailler dans le secteur cinématographique jusqu'au début des années 1970.


Song information.

The lyrics were written and the music composed by Feldman himself and the famous songwriter Jean-Marie Moreau. According to the expert of French chart Elia Habib, the song is a "romantic ballad, whose identity remains a salve savour in the subject as well as in the musical coloration". The song is based on a pun and all the text is declined as well, juggling with the likeness and the consonance of terms between them (e.g. "dans la Rome antique, errent les romantiques"). The part played by the violins was written by Thierry Durbet. The song was also included on the singer's best of, "Two Feldman".  The music video features Feldman with a young girl who portrayed his daughter and who tries to comfort her father because he is separated from her mother. The cover on the CD maxi and vinyls is a screenshot from the video.

Chart performances.

In France, the single started at #38 on 23 November 1989, then climbed quickly and entered the top ten three weeks later. It was blocked for four weeks at #2 by Roch Voisine's huge hit "Hélène". Then it reached #1 for four weeks, was displace by "Hélène" for two weeks, then returned at the top of the list for two additional weeks. Almost continual dropping from the list followed and left the (Top 50) chart after 23 weeks. It achieved Gold status awarded by the SNEP and is currently the 548th best-selling single in French recording history.  In 2003, the French program "Top 50: 50 numéros 1 de légende" revealed that the song was the 26th best received number-one hit of the Top 50 (SNEP Singles Chart) thanks to the votings of the TV viewers.

"Les Valses de Vienne" is a 1989 song originally recorded by the French artist François Feldman for his 1989 album, "Une Présence" and was the second singles release from that album in November of the same year. It achieved great success in France, topping the chart for six nonconsecutive weeks, and remains Feldman's signature song and a classic of 1980s French music.

Les Valses de Vienne est une chanson écrite par Jean-Marie Moreau, composée et interprétée par François Feldman figurant sur l'album "Une présence". Elle sort en single le.


Themes.

Stephenson explores the GUI as a metaphor in terms of the increasing interposition of abstractions between humans and the actual workings of devices (in a similar manner to "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance") and explains the beauty hackers feel in good-quality tools. He does this with a car analogy. He compares four operating systems, Mac OS by Apple Computer to a luxury European car, Windows by Microsoft to a station wagon, Linux to a free tank, and BeOS to a batmobile. Stephenson argues that people continue to buy the station wagon despite free tanks being given away, because people do not want to learn how to operate a tank; they know that the station wagon dealership has a machine shop that they can take their car to when it breaks down. Because of this attitude, Stephenson argues that Microsoft is not really a monopoly, as evidenced by the free availability of other choice OSes, but rather has simply accrued enough mindshare among the people to have them coming back. He compares Microsoft to Disney, in that both are selling a vision to their customers, who in turn "want to believe" in that vision.  Stephenson relays his experience with the Debian bug tracking system (#6518). He then contrasts it with Microsoft's approach. Debian developers responded from around the world within a day. He was completely frustrated with his initial attempt to achieve the same response from Microsoft, but he concedes that his subsequent experience was satisfactory. The difference he notes is that Debian developers are personally accessible and transparently own up to defects in their OS distribution, while Microsoft pretends errors don't exist.

Later developments.

The essay was written before the advent of Mac OS X. A recurring theme is the full power of the command line compared with easier to learn graphical user interfaces (GUIs) which are described as broken mixed metaphors for 'power users'. He then mentions GUIs which allow traditional terminal windows to be used. In a Slashdot interview in 2004, in response to the question: ... have you embraced the new UNIX based MacOS X as the OS you want to use when you "Just want to go to Disneyland"?  he replied: I embraced OS X as soon as it was available and have never looked back. So a lot of "In the Beginning...was the Command Line" is now obsolete. I keep meaning to update it, but if I'm honest with myself, I have to say this is unlikely.  With Neal Stephenson's permission, Garrett Birkel responded to "In the Beginning...was the Command Line" in 2004, bringing it up to date and critically discussing Stephenson's argument. Birkel's response is interspersed throughout the original text, which remains untouched.

In the Beginning... Was the Command Line is an essay by Neal Stephenson which was originally published online in 1999 and later made available in book form (November 1999, ). The essay is a commentary on why the proprietary operating systems business is unlikely to remain profitable in the future because of competition from free software. It also analyzes the corporate/collective culture of the Microsoft, Apple, and free software communities.

In the Beginning... Was the Command Line est un essai de Neal Stephenson d'abord publié en ligne en 1999 et plus tard sous forme de livre en.


Biography.

Born and educated in Sydney, Swan attended Canterbury High School where he was Dux in 1935. After school he joined the Rural Bank of New South Wales, studying part-time at the University of Sydney. In 1940 he received a bachelor of economics with First Class Honours and was awarded the gold medal, the first time it had been awarded on the basis of part-time study; he was appointed an assistant lecturer at the University of Sydney. From 1942 to 1950 he was employed in government service, as an economist in the Department of War Organization of Industry, secretary to the War Commitments Committee, chairman of the Food Priorities Committee, joint secretary of the Joint Administrative Planning Sub-Committee of the Defence Committee, chief economist of the Department of Post-War Reconstruction, and, from 1949, chief economist of the Department of the Prime Minister. During this period he contributed to the White Paper on Full Employment which set the framework for Australian macroeconomic policy in the postwar decades.  In 1950, he was appointed as the first chair of economics created at the Australian National University, remaining Professor of Economics until his retirement in 1983. He built up a strong department with such figures as Noel Butlin and Ivor Pearce.  In 1975 he was appointed to the Board of the Reserve Bank of Australia and reappointed in 1980. He played a small role in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, by suggesting to his friend, the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, that the banks could assist in ensuring the government had funds to meet its obligations, during the period when Supply was being threatened by the Opposition in the Senate.  In 2007, in an address to the American Economic Association celebrating the 50th anniversary of his 1956 contribution, Robert Solow reminded his audience that, "If you have been interested in growth theory for a while, you probably know that Trevor Swan—who was a splendid macroeconomist—also published a paper on growth theory in 1956. In that article, you can find the essentials of the basic neoclassical model of economic growth."  Swan was noted by Paul Krugman in his "New York Times" blog: "There's an oldie but goodie in international macro known as the Swan Diagram — not instructions for making an origami swan, but the insightful analysis developed by the Australian economist Trevor Swan."  He died in 1989.

Trevor Winchester Swan (14 January 1918 – 15 January 1989) was an Australian economist. He is best known for his work on the Solow–Swan growth model, published simultaneously by American economist Robert Solow, for his work on integrating internal and external balance as represented by the Swan Diagram, and for pioneering work in macroeconomic modeling, which predated that of Lawrence Klein but remained unpublished until 1989.

Trevor Winchester Swan est un économiste australien né le et mort le. Il est célèbre pour sa contribution au modèle de croissance néo-classique, dit modèle de Solow ou modèle de Solow-Swan, pour le et pour sa contribution à la modélisation macroéconomique.


History.

He was born in Brittany, France. In 1901 he arrived in Tonkin after having joined the Société des Missions-Etrangères de Paris (MEP). He was 25 years old at the time.  Initially Savina worked with Hmong in Lào Cai, Vietnam. From 1906 to 1925 Savina worked with the Hmong people in Yunnan, China, and also with Hmong in northern French Indochina. From 1918 to 1921 Savina had an official assignment in Laos. Beginning in 1925 he worked as an ethnographic field research representative of the École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO). During that assignment he was based in Hainan and made frequent trips to Hong Kong where he interacted with a printing house of the MEP. This assignment ended in 1928.  He resumed his missionary activities in 1939 and moved to Ha Giang in Upper Tonkin. He was hospitalized in Hanoi after he came down with pneumonia in March 1941. At age 65 he died on July 23 of that year.

Publications.

Savina collected his own data to build eight dictionaries of languages of Southeast Asia, including those in highland and lowland areas. The dictionaries and four lexicons he wrote combined have a total of over 5,000 pages; these were published from 1911 to 1939. Savina also wrote histories and ethnographic texts. Many of his works are about the Hmong people. Savina's publications discuss the Ao, Be, Chinese, Day, Hiai, Hoklo, Miao, Nung, Tay, and Vietnamese languages. His works appeared in academic journals of the era.  Savina wrote "Histoire des Miao", published in 1924, and "Monographie de Hainan" ("Monograph of Hainan Island"), published in 1929. Of Savina's writings, "Histoire des Miao" is the most well-known and the most often cited. He wrote a 1920 confidential report titled "Rapport politique sur la révolte des Méos au Tonkin et au Laos."

François Marie Savina (20 March 1876 – 23 July 1941) was a Frenchman who worked as a Catholic priest and as an anthropologist. For an approximately forty-year period he worked in the Upper-Tonkin Vicariate, Hainan, and Laos. He studied the Hmong people of northern Vietnam and Laos as he was asked to spread Christianity to them. Nicholas Tapp, author of "The Impossibility of Self: An Essay on the Hmong Diaspora", described Savina as "One of our earliest informants who is at all frank about the nature of his day-today encounters with the Hmong". Charles Keith, author of "Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation", wrote that Savina was "[t]he most notable" missionary ethnographer of Southeast Asia of his era.

François-Marie Savina (-) était un prêtre catholique et anthropologue français. Il a travaillé au vicariat du Haut-Tonkin, sur l'île de Hainan en Chine et au Laos pendant quarante ans. Il fut un auteur prolifique en analyses historiques, sociologiques, et dictionnaires de traduction, au sujet des ethnies auprès desquelles il vécut : Hmongs du Laos et du nord du Vietnam, Tays, Nungs, Pai-Xat,...


Biography.

Education.

After studying the humanities, de Malherbe completed a MAS in social politics at Sciences Po, along with a master's degree in public service. She put her MAS degree to use by analysing politicians who appeared in the television programmes of Marc-Olivier Fogiel and Thierry Ardisson. A politically left-wing woman, she supported the presidential candidacy of Jean-Pierre Chevènement in 2002. During this campaign, Apolline de Malherbe was a member of the "pôle républicain" group, which worked to criticise republican policy, and included people of various political parties and viewpoints who all supported the candidacy of Jean-Pierre Chevènement. The group was chaired by writer Max Gallo, and had the following notable members: Natacha Polony, Karim Zéribi, Paul-Marie Couteaux, Élisabeth Lévy, Rémy Auchedé and Bertrand Renouvin, who founded the French political movement "Nouvelle Action Royaliste".  Apolline de Malherbe took part in several work placement schemes, which solidified her love of journalism. The first one had her working for the editorial board of the Le Mans edition of newspaper Ouest-France. She also spent two consecutive summers as an editor of the newspaper Le Figaro, especially of the political section. In 2001, she worked with Le Figaro's foreign department, helping with the report on the September 11 attacks. Another work placement with the television channel LCI allowed her to work with journalist Christophe Barbier.

Career.

Meeting with Christophe Barbier allowed De Malherbe to join the team responsible for preparing his morning political interviews. In 2007, she published her first essay, entitled "Politiques cherchent Audimat, désespérément" (politics yearns for popularity, desperately), published by Albin Michel, which won the Edgar Faure political work prize. She then joined the NextRadioTV group, subsequently becoming a producer for BFM radio. In the same year, she joined BFM TV as chief editor, alongside Ruth Elkrief, Olivier Mazerolle and Hedwige Chevrillon.  From 2008 to 2011, she was an on-the-scene reporter for BFM TV in Washington. In 2011 she became known to the general public by covering the criminal case relating to allegations of attempted rape made against French politician Dominique Strauss-Kahn, for BFM TV and for various English channels, such as CNN, NBC and ABC.  In 2012, on returning to France, she started working for TV channel Canal+.  She returned in to BFM TV in 2013 as political editor and interviewer for the show "à la maison". At present, she presents "BFM Politique", and has appeared on the French political and economic TV show Bourdin Direct, presented by Jean-Jacques Bourdin.

Personal life.

Apolline de Malherbe is the great-granddaughter of Dolorès de Malherbe, who was recognised as Righteous Among the Nations for hiding a Jewish child in Marçon during the occupation. She is also the granddaughter of Armand de Malherbe, former departmental councillor of Sarthe, and former mayor of Marçon. She is the daughter of painter Guy de Malherbe; and of Marie-Hélène de La Forest Divonne, gallery owner, and proprietor of the Château de Poncé, a Renaissance-style mansion built in around 1542 and located around fifteen kilometres from Marçon.  De Malherbe is a practising Catholic, and has two sons, born in 2007 and 2010. In January 2017, de Malherbe was heavily pregnant with a third child.  In 2015, Apolline de Malherbe became a sponsor of the 6th delegation of descendants of the Righteous Among the Nations, which was organised by the France-Israel Foundation.

Apolline de Malherbe (born 2 June 1980) is a French broadcast journalist who is a presenter on the 24-hour rolling news and weather channel BFM TV.

Apolline de Malherbe, née le à Paris, est une journaliste française de radio et de télévision. Elle a travaillé pour BFM TV entre 2007 et 2012, et y est de nouveau présente depuis 2013.


Early life.

Bour Kry was born in Battambang and was ordained as a Buddhist monk in 1963. His early years in the monkhood were devoted to the study of the Pali Canon. In the following years, he was given the spiritual post of Secretary of the Mekon and appointed to the head of a monastery on the Thai-Cambodian border.

Exile in France.

The rise to power of the Khmer Rouge in 1975 began a grim and violent period for the country, and the existence of the Cambodian Sangha was put in critical danger. Bour Kry managed to flee, arriving in France in 1976. In 1977, he founded the Association Bouddhique Khmer (Khmer Buddhist Association) with a small group of expatriate monks and laypersons. The growth of this religious community in the following years led to the establishment of Vatt Khémararam at Créteil, a suburb of Paris, in 1980. Bour Kry's continued support for the Southeast Asian refugee community saw the foundation of Secours Bouddhique International (International Buddhist Assistance), a humanitarian organization independent of the monastery, in 1982.

Royal nominations.

Prince Norodom Sihanouk appointed Bour Kry to the rank of Spiritual Eminence () in 1987. Following the signing of the Paris Agreement in 1991, King Norodom Sihanouk further appointed Bour Kry to the head of the Cambodian Buddhist Dhammayuttika order with the title of Supreme Patriarch ().

Social and religious activities.

After 1991 Bour Kry returned regularly to Cambodia to assist in the reconstruction and redevelopment of Buddhist schools and monasteries. The number of Dhammayuttika monasteries has since grown to over 150. The Preah Sihanouk Dhammadhiraj Buddhist Institute was founded in 1995 with the goal of education and professional training for Cambodia's poorest youth, the revitalization of Buddhist teachings, and the introduction of Cambodian youth to Khmer culture and traditions.  Bour Kry has been involved in addressing the spread of AIDS, participating in international discussions on the topic and encouraging the role of the monastery in disseminating health information. He has also been active in spreading information concerning drug and cigarette dependence in Cambodia.

Titles.

As the Supreme Patriarch of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, Bour Kry's full official title is "Samdech Preah Aphiserei Sukonthea Mohasangreacheathipadei (Abhisirī Sugandhā Mahāsangharājādhipati)" (). This title means 'Of Higher Merit and Pure Virtue, Great Supreme Patriarch Leader'. In letters with King-Father Sihanouk, an abbreviated title is used in the valediction: "Samdech Preah Sangreach" ().

Samdech Preah Sanghareach Bour Kry (, ) (born 11 January 1945) is the seventh and current Supreme Patriarch of the Thammayut order of Cambodia.

Le Sangharajah Bour Kry est un moine bouddhiste cambodgien né le à Battambang. Depuis 1991, il est le grand patriarche suprême (« Maha Sangharājah ») de l’ordre Dhammayutta au Cambodge.


Cast of characters.

"see "

Plot summary.

Steve "Jetlad" Traynor is aboard a train going directly to Neopolis, a new city created in America that will house all the science heroes, scientists, magicians, vampires and any other'special' person throughout the United States and even parts of the world. On the train, he happens to cross paths with the Skywitch, Leni Muller. The Skywitch and Jetlad were enemies in the beginning of the war, before Leni defected to the Allied Power after learning how evil the Nazi regime truly was. On the same train car they meet a Hungarian man, who is also a vampire, covered in head to toe to save himself from the sun's light. Jetlad and Skywitch reminisce about their past and discuss their future in Neopolis. They share a cab to City Hall where they register and join an assembly to hear from the mayor, John Q. Public. The mayor explains to all the new citizens that the city of Neopolis is a new, social experiment full of the specials of the world, making them paradoxically normal in the city, and to make certain that they do not become vigilantes. After the assembly, Jetlad and Skywitch find a boarding home run by a Betty Doesgood, one of the first citizens of Neopolis. She explains to Steve and Leni that the first citizens of Neopolis were not science heroes but public characters, like Betty Doesgood who ran an advice column. Leni and Steve soon decide to visit a nearby bar to learn their surroundings and for Leni to inquire about a singing job. While in the bar, Leni and Steve meet the members of the Skysharks, a group of international pilots that fought against the Axis Power in World War II. Some of the Skysharks are impressed that Steve Traynor was Jetlad at such a young age. They all sit together and the Skysharks offer Steve Traynor a job at their hangar as a mechanic, which he readily accepts. Soon a pair of vampires enters the bar, demanding that the owner pay some protection money. Jetlad and the Skysharks get up to help the owner and suddenly three police officers, The Maid, Rocket Ryan and Steelgauntlet, enter the bar. The Maid, with her powers being divine, scare the vampires out of the bar, but not before they warn that they will be back. The Skywitch is inspired by the police officers, particularly by the Maid, and asks her if there are any positions available as a police officer. Skywitch is given information on how to reach the city's precinct and is told to apply the next day.  Jetlad works at the Skyshark's hangar as a mechanic and starts a friendship in particular with Wulf. Their conversation sometimes leads to awkward lapses and Jetlad finds himself lying, saying that Leni Muller is his girlfriend. In the hangar's canteen, Sharkey speaks to Jetlad and Wulf, informing them that the mayor of Neopolis may consider shifting power from the police and giving it to the military, to units like the Skysharks. The city of Neopolis is overrun with crime from the vampires and the robot population and Sharkey feels that the military could do a much better job than any police officer. Meanwhile, the Skywitch begins her first day as a police officer in Neopolis. She meets her captain, Doctor Omega, who has Steelgauntlet introduce her to her fellow police officers, including Sea-Knight and Major Lilliput. He then introduces her to her new partner, Black Rider. They go on patrol and shortly stop an act of vigilantism. The pair are then called to the Institute of Science, where pardoned, former Nazi scientists and science heroes work to make Neopolis as advanced as possible through architecture and other ideas. When they arrive at the Institute, they find the body of Herr Panzer, a scientific advisor, on the floor, an apparent victim of murder. Black Rider opens Herr Panzer's helmet to find his skeleton covered in ash. They recruit the assistance of Major Lilliput to bring Herr Panzer's body to the station to be investigated further. The Skywitch tries to interview the Nazi scientists and advisors, but none are forthcoming with motives or any other information. That night, Jetlad and Wulf arrive at the bar near Betty Doesgood's boarding home and find the Skywitch nearby. Still feeling awkward over some of the exchanges he has had with Wulf during the day, Jetlad becomes very forward with Leni, even kissing her in front of Wulf. Leni is very surprised to find Jetlad this way and they both go back to the boarding room, leaving behind a grim Wulf, where they attempt to be intimate, but Jetlad is unable to go very far. That night the vampires that tried to racketeer money from the bar owners arrive back and kill the owner and his wife.  The next morning, things become very awkward between the Skywitch and Jetlad. The Skywitch goes to work where she becomes part of a contingency of officers that are raiding a vampire brothel. The Maid, who's divine powers are the most effective against the undead, is part of the group, as well as Black Rider and Steelgauntlet. They are able to raid the brothel, with the Maid and Skywitch having to kill one male vampire, Miroslav, who runs the prostitution operation. They also arrest a client in the brothel, someone named Junior Q. Public, the mayor's nephew. Meanwhile, Jetlad and Wulf speak to each other at the Skyshark's hangar and they have a talk. Wulf reveals to Jetlad that he is a homosexual and is attracted to him, but that he won't play any immature games. Wulf leaves Jetlad to ponder that information. Meanwhile, the Skywitch and her fellow officers report back to their captain, Doctor Omega, who realizes that the news of the mayor's nephew being arrested may cause John Q. Public to give up on the police department and simply use the military to bring order to Neopolis. Doctor Omega also realizes that the vampire fraternity of crime will retaliate after the events of the brothel raid. After the meeting with the captain, the Skywitch is told that Drang, one of the Nazis who was pardoned and works at the Institute, has come to the precinct to speak to her. They go from the precinct to the Institute, where Drang explains to the Skywitch that she had an affair with Herr Panzer, cheating on her perceived husband, Sturm. She also explains that Sturm was her brother and the Nazi regime forced them into their relationship, to bring forth a master race through their genetics. Drang disliked the idea and fell for Herr Panzer. Herr Panzer, before being killed, had informed Drang that the Iron Mask and Professor Gromolko were undertaking a secret project called the Janons. Gromolko and Iron Mask told everyone that the Janons project was meant to create energy but it was actually a time machine. Their plan was to go into the past and to alter events so that the Nazi regime could win the war. The Skywitch and Black Rider immediately rush to stop the two Nazis and finds that Professor Gromolko has already entered the machine. The Skywitch follows him immediately while the Black Rider holds Iron Mask. The Skywitch is able to stop Professor Gromolko before he could cause any damage with the time stream and brings him back to the present time, even though he and Iron Mask are able to escape. Doctor Omega informs Skywitch and Black Rider how proud he is of them for stopping any damage that Gromolko could have done. Doctor Omega then speaks to Steelgauntlet, telling him that he's heard of a tip that Miroslav's replacement to run the brothel will be getting into town from the train station at a specific time. Steelgauntlet expresses his concern that this may be a trap and Doctor Omega agrees, but cannot allow this opportunity to be squandered, especially with the bad attention they are receiving from the mayor. Meanwhile, Jetlad comes to terms with himself and tells Wulf that he is ready to further their friendship. They both leave the hangar and Sharkey, the Skyshark's leader, stays behind plotting a bomb run for Neopolis, not wanting to wait for the mayor's official sanction in taking care of the crime in the city.  The police officers of Precinct 10 make plans to scope out the train station so they can arrest the incoming vampire meant to run some of their illegal operations in Neopolis. The Maid informs her fellow officers that she will not be available for the bust that night, much to everyone's dismay. The Maid's divine powers make her the most effective against the vampires. This conversation is overheard by a vampire seer, who informs the vampire's leaders that the trap is set and the ambush against the police officers will eradicate them once and for all, especially with the Maid not being there. As the officers leave the Precinct to go to the train station, the Skywitch is approached by Jetlad, who apologizes for his advances. He tells Leni that he is gay and is with Wulf, and hopes that they can remain friends. The Skywitch has too much on her mind and leaves, saying that maybe they could talk later. The police officers are in the train station, awaiting the vampire intended to run some of their illegal operations, when they are ambushed by a plethora of vampires from the city. The press had been informed of the night's bust, so they broadcast the events to all of Neopolis. While the vampires descend on the police, Jetlad rushes to the hangar to grab his plane, Black Beauty, and help Leni and her fellow officers. At the hangar, he finds Wulf on the ground, shot. Wulf explains to Jetlad that he found out that Sharkey and Lars have taken their planes and went to bomb the robot section of town, then the train station, then other crime-riddled areas of town to stop the crime once and for all. Jetlad realizes he has to stop Sharkey and Lars before it's too late and rushes to the sky to stop them. Meanwhile, Doctor Omega plays out his actual plan and informs his fellow officers to use the fire hoses in the station and hit the vampires with the water. He informs them that the Maid went to the city's reservoir to bless the water, effectively making it holy water. They are able to defeat a vast amount of the vampires that very night. The Skywitch is told to go outside to find any lingering vampires when she sees the bomb blasts of Sharkey and Lars. She rushes to the sky on her broomstick while Jetlad is able to take down Lars. Sharkey makes moves to take out Jetlad but the Skywitch arrives in time to save his life, taking Sharkey out at the same time. In the air, the Skywitch and Jetlad make their peace and rebuild their friendship. The next day Jetlad visits Wulf in the hospital. They decide to give their relationship a try and wonder how where life in Neopolis will lead them.

Top 10: The Forty-Niners is a graphic novel published by America's Best Comics in 2005. It is a prequel to the ABC series "Top 10", a police procedural set in the city of Neopolis, where superpowers, robots, monsters, and other comic fodder are the norm for all citizens. It was written by Alan Moore, drawn by Gene Ha, and colored by Art Lyon, with lettering, logos, and design by Todd Klein. Unlike the original series and its spin-off "Smax", it was released in one 112 page edition instead of being released in separate issues and collected later. It won the 2006 Eisner Award in the "Best Graphic Album: New" category.

Préquelle de "Top Ten", "The Forty-Niners" raconte les origines de Neopolis à sa fondation en 1949 et évoque les premiers agissements de différents personnages de la série principale.


History.

2000–2004: Founding and listing.

ASOS was established on 3 June 2000, by Nick Robertson, Andrew Regan and Quentin Griffiths. In 2001, ASOS was admitted to the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) on the London Stock Exchange. In 2003, ASOS shareholders agreed to change the names of AsSeenOnScreen Holdings PLC and AsSeenOnScreen Limited to ASOS plc and ASOS.com Limited. In 2004, the company reported a maiden profit, with sales almost doubling in its first half. In 2004, ASOS introduced their own label for women's clothing.

2005–2012: Development.

In 2005, the Buncefield Fuel Depot explosion led to the closure of the business for six weeks and £5m of stock was lost. In 2008, ASOS debuted kidswear on its site, however the branded market subsequently suffered declines at the expense of fast-growing own-label kidswear offers. In 2010, ASOS announced it would no longer offer kidswear, to concentrate on its core young adult fashion market.  In the final quarter of 2010, ASOS launched three international online shops in France, Germany and the US. In September 2011, they launched three more sites in Australia, Italy and Spain. In 2012, ASOS opened its first international office in Sydney, Australia, followed by an office in New York. Later on, the company launched its first drama-game show series, called "#DIGIDATING", starring AJ Odudu. It was billed as an Internet dating show with backstage drama.

2013–present: Global expansion.

In 2013, ASOS opened its first office outside the South East, in Birmingham. Later in 2013, ASOS recalled belts contaminated with radioactive cobalt-60. ASOS Russia and China were launched in the same year. In 2014, a fire in their Barnsley warehouse caused them to stop taking orders for almost three days. During the 2014 Formula One season, ASOS was a sponsor of the McLaren Formula One team. In 2015, ASOS had over 4,000 employees and was the UK's largest independent online and fashion beauty retailer.  In September 2016, an investigative report from Buzzfeed News alleged poor working conditions at ASOS' warehouse. However, company spokespersons contended that the isolated complaints reported in the Buzzfeed article were not reflective of the general working conditions there.  In April 2019, ASOS informed its clients through email that the company is looking into ways of changing its easy returns policy, after research showed customers were manipulating the easy return process. The company also admitted that the previous return policy was environmentally costly.  In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, ASOS was accused by some staff and workers unions of ""playing Russian roulette with people’s lives"" by failing to adequately enforce preventative measures in their Grimethorpe, Barnsley site. It was claimed that the warehouse staff could not safely operate whilst maintaining social distancing, that the staff felt unsafe and that ASOS's product was not actually essential, thus not meeting the UK Government's recommendation that only essential workplaces remain open. The company refuted these claims, claiming they had sufficiently changed their operation to comply, Barsley Council also inspected the site and found that the company was complying.

Digital marketing.

In November 2009, ASOS claimed a ratio of one Twitter follower to eight Facebook fans to 100 active e-mail subscribers. Their 2008 report pointed out that nearly 10% of sales could be directly attributed to email marketing.  In 2017 ASOS launched a campaign intended to take full advantage of the 'Instagram Stories' feature, encouraging users to upload videos of purchased ASOS products. 3 million people interacted with the video in the UK. ASOS uses the #AsSeenOnMe hashtag and any use of the hashtag adds the photos to an ASOS online database. , a mobile app allows users to upload images of clothing they like in order to receive suggestions of matching or similar items that the company stocks. ASOS claims that in the UK, 58% of purchases happen on mobile devices.

ASOS plc ( ) is a British online fashion and cosmetic retailer. The company was founded in 2000 in London, primarily aimed at young adults. The website sells over 850 brands as well as its own range of clothing and accessories, and ships to all 196 countries from fulfilment centres in the UK, US and EU.

Asos est une entreprise de commerce électronique de vêtements et cosmétiques principalement destinée à une clientèle jeune. L'entreprise est créée en 2000 par Nick Robertson et Quentin Griffiths, dans le quartier de Camden Town à Londres au Royaume-Uni. Asos est cotée en bourse de Londres.