Foundation.

The institute was founded by Vincent de Paul, a French priest, and Louise de Marillac, a widow. The need for organization in working with the poor suggested to De Paul the forming of a confraternity among the women of his parish in Châtillon-les-Dombes. It was so successful that it spread from the rural districts to Paris, where the noble ladies often found it hard to give personal care to the needs of the poor and sent their servants to minister to those in need; but the work was often slighted as unimportant. Vincent de Paul remedied this by referring interested young women from the countryside to work with the "Ladies of Charity" in Paris. These young women formed the nucleus of the Company of the Daughters of Charity now spread over the world. On 29 November 1633, the eve of St. Andrew, de Marillac began a more systematic training of the women, particularly for the care of the sick. The sisters lived in community in order to better develop the spiritual life so as to more effectively carry out their mission of service. The Daughters of Charity differed from other religious congregations of that time in that they were not cloistered. They maintained the necessary mobility and availability, and lived among those whom they served. From the beginning, the community motto was: "The charity of Christ impels us!"  The newly formed Daughters of Charity set up soup kitchens, organized community hospitals, established schools and homes for orphaned children, offered job training, taught the young to read and write, and improved prison conditions. The hospital of St John the Evangelist in the province of Angers was the first hospital entrusted to the care of the Daughters of Charity. Louise de Marillac and Vincent de Paul both died in 1660, and by this time there were more than forty houses of the Daughters of Charity in France, and the sick poor were cared for in their own dwellings in twenty-six parishes in Paris.

French Revolution.

Anticlerical forces in the French Revolution were determined to shut down all convents. In 1789 France had 426 houses; the sisters numbered about 6000 in Europe. In 1792, the sisters were ordered to quit the motherhouse; the community was officially disbanded in 1793. An oath to support the Revolution was imposed on all former members of religious orders who performed a service that was remunerated by the state. Taking this oath was seen as breaking off with the Church while those who refused to do so were considered counter-revolutionaries.  In Angers, revolutionary authorities decided to make an example of sisters Marie-Anne Vaillot and Odile Baumgarten in order to demonstrate what refusal to take the oath would mean. In early 1794 they were publicly executed. At a ceremony in Rome on 19 February 1984 Pope John Paul II beatified ninety-nine persons who died for the faith in Angers, including Vaillot and Baumgarten. Their feast day is February 1.  Sister Marguerite Rutan was Superior of the community that staffed the hospital at Dax. The six sisters had refused to take the revolutionary oath. The Revolutionary committee wanted to remove the Superior of the Sisters and looked for a motive to arrest her. A false testimony allowed them to say that Sr. Marguerite was unpatriotic, a fanatic against the principles of the Revolution and that she tried to convince the wounded soldiers to desert and join the royalist army of Vendéens. On 9 April 1794 Sister Marguerite Rutan was condemned to death and guillotined at Poyanne Place not far from the prison. She was beatified Sunday, 19 June 2011 in Dax, France. Her feast day is June 26.  Sisters Marie-Madeleine Fontaine, Marie-Françoise Lanel, Thérèse Fantou, and Jeanne Gérard from the House of Charity in Arras were guillotined in Cambrai 26 June 1794. Waiting for the cart to take them to the guillotine, the guards took their chaplets and, not knowing what to do, put them on their heads like a crown. They were beatified on 13 June 1920. Their feast day is June 26.  The order was restored in 1801, many former sisters returned, and it grew very rapidly throughout the 19th century.

Growth.

From that time and through the 19th century, the community spread to Austria, Australia, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Portugal, Turkey, Britain and the Americas. During this period, the ministry of the Daughters developed to caring for others in need such as orphans and those with physical disabilities.  The first house in Ireland was opened in Drogheda, in 1855. By 1907 there were 46 houses and 407 sisters in England; 13 houses and 134 sisters in Ireland; 8 houses and 62 sisters in Scotland. They operated 23 orphanages; 7 industrial schools; 24 public elementary schools; 1 normal school to train teachers; 3 homes for working girls or women ex-convicts; and 8 hospitals.  The Convent of Saint Vincent de Paul was the first building established on Mamilla Street in Jerusalem, near Jaffa Gate, in 1886. Precipitating the future growth of that street as a commercial thoroughfare, the sisters put up a series of shops in front of the building and used the rent money for convent operations. The convent was integrated into the design of the Mamilla Mall pedestrian promenade, which opened in 2007.  The motherhouse of the Daughters of Charity is located at 140 rue du Bac, in Paris, France. The remains of de Marillac and those of St. Catherine Labouré lie preserved in the chapel of the motherhouse. Labouré was the Daughter of Charity to whom, in 1830, the Blessed Virgin Mary is said to have appeared, commissioning her to spread devotion to the Medal of Mary Immaculate, commonly called the Miraculous Medal.  The traditional habit of the Daughters of Charity was one of the most conspicuous of Catholic Sisters, as it included a large starched cornette on the head. This was the dress of peasant women of the neighborhood of Paris at the date of the foundation, a grey habit with wide sleeves and a long grey apron. The head-dress was at first a small linen cap, but to this was added in the early days the white linen cornette, from which they became affectionately known as "God's Geese". At first it was used only in the country, being in fact the headdress of the Ile de France district, but in 1685 its use became general. The institute adopted a more simple modern dress and blue veil on 20 September 1964.

Charism.

The Charism of a religious society is the characteristic impetus which distinguishes it from other similar groups. Religious communities frequently describe it as a grace or gift given by God as inspiration to the founder, which lives on in the organization. The charism of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul is that of service to the poor.

United States.

In the United States, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton, a recent convert to the Catholic Church, had hoped to establish a community of Daughters of Charity. Unable to do so because of the political situation during the Napoleonic Wars, on 31 July 1809 she founded the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph at Emmitsburg, Maryland. The nucleus of the little community consisted of five Sisters who were soon joined by others. Her desire to consecrate her life to works of charity led Mother Seton to request the Rules of the Daughters of Charity founded by St. Vincent de Paul in 1633. Bishop Benedict J. Flaget presented the request to superiors in Paris and in 1810 brought to Mother Seton the Rules by which she guided her community during her lifetime. At the time of her death in 1821, the community numbered fifty Sisters. In 1850, the community at Emmitsburg affiliated with the Mother House of the Daughters of Charity in Paris and at that time adopted the blue habit and the white collar and cornette. The community in Emmitsburg became the first American province of the Daughters of Charity.  By then, other communities had been established elsewhere in the United States. In 1817, Mother Seton sent three Sisters to New York at the invitation of Bishop Connolly to open a home for dependent children. Their services were urgently needed, for many parents were victims of the epidemics that frequently invaded the city, where there was as yet no system of sanitation. In 1846, the New York congregation incorporated as a separate order, the Sisters of Charity of New York. The Sisters in New York retained the rule, customs, and spiritual exercises originally established by Mother Seton: the black habit, cape and cap.  During the American Civil War, the congregation provided nursing services to soldiers in field hospitals and in depots for prisoners of war.  The Spanish–American War of 1898 quickly demonstrated the important need for trained nurses, as hastily constructed army camps for more than twenty-eight thousand members of the regular army were devastated by diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, and malaria – all of which took a much greater toll than did enemy gunfire. The United States government called for women to volunteer as nurses. Thousands did so, but few were professionally trained. Among the latter were 250 Catholic nurses, most of them from the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul. Reverend Mother Mariana Flynn, head of the Daughters of Charity, recalled their service during the Civil War and said her sisters were proud to be "back in the army again, caring for our sick and wounded."  In 1910, the jurisdiction of Emmitsburg was divided into two Provinces with the Eastern Provincial House in Emmitsburg and the Western Provincial House in Normandy, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis.

Contemporary status.

As of 2019, 14,000 serve in ninety countries, addressing needs of food, water, sanitation and shelter, besides their work with health care, HIV/AIDS, migrant and refugee assistance, and education.  In July 2011 the Daughters of Charity merged four of the five existing U.S. provinces – Emmitsburg, Maryland; Albany, New York; St. Louis, Missouri; and Evansville, Indiana. The process of unification began at a 2007 gathering in Buffalo, N.Y. The Province of the West, based in Los Altos Hills, Calif., was not involved in the merger. The newly constituted province is named for St. Louise de Marillac, who founded the congregation in France in 1633 along with St. Vincent de Paul to “serve Christ in persons who are poor.” Administrative offices for the Province of St. Louise are located in St. Louis, Mo. The archival collections of the former provinces will be consolidated in a new facility located within the former St. Joseph’s Provincial House, adjacent to The Basilica of the National Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Seton and the Seton Heritage Center, in Emmitsburg, Maryland. The new province covers 34 states, the District of Columbia and the Canadian province of Quebec.  In Spain, they have run orphanages, soup kitchens and hospitals. In recent times, they were accused of abusing power in maternity wards run by them both in private and public hospitals, stealing children from their mothers. A particular Sor Maria was accused and indicted but never fully judged or found guilty due to old age. This was denounced by Asociación Nacional de Afectados por Adopciones Irregulares, ANADIR

Activities.

Many hospitals, orphanages, and educational institutions were established and operated by the Daughters of Charity over the years, including Saint Joseph College, Emmitsburg, Maryland, Marillac College in Missouri, Santa Isabel College Manila, St Louise's Comprehensive College in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and Saint Louise de Marillac High School in Illinois. Though no longer staffed and run by the Daughters, five of the hospitals which were founded by them in the USA continue to operate within the St. Vincent's Health Care System.  Marillac St. Vincent Family Services in Chicago is a social service agency offering accredited early childhood education, programs for youth, comprehensive services to isolated seniors, access to food, and outreach to adults and families. The current nonprofit organization evolved from the merger of Marillac Social Center (est. 1914) and St. Vincent de Paul Center (est. 1915).  In Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, they help run the Asilo De Pobres and in the Philippines they run the College of the Immaculate Conception.  In the United Kingdom, the Daughters of Charity are based at Mill Hill, north London, and have registered charity status.  Daughters operate St. Ann's Infant and Maternity Home near Washington, D.C.

Axis collaboration.

During WW2, members of the order, led by Sister Barta Pulherija, operated a children's concentration camp on behalf of the Axis puppet state Independent State of Croatia known as Jastrebarsko children's camp. Children arrived in an emaciated and weak condition from other camps within the Ustaše camp system, with a total of 3,336 children passing through the camp. Between 449 and 1,500 children died, mainly from disease and malnutrition. According to Fumić, the alleged inhumane actions of Pulherija and other nuns and their role in the deaths of many children has never been addressed, much less condemned, by the Catholic Church. Pulherija died in Austria in 1981.

Child abuse inquiry in Scotland.

The second phase of the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry focused on orphanages run by the Daughters of Charity: Smyllum Park in Lanark (1864-1981), Bellevue House in Rutherglen (1912-1961), St Joseph's Hospital in Rosewell, St Vincent's School for the Deaf/Blind in Glasgow (1911-1985) and Roseangle Orphanage (St Vincent's) in Dundee (1905-1974). Smyllum Park was founded in 1864 and closed in 1981 due to a move from institutional establishments to small family group living for children in care. During its years of operation it took in more than 11,600 children. "The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry, which is investigating allegations of abuse against children in care across Scotland, has heard from former residents at the Smyllum Park home, who described suffering beatings, abuse and mistreatment." When opened, the aim was to support homeless Catholic children from Scotland.  In 2018 the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry found that there had been physical, sexual, and emotional abuse at Scottish orphanages run by the Daughters at Smyllum Park (closed in 1981) and Bellevue House (closed in 1961). Peter Kearney of the Peter Kearney, director of the Scottish Catholic Media Office, said "During the 60-year period the inquiry covered, over 400,000 children experienced residential care in Scotland, the vast majority in non-Catholic homes. Catholics represent only 16 percent of Scotland's population, and Catholic religious orders didn't supply most residential care in the past. That was provided by local authorities.Putting Catholic religious orders at the top of the inquiry's agenda has thus created a skewed perspective."

The Company of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul (), called in English the Daughters of Charity or Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent De Paul, is a Society of Apostolic Life for women within the Catholic Church. Its members make annual vows throughout their life, which leaves them always free to leave, without need of ecclesiastical permission. They were founded in 1633 and state that they are devoted to serving the poor through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy.

Les Filles de la charité de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (en latin : "Societas Filiarum Caritatis a S. Vincentio de Paulo") sont une société de vie apostolique féminine de droit pontifical membre de la fédération des Sœurs de la charité.


Early life.

Sarah Jane Mayfield was born on January 5, 1917 in St. Joseph, Missouri to Gladys Hope (née Christian; 1895–1960) and Manning Jeffries Mayfield (1895–1922). Her father was a meal company laborer. and her mother was a doctor's stenographer and office assistant. Wyman was the only child of this union and had no biological siblings despite some erroneous bios stating she was the youngest of three siblings. This may be in reference to her foster parents' children.  Wyman's biological parents were married in March 1916 in Jackson County, Missouri, and Wyman was born in January 1917. The 1920 census showed her to be the only child from the marriage, and aged three years old on January 15, 1920, and living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  For many years, Wyman's birthdate was widely reported to be January 4, 1914, but research by biographers and genealogists indicated that she was actually born three years later.  The most likely reason for the 1914 year of birth is that she added to her age in order to gain employment doing odd jobs and working as an actress, even though she was still a minor. She may have moved her birthday back by one day to January 4 so as to share the same birthday as her daughter, Maureen (1941–2001). After Wyman's death, a release posted on her official website confirmed these details.  In October 1921, her mother filed for divorce, and her father died unexpectedly the following year at age 27. After her father's death, her mother moved to Cleveland, Ohio, leaving her to be reared by foster parents, Emma (née Reiss; 1866–1951) and Richard D. Fulks (1862–1928), the chief of detectives in Saint Joseph. She took their surname unofficially, including in her school records and on her first marriage certificate.  Her unsettled family life resulted in few pleasurable memories. Wyman later said "I was raised with such strict discipline that it was years before I could reason myself out of the bitterness I brought from my childhood."  In 1928, aged 11, she moved to southern California with her foster mother. In 1930, the two moved back to Missouri, where Sarah Jane attended Lafayette High School in Saint Joseph. That same year, she began a radio singing career, calling herself Jane Durrell and adding years to her birth date to work legally because she was under-aged.

Career.

Beginnings.

After dropping out of Lafayette in 1932 at age 15, she returned to Hollywood, taking on odd jobs as a manicurist and a switchboard operator.  She started to obtain small parts in such films as "The Kid from Spain" (as a "Goldwyn Girl"; 1932), "Elmer, the Great" (1933), "Gold Diggers of 1933" (1933), "Harold Teen" (1934), "College Rhythm" (1934), "Rumba" (1935), "All the King's Horses" (1935), "George White's 1935 Scandals" (1935), "Stolen Harmony" (1935), "Broadway Hostess" (1935), "King of Burlesque" (1936) and "Anything Goes" (1936).  She signed a contract with Warner Brothers in 1936.

Warner Bros..

At Warners she was in "Freshman Love" (1936) and "Bengal Tiger" (1936) then went to Universal for "My Man Godfrey" (1936).  At Warners she was in "Stage Struck" (1936), "Cain and Mabel" (1936), and "Here Comes Carter" (1936).  Wyman had her first big role in a Dick Foran Western "The Sunday Round-Up" (1936).  Wyman had small parts in "Polo Joe" (1936), and "Gold Diggers of 1937" (1936) but a bigger one in "Smart Blonde" (1936), the first of the Torchy Blane series.  Wyman was in "Ready, Willing and Able" (1937), "The King and the Chorus Girl" (1937), and "Slim" (1937). She had the lead in "Little Pioneer" (1937), a short, and parts in "The Singing Marine" (1937).

"B" pictures.

By the time Wyman starred in "Public Wedding" (1937), a "B", she was already divorced from first husband Ernest Wyman. However, she would retain use of his surname for the remainder of her career.  She had a support part in "Mr. Dodd Takes the Air" (1937) and the female lead in some "B" "The Spy Ring" (1938) (at Universal), "He Couldn't Say No" (1938) with Frank McHugh and "Wide Open Faces" (1938) with Joe E. Brown.  Wyman was borrowed by MGM to play a supporting part in "The Crowd Roars" (1938).  At Warners she had the lead in "Brother Rat" (1938), a "B" which proved popular. It co starred Ronald Reagan, Priscilla Lane, Wayne Morris and Eddie Albert.  Wyman was borrowed by Fox for a support part in "Tail Spin" (1939), then did "The Kid from Kokomo" (1939) with Pat O'Brien and Morris. She played the title role in "Torchy Blane.. Playing with Dynamite" (1939), but it was the last in the series.  Wyman was now established as a leading lady, albeit of Bs – she did "Kid Nightingale" (1939) with John Payne, "Private Detective" (1939) with Foran, "Brother Rat and a Baby" (1940) with Reagan, "An Angel from Texas" (1940) with Albert, "Flight Angels " (1940), and "Gambling on the High Seas" (1940) with Wayne Morris.  She supported in "A"s such as "My Love Came Back" (1940), starring Olivia de Havilland and Jeffrey Lynn. She and Reagan were in "Tugboat Annie Sails Again" (1940). Wyman supported Ann Sheridan in "Honeymoon for Three" (1941) and was Dennis Morgan's leading lady in "Bad Men of Missouri" (1941).  Wyman made "The Body Disappears" (1941) with Jeffrey Lynn and "You're in the Army Now" (1941) with Jimmy Durante; in the latter she and Regis Toomey had the longest screen kiss in cinema history: 3 minutes and 5 seconds.  Wyman did "Larceny, Inc." (1942) with Edward G. Robinson, and "My Favorite Spy" (1942) with Kay Kyser.  At Fox she supported Betty Grable in "Footlight Serenade" (1942) then back at Warners supported Olivia de Havilland in "Princess O'Rourke" (1943).  Warners teamed her with Jack Carson in "Make Your Own Bed " (1944) and "The Doughgirls" (1944), then she was top billed in "Crime by Night" (1944). She was one of many stars to cameo in "Hollywood Canteen" (1944).

Dramatic star.

Wyman finally gained critical notice in the film noir "The Lost Weekend" (1945) made by the team of Billy Wilder and Charles Brackett, who had been impressed by her performance in "Princess O'Rourke". It was only a support role – Ray Milland was the lead – but was the second biggest part. Wyman called it "a small miracle".  Wyman remained a supporting actor in "One More Tomorrow" (1946), and "Night and Day" (1946). However Wyman was borrowed by MGM for the female lead in "The Yearling" (1946), and was nominated for the 1946 Academy Award for Best Actress.  She was leading lady for Dennis Morgan in "Cheyenne" (1947) and James Stewart in RKO's "Magic Town" (1947).

"Johnny Belinda" and "A" film stardom.

Her breakthrough role was playing a deaf-mute rape victim in "Johnny Belinda" (1948). Wyman spent over six months preparing for the film which was an enormous hit and won Wyman a Best Actress Oscar. She was the first person in the sound era to win an acting Oscar without speaking a line of dialogue. In an amusing acceptance speech, perhaps poking fun at some of her long-winded counterparts, Wyman took her statue and said only, "I accept this, very gratefully, for keeping my mouth shut once. I think I'll do it again."  Wyman was now a top billed star. She did two comedies, "A Kiss in the Dark" (1948) with David Niven and "The Lady Takes a Sailor" (1949) with Morgan, then made a thriller in England, "Stage Fright" (1950) for Alfred Hitchcock.  She played Amanda in "The Glass Menagerie" (1950), and went to MGM for "Three Guys Named Mike" (1951), a popular comedy.  Frank Capra used her as Bing Crosby's leading lady in "Here Comes the Groom" (1951) at Paramount, then she had the lead in RKO's "The Blue Veil" (1951), a melodrama that was a big box office hit and earned her an Oscar nomination.  Wyman was one of many stars in Warner Bros' "Starlift" (1951). She was the female lead in "The Story of Will Rogers" (1952) and Paramount reunited her and Crosby in "Just for You" (1952). Wyman expressed interest around this time of doing no more "weepy" roles.  Columbia cast her in a musical, "Let's Do It Again" (1953) with Ray Milland, then at Warners she was in "So Big" (1953), a melodrama.

Universal melodramas and television.

Wyman had a huge success when producer Ross Hunter cast her alongside Rock Hudson in "Magnificent Obsession" (1954). It earned her another Oscar nomination.  Wyman and Hudson were promptly reteamed on "All That Heaven Allows" (1955). Pine-Thomas Productions put Wyman in "Lucy Gallant" (1955) with Charlton Heston. She did "Miracle in the Rain" (1956) with Van Johnson. Wyman was meant to follow this with "Annabella" but it appears to have not been made.  Her first guest-starring television role was on a 1955 episode of "General Electric Theater", a show hosted by her former husband Ronald Reagan. Wyman began a TV series "Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre" (1955–58). In its first season it was known as "Fireside Theatre" then being changed to "Jane Wyman Theatre". Wyman hosted every episode, acted in half, and was a producer.  When "Fireside Theatre" ended Wyman was no longer a film star, but she remained in demand. She replaced the ailing Gene Tierney in "Holiday for Lovers" (1959) for Fox, and next appeared in Disney's "Pollyanna" (1960) and "Bon Voyage!" (1962).  Wyman continued to guest star on TV shows like "Checkmate", "Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse", "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre ", "The Investigators", "Wagon Train", and "Insight".  "Something happened in the sixties," she later said. "it seemed that the time didn't permit women to be part of it except in a sort of secondary sort of way which I resented. I kept telling myself 'I didn't want to play "Whatever Happened to Baby Jane"." So she went into semi retirement around 1962.

Semi-retirement.

Wyman focused on painting. She made the occasional acting appearance, mostly on television.  In 1966 Reginald Denham announced Wyman would appear in a play "Wonderful Us" based on the Parker–Hulme murder case but it was not produced.  She returned to films with "How to Commit Marriage" (1969).  Wyman continued to work in the 1970s, guest starring on "My Three Sons", "", "The Sixth Sense" and "Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law" and starring in films like "The Failing of Raymond" (1971) and "The Incredible Journey of Doctor Meg Laurel" (1979). She starred in a pilot for a TV series "Amanda Fallon" but it was not picked up.  She guest starred on "Charlie's Angels" and "The Love Boat".  She was offered roles of "murderers, old ladies that were senile – they were awful. The weirdest kind of writing."

"Falcon Crest".

In the spring of 1981 (a few months after her ex-husband became the president), Wyman's career enjoyed a resurgence when she was cast as the scheming Californian vintner and matriarch Angela Channing in "The Vintage Years", which was retooled as the primetime soap opera "Falcon Crest". Wyman said she wanted to make it as it was a change from "the four handkerchief bits" she was known for. "You just can't miss on a thing like this," she added.  The series, which ran from December 1981 to May 1990, was created by Earl Hamner, who had created "The Waltons" a decade earlier. Hamner called Wyman "one of the legendary stars... a great actress", strongly denying her casting was due to her connection to the then-current president.  Also starring on the show was an already established character actress, Susan Sullivan, as Angela's niece-in-law, Maggie Gioberti, and the relatively unknown actor Lorenzo Lamas as Angela's irresponsible grandson, Lance Cumson. The on- and off-screen chemistry between Wyman and Lamas helped fuel the series' success.  In its first season, "Falcon Crest" was a ratings hit, behind other 1980s prime-time soap operas, such as "Dallas" and "Knots Landing", but initially ahead of rival "Dynasty". Cesar Romero appeared from 1985 to 1987 on "Falcon Crest" as the romantic interest of Angela Channing.  For her role as Angela Channing, Wyman was nominated for a "Soap Opera Digest" Award five times (for Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role and for Outstanding Villainess: Prime Time Serial), and was also nominated for a Golden Globe award in 1983 and 1984. Her 1984 Golden Globe nomination resulted in a win for Wyman, who took home the award for Best Performance By an Actress in a TV Series. Later in the show's run, Wyman suffered several health problems. In 1986, she had abdominal surgery which caused her to miss two episodes (her character simply "disappeared" under mysterious circumstances). In 1988, she missed another episode due to ill health and was told by her doctors to avoid work. However, she wanted to continue working, and she completed the rest of the 1988–1989 season while her health continued to deteriorate. Months later in 1989, Wyman collapsed on the set and was hospitalized due to problems with diabetes and a liver ailment. Her doctors told her that she should end her acting career. Wyman was absent for most of the ninth and final season of "Falcon Crest" in 1989–1990 (her character was written out of the series by making her comatose in a hospital bed following an attempted murder).  Against her doctor's advice, she returned for the final three episodes in 1990, even writing a soliloquy for the series finale. Wyman ultimately appeared in almost every episode until the beginning of the ninth and final season, for a total of 208 of the show's 227 episodes.  After "Falcon Crest", Wyman acted only once more, playing Jane Seymour's screen mother in a 1993 episode of "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman". Following this, she retired from acting permanently. Wyman had starred in 83 movies and two successful TV series, and was nominated for an Academy Award four times, winning once.

Personal life.

Marriages.

Wyman married five times.

Ernest Wyman.

Wyman married salesman Ernest Eugene Wyman (1906–1970) in Los Angeles, California, on April 8, 1933. Wyman recorded her name as 'Jane Fulks' on the wedding certificate. She also listed foster parents Emma and Richard Fulks as her parents. In keeping with the tendency of making herself older than she really was, she gave her age as 19 on the document. Truthfully, she had turned 16 just three months prior. The couple would divorce after two years. Wyman kept her first husband's surname professionally for the remainder of her life.

Myron Futterman.

Wyman married Myron Martin Futterman (1900–1965), a dress manufacturer, in New Orleans on June 29, 1937. As Wyman wanted children but Futterman did not, they separated after only three months of marriage and divorced on December 5, 1938.

Ronald Reagan.

In 1938, Wyman co-starred with Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) in "Brother Rat" (1938), and its sequel "Brother Rat and a Baby" (1940). They were engaged at the Chicago Theatre, and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather Church, Glendale, California. She and Reagan had three children; Maureen Elizabeth Reagan (1941–2001), their adopted son Michael Edward Reagan (born March 18, 1945), and Christine Reagan (born prematurely on June 26, 1947, and died later the same day). Wyman, who was a registered Republican, stated that their break-up was due to a difference in politics (Ronald Reagan was still a Democrat at the time). She filed for divorce in 1948; the divorce was finalized in 1949 and Wyman leased a home in Palm Springs, California. In 1981, Ronald Reagan became the first divorcé to assume the nation's highest office. This made Wyman the first former wife of an American president who was still living at the time that her former husband became president. Although she remained silent during Reagan's political career, she told a newspaper interviewer in 1968 that this was not because she was bitter, or because she did not agree with him politically:  In spite of her divorce, according to her former personal assistant, Wyman still voted for her former husband in the 1980 and 1984 presidential elections.

Frederick Karger.

Following her divorce from Reagan, Wyman married German-American Hollywood music director and composer Frederick M. "Fred" Karger (1916–1979) on November 1, 1952, at El Montecito Presbyterian Church, Santa Barbara. They separated on November 7, 1954, and were granted an interlocutory divorce decree on December 7, 1954; the divorce was finalized on December 30, 1955. They remarried on March 11, 1961, and Karger divorced her again on March 9, 1965. According to "The New York Times" report of the divorce, the bandleader charged that the actress "had walked out on him." Wyman had a stepdaughter, Terry, from Karger's first marriage to Patti Sacks.  Wyman, who had converted to Catholicism in 1953, never remarried. She was a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California.

Later life.

After "Falcon Crest" ended, Wyman made a guest appearance on the CBS series "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" and then completely retired from acting, spending her retirement painting and entertaining friends. Wyman was a recluse and made only a few public appearances in her last years in part due to suffering from diabetes and arthritis. She did attend her daughter's funeral in 2001 after Maureen died of melanoma; Ronald Reagan was unable to attend due to his Alzheimer's disease. She also attended the funeral of her long-time friend Loretta Young in 2000. Wyman broke her silence about her former husband upon his death in 2004, issuing an official statement that read, "America has lost a great president and a great, kind, and gentle man."

Death.

Wyman died at the age of 90 at her home in Rancho Mirage on September 10, 2007. Wyman's son, Michael Reagan, released a statement saying:  Wyman reportedly died in her sleep of natural causes. A member of the Dominican Order (as a lay tertiary) of the Catholic Church, she was buried in a nun's habit. She was interred at Forest Lawn Mortuary and Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.

Filmography.

Box office ranking.

For several years, film exhibitors voted Wyman as among the most popular stars in the country:

Radio appearances.

The Martin and Lewis Show Jane Wyman November 30, 1951

Awards and nominations.

Wyman has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one for motion pictures, at 6607 Hollywood Boulevard; and one for television, at 1620 Vine Street.

Jane Wyman (; born Sarah Jane Mayfield; January 5, 1917 – September 10, 2007) was an American actress, singer, dancer, and philanthropist. Her career spanned more than seven decades. She was the winner of the Academy Award for Best Actress for the 1948 film "Johnny Belinda". She was also the first wife of actor Ronald Reagan (later the 40th president of the United States). They married in 1940 and divorced in 1948. Wyman's professional career began at age 16 in 1933, when she signed with Warner Bros. Wyman followed common practice at the time when she added three years to her age. A popular contract player, she frequently played the leading lady, her roles including starring alongside William Hopper in "Public Wedding" (1937), Ronald Reagan and Eddie Albert in "Brother Rat" (1938) and its sequel "Brother Rat and a Baby" (1940), Dennis Morgan in "Bad Men of Missouri" (1941), Marlene Dietrich in "Stage Fright" (1950), and Sterling Hayden in "So Big" (1953). She was also featured opposite Rock Hudson in "Magnificent Obsession" (1954) and "All That Heaven Allows" (1955), both directed by Douglas Sirk. She was a three-time winner of a Golden Globe Award. She achieved continuing success in the television soap opera "Falcon Crest" (1981–1990), in which Wyman played the lead role of villainous matriarch Angela Channing.

Jane Mayfield, dite Jane Wyman, est une actrice et réalisatrice américaine, née le à Saint Joseph (Missouri) et morte le à Palm Springs.


Explanation of the novel's title.

The title is a reference to a passage from John Milton's "Paradise Lost":  Innumerable force of Spirits armed, That durst dislike his reign, and, me preferring, His utmost power with adverse power opposed In dubious battle on the plains of Heaven And shook his throne. What though the field be lost? All is not lost—the unconquerable will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome?

Plot summary.

"In Dubious Battle" deals with a fruit-workers' strike in a California valley and the attempts of labor unions to organize, lead, and provide for the striking pickers.  Jim Nolan meets Harry Nilson who initiates Jim's application process to become the newest member of the Party. Mac "Doc" McLeod, the Party organizer, tells Jim they will go to the Torgas Valley (a composite location) in an attempt to rouse the two thousand fruit pickers against the Growers' Association, and to encourage the strike to spillover into the cotton fields in Tandale.  Momentum for strike action builds after old Dan breaks two rungs out of a ladder and falls. London becomes chairman of a committee of seven men, while Mac convinces Alfred Anderson's father, Al, to loan five acres as a base for the fruit pickers in exchange for them picking his crop for free. Doc Burton is hired by Mac to maintain the sanitation of the strikers' camp, so as to prevent it from being disbanded by the Red Cross.  The course of the strike is recounted in some detail, including the politics of the local growers, the support by Al through his little luncheonette, the "sweet-talking" of some locals in order to garner food and other help for the pickers, and personal crises and tragedies in individual cases. Mac emerges as a heroic but quite single-minded figure; Jim's occasional doubts are presented as well.  Jim joins Sam in a picket as they go after some'scabs' in the apple orchard. Sam's pickets violently injure them. In the aftermath, Jim is injured by a high-powered bullet but manages to limp back to the camp relatively unscathed. While out on the road Dakin, the leader of the pickers, is ambushed by a vigilante group at gunpoint. This is disrupted by the arrival of traffic cops whose presence calms Dakin. As Jim learns of Dakin's whereabouts, Mac tells him they cannot delay Joy's funeral, as his death––or the grisly manner of it––has now become the animating impulse to undergird the strike. As the book ends, Mac is continuing to rouse and motivate the picketers, in spite of seemingly hopeless odds.

Literary significance and criticism.

On publication, "New York Times" reviewer Fred T. March compared it to the "genial gusto" of the "picaresque" "Tortilla Flat". He commented that "You would never know that "In Dubious Battle" was by the same John Steinbeck if the publishers did not tell you so." He called it "courageous and desperately honest," "the best labor and strike novel to come out of our contemporary economic and social unrest," and "such a novel as Sinclair Lewis at his best might have done had he gone on with his projected labor novel..."  In 1943, with Steinbeck now famous, Carlos Baker "revalued" the novel. He opened by saying "Among Steinbeck's best novels, the least known is probably "In Dubious Battle."" Steinbeck, he said, "is supremely interested in what happens to men's minds and hearts when they function, not as responsible, self-governing individuals, but as members of a group... Biologists have a word for this very important problem; they call it bionomics, or ecology." He said that "Steinbeck's bionomic interest is visible in all that he has done, from "Tortilla Flat", in the middle Thirties, through his semi-biological "Sea of Cortez," to his latest communiqués as a war correspondent in England." He characterized "In Dubious Battle" as "an attempt to study a typical mid-depression strike in bionomic terms."  In 1958, critic Alfred Kazin referred to "In Dubious Battle" and "The Grapes of Wrath" as "his most powerful books," contrasting them with "Cannery Row" and "The Wayward Bus". President Barack Obama told the "New York Times" that it was his favorite book by Steinbeck.  The novel likely recounts a fruit worker strike that occurred in Tulare County, California.

Film adaptation.

On January 30, 2015, it was announced that James Franco would direct and star in a film version of the novel. The screenplay was written by Matt Rager and will be produced by AMBI Productions, Rabbit Bandini Productions, and That's Hollywood Productions. The film stars Nat Wolff in the lead role, along with Josh Hutcherson, Bryan Cranston, Robert Duvall, Ed Harris, Selena Gomez, and others. Principal photography began on March 19, 2015 in Atlanta and Bostwick, Georgia. Additional footage was shot in orchards West of Yakima, Washington September 27 and 28, 2015. The film was released in theaters in the United States on February 17, 2017.

In Dubious Battle is a novel by John Steinbeck, written in 1936. The central figure of the story is an activist attempting to organize abused laborers in order to gain fair wages and working conditions.

En un combat douteux (titre original : ') est un roman de John Steinbeck paru en 1936. Steinbeck raconte dans ce roman la vie d'une grève aux États-Unis dans les années 1930. À travers l'histoire de deux « radicaux », des communistes adhérents, appelés les «'», il évoque le monde des ouvriers américains dans la morosité de la crise de l'entre-deux-guerres.


Rise to power.

After the death of his father, Suleyman, in 1086, he became a hostage of Sultan Malik Shah I of Great Seljuq in Isfahan, but was released when Malik Shah died in 1092 in the wake of a quarrel among his jailers. Kilij Arslan then marched at the head of the Turkish Oghuz Yiva tribe army and set up his capital at Nicaea, replacing Amin 'l Ghazni, the governor appointed by Malik Shah I.  Following the death of Malik Shah I the individual tribes, the Danishmends, Mangujekids, Saltuqids, Tengribirmish begs, Artuqids (Ortoqids) and Akhlat-Shahs, had started vying with each other to establish their own independent states. Alexius Comnenus's Byzantine intrigues further complicated the situation. He married Ayşe Hatun, the daughter of the Emir Tzachas to attempt to ally himself against the Byzantines, who commanded a strong naval fleet. They had four sons: Malik Shah, Mesud I, Arab and Toghrul. In 1094, Kilij Arslan received a letter from Alexius suggesting that the Tzachas sought to target him to move onto the Byzantines, thereupon Kilij Arslan marched with an army to Smyrna, Tzachas's capital, and invited his father-in-law to a banquet in his tent where he slew him while he was intoxicated.

The Crusades.

People's Crusade.

The People's Crusade (also called the Peasants' Crusade) army of Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless arrived at Nicaea in 1096. A German contingent of the crusade overran the castle Xerigordon and held it until Kilij sent a force to starve them out. Those that renounced Christianity were spared and sent into captivity to the east, the rest were slaughtered. Kilij Arslan also cunningly sent spies to trick the Crusaders into thinking Xerigordon was ripe for the taking, and the ill-disciplined Crusaders rushed to Xerigordon despite orders against this. They were consequently ambushed, forcing Peter the Hermit to eventually give up the crusade.  The remainder of Peter's crusade was surprised near the village of Civetot by Kilij Arslan's army. They were easily defeated and around 17,000 out of the 20,000 remaining Christian's died. He then invaded the Danishmend Emirate of Malik Ghazi in eastern Anatolia.  The First Crusade will start a few months later.

First Crusade.

Because of this easy first victory he did not consider the main crusader army, led by various nobles of western Europe, to be a serious threat. He resumed his war with the Danishmends, and was away from Nicaea when these new Crusaders besieged Nicaea in May 1097. He hurried back to his capital to find it surrounded by the Crusaders, and was defeated in battle with them on May 21. The city then surrendered to the Byzantines and his wife and children were captured. When the crusaders sent the Sultana to Constantinople, to their dismay she was later returned without ransom in 1097 because of the relationship between Kilij Arslan and Alexius Comnenus.  As result of the stronger invasion, Rüm and the Danismends allied in their attempt to turn back the crusaders. The Crusaders continued to split their forces as they marched across Anatolia. The combined Danishmend and Rüm forces planned to ambush the Crusaders near Dorylaeum on June 29. However, Kilij Arslan's horse archers could not penetrate the line of defense set up by the Crusader knights, and the main body under Bohemond arrived to capture the Turkish camp on July 1. Kilij Arslan retreated and inflicted losses on the Crusader Army with guerilla warfare and hit-and-run tactics. He also destroyed crops and water supplies along their route in order to damage logistical supplying of the Crusader Army.

Crusade of 1101.

Ghazi bin Danishmend captured Bohemond resulting in a new force of Lombards attempting to rescue him. In their march they took Ankara from Arslan upon the Danishmends. In alliance with Radwan the Atabeg of Aleppo he ambushed this force at the Battle of Mersivan. In 1101 he defeated another Crusader army at Heraclea Cybistra, which had come to assist the fledgling Crusader States in Syria. This was an important victory for the Turks, as it proved that an army of Crusader knights was not invincible. After this victory he moved his capital to Konya and defeated a force led by William II of Nevers who attempted to march upon it as well as the subsequent force a week later.  In 1104 he resumed once more his war with the Danishmends who were now weakened after the death of Malik Ghazi, demanding half the ransom gained for Bohemond. As a result, Bohemond allied with the Danishmends against Rüm and the Byzantines.

War and death in Syria.

After the crusades he moved towards the east taking Harran, and Diyarbakr. In 1107 he conquered Mosul, but he was defeated by Mehmed I of Great Seljuq supported by the Ortoqids and Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan of Aleppo at the battle of Khabur river. Having lost the battle, Kilij Arslan died trying to escape across the river.

Kilij Arslan (; "Qilij Arslān"; Modern Turkish:, meaning "Sword Lion") ( 1079–1107) was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm from 1092 until his death in 1107. He ruled the Sultanate during the time of the First Crusade and thus faced the attack. He also re-established the Sultanate of Rum after the death of Malik Shah I of Great Seljuq and defeated the Crusaders in three battles during the Crusade of 1101.

Kılıç Arslan, Kilitch-Arslan ou Kilij Arslan est un sultan seldjoukide de Roum (1092-1107). Il est le fils et successeur de Süleyman I (1074-1086)


History.

The original club was formed in 1933. It was subject to a takeover by the Red Bull company in 2005. They renamed the club FC Red Bull Salzburg, changed the team colours and claimed that it was a new team. As a concession to pleas to keep the old colours, Red Bull offered to allow the goalkeeper's socks to be purple for away matches. This was viewed as an insult by fans caused a group of supporters, known as the "Violet-Whites", to want to preserve the 72-year-old traditions of their club which they felt had been ignored by Red Bull.  On 7 October 2005, the Violet-Whites successfully registered the old club's original name "SV Austria Salzburg" and the old club emblem. For the second half of the 2005–06 season SV Austria fielded a unified team with the football section of the "PSV Schwarz-Weiß Salzburg", which played in the "1. Salzburg Landesliga", the fourth tier of Austrian football, but at the end of the season the PSV members voted against continuing the link. Thus, the Violet-Whites formed a completely new team, which entered 2. Klasse Nord, the seventh tier of Austrian football, for the 2006–07 season.  The first match of the relaunched SV Austria Salzburg was played on 29 July 2006 against "Lieferinger SV", another Salzburg football club. SV Austria Salzburg won 6–0, and went on to win the championship and promotion to 1. Klasse Nord. This was the first of four successive championships & promotions for SV Austria Salzburg. They won the "1. Klasse Nord" in 2007–08, the "2. Salzburg Landesliga" in 2008–09 and the "1. Landesliga" in 2009–10. The latter secured the club's promotion to Austria's third tier of football, the "Regionalliga West" for the 2010–11 season. The club finished fifth in the 2010–2011 season, and eighth in the 2011–2012 season.  In the 2014–15 season, the club was promoted to the First League, the second tier of Austrian football, by winning the Regionalliga West, after a change in the rules that see an automatic promotion place for one of the Regionalligas being rotated each season.  The promotion to the First League forced the club into debt of €900,000 by November 2015, caused by an increased budget for the players as well as a security requirement to holding certain home games without spectators. The club indicated it was willing to sell up to 51 percent of its ownership of the team to an investor, as long as its name, colours, and crest would not be altered, but the Austrian Bundesliga announced that the sale of a majority of the team would be violating the league's rules. Due to breach of league licence, in November 2015 they were fined €40,000 and had 6 points deducted. This was due to their failure to adhere to the league's stadium requirements.

SV Austria Salzburg is an Austrian association football club, based in the city of Salzburg. The club was formed in 2005 by some supporters of the original SV (Austria) Salzburg after it was renamed FC Red Bull Salzburg by its new owners, who also changed the club's colours from its traditional violet and white to red and white. The club commenced participation in the seventh tier of Austria's national league system in 2006, then rose through four successive championships to the third tier, Regionalliga West, in 2010. In 2015, the club gained promotion to the Erste Liga, one tier below the Austrian Bundesliga, only to be relegated a year later.

Le SV Austria Salzbourg est un club de football autrichien fondé en 2005 et basé à Salzbourg. Il évolue en "Landesliga", la quatrième division du football autrichien.


Growth and habitat.

"G. procumbens" is a small, low-growing shrub, typically reaching tall. The leaves are evergreen, elliptic to ovate, long and broad, with a distinct oil of wintergreen scent.  The flowers are pendulous, with a white, sometimes pink-tinged, bell-shaped corolla with five teeth at the tip long, and above it a white calyx. They are borne in leaf axils, usually one to three per stem. The anthers are forked somewhat like a snake's tongue, with two awns at the tip.  The fruit is red and across. It looks like a berry, but is actually a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx.  The plant is a calcifuge, favoring acidic soil, in pine or hardwood forests, although it generally produces fruit only in sunnier areas. It often grows as part of the heath complex in an oak–heath forest.  "G. procumbens" spreads by means of long rhizomes, which are within the top of soil. Because of the shallow nature of the rhizomes, it does not survive most forest fires, but a brief or mild fire may leave rhizomes intact, from which the plant can regrow even if the above-ground shrub was consumed.  This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Edibility.

The fruits of "G. procumbens," considered its actual "teaberries", are edible, with a taste of mildly sweet wintergreen similar to the flavors of the "Mentha" varieties "M. piperita" (peppermint) and "M. spicata" (spearmint) even though "G. procumbens" is not a true mint. The leaves and branches make a fine herbal tea, through normal drying and infusion process. For the leaves to yield significant amounts of their essential oil, they need to be fermented for at least three days.  Teaberry extract can be used to flavor tea, candy, medicine and chewing gum. Teaberry is also a flavor of ice cream in regions where the plant grows. It likewise inspired the name of Clark's Teaberry chewing gum.

Wildlife value.

Wintergreen is not taken in large quantities by any species of wildlife, but the regularity of its use enhances its importance. Its fruit persist through the winter, and it is one of the few sources of green leaves in winter. White-tailed deer browse wintergreen throughout its range, and in some localities it is an important winter food. Other animals that eat wintergreen are wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, northern bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, black bear, white-footed mouse, and red fox. Wintergreen is a favorite food of the eastern chipmunk, and the leaves are a minor winter food of the gray squirrel in Virginia.

Common names.

Other common names for "G. procumbens" include American mountain tea, boxberry, Canada tea, canterberry, checkerberry, chickenberry, creeping wintergreen, deerberry, drunkards, gingerberry, ground berry, ground tea, grouseberry, hillberry, mountain tea, one-berry, procalm, red pollom, spice berry, squaw vine, star berry, spiceberry, spicy wintergreen, spring wintergreen, teaberry, wax cluster, and youngsters.  While this plant is sometimes mistakenly known as partridge berry, that name more often refers to the ground cover "Mitchella repens."

Traditional use.

The plant has been used by various tribes of Native Americans for medicinal purposes.

Gaultheria procumbens, also called the eastern teaberry, the checkerberry, the boxberry, or the American wintergreen, is a species of "Gaultheria" native to northeastern North America from Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Alabama. It is a member of the Ericaceae (heath family).

La gaulthérie couchée, aussi appelée thé des bois (québécisme) ou pomme de terre (acadianisme) ou thé rouge à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon ("Gaultheria procumbens") est un petit arbuste monoïque de moins de de la famille des "Ericaceae" et du genre "Gaultheria". Il croît dans les forêts d'Amérique du Nord, du Canada et de Chine.


Biography.

Peter van Dievoet was born into the Van Dievoet family in Brussels and baptised at the Saint Gudula collegiate (now a cathedral) on 29 June 1661. He was born from the second marriage of Gilles van Dievoet, bourgeois of Brussels, to Gertrude Zeevaert. Gilles van Dievoet (? - † before 1672) had a previous marriage with Catherine Slachmeulder, with whom he had among others: Philippe van Dievoet, goldsmith of King Louis XIV.  Peter Van Dievoet was therefore fatherless around the age of twelve or thirteen. His mother later remarried, and died on 22 July 1705.  After some time in Brussels, he moved to England where he was a regular visitor to the studio of Grinling Gibbons. In 1686, he cast and made the statue of James II for St. James's Park in London, now in Trafalgar Square. He returned to Brussels due to the Glorious Revolution of 1688.  In 1695 he was master of the "Quatre-Couronnés" at Brussels, the guild of stonemasons and sculptors. He was an acclaimed sculptor and was involved in the construction of the new Grand-Place in its baroque style.  He was a member (one of "The Eight") then a judge (or "Dean") of the Drapery Court of Brussels from 1713 to 1723.

Time in London.

According to Edmond Marchal, his most important works are in England and are "among the best of that time".  Peter Van Dievoet worked in London in the studio of Quaker sculptor Grinling Gibbons for almost eight years, from 1680 to 1688.  His English production (mainly sculptures) remains poorly known because little research has been done to find and inventory it. George Vertue mentions him only as statuary.  The same George Vertue (1684-1756), who had found an agreement and a receipt of payment for this work, attributes to him, in collaboration with a certain Laurens of Mechelen, the bronze statue of James II (1686) in the courtyard of Whitehall, currently in Trafalgar Square.  Margaret Whinney notes that this statue does not have an English but rather a continental character and gives it the same attribution: two Flemings, Laurens of Mechelen and Dievot of Brussels (sic), were employed to model and make it. This attribution is repeated by Sir Lionel Henri Cust: Dyvoet (sic)... and Laurens... who executed the statue of James II at Whitehall.  The fore-mentioned "Laurens" is identified by Paul-Eugène Claessens as the sculptor Laurence Vander Meulen from Mechlin.

Time in Brussels.

Having returned to his hometown around 1689, Van Dievoet had to meet the requirements of the corporate institution and enrol in the corporation of the Quatre-Couronnés, the Guild of the stonemasons, of which he was officially received as master in 1695. It is at this date that his work in Brussels begins. That same year, Brussels was destroyed by the French bombardment.  Already during his lifetime, Peter Van Dievoet was considered a renowned sculptor.  Long after his death, a report of the magistrates of Brussels to Charles-Alexandre of Lorraine, dated 27 September 1771, quotes Peter Van Dievoet in a list of "very remarkable Brussels sculptors".  From his Brussels work, we still know only of the pieces mentioned by Guillaume Des Marez, while waiting for other "discoveries" or authentications. He is mainly known there for his realisations and conceptions of many of the houses of the famous Grand Place.  The following are his work as described by Des Marez.

Wood carving.

Peter van Dievoet is also the author of finely chiseled woodcarvings, as shown, for example, by the extremely elaborate lime-wood ornamentation of festoons and fruits, which is preserved at the Royal Museums of Art and History of Brussels.  He also carved out of wood, « keerses » which are richly decorated emblems, used for celebrations, for the tailors' guild.

The House of the White Lamb.

The sculptures on the facade of the 1696-built House of the White Lamb (Maison de l'Agneau Blanc) on the Marché aux Herbes are the work of Van Dievoet,

The Grand Place.

Van Dievoet sculpted the facades of the following houses on the Grand Place: "La Maison du Sac" (Grand Place, number 4), "La Maison du Cornet" (number 6), "La Maison de l'Arbre d'Or" or the House of Brewers (number 10), "La Maison de la Chaloupe d'Or" (number 24-25).  He was also the architect for "Le Heaume" (number 34).

Public functions.

Peter continued his career by exercising public functions. From 1713 to 1723, between ages 52 and 62, he was one of The Eight and then Dean (judge) of the Drapery Court, an old Brussels institution that can be compared to a chamber of commerce, and whose members were called the "brothers of the Guild".  At the end of this term, from 1723 to 1724, between ages 62 and 63, he became a member of the magistrate by becoming a Councilor of the City of Brussels. After that, he left public life. A pious man, he had been, until the end of his life, a "marguillier" (churchwarden) of the Sainte-Gudula collegiate, now a cathedral. He died in Brussels on 2 March 1729, at 68.

Peter van Dievoet (; French: Pierre, Dutch: Peeter, Latin: Petrus; 16611729) was a sculptor, statuary, wood carver, and designer of ornamental architectural features from Brussels.

Pierre Van Dievoet (en néerlandais : Peeter, en anglais : Peter, en latin : Petrus) (Bruxelles 1661 - Bruxelles ) est un sculpteur bruxellois qui vécut à Londres et Bruxelles.


Life, marriage, and royal favour.

A loyal and capable subject of the crown, Peter earned the grudging respect of Louis XI through his demonstration of the Bourbon family's "meekness and humility". Initially he was betrothed to Marie d'Orleans, sister of Louis, Duke of Orleans (the future Louis XII); Louis XI, who wanted to prevent such an alliance between two of the greatest feudal houses in France, broke the engagement, and took measures to bind both families closer to the crown.  A marriage between Peter and the King's elder daughter, Anne, was arranged (as was another marriage between Louis of Orleans and Anne's younger sister, Joan); as a mark of his favour, the King forced Peter's older brother John II, Duke of Bourbon to grant the Bourbon fief of Beaujeu (Beaujolais) to Peter, who was also given a seat on the royal council. Peter and Anne were married on 3 November 1473.

Regent of France and Duke of Bourbon.

At the time of Louis XI's death in 1483, Peter was one of the few royal servants to have remained consistently in favour during the King's reign, and it was to him that Louis, on his deathbed, granted guardianship over the new King, Charles VIII. Peter and Anne immediately took up their duties, and began to position themselves as leaders of a regency government. The King was swiftly crowned, preventing the need for a regency government; instead, the thirteen-year-old King undertook personal rule of the Kingdom, theoretically on his own, in reality guided by the Beaujeus.  Having assisted his wife in the governing of France, in 1488 both were able to begin building up a power-base of their own in the Bourbonnais. Anne was already Countess of Gien, and Peter was Count of Clermont and La Marche, as well as Lord of Beaujeu; but the death of his eldest brother, John II, and the subsequent enforced renunciation of the family rights by his next eldest brother, Charles II, delivered the Bourbon inheritance (the Duchies of Bourbon and Auvergne, and the Counties of Forez and l'Isle-en-Jordain) into Peter's hands.  The new Duke and Duchess of Bourbon then proceeded to add to these domains, adding Bourbon-Lancy in December 1488, and trading l'Isle-en-Jordain with the Armagnacs in June 1489 for Carlades and Murat. These domains were granted to them by the King in absolute right – they would not revert to the crown, and were not obligated to pass to the next heirs to the Bourbon inheritance, the Bourbon-Montpensiers – the Duke and Duchess could bequeath them to whomsoever they wished. On 10 May 1491, the pair finally acquired an heir of their own, a daughter, Suzanne (Anne had an earlier pregnancy in 1476, but about this existed contradictory accounts: some say the baby was miscarried or been stillborn, but others reported that a living son was born, Charles, styled Count of Clermont in 1488 as was customary for the heir of the Duchy of Bourbon, who died aged 22 in 1498 and was buried in the Abbey of Souvigny, Auvergne).  By 1491, the Bourbon influence over the crown was waning; Charles VIII was an adult now, unwilling to accept tutelage from his family. Against the better judgement of Anne and Peter, Charles chose to renounce his unconsummated marriage to Margaret of Austria, and instead marry Anne, Duchess of Brittany; he then went against them by returning Margaret's dowry – Artois and Franche-Comté – to her brother, Philip the Handsome. Nor were either able to prevent Charles' disastrous Italian expeditions, although both were left in control of France on several of his absences. Both continued to be major figures in the court for the rest of Charles VIII's reign, but restricted in power. After Charles VIII's death, and the accession of Louis XII, Peter largely retired from court politics and devoted his few remaining years to his family, being particularly devoted to his daughter Suzanne.

Succession to the Duchy of Bourbon.

Without surviving male issue, the next heir to the Bourbon Duchy was Suzanne. It was in the question of the future of Suzanne and the Bourbon territories that Peter and Anne found themselves opposing each another in his final years. With Charles VIII dead and the more cautious Louis XII on the throne, Suzanne needed a husband to support her in her inheritance, which risked being disputed by the crown and the Montpensiers. The Duke and Duchess had initially groomed the next Bourbon heir, Louis of Bourbon-Montpensier, as a son-in-law; but he mortally offended Peter by condemning a letters patent of Louis XII which confirmed Suzanne's rights of inheritance (having been wrung from him as the price of Bourbon support upon his accession).  Peter then decided to betroth Suzanne to Charles IV, Duke of Alençon, a favourite of Louis XII, and so likely to protect the duchy against royal encroachment and Montpensier challenges. This contract was signed on 21 March 1501 at Moulins, Charles being 11, Suzanne 9. Before this marriage could be completed, however, Peter died of a fever. Following this, Anne arranged for Suzanne to marry the next Bourbon heir-male, Charles of Bourbon-Montpensier (Louis of Bourbon-Montpensier having died the year before), thereby averting a succession dispute over the Bourbon inheritance with the young pair inherited jointly.

Peter II, Duke of Bourbon (1 December 1438 – 10 October 1503 in Moulins), was the son of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, and Agnes of Burgundy, and a member of the House of Bourbon. He and his wife Anne of France ruled as regents during the minority of Charles VIII of France.

Pierre II de Beaujeu, né le, mort dans son château de Moulins le, fut duc de Bourbon et d'Auvergne de 1488 à sa mort.


PCI Graphics/AGP Graphics/Gigabit Ethernet.

The original Power Mac G4 was introduced at the Seybold conference in San Francisco on August 31, 1999. There were two variants, officially titled Power Mac G4 (AGP Graphics) with, and configurations available, and Power Mac G4 (PCI Graphics), with and configurations. Colloquially, this generation of Power Mac is referred to as "Graphite", owing to the colors of the case being similar to the iMac G3 Graphite.  Apple originally planned to ship the configuration in October 1999, but they were forced to postpone this because of poor yield of the CPUs. In response, Apple reduced the clock speed of the processor in each configuration by (making the options, and ), which caused some controversy because they did not lower the original prices.  The early (later ) PCI-based version used a motherboard identical to the one used in Power Macintosh G3 (Blue and White) computers including the use of Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) processors sockets (minus the ADB port), in a "graphite" colored case and with the new Motorola PowerPC 7400 (G4) CPU. The higher-speed models, code name "Sawtooth", used a greatly modified motherboard design with AGP 2x graphics (replacing the PCI slot).  The PCI variant was discontinued at the end of 1999.  The machines featured DVD-ROM drives as standard. The and versions had Zip drives as standard equipment, and as an option on the Sawtooth. This series had a system bus and four PC100 SDRAM slots for up to of RAM ( under Mac OS 9). The AGP Power Macs were the first to include an AirPort slot and DVI video port. The computers could house a total of three hard drives, two 128 GB ATA hard drives and up to a single 20GB SCSI hard drive, with the installation of a SCSI card.  The version was reintroduced on February 16, 2000, accompanied by and models. DVD-RAM and Zip drives featured on these later and versions and were an option on the 400 MHz.  The Power Mac G4 (Gigabit Ethernet) model was introduced at Macworld Expo New York on July 19, 2000; the new revision included dual-processor and versions, and a low-end single CPU model. It was also the first personal computer to include gigabit Ethernet as standard. Most people saw this revision as a stopgap release, because higher clocked G4s were not available; the G4’s Motorola XPC107 “Grackle” PCI/Memory controller prevented the G4 from hitting speeds higher than. The dual models featured DVD-RAM optical drive. Zip drives were optional on all models. These models also introduced Apple's proprietary Apple Display Connector video port.

Digital Audio/Quicksilver.

A new line with a revamped motherboard but the familiar "Graphite" case debuted on January 9, 2001. Known officially as the Power Mac G4 (Digital Audio), it is in effect a Quicksilver design inside the Graphite enclosure. Motorola had added a seventh pipeline stage in the new PowerPC G4 design to achieve faster clock frequencies. New features included a fourth PCI slot, a 133 MHz system bus, an improved 4X AGP slot, and a new "digital audio" Tripath Class T amplifier sound system. The models were offered in,, dual, and configurations, the latter two using a newer PowerPC 7450 processor. The number of RAM slots was reduced to three, accommodating up to 1.5 Gigabytes of PC133 SDRAM.  The model was the first Macintosh to include a built-in DVD-R or Apple-branded SuperDrive, the rest of the line became the first Macs to ship with CD-RW drives. This was also the first series of Macs to include an Nvidia graphics card, the GeForce 2MX.  At Macworld Expo New York on July 18, 2001, a new line debuted featuring a cosmetically redesigned case known as Quicksilver, and various upgrades to the specifications. It was available in, and dual configurations. The model was notable for not having a level three cache. The SuperDrive was offered on the mid-range model, and UltraATA/100 hard drives were offered on all models. The internal speaker received an upgrade, using a Harman/Kardon speaker.  Quicksilver received criticism in MacWorld's review for removing the "eject" button and the manual eject pinhole, as well as the pass-through monitor power plug, and for the base specification of RAM as being insufficient for running Mac OS X.  Updated Quicksilver machines, officially named Power Mac G4 (QuickSilver 2002), were introduced on January 28, 2002 with, and dual configurations. This was the first Mac to reach. Again, the low end model did not include any level three cache. The graphics in this series were provided by an Nvidia GeForce4 MX400 card. Some of these models have ATA controllers with 48 bit LBA for hard drives larger than 128 GB.

Mirrored Drive Doors/FW800.

Another generation of Apple Power Mac G4s, officially named "Mirrored Drive Doors" (MDD), was introduced on August 13, 2002, featuring both a new Xserve-derived DDR motherboard architecture and a new case design. All models were available in dual processor configurations running at, or. As with the Xserves, the PowerPC 7455 CPU used does not have a DDR frontside bus, meaning the CPU could only use at most 50% of the new system's theoretical memory bandwidth, providing no improvement over previous models. The rest was available to the graphics card and I/O systems. A single processor model would be the last Power Mac G4 the company offered to the public after the announcement of the new Power Mac G5, introduced in June 2003.  The last real update to the Power Mac G4 line was on January 28, 2003 offering dual 1.42 GHz PowerPC 7455 processors, with features not seen in previous DDR models: built-in FireWire 800 connector, optional integrated Bluetooth, and optional integrated AirPort Extreme. These were also the first Power Macs that could not boot into Mac OS 9.  With the launch of the Power Mac G5 on June 23, 2003, Apple re-introduced the August 2002 Power Mac G4 because of perceived demand for Mac OS 9 machines. Between that, its low price-tag, and the delayed availability of Power Mac G5s, it proved a strong seller for a relatively short time. Production stopped on June 27, 2004 and the remaining inventory was liquidated, ending the 20-year legacy of Classic Mac OS support with its discontinuation.

The Power Mac G4 is a series of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1999 to 2004 as part of the Power Macintosh line. Built around the PowerPC G4 series of microprocessors, the Power Mac G4 was marketed by Apple as the first "personal supercomputers", reaching speeds of 4 to 20 gigaFLOPS. This was the first existing Macintosh product to be officially shortened as "Mac", and is the last Mac able to boot into classic Mac OS.

Le Power Mac G4 est une série d'ordinateurs personnels conçus et produits par Apple Inc. entre 1999 et 2004 exploitant des processeurs PowerPC G4 (PPC74xx).


Career.

Éwanjé-Épée was born in Poitiers, France. She won the 1985 European Junior Championships 100 metres hurdles title in 13.10 secs. In 1988, she reached the Olympic final in Seoul, finishing seventh. In 1989, she won the 100 metres hurdles titles at both the Jeux de la Francophonie and the Universiade. In March 1990, she won a silver medal in the 60m hurdles at the European Indoor Championships in Glasgow, behind Ludmila Narozhilenko of the Soviet Union.  Éwanjé-Épée reached her peak in the 1990 outdoor season, improving her own French 100m hurdles record to 12.56 on 29 June. This was the second fastest time in the world for 1990, with only Nataliya Grigoryeva of the Soviet Union going faster with 12.53. On 30 August, Ewanje-Épée won the European title in Split with 12.79. At the end of the 1990 season, both Track and Field News magazine and the Athletics International Annual, ranked Ewanje-Épée the number one 100m hurdler on their world merit rankings, ahead of Grigoryeva. In the 1991 indoor season, she won a silver medal in the 60m hurdles at the World Indoor Championships in Seville, narrowly losing out to Narozhilenko by two-hundredths of a second. Outdoors, she finished fourth in the 100m hurdles final at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo, behind Narozhilenko, Gail Devers and Grigoryeva.  Éwanjé-Èpée won a silver medal in the 60m hurdles at the 1992 European Indoor Championships in Genoa, once again behind Narozhilenko and ahead of Yordanka Donkova. Outdoors, she competed at her second Olympics, where she was eliminated in the heats of the 100m hurdles. Having missed the 1993 season through pregnancy, she returned in 1994 competing under her then married name of Monique Tourret, and went on to finish fourth in the 60m hurdles final at the 1995 World Indoor Championships. In 1996, she won a bronze medal in the 60m hurdles at the European Indoor Championships, before going on to compete at her third Olympic Games, where she was eliminated in the quarter-finals.  Éwanjé-Épée is still the holder of the French national outdoor record for the women's 100m hurdles (12.56 sec), set on 29 June 1990 in Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. This record was equalled by Cindy Billaud in 2014. Her French national indoor record for the women's 60m hurdles (7.82 sec), set on 23 February 1991 in Paris, also still stands. It was equalled on 7 March 2004 by Linda Ferga at the 2004 World Indoor Championships in Budapest.

Personal life.

Éwanjé-Épée is married to gospel singer Frederick Lewin, with whom she has a son, Joachim (born 2006). She was previously married to the French pole vaulter Christophe Tourret, with whom she has two daughters, Marylou (1993) and Olivia (1997). Her elder sister, Maryse Éwanjé-Épée, is the French record holder in the high jump and reached the Olympic high jump final in 1984 and 1988.

Monique Éwanjé-Épée Lewin (née Éwanjé-Épée, formerly Tourret; born 11 July 1967) is a retired French track and field athlete who competed in the 60m hurdles and 100m hurdles, and is the co-holder (as of 2016) of the French national records for both events. She is the 1990 European Champion and the 1991 World Indoor silver medallist. She also represented France at the Olympic Games in 1988, 1992 and 1996.

Monique Éwanjé-Épée ou Monique Tourret (née le à Poitiers) est une athlète française, spécialiste du 100 mètres haies. Elle a battu de nombreux records de France et est devenue championne d'Europe en 1990 à Split. Elle est la sœur de Maryse Éwanjé-Épée.


Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier

Inheritance.

The eldest daughter of Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, and Clara Gonzaga, her paternal grandparents were Louis I, Count of Montpensier and Gabriele de La Tour d'Auvergne. Her maternal grandparents were Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua and Margaret of Bavaria. Her five younger siblings included Charles III, Duke of Bourbon. He was killed in battle in May 1527 when he led the Imperial troops sent by Emperor Charles V against Pope Clement VII in what became the Sack of Rome.  By dint of her three brothers having died childless, Louise became the heiress to the county of Montpensier and the dauphinate of Auvergne. The estates, however, had been sequestered by the French King Francis I (at the instigation of his mother, Louise of Savoy) when her brother Charles, Duke of Bourbon and Constable of France formed an alliance with Charles V. After the Duke's death at the siege of Rome, his fiefs were confiscated by the King. On 17 May 1530, she became the "suo jure" Duchess of Châtellerault, Countess of Forez, Baroness de Beaujeu, which had formed part of her brother Charles' inheritance, however the titles were revoked by the King in January 1532. Eventually some of her late brother's inheritance was restored to her. In February 1538, Louise was invested as Duchess of Montpensier, Dauphine of Auvergne, Baroness de La Tour and de la Bussière by King Francis.

Marriages and children.

In 1499, Louise married her first husband, Andre III de Chauvigny, prince of Deols and vicomte de Brosse (d.1503). The marriage was childless.  She married secondly on 21 March 1504, her cousin Louis de Bourbon, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon, by whom she had three children:  Louise died on 5 July 1561. She was buried at, Champigny-sur-Veude in Touraine. Her eldest son Louis succeeded her as Duke of Montpensier.  Through her daughter Suzanne, Louise was an ancestress of King Louis XV of France. Through her granddaughter Charlotte of Bourbon, Louise was an ancestress of the House of Hanover, which reigned in Great Britain from 1714 to 1901, and from which descends the current British Royal Family.

Louise de Bourbon (1482 – 15 July 1561) was the Duchess of Montpensier, suo jure from February 1538 to 1561. She was the great great great grandmother of "La Grande Mademoiselle".

Louise de Bourbon, née en 1482, morte en 1561 fut duchesse de Montpensier de 1522 à 1561. Elle était fille de Gilbert de Bourbon, comte de Montpensier et dauphin d'Auvergne, et de Claire Gonzague (fille de Frédéric de Mantoue).