Scalar field.

Since scalars mostly may be treated as special cases of multi-dimensional quantities such as vectors and tensors, "physical scalar fields" might be regarded as a special case of more general fields, like vector fields, spinor fields, and tensor fields.

Physical quantity.

A physical quantity is expressed by a numerical value and a physical unit, not merely a number. Its quantity may be regarded as the product of the number and the unit (e.g. for distance, 1 km is the same as 1000 m). Thus, following the example of distance, the quantity does not depend on the length of the base vectors of the coordinate system. Also, other changes of the coordinate system may affect the formula for computing the scalar (for example, the Euclidean formula for distance in terms of coordinates relies on the basis being orthonormal), but not the scalar itself. In this sense, physical distance deviates from the definition of metric in not being just a real number; however it satisfies all other properties. The same applies for other physical quantities which are not dimensionless.

Non-relativistic scalars.

Temperature.

An example of a scalar quantity is temperature: the temperature at a given point is a single number. Velocity, on the other hand, is a vector quantity.

Other examples.

Some examples of scalar quantities in physics are mass, charge, volume, time, speed, and electric potential at a point inside a medium. The distance between two points in three-dimensional space is a scalar, but the direction from one of those points to the other is not, since describing a direction requires two physical quantities such as the angle on the horizontal plane and the angle away from that plane. Force cannot be described using a scalar, since force has both direction and magnitude; however, the magnitude of a force alone can be described with a scalar, for instance the gravitational force acting on a particle is not a scalar, but its magnitude is. The speed of an object is a scalar (e.g. 180 km/h), while its velocity is not (e.g. 108 km/h northward and 144 km/h westward). Some other examples of scalar quantities in Newtonian mechanics are electric charge and charge density.

Relativistic scalars.

In the theory of relativity, one considers changes of coordinate systems that trade space for time. As a consequence, several physical quantities that are scalars in "classical" (non-relativistic) physics need to be combined with other quantities and treated as four-vectors or tensors. For example, the charge density at a point in a medium, which is a scalar in classical physics, must be combined with the local current density (a 3-vector) to comprise a relativistic 4-vector. Similarly, energy density must be combined with momentum density and pressure into the stress–energy tensor.  Examples of scalar quantities in relativity include electric charge, spacetime interval (e.g., proper time and proper length), and invariant mass.

A scalar or scalar quantity in physics is a physical quantity that can be described by a single element of a number field such as a real number, often accompanied by units of measurement (eg. cm). A scalar is usually said to be a physical quantity that only has magnitude, possibly a sign, and no other characteristics. This is in contrast to vectors, tensors, etc. which are described by several numbers that characterize their magnitude, direction, and so on.

En physique, un scalaire est une grandeur dont la valeur ne dépend que du point auquel on l'évalue et est indépendante du système de coordonnées. Une grandeur scalaire s'oppose à une grandeur vectorielle : la grandeur scalaire a uniquement une valeur mais pas de direction ou de sens. Les mathématiques utilisent la notion de scalaire dans le même sens en algèbre linéaire, indépendamment de toute grandeur physique.


History.

In Panchayat era under the rule of late king Mahendra B. B. Shah and king Birendra B.B. Shah, many Nepalese people came to Prithvinagar for settlement. They were encouraged to take part in controlled deforestation program. The first settlers were awarded fertile land in return for their hard work. Later arrivals were less fortunate but was still provided with land. Remaining less fertile land was given to them then previous settlers. Many people from hills and various other parts of Nepal and India migrated to Prithvinagar during BS 2020 and 2030. People who came to Prithvinagar for settlement from India were of Nepalese origin. They were invited to return home with Ghar Farka Abhiyan (Return Home Campaign) by then prime minister B.P. Koirala. Land Reform program initiated by King Mahendra accelerated the inward movement of people in Prithvinagar.  There was not any recorded or unrecorded conflicts in settlement process. People from various ethnic communities came with their families. Nepalese of all walks of life worked together in harmony. They built roads, bridges, dames and canals. Most people got engaged in farming and agriculture activities; some started trade and business while others joined in service industry. Many youths of Prithvinagar joined military and police force, some traveled India for casual works, higher education, to join in Indian army and so forth. Those with higher ambition and physical stamina even joined in the British Army. Among those migrant Nepalese, some were retired army personnel from British and Indian arm forces, some were educated in India.  During Panchayat rule, late MR Kaman Sing Limbu served as village chief known locally as Pradhan Pancha. His deputy was Kul Prasad Sangraula. Kaman Sing was a popular and prominent figure during Panchayat rule in Prithvinagar. He was replaced by Mr. Hari Adhikari after successful democratic revolution of BS 2046 that ended Panchayat rule in Nepal. His deputy was Narapati Limbu. Hari Adhikari and Narapati Limbu along with the whole panel of Nepal Communist Party had elected in first local election in Prithvinagar.  In 1994, Bikas Ghimire published "Factors Determining the Contraceptive Use in Nepal: Case Study of Prithivinagar Village, Jhapa". On February 2 2001, an arson attack by Maoist insurgents took place at the Small Farmers Cooperative Office in Prithivinagar. On June 28 2003, terrorist Man Maya Bishwokarma was killed by security forces in the VDC.

Geography.

Prithivinagar is situated in the southeastern corner of Nepal, and southeastern part of Jhapa District. The VDC is bordered by Jalthal to the west, Maheshpur to the north and east, Baniyani to the south and Pathmari to the southeast. The Mechi River flows to the east of the village on the India-Nepal border.

Economy.

Prithivinagar has been one of the village development committees which have been subject to the Nepali government's Land Reform Program, which was launched in 1964.  Still there is no any official economical statistics of Prithvinagar.

Prithvinagar or Prithvinagar is a village development committee in Jhapa District in the Mechi Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 15,612 people living in 2799 individual households.

Prithivinagar (en ) est un comité de développement villageois du Népal situé dans le district de Jhapa. Au recensement de 2011, il comptait.


Élections au Parlement valencien de 2007

Overview.

Electoral system.

The Corts Valencianes were the devolved, unicameral legislature of the Valencian autonomous community, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a President of the Government. Voting for the Corts was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in the Valencian Community and in full enjoyment of their political rights.  The 99 members of the Corts Valencianes were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 5 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied regionally. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Alicante, Castellón and Valencia. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of 20 seats, with the remaining 39 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations on the condition that the seat to population ratio in any given province did not exceed three times that of any other.  The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.

Election date.

The term of the Corts Valencianes expired four years after the date of their previous election. Elections to the Corts were fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years. The previous election was held on 25 May 2003, setting the election date for the Corts on Sunday, 27 May 2007.  The Corts Valencianes could not be dissolved before the date of expiry of parliament. In the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional President within a two-month period from the first ballot, the Corts were to be automatically dissolved and a snap election called.

Opinion polls.

The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 50 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Corts Valencianes (45 until 11 April 2006).

The 2007 Valencian regional election was held on Sunday, 27 May 2007, to elect the 7th Corts of the Valencian Community. All 99 seats in the Corts were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in twelve other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.

L’élection régionale de 2007 en Communauté valencienne (en, en ) a eu lieu le dimanche, afin d'élire les 99 députés de la septième législature du Parlement valencien.


History.

The East River waterfront of lower Manhattan, which includes South Street (so named because it is on the south side of the island), played an important part in the early history of New York City and became, over a period of two hundred years, one of the most prosperous commercial districts in the city. This development of the South Street Seaport area from a small cluster of wharves in the 18th century to an important part of the leading port of the nation in the mld-19th century reflects the rise of New York City as an international center of commerce. As early as 1625 when the Dutch West India Company established a trading post at the foot of Manhattan Island, the area south of today's seaport served as a landing site for incoming boats. The Dutch constructed a small floating dock which extended into the East River from what is now Broad Street. As lower Manhattan, then New Amsterdam, became more populous, a few streets were cut through the surrounding countryside. One of the first was Queen Street (now Pearl Street), laid out in 1633, which rapidly became the core of the mercantile community of 17th century Manhattan. Queen Street ran along the waterfront until the latter half of the 18th century when landfill extended the eastern boundary of Manhattan out to Water and later to Front Street.  South Street was built on landfill in the latter part of the 17th century; the city began to grade and pave it in 1798, creating a 75-foot border between houses and merchants' shops, and the wharves, slips and piers that had sprung up along the street; the width was necessary because the ships docked right against the shoreline, with their bowsprits sticking out into the street, giving it its nickname, the "streety o' ships". In the early 19th century, South Street was created on additional landfill. South Street became the center of the city's shipping industry and water-based commerce for two hundred years; although by 1810 it was getting competition from West Street on the other side of the island. In 1835, the Great Fire of New York destroyed 76 of the buildings on the street, but that hardly kept back the expansion of commerce along the shoreline. On one day in 1836, there were 921 vessels on the East River waiting to load or unload onto South Street, while an additional 320 waited on the Hudson. At that time, New York City had 62% of the import business in the entire country.  The amount of trade kept increasing, and by 1857 "Gleason's Pictorial Magazine" described both South and West Streets as blocks and blocks of "sail-lofts, shipping offices, warehouses of every description, cheap eating-houses, markets, and those indescribable stores, where old cables, junk, anchors, and all sorts of cast-off worldly things, that none but a seaman has a name for, find a refuge."  By the 1930s, the South Street area was depressed and the hurly-burly of its heyday was gone:  On mild sunny days the drifters sit along the docks with their "junk bags", share cigarette butts, and stare endlessly into the water. In winter they cluster in little groups about small bonfires; many sleep at night in doorways with newspapers for covering. Other join the homeless men who sleep in the Municipal Lodging House, Annex No. 2, in the old ferry shed at the foot of Whitehall Street, which can accommodate about 1,200 nightly.  Sometime in the early 1980s, South Street was refurbished from its abandoned status into a tourist attraction to create an atmosphere similar to places like Baltimore's Inner Harbor and Boston's Quincy Market.

In popular culture.

The street has often been used as a location for Hollywood movies, including "A Hatful of Rain", which was filmed in 1957 at Knickerbocker Village. South Street was the setting for the 1953 Sam Fuller film "Pickup on South Street".

References.

Notes Further reading

South Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, located immediately adjacent to the East River. It runs from Whitehall Street near the southern tip of Manhattan to Jackson Street near the Williamsburg Bridge. The Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive, in an elevated portion known as the South Street Viaduct, runs along the entire length of the street.

South Street est une rue du Lower Manhattan à New York, immédiatement à proximité de l'East River. Elle longe les quais, entre Whitehall Street et Jackson Street, près du Williamsburg Bridge. On y trouve de nombreux immeubles de bureaux, ainsi que le New York City Police Museum.


Discovery, conservation and publication.

The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips (TBS) were donated to Tsinghua University in July 2008 by an alumnus of the university. The precise location(s) and date(s) of the illicit excavation that yielded the slips remain(s) unknown. An article in the "Guangming Daily" named the donor as Zhao Weiguo (), and stated that the texts were purchased at "a foreign auction", Neither the name of the auction house, nor the location or sum involved in the transaction were mentioned. Li Xueqin, the director of the conservation and research project, has stated that the wishes of the alumnus to maintain his identity secret will be respected.  Similarities with previous discoveries, such as the manuscripts from the Guodian tomb, indicate that the TBS came from a mid-to-late Warring States Period (480–221BC) tomb in the region of China culturally dominated at that time by the Chu state. A single radiocarbon date (305±30BC) and the style of ornament on the accompanying box are in keeping with this conclusion. By the time they reached the university, the slips were badly affected by mold. Conservation work on the slips was carried out, and a Center for Excavated Texts Research and Preservation was established at Tsinghua on April 25, 2009. There are 2388 slips altogether in the collection, including a number of fragments.  A series of articles discussing the TBS, intended for an educated but non-specialist Chinese audience, appeared in the Guangming Daily during late 2008 and 2009. The first volume of texts (photographic reproductions, transcriptions, and commentary) was published by the Tsinghua team in 2010.  A 2013 article in "The New York Times" reported on the TBS's importance to understanding the Chinese classics. Sarah Allan, a sinologist at Dartmouth College, stressed the significance of the circa 305 BC date when the bamboo manuscripts were buried, about 100 years before Qin Shi Huang conducted a "literary holocaust" with the (213–210 BC) burning of books and burying of scholars. Professor Allan said that, in predating that textual censorship, "(t)hese manuscripts speak directly to the core issues of the Chinese intellectual tradition and were recorded at the height of the formative period." "The classics are all political", Li Xueqin commented: "It would be like finding the original Bible or the 'original' classics. It enables us to look at the classics before they were turned into 'classics.' The questions now include, what were they in the beginning, and how they became what they are?"

The texts.

Several of the TBS texts are similar to the received "Shang Shu", a miscellany of documents from various dates in the first millennium BC that were transmitted as a canonical collection from the Han dynasty onwards. In some cases, a TBS text can be found in the received Shang Shu, with only variations in wording, title or orthography. Such examples include versions of the "Jin Teng" (), "Kang Gao" () and "Gu Ming" () chapters of the "Shang Shu". The majority of "Shang Shu"-style TBS texts, however, are not found in the received "Shang Shu", either having been "lost" in the process of transmission, or else never having been incorporated into the canonical collection.  An annalistic history () recording events from the beginning of the Western Zhou (mid-11th century BC) through to the early Warring States period (mid-5th century) is said to be similar in form and content to the received "Bamboo Annals".  Another text running across 14 slips recounts a celebratory gathering of the Zhou elite in the 8th year of the reign of King Wu of Zhou, prior to their conquest of the Shang dynasty. The gathering takes place in the ancestral temple of King Wen of Zhou, King Wu's father, and consisted of beer drinking and the recitation of hymns in the style of the received Shi Jing.

The Admonition of Protection.

Among the TBS texts in the style of the received "Shang Shu", is one that has been titled "The Admonition of Protection" ("Bao Xun" 保訓). This was the first text for which anything approaching a complete description and transcription was published. The text purports to be a record of a deathbed admonition by the Zhou king Wen Wang to his son and heir, Wu Wang. Although the team working on the text refers to it as "The Admonition of Protection" (or "Protector's Admonition", 保训), their transcription of the text refers to a "Precious Admonition" (Bao Xun) and that may be the more appropriate editorial title. The content of the king's speech revolves around a concept of The Middle (Zhong 中) which seems to refer to an avoidance of extremes and an ability to consider diverse points of view. The king narrates a story of the sage-king Shun acquiring The Middle by living a modest, thoughtful life, and a more puzzling second tale which describes the Shang ancestor Wei () "borrowing The Middle from the River."

Xinian.

"Xinian" 繫年 (), probably composed ca. 370 BC, relates key events of Zhou history. It comprises 138 slips in a relatively well preserved condition. Among the contents they transmit is an account of the origin of Qin by supporters of the Shang dynasty, who were opposed to the Zhou conquest.

Decimal multiplication table.

Twenty-one bamboo slips of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, when assembled in the correct order, represent a decimal multiplication table that can be used to multiply numbers (any whole or half integer) up to 99.5. Joseph Dauben from the City University of New York called it "the earliest artefact of a decimal multiplication table in the world". According to Guo Shuchun, director of the Chinese Society of the History of Mathematics, those slips filled a historical gap for mathematical documents prior to the Qin Dynasty. It is presumed that officials used the multiplication table to calculate land surface area, yields of crops and the amounts of taxes owed.

The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips () are a collection of Chinese texts dating to the Warring States period and written in ink on strips of bamboo, that were acquired in 2008 by Tsinghua University, China. The texts were obtained by illegal excavation, probably of a tomb in the area of Hubei or Hunan province, and were then acquired and donated to the university by an alumnus. The very large size of the collection and the significance of the texts for scholarship make it one of the most important discoveries of early Chinese texts to date.

Les lamelles de bambou de Tsinghua () sont une collection de textes chinois datant de la période des Royaumes combattants et écrits à l'encre sur des lamelles de bambou, qui ont été données en 2008 à l'université Tsinghua par un de ses anciens élèves. Leur provenance exacte est inconnue, mais elles ont été probablement trouvées lors de fouilles illégales d'anciennes tombes dans les provinces de Hubei ou de Hunan. La très grande taille de la collection et l'importance de ces textes pour les études académiques en font l'une des plus importantes découvertes d'écrits chinois anciens.


Swimming career.

At the 2008 FINA Youth World Swimming Championships, Knutson won a total of five medals, all of them gold. At the 2008 Short Course Nationals, Knutson broke Katie Hoff's American record in the 400-yard individual medley with a time of 4:00.62, a record which has since been broken by Julia Smit. At the 2009 Junior Pac Pacs, she set five meet records while winning seven gold medals and a bronze.  At the 2009 National Championships, Knutson qualified to swim in the 4x200 m freestyle relay at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome by placing fifth in the 200 m freestyle. In Rome, Knutson swam in the heats of the 4x200 m freestyle relay (with Ariana Kukors, Alyssa Anderson, and Lacey Nymeyer) and won a silver medal after the United States placed second in the finals. As the second leg, Knutson had a 1:57.73 split.  At the 2010 National Championships, Knutson did not qualify to swim in any individual events at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships. Knutson placed 4th in the 400 m freestyle, 5th in the 200 m freestyle, 6th in the 400 m individual medley, and 19th in the 200 m butterfly.  At the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, Knutson won a gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Missy Franklin, Katie Hoff, and Allison Schmitt, with the team finishing ahead of Australia and China. As the second leg, Knutson had a 1:57.18 split.

Personal life.

Knutson started swimming at the age of 9. Her parents, Jim and Ronda, were both college athletes. Her parents have chosen for her a Norwegian name (although they both have American citizenship, their parents are Norwegians).  Knutson's hometown is Minot, North Dakota, but she has trained at the University of Florida after briefly training with Auburn University then FAST in Fullerton, California. Because of geographic proximity, Knutson used to swim in so many meets in Canada that she was once mistakenly named one of that country's top 12-year-old swimmers.

Dagny Knutson (born January 18, 1992) is an American swimmer of Norwegian heritage. Knutson is a former American record holder in 400-yard individual medley and holds several high school national records. She finished swimming competitively in 2012 and in 2013, due to her struggles with bulimia and financial strains.

Dagny Knutson née le à Fayetteville (Caroline du Nord) est une nageuse américaine. Lors des Championnats du monde 2011, elle a décroché la médaille d'or sur le relais 4 × nage libre avec Missy Franklin, Katie Hoff et Allison Schmitt.


Early life.

Berkeley.

Harvey earned her undergraduate degree from the University of California at Berkeley and her MBA from UCLA's Anderson School.

Playing career.

After graduating, Harvey played semi-professional soccer in Europe. She represented FSV Frankfurt of Germany between 1988 and 1991, as well as Hammarby IF and Tyresö FF of Sweden in 1993 and 1994 respectively.  After making her debut against Poland in 1989, Harvey won 27 caps for the United States women's national soccer team. Her last appearance came in 1996 against Australia.

Sports administration career.

Off the field, Harvey served on U.S. Soccer's board of directors for 12 years, including 5 years on the Executive Committee; and on the U.S. Olympic Committee. In 2003, Harvey was hired by FIFA to become its Director of Development, becoming the first woman and first American hired by the international governing body to run a division. In this role, Harvey was responsible for managing the US$160 million per year development budget for FIFA, including such programs as the Financial Assistance Program, the Goal Programme, and FIFA's education or course programs. She was also responsible for FIFA's activities to develop women's football, futsal and beach soccer, and to oversee FIFA's sports medicine activities. Prior to joining FIFA, Harvey was the CEO of a US$15 million sports and fitness company, and worked in the management consulting industry for both Deloitte. and Accenture.  In 2008, Harvey left FIFA to return to her native United States to become the chief operating officer for Women's Professional Soccer, the new women's professional soccer league in the United States. Harvey left WPS in 2010 after two seasons.  She is currently the chief executive of the Centre for Sport and Human Rights.

Honors and awards.

Harvey's honors include:

Mary Harvey (born June 4, 1965) is an American retired soccer goalkeeper. She was the starting goalie for 1991 U.S. Women's National Team which won the inaugural 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup; and a member of the 1996 Olympic Gold Medal team. Harvey retired from international competition in 1996 following the Atlanta Olympics.

Mary Harvey, née à Palo Alto le, est une joueuse américaine de soccer des années 1980 et 1990. Elle évolue au poste de gardien de but.


History.

EUROCEMENT group was formed in 2002 following the merger of Rosuglesbit and Shtern-cement. The company originally had four plants: Maltsovsky Portlandcement, Mikhailovcement, Lipetskcement, and Savinsky cement. But since 2005, following the purchase of seven additional cement plants, EUROCEMENT group has become a leading company in the Russian cement market.  On May 2014 the company signed a package of contracts with Chinese companies for equipment supplies, engineering, installation supervision and employee training totaling $530.7 million. Contracted supplies include mechanical equipment, furnaces, cyclone heat exchangers, crushers, and mills. The new equipment will be used for the construction of new cement plants with a total capacity of 17 million tons of cement per year in six regions of Russia: Leningrad, Ryazan, Bryansk, Arkhangelsk, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions, according to the corporate message.

Management.

The board of directors elected at the annual general shareholders meeting consists of:

EUROCEMENT group Plants.

RUSSIA  Cement  EUROBETON is also a part of the EUROCEMENT Group. Concrete  Cement Elevators  Aggregate  Industrial Construction  Transport Company  Procurement  UKRAINE  Cement  JSC EUROCEMENT group – UKRAINE  UZBEKISTAN  Cement  Concrete

Health, Safety, Security and Environment.

The EUROCEMENT group complies with the requirements of Russian and international legislation on health, safety, security and the environment. The company applies cutting-edge technology and enhanced production methods to create safe and healthy working conditions, as well as to minimise the risk of industrial accidents and other emergency situations.  The EUROCEMENT group’s policies include the following key objectives:  EUROCEMENT Holding's investments in air protection activities in 2005-2007 exceeded 784 million rubles, delivering the following most notable projects:  Due to giving up a number of traditional mining processes, namely drilling, hole-loading, explosions, primary and secondary crushing, the negative impact of mining on the environment has decreased.  Environmentally friendly production and protection of nature are among priorities for EUROCEMENT group. To achieve these objectives EUROCEMENT group outlined specific tasks in its program of development for production facilities for 2007-2020.  The EUROCEMENT group has been a long-term partner of the Ministry of Regional Development (Minregion Rossii).

Social responsibility.

Social responsibility is an integral part of the business of EUROCEMENT group. As part of social partnership, all plants of the company have collective employment agreements ensuring improved social protection for the personnel, observance of their interests, social, and labor rights. Collective employment agreements stipulate guarantees and benefits which by far exceed those set forth by existing laws. Employees are provided with subsidized meals, financial support, medical treatment. Employees have celebrations organized for them to mark a number of national industry and corporate occasions. EUROCEMENT group opens the Corporate Sports Contest every year.

Charity.

Charity is a vital part of business at EUROCEMENT group. The Holding provides annual support to various social and cultural events, helps community and religious groups, and assists socially vulnerable population groups. Charitable activities of the Holding are based on two main objectives: The EUROCEMENT group has been a long-term partner of the Action “Pod flagom dobra”. The aim of this charity is to provide targeted financial assistance to children who need expensive medical treatment. Since the Action began its work, 572 children have received high-tech medical aid worth more than 119 million rubles. As part of charitable activities, EUROCEMENT group is also making an investment in the future. The company pays great attention to the development of technical, academic and educational facilities at pre-school organizations and schools in Russian regions. One of the major projects that received our support was the opening a new secondary school in the urban-style community of Podgorensky (Voronezh Region: the site of Holding’s new cement plant). The EUROCEMENT group allocated nine million rubles for this in 2009. The Holding also attaches great importance to the revival of Russia’s spiritual heritage and the consolidation of its moral foundations. With Holding’s active help, churches in the areas where Holding operates have been restored and re-built. EUROCEMENT group also has an active policy of recognizing human potential and consolidating relationship with education and science. In 2009 EUROCEMENT group and Belgorod State Technological University signed an agreement of mutual co-operation. The company, as part of its sponsorship activities, also participates in the creation of new cultural values and traditions. The Holding supports the Russian festival of performing arts, Golden Mask, as well as nurturing a long-term strategic partnership with the Moscow International Performing Arts Center. EUROCEMENT group is a member of the Friends of the Tretyakov Gallery Society. These are excellent examples of effective and organic co-operation between business and the arts.

The EUROCEMENT group is the biggest supplier of cement, ready-mix concrete and aggregates in Russia. It has 16 cement plants across Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan as well as several concrete mix plants, concrete goods factories and aggregate-mining quarries. The Group’s annual production capacity is 40 MT of cement and 10 Mcm of concrete. Aggregate resources: carbonate rock explored reserves amount to 2.8 billion tonnes; granite-explored reserves amount to 1.8 billion tonnes.

Eurocement est une entreprise russe de matériaux de constructions, productrice notamment de ciment. Elle est créée en 2002 d'une fusion entre Rosuglesbit et Shtern-cement.


Biography.

Early life.

Alexander was born to a family of Oryol nobility. He studied in Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, then served in the Hussar Leib Guard regiment.

Accomplishments.

In 1896 he was a member of the Russian mission of the Red Cross in Ethiopia, where he became a confidant of Negus Menelek II of Ethiopia. He begins arrival to Ethiopia with phenomenal showy courier's marathon by reason of record speed with the use of camel, during this courier's march the Nikolay Leontiev meets him to give help. In 1896 - 1899 he became a military aide of Menelek II in his war with Italy and the southern tribes. Bulatovich joined the expedition of Ras Wolde Giyorgis and became the first European to provide a scientific description of the Kaffa province (conquered by Menelek II with Bulatovich's help). He was the first European to reach the mouth of the Omo River. Among the places named by Bulatovich is the Nicholas II Mountain range. He had to ask permission from the Emperor himself to name the range in his honour.  After Bulatovich returned to Russia he received a Silver Medal from the Russian Geographical Society for his work in Ethiopia and the military rank of a poruchik (later rotmistr) of the Leib Guard Hussars. He served in Saint Petersburg. In 1903 after his talks with Saint John of Kronstadt he resigned from the Army and became a monk (later hiero-schema-monk) of the Russian Skete of Saint Andrew near the much larger St. Panteleimon Monastery on Mount Athos in Greece. He also visited Ethiopia again trying to establish a Russian Orthodox Monastery there. He was tonsured as Father Antony and became known as Hieromonk Antony Bulatovich.  In 1907 after reading the book "On Caucasus Mountains" by the schema-monk Ilarion, he became one of the leaders of the imiaslavie movement within the Russian Orthodox Church. When the movement was proclaimed a heresy and disbanded by a Russian military force in 1913, he was in St. Petersburg pleading the cause of monks.  He continued his fight for the recognition of "imiaslavie", published many theological books proving its dogmas, obtained an audience with the Tsar and eventually managed to secure some sort of rehabilitation for himself and his imiaslavtsy comrades. They were allowed to return to their positions in the Church without repentance.

Military service.

In 1896 - 1899 he became a military aide of Menelek II in his war with Italy and the southern tribes. Bulatovich joined the expedition of Ras Wolde Giyorgis and became the first European to provide a scientific description of the Kaffa province (conquered by Menelek II with Bulatovich's help). He was the first European to reach the mouth of the Omo River. Among the places named by Bulatovich is the Nicholas II Mountain range. He had to ask permission from the Emperor himself to name the range in his honour.  After Bulatovich returned to Russia he received a Silver Medal from the Russian Geographical Society for his work in Ethiopia and the military rank of a poruchik (later rotmistr) of the Leib Guard Hussars. He served in Saint Petersburg. In 1903 after his talks with Saint John of Kronstadt he resigned from the Army and became a monk (later hiero-schema-monk) of the Russian Skete of Saint Andrew near the much larger St. Panteleimon Monastery on Mount Athos in Greece.  On August 28, 1914 Antony Bulatovich received permission to join the Russian Army as an Army priest. During World War I Father Antony not only served as a priest but on "many occasions led soldiers to attack" and was awarded the Cross of St. George

Later life.

After returning from the war he took part in the discussion about the "imiaslavie". In October 1918 the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church canceled the decision allowing imyaslavtsy to participate in church services provided they repent. The decision was signed by Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow. In January 1919 Anthony Bulatovich stopped any relations with the Holy Synod and Tikhon and returned to his family estate in Lebedinka, where he started a small skete and lived the life of a hermit. He was the spiritual opponent of any civil war.

Death.

On the night from 5 to 6 December 1919 he was murdered. There are conflicting accounts if the killers were deserters of White Army or Red Army or some unaffiliated robbers.

Bulatovich in Russian literature.

Antony Bulatovich was most probably the original for the grotesque Schema-Hussar Alexei Bulanovich from the novel "The Twelve Chairs" by Ilf and Petrov. He is also the hero of Valentin Pikul's story "The Hussar on a Camel". In addition he is the hero of the novel "The Name of Hero" by Richard Seltzer (published by Houghton Mifflin in 1981). The complete text of that novel is online for free at http://www.seltzerbooks.com/hero.html

Alexander Ksaverievich Bulatovich (; 26 September 1870 – 5 December 1919) tonsured Father Antony (отец Антоний) was a Russian military officer, explorer of Africa, writer, hieromonk and the leader of the imiaslavie movement in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

Alexandre Ksaverievitch Boulatovitch (en russe : Алекса́ндр Ксаве́рьевич Булато́вич), né le et mort le, en religion [père] Antoine (en russe : отец Антоний), est un officier, écrivain et religieux russe, explorateur de l'Éthiopie et l'un des chefs du mouvement "imiaslavie" au sein de l'Église orthodoxe russe.


Discovery and naming.

In 1930, Samuel Motsoane, principal of the Paris Evangelical Mission School at Bethesda in Lesotho, found dispersed dinosaur bones. In 1955, he told this to the protestant missionary Paul Ellenberger. In September 1955, P. Ellenberger and his brother François Ellenberger uncovered a bonebed in the immediate vicinity of a refuse pile a few meters from native huts in the Village of Maphutseng, western Lesotho, in a layer of the Elliot Formation. The location was locally called the "Thotobolo ea ‘Ma-Beata", the "trash heap of Beata's mother". In November 1955, they were reinforced by the South-African paleontologists Alfred Walter Crompton and Rosalie F. "Griff" Ewer. In 1955, the discovery was reported in the scientific literature. The excavations were continued from February 1956 onwards and at the end of the second field season, the number of pieces had increased to 683, collected from a surface of thirty-five square metres. The Ellenberger brothers briefly described the finds in 1956. In 1957, the fossils were transported to the South African Museum of Cape Town. Delays in their preparation caused a rift between Crompton and the Ellenbergers.  In 1959, P. Ellenberger, F. Ellenberger and the latter's wife Hélène, continued the digs in cooperation with a French team from the Paris "Muséum national d'histoire naturelle" including Léonard Ginsburg and Jean Fabre. Over two hundred additional pieces were collected. In 1960, eight dinosaur trackways were reported, discovered over a surface of seventy square metres. Three individual tracks were transported to the University of Montpellier but are presently lost. In 1963, additional excavations took place by Paul Ellenberger, Ginsburg, Fabre and Christiane Mendrez. In 1966, François Ellenberger and Ginsburg for the first time described the bones in detail and referred them to "Euskelosaurus browni".  In September 1970, the last excavations occurred by Paul Ellenberger, Ginsburg, Fabre and Bernard Battail. As in 1959, the fossils were sent to Paris, bringing the total there to about four hundred. Concluding that it represented a taxon new to science, Paul Ellenberger at first referred to it as "Thotobolosaurus", which means "trash heap lizard", in reference to where the holotype was discovered. Ellenberger in a redescription of the material suggested the species name "Thotobolosaurus mabeatae" in 1970. This name was invalid, however.  In 1996, the species was briefly referred to as "Kholumolumosaurus ellenbergerorum" in François-Xavier Gauffre's unpublished dissertation. This name too, was invalid.  In 2020, the species "Kholumolumo ellenbergerorum", a shortened form of one of the original names, was formally named by Claire Peyre de Fabrègues and Ronan Allain. The generic name is the "kholumolumo" or "xodumodumo", a gigantic reptile, sometimes described as a dragon, lizard or crocodile, from the mythology of the Sotho. The Basotho use this word to refer to dinosaurs. The specific name honours the Ellenberger family.  The holotype, MNHN.F.LES381m, was found in a layer of the Lower Elliot Formation dating from the Norian. It consists of a complete right tibia or shinbone. Several other bones in the Paris material were designated as paratypes. All the additional sauropodomorph material from Maphutseng, whether in France or South-Africa, was referred to the species. Only disarticulated bones were found, including little skull material. They represent at least five, probably about ten, individuals.

Description.

"Kholumolumo" was a large sauropodomorph, estimated to have reached upwards of long. This would have made it one of the largest known animals of the Norian. Its weight has been estimated from its thighbone circumference. If it was bipedal, which the describing authors thought likely, a weight is indicated of 1754 kilogrammes. A quadrupedal animal could have weighed 3963 kilogrammes.  Since no complete skeletons of "Kholumolumo" have been discovered, much of what is known about its physical appearance and diet has to be inferred from its close relatives. Most likely it would be a herbivore that looked similar to dinosaurs such as "Sarahsaurus".  The holotype shows a unique combination of traits that in themselves are not unique. The shinbone is very short and robust, its circumference measuring 53% of its length: in all other known non-sauropod Sauropodomorpha this ratio is lower than 0.49, with the exception of "Antetonitrus" and "Blikanasaurus". The shinbone shaft tapers to below, both seen from the inside as viewed from the outside. The shinbone shaft has a straight front and rear edge, different from "Antetonitrus".

Kholumolumo (referring to a type of dragon the local Basuto associate with dinosaurs), formerly "Kholumolumosaurus" or "Thotobolosaurus", is an extinct genus of massopodan sauropodomorph dinosaur, which was closely related to "Sarahsaurus", from the lower Elliot Formation of Maphutseng, Lesotho. The type species, Kholumolumo ellenbergerorum was formally described in 2020.

F Kholumolumo (également appelé par le passé Thotobolosaurus et Kholumolumosaurus, qui sont des noms informels) est un genre de dinosaure prosauropode du Trias (très probablement Norien) retrouvé en 1955 près de Maphutseng, au Lesotho.


History.

The idea for setting up the bank was proposed by India at the 4th BRICS summit in 2012 held in Delhi. The creation of a new development bank was the main theme of the meeting. BRICS leaders agreed to set up a Development bank at the 5th BRICS summit held in Durban, South Africa on 27 March 2013.  On 15 July 2014, the first day of the 6th BRICS summit held in Fortaleza, Brazil, the BRICS states signed the Agreement on the New Development Bank, which makes provisions for the legal basis of the bank. In a separate agreement, a reserve currency pool worth $100 billion was set up by BRICS nations.  On 11 May 2015, K. V. Kamath was appointed as the President of the bank.  The 7th BRICS summit in July 2015 marked the entry into force of the Agreement on the New Development Bank.  On 27 February 2016, the NDB signed Headquarters Agreement with the Government of the P.R.C. and the Memorandum of Understanding with Shanghai Municipal People's Government concerning the arrangements in relation to Headquarters of the bank in Shanghai.  According to the bank, most of the NDB policies and procedures for all functional areas were approved at the Board of Directors meeting in January 2016.  On 19 July 2016, the NDB reported that it successfully issued the bank's first green financial bond with issue size of RMB 3 billion, tenor of 5 years in the China interbank bond market.  On 20 July 2016, the first annual meeting of the NDB Board of Governors was held in Shanghai. The participants of the meeting discussed Bank's future work and development and gave a positive assessment to the bank's work. At the meeting, the first green financial bond issuance in Renminbi was highlighted as a milestone event for the NDB.  In 2016, the NDB Board of Directors approved the first set of projects in all members of the bank.  On 21 December 2016, the NDB signed its first loan agreement.  The NDB received AA+ credit ratings from S&P Global Ratings (S&P) and Fitch Ratings (Fitch) in August 2018, which enables the bank to offer full suite of financial products to its public and private sector clients.  As of March 2019, The bank announced to issue loans of up to $40 billion by 2022 in South Africa.

Structure and Objectives.

Corporate Governance.

According to the Articles of Agreement, the main organs of the bank are:  Information about the composition of the NDB Board of Governors is available on the Bank's official website.  The NDB President is elected on a rotational basis from one of the founding members, and there are four Vice Presidents from each of the other four founding members.  K. V. Kamath, from India, is the first elected president of the NDB. He will be replaced by the president-elect, Marcos Trojyo from Brazil on 7 July 2020. Marcos Trojyo has been elected as the president of the New Development Bank in a videoconferencing on 27 May 2020.

Capital.

The New Development Bank has an initial subscribed capital of US$50 billion and an initial authorized capital of US$100 billion. The initial subscribed capital is be equally distributed among the founding members. The payment of the amount initially subscribed by each founding member to the paid-in capital stock of the Bank will made in dollars in 7 installments. Each member cannot increase its share of capital without all other four members agreeing. The bank will allow new members to join but the BRICS capital share cannot fall below 55%.

Objectives.

The bank aims to contribute to development plans established nationally through projects that are socially, environmentally and economically sustainable. Taking this into account, the main objectives of the NDB can be summarized as follows

Membership.

The Agreement on the New Development Bank entered into force in July 2015, with the official declaration of all five states that have signed it. The five founding members of the Bank include Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.  Bank's Articles of Agreement specify that all members of the United Nations could be members of the bank, however the share of the BRICS nations can never be less than 55% of voting power.  Expanding the NDB's membership is considered by some experts to be crucial to its long-term development by helping boost the bank's business growth.  According to the Bank's General Strategy: 2017–2021, the NDB plans to expand membership gradually so as not to overly strain its operational and decision-making capacity.

Shareholding Structure.

According to Articles of Agreement of the New Development Bank, the initial authorized capital of the bank is divided into 1 million shares, having a par value of $100,000. Each founding member of the bank has initially subscribed 100,000 shares, in a total of $10 billion, of which 20,000 shares correspond to paid-in capital, in a total of $2 billion and 80,000 shares correspond to callable capital, in a total of $8 billion.  The current distribution of shares between NDB member countries is presented in the following table.

Activities.

Projects.

According to the Bank's General Strategy, sustainable infrastructure development is at the core of NDB's operational strategy in 2017–2021, and the Bank will dedicate about two-thirds of financing commitments in its first five years to this area.  The New Development Bank is planning to give a priority to projects aimed at developing renewable energy sources. As it was stated by the Bank, it wants to cooperate with other institutions in accelerating ‘green’ financing expansion and promoting environment protection.  The NDB has expressed interest in funding projects that conform to high environmental standards, including those in the field of infrastructure, such as energy, railways and highways in the future. At the same time, according to K. V. Kamath, the NDB President, one of the key strategies of the bank will be financing profitable projects (bankable) with return on capital. The NDB wants "to fund projects that are creative and bring benefits to the local people and environment", said Vice President Zhu Xian.  The leadership of the member countries task the bank with developing a strong pipeline of projects and responding in a fast and flexible manner to aspirations and interests of its members.  As of 6 March 2019, the NDB Board of Directors approved 30 projects with loans aggregating over approx. USD 8 billion.  The Bank has begun non-sovereign operations with loans approved in Brazil, South Africa, and Russia.

Bonds.

In March 2016, the NDB announced that it will do a bond issue in China to raise funding domestically on the Chinese market. The bond issue is likely to happen in the second quarter of the year 2016, said the NDB Vice President Leslie Maasdorp. He added the bank is starting to finalize the exact size of this bond issue.  On 18 July 2016 the NDB successfully issued its first green financial bond with issue size of RMB 3 billion, tenor of 5 years in China onshore interbank bond market. The bond's nominal interest rate is 3.07%. The bank became the first international financial institution that issued a green financial bond in the China onshore bond market. The proceeds of the bond will be used for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in the member countries.  In February 2019, the bank successfully placed CNY 3 billion RMB-denominated bond in the China Interbank Bond Market, and it was priced at the lower end of announced pricing range.

Relations With Other Institutions.

Approach.

The Articles of Agreement of the bank say that the NDB was established to complement the existing efforts of multilateral and regional financial institutions for global growth and development. Moreover, the NDB is authorized by its founders to cooperate within its mandate with other international organizations, as well as national entities (public or private), in particular with international financial institutions and national development banks.  The NDB President K.V.Kamath stresses that the bank regards other international financial institutions, including IMF and World Bank as partners, not rivals.

Asian Development Bank.

In July 2016, the NDB signed with Asian Development Bank (ADB) a memorandum of understanding on strategic cooperation. The two institutions expressed willingness to work together through co-financing and knowledge exchanges in areas including sustainable development projects in renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean transportation, sustainable water management, and sewage treatment.

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

Although some analysts hypothesize that Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the NDB would compete with one another, currently there is no evidence of competition among these institutions.  Talking about the relations with AIIB, officials from the NDB's member-states point out the difference in the member-states of the NDB and AIIB as well as a potential to complement in working together to meet development and infrastructural needs.  According to a representative of the Bank's management, the NDB and AIIB are sister institutions in many respects. These two banks have complementary mandates and different geographic focuses, with the NDB being more focused on BRICS countries. At the same time, there is a certain overlapping between mandates of the NDB and the AIIB, as both of them are aimed at developing infrastructure and pay a special attention to sustainable development. However, due to the fact that current financing and investment patterns are inadequate in meeting investment needs, there is "space for newcomers", he said.  In February 2016, the president of the NDB dismissed concerns over overlapping of interests of China-backed Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the NDB.

World Bank.

According to media reports, other multilateral development institutions, including the World Bank Group (WBG), have expressed an intention to work together with the NDB.  In September 2016, NDB and World Bank Group signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation and it was announced that the NDB and WBG's cooperative efforts will focus primarily on infrastructure.

Partnerships and Cooperations Agreements.

National Development Banks.

Source: NDB

Reception.

Prominent Scholars.

In July 2014, Nobel Prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz said the NDB marks a "fundamental change in global economic and political power." In his opinion, "The existing institutions just don’t have enough resources."

Officials.

Chinese Premier Li Keqiang called the opening of the NDB an "important step forward" in cooperation among BRICS countries. "This is great progress in financial cooperation among developing countries and emerging economies, as well as a helpful supplement to the global financial system," Li Keqiang said at a meeting with K. V. Kamath in Beijing in July, 2015.  China Finance Minister Lou Jiwei said that the establishment of the NDB and the Beijing-led AIIB would encourage existing multilateral institutions to do better. At a news conference at the conclusion of the G20 meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors in Shanghai he added that the New Development Bank could help drive aggregate global demand.

Bankers.

8 July 2015, VTB CEO Andrey Kostin said that the NDB is "important because it’s a first institution created by the BRICS countries." "Actually we are talking about the institutionalization of the BRICS process, and that’s quite important I think. It’s a permanent working instrument which will be working every day and which will be in the heart of BRICS cooperation," he added.  According to former Reserve Bank of India governor Raghuram Rajan, the NDB "Is a co-operative effort between all BRICS countries." "We have already reached contingency reserve agreement (CRA). This is second. Let’s see how it develops. Lots of hopes embedded in it for greater cooperation (among the) BRICS countries," he told reporters in February 2016.

Logo and Identity.

The logo of the New Development Bank borrows from the mathematical concept of a Mobius strip that symbolizes the idea of continuous transformation. Its nature is not to disrupt but drive change in the existing system from within.  The logo consists of a triangle in motion at one end signifying balanced evolution. The other end, moving in the opposite direction, is a propeller that represents speed and dynamism. These two entities are held together by a wireframe, the skeletal basic of infrastructure. The logo is rendered in gradient of green that symbolizes sustainability. This constant motion symbolizes the values that the bank strives to live by – agility, innovation and continuous transformation.

The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). According to the Agreement on the NDB, "the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments." Moreover, the NDB "shall cooperate with international organizations and other financial entities, and provide technical assistance for projects to be supported by the Bank."

La Nouvelle banque de développement ("New Development Bank BRICS", NDB BRICS), anciennement connue sous le nom de Banque de développement des BRICS, est une banque internationale de développement dont la création a été proposée par les États des BRICS (Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine et Afrique du Sud) comme alternative à la Banque mondiale existante et au Fonds monétaire international.


The artist.

Ranc was a French painter, mainly active in portraiture. He trained under his father Antoine Ranc and his father's former student Hyacinthe Rigaud. He served at the courts of both Louis XV of France and Philip V of Spain. He was active at the Spanish court from 1723 and painted King Felipe V as well as his eight surviving children. Ranc was subsequently replaced by Louis Michel van Loo as court painter and it was he who painted the Spanish royal family in 1738 and 1743.

The painting.

Ranc's 1723 painting of Felipe V of Spain depicts his five eldest surviving children. The king is sat between his two eldest sons, Infante Luis, Prince of Asturias and Infante Fernando by his first wife Maria Luisa of Savoy. Felipe V's first wife died in 1714 and he remarried later the same year to Isabel Farnese. His second wife was the mother of the three other children depicted in the painting. Infante Felipe, future Duke of Parma, aged three at the time of the painting is stood between his parents and holds a yellow flower. An oval painting shows Infanta Mariana Victoria, fiancée of Louis XV, who was residing in France at the time. On the immediate right is Infante Carlos future King of Spain.  The background of the painting is a large room reminiscent of the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, incidentally where Felipe V was born in 1683. Domestic staff are also shown going about their daily chores. In the distance is a monk, possibly a reference to Felipe V's religious mania which stayed with him all his life. The males in the painting all wear the blue sashes of the Order of the Holy Spirit. Infante Fernando, stood over a dog was subsequently painting individually by Ranc, a painting which is also conserved at the Prado.

The Family of Felipe V is an oil on canvas painting by the French artist Jean Ranc completed in 1723. It features depictions of Philip V of Spain and his family. The painting is one of a trio of paintings that bear the same name; the other two are by Louis Michel van Loo and are dated 1738 and (a larger version) 1743.

La Famille de Philippe V est un tableau de Jean Ranc, peint en 1723, qui représente le roi Philippe V d'Espagne avec sa famille. Il est conservé au musée du Prado.


Early life and career.

Corse was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, but moved at the age of seven with his family to Burlington in the Iowa Territory. His father, John Lockwood Corse, served six terms as the mayor of that town and established a prosperous book and stationery business. Young Corse became a partner in the family business.  He was appointed to the United States Military Academy and studied there for two years. Leaving West Point in 1855, Corse chose not to stay in the military, but instead attended a law school in Albany, New York, and passed his bar exam. He later returned to Iowa and was nominated as the new state's lieutenant governor by the Iowa Democratic Party. In 1860, he unsuccessfully ran for secretary of state.

Civil War.

Corse joined the 6th Iowa Infantry as its Major in July 1861 and initially served under Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont. He then served on the staff of Maj. Gen. John Pope early the following year during the Battle of Island Number Ten and associated engagements. He returned to field duty with his regiment and fought in the Siege of Corinth, being promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on August 11, 1863, in recognition of his service at the Siege of Vicksburg. Assigned command of the 4th Brigade, 4th Division, XV Corps, in the Federal Army of the Tennessee, Corse participated in the Chattanooga Campaign. After recuperating from an injury suffered at Missionary Ridge, Corse returned to active duty as the inspector general on Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's staff. In July 1864, he returned to field duty in command of a division in XVI Corps. General Corse is best known for his role in the Battle of Allatoona in October 1864. On Sherman's orders, Corse went with 2,100 men to secure Allatoona Pass to prevent Confederate Gen. John Bell Hood from severing Union communications. The small band of Union soldiers fought determinedly against the 7,000 troops under Hood's command. During the bloody battle, Corse "lost one third of his men and one third of his ear" but secured the pass on October 5, the date on which he was later appointed a brevet major general. In the midst of the fighting, General Corse received the famous message from General Sherman, "Hold on, I am coming!" Newspapers later amended the text to "Hold the fort, for I am coming", which inspired a popular ballad. Corse was badly wounded during the stubborn defense, losing a cheekbone and one ear, but recovered to resume his front-line combat duties.  Corse later participated in Sherman's March to the Sea and the Siege of Savannah. In the final months of the Civil War, he led his division during the Carolinas Campaign. At the end of the war he was appointed brevet major general for his Allatoona service.

Postbellum career.

Following the Civil War, Corse served in a variety of posts. He refused the offer of a commission as a lieutenant colonel in the regular army and instead mustered out of the volunteer service in April 1866. He soon returned to Iowa, where he built railroads and bridges. With the political patronage system of the period, he was named the regional Collector of Internal Revenue, with his office in Chicago. Corse later moved to Massachusetts and was chairman of the state's Democratic committee. He was then appointed Postmaster of Boston. He was married to the grandniece of former U.S. President Franklin Pierce.  Corse died on his 58th birthday in Winchester, Massachusetts. His body was transported to Burlington, Iowa, and interred in Aspen Grove Cemetery, the large red brick, and limestone mausoleum is plainly visible from the rear entrance of the cemetery, and is one of the cemetery's landmarks.  A bronze equestrian statue of General Corse by sculptor Carl Rohl-Smith stands in Crapo Park in Burlington; the statue was restored in 2006 at a cost of $100,000.  An elementary school within the Burlington School District bears both his, and his father's, names.  A bridge over the Iowa River at state Highway 6 in Iowa City, Iowa has been named the John Corse Memorial Bridge.

References.

Attribution:

John Murray Corse (April 27, 1835 – April 27, 1893) was an American politician and soldier who served as a general in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He was a staff officer during the liberation of the Upper Mississippi, and then served in the front line at Corinth and Vicksburg, being promoted to brigadier general. He is chiefly remembered for his stubborn defence of the Allatoona Pass (October 1864) against superior numbers, despite being seriously wounded, while Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman signalled a message which was turned into a popular ballad "Hold the fort, for I am coming."

John Murray Corse (né le et décédé le à Winchester, État du Massachusetts) fut un brigadier-général de l'Union. Il est enterré à Burlington dans le comté de Des Moines, État de l'Iowa.


Today.

Today, URW holds rights to thousands of original fonts, including increasingly non-Latin fonts. Of particular importance are the established relationships with Chinese and Japanese companies, for which URW developed a special software for editing the Kanji characters.  Among others, URW is involved in the development of corporate typefaces for Daimler AG, Siemens AG, Deutsche Telekom AG, General Motors and Activision Blizzard.

History.

URW was founded in 1971 by Gerhard Rubow and Jürgen Weber as a management consultancy, Rubow Weber GmbH. Soon Peter Karow joined as a third partner and later the company was renamed URW Software & Type GmbH (short: URW, which stands for "Unternehmensberatung Rubow Weber").  In the following years, products were developed in the graphic industry: typesetting and layout programs for publishers for the use of Digiset and software for image processing in the Hell-Chromacom system[1] of Hell.  In 1983 URW developed a system for cutting different lettering and figures into colored, self-adhesive foils for outdoor advertising.[2] In 1975 Ikarus was introduced, a program that can digitally store the contours of a letter together with all necessary information for electronic typesetting, and became a standard in the type industry.[3] For the revision and manipulation of single letters or whole groups of characters, URW developed a graphical editor and a multitude of programs to make fonts digitally available for different typesetting systems.  In addition to software development, URW began to build its own font library. This started in 1975 in cooperation with Letraset and later with the International Typeface Corporation (short: ITC), which offered Peter Karow the possibility to digitize the final artwork of the ITC designers, which had to be photographed and prepared by each individual typesetting system manufacturer for his respective program at the time of phototypesetting, and to make the repro-ready originals cut on plotters available to all manufacturers. It was only through DTP that these digital data, initially intended for analogue use, took on a new meaning. URW therefore continuously expanded its digital font library. URW also became known for making some of its fonts available to the open source community as free fonts.  URW was involved in a 1995 lawsuit with Monotype Corporation for cloning its fonts and naming them with a name starting with the same three letters. As typeface shapes themselves cannot be copyrighted in the United States, the lawsuit centered on trademark infringement. A US court decided that Monotype's trademarks were "fanciful" and did not have descriptive value of the actual products. However it also decided that URW was deliberately confusing the public because "the purloining of the first part of a well-known trademark and the appending of it to a worthless suffix is a method of trademark poaching long condemned by the courts." The court issued an injunction preventing URW from using its chosen names.  In 1995 URW had to file for bankruptcy. After the bankruptcy Peter Rosenfeld founded URW++ on March 1 1995. On January 1 1996 he transferred the sole proprietorship, together with Dr. Jürgen Willrodt, Jochen Lau and Svend Bang, into a GmbH.  The years from 1995 to 2015 were characterized by establishing the company even more strongly on the international market as a font foundry.  URW++ was sold to Global Graphics plc in 2016 and renamed URW Type Foundry GmbH in 2018. Until 2019, Peter Rosenfeld was the sole managing director of URW Type Foundry, and since 2020 Christofer Linusson has been the sole managing director.  URW Type Foundry was sold to Monotype Imaging in May 2020.

URW Type Foundry GmbH (formerly URW++ Design & Development GmbH) is a font developer based in Hamburg, Germany. The foundry has its own library with more than 500 font families. The company specializes in customized corporate fonts and the development of non-Latin fonts. Since May 2020, it is owned by Monotype Imaging.

URW++ Design und Development GmbH est un fonderie typographique et une entreprise d’informatique allemande basée à Hambourg. Elle est fondée en 1995 par Svend Bang, Hans-Jochen Lau, Peter Rosenfeld et Jürgen Willrodt, et succède à URW (Unternehmensberatung Rubow Weber) elle-même fondée par Gerhard Rubow and Rudolf Weber en 1972 et ayant fait faillite en 1992.


Content.

After Presley's induction into the United States Army on March 24, 1958, RCA Victor and Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, were faced with the prospect of keeping his name before the public for two years with no possibility of live performances or movies, and few unissued marketable recordings in the vault. A recording session was arranged for two days in June, which yielded enough items for five more single sides, singles being the commercial focus for rock and roll in the 1950s. Four of those tracks would be issued on 45s in 1958 and 1959 during his absence while doing military service.  Presley, however, also did well in the albums market. Each of his previous six LPs charted no lower than number three, and RCA wished to continue to release albums by their hot commodity given his sales record. Much of Presley's material had been issued on single records, not on LP. For this album, RCA Victor collected nine tracks previously available in single form only, as well as "Poor Boy" from the "Love Me Tender" EP. Four of the tracks had been issued on Sun Records with limited release, and were very difficult to come by outside of the south. However all 5 Sun singles were reissued by RCA Victor in November 1955 and remained in print through the 1970s.  "That's All Right (Mama)" was never issued as a single in the UK during Presley's lifetime.

Reissues.

RCA first reissued the original 10 track album "For LP Fans Only" on compact disc in 1989. The album is included in a 25 disc package, "The Perfect Blues Collection", released by Sony in 2011. The album is also available in the 2016 60 CD boxed set "Elvis Presley - The Complete RCA Album Collection".

For LP Fans Only is a compilation album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, issued by RCA Victor in February 1959. It compiled previously released material from an August 1956 recording session at 20th Century Fox Stage One, a September 1956 session at Radio Recorders in Hollywood, sessions on January 10 and 11 at the RCA Victor Studios in Nashville, two more at the RCA Victor Studios in New York, and multiple sessions at Sun Studio. The album reached number 19 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart.

For LP Fans Only est un album d'Elvis Presley sorti en février 1959. Il rassemble des chansons déjà parues en 45 tours ou en EP les années précédentes.


Early life.

George Waterhouse's father, Rev John Waterhouse, was general superintendent of the Wesleyan Missions in Australia and Polynesia.

Australia.

Waterhouse was aged 15 when his family migrated in 1839, initially to Hobart. Four years later he moved to Adelaide and set up business as a merchant.  He was first elected to parliament in the electoral district of East Torrens in August 1851. He resigned 3 years later, was elected again in 1857 but resigned again soon after.  He supported economic development of the colony through free trade and was elected to the South Australian Legislative Council again in 1860, where he advocated uniform tariffs for Australia. He was chief secretary in the First Reynolds Ministry from May 1860 to February 1861. After Reynolds ended his term as Premier in 1861, Waterhouse formed a government with the intention of finalising a motion in relation to Justice Benjamin Boothby, a judge in the Supreme Court of South Australia who was causing difficulties by objecting to the legitimacy of the Appeals Court under the new Constitution. Waterhouse resigned his ministry after this task was completed, but was persuaded to reform another government, which lasted until July 1863 before collapsing in the face of accusations of financial irregularities and alleged misappropriation of funds. In 1864 he retired from South Australian politics and spent some time in England.

New Zealand.

Waterhouse migrated to New Zealand in 1869 and on 13 May 1870 was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council. He was in the Fox Ministry from 30 October to 20 November 1871, and in October 1872 became premier without portfolio. He resigned in March 1873 finding that as a member of the upper house it was impossible to keep control of his ministry. He remained a Legislative Council member until his resignation on 30 June 1890.

Retirement in England.

Waterhouse fell into ill-health and retired to England in 1889, and died at Torquay, Devonshire on 6 August 1906.  Waterhouse had his career both in Australia and New Zealand, but it was much hampered by the poor state of his health. He has the unusual distinction of having been the premier of two colonies. Despite this distinction, Waterhouse never received a knighthood or a peerage for his services in governing two colonies.

Personal.

He married Lydia Giles (1827 – 25 January 1910), a daughter of William Giles, on 5 July 1848. Fanny, one of their two adopted daughters married William Fitzherbert in 1875.

George Marsden Waterhouse (6 April 1824 – 6 August 1906) was a Premier of South Australia from 8 October 1861 until 3 July 1863 and the seventh Premier of New Zealand from 11 October 1872 to 3 March 1873.

George Waterhouse (né le à Penzance aux Cornouailles et mort le à Torquay en Angleterre) est un homme d'État britannique, septième premier ministre de Nouvelle-Zélande du au.


History.

The first human inhabitants came to the area of the present nature reserve in the Stone Age. Permanent settlements were established on the shores of Lake Big Võrtsjärv, predecessor of the current lake, which covered large lowland areas to the north and northeast. Fishing was the main occupation which attracted inhabitants to this area for centuries.  Human activities influenced the area most in the 19th century, when interest in using its natural resources (mainly wood and fish) grew significantly. The main driver behind exploiting the large forests of the area was glass industry, which needed huge amounts of firewood. The first glass workshop was established in Utsali in 1760. In the beginning of 19th century the Võisiku or Rõika-Meleski glass and mirror manufacture on the banks of Põltsamaa River near the western border of the current nature reserve was the largest industrial enterprise in Estonia, employing around 540 people in 1820. After the First World War the majority of glass factories were shut down and intensive forest cutting stopped. From 1952 to 1992 Soviet Air Force managed a relatively small bombing range in the northern part of the area. The small village of Utsali was cleared of people for that purpose. The large buffer zone of the bombing range, covering nearly half of the territory of today's nature reserve, ensured the protection of the natural landscape.  The nature reserve was officially established in 1994 with the help of Estonian Fund for Nature. In 1997 it was included in the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance and since 2004 it is part of the European Union Natura 2000 network.  Currently the nature reserve has less than 10 permanent inhabitants, and no roads traverse the area. Before the Second World War, 120 people lived in Palupõhja, a village on the left bank of Emajõgi; in 2001, it had five.

Nature.

Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve covers large portion of the Võrtsjärv Basin, a vast bowl-like lowland area, which following the last Ice Age was inundated by the waters of Lake Big Võrtsjärv. When the lake formed in early Holocene the water level was 4–5 m higher than today. The lake started receding after 7500 BP, when an outflow to the east developed via the Emajõgi Valley.  The nature reserve is largely a wetland, including a complex of five large bogs and floodplains of the large rivers (Emajõgi, Põltsamaa and Pedja). Wetlands cover 82% of the nature reserve's territory. The only types of lakes found in the nature reserve are oxbow lakes and more than 2000 bog pools. Lots of floodplain meadows have traditionally used for haymaking. However, in recent decades the extent of floodplains mowed has greatly decreased, threatening species associated with such valuable semi-natural landscapes. Continuing management of floodplain meadows is one of the main aims of the nature reserve.  Most of the forest in Alam-Pedja are also wet. Alluvial broadleaf and old-growth forests are particularly valuable.  Alam-Pedja is the most important breeding area for great snipe in Estonia and the Baltic countries. The greater spotted eagle is another threatened bird species breeding in the area.

Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve () is the largest nature reserve in Estonia. It is a vast wilderness area which covers and consists of a complex of 5 large bogs separated by unregulated rivers, their floodplains, and extensive forests. The nature reserve aims to protect diverse ecosystems and rare species, mainly through preserving the natural development of forests and bogs and securing the continuing management of semi-natural floodplain grasslands.

La réserve naturelle Alam-Pedja (estonien : "Alam-Pedja looduskaitseala") est la plus grande aire protégée d'Estonie, couvrant une superficie totale de. La réserve naturelle est située en Estonie centrale au nord-est du lac Võrtsjärv, dans le bassin de Võrtsjärv et s'étend sur plus de trois comtés : Tartu, Jõgeva et Viljandi.


Biography.

Uladzimir was born on January 28, 1986 in Grodno in a large family. In 2010 he graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics of Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno. Two years later he graduated from the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, and got his Master's degree in management. In 2019, he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of economic sciences from the Poznań University of Economics.

Social activities.

Belarus.

He actively participated in organizing protest actions in defense of the rights of citizens, was the organizer of political meetings and strikes of entrepreneurs, Deputy Chairman of the Strike Committee of Entrepreneurs of the Republic of Belarus, Deputy Chief Editor of the all-republican Bulletin "The Employer".  November 11, 2001 - Uladzimir and his brother Dmitry was arrested by security service at the merchandise market Dynamo in Minsk for distribution of "The Employer" and "Stadium" bulletins with information about the legislation. Later, version of the reason for detention was changed – young people were detained for identity check.  June 19, 2002 - Uladzimir was detained by police at "Central" market in Grodno. He distributed a letter to entrepreneurs that his father wrote to them from prison cell No. 4 of police station of Oktyabrskoye Regional Department of Internal Affairs in Grodno.  April 30, 2004 - He was arrested by the Committee for State Security and police in Grodno at "Korona" market for distributing leaflets. Two seizure protocols were drawn up.  A few days later, on May 3, 2004, during the next protest action of entrepreneurs, Uladzimir was sentenced to 13 days in prison for organizing meetings (on May 1, 2004 and May 3, 2004). Besides, he was fined for 95,000 Belarusian rubles.  On July 21, 2004, a criminal case was instituted under Art. 342 of the Criminal Code of Belarus – "Organizing Unauthorized Meeting" (arrest term up to 3 years), but in week, charges were dropped from him and his father.  On November 13, 2005, Uladzimir Levaneuski was detained again at the Central market of Grodno. Police seized all printed materials he had (information bulletin "The Employer", newspaper "Information Exchange"), referring to Art. 244 of the Administrative Offences Code of the Republic of Belarus.  December 22, 2005 - The police detained Uladzimir at the Central market of Grodno for distributing information bulletin "The Employer". Later, in February 2006, the authorities required him to pay a fine.  March 2, 2007 - Uldazimir was detained by police at the "Korona" market in Grodno for distributing information materials about the meeting of entrepreneurs, scheduled for March 12.  In 2004-2006, Uladzimir was the Acting Chairman of the Strike Committee. During this time, the Committee has expanded its activities and was actively engaged in protection of rights of prisoners, demanded from prison administration and the Administration of the Department of Corrections of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus to strictly comply with the law and the rights of convicts: enforcement of their right to self-education, sports, library use and other rights prescribed by the law. The Strike Committee also contributed to organization of educational groups and cultural events for prisoners. In June 2004, a campaign was announced in support of political prisoner Valery Levaneuski.

Poland.

In 2011-2012, Uladzimir Levaneuski was a member of the Board of the Faculty of Law and Administration of Adam Mickiewicz University as a representative of students, and actively cooperated with the Parliament of Students of Adam Mickiewicz University.  In 2014-2016 Uladzimir was the Deputy Chairman of the Board of Graduate Students of the University of Economics in Poznan, in 2018 - chairman of the Doctoral Council PUEB, in 2013-2015 – a member of the Board of the Faculty of Informatics and Electronic Economics of the University of Economics in Poznan. Also, in 2013-2018 he was a member of the organizing committees of republican and international scientific conferences (including BIS).

Science.

He is the author of over 20 scientific publications and over 20 presentations at Polish and international scientific conferences. Areas of research: data quality in open knowledge bases (Wikipedia, DBpedia, Wikidata and others), cryptocurrencies (including Bitcoin). One of the works was among the most important findings of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects in 2017-2018.

Uladzimir Levaneuski (,, ) is a public figure, scientist, former Chairman of the Strike Committee (2004-2006). He is the son of the former political prisoner Valery Levaneuski.

Vladimir Levonevsky (, biélorusse : "Уладзімір Леванеўскі",, ) est une figure publique, scientifique, ancien président du Comité de grève entre 2004 et 2006, et fils de l'ancien prisonnier politique Valery Levonevsky.


Early life.

Leggett was born in Ithaca, New York, but relocated to Geauga County, Ohio, with his parents when he was fifteen years old. He and his father created a farm out of the wilderness area. He studied first medicine and then law, which he practiced with some success in Akron, Ohio. He taught in the Akron and Warren public schools to supplement his income from his legal business, helping to establish the graded-school system now common. In 1848, together with Lorin Andrews, Mortimer became editor of "The Free School Clarion", a journal dedicated to education. From 1855 to 1858, he was a professor of pleading and practice in the Ohio College of Law in Poland, and in 1858 became superintendent of schools at Zanesville, Ohio. He was a law partner of Jacob D. Cox.

Civil War.

At the beginning of the Civil War, Leggett served as a volunteer on the staff of his friend, Major General George B. McClellan in western Virginia. He helped raise the 78th Ohio Infantry Regiment and was commissioned as its colonel in January 1862. He commanded his regiment at the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Corinth. In November 1862, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and participated in the Vicksburg Campaign, suffering a painful wound. After he recovered, Leggett commanded the 3rd Division of the XVII Corps during the Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea. He was brevetted major general of volunteers in July 1864, and was commissioned as a major general a year later. His last action was in the Carolinas Campaign during the spring of 1865.

Postbellum career.

At the end of the war, Leggett returned to Zanesville and resumed his law practice. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him as United States Commissioner of Patents in 1871; Leggett held that position until 1881, when he resigned to resume his private practice. In 1884, he founded a successful company that would become a part of General Electric.  His son, Mortimer M. Leggett, was accidentally killed on October 14, 1873, during an initiation to the Cornell chapter of the Kappa Alpha Society. The younger Leggett was blindfolded and walking along a railroad trestle with other initiates, when he fell, striking the back of his head. Leggett was the first person known to die in a college fraternity initiation.  Leggett died in Cleveland, Ohio, aged 74, and was buried in Lake View Cemetery.

Mortimer Dormer Leggett (April 19, 1821 – January 6, 1896) was a lawyer, school administrator, professor, and a general of the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Mortimer Dormer Leggett (né le à Ithace dans le comté de Tompkins, État de New York et décédé le est un major général de l'Union. Il est enterré à Cleveland dans l'État de l'Ohio.


Early life.

Evans was born and raised in Hirwaun, Cynon Valley. He graduated from the University of Glamorgan (now the University of South Wales) with an MA in screenwriting.

Career.

After directing a small-budget film called "Footsteps", Evans was hired as a freelance director for a documentary about the Indonesian martial art pencak silat. He became fascinated with it, and discovered Indonesian martial artist Iko Uwais, who was working as a deliveryman for a phone company. Evans cast Uwais in his 2009 film "Merantau". He planned to produce a larger action film, but scaled the production budget down and created an action film called "The Raid" (2011). After the success of "The Raid", the larger action film eventually became the basis for its sequel, "" (2014).  In late 2016, Evans started working on his next film, "Apostle", which stars Dan Stevens. The film was released by Netflix on 12 October 2018.  In October 2017, "TheWrap" reported that Evans had pitched his idea for a "Deathstroke" solo film and is in early talks to write and direct. Evans also passed on directing a "Justice League Dark" film. However, in April 2020, Evans said that the film had been delayed and that he was no longer actively involved with the project.

Personal life.

He lived in Jakarta with his wife, Maya, and their daughter, Sophie, until the family moved back to Wales in 2015.

Filmography.

Film.

Executive producer

Awards.

In November 2011, "The Raid" won the Midnight Madness Award at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2011.

Gareth Huw Evans (born 1980) is a Welsh film director, screenwriter, editor, and action choreographer. He is best known for the Indonesian action crime films "Merantau" (2009), "The Raid" (2011), and "The Raid 2" (2014), and for bringing the Indonesian martial art of pencak silat into world cinema through these films. He is also known for creating the action crime drama television series "Gangs of London" (2020).

Gareth Evans, né en 1980, est un scénariste et réalisateur gallois. Il est notamment connu pour avoir réalisé "The Raid".


Discovery and naming.

In 1981, a Soviet-Mongolian expedition uncovered a theropod skeleton in the Gobi Desert. In 1984 this was named and shortly described by Rinchen Barsbold and Altangerel Perle as the type and only species of the new genus "Harpymimus": "Harpymimus okladnikovi". The generic name "Harpymimus" is a reference to the fearsome Harpy of Greek mythology and derived from Greek ἅρπυια ("harpyia"), "Harpy", and μῖμος ("mimos"), "mimic". The specific name honours the late Soviet archeologist Alexey Pavlovich Okladnikov.  The holotype specimen IGM 100/29 (Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia) consists of an almost complete and articulated but compressed skeleton, lacking only portions of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and hindlimbs. It was recovered in the Dundgovi Aimag (Eastern Gobi Province), from an exposure of the Shinekhudug Formation (Shinekhudag Svita or Shinekhudukskaya Svita) now part of the Khuren Dukh Formation which dates to the Mid-Late Albian Other dinosaurs collected from the Shinekhudug Formation in Dundgovi include the ceratopsian "Psittacosaurus mongoliensis".

Description.

"Harpymimus" was for the first time extensively described in a dissertation by Yoshitsugu Kobayashi in 2004. In a 2005 article, Kobayashi and Barsbold diagnosed "Harpymimus" based on a number of anatomical characteristics, including eleven teeth in the front of the lower jaw (dentary), the transition between anterior and posterior tail vertebrae taking place at the eighteenth caudal, a triangular-shaped depression above the dorsal surface of a ridge on the shoulder blade (scapula) above the shoulder joint, a low ridge above a distinctive depression along back edge of the shoulder blade, and a small but deep collateral ligament fossa on the lateral condyle of metacarpal III (a hand bone).  The skull of the type specimen of "Harpymimus" is virtually complete, but badly crushed, obscuring some anatomical detail. There is evidence of a beak covering the upper jaw which, in concert with the dentary teeth, was likely employed for grasping and holding food. Its general appearance was much like that of later ornithomimosaurs (long-necked, long arms with sharp grasping claws, and long legs). The teeth of "Harpymimus" differ from those of another basal ornithomimosaur, "Pelecanimimus polyodon", in that they are restricted to the dentary, are cylindrical and separated by interdental plates, and number at least ten and perhaps eleven per side. "Pelecanimimus" possessed per side seventy-five dentary teeth in the lower jaw, as well as an additional thirty-seven teeth in the upper jaw (maxilla and premaxilla). The small teeth of "Harpymimus" were probably used only for grabbing and holding food items, unlike those of many other theropods, which were adapted to cutting or piercing prey. Of all the known ornithomimosaurs, only "Harpymimus" and "Pelecanimimus" retained teeth, a trait which is primitive (plesiomorphic) for the clade Ornithomimosauria. Other basal traits are the very short first metacarpal in the hand and a third metatarsal that, though pinched at the top, is at that point not excluded form the front surface of the metatarsus, so that the foot is not arctometatarsalian.  The length of the skull is approximately 262 mm, more than twice its approximate height and less than half the length of the neck (approximately 600 mm).

Classification.

"Harpymimus" was originally assigned to the Harpymimidae. In their 2005 paper, Kobayashi and Barsbold also conducted a detailed cladistic analysis of "Harpymimus" and determined that "Harpymimus" is basal to the clade of "Garudimimus brevipes" plus Ornithomimidae, yet is more derived than "Pelecanimimus polyodon". According to these researchers, the conclusions of the analysis supported the model that ornithomimosaurs originated in either eastern Asia or in Europe prior to the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous (130-125 million years ago), then migrated to North America during or at some time before the Late Cretaceous.  In the description of "Paraxenisaurus" from Serrano-Brañas "et al." (2020), their phylogenetic analysis recovered "Harpymimus" to be a basal deinocheirid.

Harpymimus is a basal ornithomimosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia. Unlike later, more derived ornithomimosaurs, "Harpymimus" still possessed teeth, although they appear to have been restricted to the dentary of the lower jaw.

Harpymimus est un genre éteint de dinosaures théropodes, un ornithomimosaurien basal. Il a été découvert dans la province de Dundgovi en Mongolie, dans la formation géologique de Khuren Dukh (précédemment nommée formation de Shinekudug), datée du Crétacé inférieur (Albien), soit il y environ (millions d'années).


Early career.

Born in 1766 in Algiers, where his father was Consul general, Bayntun joined the navy at a young age and received his lieutenancy at just seventeen on 15 April 1783. When war broke out with Revolutionary France in 1793, Bayntun was sent to the West Indies under Admiral Sir John Jervis and, after taking part in the capture of Martinique, he was given command of the sloop. Bayntun was also present during the invasion of Guadeloupe and on the 4 May 1794, he was appointed post captain of HMS "Undaunted", the former French frigate, "La Bienvenue", captured during the Battle of Martinique.  Bayntun was subsequently given command of the 36-gun "HMS Reunion", which was wrecked in December 1796. In January 1799, he was appointed to. He then commanded ships of the line, including and, with which he won acclaim during a successful blockade of the French Caribbean islands following their return to France under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens. In 1803 he captured the French frigate "Créole", along with her convoy and hundreds of troops aboard returning to France.

Trafalgar campaign.

In 1804 Bayntun returned to England after ten years in the West Indies, and was given command of the fast third rate. She joined Nelson's fleet off Brest and subsequently sailed to the West Indies again in pursuit of the French fleet. After learning that the French had returned to European waters, "Leviathan" sailed to Gibraltar before arriving off Cadiz on 8 October 1805. Bayntun was in this way unusual amongst Trafalgar captains, many of whom had only just arrived on station for the blockade.  At the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October, Bayntun in "Leviathan" was fifth in Nelson's weather column, after,, and HMS "Conqueror". "Leviathan" raked the French flagship before engaging the massive. Seeing the distant approach of Rear-Admiral Dumanoir's squadron from the north, Captain Thomas Hardy ordered "Leviathan" and other ships to close with the enemy. "Leviathan" engaged the Spanish ship, which was supported by "Intrepide". "Conqueror" then joined the fight and Bayntun was able to lay his ship alongside the badly damaged "San Augustin" whilst continuing to fire into "Intrepide". As the 74-gun HMS "Orion" passed, Bayntun shouted at her captain, Edward Codrington, ""I hope you will make a better fist of it!"" Some time later, with 160 of his crew dead or wounded, Commodore Don Fellipe of the "San Augustin" surrendered his sword to Bayntun. Of "Leviathan's" crew, four had been killed and just over 20 wounded during the battle.  After the battle, with the weather worsening and concerns of a counter-attack; Vice-Admiral Collingwood, in command since the death of Nelson, ordered many of the prizes destroyed. Bayntun co-ordinated the evacuation of the ships closest to him which were to be scuttled. Bayntun's report on the matter stated that; although he had done his best to carry out the orders he'd been given, due to the weather, ""...much less has been done than I most ardently wished and many boats have been lost.""  "Leviathan" also lost her prize, the "San Augustin", which was burnt as she foundered some days after the action. The "Leviathan" suffered little damage during the battle and subsequent storm, and was able to return to Gibraltar unaided. Bayntun was the guidon bearer at Nelson's state funeral during the water procession between Greenwich and Whitehall. He was also among the many officers that the Lloyd's Patriotic Fund honoured with gifts.

Later career.

In 1807 Bayntun participated in the naval aspects of the failed invasion of Argentina, but escaped the condemnation received by other of the officers involved. He continued in service, taking command of the 74-gun in 1809, and commanding the royal yacht HMY "Royal Sovereign" from 1811 until his promotion to rear-admiral of the blue on 12 August 1812. With the defeat of Napoleon and his exile to Elba, Bayntun was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in January 1815.  Bayntun continued in the Navy as a semi-retired officer slowly gaining promotions, being advanced to rear-admiral of the white on 4 June 1814; rear-admiral of the red on 12 August 1819, and then to vice-admiral of the blue on 19 July 1819. He was further promoted to vice-admiral of the white on 27 May 1825 and vice-admiral of the red on 22 July 1830. On 10 January 1837 he was made an admiral of the blue and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 25 October 1839.  Bayntun married Susannah, co-heiress with her half sister Lady William Beauclerk (mother of George 4th Duke of St Albans) of Sir John Warden 2nd Bt of Choimeaton, Leyland and Holyport. Their daughter Sussannah was born 1809 and married 31 May 1839 at St George's Hanover Square Richard Verity of Dean House, Huntington (son of Isaiah Verity of Ash Hall, Glamorgan).  Henry William Bayntun died in Bath in 1840 and is buried in All Saints' Church, Weston, Bath, together with several family members.  The Captain-class frigate was named for him. She served during the Second World War.

Sir Henry William Bayntun GCB (1766 – 16 December 1840) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy, whose distinguished career in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars was a catalogue of the highest and lowest points of the Navy during the conflict. His record includes extensive operations in the West Indies followed by shipwreck, the battle of Trafalgar and the disastrous expedition to Buenos Aires in 1807.

Henry William Bayntun, né en 1766 à Alger et mort le à Bath, est un amiral de la "Royal Navy".