Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.30%, is water.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Talladega has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.  The data below were accessed via the WRCC. They were compiled over the time period from 1888 to when this chart was created (July 2018).  Talladega's record high of 109 °F (42.8 °C) occurred in September 1925 (Alabama's record high of 112 °F was recorded in Centreville that same month), July 1930, June 1931, and July 1933. The record low of -10 °F (-23.3 °C) occurred in February 1899.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census, there were 15,143 people in 5,836 households, including 3,962 families, in the city. The population density was 634.4 people per square mile (244.9/km2). There were 6,457 housing units at an average density of 270.5 per square mile (104.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 56.15% White, 42.28% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. 0.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  Of the 5,836 households 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 29.5% of households were one person and 13.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.97.  The age distribution was 25.6% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.0 males.  The median household income was $29,617 and the median family income was $36,296. Males had a median income of $27,951 versus $21,326 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,733. About 14.1% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 17.5% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

At the 2010 census, there were 15,676 people in 5,719 households, including 3,722 families, in the city. The population density was 653.2 people per square mile (252.4/km2). There were 6,611 housing units at an average density of 275.5 per square mile (106.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 48.7% Black or African American, 47.7% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 1.6% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. 3.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  Of the 5,719 households 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 23.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 30.9% of households were one person and 12.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.96.  The age distribution was 23.2% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% 65 or older. The median age was 37.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.  The median household income was $32,449 and the median family income was $38,147. Males had a median income of $31,957 versus $24,209 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,146. About 22.7% of families and 25.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.8% of those under age 18 and 19.0% of those age 65 or over.

Landmarks and places of interest.

Talladega includes a number of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the J. L. M. Curry House and Swayne Hall, both listed as National Historic Landmarks. The main listed historic districts are the Silk Stocking District, which includes the Dr. Samuel Welch House, Talladega College Historic District, and Talladega Courthouse Square Historic District. Also included is the Talladega Superspeedway, which is a long race track. It hosts two NASCAR races annually.

Notable people.

The Talladega Municipal Airport was renamed "Boswell Field" in honor of Eastaboga, Alabama resident Lewis Archer Boswell. Local legend has it that Boswell made the first successful flight, before the Wright Brothers.

Talladega is the county seat of Talladega County, Alabama, United States. It was incorporated in 1835. At the 2010 census the population was 15,676. Talladega is approximately east of Birmingham.

La ville de Talladega (en anglais ) est le siège du comté de Talladega, dans l’État de l’Alabama, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Early life.

Born in Old Westbury, New York, he was the son of the wealthy and socially prominent Harry Payne Whitney (1872–1932) and Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (1875–1942). He had a younger sister, Barbara Whitney, and an elder sister, Flora Payne Whitney (1897–1986). As a member of both the Whitney and Vanderbilt families, he inherited a substantial fortune. However, he proved to be a very capable businessman.

Career.

After graduating from Yale University in 1922, he went to work at a Nevada mine owned by his father. Whitney's paternal grandfather, William Collins Whitney, was a co-founder and director of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York and in 1926, Whitney was appointed a director, serving on the bank's board until 1940. In 1927, Whitney joined with William Avery Rockefeller III and other investors to back Juan Trippe in establishing the Aviation Corporation of America, which a year later would become Pan American World Airways.  In 1931, Whitney founded the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co., Limited in Canada. The company became a major zinc mining operation, and Whitney served as chairman of the board until 1964.

Film producing.

Whitney became involved in the motion picture industry, notably with his cousin John Hay Whitney as a major shareholder backing the Technicolor Corporation. The two were also financiers for the 1939 film classic "Gone with the Wind". Seventeen years later, C. V. Whitney served as a producer through his own "C.V. Whitney Pictures." His company made three films, the first being the acclaimed 1956 production, "The Searchers", directed by John Ford. The second was "The Missouri Traveler" in 1958 with Brandon deWilde and Lee Marvin, and the third was "The Young Land" in 1959 with Patrick Wayne and Dennis Hopper.  Whitney was a major financial partner in the development of Marine Studios, designed as an underwater motion picture studio located on the ocean south of St. Augustine, Florida. The Studios opened on June 23, 1938, with an estimated 30,000 visitors and eventually evolved into a major marine attraction. It was billed as "the world's original marine attraction". Whitney sold the attraction and its amenities to a group of St. Augustine businessmen, and Whitney's legacy continues at the Whitney Laboratory nearby.

Sportsman.

His father, Harry Payne Whitney, had been an avid polo player and thoroughbred racehorse owner, and C.V. Whitney followed in his footsteps, winning the U.S. Open polo title three times. Since 1979, the Greenwich Polo Club at Conyers Farm in Greenwich, Connecticut, has awarded the C.V. Whitney Cup to the winner of an annual polo tournament.  He was the third generation of Whitneys to be heavily involved in thoroughbred horse racing. The Grade 1 Whitney Handicap at Saratoga Race Course was inaugurated in his family's honor in 1928. C.V. Whitney acquired his father's stable in 1930 and on May 17, his two-year-old colt Equipoise gave him his first stakes race victory when he won the Keene' Memorial Stakes at Belmont Park. Equipoise would go on to become a success on the racetrack and as a leading sire, and would be inducted into racing's Hall of Fame in 1957. Among Whitney's other outstanding horses, Top Flight was the 1931 American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly and the 1932 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly, and was also voted into the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame.  Although he had fifteen horses compete in the Kentucky Derby, Whitney never won the prestigious race. Silver Spoon was the only filly entered in the Derby between the years 1945 and 1980, coming in a credible fifth in 1959. Ridden by jockey Eddie Arcaro and trained by Sylvester Veitch, Whitney's horse Phalanx won the first division of the 1947 Wood Memorial Stakes, finished second in the 1947 Kentucky Derby, took third in the ensuing Preakness Stakes, then won the Belmont Stakes. In the 1951 Kentucky Derby, Whitney's Veitch-trained colt Counterpoint was still developing after an injury as a yearling that almost ended his career and tired badly, finishing 11th. However, Counterpoint came back to take second place in the Preakness Stakes and subsequently gave Whitney his second win in the Belmont Stakes and then went on to earn 1951 Horse of the Year honors. Among other successful horses from his stables, Career Boy won the United Nations Handicap and was voted the Eclipse Award champion Grass Horse for 1956. And First Flight was one of his best fillies, winning the Matron Stakes and beating males in Belmont's Futurity Stakes in 1946.

Estates.

One of Whitney's homes was the "Cady Hill" estate at Saratoga Springs, New York, not far from the Saratoga Race Course. It was there in 1950 that he founded the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame and served as its first president. A former director of Churchill Downs, he was given an Eclipse Special Award in 1984 in recognition of his lifetime contribution to thoroughbred horse racing in the United States. The C. V. Whitney Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, bred more than 175 stakes winners until age forced him to sell off a large part of the property in the 1980s to Gainesway Farm. After his death in 1992, his widow, Marylou Whitney, continued breeding and racing operations on a smaller scale. A much respected figure in racing, her "Marylou Whitney Stables" owned Birdstone, the 2004 Belmont Stakes winner.  Upon his death, Whitney owned over 51,000 acres (210 km2) in the Adirondacks along with a great camp called "Deerlands". Located within the Oswegatchie Great Forest, the Whitney estate is home to more than 40 lakes and ponds, as well as the headwaters of the Beaver, Raquette and Bog rivers. In 1997, New York State bought 14,700 acres (59 km2) of the 51,000 acre (210 km2) Whitney tract from Marylou Whitney's "Whitney Industries" for $17.1 million.

Government and military service.

Having spent considerable time in France, Whitney's mother Gertrude became involved supporting the Allied forces during World War I. She dedicated a great deal of her time and money to various relief efforts, establishing and maintaining a hospital in France for wounded soldiers. Eighteen-year-old C. V. Whitney joined the United States Army, serving as an aviation cadet in the Signal Corps, rising to the rank of second lieutenant and becoming a military pilot. During the first World War, Whitney served as a flight instructor in Texas.  With the onset of American involvement in World War II, Whitney volunteered again for service, rising to the rank of colonel with the United States Army Air Forces. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit.  At the end of the war, Whitney served under U.S. President Harry S. Truman as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force from 1947 to 1949, and United States Under Secretary of Commerce from 1949 to 1950. He was also appointed President Truman's special envoy to the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Spain and Italy in 1950.

Personal life.

On March 5, 1923, Whitney married for the first of an eventual four times to Marie Norton (1903–1970), daughter of Sheridan Nook Norton, an attorney, and Beulah Sanfield Einstein, in Paris. They were married from 1923 to 1929 and had two children before their divorce. Marie later married New York Governor and diplomat Averell Harriman and was First Lady of New York from January 1, 1955, to December 31, 1958.  Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney's second marriage was to Gwladys Crosby "Gee" Hopkins from 1931 to 1940; they had one daughter:  In 1941, in Plymouth, Ohio, he married for the third time to Eleanor Searle (c. 1908–2002), daughter of Dr. and Mrs. George James Searle. Before their divorce in 1957, they had one son:  On January 25, 1958, he married for the fourth, and final, time to Marie Louise Schroeder (b. 1925). She was an actress in a movie he produced, called "The Missouri Traveler". They remained married until his death. Together, they had one daughter:  Over the 1920s, Whitney successfully fended off several million-dollar lawsuits filed by former Ziegfeld Follies dancer Evan-Burrows Fontaine charging him with breach of promise and paternity of her son.  Whitney died in 1992 in Saratoga Springs, New York, at the age of 93 and is buried there in the Greenridge Cemetery. In 1994, a portion of New York State Route 50 in the City of Saratoga Springs was designated "C.V. Whitney Memorial Highway."

Philanthropy and arts patronage.

Whitney was raised in an artistic environment. His mother, Gertrude, was an accomplished sculptor who studied in Paris under Auguste Rodin. She was also the founder of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. As an adult, C. V. Whitney played a role in establishing the Saratoga Performing Arts Center in Saratoga Springs, New York, was a supporter of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and was a founder of the Whitney Gallery of Western Art in Cody, Wyoming. The "Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame" collection was provided in 1987 to the National Museum of Dance in Saratoga Springs, New York. It is the only museum in the world dedicated to professional dance.  Whitney donated important artworks to various museums. Notable donations include the gift of a 1634 Anthony van Dyck painting of Henri II de Lorraine, 5e Duc de Guise, which had been in the Whitney family for three generations, to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. In 1953, Whitney donated the 1872 Thomas Eakins painting, "The Biglin Brothers Racing", to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.  Whitney's interest in the natural history of marine animals resulted in the 1938 founding of the world's first oceanarium. Marineland, near St. Augustine, Florida, included a small research laboratory that drew academic biologists. Eventually, Whitney provided the University of Florida with an adjacent parcel of land plus half of the construction capital required to build a full-scale academic center, the C.V. Whitney Laboratory for Experimental Marine Biology and Medicine (now called The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience). In addition, he donated Whitney Hall to the university, a building that serves as a conference center and contains dormitories and apartments.  In 1963, his estate at Old Westbury, New York, was subdivided and offered to the New York Institute of Technology for use as part of its Long Island campus.  In 2000, his widow helped finance the publication of "Legend of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney" by Jeffrey L. Rodengen.

Written works.

Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney wrote five books:

Cornelius Vanderbilt "Sonny" Whitney (February 20, 1899 – December 13, 1992) was an American businessman, film producer, writer, philanthropist, polo player, and government official, as well as the owner of a stable of thoroughbred racehorses.

Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney (né le à dans l'état de New York aux États-Unis - mort le à Saratoga Springs) est un homme d'affaires et homme politique américain, producteur, écrivain, et haut fonctionnaire, mais aussi le propriétaire d'une écurie renommée de Pur-sang anglais.


Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Uceda

Biography.

Son of Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma and Catalina de la Cerda, main lady in waiting for the queen Margaret of Austria. His birthdate and place are unclear, and placed between 1577 and 1581. Cristóbal married in 1597 with Mariana de Padilla Manrique, daughter of Martín de Padilla Manrique, first count of Santa Gadea y "Adelantado Mayor" of Castille. Her mother was Luisa Manrique de Lara, eighth countess of Buendía. They had seven children, three of which reached adult age, including:  In 1609, he bought Uceda, and the subsequent year received the title of Duke of Uceda from the King. The intrigue by Cristóbal to replace his father as valido included known opponents of the Duke of Lerma, including the royal confessor, Luis de Aliaga, and Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares. In 1618, the unpopular Duke of Lerma fell from favor, and was subsequently made a cardinal with offices outside of Madrid. The Duke of Uceda, appointed as Sumiller de Corps and Caballerizo mayor to the King, followed a policy to benefit landowning nobility, including his clan. He built the ostentatious Palacio of the Duke of Uceda in Madrid. In foreign policy, he continued the suppression of the religious-based rebellion in Bohemia, and sought the annexation of Portugal. In 1621, upon the ascent of Philip IV of Spain, he was substituted in an intrigue, which involved his former ally, the Count-Duke of Olivares, who replaced him. Cristóbal, like his father was exiled to a castle in Torrejón de Velasco. Much of his property was confiscated, and though he was briefly released and gained some level of pardon, he was re-arrested and died in jail at Alcalá de Henares.

Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval-Rojas y de la Cerda, known as the duque de Uceda (Duke of Uceda), but also titled second marquis of Cea, fifth marquis of Denia, and knight of the order of Santiago (1581 – 31 May 1624 in Alcalá de Henares) was the official minister of state, also known as the "valido" or "valued one", for King Philip III of Spain. He engineered the exile of his father the Duke of Lerma, from the court, and his own succession to the position.

Cristóbal de Sandoval, duc d'Uceda et l'un des fils du duc de Lerma qui fut pendant 20 ans le "valido" (ou improprement le favori) de Philippe III d'Espagne.


Geography.

Suburbs.

Crossing to southern part of the island from the mainland via the bridge, the first suburb to be encountered is Bellara. The other four suburbs in the southern half of the island are Woorim (about away on the island's'surf side'), Bongaree at the southern end of the island, on the 'calm side' or 'passage side' and Banksia Beach and White Patch at the northern end of the populated area, also on the 'passage side'. Two other localities, Welsby and Bribie Island North, make up the undeveloped northern part of the island.  Bribie Island North is part of the Sunshine Coast Region while all of the other suburbs on the island are part of the Moreton Bay Region.

Transport.

Bribie Island Coaches operates a bus service around the Island as well as a route which runs to Caboolture and Morayfield via Ningi and Pebble Beach. In August 2007 an alternative route, via Beachmere and Pebble Beach, was introduced. The service to Caboolture is timed to connect with trains to and from Brisbane.

Flora and fauna.

There are many types of wildlife present on the island. Kangaroos, wallabies, emus, various snake species, green tree frogs and dingos can often be seen venturing from the national park into the surrounding suburbs.  Pumicestone Passage, located between the island and the mainland, is a protected marine park that provides habitat for dugongs, turtles and dolphins. There are also extensive mangrove forests in this area. Eucalypt forests, banksias and heathlands are the predominant vegetation elsewhere.  Bribie Island is home to around 350 species of bird. This includes a range of honeyeater species, lorikeets, waterbirds and birds of prey. Flying foxes (also called fruit bats) visit the area, along with several species of small insect-eating bats. Flying foxes are important pollinators and seed dispersers while the insect-eating bats help control mosquito and other insect populations.  Buckley's Hole, at the southern tip of the island, was declared an environmental park in 1992.  The island seems particularly prone to instances of bee swarming.

National Park.

Bribie Island National Park covers, nearly a third of the total area of the island. There is a common misconception that the national park covers most of the non-inhabited area, but in fact most of the centre of the island consists of conifer plantations closed to public access. Formerly leased to CSR Timber, the Queensland Government is currently re-planting around of this area through its DPI Forestry arm. Much of the rest has been developed for housing.  In 2009 the Queenslands National Parks and Wildlife Service (QNPWS) used imported blocks of rock to prevent access to roads and tracks leading into the national park forcing all vehicle access to the park to be via the Beach Access Track at Woorim or the Ranger Station at Whitepatch. All access to the national park now requires a permit to be purchased. Local residents were threatened by letter with fines of up to $16,000 by QNPWS in 2009 for walking domestic animals within the park.

History.

Pre-European contact.

The inhabitants of Bribie Island at the time they were encountered by Matthew Flinders in H.M. colonial sloop Norfolk in 1799 were the Djindubari people. broadly part of the 'Kabi' or more correctly Gubbi Gubbi people of South-East Queensland. Meston recorded the pre-contact population of Aboriginal people as 600–1,000, but by 1891 none remained on the Island and only four lived on the mainland.

Joondaburri lifestyle.

The comparatively rich coastal country allowed permanent residence. Natural resources of land and sea were abundant and harvested according to the seasons. Winter mullet schooled from May to July. Dolphins were trained to herd the fish into waiting nets and spears. Winter was the best season for bream, followed by tailor in September and October. In summer mud crabs and oysters were plentiful and dugong were hunted. Summer whiting and flathead were speared or netted. Bungwall Fern was gathered for its starchy roots all year round. Kangaroo, eels and carpet snakes were rich in protein and fat. The dominant shellfish used as food was the oyster known today as the Sydney Rock Oyster known locally as tibir, at that time growing naturally on the seabeds. The oyster middens, many metres thick, were plundered by early settlers for lime. A significant midden site, now lost, was located not far from Bongaree jetty. It contained discarded shells, marsupial bones and stone tools. The biggest of the oyster middens was at White Patch, where dugong were also plentiful. The Ugari (pipi) on the coastal beaches was also eaten.

James Cook, 1770.

Lieutenant James Cook sighted the Glass House Mountains west of the Island on Thursday 17 May 1770 while sailing up the east coast of Australia in HM Bark Endeavour. He called these hills the Glass Houses as the reflections and the shape of the hills reminded him of the glass manufacturing houses back in England. James Cook named the area Glass House Bay and was the first European to name this stretch of water.

Matthew Flinders, 1799.

On 16 July 1799 Captain Matthew Flinders left Glass House Bay about east of the shore in the "Norfolk". He sailed south-west between Moreton Island and the mainland parallel to the southern shore of Bribie Island until spotting an opening in the low western shore. He anchored at 8:15am and transferred with a small crew and Bongaree to a smaller craft. He landed on Bribie Island unaware that it wasn't the mainland and met a small group of Aborigines who had gathered on the beach. Although Bongaree didn't speak the same dialect as the local aborigines the meeting was peaceful until one attempted to remove Flinders' hat. Flinders refused and the Europeans and Bongaree returned to their boat. As they left the man who had tried to remove Flinders' hat threw a spear that missed the small boat and crew. Flinders fired his musket at the men on shore and wounded the man who had thrown the spear. The Aborigines fled the beach. Flinders named the southern shore and site of the confrontation "Point Skirmish". There is an area on the modern map marked Skirmish Point but should not be confused with the actual place of the incident which is known as South Point.  Flinders needed to repair leaks in his boat and pulled it ashore some north of the area he had the incident with the locals for those repairs. Once his boat was repaired he explored the mainland side of the passage and scaled Mt. Beerburrum to get a view of the area. He spent 15 days in the region. It was not until some time later it was determined that this was an island and the changing of the name of the waterway between Bribie Island and the mainland was made at some other point.

19th century.

The origin of the name "Bribie" are believed to be linked to a convict named "Bribie" or "Breiby" who gathered basket-making material on the island in the 1830s. In his memoirs, Tom Petrie wrote:  In those days there was a prisoner among the others who made baskets for the Government called "Bribie, the basket maker." He was not chained, and was allowed to go about in a boat to get cane from the scrubs for his work.... It was from this man Bribie, my father thinks, that Bribie Island got its name. He cannot remember distinctly on this point, but has some vague recollection of a connection between the man and the island – whether he was blown ashore there, or what, he does not know." In 1890, the Queensland Aboriginal Protection Association established a mission station on Bribie Island. A school and a teacher's residence was established, with two dormitories designed to accommodate 20 residents. By September 1892, suffering financial difficulties and with the site described by Archibald Meston as "mainly ti-tree swamps", the mission was abandoned and residents moved to Myora Mission on North Stradbroke Island.

Bribie in World War II.

Bribie Island fortifications were constructed from 1939 to 1943 as part of the defence of South East Queensland during the Second World War, and to provide artillery training for Australian soldiers. Other fortifications throughout Moreton Bay during the war, included at Caloundra, on Moreton Island at Cowan Cowan Point and Rous. Together with the existing installations at Fort Lytton, they provided a coordinated series of defensive batteries for Moreton Bay.  In February 1939, six months before the start of WW2, a review of the defences of Moreton Bay called for two 6 inch Mark XI guns at north Bribie.  Soon after Australia declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, 6 inch guns previously carried by the World War I-era cruiser were taken to the present location of Fort Bribie () to guard the northwest channel, which ran close to the shore near Caloundra, across the bay in a southeasterly direction towards Moreton Island, and then southwesterly towards the mouth of the river, forming a Z-shaped route. The most effective sites for guns were the closest points to the channel bends.  The mounting and placement of the guns was hopelessly inadequate and according to Major General Robert E Jackson, Officer in Charge of Northern Command in July 1940, Fort Bribie was "no value from a defence point of view" and had to be fixed.  Before this could happen an argument about the location broke out, costings being sought for both Bribie and Caloundra. It was argued Caloundra was higher, better equipped and cheaper to build, whereas Bribie was flat, hot, infested with mosquitos and sandflies, had no freshwater, no bridge and would be much more expensive. The decision came down to Fort Bribie's ability to cover both entrances to the northwest channel, while Caloundra could only cover the most northerly entrance. The guns had a range of about.  Colonel JS Whitelaw designed the layout of the fort on Bribie and recommended its completion, receiving the go ahead by early 1942. By April—hastened by the December 1941 attacks by the Japanese forces on Pearl Harbour, Malaya, Hong Kong and Singapore—construction of the gun emplacements was almost complete. The construction cost of all of Fort Bribie's concrete structures was ₤55,000, about $2.5 million in 2010 dollars.  On 19 February 1942, Darwin was bombed in two raids killing at least 243 people and wounding between 300 and 400 more. By November 1943 Darwin was bombed 64 times, with other towns also attacked including Townsville. The ferocity and success of the attacks suddenly created a very real dread in the Queensland population.  In July 1942 after failing to take Port Moresby by sea in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese landed on Papua New Guinea's north coast and moved south, capturing Kokoda on 29 July. This was the first time any Australian territory had been occupied by an enemy force.  Reinforcements were sent to Fort Bribie and Fort Cowan Cowan, strengthening the existing defences at the two forts. A number of guns from the First World War were provided to upgrade Australian coastal defences, and new forts were constructed during 1942-43 at Skirmish Point on south Bribie Island and Rous on Moreton Island. The Skirmish Point Battery at Woorim contained two fixed gun emplacements on Panama mounts.  The Pacific War also brought the Americans soldiers.  It was widely believed at the time that the American and Australian armed forces and governments had conspired on a plan to abandon Australia north of Brisbane to the Japanese in case of invasion. The plan, known as the Brisbane Line was never official policy, but the alleged strategy gained support after General Douglas MacArthur referred to it during a press conference in March 1943, where he also coined the term 'Brisbane Line'.  Many historians of the WW2 period on Bribie island refer to Brisbane Line and draw it from Fort Bribie due west to Charleville, then south-west to a point just west of Adelaide, as recounted by Warwick Outram in Bribie Memories 2nd edition 2009. George H. Johnston, War Correspondent for the "Argus" newspaper was present when MacArthur mentioned the Brisbane Line on 16 March 1943, but later clarified the matter by writing it was Gen. MacArthur who abandoned the Brisbane Line concept and decided that the battle for Australia should be fought in New Guinea.  At Fort Bribie itself, two mine control huts were used by Royal Australian Navy during 1942 and 1943, known as RAN 2. These monitored and controlled the guard indicator loops and mine loops set in the North West Channel. The indicator loops relied on a moving magnet or any large mass of metal, which naturally acquires magnetic field, to induce a current in a stationary loop of wire. If a submarine was detected by the guard loop, the operator would wait until there was also a swing mine loop before detonating the mines by sending a current down the mine loop. RAN 2 was moved to Cowan Cowan on Moreton Island in September 1943. When the mines in Moreton Bay were decommission at the end of the war, six were missing. One was found at Tewantin in 1945.  The mines weighed and were buoyant, so needed to be moored with sinkers, up to below the surface. Every 5 minutes hour perturbations due to the tides known as "perts" had to be recorded. Daily and weekly tests were carried out on all equipment. In three years of operation, the mines were never detonated.  Another minefield with guard loop built in 1942 protected Pearl Channel and Main Channel south of Bribie Island. The guard loops ran from the Loop Control Hut at the end of North Street, just north of Woorim to Combouyuro Point, Moreton Island. Three Harbour Defence Asdics, sea-bed mounted submarine detection devices now known as sonar, were position down-channel from the guard loops, as a second means of detection.

Bribie post World War II.

The Bribie Island library opened in 1976 with a major refurbishment in 2016.

Heritage listings.

Bribie Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Politics and people.

Federally, Bribie Island is contained within the Division of Longman which since 2016 has been represented by Susan Lamb MP, a member of the Australian Labor Party. Rick Williams is the Australian Labor Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Pumicestone which includes Bribie Island within its electoral boundaries (2012) while the current Moreton Bay Regional Council Division 1 councillor is Brooke Savige (2016).  The artist Ian Fairweather lived on Bribie Island for many years in self-inflicted poverty. A park on the island is named in his honour at the corner of First Ave and Hunter St Bongaree.  Brisbane Broncos players Jack Reed, an English representative, and Matt Gillett, a State of Origin representative grew up on Bribie Island.

Infrastructure.

Retail and entertainment facilities.

Bribie Island's main shopping centre is at Bellara, comprising a Woolworths supermarket and a Target store, as well as a number of nationally known companies such as Telstra, Rockmans, Priceline Pharmacy, Nextra Newsagency, Liquorland, Brumby's Bakery, EB Games, Flight Centre, Millers, Prouds, Donut King, Mister Minit, Spendless Shoes, Strandbags and Gloria Jean's Coffees. The island also has an additional Woolworths supermarket at Banksia Beach, as well as an Aldi store and two large IGA supermarkets located at Bongaree and Woorim. Traditional "strip" development of shopping facilities around the island provides a comprehensive array of retail businesses such as hardware stores, medical centres, newsagents, chemists and food outlets.  There are two large, modern hotels—the Bribie Island Hotel at Bellara and the Blue Pacific Hotel on the'surf side' of the island at Woorim. Residents and visitors often prefer to visit local clubs such as the large and award-winning Bribie Island Citizens and RSL Club, the two bowls clubs at Bongaree, the Surf Life Saving Club at Woorim on the'surf side', and the small Solander Lakes Bowls Club at Banksia Beach. There is a well-established golf club at Woorim, with a second golf course and club house recently completed at Banksia Beach as part of the Pacific Harbour development. A small twin cinema was established in 1997 on McMahon Street.

Bribie Island Bridge.

The existing bridge was the longest, pre-stressed, pre-cast concrete bridge in Australia at the time of its construction. With a length of 2736 feet (831.4 m), the bridge cost $716,321 and was officially opened on Saturday 19 October 1963 by the then premier of Queensland Frank Nicklin. An additional bridge onto Bribie Island has been proposed, and an official 'Bribie Island Bridge Corridor Study' was conducted in 2015 by the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads that supports this proposal. The study recommends the new bridge be built north of the existing bridge, however the anticipated date of commencement has not yet been announced.

Desalination plant.

A desalination plant has been proposed for Bribie Island by the National/Liberal Party (LNP). The previous (up to 2012) Labor government decided it was not a good place to build a Desal Plant. Some residents are opposed to the plant due to environmental reasons, however others see the plant as a benefit to the island.

Schools.

There are two primary schools: Bribie Island State School at Bongaree, and Banksia Beach State School, and one high school: Bribie Island State High School. Both primary schools are governed by a 'School Enrolment Management Plan', and only accept students who live within their designated catchment areas.  Bribie Island State School was opened on 4 February 1924. Prior to the opening of the Bribie Island State High School in 1989 secondary students were transported to Caboolture. The 2006 enrolment at the high school was 954 students. Bribie Island State High School presently has over 1,000 students. Banksia Beach State School opened in 1992. Student numbers are continuing to rise annually and are now over 1,000 students.

Amenities.

The Moreton Bay Regional Council operates a library service at 1 Welsby Parade, Bongaree. It also operates the Bribie Island Aquatic Leisure Centre on Goodwin Drive. Bribie Jetty at Bongaree is a popular recreation and fishing spot.

Demographics.

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics there were 16,209 persons resident on the island in 2006. Of these, 7796 (48%) were males and 8413 (52%) were females. Of the total population 1.6% were Indigenous persons compared with 2.3% for all of Australia.  13.6% of the population on the island were children aged between 0–14 years and 50.3% were persons aged 55 years and over. The median age of persons was 55 years, compared with 37 years for all of Australia. 75.7% stated they were born in Australia. Other places of birth included were: England 6.6%, New Zealand 4.0%, Germany 0.9%, Netherlands 0.8% and Scotland 0.8%. The median weekly household income was $609, compared with $1,027 for all of Australia.

Cultural references.

In 2004 a reality television series called "The Hot House" that aired on Network Ten was filmed on Bribie Island. The show entailed 14 couples building a house together knowing that only one couple would win the house and a number of prizes, including a boat, which came with it. On the final night of filming locals were given free tickets to enter the area which had been fenced off for filming.

In popular fiction.

"The Enigmatic Mr Phelps", a novel by Canada-based English international crime writer David B. Green, was partly set in Banksia Beach during the winter of 2004. It includes many references to the island and the surrounding area. Part two of the two-part novel, "Berlin by Christmas", features an opening chapter based entirely on the island. The fictional character of "Phelps" is often confused with the real life of the author.  Nick Earls' 1996 novel "After January" includes a description of a visit to the beach and the ruins of World War II battlements on the northern end of the island.

Bribie Island is the smallest and most northerly of three major sand islands forming the coastline sheltering the northern part of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. The others are Moreton Island and North Stradbroke Island. Bribie Island is long, and at its widest. Archibald Meston believed that the name of the island came from a corruption of a mainland word for it, "Boorabee". meaning 'koala bear'.

L’île Bribie (' en anglais), également connue sous le nom aborigène de Boorabee, est une île australienne située dans le Queensland, à environ 70 kilomètres au nord de Brisbane, dans le comté de Caboolture.


Early life.

Madeleine Grey (née Madeleine Nathalie Grumberg) was born in Villaines-la-Juhel, Mayenne, in France in 1896 into a Jewish background. Her musical studies took her to the Paris Conservatoire to study both the piano, with Alfred Cortot, and singing, with Amédée-Louis Hettich. Her exceptional promise as a singer was soon recognised, and she gave her début concert with the Pasdeloup Orchestra in Paris in 1919.

Career.

This first concert was attended by Gabriel Fauré and Maurice Ravel, both of whom went on to work closely with her in performances of their works. Fauré accompanied her in the first performance of his song cycle "Mirages" in December 1919. For Ravel she gave the first performances of the orchestral version of his "Deux mélodies hébraïques" in 1920, and the "Chansons madécasses" in 1926. Her other associations with Ravel included a concert tour with him in Spain in 1928, participation in the Ciboure festival for the composer in 1930, and singing at a memorial concert after his death. Joseph Canteloube dedicated to her a set of his "Chants d'Auvergne", and she gave the first performance of them in 1926, achieving considerable popular success. Her repertoire also included works by Ottorino Respighi, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Darius Milhaud and Arthur Honegger.  Madeleine Grey travelled widely, especially in Italy and the United States, appearing at many festivals. She sometimes experienced the rising influence of anti-semitism, as in 1933 when her engagement at a concert in Florence was abruptly cancelled and she was replaced by another singer. When the war with Germany broke out in 1939 she was abroad, and did not return to France until 1947. She lived in Paris again from 1952, and died there in 1979.

Reputation.

Ravel provided an early account of Madeleine Grey's voice in a letter recommending her to the conductor Ernest Ansermet: "She is one of the most remarkable interpreters: an attractive voice, fairly powerful, and very clear. And, very notably, perfect diction. Thanks to her, people have heard "Shéhérazade" as something other than a symphonic poem." This view has been endorsed by a modern critic on the basis of her recordings: "Her voice is strong and clear, her diction excellent, her interpretations were individual and intelligent."

Recordings.

Madeleine Grey's legacy of recordings is small but significant. In 1930, she made the first recording of a selection of the "Chants d'Auvergne" by Canteloube (chosen from series I-III and filling 7 sides of 78 rpm records, 1 one of which was not issued). In 1932, she also made recordings of Ravel's "Chansons madécasses", the "Deux mélodies hébraïques" and the "Chanson hébraïque" (6 sides of 78 rpm) which were supervised by the composer and which therefore give a unique insight into his expectations of performance. All of these recordings have been re-issued on CD (Pearl GEMM 0013).

Publications.

Grey, Madeleine. "Souvenirs d'une interprète", in "Revue musicale", n.185–187 (1938), ().

Madeleine Grey (11 June 1896 – 13 March 1979) was a French classical singer whose voice is usually described as soprano but which also encompassed a mezzo-soprano repertoire.

Madeleine Grey, née Madeleine Nathalie Grunberg le à Villaines-la-Juhel (Mayenne) et morte le à Paris, est une chanteuse classique française dont la voix est souvent considérée comme celle d'une soprano mais qui évolue aussi dans un répertoire de mezzo-soprano.


Early life.

Plummer was born on December 13, 1929, in Toronto, Ontario. He is the only child of John Orme Plummer, who sold stocks and securities, and his wife Isabella Mary (née Abbott), who worked as secretary to the Dean of Sciences at McGill University, and who was the granddaughter of Canadian Prime Minister Sir John Abbott. On his father's side, Plummer's great-uncle was patent lawyer and agent F. B. Fetherstonhaugh. Plummer is also a second cousin of British actor Nigel Bruce, known for portraying Doctor Watson to Basil Rathbone's Sherlock Holmes.  Plummer's parents divorced shortly after his birth, and he was brought up largely by his mother in the Abbott family home in Senneville, Quebec, outside of Montreal. He speaks both English and French fluently. As a schoolboy, he began studying to be a concert pianist, but developed a love for theatre at an early age, and began acting while he was attending the High School of Montreal. He attended McGill where he also took up acting, after watching Laurence Olivier's film "Henry V" (1944). In 1946, he caught the attention of "Montreal Gazette"'s theatre critic Herbert Whittaker with his performance as Mr Darcy in the Montreal High School production of "Pride and Prejudice". Whittaker was also amateur stage director of the Montreal Repertory theatre, and he cast Plummer at age 18 as Oedipus in Jean Cocteau's "La Machine infernale".

Stage career.

Broadway.

Plummer made his Broadway debut in January 1953 in "The Starcross Story", a show that closed on opening night. His next Broadway appearance, "Home is the Hero", lasted 30 performances from September to October 1954. He appeared in support of Broadway legend Katharine Cornell and film legend Tyrone Power in "The Dark Is Light Enough", which lasted 69 performances from February to April 1955. The play toured several cities, with Plummer serving as Power's understudy. Later that same year, he appeared in his first Broadway hit, opposite Julie Harris (who won a Tony Award) in Jean Anouilh's "The Lark". After appearing in "Night of the Auk", which was not a success, Plummer appeared in Elia Kazan's successful Broadway production of Archibald MacLeish's Pulitzer Prize-winning play "J.B."; Plummer was nominated for his first Tony as Best Actor in Play. ("J.B." also won Tonys as Best Play and for Kazan's direction.)  Plummer appeared less frequently on Broadway in the 1960s as he moved from New York to London. He appeared in the title role in a 1963 production of Bertolt Brecht's "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui", which did not succeed, but he had a great success in Peter Shaffer's "The Royal Hunt of the Sun", playing conquistador Francisco Pizarro to David Carradine's Atahuallpa; both performances were "stunning," as Plummer did wonders "of extraordinary beauty and deep pain" in playing his complex character. (In the "1969 film adaptation", Plummer would take the title role.) From May to June 1973, he appeared on Broadway as the title character in "Cyrano", a musical adaptation of Edmond Rostand's 1897 play "Cyrano de Bergerac" by Anthony Burgess and Michael J. Lewis. For that performance, Plummer won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance. Later that year, he played Anton Chekhov in Neil Simon's adaptation of several Chekhov short stories, "The Good Doctor".  In the 1980s, he appeared on Broadway in two Shakespearean tragedies, "Othello", playing Iago to James Earl Jones' Moor, and the title role in "Macbeth" with Glenda Jackson playing his lady. His Iago brought him another Tony nomination. He appeared with Jason Robards in the 1994 revival of Harold Pinter's "No Man's Land" and had great success in 1997 in "Barrymore", which he also toured with after a successful Broadway run. His turn as John Barrymore brought him his second Tony Award (this time as Best Actor in Play) and a Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Actor in a Play. He was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his 2004 "King Lear" and for a Tony playing Henry Drummond in the 2007 revival of "Inherit the Wind".

Stratford Festival.

Plummer made his debut at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 1956, playing the title role in "Henry V", which subsequently was performed that year at the Edinburgh Festival. He played the title role in "Hamlet" and Sir Andrew Aguecheek in "Twelfth Night" at Stratford in 1957. The following year, he played Leontes in "The Winter's Tale", Bardolph in "Henry IV, Part 1", and Benedick in "Much Ado About Nothing". In 1960, he played Philip the Bastard in "King John" and Mercutio in "Romeo and Juliet". In 1962, he played the title roles in both "Cyrano de Bergerac" and "Macbeth", returning in 1967 to play Mark Antony in "Antony and Cleopatra".  In 2002, he appeared in a lauded production of "King Lear", directed by Jonathan Miller. The production successfully transferred to New York City's Lincoln Center in 2004. He returned to the stage at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in August 2008 in a critically acclaimed performance as Julius Caesar in George Bernard Shaw's "Caesar and Cleopatra" directed by Tony winner Des McAnuff; this production was videotaped and shown in high-definition in Canadian cinemas on January 31, 2009 (with an encore presentation on February 23, 2009) and broadcast on April 4, 2009 on Bravo! in Canada. Plummer returned to the Stratford Festival in the summer of 2010 in "The Tempest" as the lead character, Prospero (also videotaped and shown in high-def in cinemas), and again in the summer of 2012 in the one-man show, "A Word or Two", an autobiographical exploration of his love of literature. In 2014, Plummer presented "A Word or Two" again, at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles.

United Kingdom.

In April 1961, he appeared as Benedick in "Much Ado About Nothing" with the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. He also appeared with the RSC in May 1961 in the lead role of "Richard III". He made his London debut on June 11, 1961, playing King Henry II in Jean Anouilh's "Becket" with the RSC at the Aldwych Theatre, directed by Peter Hall. The production later transferred to the Globe for a December 1961 to April 1962 run. For his performance, Plummer won the Evening Standard Award for Best Actor.  From June 1971 to January 1972, he appeared at the National Theatre, acting in repertory for the season. The plays he appeared in were Jean Giraudoux's "Amphitryon 38" directed by Laurence Olivier; Georg Büchner's "Danton's Death" (director Jonathan Miller); Adrian Mitchell's "Tyger"; Luigi Pirandello's "The Rules of the Game"; and Eugene O'Neill's "Long Day's Journey into Night" at the New Theatre in London.

Other venues.

Edward Everett Horton hired Plummer to appear as Gerard in the 1953 road show production of André Roussin's "Nina", a role originated on Broadway by David Niven in 1951. He appeared as Jason opposite Dame Judith Anderson in Robinson Jeffers' adaptation of "Medea" at the Theatre Sara Bernhardt in Paris in 1955. The American National Theatre and Academy production, directed by Guthrie McClintic, was part of Le Festival International.  Also in 1955, he played Mark Antony in "Julius Caesar" and Ferdinand in "The Tempest" at the American Shakespeare Festival (Stratford, Connecticut). He returned to the American Shakespeare Festival in 1981 to play the title role in "Henry V".  Plummer appeared in "Lovers and Madmen" at the Opera House, Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C. in 1973 and in "Love and Master Will" at the same venue in 1975. "Love and Master Will" consisted of selections from the works of William Shakespeare on the subject of love, arranged by Plummer. His co-stars were Zoe Caldwell, Bibi Andersson and Leonard Nimoy. Plummer played "Edgar" in E. L. Doctorow's "Drinks before Dinner" with the New York Shakespeare Festival at the Public/Newman Theatre in New York City in 1978.

Film career.

Early films.

Plummer's film career began in 1958 when Sidney Lumet cast him as a young writer in "Stage Struck". That same year, Plummer played the lead in Nicholas Ray's film "Wind Across the Everglades".  He did not appear on screen again for six years, until he played the Emperor Commodus in Anthony Mann's epic "The Fall of the Roman Empire" (1964).  His next film, the Oscar-winning "The Sound of Music", made cinematic history, becoming the all-time top-grossing film, eclipsing "Gone with the Wind".  He was in "Inside Daisy Clover" (1965), then played World War Two agent Eddie Chapman in "Triple Cross" (1966) and had a support role as Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in "The Night of the Generals" (1967). Plummer was cast to replace Rex Harrison for the film adaptation of "Doctor Dolittle". This decision was later reversed, but Plummer was nonetheless paid $87,500 for signing the contract. At the same time, Plummer was performing in the stage play "The Royal Hunt of the Sun" and his whole "Dolittle" participation was so brief that Plummer never missed a performance.

"The Sound of Music".

Plummer remains widely known for his portrayal of Captain Von Trapp due to the box office success and continued popularity of "The Sound of Music" (1965), a role which he once described as "so awful and sentimental and gooey". He found all aspects of making the film unpleasant, except working with Andrews, and he avoids using its name, instead calling it "that movie", "S&M", or "The Sound of Mucus". He declined to attend the 40th Anniversary cast reunion, but he did provide commentary on the 2005 DVD release. He relented for the 45th anniversary and appeared with the full cast on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" on October 28, 2010.  In 2009, Plummer said that he was "a bit bored with the character" of Captain von Trapp. "Although we worked hard enough to make him interesting, it was a bit like flogging a dead horse. And the subject matter is not mine. I mean, it can't appeal to every person in the world." However, he admits that the film itself was well made and is proud to be associated with a film with such mass appeal. "But it was a very well-made movie, and it's a family movie and we haven't seen a family movie, I don't think, on that scale for ages."

Established career.

Plummer had the title role in "Oedipus the King" (1968) and "The High Commissioner" (1968), playing an Australian in the latter. Plummer was one of many stars in "Battle of Britain" (1969) and was Atahualpa in "The Royal Hunt of the Sun" (1969).  Plummer had the lead in a musical, "Lock Up Your Daughters" (1969) and was the Duke of Wellington in "Waterloo" (1970). "The Pyx" (1973) was his first Canadian film. Plummer appeared in "The Man Who Would Be King" (1975) (playing Rudyard Kipling), "The Return of the Pink Panther" (1975), "Aces High" (1976), "The Silent Partner" (1978), "International Velvet" (1978), "Murder by Decree" (1979) (playing Sherlock Holmes), "Somewhere in Time" (1980), "Eyewitness" (1981), "Dragnet" (1987), "Shadow Dancing" (1988), "" (1991), "Malcolm X" (1992), "Wolf" (1994), "Dolores Claiborne" (1995), "12 Monkeys" (1995), "Syriana" (2005), "Must Love Dogs" (2005), "The New World" (2005), "The Lake House" (2006) and "Remember" (2015).  One of Plummer's most critically acclaimed roles was that of television journalist Mike Wallace in Michael Mann's biographical film "The Insider" (1999), for which he was honoured with several critics' awards for Best Supporting Actor, though a corresponding Academy Award nomination did not materialize.  Other successes include his roles as Dr. Rosen in Ron Howard's Academy Award-winning "A Beautiful Mind" (2001), Arthur Case in Spike Lee's film "Inside Man" (2006), and the philosopher Aristotle in "Alexander", alongside Colin Farrell. In 2004, Plummer played John Adams Gates in "National Treasure".  Plummer has also done some voice work, such as his role of Henri the pigeon in "An American Tail" (1986), the villainous Grand Duke of Owls in "Rock-a-Doodle" (1991), the antagonistic Charles Muntz in "Up" (2009), and the elder leader 1 in the Tim Burton-produced action/science fiction film "9" (2009). He also served as the narrator in Philip Saville's film "The Gospel of John" (2003).  In 2019, he starred as murder mystery writer Harlan Thrombey in Rian Johnson's detective film "Knives Out".

Academy Award nominations.

In January 2010, Plummer received his first Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of author Leo Tolstoy in "The Last Station" (2009). Speaking to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in an interview that aired on March 7, 2010, Plummer added, tongue-in-cheek, "Well, I said it's about time! I mean, I'm 80 years old, for God's sake. Have mercy." On Oscar night, March 7, 2010, however, he lost to Christoph Waltz.  Plummer received his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in "Beginners" (2011), and was announced as the winner at the 84th Academy Awards. Plummer's win made him, at age 82, the oldest actor to win an Academy Award. When he accepted the award, he quipped "You're only two years older than me, darling. Where have you been all my life?".

"All the Money in the World".

In November 2017, Plummer, who was director Ridley Scott's original choice to play J. Paul Getty in "All the Money in the World", was cast to replace Kevin Spacey in the then-already completed film. The move came amid numerous sexual harassment and sexual assault allegations made towards Spacey. All scenes that had included Spacey were re-shot with Plummer. Co-stars Mark Wahlberg and Michelle Williams were part of the necessary filming. The decision was made not long before the scheduled release date of December 22. TriStar Pictures intended to meet that release date in spite of the tight re-shooting and editing schedule; it was eventually pushed back to December 25. For his role, Plummer earned Golden Globe, BAFTA and Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor.

Documentaries.

In 1963, he was the subject of a short National Film Board of Canada documentary, "30 Minutes, Mister Plummer", directed by Anne Claire Poirier.  In 2004, Plummer appeared as a presenter in the CPAC documentary series "The Prime Ministers". He appears in the third episode, "John Abbott" (as Plummer is Abbott's great-grandson).  In 2011, he appeared in the feature-length documentary "The Captains". The film, written and directed by William Shatner, sees Shatner interview Plummer at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival Theatre where they talk about their young careers, long lasting friendship, and Plummer's role as Chang in "". The film references that Shatner, two years Plummer's junior, was the other's understudy in a production of "Henry V" at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival. When Plummer had fallen ill, Shatner took the stage, earning his first big break.

Television.

Plummer made his Canadian television debut in the February 1953 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation production of "Othello", starring Lorne Greene as the Moor. His American television debut was also in 1953 on a "Studio One" episode entitled "The Gathering Night", as an artist who finds success just as his eyesight begins to fail him. He also appeared throughout the 1950s on both dramatic showcase programs like "The Alcoa Hour", "General Electric Theater", "Kraft Television Theatre" and "Omnibus" and episodic series. In 1956, he appeared with Jason Robards and Constance Ford in an episode entitled "A Thief There Was" of CBS's anthology series "Appointment with Adventure".  In 1958, he appeared in the live television drama "Little Moon of Alban" with Julie Harris, for which he received his first Emmy Award nomination. He also appeared with Harris in the 1958 television adaptation of "Johnny Belinda" and played Torvald Helmer to Harris' Nora in a 1959 television version of Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House".  He also starred in the television adaptations of Philip Barry's "The Philadelphia Story" (1959), George Bernard Shaw's "Captain Brassbound's Conversion" (1960), Jean Anouilh's "Time Remembered" (playing the role of Prince Albert originated by Richard Burton on Broadway), and Edmond Rostand's "Cyrano de Bergerac" (1962). In 1964, his performance of the Gloomy Dane in the BBC production "Hamlet at Elsinore" garnered his second Emmy nomination. Another notable play in which he appeared was the 1974 adaptation of Arthur Miller's "After the Fall", in which he played Quentin (a part originated on Broadway by Jason Robards) opposite Faye Dunaway's Maggie.  He appeared in almost 100 television roles, including appearances as Herod Antipas in "Jesus of Nazareth", the five-time Emmy Award-winning "The Thorn Birds", the Emmy-winning "Nuremberg", the Emmy-winning "Little Moon of Alban" and the Emmy-winning "The Moneychangers" (for which he won his first Emmy Award as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series).  He co-starred in "American Tragedy" as F. Lee Bailey (for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination), and appeared in "Four Minute Mile", "Miracle Planet", and a documentary by Ric Burns about Eugene O'Neill. He received an Emmy Award nomination for his performance in "Our Fathers" and reunited with Julie Andrews for a television production of "On Golden Pond". He was the narrator for "The Gospel of John". He also co-starred with Gregory Peck in "The Scarlet and the Black".  He narrated the animated television series "Madeline", for which he received an Emmy Award, as well as the animated television series "The World of David the Gnome".  At the age of 89, he appeared in a leading role in "Departure", a 2019 Canadian-British TV series by Global for NBC Universal about the disappearance of a trans-Atlantic flight.

Other works.

Plummer has also written for the stage, television and the concert-hall. He and Sir Neville Marriner rearranged Shakespeare's "Henry V" with Sir William Walton's music as a concert piece. They recorded the work with Marriner's chamber orchestra the Academy of St Martin in the Fields. He performed it and other works with the New York Philharmonic and symphony orchestras of London, Washington, D.C., Cleveland, Philadelphia, Chicago, Minneapolis, Toronto, Vancouver and Halifax. With Marriner he made his Carnegie Hall debut in his own arrangements of Mendelssohn's incidental music to "A Midsummer Night's Dream".  In 2000, he reprised his role from "" in the video game "". In 2011, he provided the voice of Arngeir, leader of the Greybeards, in "".

Awards and nominations.

In 2016, Plummer received the Canadian Screen Award for Lifetime Achievement.

Honours.

Canadian Honours System  In 1968, he was invested as Companion of the Order of Canada, at the time among Canada's highest civilian honours. In 2001, he received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. He was made an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts at New York's Juilliard School and has received honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto, Ryerson University, McGill University, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Ottawa, and most recently the University of Guelph. Plummer was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1986 and into Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto in 1998.

Personal life.

Plummer has been married three times. His first wife was the actress Tammy Grimes, who he married in 1956. Their marriage lasted four years, and they had a daughter together, the actress Amanda Plummer (born 1957). However, as he mentions in his autobiography, Plummer was unable to have much contact with his daughter during her early and teenage years, because her mother was adamant about blocking access. He and Amanda, who is his only child, did establish contact after she became an adult, and they now maintain a friendly relationship.  Plummer was next married to journalist Patricia Lewis from May 4, 1962, until their divorce in 1967. Three years after his second divorce, Plummer married actress Elaine Taylor on October 2, 1970. Plummer and Elaine live in Weston, Connecticut. Plummer has no children by either his second or third marriages.  Plummer's memoir, "In Spite of Myself", was published by Alfred A. Knopf in November 2008. Plummer is a patron of Theatre Museum Canada.

Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer (born December 13, 1929) is a Canadian actor whose career has spanned six decades, beginning with his film debut in "Stage Struck" (1958).

Christopher Plummer est un acteur canadien né le à Toronto, mais ayant grandi à Montréal. Il est principalement connu du grand public pour le rôle du capitaine Georg von Trapp dans la comédie musicale "La Mélodie du bonheur", réalisée par Robert Wise en 1965.


Summary.

Mickey and Minnie are riding camel-back through the Arabian Desert and happen upon a lively town. Dismounting within, the mice take some amusing photographs whilst their naughty camel slurps up the contents of a beer barrel. As Minnie Mouse backs away with her camera from Mickey, who is posing for the shot, a sultan abducts her from behind a fence. Mickey takes to the chase, but his intoxicated camel is of little use; finding out the sultan's palace, the mouse scales the wall and, through a window, enters a room in the building, where he finds a screaming Minnie struggling against the amorous villain. Breaking the sultan's grasp, Mickey becomes the target of the sultan's bullets; hiding Minnie in a flower pot, and prevailing, through chance, over the sultan's well-armed men, Mickey is pursued (while delicately balancing the flower pot in his hands!) by the sultan himself, out the window, up the spiral stairway leading to the palace roof, thence to the next building over, where he drops the pot, only rescuing Minnie from the fall at the building's edge, from which he slips on account of a loose brick. Minnie and Mickey fall into an awning: the angry sultan, still in pursuit, leaps from the same edge, compelling Mickey to retract the awning, making the sultan's fall considerably less pleasant; the spears of the sultan's warriors, similarly avoided, make their way to the helplessly entombed sultan, who then rushes off, in pain, into the distance. Mickey calls his camel, and, with Minnie, rides off happily.

Mickey in Arabia is a 1932 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Columbia Pictures. This was also the final cartoon in the Mickey Mouse series to be released by Columbia Pictures. Walt Disney plays Mickey Mouse and Marcellite Garner plays Minnie. It was the 43rd Mickey Mouse film released, the seventh of that year. The date of its release is thought to be 18 July 1932, but at least one source gives July 11 as the date.

Mickey in Arabia est un dessin animé de Mickey Mouse produit par Walt Disney pour Columbia Pictures et sorti le 18 ou le.


Legacy.

Bengal continues to produce some of the best artists of modern India. There is a department in the Government College Of Art & Craft that has been training students the traditional style of tempera and wash painting for almost a century now. These students are carrying the legacy of the Bengal School artists, who, initially, were a group of artists, following Abanindranath's style and sharing his aesthetic vision. Among them, Dhirendranath Brahma is the living legend of the Bengal School of Art. He is a master of calligraphy and has innumerable students who are carrying on the tradition of Bengal School of painting. Among the other renowned artists of this style of painting are Amit Sarkar, Ajoy Ghosh, Sankarlal Aich, Amal Chaklader, Narendranath De Sarkar, Sukti Subhra Pradhan and Ratan Acharya. Some of the best known artists of present-day Bengal are Jogen Chowdhury, Mrinal Kanti Das, Gopal Sanyal, Ganesh Pyne, Manishi Dey, Shanu Lahiri, Ganesh Haloi Jahar Dasgupta, Samir Aich, Bikash Bhattacharjee, Sudip Roy, Ramananda Bandopadhyay and Devajyoti Ray. Sanat Chatterjee is one of the last living pioneers of Bengal School of art. He studied under Asit Kumar Haldar for around fifteen years.

R. Siva Kumar's disagreement.

R. Siva Kumar, who has been studying the work of the Santiniketan masters and their approach to art since the early 80s, refutes the practice of subsuming Nandalal Bose, Rabindranath Tagore, Ram Kinker Baij and Benode Behari Mukherjee under the Bengal School of Art. According to Siva Kumar, 'This happened because early writers were guided by genealogies of apprenticeship rather than their styles, worldviews, and perspectives on art practice'.  His ideas on this issue are formulated in the catalogue essay of the exhibition.

The Bengal School of Art commonly referred as Bengal School, was an art movement and a style of Indian painting that originated in Bengal, primarily Kolkata and Shantiniketan, and flourished throughout the Indian subcontinent, during the British Raj in the early 20th century. Also known as 'Indian style of painting' in its early days, it was associated with Indian nationalism (swadeshi) and led by Abanindranath Tagore (1871-1951), but was also promoted and supported by British arts administrators like E. B. Havell, the principal of the Government College of Art, Kolkata from 1896; eventually it led to the development of the modern Indian painting.

Lécole du Bengale est un mouvement artistique qui s'est épanoui dans la région du Bengale en Inde pendant le Raj britannique au début du. Elle était associée au nationalisme indien, mais elle a aussi été soutenue par de nombreux administrateurs britanniques d'arts.


Early years.

Levy who is of Jewish descent, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the son of Paul F. Levy, a journalist and senior editor of "The National Enquirer" He graduated

Professional wrestling career.

Early career (1988–1992).

After graduating from the University of Delaware with a degree in criminal justice, Levy trained as a professional wrestler under Larry Sharpe at the Monster Factory in New Jersey, making his debut on February 20, 1988 against Jimmy Jack Funk.  Early in his career, Levy competed for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico as well as the Memphis, Tennessee-based promotion Continental Wrestling Association under the ring name "Scotty the Body", where he was given the gimmick of being the "boy toy" of Missy Hyatt, who used him to her and Eddie Gilbert's advantage. After leaving Memphis, Levy wrestled in Florida.  Levy next traveled to Canada, where he competed briefly for the Vancouver, British Columbia-based promotion All Star Wrestling before leaving due

World Championship Wrestling (1992–1993).

In 1992, Levy joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW). He was given the ring name "Scotty Flamingo" and the gimmick of a surfer from Florida, even carrying a surfboard to the ring. He was originally managed by J.T. Southern. Levy competed in the WCW light heavyweight division, winning the WCW Light Heavyweight Championship from Brian Pillman on June 20, 1992 at Beach Blast. He held

World Wrestling Federation (1993–1994).

After leaving WCW, Levy briefly wrestled for the United States Wrestling Association (USWA) before joining the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) as manager "Johnny Polo", a spoiled, rich preppy kid. He was initially placed with Adam Bomb, appearing for the first time on May 24 episode of "WWF Raw". He managed Bomb for four months until he was replaced by Harvey Wippleman. He then became the manager of The Quebecers in September, whom he led

Extreme Championship Wrestling.

Feud with Tommy Dreamer (1994–1996).

After leaving the WWF, Levy began developing a new character, "Raven". Inspired by the poem by Edgar Allan Poe and by Patrick Swayze's manipulative Zen master of crime in the film "Point Break", the Raven character was a depressed, sociopathic, stoical, nihilistic misanthrope who would deliver eloquent, philosophical promos peppered with literary allusions and ending with the catchphrase, "Quoth the Raven 'Nevermore'". Levy dramatically altered his appearance, bulking-up to approximately 235 lbs (107 kg), adding nose and eyebrow piercings and began wrestling in ragged jean shorts, a leather jacket, rock band or comic book t-shirts, combat boots and a flannel tied around his waist. After unsuccessfully pitching the character to Jim Cornette, the owner of Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW), Raven approached Paul Heyman, the booker of the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), who agreed to bring in Raven as a foil for

ECW World Heavyweight Champion (1996–1997).

On January 27, 1996, Raven introduced his new girlfriend, Kimona Wanalaya. Later that evening, Raven defeated The Sandman to win his first ECW World Heavyweight Championship following extensive interference from Raven's Nest. Over the following months, Raven successfully defended the ECW World Heavyweight Championship in bouts with opponents including Shane Douglas, Pitbull #2, Chris Jericho, Damián 666, 2 Cold Scorpio and Terry Gordy.  At Hardcore Heaven on June 22, 1996, Raven began playing mind games with The Sandman, brainwashing his ex-wife, Lori and his son, Tyler to join Raven's Nest. Lori and Tyler subsequently began accompanying Raven to ringside for his matches, with Raven using him to wage psychological warfare against The Sandman over the following months.  At the High Incident event on October 26, 1996, Richards was involved in one of ECW's most controversial angles, with Raven's Nest "crucifying" The Sandman by tying him to a cross and placing a crown made of barbed wire on his head. The angle, which was widely criticised as being in poor taste, led to Olympic gold medalist Kurt Angle severing his links with ECW and delayed the promotion's debut on pay-per-view. At the instruction of Paul Heyman, Raven came to the ring and offered a somewhat insincere apology for his actions.  The relationship between Raven and Richards began to deteriorate in late 1996. At Ultimate Jeopardy on October 5, 1996, Raven was scheduled to team with Brian Lee against Dreamer and The Sandman in a match with Raven's ECW World Heavyweight Championship on the line. After Raven was announced as being unable to compete, Richards substituted for him, with Raven losing his title after The

Return to WCW.

The Flock (1997–1998).

On June 30, 1997, Levy made his return to WCW as Raven. He was seen sitting in the front row at "Monday Nitro" where the commentators acknowledged him as "a man who has been a champion with other organizations". On August 21, 1997 at "Clash of the Champions XXXV", Raven defeated Stevie Richards in an "unsanctioned" match and then took a seat in the front row. The storyline continued that Raven would frequently appear in the front row for the next few months with his lackeys, slowly forming what would be known as The Flock. Raven was an "unsigned free agent", but eventually accepted a contract with WCW Commissioner James J. Dillon which stipulated that he could wrestle only when he wanted and under his own rules. The Flock was a stable of misfits

The Dead Pool (1998–1999).

Without The Flock, Raven began a series of depressing interviews and walked out on several matches. In October at Halloween Havoc, Raven refused to wrestle Chris Jericho for the WCW Television Championship, but eventually was convinced to return to the ring. He lost the match and was not seen until 1999. On his return, a series of vignettes were shown in which a camera crew followed Raven to his supposed childhood home, where he had led a privileged upper class lifestyle. He was also reunited with his former valet Chastity, who WCW claimed was his sister.  He later joined with Vampiro and the Insane Clown Posse in a short-lived stable called The Dead Pool. In a backstage meeting in August 1999, which involved every contracted WCW wrestler, Eric Bischoff offered anyone their release right then and there. Levy was the only one to stand up and walk out, as he was dissatisfied with WCW's creative direction. Levy was granted his release and left the company.

Return to ECW (1999–2000).

As a condition to leaving WCW, Levy was not allowed to directly join the WWF upon leaving the promotion as levied by a no compete clause in his contract. Via a loophole in the contract, Levy rejoined ECW and signed a one-year contract on August 25, 1999. His in-ring appearances were initially limited by a recent surgery to repair a rotator cuff tear.  Raven made a surprise return on ECW's debut on TNN

Return to WWF/E (2000–2003).

Levy returned to the WWF, as Raven, in 2000 at Unforgiven when he interfered in the Strap match between Tazz and Jerry Lawler, by hitting Lawler with a DDT. His previous run in the WWF as Johnny Polo was ignored by the company. He then started teaming with Tazz before they went their separate ways. He then moved on to the Hardcore division, where he would often bring out a shopping cart full of trash cans and other potential weapons during his entrances.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.

The Gathering (2003–2004).

Raven debuted for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) on January 22, 2003, two days after his release from WWE, attacking and hitting his finisher on Jeff Jarrett and stealing the NWA World Heavyweight Title from him. Raven then embarked upon a long-running storyline in which he claimed it was his "destiny" to win the NWA World Heavyweight Title. Raven began playing mind games with the roster, starting with his former nemesis Sandman, and debuted his trademark "Clockwork Orange" House of Fun match, which Levy devised himself. On April 30, 2003 Raven got his first shot at Jarrett's NWA World Heavyweight title, yet Jarrett won the match. On September 17, 2003, Raven lost his trademark long hair after he was defeated by Shane Douglas in a hair versus hair match, thanks to the surprise interference of Vampiro. Vampiro and Raven would grow to be bitter rivals which resulted in a backstage brawl which Vampiro ended up with a torn "ACL." While in TNA, he formed a stable known as The Gathering, which included ROH rival CM Punk, as well as Julio Dinero and Alexis Laree, though they would later

NWA World Heavyweight Champion (2005–2006).

On June 19, 2005, Raven turned face and fulfilled his self-proclaimed destiny when he won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Slammiversary (by taking Jeff Jarrett's place after Jarrett attacked a fan from the crowd earlier that night and got arrested), defeating A.J. Styles, Abyss, Sean Waltman and Monty Brown in a five way King of the Mountain match. He successfully defended the title in two defenses over the following months against Abyss at No Surrender, and Rhino two months later at Unbreakable. Against Rhino he showed his full array of moves and peeled back the years looking like the Raven in ECW and early WCW. He not only defeated Rhino but hit a Raven Effect DDT on Jeff Jarrett, with the assistance of Jeff Hardy running to

Serotonin (2006–2008).

He next feuded with Abyss and Brother Runt, losing to the former in a Hangman's Horror match on Impact after the latter turned on him. Subsequent to this, his coverage in major televised angles has dropped considerably. While he was off-air, an alliance was teased between Kazarian, Johnny Devine, and Matt Bentley. On the TNA Primetime Special before Genesis 2006, the three came out in goth, addressing a new movement in TNA. After a loss at the pay-per-view, sporting a new look (often with a mask), Raven revealed himself as their leader, caning the loser of the match. This stable became known as Serotonin. The direction of this stable was very hard to place, although they lost the majority of their televised matches. Regardless of the outcome, Raven would hit the Serotonin competitor with a cane. After a long hiatus, Raven returned to the ring, losing to Christopher Daniels in a First Blood Invitational then losing to Chris Harris after interference from Kaz. On "Impact", Raven came out after Kaz's win over Havok and Martyr and

Alliance with Dr. Stevie (2009–2010).

After an absence of more than a year, Raven surprised fans by returning to TNA on May 28, 2009. He returned as a heel by attacking Abyss with a Kendo stick with Dr. Stevie assisting him. He then aligned himself with Dr. Stevie and Daffney. On the June 18 episode of "Impact!" he won a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match against Jethro Holliday. At Slammiversary, Abyss and Taylor Wilde defeated Raven and Daffney in the first-ever mixed

EV 2.0 and departure (2010).

Raven returned to television four months later on the June 24 episode of "Impact!" showing signs of a face turn, appearing in the Impact! Zone crowd beside Stevie Richards and Tommy Dreamer. The following week the three were joined by Rhino. On the July 15 episode of "Impact!" Raven, Dreamer, Richards, Rhino, Brother Devon, Pat Kenney and Al Snow, led by Mick Foley, aligned themselves with the TNA World Heavyweight Champion Rob Van Dam by attacking Abyss and the rest of the TNA locker room. The following week, TNA president Dixie Carter agreed to give the ECW alumni their own reunion pay–per–view event, Hardcore Justice: The Last Stand, as a celebration of hardcore wrestling and a final farewell to the company. On the July 29 episode of "Impact!" Raven re–ignited his old feud with Dreamer by turning on him, after his match with Abyss, and laying him out with a DDT on a chair and in doing so, turned heel. The following week,

Independent circuit and semi-retirement (2008–present).

In 2008, Raven appeared in Juggalo Championship Wrestling (JCW) for Season 2 of SlamTV!. In the main event of the second episode, JCW Heavyweight Champion Corporal Robinson put his title on the line against Sexy Slim Goody. When Robinson attempted to hit the Boot Camp, the lights shut off in the arena. When they turned back on, Raven appeared in the ring and hit Robinson with his Evenflow DDT, before stealing the JCW Heavyweight Championship belt. In the third episode, Raven introduced Sexy Slim Goody as his newest lackey. When Robinson ran out to the ring to take his title back, Sexy Slim Goody (kayfabe) knocked him out with a steel chair shot, and Raven began to shave Robinson's afro. Sabu appeared from out of the crowd and scared Raven off, leaving Robinson with a half shaved afro. The tag team

Other media.

Comedy.

In 2010, Levy began working as a stand-up

Music videos.

Along with Diamond Dallas Page and members of Raven's Flock, he appeared in a music

Personal life.

Levy possesses an IQ of 143 and is a member of Mensa and the Theta Chi fraternity.  Levy married in January 2007. He announced in March 2013 he had divorced his wife.  Levy has type 2 diabetes.  Levy is a lifelong fan of comic books. In "Wizard Magazine"'s May 1999 issue, Levy is quoted as saying "I love the Marvel Knights line. I'm a big Kevin Smith fan, and his work on "Daredevil" is the best on that book since Frank Miller's stuff. "Inhumans" is also great. It could be the break-out book of the year because they're finally treating them as real characters instead of just freaks and monsters with no personality." The article goes on to say that he is a big fan of "Watchmen", "Swamp Thing", and especially "Sandman" and that he has a tattoo of Neil Gaiman's Sandman character (Dream) on his back. Levy, along with Brian Azzarello, wrote Issue #14 of "Spider-Man's Tangled Web", entitled "The Last Shoot". The comic was based around the professional wrestler (named Crusher Hogan) who Peter Parker defeated in the character's first appearance in "Amazing Fantasy". He also provided a cover quote for a trade paperback edition of "100 Bullets".  Levy, along with former colleague Chris Kanyon and colleague Mike Sanders, attempted to sue World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for "cheating them out of health care and other benefits", but a federal judge in Stamford, Connecticut dismissed the case. In a 2010 interview Levy explained that the case was dismissed due to statute of limitations running out.

Scott Levy (born September 8, 1964) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler, actor, and podcaster better known by his ring name, Raven. He is known for his appearances with professional wrestling promotions including Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). Widely recognized as "one of the best talkers in wrestling", Raven is known for his "psychological heel tactics" and grunge-inspired gimmick. His feud with The Sandman in the mid-1990s has been described as "one of the most emotional rivalries in professional wrestling's history".

Scott Anthony Levy (né le à Millburn), plus connu le pseudonyme de, est un catcheur semi-retraité, un acteur et un présentateur de podcast américain. Agent indépendant, il catche dans de nombreuses fédérations comme l', la, la et. Largement reconnu comme, se démarque par son et sa gimmick inspirée du grunge. Sa rivalité avec au milieu des années 1990 est qualifiée d'.


Report.

Background.

Lewis Hamilton of McLaren led the Drivers' Championship by two points from his team-mate Fernando Alonso, who was a further 11 points ahead of Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen. After McLaren's exclusion from the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari had been confirmed as Constructors' Champions, following their Belgian Grand Prix one-two. They were 71 points ahead of BMW Sauber.  Three Japanese constructors and two Japanese drivers competed in the race. Toyota were 6th in the Constructors' Championship, whilst Honda were 8th, behind their own "B-team" Super Aguri. Takuma Sato was 15th in the Drivers' Championship for Super Aguri, whilst compatriot Sakon Yamamoto had yet to score for Spyker F1, having debuted at the Hungarian Grand Prix.  David Coulthard changed his helmet design for this race, choosing to use the helmet design of former World Rally Champion Colin McRae, who had died two weeks before the race in a helicopter crash.

Qualifying.

Although the weather had dried out by the time qualifying began, the track was still wet and all the drivers went out on wet tyres.  Qualifying one saw the two Spykers of Adrian Sutil and Sakon Yamamoto and the two Super Aguris of Anthony Davidson and Takuma Sato eliminated, along with Alexander Wurz in the Williams and Rubens Barrichello in the Honda. Ralf Schumacher's Toyota also collided with Yamamoto, forcing both drivers out of qualifying. Schumacher was already through to Q2, but could not set a time in the second session and so qualified 16th.  Qualifying two saw the elimination of the two Renaults of Giancarlo Fisichella and Heikki Kovalainen, David Coulthard's Red Bull, Vitantonio Liuzzi's Toro Rosso and the Toyotas of Jarno Trulli as well as Schumacher.  Sebastian Vettel in the Toro Rosso and Robert Kubica in the BMW Sauber occupied row 5, just behind Jenson Button, getting his best qualifying of the season in the Honda, and Mark Webber's Red Bull. Nico Rosberg qualified 6th in the Williams, but was penalised ten places for an engine change. This meant that Vettel qualified eighth, the best qualifying ever for Toro Rosso. Nick Heidfeld qualified 5th for BMW Sauber, and the top four was once again the two McLarens and two Ferraris. The Ferraris failed to get on the front row, with Kimi Räikkönen and Felipe Massa 3rd and 4th respectively. Lewis Hamilton then pipped his more experienced McLaren teammate Fernando Alonso to earn the fifth pole position of his career.

Race.

Due to torrential rainfall, the race was started behind the safety car, which led the field for the first 19 laps. The Ferraris of Kimi Räikkönen and Felipe Massa were forced to pit during the first few laps after starting on standard wet tyres, as opposed to "extreme wet" tyres, which were better-suited to the treacherously wet conditions. Ferrari boss Jean Todt later stated that the team were not informed about the requirements prior to the race, although all other teams were. During the initial safety car period, the FIA instructed the lapped driver Vitantonio Liuzzi to pass the field and catch up to the back of the queue as quickly as he safely could, as a way of gauging whether the track was ready for the race to begin in earnest.  The Ferraris dropped back to 20th and 21st positions respectively following the pit stops, and Massa pitted again on lap 15. When the safety car finally left the circuit, the two McLarens began the race proper at the head of the field, in front of the quick-starting Sebastian Vettel. The Toro Rosso driver had taken third place from Nick Heidfeld, after the latter and Jenson Button's Honda collided. Mark Webber reached fourth place during the first racing lap as a result of the collision, despite still suffering from the after-effects of food poisoning, having earlier vomited into his helmet during the first safety car period. A first-corner spin caused Alexander Wurz to collide heavily with Felipe Massa's Ferrari. Wurz's car sustained heavy damage and he retired on the spot.  Later in the race, Fernando Alonso crashed out. The reigning world champion blamed aquaplaning for the accident, which once again brought out the safety car. It was the first time that a McLaren car had failed to finish during the 2007 season. During this safety car period on lap 45, third-placed Sebastian Vettel crashed into the rear of second-placed Webber in the wet conditions, Webber retiring immediately and Vettel returning to the pits to retire. Vettel had earlier became the youngest ever driver to lead a lap of a Formula One race (aged 20 years and 89 days) – his record was subsequently broken by Max Verstappen (aged 18 years and 228 days) at the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix. This collision put Heikki Kovalainen's Renault in second place, which he managed to hold until the end of the race, despite repeated overtaking attempts by Kimi Räikkönen. It was Kovalainen's first podium finish. Räikkönen would eventually finish third, ahead of David Coulthard in fourth for Red Bull Racing. This was the first time that two Finnish drivers had both finished on the podium.  On the final lap, Felipe Massa prevailed in his battle with BMW driver Robert Kubica. The Pole had previously served a drive through penalty for colliding with Hamilton. Massa finished sixth, and Kubica seventh, behind Giancarlo Fisichella's Renault. Vitantonio Liuzzi finished in eighth, scoring the first 2007 championship points for Toro Rosso. However, these points were later removed when Liuzzi was penalised for overtaking Adrian Sutil under waved yellow flags. This promoted Sutil to eighth, giving him and the Spyker team their first and only F1 points.

Post-race.

Following the race, Sebastian Vettel received a 10-place penalty for the next race in Shanghai, China, for causing the collision with Mark Webber which put both drivers out of the race, but his punishment was later reduced to a reprimand when new evidence was presented to the FIA, prompting it to begin an investigation of Lewis Hamilton for dangerous driving and causing the collision himself. Hamilton was leading the race right in front of Webber, before suddenly braking and forcing Webber to follow suit lest he be penalised for overtaking behind the safety car; the collision occurred when Vettel's car ran into the back of Webber. Hamilton might have faced either disqualification or a grid penalty for the next race, but the FIA decided not to impose any penalty.

Problems with the circuit.

The event was afflicted by poor transportation, poor facilities (including some reserved seats without a view), a lack of organization, and expensive meals that meant a simple lunch-box was sold for 10,000 yen (US$87) at the circuit.

Transportation.

The free practice session on Saturday was abandoned after repeated delays due to fog, which grounded the medical helicopter. Only three drivers set a time in four minutes: Alexander Wurz (Williams-Toyota), Nico Rosberg (Williams-Toyota) and Jarno Trulli (Toyota).  Before the race, there were suggestions that the plan of carrying all of the 100,000 or more spectators only by shuttle bus would be impossible. To relieve people's doubts, the circuit announced that there was complete preparation for the race. These doubts were realised when, after the qualifying session on Saturday, the shuttle buses could not leave because the road on the east gate of the circuit sank around 16:00. As a result, approximately 20,000 spectators were forced to stay for four hours or more until 21:00. For the race on Sunday, only the shuttle bus was admitted for spectators as transport.

Refund.

On Sunday morning, the circuit announced that they would refund spectators who had bought seats in the reserved seat area on 'C' stand, near the first corner. This was due to the low visibility which meant that the cars on the racing line were not seen at all. The cost of the tickets, 50,000 yen (US$435), was scheduled to be reimbursed to 7,000 people who were in the stand. The total cost of the refund was expected to be around 350 million yen (US$3 million). After the race on Sunday, the circuit held a press conference to apologise for problems and announced that they would refund another 85 spectators who did not arrive at the circuit until after the start of the race due to the delay of the shuttle bus. The circuit said that they would reimburse them for all the costs caused by watching the race: the transportation expenses, the hotel charges and the cost of the tickets.

Toyota bias.

Fuji Speedway prohibited spectators from setting up flags and banners supporting teams and drivers, with the exception of the Toyota F1 team whose owner also owned the circuit. Therefore, there were very few flags and banners in the event compared with other Grand Prix events. After the event, Japanese media figures such as Fuji TV F1 commentator Jun Imamiya, and Fuji TV F1 commentator and former mechanic for Benetton Formula Tetsuo Tsugawa criticised the organization of the circuit. Tsugawa mentioned:  However, the event was well received by visitors in the paddock. Despite the problems and criticism, the team principal of Toyota F1, Tadashi Yamashina praised the event: In 2009, the Japanese Grand Prix was held again at Suzuka, with the plan to alternate between the two circuits in subsequent years. It was suggested that this could help to prevent future shows of such flagrant parochialism. However, Toyota later announced that the Japanese Grand Prix would not be held at Fuji Speedway any more, and the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix was the last held at the circuit.

Lawsuit.

On 16 June 2008, 109 spectators went to Tokyo District Court and took an action against the circuit to claim total 32 million yen (US$295,500) in compensation for bad health and missing the race due to the problems with the shuttle buses.

The 2007 Japanese Grand Prix (officially the XXXIII Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 30 September 2007 at the Fuji Speedway, Oyama, Shizuoka. The 67-lap race was the fifteenth round of the 2007 Formula One season. It was held at the recently revised track in very heavy rain and misty conditions. For the previous 20 years, the Japanese Grand Prix had been held at Suzuka Circuit, but at this race it returned to Fuji for the first time since 1977. The race was won by McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton, who also took pole position and the fastest lap of the race. Heikki Kovalainen achieved his first podium, by finishing second for the Renault team, whilst Kimi Räikkönen finished in third for Ferrari. Adrian Sutil scored Spyker's first and only point by finishing 9th and being promoted to 8th after the race.

Le Grand Prix du Japon 2007 disputé sur le circuit du Mont Fuji le est la du championnat du monde de Formule 1 courue depuis 1950 et la quinzième du championnat 2007.