History.

Arizona Territorial Governor John Noble Goodwin selected the original site of Prescott following his first tour of the new territory. Goodwin replaced Governor John A. Gurley, appointed by Abraham Lincoln, who died before taking office. Downtown streets in Prescott are named in honor of each of them. Goodwin selected a site south of the temporary capital on the east side of Granite Creek near a number of mining camps. The territorial capital was later moved to the new site along with Fort Whipple, with the new town named in honor of historian William H. Prescott during a public meeting on May 30, 1864. Robert W. Groom surveyed the new community, and an initial auction sold 73 lots on June 4, 1864. By July 4, 1864, a total of 232 lots had been sold within the new community. Prescott was officially incorporated in 1881.  Prescott served as capital of Arizona Territory until November 1, 1867, when the capital was moved to Tucson by act of the 4th Arizona Territorial Legislature. The capital was returned to Prescott in 1877 by the 9th Arizona Territorial Legislature. The capital was finally moved to Phoenix on February 4, 1889, by the 15th Arizona Territorial Legislature. The three Arizona Territory capitals reflected the changes in political influence of different regions of the territory as they grew and developed.  Prescott also holds a place in the larger history of the American southwest. Both Virgil Earp (brother of Wyatt Earp) and Doc Holliday lived in Prescott before their now infamous gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Virgil Earp lived in Prescott starting in 1878 as a constable/watchman. Doc Holliday was there for a while in the summer of 1880 and even appears in the 1880 census records.  The Sharlot Hall Museum houses much of Prescott's territorial history, and the Smoki and Phippen museums also maintain local collections. Whiskey Row in downtown Prescott boasts many historic buildings, including The Palace, Arizona's oldest restaurant and bar is still the oldest frontier saloon in Arizona. Many other buildings that have been converted to boutiques, art galleries, bookstores, and restaurants. Prescott is home to the Arizona Pioneers' Home. The Home opened during territorial days, February 1, 1911.  After several major fires in the early part of the century, downtown Prescott was rebuilt with brick. The central courthouse plaza, a lawn under huge old elm trees, is a gathering and meeting place. Cultural events and performances take place on many nights in the summer on the plaza.  Barry Goldwater, the 1964 Republican nominee for president, launched his presidential campaign from the steps of Prescott's Yavapai County Courthouse.  Nineteen members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots, part of the Prescott Fire Department, lost their lives Sunday, June 30, 2013, while battling the Yarnell Hill fire that had ignited two days earlier south of Prescott.

Geography.

Prescott is west-northwest of the State of Arizona's geographic center.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.  Prescott is considered part of North Central Arizona. It is just south of the Granite Dells. The Granite Dells area, or often called ‘The Dells’, is known for its large boulder outcroppings of granite that have eroded into a spectacular appearance of bumpy rock features. Within 'The Dells' are Watson and Willow Lakes, which are two small, man-made reservoirs. Here a number of hiking trails connect to the Peavine Trail. The Peavine National Recreation Trail follows what was the former rail bed of the Santa Fe. This railroad traveled from Prescott to Phoenix through the Granite Dells. The "Peavine" got its name from the winding portion of this railroad that twists and curves, resembling the vine on which peas grow. The Peavine trail connects to the Iron King Trail, which was the route of the old Prescott Railroad through the Granite Dells. Natural lakes include Lynx, Granite Basin and Goldwater, all surrounding different areas of this rustic community. Goldwater Lake, by Goldwater Park, is from downtown Prescott, has of water surface, and is a popular destination for park recreation and picnic facilities. Lynx Lake is another lake close to Prescott in tall ponderosa pines, and gets some 125,000 visitors every year. This lake offers visitors recreational activities, boating, camping, fishing, hiking, mountain biking, picnicking and a small, seasonal restaurant with a view of the lake. Finally, there is the smallest of the natural lakes with of surface water at Granite Basin Lake. None of these lakes permits swimming due to a history of water quality problems, however all are popular recreational destinations near Prescott.  Granite Creek flows generally north from the Bradshaw Mountains through the city, the Granite Dells, and the Little Chino Valley to the Verde River.

Climate.

Prescott is in the Bradshaw Mountains of central Arizona, at an elevation of. The city has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen "Csa"); however, unlike most other locations in this climate class, there is a pronounced summer wet season due to the North American Monsoon.  Average annual precipitation for 1981–2010 was, with spring and early summer the driest times of the year. Snowfall is typically light and snow cover usually melts away quickly; the 1981–2011 average seasonal total was.The largest portion of precipitation falls during the July–September monsoon season. Average daytime temperatures remain above the entire year, but diurnal temperature variation is large throughout the year, averaging nearly annually. On average, temperatures reach on 36 days annually, though + readings are uncommon and do not occur every year, much unlike the Sonoran Desert to the south and Mojave Desert to the west. The average season for freezing temperatures is October 21 through May 1.  There was a severe drought from 1999 to 2009, seen from the lack of snowpack in the Bradshaw Mountains. Local creeks do not contain water except immediately after the rare rains. Nevertheless, at the start of 2007 lakes were reported as full. The winter of 2005–06 had less than of snow, compared to an average snowfall of.

Monsoon season.

Prescott is affected each year by the North American Monsoon. Monsoon season is June 15 - Sept. 15th, and brings significant rain, wind, hail, thunderstorms, and flooding to the area. In spite of the dangers of flash floods and wildfires, many locals enjoy monsoon season for the relief of cooler temperatures, which commonly result from storms during the height of summer heatwaves.  Arizona receives half of its annual rainfall during monsoon season, but this can be misleading. Monthly averages in precipitation can give the false impression that rains are confined to monsoon season, while single-day annual rainfall records have been set far outside of monsoon season, repeatedly. The area is prone to weather extremes and often, monthly rainfall records are actually the result of one or two dramatic rain events.

Flood risk.

Prescott area residents have faced the challenges of extreme rain and flash flooding since the first prospectors arrived in search of gold in the late 1800s. In 1863 Joseph R. Walker's original mining camp on the banks of Lynx Creek was completely swept away in a flash flood less than a year after arriving in Prescott. In the late 1880s, floods destroyed the first dam on Lynx creek near present-day SR-69. 1891 brought the heaviest flooding on record across Arizona (a record broken in 1993), carving lasting changes to the Verde river drainage, bordering Prescott. The Verde, which has in some years been completely dry, gushed with 4,284 cubic meters per second of water on Feb 24, 1891, or about half the size of the Columbia river.  Tropical Storm Octave, in 1983, brought 14.5" of rain to parts of Prescott in less than forty-eight hours. Damages included the Santa Fe Railway, which was washed out in so many places it was completely abandoned the following year. Two Prescott area college students died in Granite Creek during flooding in 2004, which brought an official state of emergency declaration from state governor Napolitano. Significant flooding has been recorded as recently as 2018, prompting the evacuation of nearby Mayer in August.  A large number of homes in Prescott are located within FEMA designated "high risk flood zones A and AE". The City of Prescott recently updated Flood Insurance Rate Maps in response to increased construction and notable flooding for several consecutive years.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 33,938 people, 15,098 households, and 8,968 families residing in the city. The population density was 915.6 people per square mile (353.5/km2). There were 17,144 housing units at an average density of 462.5 per square mile (178.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.93% White, 0.50% Black or African American, 1.27% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.77% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. 8.17% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 15,098 households out of which 18.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.62.  In the city, the population was spread out with 15.9% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 18.9% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 26.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $35,446, and the median income for a family was $46,481. Males had a median income of $31,834 versus $22,982 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,565. About 7.4% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

The Prescott Gateway Mall is an enclosed shopping mall that opened in 2002, replacing Ponderosa Plaza, which was Prescott's first enclosed mall when it opened in 1980.  Downtown Prescott has dozens of independently owned and operated shops.

Culture.

Prescott has many Victorian style homes. Prescott has 809 buildings on the National Register of Historic Places. The tallest house in North America, Falcon Nest is located in Prescott, on the slope of Thumb Butte.  Prescott is home to the downtown historical area known as Whiskey Row. Adjacent to Whiskey Row, was the red-light district, which operated until 1917, at which point prostitution was outlawed in the state of Arizona. In 1900, a great fire destroyed almost all of the buildings on Whiskey Row, including the 1891 Hotel Burke, advertised as "the only absolutely fireproof building in Prescott". By legend, the patrons of the various bars simply took their drinks across the street to the Courthouse square and watched it burn. At the time of the fire, the entire bar and back-bar of the Palace Restaurant & Saloon was removed to the square by the patrons as the fire approached, re-installing it after the gutted brick structure was rebuilt. Whiskey Row runs north and south on Montezuma St. between Gurley and Goodwin St., directly west of the county courthouse. This single city block has been the home of the St. Michael's Hotel (formerly the Hotel Burke) and the Palace Hotel since the late 19th century, along with other colorful purveyors of night-life. Originally built in 1877, The Palace Restaurant and Saloon was rebuilt after the fire, and is now the oldest continuous business in the entire state. Merchant Sam Hill's large hardware store was located near Whiskey Row.  There are four golf courses within the city limits: Antelope Hills Golf Course, which consist of the City of Prescott South Course and the City of Prescott North Course, Capital Canyon Golf Club (formerly the Hassayampa Golf Club) (private), Talking Rock Golf Club (private), and Prescott Lakes Golf Club (private). More public courses are located nearby in surrounding towns.  Prescott is home to The Arizona Pioneers' Home, a continuing care retirement home, operated and funded by the State of Arizona, originally intended for impoverished Arizona founders from Territorial days. Initially the home was built to house 40 men, but in 1916 an addition of a women's wing was completed to provide for 20 women. Later, in 1929, the home again expanded to include Arizona's Hospital for Disabled Miners (current total capacity is 150 beds). Scenes from the 2008 movie "Jolene" were filmed in the Pioneer's Home in 2006. The Home has had many colorful residents, including a John Miller, who had claimed to be Billy the Kid, and who was exhumed from the Pioneer's Home Cemetery in 2005 in an attempt to identify DNA evidence. Another resident was "Big Nose Kate" Elder, who would also be laid to rest in the Pioneer's Home Cemetery, though not without controversy.  Prescott is home to Prescott College, a small liberal arts college located just west of the downtown area that emphasizes environmental and social justice. It is a non-profit organization which has an undergraduate body of roughly 800 students, and an average student to faculty ratio of 7:1 in on-campus classrooms. There are four general programs at Prescott College: the On-campus Undergraduate Program (RDP), Limited-Residency Undergraduate Degree Program (ADP), the Limited-Residency Master of Arts Program (MAP), and a Limited-Residency PhD program in Sustainability Education. Those enrolled in the Limited-Residency programs work with various mentors and Prescott College faculty, usually in their home communities. On-campus students live in Prescott and attend classes at the college itself.  Prescott was at one point a recovery destination, with over 200 sober living homes dedicated to drug or alcohol recovery. However, increased regulation and enforcement has whittled that number down to less than 30 as of June 2018.  The cultures of Prescott's recovery community, the students at Prescott College, and preexisting small town punk subculture have fostered a thriving punk scene. Shows are hosted weekly at house venues, tattoo shops, and bars throughout downtown and the Dexter neighborhood. Prescott has been home to several nationally known punk bands, including Bueno, Life in Pictures, and Hour of the Wolf. Local bands often play shows alongside touring bands, who include Prescott in their tours.  Prescott hosts annual events such as Frontier Days, The World's Oldest Rodeo (1888) (featured in the 1972 film "Junior Bonner"), Easter Egg-Stravaganza, the Bluegrass Festival, Earth Day, July 4 Celebration, Tsunami on the Square, art festivals, a Cinco de Mayo celebration, Navajo Rug Auction, Pumpkin Patch Carnival, World's Largest Gingerbread Village at the Prescott Resort & Conference center (located on the Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe reservation), Prescott Film Festival, Folk Arts Fair, parades, the Acker Music Festival, The Cowboy Poets Gathering, the Prescott Highland Games, Courthouse Lighting, Whiskey Off Road and Ragnar Relay Del Sol. On New Year's Eve, historic Whiskey Row saw the inaugural Prescott Boot Drop to usher in the 2012 New Year. The illuminated tall cowboy boot with multi-colored stars was lowered from the historic Palace Restaurant rooftop's flagpole to the delight and cheers of celebrants gathered on Montezuma Street which was closed for the occasion. Also located in Prescott is the Heritage Park Zoo.  Prescott was the location of Arizona's first Elks Lodge (BPOE). In December 1895 a group of enterprising businessmen in Prescott established the Prescott Elks Lodge #330, known as the "Mother Lodge of Arizona". The Prescott Elks Opera House was built by the lodge in 1905. The Prescott Elks Lodge is currently located in Prescott Valley.

Designations.

Prescott was designated "Arizona's Christmas City" by Arizona Governor Rose Mofford in 1989.  Other notable designations include:  2000: Downtown Historic Preservation District (which includes "Whiskey Row") —one of 12 such National Register Historic Districts within the City.  2004: A "Preserve American Community" in 2004 by First Lady Laura Bush.  2006: One of a "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.  2008: Yavapai Courthouse Plaza recognized as one of the first ten "Great Public Places" in America by the American Planning Association.  2012: Number 1 True Western Town of the Year for 2011 by "True West Magazine" and One of the 61 Best Old House Neighborhoods in the U.S and Canada by "This Old House" Magazine.

Government.

The City of Prescott operates under a council-manager form of government. The council has six council members and a mayor, all elected at-large by the people of Prescott. Council members are elected to staggered four-year terms, and the mayor to a two-year term. Elections for mayor and council members are held in the first year after the national presidential and mid-term elections to keep national issues from overshadowing local concerns. Mayoral and council elections are non-partisan. There are no term limits for council members or the mayor. The council appoints a professional city manager to oversee the daily administrative operations of city services and their respective departments, including the Prescott Fire Department. The current city manager is Michael Lamar. The current mayor is Greg L. Mengarelli, elected in 2017. Council members as of January, 2018 are Billie Orr (Mayor Pro-Tem), Steve Blair, Phil Goode, Jim Lamerson, Steve Sischka, and Alexa Scholl.

Education.

K-12.

Prescott Unified School District operates public schools. There are 18 public schools, including five charter schools, in grades K-12 and four private schools in Prescott. In 2015, due to budget cuts, the Prescott Unified School District closed Washington Elementary and Miller Valley Elementary schools. To make up for the change all elementary schools only went up to 4th grade. Granite Mountain Middle School serves 5th and 6th grades. Mile High Middle School serves 7th and 8th grades and Prescott High School remains unchanged. A district preschool has been operating in the Washington Elementary since the latter's closure. A recent renovation of the building will be completed in 2018 and will also be the home of the Prescott Unified School District Offices.

Transportation.

The city has a municipal airport, Ernest A. Love Field, north of the downtown courthouse. Other private companies provide airport shuttles to Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.  The three main thoroughfares in and around Prescott are Arizona State Route 89A, Arizona State Route 69 and Arizona State Route 89. State Route 89A connects Sedona and Cottonwood to Northern Prescott and meets with State Route 89 near the Airport eventually turning into Pioneer Parkway where it connects to Williamson Valley Road. State Route 69 connects Prescott with Prescott Valley to the east, eventually curving southeast before reaching Interstate 17 at mile marker 262, about from downtown Phoenix. State Route 89 travels mostly north–south and connects Prescott with Chino Valley and Paulden to the north, continuing northward until it joins Interstate 40 at mile marker 146, Ash Fork.  In 2016 ADOT realigned willow creek road in between State Route 89 and Pioneer Parkway adding a round about on State Route 89 with new access to the Ernest A. Love Field Airport. A future Great western Corridor is planned go on the east side of the Ernest A. Love Field Airport and provide an alternative route to the Airport.

Sister cities.

, Prescott has three sister cities:

Prescott ( ) is a city in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2010 Census, the population of the city is 39,843. The city is the county seat of Yavapai County. In 1864 Prescott was designated as the capital of the Arizona Territory, replacing the temporary capital at Fort Whipple. The Territorial Capital was moved to Tucson in 1867. Prescott again became the Territorial Capital in 1877, until Phoenix became the capital in 1889.

Prescott est une ville des États-Unis, située en Arizona, dans le comté de Yavapai dont elle est le siège. Elle comptait en 2007.


History.

The "Indiana Weekly Messenger" was published in the town between 1874 and 1946.  The Downtown Indiana Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. Also listed on the National Register are Breezedale, Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway Indiana Passenger Station, Silas M. Clark House, Graff's Market, James Mitchell House, Old Indiana County Courthouse, Indiana Borough 1912 Municipal Building, Indiana Armory, Old Indiana County Jail and Sheriff's Office, and John Sutton Hall.  Indiana Mall is the area's major shopping center.

Industry.

For decades the major industry of the town was coal mining, but as mines closed throughout the latter half of the 20th-century the area has had ongoing economic difficulty. Natural gas surveying and production have picked up some of the slack, and Indiana serves as the home of the largest privately owned drilling company in the United States, S.W. Jack Drilling Company. It counts a number of other production and service firms as members of the community, as well as three publicly traded companies: S&T Bancorp, Inc., First Commonwealth Financial Corporation, and Superior Well Services Inc. As well, it holds one of the nation's largest independent insurance agencies: The Reschini Group, which was founded by the nation's first female insurance agent, Rose Reschini, in 1938.  A large section of the southern part of the town, and bordering the university is occupied by Kovalchick Salvage Co. The land was recently purchased by the university and it plans to rejuvenate part of what is considered the largest eyesore in the community. Kovalchick holds large amounts of railroad salvage and aluminum. As of December 2008, roughly fifty percent of the salvage materials held by Kovalchick Corporation have been cleared or otherwise removed from publicly viewable land.

Notable people.

Indiana was the birthplace and hometown of actor Jimmy Stewart (1908–1997), who was born there and lived at 104 North 7th Street. Despite the fact that he left the area upon graduating from high school, the town always followed his career closely, with the local newspaper periodically publishing rumors in his later years that Stewart planned to return there to live. On May 20, 1983, Stewart was given a 75th birthday celebration by the town. Before Stewart's death, a museum to his memory was opened on the third floor of the local public library, and a bronze statue of Stewart was erected in his honor at the county courthouse during his 75th birthday. The town annually holds a Jimmy Stewart film festival as part of the town's "It's a Wonderful Life" holiday celebration. Environmentalist author Edward Abbey (1927–1989) was born at the Indiana hospital and raised in Indiana and near the Indiana County towns and villages of Saltsburg, Home, and Tanoma. His first novel, "Jonathan Troy" (1954), is set entirely in a thinly disguised Indiana, and his novel "The Fool's Progress" (1988), which he called his "fat masterpiece", is an autobiographical account of his growing up in this area and his imagined attempt to return home after a lifetime spent mostly in the desert Southwest. His nonfiction book "Appalachian Wilderness" (1970) lovingly describes Indiana and Home. There is a Pennsylvania state historical marker for Abbey.

Geography.

Indiana, Pennsylvania is located at (40.6211, -79.1549). The borough is an independent municipality surrounded by White Township. For some time in the 1990s there was discussion of merging the borough and township, but the matter was never acted upon.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of, all of it land.

Climate.

Indiana has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfb"), with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. Precipitation is highest in the summer months, falling as snow usually between November and April.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 13,975 people, and 4,624 households residing in the borough. The population density in 2000 was 8,440.0 people per square mile (3,267.6/km). There were 5,096 housing units at an average density of 2,887.6 per square mile (1,117.9/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 91.51% White, 5.19% African American, 0.07% Native American, 1.89% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.  There were 4,804 households, out of which 14.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.5% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 65.3% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.81.  In the borough the population was spread out, with 8.2% under the age of 18, 59.4% from 18 to 24, 13.7% from 25 to 44, 10.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males.  The median income for a household in the borough was $21,279, and the median income for a family was $47,768. Males had a median income of $32,333 versus $27,831 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $12,317. About 11.2% of families and 44.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Indiana University of Pennsylvania (or IUP) is a public university founded in 1875. It offers over 100 undergraduate majors and is the only doctoral degree-granting institution in the system.  For public K-12 education, the Indiana Area School District supports four neighborhood elementary schools (Eisenhower Elementary, Horace Mann, East Pike, Ben Franklin), a junior high school (Indiana Area Junior High School) and high school (Indiana Area Senior High School), which are accredited and recognized for quality. A Catholic-affiliated Pre-K through grade 6 program is offered at the St. Bernard School, in addition to other various parochial schools for different denominations.  Early care and education programs for pre-k children are available. The non-profit IndiKids or (Indiana County Child Day Care Centers) offers NAEYC-accredited care for children of students and community members on the campus of IUP and throughout the community.

Local media.

Indiana's local newspaper is the "Indiana Gazette". Indiana is also home to several radio stations:  Indiana receives Television stations from both Pittsburgh and Johnstown-Altoona markets.

Indiana is a borough in and the county seat of Indiana County in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The population was 13,975 at the 2010 census, and since 2013 has been part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area after being a long time part of the Pittsburgh Media Market. Indiana is also the principal city of the Indiana, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Le "borough" d’Indiana est le siège du comté d'Indiana, dans le Commonwealth de Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à en 2017.


History.

Suffolk was founded by English colonists in 1742 as a port town on the Nansemond River in the Virginia Colony. Originally known as Constant's Warehouse, for settler John Constant, Suffolk was renamed after Royal Governor William Gooch's home of Suffolk, a county in East Anglia, England. Before European contact, successive cultures of indigenous American tribes had lived in the region for thousands of years. At the time of English settlement, the Nansemond Indians lived along the river. Through purchase and warfare, the English pushed them off their lands. In the early colonial years, the English cultivated tobacco as a commodity crop, but later turned to mixed farming. Suffolk was designated as the county seat of Nansemond County in 1750.  Early in its history, Suffolk became a land transportation gateway to the areas east of it in South Hampton Roads. Before the American Civil War, both the Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad and the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad were built through Suffolk, early predecessors of 21st-century Class 1 railroads operated by CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern, respectively. Other railroads and later major highways followed after the war.  Suffolk became an incorporated town in 1808. In 1910, it incorporated as a city and separated from Nansemond County. However, it remained the seat of Nansemond County until 1972, when its former county became the independent city of Nansemond. In 1974, the independent cities of Suffolk and Nansemond merged under Suffolk's name and charter.  Peanuts grown in the surrounding areas became a major agricultural industry for Suffolk. Notably, Planters' Peanuts was established in Suffolk beginning in 1912. Suffolk was the 'birthplace' of Mr. Peanut, the mascot of Planters' Peanuts. For many years, the call-letters of local AM radio station WLPM stood for World's Largest Peanut Market.

Geography.

Suffolk is located at (36.741347, −76.609881).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and (6.7%) is water. It is the largest city in Virginia by land area and second-largest by total area. Part of the Great Dismal Swamp is located in Suffolk.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 84,585 people, 23,283 households, and 17,718 families residing in the city. The population density was 159.2 people per square mile (61.5/km). There were 24,704 housing units at an average density of 61.8 per square mile (23.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 50.1% White, 42.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 2.9% of the population.  There were 23,283 households out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.09.  The age distribution was 27.8% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $41,115, and the median income for a family was $47,342. Males had a median income of $35,852 versus $23,777 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,836. About 10.8% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.  As of 2005, the city's median income jumped to $60,484. A number of government-related, contractor high-tech jobs had developed with new businesses in the city's northern corridor, bringing in wealthier residents. Suffolk ranked a close second in median income to its neighbor Chesapeake in South Hampton Roads.

2008 tornado.

The city was hit by an EF3 tornado which produced a large swath of extensive damage through the city and nearby communities during the late afternoon of April 28, 2008. After 4:00 PM EDT on April 28, a tornado touched down multiple times, causing damage and leaving more than 200 injured in Suffolk. the path of the storm passed north and west of the downtown area, striking near Sentara Obici Hospital and in the unincorporated town of Driver. The storm seriously damaged more than 120 homes and 12 businesses. The subdivisions of Burnett's Mill and Hillpoint Farms were severely damaged, as were several older historic structures in Driver. Near Driver, the large radio and television broadcast towers, which were located in an antenna farm serving most of Hampton Roads, were spared serious damage.  Governor Timothy Kaine declared a state of emergency and directed state agencies to assist the recovery and cleanup efforts. Police officers and firefighters from across Hampton Roads were sent to Suffolk to help in a quarantine and cleanup of the damaged areas. On May 1, the state estimated property damages at $20 million.  Video of the tornado.

Education.

Suffolk Public Schools, the local public school system, operates 12 elementary schools, four middle schools, three high schools, and one alternative school. Nansemond-Suffolk Academy is a private college preparatory school located on Pruden Blvd.

Transportation.

Suffolk's early growth depended on its waterfront location, with access to the waterways for power and transportation. Subsequent transportation infrastructure upgraded its connections with other markets. These continue to be major factors in the 21st century.

Bike trails.

The Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge includes dozens of miles of trails accessible via White Marsh Road at Washington Ditch and other entry sites. Additional bike trails can be found at Lone Star Lakes City Park off Godwin Blvd. This city park provides over of rock trails. There are many rural roads with light traffic available for road riding. Adjacent to Suffolk is Smithfield, where a city facility called Nike Park includes a bike trail approximately 2 miles in a loop.

Waterways.

Suffolk was initially a port at the head of navigation of the Nansemond River. The Nansemond flows into the James River near its mouth and the ice-free harbor of Hampton Roads.

Railroads.

The two railroads completed through Suffolk before the American Civil War were later joined by four more. These were eventually consolidated during the modern merger era of North American railroads which began around 1960. Suffolk was once served by Amtrak's "Mountaineer", but passenger service ended in 1977. The Suffolk station now serves as a railroad museum.  Today, Suffolk is served by three freight railroads. It is located on a potential line for high-speed passenger rail service between Richmond and South Hampton Roads, being studied by the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation.

Highways.

Suffolk is served by U.S. Highways 17, 13, 58, 258, and 460. Interstate 664, part of the Hampton Roads Beltway, crosses through the northeastern edge of the city. State Route 10 is also a major highway in the area.  In 2006, Suffolk assumed control of its road system from the Virginia Department of Transportation, which is customary among Virginia's independent cities. Since the Byrd Road Act of 1932 created Virginia's Secondary Roads System, the state maintains the roads in most counties and towns. An exception was made by the General Assembly when the former Nansemond County became an independent city and consolidated Suffolk in the 1970s. The state maintained the primary and secondary routes in Suffolk until July 1, 2006.

Bridges, bridge-tunnel.

The Monitor–Merrimac Memorial Bridge–Tunnel connects Suffolk to the independent city of Newport News on the Virginia Peninsula from South Hampton Roads. It is part of the Hampton Roads Beltway, a circumferential interstate highway that links the seven largest cities of Hampton Roads. Completed in 1992, it provided a third major vehicle crossing of the Hampton Roads harbor area and cost $400 million to build.  The city and VDOT have had disputes over ownership and responsibility for the Kings Highway Bridge (circa 1928) across the Nansemond River on State Route 125. VDOT closed it in 2005 for safety reasons.  About 3,300 motorists a day used the bridge that connected Chuckatuck and Driver. The closure forced detours of as much as. The cost of a new bridge for the King's Highway crossing is estimated at $48 million, far more than could be recovered through collection of tolls at that location. In 2007, VDOT announced that it would contract for demolition and removal of the bridge. According to newspaper accounts, this was the first time in VDOT's history that it did not plan for a replacement facility.  Virginia is reviewing proposals under a public-private partnership for a major realignment and upgrade of U.S. 460 from Suffolk west to Interstate 295 near Petersburg. In 1995, the Virginia General Assembly passed the Public-Private Transportation Act, allowing private entities to propose innovative solutions for designing, constructing, financing, and operating transportation improvements. The new roadway would be funded through collection of tolls.  As part of the Suffolk 2026 Comprehensive Plan, the city plans to bypass the crossroads community of Whaleyville in southwestern Suffolk City. US 13 (along with NC Highway 11) is a strategic highway corridor in North Carolina toward Greenville.

Public transportation.

The City of Suffolk operates Suffolk Transit, which provides local bus service.

Economy.

In modern times, Suffolk remains a major peanut processing center and railroad and highway transportation hub. It hosts a diverse combination of industrial, manufacturing, distribution, retail, and hospitality businesses, as well as active farming.  In 2002, the new Louise Obici Memorial Hospital was completed and dedicated. It was acquired in 2005 by the Sentara Health System. Planters' Peanuts has been a major employer, now owned by Kraft Foods. Each fall since 1977, the City of Suffolk hosts Suffolk Festivals Incorporated's annual Peanut Fest.  Other large employers in the City of Suffolk include Unilever, Lipton Tea, Wal-Mart, Target, QVC, and two major modeling and simulation companies, Lockheed Martin and Raytheon. Lockheed Martin built its "Center for Innovation" around a lighthouse in Suffolk, for which the campus is called 'The Lighthouse'. Raytheon won a DoD contract to manufacture 'Miniature Air-Launched Decoy Jammers'(MALD-J), which it has been producing with Cobham Composite Products: 202 vehicles for a price of $81 million.  The U.S. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) facility, near the intersection of US 17 and Interstate 664, has resulted in a growth in defense contracting and high tech jobs since 1999. Through the following decade, JFCOM employed a growing number of defense contractors until it reached over 3,000. By September 2010, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates recommended to decommission JFCOM, as a matter of reallocating and rebalancing the U.S. Department of Defense budget, to better address changing needs and fiscal demands.  The announcement led to speculation about the effects the loss of JFCOM would have on the Hampton Roads economy in general and (more specifically), on the future of related businesses located in the Harborview section of Suffolk. In August 2011 JFCOM was disestablished. But many critical JFCOM functions, such as joint training, joint exercises, and joint development were retained in the buildings vacated by JFCOM, under the auspices of the Joint Staff J7 Directorate, referred to as either "Pentagon South" or "Joint and Coalition Warfighting".  By summer 2013, city officials expected the Naval Network Warfare Command, NNWC Global Network Operations Center Detachment, Navy Cyber Defense Operations Command and Navy Cyber Forces to occupy buildings vacated by JFCOM. These commands have been considered a boon to north Suffolk, bringing an estimated 1,000 additional employees, counting military, civilians and contractors, with an estimated annual payroll of $88.9 million. The buildup in these defense functions resulted in Suffolk's median income increasing markedly in this period.

Media.

Suffolk's daily newspapers are the local "Suffolk News-Herald", the "Virginian-Pilot" from Norfolk and the "Daily Press" of Newport News. Other papers include the "New Journal and Guide", and "Inside Business". "Coastal Virginia Magazine" serves as a bi-monthly regional magazine for Suffolk and the Hampton Roads area. "Hampton Roads Times" serves as an online magazine for all the Hampton Roads cities and counties. Suffolk is served by a variety of radio stations on the AM and FM dials, with towers located around the Hampton Roads area.  Suffolk is also served by several television stations. The Hampton Roads designated market area (DMA) is the 42nd largest in the U.S. with 712,790 homes (0.64% of the total U.S.). The major network television affiliates are WTKR-TV 3 (CBS), WAVY 10 (NBC), WVEC-TV 13 (ABC), WGNT 27 (CW), WTVZ 33 (MyNetworkTV), WVBT 43 (FOX), and WPXV 49 (ION Television). The Public Broadcasting Service station is WHRO-TV 15. Suffolk residents also can receive independent stations, such as WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from the Outer Banks of North Carolina and WGBS-LD broadcasting on channel 11 from Hampton. Suffolk is served by Charter Communications. The City of Suffolk Media & Community Relations Department operates Municipal Channel 8 on the local Charter Cable television system. Programming includes television coverage of many City activities and events, including live Government-access television (GATV) broadcasts of all regular City Council meetings, and special features including "On The Scene", "Suffolk Seniorcize", and "Suffolk Business Today". DirecTV and Dish Network are also popular as an alternative to cable television in Suffolk.

Boroughs.

Suffolk is divided politically into seven boroughs, one corresponding to the former city of Suffolk and one corresponding to each of the six magisterial districts of the former Nansemond County. The boroughs are Chuckatuck, Cypress, Holy Neck, Nansemond, Sleepy Hole, Suffolk, and Whaleyville.

Sister cities.

In 1981, Suffolk County, England became Suffolk's first sister city as a result of the personal interest in the Sister Cities concept by Virginia's Governor, Mills E. Godwin. A native of the city, Governor Godwin believed that Sister Cities would benefit the community culturally and educationally. Suffolk's second sister city relationship with Oderzo, Italy, began in 1995 because of one man, Amedeo Obici. Mr. Obici was a native of Oderzo and the founder of Planters Nut and Chocolate Company in Suffolk.  Suffolk Sister Cities International, Inc. (SSCI) is a 501 (c)(3) nonprofit established to promote international relationships as directed by Suffolk City Council through its appointed Suffolk Sister Cities Commission. Its membership is open to all who are interested in fostering the goals of the organization.  SSCI and its international youth association, SIYA, have won national awards for Youth and Education and for the Best Overall Program for cities with populations less than 100,000.

Attractions.

The Suffolk Seaboard Station Railroad Museum, located at 326 N Main Street, is housed in a historic Norfolk & Western Railroad station that was later used by Amtrak until 1977 when the "Mountaineer" ended. The museum features a model train layout depicting Suffolk, and railroad memorabilia. Admission is free, but donations are accepted. The museum is open year-round.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Suffolk has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Suffolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 84,585. It is the largest city in Virginia by boundary land area as well as the 14th largest in the country.

Suffolk est une ville américaine, ville indépendante de Virginie, située au sud-est de l'État. Sa population est estimée à.


Life.

Born in Hartland, New Brunswick in 1943,  She earned a degree from Mount Allison University specializing in voice and organ, and began her career in music in Charlottetown and Summerside, Charlottetown being her current place of residence. She had a very distinguished performance career on the island as a vocal soloist with the P.E.I. Symphony Orchestra. For seventeen years she was the conductor of the Summerside Community Choir which performed throughout the Maritimes and even at Carnegie Hall under her leadership.

Family.

She was married to Nelson Hagerman, and together they had two children, Kurt Hagerman (Rupal), Brynne Trites (Matthew) and three grandchildren, Asha Hagerman, Kyle Hagerman and Abigail Trites. Her husband was also the chief organizer for Belinda Stronach in the 2003 Conservative Party leadership race. Prior to her appointment, she did not have any experience in law or politics.

Career.

Her appointment to represent Queen Elizabeth II on Prince Edward Island as Lieutenant-Governor was confirmed by the office of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper on July 12, 2006. Hagerman was installed as Lieutenant-Governor on July 31, 2006. Her duties as Lieutenant Governor were briefly performed by John A. McQuaid from March 12–13, 2008 as the Administrator of Prince Edward Island).  Before her appointment there was some controversy that it was nothing more than a patronage appointment by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Barbara Hagerman's husband, Nelson Hagerman was the "treasurer of the P.E.I. Chapter of the Conservative Party of Canada, president of the Winsloe-West Royalty Progressive Conservative Association, and the financial agent for the PC party in the province."

Death.

She died at the age of 73 from cancer on October 6, 2016.

Barbara Anne Hagerman, OPEI (née Oliver; February 9, 1943 – October 6, 2016) was a Canadian music teacher and performer and was the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island. She was the second woman in the province's history to have held this position.

Barbara Oliver Hagerman, née Barbara Ann Oliver le à Hartland (Nouveau-Brunswick) et morte le à Charlottetown, est une artiste, professeur de musique et elle fut la lieutenant-gouverneur de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard du 31 juillet 2006 au 15 août 2011. Elle fut la deuxième femme dans l'histoire de la province à occuper cette position.


Biblical narrative.

Accounts of the life of Athaliah are to be found in 2 Kings 8:16-11:16 and 2 Chronicles 22:10-23:15 in the Hebrew Bible. She is usually considered to have been the daughter of King Ahab and Queen Jezebel of Israel. Athaliah was married to Jehoram of Judah to seal a treaty between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and to secure his position Jehoram killed his six brothers. Jehoram became king of Judah in the fifth year of Jehoram of Israel's reign (). Jehoram of Israel was Athaliah's brother (or possibly her nephew).  Jehoram of Judah reigned for eight years. His father Jehoshaphat and grandfather Asa were devout kings who worshiped Yahweh and walked in his ways. However, Jehoram chose not to follow their example but rejected Yahweh and married Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab in the line of Omri. Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky. Edom revolted, and he was forced to acknowledge their independence. A raid by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians looted the king's house, and carried off all of his family except for their youngest son, Ahaziah.  After Jehoram's death, Ahaziah became king of Judah, and Athaliah was queen mother. Ahaziah reigned for one year from the age of 22 () and was killed during a state visit to Israel along with Jehoram of Israel. Jehu assassinated them both in Yahweh's name and became king of Israel. He had Athaliah's entire extended family in Samaria put to death, ending the Omri dynasty in Israel.  Upon hearing the news of Ahaziah's death, Athaliah seized the throne of Judah and ordered the execution of all possible claimants to the throne, including the remnant of her Omri dynasty. However, Jehosheba, Ahaziah's sister, managed to rescue from the purge Jehoash, a grandson of Athaliah and Jehoram of Judah, who was only one year old. Jehoash was raised in secret by Jehosheba's husband, a priest named Jehoiada.  As "usurper queen", Athaliah used her power to establish the worship of Baal in Judah. Six years later, Athaliah was surprised when Jehoiada revealed that Jehoash lived and proclaimed him king of Judah. She rushed to stop the rebellion, but was captured and executed.

Dating of reigns.

William F. Albright has dated her reign to 842–837 BC, while Edwin R. Thiele in the third edition of his "magnum opus" dates her reign from 842/841 to 836/835 BC. However, a starting date of 842/841 for Athaliah is one year before the date of 841/840 that Thiele gave for the death of her son, Ahaziah, a conflict which Thiele never resolved.

In literature.

In 1691, French tragedian Jean Racine wrote a play about this biblical queen, entitled "Athalie." The German composer Felix Mendelssohn, among others, wrote incidental music (his op. 74) to Racine's play, first performed in Berlin in 1845. One of the most frequently heard excerpts from the Mendelssohn music is titled "War March of the Priests" ("Kriegsmarsch der Priester").  In 1733, the musician and composer Handel composed an oratorio based on her life, called "Athalia," calling her a "Baalite Queen of Judah Daughter of Jezebel". Baal was the fertility god of the Canaanites, whom the ancient Israelites often fell into worshipping in the Tanakh/Old Testament.

Athaliah (, "ʻAtalya"; ; ) was the daughter of King Ahab and Queen Jezebel of Israel, the queen consort of Judah as the wife of King Jehoram, a descendant of King David, and later queen regnant c. 841–835 BC.

Athalie (en hébreu, en grec, en latin "") est un personnage des "deuxième livre des Rois" et "deuxième livre des Chroniques", qui font partie de la Bible. Elle est selon les interprétations fille ou petite-fille d'Omri, roi d'Israël. Elle épouse Joram, roi de Juda, puis devient reine de Juda durant six ans, au milieu du. La Bible la présente comme une usurpatrice idolâtre.


Education.

Mboup holds numerous degrees. He earned a PharmD degree from the University of Dakar in 1976 and a MS in Immunology from the Pasteur Institute in 1981. In 1983, he received a PhD in Bacteriology Virology from Université de Tours.

Career.

Early Career.

After completing his PhD, Mboup returned to the University of Dakar's School of Medicine and Pharmacy as a professor of microbiology. Mboup focused his research on Dakar's sex workers and the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) they contracted. He undertook this research his laboratory at the University of Dakar.

Identifying HIV-2.

In 1985, only two years after finishing schooling, Mboup's research of Dakar's sex workers led to a breakthrough discovery of a new type of HIV. Mboup's original collection of blood samples from Senegalese sex workers, when tested by Harvard School of Public Health's Phyllis Kanki, showed a closer relation to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus than the known HIV-1. Mboup subsequently collected new samples from the same women and transported the 30 vials of blood to the United States. Mboup's lab at the time was ill-equipped for further research of the samples and employed only two technicians, so Mboup worked at Professor Max Essex's lab at Harvard University. Mboup's collaboration with his team and Max Essex's team led to the discovery of HIV-2, a serologically different type of HIV. The subsequent study and published report collected samples from 289 sex workers in Dakar, the capital of Senegal. Prior to the release of the study, HIV was not considered widespread in Senegal. Mboup, along with Max Essex, Phyllis Kanki, and a French colleague, presented their identification of a new type of HIV in November 1985 at the International Symposium on African AIDS in Brussels, Belgium.

Collaboration on HIV-2.

Origins.

Though Mboup and his team had discovered evidence of a second immunodeficiency virus in 1985, the virus was not yet isolated or known as HIV-2. After Mboup's 1985 study, a collaboration emerged to further research this new type of virus and its affects. Mboup's team at the University of Dakar along with Harvard University, and two other French universities formed the collaboration. The goal of the institutions working together was to create a research team that was equal in its contributions. Though Mboup's laboratory was not as funded or technically advanced as Harvard University at the time, Mboup emphasized the need for an equal partnership to ensure the collaboration did not become detached from Senegal and West Africa and would instead bring research infrastructure and opportunities to Senegal.

Further Understanding of HIV-2.

After the initial identification of a new type of HIV, Mboup and his team, along with the newly formed consortium, focused their research in Dakar. The goal of continued research between the collaborators was to understand the nature of this new type of HIV. Mboup and his collaborators focused on researching sex workers in Dakar over time, as this is the initial population HIV-2 had infected. As research capacity grew, Dakar's STD clinics and the sex workers who were treated at the clinics became an avenue for the team to test and track the progression and prevalence of the virus. Over time, the number of subjects involved in the consortium's research grew to include a few thousand women. The success of working at STD clinics and tracking sex workers was made possible by Senegal's laws surrounding sex work. Sex work was legalized in Senegal in 1969 and all sex workers are required to register their profession with the government and receive regular medical check ups and tests for STDs. Mboup's research with his collaborators from 1985 to 1993 led to the conclusion that HIV-2 is less virulent than HIV-1. This study was published in Science, an academic journal, in September 1994. Though Mboup is not attributed as an author of this study, he was a collaborator. Further studies through the collaboration also revealed that HIV-2 is less transmittable than HIV-1 and that women infected with HIV-2 are less likely to contract HIV-1 than those not infected. Mboup's collaboration on HIV studying Senegalese sex workers lasted over 25 years. Data collected during the collaboration not only furthered understanding of HIV, but are also used today to inform research on other infectious diseases in West Africa.

L'Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF).

In 2017, Mboup founded IRESSEF, a public research institution. IRESSEF was founded to provide cutting edge research and training in Senegal and to position Africans among some of the world's best researchers. The organization conducts epidemiological studies and trainings with the goal of providing accessible healthcare and developing understanding of diseases in Africa. IRESSEF collaborates with the Senegalese government, other institutes and governmental organizations across Africa, and Western institutions. Recent projects include research on HIV, Ebola, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.

Contributions to Research Infrastructure in Senegal.

Over the course of Mboup's work on HIV-2, he prioritized increasing Senegal's research infrastructure and capabilities. In 1985, Mboup's lab only had 2 lab technicians and lacked properly functioning equipment. He was a leader in the research collaboration on HIV between the University of Dakar, Harvard University, and two other French universities. As a leader, he ensured that adequate resources were invested into Senegal's research infrastructure, as Senegal was the location of the collaboration's studies. Throughout the collaboration, Mboup worked closely with Phyllis Kanki, from Harvard University, who helped inform and develop Mboup's and other Senegalese labs' skills and methods to cut costs. Eventually, Mboup's lab, the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology at Le Dantec Hospital, grew to become one of the most well-equipped diagnostic labs in Africa, with a staff of more than 40 as of 1995.

Affiliations.

In addition to his position with Dakar University, Mboup has held positions in numerous organizations throughout his career. Mboup was the Senegalese coordinator for the Inter-University Convention for Research on Human Viruses and Related Diseases. Meetings for this convention occurred in December 1986 and December 1987. Participants included Harvard University, University of Dakar, University of Tours, and University of Limonges. Mboup served as a consultant to the World Health Organization in 1987 when he was sent to Benin to conduct epidemiological research on HIV. In 1991, Mboup chaired the Sixth International Conference on AIDS in Africa. This conference consisted of over 2,000 researchers from around Africa and took place in Dakar, Senegal. In 1998, Mboup became the leader of the Senegalese AIDS Care Team at Harvard’s AIDS Institute Enhancing Care Initiative. This initiative lasted for 5 years. Mboup oversaw some of Senegal's public policy initiatives to combat HIV and AIDS in the country as the leader of Senegal's AIDS Sentinel Surveillance Programme and Senegal's National AIDS Programme. Mboup has also served as president of the African AIDS' Research Network and is a former representative for Africa on the International AIDS Society’s Governing Council.

Armed Forces of Senegal.

Mboup attended the Senegalese Military Health Training Academy and eventually rose to the rank of Colonel in the Armed Forces of Senegal. Before his retirement from the Armed Forces, Mboup served in the Civil-Military Alliance Against HIV/AIDS as a coordinator for Africa.

Notable Works.

Mboup has written or co-written over 200 publications and 18 books. Notable works associated with Mboup's research on HIV include:

Awards.

Mboup has received global recognition for his research and work. Notable awards include:  In 2019, Mboup was raised to the rank of Grand Cross in Senegal's Order of Merit. This is the highest rank one can receive in the Order of Merit and is one of Senegal's highest honors for outstanding contributions to the country.

Souleymane Mboup (born 1951) is a Senegalese microbiologist, medical researcher, and Colonel in the Armed Forces of Senegal. In 1985, he was a member of the first team to identify HIV-2, a form of HIV that is typically found in West Africa and is less transmissible than the more common HIV-1. Mboup has contributed to the improvement of Senegal's research infrastructure throughout his career. Among his published works, he is known for editing the 1994 reference book "AIDS in Africa." Mboup is currently the President of L'Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF) in Diamniadio, Senegal.

Souleymane Mboup, né le à Dakar, Sénégal, est un pharmacien colonel de l'armée sénégalaise. Lui et son équipe de l'hôpital Le Dantec de Dakar ont été les premiers à décrire en 1985 le VIH-2, une forme de VIH touchant essentiellement la population de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.


History.

To commemorate the state's 1916 centennial anniversary, the Indiana General Assembly issued a resolution to adopt a state flag. At the request of the General Assembly, a contest was sponsored by the Indiana Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution to design a flag to serve as the official state banner. As an incentive to increase the number of submissions, the contest offered the winner a one hundred dollar cash prize. More than two hundred submissions were received and examined by the Society before a winner was selected. The entry created by Paul Hadley of Mooresville, Indiana, was ultimately chosen as the winner of the contest and the cash prize.  On May 31, 1917, the flag was chosen as the state's official banner. The General Assembly made only one change to Hadley's original design: they added the word "Indiana", in a crescent shape, over the top of the torch. The state "banner" was later renamed the state's "flag" in a new statute passed in 1955 that also standardized the dimensions of the flag.  The symbols of the Indiana state flag such as the torch in a circle of stars were used in the Indiana Bicentennial Torch Relay in 2016.

Iconography.

The flag consists of a gold torch that represents liberty and enlightenment; the rays around the torch represent their far-reaching influence. The nineteen stars represent Indiana's place as the nineteenth state to join the United States. The thirteen stars in the outer loop symbolize the original Thirteen Colonies, the five inner stars represent the next five states added to the Union, and the one large star above the torch represents Indiana.  In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) placed Indiana's flag 32nd in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked.

Statute.

The current statute that governs the design of the state flag states:  The flag's dimensions shall be three feet fly by two feet hoist; or five feet fly by three feet hoist; or any size proportionate to either of those dimensions. The field of the flag shall be blue with nineteen stars and a flaming torch in gold or buff. Thirteen stars shall be arranged in an outer circle, representing the original thirteen states; five stars shall be arranged in a half circle below the torch and inside the outer circle of stars, representing the states admitted prior to Indiana; and the nineteenth star, appreciably larger than the others and representing Indiana shall be placed above the flame of the torch. The outer circle of stars shall be so arranged that one star shall appear directly in the middle at the top of the circle, and the word "Indiana" shall be placed in a half circle over and above the star representing Indiana and midway between it and the star in the center above it. Rays shall be shown radiating from the torch to the three stars on each side of the star in the upper center of the circle.

Usage.

Several other laws govern the use of the state flag. The flag is required to be flown by all state militias and the Indiana National Guard. It is to be on display at the Indiana Statehouse at all times. The flag must also be displayed at any agency that is funded in part or in full by the state government, including public schools, state universities, and state parks. In all other respects the flag should be treated with the same care and respect as the flag of the United States.  Most prominently, the team colors for the NBA's Indiana Pacers were taken from the gold and blue of the flag.  In late 2008, Bloomington-licensed CW affiliate WTTV used the flag's torch and stars element in their station logo until 2015 when they became a CBS affiliate, though the logo remains in use for their second digital subchannel.  A variation of the Indiana state flag was used as the Gotham flag in the 1989 movie "Batman". The flag can be seen in the mayor's office.  The logo of the BP-acquired Amoco Corporation (formerly Standard Oil of Indiana) prominently features a torch to commemorate the company's Hoosier origins; it remains in use at the few BP stations using Amoco and Standard trade dress to maintain trademark protection.

The flag of Indiana was designed by Paul Hadley and officially adopted by the state of Indiana on May 11, 1917. It was the state's first official flag and has remained unchanged since then except for the creation of a statute to standardize the production of the flag.

Le drapeau de l'Indiana est le drapeau officiel de l'État américain de l'Indiana. Il a été conçu par Paul Hadley et officiellement adopté le. Il s'agit du premier drapeau officiel de l'État, et il n'a subi aucune modification depuis, hormis la création d'un statut visant à standardiser sa fabrication.


Le Petit Dinosaure : Mo, l'ami du grand large

Plot.

After a period of harsh rain, the Great Valley is partially flooded and covered in debris. Littlefoot tries to play with his friends, but they are preoccupied: Cera and her father are removing a large log from their nesting area, Ducky and Spike are relocating their nest with their family, and Petrie has gotten a cold. A bored Littlefoot wishes for a brother, but eventually explores on his own and discovers a large area flooded by the rains. The adults advise their children to stay away, fearing that dangerous creatures from the outside may have been washed into the Valley. However, Littlefoot returns and meets Mo, a playful young "Ophthalmosaurus" that had been caught in the floodwater.  Littlefoot quickly strikes a friendship with Mo and describes him as his "mud brother". His other friends also eventually befriend him. Mo explains that he is from the "Big Water", and he swam into the Valley during the flooding. He confirms that he is alone, but soon after, a "Liopleurodon" attacks the group. Littlefoot requests help from the adults to help Mo return home, but they refuse, not wanting to risk leaving the Valley to aid an outsider. A subsequent earthshake separates the children and Mo from the rest of the Valley, but it also imprisons the Sharptooth in an underwater cavern. Unable to return, they decide to take Mo home on their own.  The children follow a river that they believe leads to the ocean. A "Diplodocus" mother allows them to take refuge at her nest for the night, and the friends are present to witness the hatching of her offspring. The next day, Littlefoot and the others realize that they are near the ocean, as they have begun to taste salt in the water. However, the Sharptooth – who has escaped from the cave – attacks them that night. The land – which surrounds the river – is steep and slick with mud, and the children are unable to escape. Mo distracts the Sharptooth and lures it further down the river. Reappearing the next day, Mo explains that the Sharptooth had smelled the ocean in the distance and abandoned the chase, choosing to return to the sea.  The children reach the ocean, but Mo is saddened to learn that his friends must depart. He wishes to remain with them, but the others explain that he cannot, and Littlefoot reminds Mo that the two will always be brothers. Mo reunites with his family and asks them for directions to the "smoky mountains", as the children know how to find the Valley from that location. Before leaving, Mo offers to show Littlefoot his home. Littlefoot accepts the offer, and is amazed by the underwater world's beauty. Littlefoot and his friends say goodbye to Mo and return home, where they are greeted by the adults.

Music.

The music score of this film was composed by Michael Tavera. The music that plays in the background when the gang cool off is the cheese factory scene music from "". This is the second and last time the music is used in the series, after "". It is also the last time James Horner's original themes (including instrumental uses of "If We Hold on Together") from the first film are heard in a Land Before Time film, despite Tavera's rearrangements of Horner's old themes still being heard in some shots of "".

Songs.

The songs are written by Michele Brourman and Amanda McBroom. "Big Water" is borrowed from "", in which the songwriters also collaborated. This was the first "The Land Before Time" film to contain more than three songs. This was the fourth time Spike sings; he can be heard humming during "Big Water". Later, after Petrie yodels, so does Spike.

Production.

In June 2000, it was reported that a ninth film in the "Land Before Time" series was in development by Universal. This was the first "Land Before Time" film in which the eggs are computer-animated; they can be seen when Littlefoot and his friends find Ducky in a female Diplodocus's nest. When the eggs hatch, hand-drawn elements are mapped onto each egg.

Reception.

Bruce Fretts of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a "B" and wrote, "Exposing innocents' ears to Donny Osmond (who whimpers the syrupy ballad 'No One Has to Be Alone' over the closing credits) borders on child endangerment". In August 2014, the "New York Post" ranked each of the 13 "Land Before Time" films released up to that point, placing "Journey to Big Water" at number 6 and writing that it "provides a breath of fresh air" by introducing underwater species.  Thomas Dekker received an award for "Outstanding Young Voice-Over" at the 24th Young Artist Awards in 2003 for his role as Littlefoot. It was nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Home Video Production" at the 30th Annie Awards that same year, losing to "Rolie Polie Olie: The Great Defender of Fun". "Journey to Big Water" received five nominations from the DVD Exclusive Awards in 2002, including "Best Animated DVD Premiere Movie", "Best Animated Character Performance", "Best Original Score", and two "Best Original Song" nods.

The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water is a 2002 direct-to-video animated adventure musical film and the ninth film in "The Land Before Time" series. It was produced and directed by Charles Grosvenor. This is also the last film to use the soundtrack composed by James Horner. During the year this was released, Universal brought back on DVD, for the first time, two of the previous "The Land Before Time" films: "" and "".

Le Petit Dinosaure : Mo, l'Ami du grand large ou Petit Pied, le dinosaure : Voyage à Grande Vallée au Québec ("The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water") est un film d'animation américain réalisé par Charles Grosvenor et sorti directement en vidéo en 2002. C'est le neuvième film de la saga "Le Petit Dinosaure".


Career.

Drake was born in Brooklyn, New York, and attended Iona Preparatory School and graduated from Mercersburg Academy.  He was excused from serving in World War II due to heart problems. Despite this limitation, he did act in British training films. Billed as Alfred Alderdice, Drake appeared on Broadway in "Run Sheep Run" (1938) and "Clean Beds" (1939). After appearing in the film "The Howards of Virginia" (billed as Richard Alden), he got his break after starring in the 1942 Broadway smash "Janie", after which he was signed to a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He began his film career using the name Richard Alden.  After a number of films, Drake co-starred with Judy Garland in "Meet Me in St. Louis" (1944) as John Truett, the boy next door. He appeared in more than forty films in all, including "Mrs. Parkington" (1944), "The Green Years" (1946), "Cass Timberlane" (1947), as composer Richard Rodgers in the loosely-based biography "Words and Music" (1948) and, in a role at the opposite end of the character spectrum from John Truett, as the leader of a gang of criminals in "Warlock" (1959). He also had a minor role in the film "The Singing Nun" (1966), playing Ed Sullivan's producer Mr. Fitzpatrick.  After television jobs for actors transitioned from live telecasts from New York to shows that were filmed in California, Drake had roles in the CBS series "Lassie", NBC's "Cimarron City", ABC's "77 Sunset Strip", ABC's "The Rebel", CBS’ "Perry Mason", ABC’s "Combat!", ABC’s "Land of the Giants", ABC’s "The Streets of San Francisco" and NBC’s "Banacek". He completed his last acting job in 1975, according to his obituary in the "Chicago Tribune"

Personal life.

Tom Drake was married to Isabelle Dunn during the 1940s.  Drake was a Roman Catholic and a lifelong Democrat who supported Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.

Death.

Drake died of lung cancer at Torrance Memorial Hospital in Torrance, California (Los Angeles County) on August 11, 1982.  His body is interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

Filmography.

Features:

Tom Drake (born Alfred Sinclair Alderdice, August 5, 1918August 11, 1982) was an American actor. Drake made films starting in 1940 and continuing until the mid-1970s, and also made TV acting appearances.

Tom Drake est un acteur américain, de son vrai nom Alfred Sinclair Alderdice, né à New York (arrondissement de Brooklyn) (État de New York, États-Unis) le, décédé à Torrance (Californie, États-Unis) le.


Name.

"Kung" is the older, Wade-Giles romanization of the same Chinese character spelled "gong" in pinyin. It was not Yixin's personal name, but a title meaning the "Respectful Prince" or "King".

History.

Prince Gong's Mansion was constructed in 1777 during the Qing dynasty for Heshen, a prominent court official in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor infamous for being the most corrupt official in Chinese history. From a young age, Heshen earned the favor of the Qianlong Emperor and rose swiftly through the ranks in the imperial administration to become one of the top and wealthiest officials in the imperial court. In 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor, successor to the Qianlong Emperor, accused Heshen of corruption and had him executed and his property confiscated. The mansion was given to Prince Qing, the 17th and youngest son of the Qianlong Emperor.  In 1851, the Xianfeng Emperor gave the mansion to his sixth brother, Prince Gong, whom the mansion is named after.  In 1921, after the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Prince Gong's grandson, Puwei, offered the property as a mortgage to the Order of Saint Benedict of the Catholic Church. The Benedictines invested significant resources into restoring the dilapidated mansion for use as a university. It was then known as Furen Catholic University until the priests were deported from China in 1951.  During the Cultural Revolution, the mansion was used by the Beijing Air Conditioning Factory until it experienced a revival in the 1980s. In 1982, it was declared a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level in Beijing. Since November 1996, the buildings and the gardens have become a tourist attraction. Renovation works on the mansion were completed on 24 August 2008 during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Structure of the compound.

Prince Gong's Mansion is one of the most exquisite and best-preserved imperial mansions in Beijing and used to house several families, and has a total area of 60,000 square meters.  The mansion buildings are located in the south; the gardens are in the north. The buildings include several siheyuan courtyards, two story buildings, and a grand Peking opera house. Some of the courtyards house permanent exhibitions on the history of the mansion as well as temporary art exhibitions.  In addition to the mansion, there is a 28,000-square-meter garden with 20 scenic spots, pavilions, artificial hills including rock originating from the Lake Tai in Jiangsu, and ponds.  There is an eight-meter-long stele which bears the Chinese character 福 (fú: lit "fortune") based on the calligraphy of the Kangxi Emperor.

Restoration works and future.

Since 2005, the mansion has undergone renovation worth 200 million yuan. In November 2006, restoration works started on the buildings. The mansion reopened as "Prince Kung's Mansion" on 24 August 2008. It showcases the lives of Manchu nobles and aspects of the Qing dynasty.  The Beijing opera house inside the mansion not only stages Beijing operas, but also other prominent forms of Chinese opera. In August 2008, the kunqu performance group from the "Jiangsu Kunqu House" performed their program "Floating Dreams" at Prince Gong's Mansion for a week.  It is included on the World Monuments Fund's 2018 list of monuments at risk.

Prince Gong's Mansion, also known as the Prince Kung Mansion, is a museum and tourist attraction located in Xicheng District, Beijing, just north of the Shichahai Lake. It consists of large siheyuan-style mansions and gardens. Originally constructed for Heshen, an official highly favored by the Qianlong Emperor, it was later renamed after Prince Gong, a Manchu prince and influential statesman of the late Qing dynasty, who inhabited the mansion in the late 19th century.

Le palais du prince Gong (aussi appelé la maison du prince Gong) est un site touristique de Pékin à l'est du lac Houhai.


Design and development.

In 1929–1930, the Douglas Aircraft Company designed a new twin-engined monoplane observation aircraft to compete with the Fokker XO-27, two prototypes of which had been ordered by the United States Army Air Corps in July 1929, as Douglas feared that the advanced Fokker would challenge Douglas's role as the major supplier of observation aircraft to the Air Corps. The Douglas proposals resulted in the Air Corps placing an order for two prototypes, the XO-35 and XO-36, on 26 March 1930. The two aircraft were to differ only in the engines fitted, with the XO-35 having geared Curtiss V-1570-29 Conqueror engines, while the XO-36 used direct-drive V-1570-23, which both produced each.  The Douglas design had gull wings mounted high on the aircraft's fuselage, the engines being suspended in streamlined nacelles under the wings by bracing struts. A retractable tailwheel undercarriage was fitted, the mainwheels retracting into the engine nacelles. The fuselage was a semi-monocoque structure with corrugated duralumin covering, which housed the aircraft's crew of four: a nose gunner/observer, a pilot whose cockpit was situated ahead of the leading edge of the wing, an upper gunner who sat in a cockpit aft of the wing, and a radio operator housed within the fuselage. Armament was two.30 in machine guns.  The projected performance of the new twin-engined Douglas and Fokker observation aircraft was much greater than the Keystone biplanes (the Keystone B-3, B-4, B-5 and B-6) that equipped the Air Corps light bomber squadrons, and both Fokker and Douglas were instructed to complete one of their prototypes as a bomber, with the XO-36 being redesignated the XB-7, with provision to carry up to of bombs on racks under the fuselage added.  The XO-36 made its first flight at the Santa Monica, California factory of Douglas in spring 1931. On 22 August 1931, the Air Corps placed an order for a small batch of service test aircraft, consisting of seven Y1B-7 bombers and five Y1O-35 observation aircraft. These differed from the prototypes by having smooth fuselage skins rather than the corrugated skins used on the prototype, while the fuselage was longer to adjust the aircraft's center of gravity. A revised fuel system was fitted, with more fuel carried in order to give the two-hour endurance specified by the Air Corps. More powerful Conqueror engines were fitted, with all aircraft using geared engines as used on the XO-35.

Operational history.

The XO-35 was delivered to the Air Corps at its test center at Wright Field, Ohio on 24 October 1931, with the XB-7 following in July 1932. The twelve service test aircraft were completed between November 1932 and March 1933. The Y1B-7s equipped the 11th and 31st Bombardment Squadrons at March Field, California, while the Y1O-35s were issued to a number of Squadrons, including the 88th Observation Squadron at Brooks Field, Texas. One notable early use of the Y1B-7 was during a May 1933 exercise at Fort Knox, where it was able to outrun biplane fighters like the Boeing P-12, showing that the Air Corps needed more modern fighters.  Despite the aircraft's superior performance to the elderly Keystone biplanes, the Douglas monoplane never entered mass production either in the observation or bomber roles because newer, more capable aircraft, such as the Martin B-10, were under development while a change in Air Corps policy meant that it was no longer interested in buying more twin-engined observation aircraft.  In February 1934, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt cancelled all air mail contracts owing to a scandal relating to the award of contracts, thus initiating the Airmail Emergency, where the Air Corps was tasked with carrying the mail until new contracts could be awarded. The O-35s and B-7s were considered some of the least unsuitable aircraft in the Air Corps inventory for the air mail role, so the six remaining Y1B-7s and the five Y1O-35s, together with the XO-35, were assigned to air mail routes in the western United States, which included hazardous operations over the Rocky Mountains, the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. By the time the Air Corps involvement in air mail flights ended in June 1934, the twelve O-35s and B-7s had flown 1,412 hours on mail flights, while four of the B-7s had been lost as a result of accidents. The last O-35s and B-7s were withdrawn from use in December 1938.

The Douglas Y1B-7 was a 1930s American bomber aircraft. It was the first US monoplane given the "B-" 'bomber' designation. The monoplane was more practical and less expensive than the biplane, and the United States Army Air Corps chose to experiment with monoplanes for this reason. At the time the XB-7 was ordered, it was being tested by Douglas Aircraft as an observational plane.

Le Douglas Y1B-7 est un bombardier monoplan américain des années 1930. Il est le premier monoplan américain à recevoir la désignation « B- » comme « bombardier ». La configuration monoplan d'un avion s'avérant plus pratique et moins chère que le biplan, l'United States Army Air Corps décide de procéder à son expérimentation. Au moment où le XB-7 est commandé, il est testé par Douglas Aircraft comme appareil d'observation.


History.

When Winchester released the new cartridge, many other firearm companies chambered their guns in the new round. Remington and Marlin released their own rifles and pistols which chambered the round, Colt offered an alternative chambering in its popular Single Action Army revolver in a model known as the Colt Frontier Six-Shooter, and Smith & Wesson began releasing their Smith & Wesson New Model 3 chambered in.44-40. Settlers, lawmen, and cowboys appreciated the convenience of being able to carry a single caliber of ammunition which they could fire in both pistol and rifle. In both law enforcement and hunting usage the.44-40 became the most popular cartridge in the United States and to this day has the reputation of killing more deer than any other save the.30-30 Winchester.  The cartridge was originally sold as.44 Winchester. When the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. (U.M.C.) began selling their own version of the cartridge, it adopted the name.44-40 (shorthand for.44 caliber and the standard load at the time of of black powder), as it did not want to offer free advertising for one of its competitors. Over time the name stuck, and eventually Winchester adopted the.44-40 designation for the round after World War II. Winchester uses the designation "44-40 Winchester" on packaging.

Technical background.

The initial standard load for the cartridge was of black powder propelling a round nose flat point bullet at approximately. Winchester catalogues listed velocities of by 1875. In 1886 U.M.C. also began offering a slightly heavier,, bullet at, also with of black powder. Winchester soon began to carry the loading as well, but in 1905 U.M.C. discontinued the heavier load. In 1895 Winchester introduced a cartridge bulk loaded with of DuPont No. 2 smokeless powder and a bullet for, and in 1896 U.M.C. followed suit with a bullet at Soon both companies were offering the cartridge with lead "metal patched" (i.e. copper jacketed with lead points), and full metal jacket versions. Taking advantage of the stronger-action designs of the Winchester model 1892 and the Marlin 1894 lever action rifles, in 1903 Winchester began offering a higher performance version of the loading called the W.H.V. (Winchester High Velocity), with a velocity of with a copper-jacketed bullet from a barrel length, U.M.C. and Peters Cartridge Company soon introduced equivalents. Over the years a number of different bullet weights and styles have been offered, including 122, 140, 160, 165, 166, 180 and in lead, soft- and hollow-point, full metal case, blanks and shotshells. The most common current loading is a bullet at.  By 1942, more modern cartridges had all but eclipsed the.44-40, but it regained some popularity in the 1950s and 1960s when Colt began once again to manufacture the Single Action Army and Frontier. More recently, the.44-40 has had a resurgence due to the popularity of metallic silhouette and cowboy action shooting, which inspired the introduction of a low-velocity gallery load, the heaviest factory bullet ever available for the cartridge.

The.44-40 Winchester, also known as.44 Winchester,.44 WCF (Winchester Center Fire), and.44 Largo (in Spanish-speaking countries) was introduced in 1873 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. It was the first metallic centerfire cartridge manufactured by Winchester, and was promoted as the standard chambering for the new Winchester Model 1873 rifle. As both a rifle and a handgun caliber, the cartridge soon became widely popular, so much so that the Winchester Model 1873 rifle became known as "The gun that won the West."

La cartouche.44-40 Winchester Center Fire fut conçue pour la Winchester 1873. Elle remplaça la munition.44 Henry. Son appellation vient de l'association de son calibre (.44" ) et de sa charge de poudre ( À l'origine 40 grains de poudre noire ).


Infinite index.

If "H" has an infinite number of cosets in "G", then the index of "H" in "G" is said to be infinite. In this case, the index |"G" : "H"| is actually a cardinal number. For example, the index of "H" in "G" may be countable or uncountable, depending on whether "H" has a countable number of cosets in "G". Note that the index of "H" is at most the order of "G," which is realized for the trivial subgroup, or in fact any subgroup "H" of infinite cardinality less than that of "G."

Finite index.

An infinite group "G" may have subgroups "H" of finite index (for example, the even integers inside the group of integers). Such a subgroup always contains a normal subgroup "N" (of "G"), also of finite index. In fact, if "H" has index "n", then the index of "N" can be taken as some factor of "n"!; indeed, "N" can be taken to be the kernel of the natural homomorphism from "G" to the permutation group of the left (or right) cosets of "H".  A special case, "n" = 2, gives the general result that a subgroup of index 2 is a normal subgroup, because the normal subgroup ("N" above) must have index 2 and therefore be identical to the original subgroup. More generally, a subgroup of index "p" where "p" is the smallest prime factor of the order of "G" (if "G" is finite) is necessarily normal, as the index of "N" divides "p"! and thus must equal "p," having no other prime factors.  An alternative proof of the result that subgroup of index lowest prime "p" is normal, and other properties of subgroups of prime index are given in.

Examples.

The above considerations are true for finite groups as well. For instance, the group O of chiral octahedral symmetry has 24 elements. It has a dihedral D subgroup (in fact it has three such) of order 8, and thus of index 3 in O, which we shall call "H". This dihedral group has a 4-member D subgroup, which we may call "A". Multiplying on the right any element of a right coset of "H" by an element of "A" gives a member of the same coset of "H" ("Hca = Hc"). "A" is normal in O. There are six cosets of "A", corresponding to the six elements of the symmetric group S. All elements from any particular coset of "A" perform the same permutation of the cosets of "H".  On the other hand, the group T of pyritohedral symmetry also has 24 members and a subgroup of index 3 (this time it is a D prismatic symmetry group, see point groups in three dimensions), but in this case the whole subgroup is a normal subgroup. All members of a particular coset carry out the same permutation of these cosets, but in this case they represent only the 3-element alternating group in the 6-member S symmetric group.

Normal subgroups of prime power index.

Normal subgroups of prime power index are kernels of surjective maps to "p"-groups and have interesting structure, as described at Focal subgroup theorem: Subgroups and elaborated at focal subgroup theorem.  There are three important normal subgroups of prime power index, each being the smallest normal subgroup in a certain class: As these are weaker conditions on the groups "K," one obtains the containments  These groups have important connections to the Sylow subgroups and the transfer homomorphism, as discussed there.

Geometric structure.

An elementary observation is that one cannot have exactly 2 subgroups of index 2, as the complement of their symmetric difference yields a third. This is a simple corollary of the above discussion (namely the projectivization of the vector space structure of the elementary abelian group  and further, "G" does not act on this geometry, nor does it reflect any of the non-abelian structure (in both cases because the quotient is abelian).  However, it is an elementary result, which can be seen concretely as follows: the set of normal subgroups of a given index "p" form a projective space, namely the projective space  In detail, the space of homomorphisms from "G" to the (cyclic) group of order "p," formula_18 is a vector space over the finite field formula_19 A non-trivial such map has as kernel a normal subgroup of index "p," and multiplying the map by an element of formula_20 (a non-zero number mod "p") does not change the kernel; thus one obtains a map from  to normal index "p" subgroups. Conversely, a normal subgroup of index "p" determines a non-trivial map to formula_22 up to a choice of "which coset maps to formula_23 which shows that this map is a bijection.  As a consequence, the number of normal subgroups of index "p" is  for some "k;" formula_25 corresponds to no normal subgroups of index "p". Further, given two distinct normal subgroups of index "p," one obtains a projective line consisting of formula_26 such subgroups.  For formula_27 the symmetric difference of two distinct index 2 subgroups (which are necessarily normal) gives the third point on the projective line containing these subgroups, and a group must contain formula_28 index 2 subgroups – it cannot contain exactly 2 or 4 index 2 subgroups, for instance.

In mathematics, specifically group theory, the index of a subgroup "H" in a group "G" is the "relative size" of "H" in "G": equivalently, the number of "copies" (cosets) of "H" that fill up "G". For example, if "H" has index 2 in "G", then intuitively half of the elements of "G" lie in "H". The index of "H" in "G" is usually denoted |"G" : "H"| or ["G" : "H"] or ("G":"H").

En mathématiques, et plus précisément en théorie des groupes, si "H" est un sous-groupe d'un groupe "G", l<noWiki>'</noWiki>indice du sous-groupe "H" dans "G" est le nombre de copies distinctes de "H" que l'on obtient en multipliant à gauche par un élément de "G", soit le nombre des "xH" quand "x" parcourt "G" (on peut choisir en fait indifféremment de multiplier à gauche ou à droite). Les classes "xH" formant une partition, et la multiplication à gauche dans un groupe par un élément donné étant bijective, le produit de l'indice du sous-groupe "H" dans "G" par l'ordre de "H" égale l'ordre de "G", ce dont on déduit, pour un groupe fini, le théorème de Lagrange.


Early life.

Szemerédi was born in Budapest. Since his parents wished him to become a doctor, Szemerédi enrolled at a college of medicine, but he dropped out after six months (in an interview he explained it: "I was not sure I could do work bearing such responsibility."). He studied in Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest and received his PhD from Moscow State University. His adviser was Israel Gelfand. This stemmed from a misspelling, as Szemerédi originally wanted to study with Alexander Gelfond.

Academic career.

Szemerédi has been the State of New Jersey Professor of computer science at Rutgers University since 1986. He has held visiting positions at Stanford University (1974), McGill University (1980), the University of South Carolina (1981–1983) and the University of Chicago (1985–1986).

Work.

Endre Szemerédi has published over 200 scientific articles in the fields of discrete mathematics, theoretical computer science, arithmetic combinatorics and discrete geometry. He is best known for his proof from 1975 of an old conjecture of Paul Erdős and Pál Turán: if a sequence of natural numbers has positive upper density then it contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. This is now known as Szemerédi's theorem. One of the lemmas introduced in his proof is now known as the Szemerédi regularity lemma, which has become an important lemma in combinatorics, being used for instance in property testing for graphs and in the theory of graph limits.  He is also known for the Szemerédi–Trotter theorem in incidence geometry and the Hajnal–Szemerédi theorem and Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem in graph theory. Miklós Ajtai and Szemerédi proved the corners theorem, an important step toward higher-dimensional generalizations of the Szemerédi theorem. With Ajtai and János Komlós he proved the "ct"/log "t" upper bound for the Ramsey number "R"(3,"t"), and constructed a sorting network of optimal depth. With Ajtai, Václav Chvátal, and Monroe M. Newborn, Szemerédi proved the famous Crossing Lemma, that a graph with "n" vertices and "m" edges, where has at least crossings. With Paul Erdős, he proved the Erdős–Szemerédi theorem on the number of sums and products in a finite set. With Wolfgang Paul, Nick Pippenger, and William Trotter, he established a separation between nondeterministic linear time and deterministic linear time, in the spirit of the infamous P versus NP problem.

Awards and honors.

Szemerédi has won numerous awards and honors for his contribution to mathematics and computer science. A few of them are listed here:  Szemerédi is a corresponding member (1982), and member (1987) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and a member (2010) of the National Academy of Sciences. He is also a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and a permanent research fellow at the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics in Budapest. He was the Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology in 1987–88. He is an honorary doctor of Charles University in Prague. He was the lecturer in the Forty-Seventh Annual DeLong Lecture Series at the University of Colorado. He is also a recipient of the Aisenstadt Chair at CRM, University of Montreal. In 2008 he was the Eisenbud Professor at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California.  In 2012, Szemerédi was awarded the Abel Prize “for his fundamental contributions to discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, and in recognition of the profound and lasting impact of these contributions on additive number theory and ergodic theory” The Abel Prize citation also credited Szemerédi with bringing combinatorics to the centre-stage of mathematics and noted his place in the tradition of Hungarian mathematicians such as George Pólya who emphasized a problem-solving approach to mathematics. Szemerédi reacted to the announcement by saying that "It is not my own personal achievement, but recognition for this field of mathematics and Hungarian mathematicians," that gave him the most pleasure.

Conferences.

On August 2–7, 2010, the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics and the János Bolyai Mathematical Society organized a conference in honor of the 70th birthday of Endre Szemerédi.  Prior to the conference a volume of the Bolyai Society Mathematical Studies Series, "An Irregular Mind", a collection of papers edited by Imre Bárány and József Solymosi, was published to celebrate Szemerédi's achievements on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Another conference devoted to celebrating Szemerédi's work is the Third Abel Conference: A Mathematical Celebration of Endre Szemerédi.

Personal life.

Szemerédi is married and has five children.

Endre Szemerédi (; born August 21, 1940) is a Hungarian-American mathematician and computer scientist, working in the field of combinatorics and theoretical computer science. He has been the State of New Jersey Professor of computer science at Rutgers University since 1986. He also holds a professor emeritus status at the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Endre Szemerédi (, ), né le à Budapest, est un mathématicien hongrois, spécialisé dans la recherche en analyse combinatoire. Il est lauréat du prix Abel.