Biography.

Nick was born in Camden, New Jersey, the son of a US Navy Father, and studied architecture before pursuing a career in music. He grew up listening to his Mother's collection of soul, Motown and 60s and 70s British rock records. He began playing bass at age 13 to differentiate from his brother and others in his neighborhood who had opted for the guitar. He took bass guitar lessons in his youth.  At the age of 19, he became a member of the heavy metal band Deadly Blessing from Turnersville, New Jersey, with which he wrote and recorded songs for their first album, titled "Ascend from the Cauldron", published by New Renaissance Records in 1988. Two years later, he decided to leave the band and moved to New York City, where he changed his stage name to Nick Douglas and had brief experiences with a few New York area bands. In the summer of 1990, Douglas auditioned for the German hard rock singer Doro Pesch and was chosen among many candidates. Doro is the former singer of the German heavy metal band Warlock, which dissolved in 1989, and went on to become a successful solo artist. Douglas is the bassist of Doro's band since then and recorded several albums with her, and has toured Europe and all over the world. Nick Douglas has also worked with other bands and musicians. He was in the line-up of Blaze Bayley's band BLAZE for the tours of 2004 and 2005, along with other members of Doro's band Oliver Palotai and Luca Princiotta. In 2005, he was the bass player for Chris Caffery, on his "Faces" tour and at the end of 2005, he reunited his first band Deadly Blessing, which had been inactive for a long time, for some live performances and the release of an album containing rare and previously unreleased material.  At the end of the 1990s, Douglas began writing and recording songs that eventually made the album, "Through the Pane". The album was released independently in 2001 and released in Europe at the end of 2006 on Painkiller Records.  Douglas played bass on a track on Chris Caffery third solo album "Pins and Needles" in 2007 and went on tour with both Caffery and Doro. He also started to record a new solo album, to which he devoted himself to during the short breaks between tours.  He also played with New York and Pennsylvania based acts like Mike Rocket and the Stars, EBE and the cover band American Tabloid, featuring also the drummer of Doro's band Johnny Dee. He is also the bassist and lead singer of the Nick Douglas band, which features current and former members of Doro's touring band, and performs his own music. Douglas composes and records music in his home studio and licensed some of his compositions to movie and TV companies.  Nick’s second solo album, "Regenerations", was released February and March 2017 in Europe and The US respectively on the German label, Metalville. It went to #4 on the Metal Contraband “most added to radio” charts in North America.

Equipment.

Douglas endorses Warwick basses and amplifiers and usually uses a Katana model on stage and in the studio. He also uses DR Strings and InTune Picks.

Nick Douglas (born Nicholas Charles Douklias; August 31, 1967) is an American musician, best known for being the bass player of Doro Pesch's band since 1990. He released a solo album in 2001 and is releasing a second album in late February 2017. He worked with several other bands and artists, including Chris Caffery and BLAZE.

Nick Douglas (né Nicholas Mitchell le ) est un musicien américain, plus connu pour être le bassiste de tournée de Doro Pesch depuis 1990.


Early years.

Born in Greene County, Georgia, Fitzpatrick was orphaned at the age of seven, and was taken by his sister (Celia Fitzpatrick Baldwin) to Alabama in 1815.  Fitzpatrick helped his brothers manage land they owned on the Alabama River, and served as deputy under the first sheriff of Autauga County. He worked in the law office of Nimrod E. Benson before he was admitted to the bar.  Fitzpatrick studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1821, commencing practice in Montgomery, Alabama. Fitzpatrick served as solicitor of the Montgomery circuit from 1822 to 1823, but moved to his plantation in Autauga County in 1829, and engaged in planting.

Governor of Alabama and Senator for Alabama.

Fitzpatrick became Governor of Alabama in 1841, serving until 1845. Later he was appointed as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dixon H. Lewis, and served from November 25, 1848, to November 30, 1849, when a successor was elected.  He was again appointed on January 14, 1853, and subsequently elected (on December 12, 1853) to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William R. King (who had been elected Vice President of the United States) and served from January 14, 1853 to March 3, 1855. He served in this Congress as Chairman of the Committee on Printing and the Committee on Engrossed Bills. He was elected to the Senate again to fill the vacancy caused by the failure of the legislature to elect his own successor on November 26, 1855. In this role he served several times as President pro tempore of the Senate.

Failure of state banks.

The country was plagued by economic depression as a result of the Panic of 1837. Fitzpatrick's predecessor as Governor, Arthur P. Bagby, introduced measures to assist the state banks, but the state legislature rejected most of the measures. All the state banks were closed by Fitzpatrick.

Vice Presidential nomination.

In 1860, Fitzpatrick was nominated for Vice President of the United States by the wing of the Democratic Party that had nominated Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for president, but refused the nomination; ultimately, Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia was nominated in his stead. Fitzpatrick withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of his home state.

Confederacy.

Fitzpatrick did not take a particularly active role in the politics of the Confederacy, but did serve as president of the constitutional convention of Alabama in 1865.  He died on his plantation near Wetumpka, Alabama, on November 21, 1869, aged 67.

Benjamin Fitzpatrick (June 30, 1802 – November 21, 1869) was the 11th Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama and a United States Senator from that state. He was a Democrat.

Benjamin Fitzpatrick, né le dans le comté de Greene (Géorgie) et mort le à Wetumpka (Alabama), est un homme politique démocrate américain. Il est gouverneur de l'Alabama entre 1841 et 1845, sénateur du même État puis président "pro tempore" du Sénat.


2004–2007.

One World Trade Center is considered the first major building whose construction is based upon a three-dimensional Building Information Model. The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid down in a ceremony on July 4, 2004, but further construction of the tower was stalled until 2006. The cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on June 23, 2006. The project was delayed due to disputes over money, security and design but the last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006 with a deal between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. During the summer of 2006, explosives were detonated at the World Trade Center construction site, testing the use of charges to clear bedrock for the building's foundation. Controlled explosions continued for approximately two months thereafter. On November 18, 2006, of concrete were poured onto the foundation of the One World Trade Center, carried by as many as 40 trucks. On December 17, 2006, a ceremony was held in Battery Park City, with the public invited to sign a steel beam. This beam, the first to be installed, was welded onto the building's base on December 19, 2006.  On January 9, 2007, a second set of beams was welded to the top of the first set. February 2007 estimates put the cost for construction of 1 WTC at $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter). Approximately $1 billion of insurance money recouped by Silverstein in connection with the September 11 attacks is being used for construction of the new One World Trade Center. The State of New York is expected to provide $250 million toward construction costs, and the Port Authority agreed to finance another $1 billion through bonds. In 2007, Tishman Construction Corporation of New York completed a row of steel columns at the perimeter of the construction site. Two tower crane bases were erected, each base containing a functioning luffing-jib tower crane. By the end of 2007, the tower's footings and foundations were nearly complete.

2008.

In January 2008, two construction cranes were moved into the construction site. The tower's concrete core began rising in the first months of 2008. By February 22, 2008, 9,400 of the nearly of steel necessary had been ordered. By March 13, 2008, the steel for the tower had reached high, below street level. From late March through early April, a tall mockup of a section of the tower's wall with twenty-four windows was tested by Construction Consulting Laboratory West in Ontario, California. The purpose of the testing was to ensure that the all-glass exterior of the tower will be able to withstand earthquakes and extreme weather conditions. Testing also took place on another full-scale mockup south of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Both mockups passed the tests. In mid-April, a batch of concrete had to be replaced after it failed a stress test.  On May 17, 2008, the tower's steel reached street level when new sections were bolted to two of the twenty-four jumbo steel columns marking the building's footprint. The new column sections brought the height of the structure up to above street level. In June, the chamfered steel skeleton of the tower's concrete base had begun to take shape. By the end of the month, the concrete had been poured for the floor of the tower's basement level B3. In his June 30, 2008 World Trade Center Rebuilding Assessment to New York Governor David Paterson, Port Authority executive director Chris Ward noted that roughly 90 percent of the construction contracts had been bid. By August, 1 WTC had reached above street level. During its September 16 meeting, the Port Authority board approved contracts for security and building management systems, and 95% of the contracts needed to complete the tower had been signed. The $20 million security contract includes sophisticated video analysis in which computers would alert security personnel to abnormal situations automatically. On October 10, Collavino Construction poured an additional of concrete for the tower's concrete core, raising it to just above street level.

2009.

By February 11, 2009, the tower was above street level. On July 2, 2009, over of concrete were poured to form parts of the street-level plaza. On August 13, the builders of 1 WTC set a piece of steel into place—the largest column installed yet at the building. Each steel column, made at a factory in Luxembourg, was about long. The columns at the bottom of the tower's foundation were about long.  By November 1, 2009, the twenty-four perimeter columns of 1 WTC were all erected, and construction of the second floor (the first floor above ground level) was nearly complete. In addition, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey reported in their 2009 Q3 Annual Report that steel erection should commence by January 2010, and that the typical floor construction could begin.

2010.

Steel and concrete installation continued in 2010, where two cranes were on site. The fifth floor was finished on January 16. In February, construction began on the sixth floor, the last floor of 1 WTC's base, and the Port Authority announced that the tower's steel superstructure had reached above street level. By the end of March 2010, steel beams began to be erected for the second office floor. In April, the 45-degree octagon was installed, the building's steel frame had reached 26 floors, and concrete was completed on the base structure in the latter part of the month.  In May 2010, the Port Authority stated that they were building close to one floor per week, and was projected that One World Trade Center would reach 55 stories by the end of 2010. The cocoon system was also installed, marking the first time a cocoon safety system has been installed on a steel superstructure in the city.  On July 13, 2010, workers found remains of an 18th-century sailing ship at the World Trade Center site while excavating for the underground Vehicle Security Center for One World Trade Center. The remains of a section of the ship's hull and a anchor were found. The hull had been truncated and the beams sawed. The ship was likely used as landfill material during the early 19th century to help expand Manhattan. Timbers from the ship were removed and sent to a laboratory to try to date the vessel. An additional section of the ship was found on the site in August 2011, giving historians more information about the vessel, which was active around the 1770s.  By October 2010, the tower's steel superstructure reached 44 stories. In November, stainless steel and glass facade panels were being prepared for later installation, with the panels scheduled to be assembled between the 20th and 24th floors. On November 13, the first glass facade panels were installed on the 20th floor. Steven Coleman, spokesman for the Port Authority, stated, "Once they get rolling, they'll be able to install glass panels at a rate of one floor per week." By November 17, the tower's steel had reached 48 stories.  The Port Authority announced on December 16, 2010 that 1 WTC had reached the 52nd floor, and had risen to over, marking the halfway point for the construction of the building's steel frame.

2011.

By February 2011, the tower reached 56 floors, above grade, while the glass panels reached the 27th floor. On May 12, 2011, plans led to install prismatic glass on the building's base were cancelled due to technical problems.  By June 15, 2011, One World Trade Center had reached the 70th floor, the glass facade installation had reached the 45th floor, and concrete flooring had been installed up to the 63rd. On August 1, 2011, concrete workers and carpenters at the tower walked off the job one month after their labor contract had expired. The workers returned to work on August 3.

2012.

Construction slowed from January to February 2012 due to an unseasonably warm winter which caused high winds and icing conditions to form on top of the structure making it hazardous for the construction workers. Further delays were caused by financial problems with a steel supplier which slowed delivery of steel beams to One World Trade Center. It took over two months to complete the 92nd floor. With the weather improving in March and financial issues being resolved, the construction progressed above the 92nd floor. 1 WTC later surpassed the Bank of America Tower as the 3rd tallest in the city. In May 2012, it was announced that the 408-foot spire originally planned to adorn the top of One World Trade will have its radome stripped, revealing the mast of the same height. This announcement was withdrawn in September 2013. On November 12, 2013, One World Trade Center was given the official height by the CTBUH as the Tallest Building in the Northeastern United States. (surpassing the Willis Tower amongst much debate), eleventh tallest in the world, and was given the title of the World's Tallest Spire. (Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, has a shorter spire, despite starting at a higher altitude.)  On June 21, 2012, One World Trade Center Topped out at roof level, leaving the building to rank around 30th place among all other skyscrapers. Construction slowed again from late June till mid July due to high temperatures which caused the building to remain at roof level, leading to a delay in the installation of the antenna spire. With temperatures easing by July 16, construction crews began installing parapet steel at the top of 1 WTC. On July 18, the first node steel was installed. On July 31, 2012, all corner parapet columns, also called "node steel", were installed around the perimeter of the tower. A special beam, signed by the U.S. President Barack Obama, local officials and the construction workers, was raised on August 2, 2012. A ceremony was held for the occasion, but officials denied that it was considered a topping-out ceremony. By August 10, 2012, concrete flooring had been completed to the 93rd story of the tower, One World Trade Center had risen to the 105th floor and glass installation was at the 82nd floor. The building was structurally topped out on August 30, 2012 when the last of the spandrel beams were installed between the parapet columns.  In late 2012, the workers were installing a temporary steel framework at the top of the tower to support the 408-foot (124 m) steel spire during assembly. The spire was fabricated as 16 separate sections at a factory near Montreal, Quebec, Canada and was transported by barge to New York City in mid-November. Just after Thanksgiving, crews began to transport the spire segments one by one to the WTC site. Upon reaching the WTC site, the spire sections were being assembled, piece by piece, at the top of 1 WTC.  On December 12, 2012, the first of nine pieces of the spire were lifted to the 104th floor. Another nine smaller pieces were trucked in from Montreal.

2013–2015.

On May 10, 2013, the last two sections of the building's spire were installed making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the 3rd tallest building in the world.  The exterior elevator began removal in late January 2014 and concluded in early June 2014. Base cladding began in February 2013 and concluded in June 2014. Work began on the construction of the plaza surrounding the building in late 2013 and interior work was Finished in November 2014.  The building opened November 3, 2014, to 175 employees of publisher Condé Nast.  On May 29, 2015, the One World Observatory, at the tower's top, opened.

Construction of One World Trade Center was deferred until 2006 because of disputes between the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the developer. Tishman Realty & Construction is the selected builder. The building reached ground level on May 17, 2008, and was topped out on May 10, 2013. One World Trade Center opened to tenants on November 3, 2014, and One World Observatory opened to the public on May 28, 2015.

Le projet de reconstruction du "World Trade Center" démarre peu de temps après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 quand le maire de New York Rudy Giuliani, le gouverneur du New Jersey George E. Pataki, et le président américain George W. Bush promettent de reconstruire le World Trade Center.


Life.

Le Gobien was born at Saint-Malo, Brittany. He entered the Society of Jesus on 25 November 1671. As professor of philosophy and especially while procurator of the Franco-Chinese mission, he sought in a series of papers to awaken interest in the work of Christianizing Eastern Asia. He died at Paris.

Works.

In 1697 appeared at Paris his "Lettres sur les progréz de la religion à la Chine". Apropos of Chinese Rites controversy, he published among other things "Histoire de l'édit de l'empereur de la Chine en faveur de la religion chrétienne avec un éclaircissement sur les honneurs que les Chinois rendent à Confucius et aux morts" (Paris, 1698); and in the year 1700: "Lettre à un Docteur de la Faculté de Paris sur les propositions déférées en Sorbonne par M. Prioux". Under the same date there appeared in Paris the "Histoire des Isles Mariannes nouvellement converties à la religion chrétienne". The second part, translated into Spanish by J. Delgado, is found in the latter's "Historia General de Filipinas" (Manila, 1892).  In 1702 Père Le Gobien published "Lettres de quelques missionnaires de la Compagnie de Jésus, écrites de la Chine et des Indes Orientales"; this was the beginning of the collection soon to become celebrated under the title of "Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des missions étrangéres par quelques missionnaires de la Compagnie de Jésus". The first eight series were by Le Gobien, the latter ones by Fathers Du Halde, Patouillet, Geoffroy, and Maréchal. The collection was printed in thirty-six vols. duodecimo (Paris, 1703–76), and reissued in 1780-81 by Fathers Yves, de Querbeux, and Brotier in twenty-six vols. duodecimo, omitting the prefaces. New editions appeared in 1819, 1829–32, and 1838-43. One abridgment in four vols. octavo, was entitled "Panthéon Littéraire", by L. Aimé Martin (1834–43). A partial English translation came out in London in 1714.  The publication incited the Austrian Jesuit Stöcklein to undertake his "Neuer Welt Bott" (about 1720), at first considered merely a translation, but soon an independent and particularly valuable collection (five vols., folio in forty parts) substantially completing the "Lettres Edifiantes" (see "Kath. Missionen", 1904–05).

Works.

<nowiki>* Charles Le Comte Louis Le Gobien, </nowiki>"Histoire De L'edit De L'empereur De La Chine, En Faveur De La Religion Chrestienne: Avec Un Eclaircissement Sur Les Honneurs Que Les Chinois Rendent À Confucius & Aux Morts" (A Paris: Chez Jean Anisson, Directeur de l'Imprimerie royale...1698). Google Book  <nowiki>* </nowiki>"Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, écrites des missions étrangères". [Collected by Charles le Gobien, J.-B. Du Halde, N. Maréchal, Louis Patouillet, Yves Mathurin Marie Tréandet de Querbeuf.] (Paris: N. Leclerc 1707-1776; new edition 1780) Links to digitized versions at Biblioteca Sinica 2.0 (Vienna). WorldCat listing "Lettres édifiantes et curieuses".

Charles Le Gobien (1653 – 5 March 1708) was a French Jesuit writer, founder of the "Lettres édifiantes et curieuses" a collection of reports from Jesuit missionaries in China. It is a major source of information for the history of Catholic missions and life in China in those times.

Charles Le Gobien, né le à Saint-Malo et mort le à Paris, est un jésuite et écrivain français. Impliqué dans la querelle des rites chinois, il voit en 1700 son "Histoire de l'édit de l'empereur de la Chine" censurée par la faculté de théologie de Paris. Il est le fondateur des "Lettres édifiantes et curieuses", collection recueillant des lettres de missionnaires.


History.

Parliament of Montenegro has first been established by the Constitution of the Principality of Montenegro in 1905, under the name of Popular Assembly "(Narodna skupština)", under which it had limited legislative role, limited by the authority of Knjaz (Prince). The first convocation of the Parliament has been constituted in 1906. Following the joining of Kingdom of Montenegro into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918, the Parliament of Montenegro was disbanded until the World War II. The Parliament was reinstated in 1944, in the form of "Montenegrin Antifascist Assembly of National Liberation (CASNO)", which changed its name to "Montenegrin National Assembly", and later "National Assembly", lasting until 1946, when the new Assembly was elected in FR Montenegro, a constituent republic within SFR Yugoslavia. Current convocation is the 23rd since the foundation of the Parliament.

Powers.

The Parliament appoints the Prime Minister nominated by the President, as well as the ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. Parliament also passes all laws in Montenegro, ratifies international treaties, appoints justices of all courts, adopts the budget and performs other duties as established by the Constitution.  The Parliament can pass a vote of no-confidence in the Government with a majority of the members.

Deputies.

A deputy has a four-year term. One deputy is elected per 6,000 voters, which in turn results in a change of total number of deputies in the parliament.  The present assembly convening comprises 81 deputies instead of previous number of 75.

Elections.

The Parliament has 81 members elected by a D'Hondt method system of proportional representation for a four-year term. The 81 seats of the Parliament of Montenegro are elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed list proportional representation. Seats are allocated using the d'Hondt method with a 3% electoral threshold. However, minority groups that account for at least 15% of the population in a district are given an exemption that lowers the electoral threshold to 0.7% if their list fails to cross the 3% threshold. For ethnic Croats, if no list representing the population passes the 0.7% threshold, the list with the most votes will win one seat if it receives more than 0.35% of the vote.  The most recent elections were held on 16 October 2016 and the next are scheduled for autumn 2020.

Parliamentary coalitions and parties.

Since October 2016, the ruling majority is formed by DPS, SD, BS, LP, HGI and FORCA.

The Parliament of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Skupština Crne Gore, Скупштина Црне Горе) is the unicameral legislature of Montenegro. The Parliament currently has 81 members, elected for a four-year term. Following the 2006 independence referendum, the Parliament declared and ratified the independence of Montenegro on 3 June 2006. The system of the house is proportional representation. The current Speaker of the Parliament is Ivan Brajović (SD), while Deputy Speakers are Branimir Gvozdenović (DPS) and Genci Nimanbegu (FORCA). Opposition is awarded the remaining Deputy Speaker seat, which is currently vacant due to the ongoing boycott of 39 opposition MPs following the alleged electoral fraud which took place during the latest parliamentary election.

Le Parlement du Monténégro ("Скупштина Црне Горе", en monténégrin) est l'institution chargée de l'exercice du pouvoir législatif et du contrôle du gouvernement au Monténégro.


Aims.

The museum has the following aims:1. To preserve the site of the former Heilbronn locomotive depot, part of which is under historic building protection. 2. To preserve historical railway vehicles and their associated infrastructure and to display them to the general public. The members of the board of trustees work for the museum as volunteers.

Site and Description of the Museums.

The museum is located in the former Deutsche Bundesbahn locomotive depot at Heilbronn in the Böckingen district of the town. The depot was opened in 1893 by the Royal Württemberg State Railways ("Königlich Württembergische Staats-Eisenbahnen" or K.W.St.E.), and owned in succession by the Deutsche Reichsbahn, Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Bahn, before being taken over in 2000 by the museum's board of trustees. The museum has about 80 exhibits (wagons and locomotives). On the site is a locomotive roundhouse with a working turntable, as well as a large wagon shed. Steam and diesel engines can be serviced and looked after.  Members of the museum restore locomotives and wagons from the period 1895 to the 1950s. In addition, the roundhouse opened in 1893 is being refurbished. This is the only remaining roundhouse from the time of the Royal Württemberg State Railways that can still be seen in its original state.

Museum Vehicles.

Here is a brief overview of the locomotives and wagons owned by the museum. A detailed description of these exhibits may be found on the museum website.

Steam Locomotives.

The steam locomotives which can be seen include the following:  The star of the show is undoubtedly the Prussian P 8 steam locomotive, number 38 3199, bought back from Romania and restored to working condition. In addition, numbers 86 457 and 23 105, which were victims of the great fire at Nuremberg-Gostenhof on 17 October 2005, are housed here.  Only the carcasses remain on many of the other valuable steam locomotives, but they are being gradually rebuilt into visual exhibits.  As well as the SEH museum's own locomotives, express train steam engines belonging to the Ulm Railway Friends are also stationed here.

Diesel Locomotives.

Amongst the diesel locomotives on display are the DB Class V 200.1 (later Class 221), DB Class V 60 (later Class 260) and a MaK 800 D, which is similar to the DB Class V 65 (later Class 265). The robust MaK, side-rod driven locomotive is operational and is used for transportation and industrial railway duties across the length and breadth of Germany.

Electric Locomotives.

The SEH also has a DB Class E 50 and a DRG Class E 63 locomotive in its care and protection.

Wagons.

There is a collection of valuable Prussian and Saxon passenger coaches, that have still to be refurbished because, before they had been bought by the SEH, they had stood in the open for many years and fell into disrepair as a result. A lot of time and money will be required to restore them.  In the wagon shed a historical saloon coach belonging to the last crown prince of Prussia is on display.

Model Railway.

An I-gauge model railway layout may also be viewed at the museum.

Opening Times and Annual Events.

The museum is open to visitors on weekends and public holidays between March and October. Larger events include the steam days in May and the steam engine festival in September that is also combined with a meeting of I-gauge model railway enthusiasts. At the latter, many working layouts and modules are displayed or presented and there are also I-gauge items for sale.

The South German Railway Museum ("Süddeutsches Eisenbahnmuseum Heilbronn" or SEH) is a railway museum at Heilbronn in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwestern Germany. It was founded in 1998.

Le Süddeutsches Eisenbahnmuseum Heilbronn est un musée ferroviaire allemand situé à Heilbronn dans le Bade-Wurtemberg en Allemagne. Il est créé en 1998.


Legal overview.

Obstruction of justice is an umbrella term covering a variety of specific crimes. "Black's Law Dictionary" defines it as any "interference with the orderly administration of law and justice". Obstruction has been categorized by various sources as a process crime, a public-order crime, or a white-collar crime.  Obstruction can include crimes committed by judges, prosecutors, attorneys general, and elected officials in general.

Federal law.

In federal law, crimes constituting obstruction of justice are defined primarily in Chapter 73 of Title 18 of the United States Code. This chapter contains provisions covering various specific crimes such as witness tampering and retaliation, jury tampering, destruction of evidence, assault on a process server, and theft of court records. It also includes more general sections covering obstruction of proceedings in federal courts, Congress, and federal executive agencies. One of the broadest provisions in the chapter, known as the Omnibus Clause, states that anyone who "corruptly... endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice" in connection with a pending court proceeding is subject to punishment.  Statistics regarding the frequency of obstruction of justice prosecutions are unclear. In 2004, federal agencies arrested 446 people for obstruction, representing 0.3 percent of all federal arrests. This does not include, however, people who were charged with obstruction in addition to a more serious underlying crime.

Sentencing enhancement.

Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, a defendant convicted of any crime is subject to a more severe sentence if they are found to have obstructed justice by impeding the investigation or prosecution of their crimes. While a separate conviction for the crime of obstruction would require proof beyond a reasonable doubt, a finding of obstruction for sentencing purposes only needs to meet the looser standard of "a preponderance of the evidence" (unless the enhanced sentence would exceed the statutory maximum sentence for the underlying crime).  An obstruction finding adds two levels to the offender's sentence, which can result in as much as an additional 68 months of prison. In 2017, the obstruction enhancement was applied in 1,319 cases, representing 2.1 percent of all sentences issued in federal courts.

State law.

State laws regarding obstruction of justice vary widely. A 2004 survey found that 24 states and the District of Columbia had a general statute criminalizing obstruction of justice or obstruction of government functions in broad terms, similar to those found in federal law. All states have laws prohibiting some specific types of obstruction, such as witness tampering, jury tampering, or destruction of evidence.

History.

From the creation of the federal courts by the Judiciary Act of 1789, judges had the power to summarily punish those who obstructed justice by holding them in contempt of court.  A scandal in 1830 led to reform of the contempt law and the creation of obstruction of justice as a separate offense. Federal judge James H. Peck imprisoned a lawyer for contempt for publishing a letter criticizing one of Peck's opinions. In an effort to prevent such abuses, Congress passed a law in 1831 limiting the application of the summary contempt procedures to offenses committed in or near the court. A new section, which survives today as the Omnibus Clause, was added to punish contempts committed outside of the court, but only after indictment and trial by jury.  In 1982, in response to concerns that the obstruction law did not provide adequate protection to crime victims and other witnesses, Congress broadened the law against witness tampering and criminalized retaliation against witnesses, as part of the Victim and Witness Protection Act.  The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 strengthened the obstruction laws regarding destruction of evidence before an investigation or proceeding has begun, in response to accounting firm Arthur Andersen's widely reported shredding of documents related to the Enron scandal.

Obstruction of justice, in United States jurisdictions, is a crime consisting of obstructing prosecutors, investigators, or other government officials. Common law jurisdictions other than the United States tend to use the wider offense of perverting the course of justice.

L’entrave à l'exercice de la justice ou obstruction à la justice est un délit d'interférence dans le travail de policiers, magistrats ou tout autre agent dépositaire de l'autorité publique.


Early life.

Voorhoeve attended the Gymnasium Haganum in The Hague from April 1958 until May 1964. Afterwards, he enrolled at The Hague University of Applied Sciences as an undergraduate from May 1964 until June 1968. Voorhoeve studied at Leiden University beginning in June 1968, majoring in Political science and obtaining a Bachelor of Social Science degree in September 1969 before graduating with a Master of Social Science degree in July 1971. At the same time, he attended Wageningen University from June 1968, majoring in Development economics and Civil engineering and eventually obtaining a Bachelor of Economics degree and a Bachelor of Engineering degree in June 1970 before graduating with a Master of Engineering degree in July 1971.  Voorhoeve later studied at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland from July 1971 for a postgraduate education in International relations while working as a student researcher before graduating with an Master of Arts degree in August 1972. After graduating from Johns Hopkins, he received his doctorate as a Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in November 1973.  Voorhoeve worked as a political consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. from April 1973 to January 1977 and soon after as a researcher for the Scientific Council for Government Policy from January 1977 to January 1979. Voorhoeve taught as a professor of Governmental Studies and International Relations at the Wageningen University from 1 January 1979 to 16 September 1982. Voorhoeve also worked as the executive director of the from 10 May 1979 to 16 September 1982.

Political career.

House of Representatives (1982–1990).

Voorhoeve was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1982 and took office on 16 September 1982 serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After the Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy Ed Nijpels announced he was stepping down after losing in the election of 1986, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy leadership approached Voorhoeve as a candidate to succeed him.  Voorhoeve won against fellow frontbencher Loek Hermans and took office on 9 July 1986. In December 1986, the new Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and incumbent Deputy Prime Minister Rudolf de Korte announced that he was stepping down as Leader in favor of Voorhoeve, who succeeded him on 15 December 1986. In the election of 1989, Voorhoeve was the "Lijsttrekker" (top candidate). The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy suffered a loss, losing 5 seats and had 22 seats in the House of Representatives. On 30 April 1990, Voorhoeve announced he was stepping down as Leader and Parliamentary leader. Voorhoeve assumed responsibility for the party's defeat in the election, but continued to serve in the House of Representatives as a frontbencher chairing the.

Bureaucrat (1990–1998).

In December 1990, Voorhoeve was nominated as Executive Director of the Institute of International Relations Clingendael and he resigned as a Member of the House of Representatives upon his appointment on 10 January 1991. Voorhoeve also served as a Distinguished Professor of Governmental studies and International relations at Leiden University from December 1990 until August 1994. After the election of 1994, Voorhoeve was appointed as the Minister of Defence and the Minister for Netherlands, Antilles, and Aruba Affairs in the Cabinet Kok I, taking office on 22 August 1994.

House of Representatives (1998–1999).

After the election of 1998, Voorhoeve returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and took office on 19 May 1998. Voorhoeve was not given a cabinet position in the cabinet formation of 1998, though he continued to serve in the House of Representatives as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Defence, Development Cooperation and Kingdom Relations.

Council of State (1999–2011).

In December 1999, Voorhoeve resigned as a Member of the House of Representatives after being nominated as a Member of the Council of State, which he assumed from 1 December 1999 to 1 January 2011.

Post-political career.

After retiring from politics, Voorhoeve became active in the public sector and occupied numerous seats as a corporate director and nonprofit director on supervisory boards of companies such as Oxfam, Trilateral Commission, Organisation for Scientific Research, Carnegie Foundation, Rutgers Nisso Group, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict, Institute for Multiparty Democracy, European Centre for Nature Conservation, International Institute of Social History, Institute of International Relations Clingendael and the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences. Voorhoeve also served on several and councils on behalf of the government such as the Scientific Council for Government Policy, and the as an advocate, lobbyist and activist for causes such as human rights, humanitarianism, social justice, poverty reduction, democracy, the anti-war movement, the anti-nuclear movement, and European integration. Voorhoeve also served as a distinguished professor of Governmental Studies and International Relations at the Leiden University from 30 January 2000 to 30 December 2015, as a distinguished professor of International Relations and War Studies at the Royal Military Academy and the Royal Naval College from 1 January 2001 to 1 January 2011, and as a distinguished professor of Peace and Conflict Studies, International Relations and Public administration at The Hague University of Applied Sciences from 14 January 2011 to 15 March 2018. Voorhoeve has also written more than a dozen books since 1979 about Politics, International relations, and Development Cooperation.  Voorhoeve continues to comment on political affairs as of 2019 and holds the distinction as the last serving Minister for Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs.

External links.

Joris Jacob Clemens Voorhoeve (born 22 December 1945) is a retired Dutch politician, political scientist, and diplomat of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He is known for being a negotiator and consensus builder.

Joris Jacob Clemens Voorhoeve, né le à La Haye, est un homme politique néerlandais, membre des Démocrates 66 (D'66). Adhérent pendant plus de trente ans du Parti populaire pour la liberté et la démocratie (VVD), cet universitaire spécialiste de relations internationales est élu député en 1982. Quatre ans plus tard, il prend la direction politique du VVD, qu'il abandonne en 1990.


Synthesis.

Cobaltocene is prepared by the reaction of sodium cyclopentadienide (NaCH) with anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride in THF solution. Sodium chloride is cogenerated, and the organometallic product is usually purified by vacuum sublimation.

Structure and bonding.

In Co(CH) the Co centre is "sandwiched" between two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings. The Co–C bond lengths are about 2.1 Å, slightly longer than the Fe–C bond in ferrocene.  Co(CH) belongs to a group of organometallic compounds called metallocenes or sandwich compounds. Cobaltocene has 19 valence electrons, one more than usually found in organotransition metal complexes such as its very stable relative ferrocene. (See 18-electron rule.) This additional electron occupies an orbital that is antibonding with respect to the Co–C bonds. Consequently, the Co–C distances are slightly longer than the Fe–C bonds in ferrocene. Many chemical reactions of Co(CH) are characterized by its tendency to lose this "extra" electron, yielding an 18-electron cation known as cobaltocenium:  + I2 + 2I- </chem> The otherwise close relative of cobaltocene, rhodocene does not exist as a monomer, but spontaneously dimerizes by formation of a C–C bond between Cp rings.

Reactions.

Redox properties.

Co(CH) is a common one-electron reducing agent in the laboratory. In fact, the reversibility of the Co(CH) redox couple is so well-behaved that Co(CH) may be used in cyclic voltammetry as an internal standard. Its permethylated analogue decamethylcobaltocene (Co(CMe)) is an especially powerful reducing agent, due to inductive donation of electron density from the 10 methyl groups, prompting the cobalt to give up its "extra" electron even more so. These two compounds are rare examples of reductants that dissolve in non-polar organic solvents. The reduction potentials of these compounds follow, using the ferrocene-ferrocenium couple as the reference:  The data show that the decamethyl compounds are around 600 mV more reducing than the parent metallocenes. This substituent effect is, however, overshadowed by the influence of the metal: changing from Fe to Co renders the reduction more favorable by over 1.3 volts.

Carbonylation.

Treatment of Co(CH) with carbon monoxide gives the cobalt(I) derivative Co(CH)(CO), concomitant with loss of one Cp ligand.

Cobaltocene, known also as bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(II) or even "bis Cp cobalt", is an organocobalt compound with the formula Co(CH). It is a dark purple solid that sublimes readily slightly above room temperature. Cobaltocene was discovered shortly after ferrocene, the first metallocene. Due to the ease with which it reacts with oxygen, the compound must be handled and stored using air-free techniques.

Le cobaltocène ou bis(cyclopentadiényl)cobalt(II) est un composé organocobalteux de formule Co(CH). C'est un solide violet foncé qui se sublime facilement sous vide à température légèrement supérieure que la température ambiante. Le cobaltocène a été découvert peu après le ferrocène, le premier métallocène synthétisé. De par sa forte réactivité avec le dioxygène, le composé doit être manipulé et stocké à l'abri de l'air.


Early life and education.

Gaze was born on 29 December (17 December O.S.) 1899 (N.S.) in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Between 1921 and 1926, she worked at the Astronomical Institute of Leningrad (forerunner to the ) and studied at the Petrograd University. She graduated in 1924, and in 1926 went to work at the Pulkovo Observatory.

Career.

She participated in the 1929 gravimetric survey expedition and the 1936 expedition to observe the total solar eclipse. The 1936 eclipse crossed the Soviet territory and could only be viewed within the USSR. Nearly 30 international expeditions traveled to Russia on June 19 for the observations which were visible for two hours. Between 1936 and 1940, Gaze was a victim of "political repression", which stemmed from an incident bringing unfavorable publicity to the Pulkovo Observatory. In 1935, she had discovered that a report she had been given to translate into English, made by Nikolai Mikhailovich, Voronov contained errors in its calculations. Voronov was a rising star and had published a paper on the theories of the motion of small planets. He was offered a position at the Pulkovo Observatory on the basis of that paper and produced another, calculating the ephemeris of 13 Egeria. It was in this paper that Gaze found the error and reported it to her superior. When questioned, Voronov admitted that he had not used his theory in making the calculations, but had estimated the locations of the planet. The scandal caused him to be fired, but was picked up by the press and all who were involved were arrested. Gaze was suspected of helping him since she had translated several of his papers. She was eventually released when signed testimony against her could not be obtained.  In 1940, Gaze moved to the Simeiz Observatory, which was part of the Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory of Georgia between 1941 and 1945 and then became part of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. She discovered, in 1940, changes in the spectrum of γ Cassiopeiae. Working with Grigory Abramovich Shajn, director of the observatory, Gaze investigated the molecular content of carbon isotopes in stars and studied the structure of nebulae, attempting to determine their size and the role of dust and gas in formation of the nebulae. She discovered around 150 "new galactic emission nebulae by recording their light in the red H-alpha (Hα) emission". In 1952 Gaze and Shajn published a book together entitled, "Some results of the study of diffuse gaseous nebulae and their attitude to cosmogony".

Death and legacy.

Gaze died on 3 October 1954 in Leningrad and was buried at the memorial cemetery for astronomers, near the Pulkovo Observatory outside Saint Petersburg.  Posthumously, a planet, 2388 Gase, discovered in 1977 was named after her, as was the Gaze Crater on Venus.

Vera Fedorovna Gaze (; 29 December 1899 – 3 October 1954) was a Russian astronomer who studied emission nebula and minor planets. She discovered around 150 new nebulae and was posthumously honored for her discovery of the planet 2388 Gase and the Gaze Crater on Venus, both of which are named after her.

Vera Fiodorovna Gaze (en russe : "Вера Фёдоровна Газе"), née le à Saint-Pétersbourg, morte le, est une astronome soviétique.


History.

Oaklana, Pineview, and Woodbourne are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

Roxobel is located at (36.202704, -77.237566).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 263 people, 112 households, and 72 families residing in the town. The population density was 254.7 people per square mile (98.6/km2). There were 121 housing units at an average density of 117.2 per square mile (45.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 51.33% White, 46.39% African American, 1.52% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.  There were 112 households out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.90.  In the town, the population was spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $28,393, and the median income for a family was $28,036. Males had a median income of $20,833 versus $14,063 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,798. About 10.5% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 17.6% of those sixty five or over.

Roxobel is a town in northwestern Bertie County, North Carolina, United States. It dates to 1724 and was originally known as Cotten's Cross Roads. After several name changes, it has remained Roxobel since 1849. The population was 240 at the 2010 census.

La ville de Roxobel est située dans le comté de Bertie, dans l’État de Caroline du Nord, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Post "X Factor".

The edition of 28 December 2005 of the Teesside "Evening Gazette" reported that Journey South had received five recording contract offers, and had signed with the one they "wanted to work with most". This was later confirmed to be Sony BMG, the label on which they released their debut album, "Journey South", on 20 March 2006. Fellow "X Factor" contestants G4, Chico Slimani and Steve Brookstein were signed to the same label.  On 26 March 2006, their debut album entered the UK Albums Chart at No 1, selling 216,000 albums in its first week and beating the first album by fellow "X Factor" finalist Andy Abraham. Their first week sales were also higher than "X Factor" winner Shayne Ward's first album which sold 201,000 even with the help of a single for promotion. Journey South released their first single on 19 June 2006. It was a double A-side featuring their cover of Ocean Colour Scene's "The Circle" and a re-recorded version of "Desperado".  The duo decided to leave Sony BMG and "X Factor" creator/producer Simon Cowell on amicable terms in August 2007. They formed their own record label, ANCA, through which the duo's second album, "Home", was released on 22 October 2007, along with a single, "What I Love About Home", a week earlier. This single was chart-ineligible due to an alleged printing error. The album reached No. 43. In February 2008 a second single, "Reconcile Our Love", was released but failed to chart.

Journey South were an English singing duo, consisting of brothers Andy and Carl Pemberton. They are from Middlesbrough, Teesside. Initially the brothers lead a five piece rock band 'The Answer' featuring musicians from the North East of England. After various line-up changes the band moved from Teesside to Essex in July 2000 changing their name to Journey South and becoming a four piece pop/rock band. The initial line-up of Journey South featured Andy and Carl Pemberton along with Paul Williams on keyboard, Max Justice on drums and Matt Ellis on bass. The line up disbanded in 2001 leaving Andy and Carl as the only members. The duo achieved third place on the second UK series of television talent show "The X Factor" in 2005. In July 2015, Andy announced that Journey South had disbanded.

Journey South est un duo anglais composé des frères Andy et Carl Pemberton, issu de la deuxième saison du télé-crochet britannique The X Factor, dont il finit.


Details.

Skype Limited announced that SILK can use a sampling frequency of 8, 12, 16 or 24 kHz and a bit rate from 6 to 40 kbit/s. It can also use a low algorithmic delay of 25 ms (20 ms frame size + 5 ms look-ahead). The reference implementation is written in the C programming language. The codec technology is based on linear predictive coding (LPC). The SILK binary SDK is available.

License.

The SILK codec is patented and licensed separately from the SILK SDK. The codec is open-source, freeware, available royalty free with restrictions on use and distribution. The SDK was initially available only by application by giving details of name, address, phone, and description of how SILK will be used. (version 1.0.9) the SDK can by downloaded without application, but the licence restricts the use to internal evaluation and testing purposes only, excluding software distribution or use in any commercial product or service.

History.

SILK replaces the previously used SVOPC in Skype, which was a in-house solution to replace the iSAC and iLBC, which again were licensed from Global IP Solutions. The SILK codec was a separate development branch from SVOPC and it has been under development for over 3 years. It was announced in January 2009 on the Consumer Electronics Show and was integrated in Skype for the first time in version 4.0 beta 3 from January 7, 2009, with the final version being released on February 3. On March 3, 2009 Skype Limited announced that the SILK codec will be available soon under a royalty free license to third-party software and hardware developers. The first draft of the "SILK Speech Codec" description was submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a candidate for the standardisation of a new Internet wideband audio codec on July 6, 2009, thereby openly publishing the format along with the source code of the reference implementation. There is also a first draft of the "RTP Payload Format and File Storage Format for SILK Speech and Audio Codec".

Opus.

SILK is a foundation (with CELT) of the hybrid codec "Opus" (at the time called "Harmony") that was submitted to the IETF in September 2010, and was chosen as the final candidate for the new standard. Opus was published as an IETF proposed standard in September 2012.

SILK is an audio compression format and audio codec developed by Skype Limited, now a Microsoft subsidiary. It was developed for use in Skype, as a replacement for the SVOPC codec. Since licensing out, it has also been used by others. It has been extended to the Internet standard Opus codec.

SILK est un format de compression audio et codec utilisé par Skype. Il a été développé par Skype Technologies. Il vient en remplacement d'un autre codec SVOPC codec.


Career.

Kinch was born in Ipswich, Suffolk, England and was a member of the Borough of Hounslow Athletics Club. She competed at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, winning the bronze medal in the long jump with a jump of 6.78 m.  In 1983, aged 19, she came 5th in the long jump final at the World Championships in Helsinki with a wind-assisted 6.93 metres. In the same competition, she set a British record of 6.90 metres, which stood until 2012. In 1983 she also won the gold in the 100 metres at the Universiade in a time of 11.13 (wind-assisted). The US magazine Track & Field News ranked her the seventh best long jumper in the world in 1983.  In 1984, Kinch competed in the European Indoor Championships in Gothenburg, where she won a gold medal in the 60 m sprint in a time of 7.16 seconds. Kinch was an outstanding talent, who seemed to have a brilliant future ahead of her, She earned selection for the 1984 Olympics at both 100 metres and long jump but was forced to withdraw because of injury and was never able to regain her former glory.  At the 1986 European Indoor Championships in Madrid she finished fourth in a time of 7.13 seconds in the 60 m sprint, a British record that stood until Jeanette Kwakye ran 7.08 seconds at the World Indoor Championships in Valencia in 2008.  Kinch competed at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul as a member of the UK 4 x 100 metres relay quartet that reached the semi-finals. In 1990, she won a European Championship bronze medal in the relay along with her teammates Stephanie Douglas, Simmone Jacobs and Paula Thomas. That year also saw her run a lifetime best in the 100 m with 11.29 secs. She reached the quarter-finals of the 100 metres at the World Championships in both Tokyo, 1991 and Stuttgart, 1993.  In 1996, Kinch earned relay selection for the Olympic Games, but was forced to withdraw due to injury.

Beverly "Bev" Kinch (born 14 January 1964) is an English former long jumper and sprinter. She held the UK long jump record for 29 years (1983–2012) with 6.90 metres. She is the 1983 Universiade Champion at 100 metres and the 1984 European Indoor Champion at 60 metres. She also represented Great Britain at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul.

Beverly « Bev » Kinch (née le à Ipswich) est une athlète britannique, spécialiste des épreuves de sprint et du saut en longueur.


Plot.

In 1990, Frank and Jerry Lee Flannigan, brothers who drift aimlessly, attempt to escape their hopeless lives through their creativity and excessive drinking. When Jerry Lee strikes and kills a child in a hit-and-run accident, the two immediately pack up their belongings and leave town. However, Jerry Lee abandons his brother at a diner, destroys the car, and steals his sometime girlfriend Polly's pistol. Jerry Lee loses his nerve before he can commit suicide and instead shoots himself in the leg, which was already amputated at knee. Subsequent flashbacks reveal that the boys' mother died when they were young, and, with their father missing, the two set off on their own; Jerry Lee's leg is injured when they attempt to stow away on a train.  When Polly alerts Frank that Jerry Lee is in the hospital, he rushes to be with his brother. Although Frank attempts to reassure Jerry Lee that the boy was an unloved drifter like them, Jerry Lee remains dubious and guilt-ridden. When the police begin to piece together clues, the brothers once again decide to flee town, though Jerry Lee's leg has become infected. Frank meets with his friends, who suggest he invest his meager savings in the Tyson vs Douglas boxing match. Flush with cash after Douglas' upset victory, Frank donates some of his winnings to the dead boy's family and purchases a car from childhood father figure Earl Hurley, who advises him not to think of himself as a loser.  Frank sneaks his brother out of the hospital just as the police arrive. Jerry Lee is excited to find that Frank has rescued an abused dog, and the three of them head to a small town. Although Frank professes there to be no reason to head there, he later reveals that his former girlfriend, Annie James, lives there. She has sent him postcards asking for forgiveness for an unspecified action. When Jerry Lee presses Frank to discuss his thoughts and feelings, Frank explains that he caught Annie's forced prostitution by her abusive mother. Encouraged by Jerry Lee, Annie and Frank slowly rekindle their relationship. Meanwhile, Jerry Lee sinks further into depression, claiming that no woman will love a man with one leg, especially after he has killed a child.  Frank's alcoholism and apparent ulcers begin to worry Jerry Lee. At the same time, Jerry Lee's infected leg begins to grow worse. Unable to take care of himself, Jerry Lee is forced to request aid from Frank when he takes a shower and urinates. The brothers bond further over their hardships, but Frank remains cautiously noncommittal about his relationship with Annie. As Jerry Lee becomes more ill, he states that Frank's stories often feature tragic endings, especially for the women. When Jerry Lee is once again hospitalized, Frank recounts a new story with a happy ending, but before he can finish it, Jerry Lee dies from the infection. In the film's final scene, Frank meets Annie at her workplace, and he commits to her.

Production.

The Polskys first cast Emile Hirsch but were unsure Stephen Dorff fit the role of Jerry Lee. Dorff convinced them when he agreed to test with Emile, whom he had met years before at a party with the premonition: "I think we're going to play brothers one day."  Portland, Oregon-based artist Mike Smith performed the film's animated sequences, which director Werner Herzog praised.

Release.

"The Motel Life" premiered at the Rome Film Festival in 2012 where it won the Audience Award, Best Screenplay, Best Editing, and the Critics Award. It went on to play at the Mill Valley Film Festival, the Chicago International Film Festival, the Philadelphia Film Festival, and the Woodstock Film Festival. The film opened in select theaters, on iTunes, and Video on Demand on November 8, 2013.

Reception.

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 70% of 43 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.19/10. The general consensus states: ""The Motel Life" transcends its frustratingly uneven screenplay with some outstanding work from a talented cast." Metacritic rated it 61/100 based on 19 reviews. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote, "Striking. Tinged with humor and heartbreak. Emile Hirsch and Stephen Dorff are outstanding, engaged and enthralling." Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com wrote, "A beautifully warm film with a very kind heart. Every frame feels right, every choice feels thought-out, considered. All adds up to a heartbreaking whole. Stephen Dorff's performance is a damn near masterpiece of pathos." Andy Webster of "The New York Times" wrote, "The story may be slight, but the performances and ambience resonate." Jessica Kiang of Indiewire wrote, "But while it doesn't reinvent the wheel, or revolutionize the genre, it achieves its modest ambitions affectingly well, in no small part due to a clutch of cherishable performances, especially from leads Emile Hirsch and Stephen Dorff". Roman Vasyanov's cinematography was praised by "The New York Daily News" and "The Wall Street Journal", who called him "a shooter to keep our eyes on".  Drew Hunt of "Slant Magazine" wrote that "the film flatlines at a messy pace because of the frequent shifts in time and space". Boyd van Hoeij of "Variety" described it as "a film so full of explanatory flashbacks and animated sequences visualizing its characters' invented yarns that their real dramas are almost obscured." Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" wrote, "Alan and Gabe Polsky's film about two hobo brothers on the run labours with heroes who are neither sympathetic or interesting". Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote that of the protagonists that "you'd have to be a very, very nice person to care about how it all works out for them."

Awards.

In 2012, "The Motel Life" received three awards out of four nominations at the Rome Film Festival. Hughes Winborne and Fabienne Rawley won Associazione Italiana Montaggio Cinematografico e Televisivo (AMC) Award, Gabe and Alan Polsky won the Audience Award and Noah Harpster and Micah Fitzerman-Blue won Best Screenplay. Gabe and Allan Polsky were also nominated for the Golden Marc'Aurelio Award.  Werner Herzog hosted a special screening of the film at The Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences and expressed his admiration for the Polskys' directorial debut, stating, "It's really an accomplishment of two young filmmakers...You see a portion of America you have never seen in movies." Kristofferson said that "The Motel Life" is the finest film he has ever been in.

The Motel Life is a 2012 American drama film starring Emile Hirsch, Stephen Dorff, Dakota Fanning, and Kris Kristofferson. Directed and produced by brothers Alan and Gabriel Polsky, the screenplay was adapted by Noah Harpster and Micah Fitzerman-Blue from Willy Vlautin's novel of the same name. The film was shot in Gardnerville, Minden, Reno, and Virginia City and also features animated sequences drawn by Mike Smith.

The Motel Life est un road movie policier américain coproduit et réalisé par Alan Polsky et Gabe Polsky, sorti en 2013.


History.

Escholzmatt is first mentioned in 1160 as "Askolvismatte". In 1240 it was mentioned as "Askoltispach" and "Asholtismate", in 1275 it was mentioned as "Aeschelsmat". Marbach is first mentioned in 1306 as "Marpach".

Geography.

The former municipalities that now make up Escholzmatt-Marbach have a total combined area of.  Escholzmatt had an area of. Of this area, 50% is used for agricultural purposes, while 44.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (2.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The former municipality is located on the watershed between the Grosse and Kleine Emme rivers. The lowest elevation in the municipality is while the highest is on the Schrattenfluh by Hengst. It consists of the village of Escholzmatt and the hamlets of Lehn, Feldmoos, Wiggen, and Dürrenbach.  Marbach had an area of. Of this area, 45.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 47.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (4.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The former municipality is located in the southwest corner of the Canton.

Demographics.

The total population of Escholzmatt-Marbach () is.

Historic population.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Weather.

Escholzmatt has an average of 153 days of rain per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Escholzmatt receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 15.1 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 15.5, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 15.1 days.  Marbach has an average of 162.3 days of rain per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Marbach receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 16.4 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 16.9, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 16.4 days.

Escholzmatt-Marbach is a municipality in the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Escholzmatt and Marbach merged to form the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach.

Escholzmatt-Marbach est une commune suisse du canton de Lucerne, située dans l'arrondissement électoral d'Entlebuch. Elle est composée des anciennes communes d'Escholzmatt et de Marbach, qui ont fusionné le.


Early life and stage career.

Bracey was born in Melbourne, Victoria, with the name Sidney Bracy, later changing the spelling of his last name. He was the son of Welsh tenor Henry Bracy and English actress Clara T. Bracy. His aunt was the actress and dancer Lydia Thompson. He was educated at Melbourne University.  He began his stage career in Australia in the 1890s, with J. C. Williamson's comic opera companies. On Broadway, in 1900, he appeared as the tenor lead, Yussuf, in the first American production of "The Rose of Persia" at Daly's Theatre in New York. He then moved to England, appearing as Moreno in the Edwardian musical comedy hit "The Toreador" at the Gaiety Theatre, London in June 1901. He next joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company on tour in Britain, playing Terence O'Brian in "The Emerald Isle" from September 1901 to May 1902. He continued his stage career in Britain in "Amorelle" at London's Comedy Theatre in 1904, "The Winter's Tale" in 1904–05, and "A Persian Princess" at Queen's Theatre in 1909, and also played roles in Shakespeare plays on Broadway in 1904 and 1905. Back on Broadway, in 1912, he played Sir Guy of Gisborne in a revival of Reginald de Koven's "Robin Hood" at the New Amsterdam Theatre, followed by "Rob Roy" at the Liberty Theatre in 1913.

Film career.

Bracey then moved into film acting, making first silent films and then "talkies", until his death in 1942, while also performing in live acts together with friends such as Frank Farrington and James Cruze. Early in his film career, from 1913 to 1915, he worked for the Thanhouser Company in dozens of films, often playing butler roles, such as in "The Million Dollar Mystery". There he co-wrote and directed a silent movie called "Sid Nee's Finish" (1914), in which he played the title character. In 1914, he married Evelyn Forshay. After Thanhouser, he worked with several major studios. By 1916, he changed the spelling of his last name to "Bracey". Silent film authority Diane MacIntyre gave this description of him: "Bracey, a stately looking character man, was in big demand for authority like roles; such as movie directors, bosses and, most of the time, the most respectable and poised butler in all of Hollywood. He was thin, dark haired and had an earnest, yet sober, face that could break into a look of wide-eyed exasperation."  Bracey died in Hollywood, California on 5 August 1942, aged 64.

Sidney Bracey (18 December 1877 – 5 August 1942) was an Australian-born American actor. After a stage career in Australia, on Broadway and in Britain, he performed in 321 films between 1909 and 1942.

Sidney Bracey est un acteur australo-américain, né le à Melbourne (Australie), et mort le à Hollywood, Californie. Il commença sa carrière au cinéma muet.


Early life.

Mary Ann Ball was born on July 19, 1817, in Knox County, Ohio, to Hiram and Annie Rodgers Ball. She was one of the first women who attended Oberlin College in Ohio. In 1847, she married Robert Bickerdyke, who died in 1859, two years before the Civil War. Together, the Bickerdykes had two sons.  She later moved to Galesburg, Illinois, where she worked as botanic physician and primarily worked with alternative medicines using herbs and plants. Bickerdyke began to attend the Congregational Church in Galesburg shortly after she became a widow.

Civil War service.

Mary Bickerdyke served in the Civil War from June 9, 1861 to March 20, 1865, working in a total of nineteen battles. Bickerdyke was described as a determined nurse who did not let anyone stand in the way of her duties. Her patients, the enlisted soldiers, referred to her as "Mother" Bickerdyke because of her caring nature. When a surgeon questioned her authority to take some action, she replied, "On the authority of Lord God Almighty, have you anything that outranks that?" In reality, her authority came from her reputation with the Sanitary Commission and her popularity with the enlisted men.  Dr. Woodward, a surgeon with the 22nd Illinois Infantry and a friend of Bickerdyke's, wrote home about the filthy, chaotic military hospitals at Cairo, Illinois. The letter was read aloud in their church and Galesburg's citizens collected $500 worth of supplies and selected Bickerdyke to deliver them (no one else would go). After meeting Mary Livermore, she was appointed a field agent for the Northwestern branch of the Sanitary Commission. Livermore also helped Bickerdyke find care for her two sons in Beloit, Wisconsin, while she was in the field with the army during the later part of the war. Her sons complained about living in Beloit. She stayed in Cairo as a nurse, and while there, she organized the hospitals and gained Grant's appreciation. Grant endorsed her efforts and detailed soldiers to her hospital train, and when his army moved down the Mississippi, Bickerdyke went, too, setting up hospitals where they were needed. Bickerdyke became a matron of the hospital in only five months.  She later joined a field hospital at Fort Donelson, working alongside Mary J. Safford. Bickerdyke cites Fort Donelson, specifically February 15 and 16, as the first battle she witnessed. At Fort Donelson, she realized that laundry services were lacking in the field hospitals. She packed up the soiled clothes and bedding that had been used by the men, added disinfectants, and sent it on a steamer bound for Pittsburg Landing to be cleaned by the Chicago Sanitary Commission. She also requested that her colleagues in Chicago send washing machines, portable kettles, and mangles. She then organized escaped and former slaves to provide laundry services for the hospitals she set up in the field.  After serving at Fort Donelson, she was appointed matron at Gayoso Block Hospital in Memphis. Gayoso had 900 patients, including 400 Native Americans. Like her other hospitals, "Mother" Bickerdyke employed escaped and former slaves at Gayoso. She had left Gayoso to run errands and returned to find the medical director had sent away the escaped and former slaves who helped her provide care for the hospital's patients. She left for dinner but did not return right away. Rather, she visited General Hurlbut's headquarters. She was given written authority to keep her employees until such time as Hurlbut himself revoked the order. She also set about acquiring cows and hens to provide dairy products for the hospital. General Hurlbut set aside President's Island for their pasture and the escaped and former slaves cared for the animals.  Bickerdyke also worked closely with Eliza Emily Chappell Porter of Chicago's Northwestern branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. She later worked on the first hospital boat. During the war, she became chief of nursing under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant, and served at the Battle of Vicksburg. As chief of nursing, Bickerdyke sometimes deliberately ignored military procedure, and when Grant's staff complained about her behavior, Union Gen. William T. Sherman reportedly threw up his hands and exclaimed, "She outranks me. I can't do a thing in the world." Sherman acknowledged that she was "one of his best generals" and other officers referred to her as the "Brigadier Commanding Hospitals." Sherman was especially fond of this volunteer nurse, who followed the western armies. Bickerdyke held the favor of both General Sherman and General Grant, who often provided her whatever she requested of them.  On October 27, 1863, Bickerdyke reported to Chattanooga and was witness to the battle of Lookout Mountain, nicknamed "the battle above the clouds." "I watched the dreadful combat until the clouds hid all from view," she wrote in a letter to Mary Holland, "In fancy I can hear General Hooker's artillery now." Bickerdyke set up the field hospital of the Fifteenth Army Corps for the Battle of Missionary Ridge, where she was the only female attendant for four weeks. Part of her work during this campaign was to collect personal items of soldiers killed in battle and return them to the soldiers' homes. On the march to capture Atlanta, Georgia, despite General Sherman's orders to inflict "all the damage you can against [the enemy's] war resource," Bickerdyke worked to build hospitals for Confederate soldiers.  By the end of the war, with the help of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, Mother Bickerdyke had built 300 hospitals and aided the wounded on 19 battlefields including the Battle of Shiloh and Sherman's March to the Sea. "Mother" Bickerdyke was so loved by the army that the soldiers would cheer her when she appeared. At Sherman's request, she rode at the head of the XV Corps in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington at the end of the war.

After the War.

After the war ended, Bickerdyke was employed in several domains. She worked at the Home for the Friendless in Chicago, Illinois in 1866. With the aid of Colonel Charles Hammond who was president of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, she helped fifty veterans' families move to Salina, Kansas as homesteaders. She ran a hotel there with the aid of General Sherman. Originally known as the Salina Dining Hall, it came to be called the Bickerdyke House. Later, she became an attorney, helping Union veterans with legal problems, including obtaining pensions.  General Logan helped her get a job in the San Francisco Mint. She also worked for the Salvation Army there. While in California, she was elected as the first president of Lyon Women's Relief Corps, No. 6 of Oakland, California. She declined, but is on their membership rolls as a charter member.  Bickerdyke received a special pension of $25 a month from Congress after Mary Livermore lobbied on her behalf. This special bill was introduced by Representative Long of Massachusetts. Generals Grant, Sherman, Pope, and Long testified on it. The bill passed on May 9, 1886.  Bickerdyke retired to Bunker Hill, Kansas to live with her son. In 1901, she died peacefully after a minor stroke and was buried in Galesburg.

Legacy.

Clara Barton wrote a poem entitled "The Women Who Went to the Field" that honored Bickerdyke, Cornelia Hancock, Dorothea Dix, Mary Livermore, and Annie Etheridge.  Statues of her have been erected in Galesburg, Illinois and in Mount Vernon, Ohio. The United States government recognized her military achievements with a hospital ship and liberty ship named the SS "Mary Bickerdyke" launched in October 1943.  The Seminary/Kellogg Street overpass in Galesburg, Illinois opened on November 30, 2014 and is officially named "Bickerdyke Bridge".

Mary Ann Bickerdyke (July 19, 1817 – November 8, 1901), also known as Mother Bickerdyke, was a hospital administrator for Union soldiers during the American Civil War and a lifelong advocate for veterans. She was responsible for establishing 300 field hospitals during the war and served as a lawyer assisting veterans and their families with obtaining pensions after the war.

Mary Ann Bickerdyke ( - ) est une infirmière américaine qui a administré un hôpital militaire pour les soldats unionistes durant la guerre de Sécession.


History.

The French Revolution began in 1789, and at its onset the Margraviate of Baden was united under Charles Frederick, but it did not form a compact territory. Its total area was only about, consisting of a number of isolated districts lying on either bank of the upper Rhine. Charles Frederick endeavored to acquire the intervening stretches of land, so as to give territorial unity to his country. His opportunity to do so came during the French Revolutionary Wars. When war broke out between the French First Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy in 1792, the Margraviate of Baden fought for the House of Habsburg. However, their country was devastated as a result, and in 1796 the Margrave was compelled to pay an indemnity and to cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to the French First Republic.  Fortune, however, soon turned his way. With the German Mediatisation of 1803, and largely owing to the good offices of Alexander I of Russia, Charles Frederick received the Bishopric of Constance, part of the Electorate of the Palatinate, and other smaller districts, together with the prestige of being named a Prince-elector. In 1805 he changed sides and fought for Napoleon. As a result, later in 1805, when the Peace of Pressburg occurred, he obtained Breisgau and other territories at the expense of the Austrian Empire (see Further Austria). In 1806, the Electorate of Baden signed the Rheinbundakte, joining the Confederation of the Rhine. Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles Frederick declared sovereignty and thus created the Grand Duchy of Baden, receiving other territorial additions as well.  In 1806, Charles Frederick joined the Confederation of the Rhine, declared himself a sovereign prince, became a grand duke, and received additional territory. The Baden contingent continued to assist France, and by the Peace of Vienna in 1809, Charles Frederick was rewarded with accessions of territory at the expense of the Kingdom of Württemberg. Having quadrupled the area of Baden, Charles Frederick died in June 1811, and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles, Grand Duke of Baden, who was married to Stéphanie de Beauharnais (1789–1860), a cousin of Empress Josephine's first husband who had been adopted by Napoleon I.

The Electorate of Baden was a State of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803 to 1806. In 1803, Napoleon bestowed the office of Prince-elector to Charles Frederick, but in 1806, Francis II dissolved the Empire. Baden then achieved sovereignty, and Charles Frederick became Grand Duke.

L'électorat de Bade ou principauté-électorale de Bade (en allemand : "") était un État du Saint-Empire qui eut une courte durée puisqu'il fut créé lors des trois dernières années d'existence du Saint-Empire de 1803 à 1806, sur le territoire du margraviat de Bade.


Geography.

The valley is home to the highest peaks in the range, those of Monte Argentera (3,297 m). Its territory is divided between the municipalities of Entracque, Roaschia, Valdieri and Roccavione. Nearby valleys include the Valle Vermenagna, the Tinée valley in France and the Valle Stura di Demonte. After Valdieri, the valleys divided into two sub-valleys known as Valle Gesso di Entracque and Valle Gesso della Valletta.

History.

Historically, the valley was inhabited by the Ligures, who were defeated by the Romans in 14 BC. After the fall of the Roman empire, around 600, the Benedictines founded here the Abbey of Pedona, which controlled the valley until emperor Louis I gave it to the bishops of Asti in 901. In the 13th century, after a short period under the Marquisate of Saluzzo, it was acquired by the Angevines, who had created a county in Piedmont with Cuneo as its capital.  After the 14th century it became a fief of the Duchy of Savoy, to which it belonged until the 19th century, aside from a short French rule after the French Revolutionary Wars. The Savoy family created here a resort and a personal hunting reserve, which later became the Maritime Alps Natural Park. As a part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861, the valley remained economically based on animal husbandry and agriculture; after World War II the presence of hydro-electric plant favored the creation of industries (especially cement plants), while tourist became increasingly relevant starting from the 1980s.

Valle Gesso is a valley in the Maritime Alps (south-western Alps), located in the Italian province of Cuneo and crossed by the Gesso torrent.

La vallée du Gesso (en italien "", en occitan "Val Ges"), est une vallée du Piémont italien formée du vaste bassin du Gesso, fortement modelé par l'action des glaciers.


Gameplay.

"Analogue: A Hate Story" is a visual novel featuring semi-static manga-style character images, and focused on reading text logs. Using the mouse and keyboard, the player interacts with the "Mugunghwa"s main computer to read log entries, communicate with the AIs, and occasionally enter commands directly into the vessel's computer system. At any time in the game, the player can save their game, adjust options, etc.  The main user interface allows the player to read through various diaries and letters that reveal the game's backstory and insight into its many (deceased) characters. For the most part, navigating this interface is similar to navigating a basic e-mail system, in that messages are chronologically arranged and searchable. They are grouped in usually numbered "blocks", released to the player by *Hyun-ae or *Mute throughout the game. For the most part, the AIs release blocks "out of order", or do not release all entries in a block, forcing the player to assemble the timeline of events out of what clues they have, and draw certain conclusions independently until (or if) the AIs can be convinced to be more forthcoming. In most cases, the player can, after reading a log entry, show its content to the currently active AI. This is the primary process by which additional information and message blocks are revealed. Players can also type in an entry's alphanumeric ID in the main log menu to obtain it directly, as long as its corresponding block is decrypted.  Communication with *Hyun-ae and *Mute is limited to choosing responses to yes-no questions. In the game, *Hyun-ae explains that the ship's disrepair may have led to the language parsing systems to malfunction, forcing her to put the interface together from scratch. Though *Hyun-ae and *Mute almost never communicate directly, the player can act as a go-between, taking a list of direct questions from *Mute to *Hyun-ae. This is a major turning point in the game, as the player not only receives answers to the questions, but has occasional opportunities to voice a third opinion on the events that led to the "Mugunghwa's" current state. The player can also access the "Mugunghwa's" override terminal, which can be used to decrypt data log blocks, switch between AI, change costumes for *Hyun-ae, adjust the behavior of some ship systems (a key aspect for the meltdown sequence), and more. The override terminal works like a basic text parser system similar to Unix shell commands, accepting only a very limited vocabulary of instructions that must be typed directly and correctly.  Due to the branching nature of the story, the game must be played more than once to unlock all logs to complete the game, as it is impossible to reveal all log entries and information from the AIs in one playthrough. A log system separate from the game's save files displays all discovered logs from all playthroughs, effectively tracking the player's overall completion.

Plot.

Setting and characters.

Set several thousand years in the future, "Analogue" revolves around the "Mugunghwa" (), a generation ship that lost contact with Earth some 600 years prior to the events of the game. For reasons initially unclear, society aboard the ship had degraded from that of modern, 21st Century South Korea, to the intensely patriarchal culture of the medieval Joseon Dynasty. In the process, the ship's clocks were reset to year 1, and the colonists began using Hanja characters to read and write. The reasons for why such a cultural shift has occurred is lost to time, leaving the player to formulate the cause on their own. Over the three centuries after the shift, the ship's birth rates began to gradually decline, to below the "replacement rate" of noble families. By year 322, the ship inexplicably went dark, falling into a state of severe disrepair.  In "Analogue"s present, 622 years later, the "Mugunghwa" is discovered in orbit above Antares B, a star system "en route" to its destination. A friend of the protagonist's, a dispatch officer, is the one who discovers the ship on their radar; this catches the attention of the Saeju Colony Historical Society (which suggests that humans have established planetary colonies beyond Earth), who sponsors the recovery of any remaining text logs that can explain the ship's disappearance. The dispatch officer gives the unnamed silent protagonist, an independent investigator, this "job" in the introduction message for its isolation from social situations; this implies that the protagonist is somewhat asocial, but beyond this their personality and background is based almost entirely upon the player's decisions. The protagonist encounters two AI cores within the ship's computer. The first, *Hyun-ae (), is a bright, cheerful girl who loves cosplay, and is highly curious about the player and the future they come from. The other, *Mute, is the ship's security AI and self-proclaimed "social creature", who outranked all but Emperor Ryu, her master and Captain of the ship. The AIs dislike one another intensely, apparently due to the event that led to the ship's demise. The logs the player must recover are written by members of the Imperial Ryu family, the noble Kim and Smith families, and those linked to them. The game relies heavily on this unreliable narrator mechanic, where the AI characters and log entries thematically withhold key information from the player in order to add to the importance of certain elements of the plot (e.g. the administrator password to the ship's computer).

Story.

In "Analogue"s introductory cutscene, the protagonist receives a message from a colleague, who tasks them with accessing the text logs aboard the "Mugunghwa", and download as many as possible, as sponsored by the Saeju Colony Historical Society. After enabling the system AI using a Linux-style terminal, *Hyun-ae greets the player, pleasantly shocked to find an external connection. She expresses her gratitude to the player for contacting the ship "after so many years", and promises that she will do her utmost to help access the logs.  As the player reads the logs, *Hyun-ae provides commentary on the letters and diaries of the late inhabitants of the "Mugunghwa". A key series of logs discovered with *Hyun-ae is the diary of the Pale Bride, a sick girl on the ship who was placed in stasis so her compromised immune system could be cured by future medical technology not available during her lifetime. The Pale Bride was brought out of stasis many years later by the descendants of her immediate family, the Kim family, in order to serve as a fertile young bride to Emperor Ryu In-ho, captain of the "Mugunghwa". She found herself in a culturally reverted, deeply misogynistic society, writing that "[e]veryone's so uneducated and stupid". The Pale Bride, accustomed to the more liberal society of her own time, has difficulty assimilating with this reverted culture, and often describes youthful rebellions in her diary entries.  After giving the player a key entry from the Pale Bride's diary, *Hyun-ae reveals that she is the AI form of the Pale Bride, and asks the player to decrypt a block of restricted data by entering the override terminal in super-user mode (accessible only by entering a certain password). While attempting to do so, the player encounters a corrupted AI core and is forced to restore it to proceed. This activates *Mute, who reveals that *Hyun-ae may be linked to the ship's demise by referring to her as "that murderous bitch". As only one of the AIs can be active at a time (determined by keying in Linux-like terminal commands), the path through the story and the revelations contained within the many logs and messages branch based on decisions made by the player - most relevantly, which AI receives the most attention.  Upon reaching one of two criteria (obtaining a certain percentage of the games logs, or showing *Hyun-ae any one of *Mute's questions), the game's main climax occurs—the "Mugunghwa"s nuclear fission reactor enters meltdown, endangering the AI cores, valuable data, and the protagonist. The player must execute a series of commands to safely shutdown the reactor and vent out residual heat, all within 20 minutes. The player must choose which AIs they will continue the story with prior to meltdown; leaving their separate cores on consumes too much power for the backup power system, and it is not possible to activate the dormant AI from this point onwards. Once the player has safely disabled the reactor, saving the life of the active AI, the game will continue similarly to before, with the player accessing logs and the surviving AI providing commentary. Each AI reveals a different side of the Mugunghwa's story: *Hyun-ae will assist in uncovering the Pale Bride's perspective, while *Mute yields logs from the noble families of the ship. More interaction will take place between the player and the AI, until a pivot is reached with the relationship and one of the five endings will occur.  Eventually, it is revealed that the Pale Bride (now *Hyun-ae) was brutally treated by the Kim family after they awoke her from stasis. After many small rebellions and increasingly serious punishments, going so far as to refusing to be wed to Emperor Ryu, to whom she had been promised as a bride and concubine, her adoptive parents cut out her tongue to prevent the young girl from speaking out against men (a trauma *Mute was unaware of to the game's present). After her marriage, Hyun-ae became close friends with the Emperor's first wife, Empress Ryu Jae-hwa. She calls her "stronger than I ever was", not letting men order her around "while still knowing her place"; as well as the only person to notice Hyun-ae's muteness and failing health. Upon the Empress's sudden death, Hyun-ae's sorrow and rage ultimately drove her to kill everyone she hated aboard the "Mugunghwa" by deactivating its life support systems. As the crew suffocated to death, she retreated into the computer system as an AI by using a "neurosynaptic" scan of her brain and a copy of *Mute's AI coding, which she used to deactivate the security AI up until "Analogue"s present. This explains the *Hyun-ae's hatred of the Kims, *Mute's hatred of *Hyun-ae, and acts as a key factor for the player's decisions.  The first two endings involve *Hyun-ae leaving the Mugunghwa with the protagonist, either as a companion or lover. In the third ending, the protagonist leaves without taking either AI with them (either by not saving the ship from meltdown in time, or by prematurely downloading the logs before the end of the AI commentary has been reached). This conclusion can also be reached if the player opts not to download the AI data during the final conclusion. The fourth ending involves "kidnapping" *Mute, effectively relieving her of her duties on the ship. The fifth ending, which can only be accessed by "cheating" (searching manually for a log which would not normally appear on the story branch in question), involves taking "both" AIs as a harem. The game can also end by penalty for disagreeing too much with an AI, causing the angered AI to permanently disconnect the protagonist from the ship's computer, or by the "bad priorities" ending, which occurs when the player downloads the logs "during" the meltdown sequence, which takes too much time, killing them in the explosion.

Development and release.

When looking for a setting to place "Analogue", Christine Love settled on Korea's Joseon Dynasty, saying that it had "always fascinated me the most for a number of reasons, not all of them negative." Among those reasons was how women were dehumanizingly treated then compared to the Goryeo Dynasty. "The plot is moved mostly by the Pale Bride, the modern girl who can't understand what's going on...but the crux of it, really, was trying to get into the heads of everyone else[:] the men and women who have internalized all these awful misogynist ideals and take them completely for granted as the way things are. So the story really just formed itself around that question: what would it be like to be a woman in that society? History didn't care about the answer, but I do. The rest—the modern-thinking woman who can't possibly survive [*Hyun-ae], the women who are forced to navigate family politics, the men who are complicit in this whole system but can't just be dismissed as bad people [Smith]—all came naturally in that attempt to answer it."  Love had mixed feelings about the AI characters during development. For instance, *Hyun-ae, as the Pale Bride, underwent almost no change from being a girl of modern times who couldn't understand the society she was thrust into. *Mute, apart from her position as the ship's security AI, was an unknown with, as Love stated, "how she'd end up turning out." As *Mute's "cheerful misogyny" began to define itself through her dialog, however, Love "started to hate her, especially with every line I wrote... Then she started to grow on me[. I]t was never really her fault she was like that[;] it was just her way of surviving, I realized." Neither character gave her much surprise, but Love "definitely never anticipated feeling so much sympathy for *Mute."  In an informal Kotaku interview, Love revealed that she considered being drunk while writing a "necessity", due to the Joseon dynasty's reprehensible history and the nature of the research of social agendas against women. Despite her disgust at the philosophies behind "Analogue's" misogyny, Love expressed her interest in how "ideas take root...Nobody ever just wakes up one day and says[,] 'yeah, I hate women, I wish we'd stop letting them read.'"  On April 13, 2012, Dischan Media announced that it would distribute "Analogue: A Hate Story", along with Juniper's Knot, through its online store.  An update for the game containing a Japanese localization was released on December 4, 2014. The game is also being localized by volunteers into Spanish and German.  "Analogue"'s soundtrack was composed by Isaac Schankler. It contains eighteen tracks, with three of them included as bonus tracks.

Reception.

"Analogue" was highly praised on both plot and interface, with the former being more noted than the latter. Eurogamer and JayIsGames praised the dark and emotional themes, pointing to how the mechanics interact with the thematic plot.  Several bloggers and gaming media sites noted the mechanics and interface of the game as well as the plot, such as 2chan.us and Killscreen, with 2chan labelling it as a "literary and intellectual delight." Matthew Sakey of Tap-Repeatedly remarked that "the thing about Christine Love is that she is a really, really good writer, one capable of astonishing deftness in her work."  "PC Gamer UK" gave "Analogue" 76 out of a 100, noting in particular to the skilfulness of the author's structural talent. Alec Meer of Rock, Paper, Shotgun said the brightness of the art was contradictory to the gloomy themes. As of August 26, 2013, "Analogue" holds a Metascore of 62 on Metacritic.

Sequel.

Christine Love announced that a sequel to "Analogue" titled "Hate Plus". Originally planned to be DLC before becoming full sequel release on 19 August 2013. According to an article by Kotaku's Patricia Hernandez, the sequel takes place after the events aboard the Mugunghwa and will feature the player returning to Earth and discovering how society on board the ship broke down. Those that finished the original game are able to import their save games into the sequel so that any decisions made will be part of the new story. Following Endings 1, 2, 4, and/or 5, "Hate Plus" reveals the events that took place aboard the "Mugunghwa", prior to the shift into the Joseon-like society depicted in the original "Analogue".

Analogue: A Hate Story (Korean: ) is a visual novel created by independent designer and visual novelist Christine Love. It was created with the Ren'Py engine, and was first released for download on the author's website in February 2012. A sequel set centuries after Love's earlier work, "" (2010), "Analogue" revolves around an unnamed investigator, who is tasked with discovering the reason for an interstellar ship's disappearance once it reappears after 600 years. The game's themes focus similarly around human/computer interaction, interpersonal relationships, and LGBT issues; but focus primarily on "transhumanism, traditional marriage, loneliness and cosplay."

Analogue: A Hate Story (litt. "Analogue : une histoire de haine)" est un visual novel indépendant créé par Christine Love en 2012 et fonctionnant grâce au moteur Ren'Py. L'histoire tourne autour d'un mystérieux "enquêteur" chargé de découvrir les raisons de la destruction d'un vaisseau générationnel, le "Mugunghwa", 600 ans après sa disparition.