History.

Before independence.

Milton was settled in the 1630s as a part of Dorchester by Puritans from England. Richard Callicott, one of the first settlers, built a trading post near the Neponset River and negotiated the purchase of Milton from Sachem "Cutshamekin." Many of the settlers arrived during the 1650s, fleeing the aftermath of Oliver Cromwell’s deposition from power and the English Civil War. It was referred to as "Unquity," the term used by the Neponset Tribe of the Massachusetts Indians meaning "Lower Falls." This was adapted as "Lower Mills" after the establishment of the Israel Stoughton Grist Mill in 1634. In 1662, "that part of the Town of Dorchester which is situated on the south side of the Neponset River commonly called 'Unquatiquisset' was incorporated as an independent town and named Milton in honor of Milton Abbey, Dorset, England.”  Many early Puritan families of Milton became influential in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, such as: the Sumners, Houghtons, Hutchinsons, Stoughtons, Tuckers, Glovers and Babcocks.  A powder mill established in 1674 may have been the first in the earliest in the colonies, taking advantage of the town's water power sites. Boston investors, seeing the potential of the town and its proximity to the city, provided the capital to develop 18th-century Milton as an industrial area, including an iron slitting mill, paper and sawmills, and the first chocolate factory in New England (the Walter Baker Chocolate Factory) in 1764, which was converted from the old Stoughton Grist Mill. Laying of streetcar lines fueled the rapid expansion of residential development.  Between 1870 and 1915, Milton grew into the community it is now: a streetcar suburb with some chocolates, biscuits, and market produce to remind residents of the past. By 1929, many of the big estates were broken into subdivisions as the town's residential growth continued.  The Suffolk Resolves were signed in Milton in 1774, and were used as a model by the drafters of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Suffolk Resolves House, where the Resolves were passed, still stands and it is maintained as the headquarters of the Milton Historical Society. The house was moved to a new location at 1370 Canton Avenue in West Milton in order to save it from demolition at its previous location in "Milton Village" at Lower Mills. They were the "Suffolk Resolves" because Milton was part of Suffolk County until 1793, when Norfolk County split off, leaving only Boston and Chelsea in Suffolk County.  Two royal governors of Massachusetts, Jonathan Belcher and Thomas Hutchinson, had houses in Milton. The Governor Belcher House dates from 1777, replacing the earlier home destroyed in fire in 1776, and it is privately owned on Governor Belcher Lane in East Milton. Although Hutchinson's house was demolished in the 1940s, Governor Hutchinson's Field, owned by the Trustees of Reservations today is a wide expanse of greenery on Milton Hill, with a view of the Neponset River estuary and the skyscrapers of Boston six miles (10 km) away. Both Governor Belcher's house and Governor Hutchinson's field are on the National Register of Historic Places.

After independence.

The town was home to America's first piano factory. Revolutionary Milton is the setting of the opening of the 1940 bestselling historical novel "Oliver Wiswell" by Kenneth Roberts. The Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory is located in the town, home of the nation's oldest continuously kept meteorological records.  The Granite Railway passed from Quincy to the Neponset River in Milton, beginning in 1826. It is often called the first commercial railroad in the United States, as it was the first chartered railway to evolve into a common carrier without an intervening closure. A centennial historic plaque from 1926 and an original switch frog and section of track from the railway can be found in the gardens on top of the Southeast Expressway (Interstate 93) as it passes under East Milton Square. The frog had been displayed at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893.  East Milton Square developed as a direct result of the Granite Railway. Four sheds there were used to dress the granite stone prior to it being brought by rail to the wharf for transfer to boats. East Milton Square was originally termed the "Railway Village" and a train station was located there after 1871 when the Granite Railway became a passenger line of the Old Colony Railroad. The Blue Bell Tavern, which was also a hotel, served as the headquarters of the Granite Railway and it was later named the Russell House. It was located on the site of the current United States Post Office in East Milton Square.  In 1801 Josiah Bent began a baking operation in Milton, selling "water crackers" or biscuits made of flour and water that would not deteriorate during long sea voyages from the port of Boston. The crackling sound occurred during baking, hence the name. This is where the American term "cracker" originated. His company later sold the original hardtack crackers used by troops during the American Civil War. The company, Bent's Cookie Factory, is still located in Milton and continues to sell these items to Civil War reenactors and others.  Robert Bennet Forbes was a noted China Trade merchant, sea captain, and philanthropist during the Irish Famine. He built a Greek Revival mansion in 1833 at 215 Adams Street on Milton Hill. The Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is open for tours. In addition to artifacts from the China Trade period, the museum's grounds include a log cabin replica and a collection of Lincoln memorabilia.  George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street on Milton Hill on June 12, 1924. He became the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993, and his son would become the 43rd President. Coincidentally, Adams Street is named for the family of Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams, who lived on the same street just a few miles southeast in Quincy, Massachusetts. The Bush Family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut in 1925. The Victorian house where President Bush was born is now privately owned and not open to the public.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, is land and the balance is water.  Great Blue Hill in the Blue Hills Reservation is the highest point in Norfolk County. The summit houses the Blue Hill Observatory, home of the longest continuous weather record in North America, along with multiple radio transmitters.  There are no official wards or neighborhoods defined in the town's governance and community planning processes.  There are three GNIS populated places located in the town:  Although geopolitical lines do not form neighborhoods in Milton, there are many distinct neighborhoods, such as the Columbine/Cliff Neighborhood, Indian Cliffs, Scott's Woods, Milton Village and Edge Hill Park, among others.

Climate.

Milton is often cited as being the windiest city in the United States, with an annual average wind speed of measured at the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 27,002 people, 9,274 households, and 6,835 families residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 77.4% White, 14.3% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 4.1% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of the population.  As of the census of 2000, the population density was 1,999.1 people per square mile (771.7/km2). There were 9,161 housing units at an average density of 702.7 per square mile (271.2/km2).  The top six ancestries of Milton are Irish (38.0%), Italian (11.3%), English (8.6%), West Indian (4.8%), and German (4.7%).  Milton also has been cited as having the highest percentage of residents citing Irish lineage of any town in the United States per capita—38%.  There were 8,982 households out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. Of all households 21.2% were made up of individuals and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.27.  In the town, the population was spread out with 25.8% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.  According to a 2010 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $103,373, and the median income for a family was $131,025. Males had a median income of $85,748 versus $61,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $47,589. About 1.6% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

There are six public schools in Milton, including four elementary schools: Collicot, Cunningham, Glover, and Tucker; one middle school, Charles S. Pierce; and the Milton High School. There are also private schools, high schools and elementary/middle schools, including the prep school Milton Academy, the girls' school Fontbonne Academy, St. Mary of the Hills, St. Agatha's, Thacher Montessori School, Carriage House Schools, and Delphi Academy.  Milton is also home to Curry College, a small liberal arts institution.  Milton is also one of the few school systems to offer a French immersion program, starting in Grade 1. For those students that participate in this program, all classes are taught in French during grades 1 and 2, allowing children to become fluent in this language. In grades 3 - 5, some classes are taught in English as well to prepare for the MCAS. This program continues through grade 12. Spanish/English is taught as well. In the middle school Latin is available for the Spanish/English students.

Transportation.

Milton lies within the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority district. Fixed-route service includes the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line, a light rail extension of the Red Line. Milton has 4 stops: Milton, Central Avenue, Valley Road, and Capen Street. This was originally a steam railway prior to becoming a trolley line. Massachusetts Route 28 and Massachusetts Route 138 run north and south across Milton, and Interstate 93, which is also U.S. Route 1 and Massachusetts Route 3, loops around the town near the southern and eastern borders.  Cycling is a popular form of transportation and recreation in Milton. The opening of the Neponset River Greenway reconnected Milton with Boston Harbor via Port Norfolk, Dorchester. Other cycling routes and locations include Turner's Pond, Brook Road, Blue Hills Parkway, Milton Cemetery, and the Pine Tree Brook greenway.  The Milton Yacht Club began in 1902, with a small building in the Lower Mills area beside the Neponset River that was formerly the police department for the town of Milton. Various boats continue to be anchored there or stored on the dock during the winter.

Points of interest.

Milton has 30 sites or districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the following: Other places of interest include:

Notes.

1. "TOTAL POPULATION Survey/Program: Decennial Census, Years: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau." Retrieved 2020-06-03 https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=population%20milton,%20ma&g=1600000US2541725&hidePreview=false&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1&vintage=2018&layer=VT_2018_160_00_PY_D1&cid=DP05_0001E

Milton is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, and an affluent suburb of Boston. The population was 27,003 at the 2010 census. Milton is the birthplace of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and architect Buckminster Fuller. In 2007, 2009, and 2011, "Money" magazine listed Milton as 7th, 5th, and 2nd, respectively, on its annual list of the "Best Places to Live" in the United States.

Milton est une ville de l’État du Massachusetts, au nord-est des États-Unis d’Amérique. La commune compte habitants en l’an 2007.


Definitions.

Strictly speaking, Classical Chinese refers to the written language of the classical period of Chinese literature, from the end of the Spring and Autumn period (early 5th century BC) to the end of the Han dynasty (AD 220), while Literary Chinese is the form of written Chinese used from the end of the Han Dynasty to the early 20th century, when it was replaced by vernacular written Chinese. It is often also referred to as "Classical Chinese", but sinologists generally distinguish it from the language of the early period. During this period the dialects of China became more and more disparate and thus the Classical written language became less and less representative of the varieties of Chinese (cf. Classical Latin, which was contemporary to the Han Dynasty, and the Romance languages of Europe). Although authors sought to write in the style of the Classics, the similarity decreased over the centuries due to their imperfect understanding of the older language, the influence of their own speech, and the addition of new words.  This situation, the use of Literary Chinese throughout the Chinese cultural sphere despite the existence of disparate regional vernaculars, is called diglossia. It can be compared to the position of Classical Arabic relative to the various regional vernaculars in Arab lands, or of Latin in medieval Europe. The Romance languages continued to evolve, influencing Latin texts of the same period, so that by the Middle Ages, Medieval Latin included many usages that would have baffled the Romans. The coexistence of Classical Chinese and the native languages of Japan, Korea and Vietnam can be compared to the use of Latin in nations that natively speak non-Latin-derived Germanic languages or Slavic languages, to the position of Arabic in Persia or the position of the Indic language, Sanskrit, in South India and Southeast Asia. However, the non-phonetic Chinese writing system causes a unique situation where the modern pronunciation of the classical language is far more divergent (and heterogeneous, depending on the native – not necessarily Chinese – tongue of the reader) than in analogous cases, complicating understanding and study of Classical Chinese further compared to other classical languages.  Christian missionaries coined the term Wen-li () for Literary Chinese. Though composed from Chinese roots, this term was never used in that sense in Chinese, and was rejected by non-missionary sinologues.

Pronunciation.

Chinese characters are not alphabetic and only rarely reflect sound changes. The tentative reconstruction of Old Chinese is an endeavor only a few centuries old. As a result, Classical Chinese is not read with a reconstruction of Old Chinese pronunciation; instead, it is always read with the pronunciations of characters categorized and listed in the Phonology Dictionary (韻書; pinyin: "yùnshū", "rhyme book") officially published by the Governments, originally based upon the Middle Chinese pronunciation of Luoyang in the 2nd to 4th centuries. With the progress of time, every dynasty has updated and modified the official Phonology Dictionary. By the time of the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the Phonology Dictionary was based on early Mandarin. But since the Imperial Examination required the composition of Shi genre, in non-Mandarin speaking parts of China such as Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian, pronunciation is either based on everyday speech as in Cantonese; or, in some varieties of Chinese (e.g. Southern Min), with a special set of pronunciations used for Classical Chinese or "formal" vocabulary and usage borrowed from Classical Chinese usage. In practice, all varieties of Chinese combine these two extremes. Mandarin and Cantonese, for example, also have words that are pronounced one way in colloquial usage and another way when used in Classical Chinese or in specialized terms coming from Classical Chinese, though the system is not as extensive as that of Southern Min or Wu. (See Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters)  Japanese, Korean or Vietnamese readers of Classical Chinese use systems of pronunciation specific to their own languages. For example, Japanese speakers use "On'yomi" pronunciation when reading the kanji of words of Chinese origin such as 銀行 (ginkō) or the name for the city of Tōkyō (東京), but use "Kun'yomi" when the kanji represents a native word such as the reading of 行 in 行く (iku) or the reading of both characters in the name for the city of Ōsaka (大阪), and a system that aids Japanese speakers with Classical Chinese word order.  Since the pronunciation of all modern varieties of Chinese is different from Old Chinese or other forms of historical Chinese (such as Middle Chinese), characters that once rhymed in poetry may not rhyme any longer, or vice versa. Poetry and other rhyme-based writing thus becomes less coherent than the original reading must have been. However, some modern Chinese varieties have certain phonological characteristics that are closer to the older pronunciations than others, as shown by the preservation of certain rhyme structures. Some believe Classical Chinese literature, especially poetry, sounds better when read in certain varieties that are believed to be closer to older pronunciations, such as Cantonese or Southern Min, because the rhyming is often lost due to sound shifts in Mandarin.  Another phenomenon that is common in reading Classical Chinese is homophony (words that sound the same). More than 2,500 years of sound change separates Classical Chinese from any modern variety, so when reading Classical Chinese in any modern variety of Chinese (especially Mandarin) or in Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese, many characters which originally had different pronunciations have become homonyms. There is a famous Classical Chinese poem written in the early 20th century by the linguist Chao Yuen Ren called the "Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den", which contains only words that are now pronounced with various tones in Mandarin. It was written to show how Classical Chinese has become an impractical language for speakers of modern Chinese because Classical Chinese when spoken aloud is largely incomprehensible. However the poem is perfectly comprehensible when read silently because Literary Chinese, by its very nature as a "written" language using a logographic writing system, can often get away with using homophones that even in spoken Old Chinese would not have been distinguishable in any way.  The situation is analogous to that of some English words that are spelled differently but sound the same, such as "meet" and "meat", which were pronounced and respectively during the time of Chaucer, as shown by their spelling. However, such homophones are far more common in Literary Chinese than in English. For example, the following distinct Old Chinese words are now all pronounced "yì" in Mandarin: "*ŋjajs" 議 "discuss", "*ŋjət" 仡 "powerful", "*ʔjup" 邑 "city", "*ʔjək" 億 "100,000,000", "*ʔjəks" 意 "thought", "*ʔjek" 益 "increase", "*ʔjik" 抑 "press down", "*jak" 弈 "Chinese chess", "*ljit" 逸 "flee", "*ljək" 翼 "wing", "*ljek" 易 "change", "*ljeks" 易 "easy" and "*slek" 蜴 "lizard".  Romanizations have been devised giving distinct spellings for the words of Classical Chinese, together with rules for pronunciation in various modern varieties. The earliest was the Romanisation Interdialectique (1931–2) of French missionaries Henri Lamasse, of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, and Ernest Jasmin, based on Middle Chinese, followed by linguist Wang Li's "wényán luómǎzì" (1940) based on Old Chinese, and Chao's General Chinese Romanization (1975). However none of these systems has seen extensive use.

Grammar and lexicon.

Classical Chinese is distinguished from written vernacular Chinese in its style, which appears extremely concise and compact to modern Chinese speakers, and to some extent in the use of different lexical items (vocabulary). An essay in Classical Chinese, for example, might use half as many Chinese characters as in vernacular Chinese to relate the same content.  In terms of conciseness and compactness, Classical Chinese rarely uses words composed of two Chinese characters; nearly all words are of one syllable only. This stands directly in contrast with modern Northern Chinese varieties including Mandarin, in which two-syllable, three-syllable, and four-syllable words are extremely common, whilst although two-syllable words are also quite common within modern Southern Chinese varieties, they are still more archaic in that they use more one-syllable words than Northern Chinese varieties. This phenomenon exists, in part, because polysyllabic words evolved in Chinese to disambiguate homophones that result from sound changes. This is similar to such phenomena in English as the "pen–pin" merger of many dialects in the American south and the "caught-cot" merger of most dialects of American English: because the words "pin" and "pen", as well as "caught" and "cot", sound alike in such dialects of English, a certain degree of confusion can occur unless one adds qualifiers like "ink pen" and "stick pin." Similarly, Chinese has acquired many polysyllabic words in order to disambiguate monosyllabic words that sounded different in earlier forms of Chinese but identical in one region or another during later periods. Because Classical Chinese is based on the literary examples of ancient Chinese literature, it has almost none of the two-syllable words present in modern Chinese varieties.  Classical Chinese has more pronouns compared to the modern vernacular. In particular, whereas Mandarin has one general character to refer to the first-person pronoun ("I"/"me"), Literary Chinese has several, many of which are used as part of honorific language (see Chinese honorifics).  In syntax, Classical Chinese is always ready to drop subjects and objects when a reference to them is understood (pragmatically inferable). Also, words are not restrictively categorized into parts of speech: nouns are commonly used as verbs, adjectives as nouns, and so on. There is no copula in Classical Chinese, "是" (pinyin: "shì") is a copula in modern Chinese but in old Chinese it was originally a near demonstrative ("this"); the modern Chinese for "this" is "這" (pinyin: "zhè").  Beyond grammar and vocabulary differences, Classical Chinese can be distinguished by literary and cultural differences: an effort to maintain parallelism and rhythm, even in prose works, and extensive use of literary and cultural allusions, thereby also contributing to brevity.  Many final particles (歇語字 "xiēyǔzì") and interrogative particles are found in Literary Chinese.

Modern use.

Classical Chinese was the main form used in Chinese literary works until the May Fourth Movement (1919), and was also used extensively in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Classical Chinese was used to write the Hunmin Jeongeum proclamation in which the modern Korean alphabet (hangul) was promulgated and the essay by Hu Shih in which he argued against using Classical Chinese and in favor of written vernacular Chinese. (The latter parallels the essay written by Dante in "Latin" in which he expounded the virtues of the vernacular "Italian".) Exceptions to the use of Classical Chinese were vernacular novels such as "Dream of the Red Chamber".  Most government documents in the Republic of China were written in Classical Chinese until reforms in the 1970s, in a reform movement spearheaded by President Yen Chia-kan to shift the written style to vernacular Chinese.  Today, pure Classical Chinese is occasionally used in formal or ceremonial occasions. The "National Anthem of the Republic of China" (中華民國國歌), for example, is in Classical Chinese. Buddhist texts, or sutras, are still preserved in Classical Chinese from the time they were composed or translated from Sanskrit sources. In practice there is a socially accepted continuum between vernacular Chinese and Classical Chinese. For example, most official notices and formal letters are written with a number of stock Classical Chinese expressions (e.g. salutation, closing). Personal letters, on the other hand, are mostly written in vernacular, but with some Classical phrases, depending on the subject matter, the writer's level of education, etc. With the exception of professional scholars and enthusiasts, most people today cannot write in full Classical Chinese with ease.  Most Chinese people with at least a middle school education are able to read basic Classical Chinese, because the ability to read (but not write) Classical Chinese is part of the Chinese middle school and high school curricula and is part of the college entrance examination. Classical Chinese is taught primarily by presenting a classical Chinese work and including a vernacular gloss that explains the meaning of phrases. Tests on classical Chinese usually ask the student to express the meaning of a paragraph in vernacular Chinese. They often take the form of comprehension questions.  The contemporary use of Classical Chinese in Japan is mainly in the field of education and the study of literature. Learning the Japanese way (kanbun) of decoding Classical Chinese is part of the high school curriculum in Japan.  Classical Chinese is not a part of middle school and high school curricula in the Korean peninsula and Vietnam nowadays. The use of Classical Chinese in these regions is limited and is mainly in the field of Classical studies.  In addition, many works of literature in Classical Chinese (such as Tang poetry) have been major cultural influences. However, even with knowledge of grammar and vocabulary, Classical Chinese can be difficult to understand by native speakers of modern Chinese, because of its heavy use of literary references and allusions as well as its extremely abbreviated style.

Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese (文言文, "wényánwén" or 古文, "gǔwén") is the language of the classic literature from the end of the Spring and Autumn period through to the end of the Han dynasty, a written form of Old Chinese (上古漢語 or "shànɡɡǔ hànyǔ"). Classical Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese that evolved from the classical language, making it different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. Literary Chinese was used for almost all formal writing in China until the early 20th century, and also, during various periods, in Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Among Chinese speakers, Literary Chinese has been largely replaced by written vernacular Chinese, a style of writing that is similar to modern spoken Mandarin Chinese, while speakers of non-Chinese languages have largely abandoned Literary Chinese in favor of local vernaculars.

Le chinois classique (chinois: 古文 ; pinyin: "gǔwén") est une forme traditionnelle de la langue chinoise écrite fondée sur la grammaire et le vocabulaire d'états anciens de la langue chinoise, ce qui en fait une langue écrite différente de toute langue chinoise écrite contemporaine.


Description.

Founded as a fishing village, Anstruther is home to the Scottish Fisheries Museum. Its main industry is now tourism, although other small-scale manufacturing and service industries continue. Recreational vessels are now moored in the harbour, and a golf course is situated near the town. Anstruther Pleasure Cruises operate sightseeing/wildlife cruises from the harbour to the Isle of May, the UK's primary puffin location, on board the vessel the "May Princess" from April to October. An abundance of other wildlife, including seal colonies, also inhabit the island. The Waid Academy, the local state comprehensive school, is a focus of the community and through its secondary role as a community centre. Anstruther has a parish church at its centre that is on a small hill. This structure incorporates a tower/spire feature rare to Britain, but common to the area.  Anstruther War Memorial is located in the cemetery, somewhat further inland. It is of an unusual war memorial form, being totally flat to the ground, in the centre of a landscaped roundel, broadly adopting the shape of a celtic cross. The town has several fish and chip shops. The Anstruther Fish Bar, which won Fish and Chip shop of the year in 2001–2002, was awarded the same prize once again by the Sea Fish Organisation in 2009.  Anstruther is home to Scotland's only true-scale model Solar System. The model, which shows the Sun and planets and the distances between them all at the same scale of 1 to ten thousand million, is located mostly in the town centre. It stretches almost 600 m from the Sun to Pluto.  Anstruther is close to the Caves of Caiplie situated on the coastal path to Crail. Following the end of the Cold War, one of Anstruther's best-kept secrets has become a major tourist attraction. A secret nuclear bunker, built in 1951 and operational until 1993, is located on the B940 near the village. During its operational life, it looked like an ordinary domestic dwelling, but has been renovated and is now open to the public as a museum. The bunker was a subsidiary Regional Seat of Government in time of possible nuclear emergency and would have been occupied by the UK Armed Forces, UKWMO, Royal Observer Corps, and other Civil Service personnel.  Somewhat out from the town centre, in Anstruther Wester, stands the Dreel Tavern, taking its name from the adjacent burn. This building dates from the 17th century. Nearby is Buckie House, built in the late 17th century and restored in 1968 by W Murray Jack. The east gable was decorated with scallop shells and whelks or 'buckies' by the slater Andrew Batchelor in the mid 19th century. Its exterior was restored in 2010.

History.

The name of Anstruther derives from Scottish Gaelic. The second element is "sruthair" ('burn, stream'), but the first element less certain: it is possibly Gaelic "á(i)n" ('driving') or "aon" ('one'), thus meaning either 'driving current or burn' or '(place of or on) one burn'. The name of Anstruther Easter derives from Scots "easter" ('eastern'), since the village lies to the east of Anstruther, and Anstruther Wester correspondingly from Scots "wester" ('western').  Anstruther-Easter and -Wester are separated by a small stream called Dreel Burn. Their parishes and that of nearby Kilrenny are immensely historic.  Local tradition states that early in the 12th century, Alexander I of Scotland granted the lands of Anstruther to a William de Candela. However, no records survive of this original grant, and the earliest recorded lord of Anstruther was mentioned in a charter of 1225. There have been several theories as to the origin of the, possibly mythical, William, but recent research has suggested he may have been a Norman from Italy. There is evidence that William the Conqueror sought assistance from William, Count of Candela. He sent his son (or possibly his grandson). It may be this was the William de Candela, who received the grant of land from Alexander. William de Candela's son, another William, was said to be a benefactor to the monks of Balmerino Abbey. Balmerino was founded in 1229, long after the likely lifetime of this William. Land in Anstruther Easter, on which a chapel was built and now occupied by the Scottish Fisheries Museum, was gifted to Balmerino by another William, sometime in the 1280s. Both this suggestion, and the Italian origin theory are inaccurate. The de Candela family actually came from Dorset, coming to England probably from Normandy in or around 1066. The de Candela name was dropped by a later generation, in a charter confirming a grant of land to Dryburgh Abbey in 1225, Henry is described as 'Henricus de Aynstrother dominus ejusdem'. His son, also called Henry, was a companion of Louis IX in his crusades to the Holy Land and also swore fealty to Edward I in 1292 and again in 1296.  In 1225, it took the intervention of Pope Honorius III to settle a teinds dispute between the monks of Dryburgh Abbey and the fishermen of Anstruther, suggesting that, even then, the fishing was sufficiently good to warrant arguing over. In December 1583, James VI of Scotland gave the town the status of a Royal Burgh and trading rights, recognizing the importance of the port, called the "draucht of Anstruther". The bounds of the new Burgh were the "Silver Dyke" on the east, the low water line on the south, the Anstruther burn to the west, and the Kylrynnie march road.  James Melville's diary provides a graphic account of the arrival of a ship from the Spanish Armada to Anstruther. Local tradition has long held that some of the survivors remained and intermarried with the locals. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the town was home to The Beggar's Benison, a gentleman's club devoted to "the convivial celebration of male sexuality".  By the 19th century, Anstruther-Easter, Anstruther-Wester, and Kilrenny were all separate royal and parliamentary boroughs. Anstruther-Easter held tanning, shipbuilding, and fish-curing establishments, as well as a coasting trade. In 1871, the royal burgh of Anstruther-Easter had a population of 1169; the parliamentary burgh, 1289. Anstruther-Wester held 484. The Board of Fisheries constructed a new harbour in the 1870s, completed by 1877 at a cost of £80,000. By the First World War, the communities were connected to St Andrews by the North British Railway. Codliver oil was also being produced.  Herring fishing remained a feature of the area until the mid-20th century when, after a record catch in 1936, the shoals mysteriously declined until the industry effectively disappeared by 1947. At one time, the town was well served by trains on the Fife Coast Railway. The line was closed to passengers in 1965. Since the 1950s, Anstruther has been a summer tourist destination.  In the summer of 2018 a decision by Fife Council to build a new care home facility on the town's Bankie Park was reversed after a campaign by residents.

Twinning.

Anstruther is twinned with:

Notable inhabitants.

William Tennant's poem "Anster Fair" concerns the town's celebration. Sir James Lumsden, a soldier of fortune under Gustavus Adolphus, distinguished by the Thirty Years' War, was born in the parish of Kilrenny about 1598. Dr Thomas Chalmers, co-founder of the Free Church of Scotland, was born in Anstruther-Easter, where his house has been preserved. David Martin (1737–1798), the painter and engraver; John Goodsir (1814–1867), the anatomist; his brother Harry Goodsir, surgeon on the ill-fated Franklin expedition and Robert Fowler (1853–1926), artist, were natives of Anstruther.  Author Jessie Kerr Lawson (1838-1917) lived for a time in the town, and her sons Andrew Cowper Lawson (1861-1952), geologist, and James Kerr Lawson (1862-1939), painter, were born there. Andrew discovered and named the San Andreas Fault and the mineral Lawsonite is named after him. The family emigrated to Canada where another son, Abercrombie Anstruther Lawson (1870-1927), founding professor of botany at the University of Sydney, was born.  Princess Titaua Marama, Chiefess of Haapiti in Polynesia lived in Anstruther from 1892 until she died there in 1898, aged 55. A blue plaque marks the house in which she lived. A book has been written about her life by the British-American author, Fiona J Mackintosh.  Archibald Constable, Sir Walter Scott's publisher, was born in the parish of Carnbee, about three miles to the north of Pittenweem. Sir Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart (1887–1970), director-general of the Political Warfare Executive during World War II, was also born in Anstruther.  Sports writer Graham Spiers hails from Anstruther. It was the childhood home of BBC Radio 1 DJ Edith Bowman. Anstruther has become known as the base for the Fence Collective, a network of nu-folk musicians.

Politics.

Traditionally, the two Anstruthers returned a single member of Parliament together with Kilrenny, Pittenweem, St Andrews, Cupar, and Crail.  Anstruther is in the North East Fife UK Parliament constituency (MP is currently Wendy Chamberlain of the Scottish Liberal Democrats) and the North East Fife Scottish Parliament constituency. In the 2017 General Election Stephen Gethins MP retained his seat by a majority of only two votes. There were three recounts. The narrowly defeated candidate was Lib Dem Elizabeth Riches, a resident of Anstruther and former local councillor. The MSP is currently Willie Rennie, who won back the seat for the Lib Dems from Roderick Campbell of the SNP. Anstruther is in the Mid-Scotland and Fife Scottish Parliamentary region and the Scotland European Parliament constituency. In local politics the ward of East Neuk and Landward (of which Anstruther is part) elects three councillors to Fife Council under the single transferable vote system.

Anstruther (locally "Ainster" ; ) is a small coastal resort town in Fife, Scotland, situated on the north-shore of the Firth of Forth and south-southeast of St Andrews. The town comprises two settlements, Anstruther Easter and Anstruther Wester, which are divided by a stream, the Dreel Burn. With a population of 3,500, it is the largest community on the Firth of Forth's north-shore coastline known as the East Neuk. To the east, it merges with the village of Cellardyke.

Anstruther ("Enster" en écossais, "Eanstar" en gaélique d'Écosse et dont le sens est « petit ruisseau ») est une petite ville dans la Council Area de Fife, en Écosse. Anstruther est séparé en deux par un petit ruisseau, le Dreel Burn Graver. Anstruther se trouve à 9 miles au sud-sud-est de St Andrews. Elle accueille la plus grande communauté sur le tronçon de la rive Nord de la côte de Firth of Forth connue sous le nom d'East Neuk ; elle compte une population d'environ âmes. Le village de Cellardyke constitue un prolongement d'Anstruther vers l'est.


Life and career.

She was born Anke Nevermann in Hamburg, the daughter of Paul Nevermann who later became mayor of Hamburg, and his wife Grete. Her parents met at home politicians such as Herbert Wehner, Kurt Schumacher, Wilhelm Pieck and Otto Grotewohl. Her parents, both grandfathers and two brothers were party members of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). She joined the party's youth organisation ("Falken") as a school student, and was active in demonstrations against atomic weapons. She became a party member in 1956, shortly before her Abitur. The same year, she began to study law, completing with the Zweites Staatsexamen in 1964. She then worked as Referentin für Arbeitsrecht und Sozialpolitik for Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) for the Nordmark district. She was member of the board of the IG Metall from 1971 to 1978.  In 1977, Fuchs was appointed Secretary of State in the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs by the then minister Herbert Ehrenberg. In 1979, she became a member of the board ("Parteivorstand") of the SPD. She was elected to the Bundestag in 1980 as a candidate from the Cologne II district in North Rhine-Westphalia.  On 28 April 1982, Fuchs was appointed Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health by Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. Following the election victory of the conservative opposition, she had to leave the cabinet on 4 October 1982. She was offered candidacy for minister-president in Lower Saxony in the 1980s, but declined in favour of Gerhard Schröder. In 1990, she was the SPD candidate for the position in Saxony, but the CDU with Kurt Biedenkopf won the election.  Fuchs was a member of the Bundestag until 2002. She was vice president of its SPD fraction from 1993 to 1998, and she served as Vice President of the Bundestag from 1998 to 2002. For many years she was president of the (German tenants association), and she was president of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation from 2003 to 2010. She focused on national and international political education, support of young scientists in international cooperation, and European politics for peace and social reforms. She was honorary president from 2010.  Fuchs was married and had two children. She died on 14 October 2019 after a long illness, at the age of 82.

Anke Fuchs (; Nevermann; 5 July 1937 – 14 October 2019), was a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. She was Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health (1982) and Vice President of the Bundestag (1998–2002). From 2003 until 2010, she was the president of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation.

Anke Fuchs, née Nevermann le à Hambourg et morte le à Wilhelmshaven, est une femme politique allemande, membre du Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne (SPD).


History.

Some 19th century records link the castle to Henry the Fowler and dates it from 938 A.D. However there is no evidence to support this claim.  The original castle dates from around 1200 A.D. of which some of the western boundary walls and entrance gate remain. Archaeological digs found a circular keep to the west, dating from 1220. The castle is first mentioned in 1227 in a church document in Meissen and it is in the control of the Bishop of Meissen.  In 1390 it is controlled by Bernhard von Maltitz and in 1403 Dietrich von Miltitz. The castle remained in the ownership and control of the Von Miltitz family until the Second World War. During this time the castle was badly damaged in the Thirty Years War. As a result large sections of the inner castle date from the late 17th century.  The castle was again besieged and successfully defended against the Swedish army in 1706 during the Great Nordic War.  In 1783 an accidental fire destroyed the timber built north side of the courtyard. The timber-built south side survives.  In the early 19th century, during the period of the Grand Tour, Scharfenberg became an established Romantic destination, and the architecture was altered to enhance this Romantic image. During this period the Von Miltitz family were great patrons of artists and several famous artists were commissioned to paint the castle. These included Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, Christian Gottfried Körner, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Johann August Apel, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Thomas Fearnley, Johan Christian Clausen Dahl and Caspar David Friedrich.  For various reasons the castle fell empty during the Second World War. It was occupied by various persons displaced by the war in a hostel fashion and was under state control under the Soviet regime. This continued into the 1950s. Although the castle is relatively large it is far from any city and is not a good area to house workers.  In the 1960s it opened as a museum, but was generally only of local interest in relation to its neighbouring cities. It still had a residential function and an artist community linked itself to the building, also keen to preserve the castle. These included Achim Freyer, Emil Nolde, Achim Heym, Andreas Reinhardt, Karl-Heinz-Schäfer and Otto Walchau.  Through the 1970s and 1980s it was used for civil defence purposes, partly due to its strategic views over the River Elbe.  At the reunification of Germany in 1989 all state functions ceased. It was sold privately.  Since 2007 it has housed an annual festival of Romantic poetry.

Schloss Scharfenberg, Saxony is a medieval castle on the southern slopes of the River Elbe mid-way between Dresden and Meissen. It lies in the Klipphausen district of Pegenau.

Le château de Scharfenberg ("Schloß Scharfenberg") est un château fort saxon typique de ces avant-postes médiévaux de la région. Il se trouve sur une falaise au-dessus du village du même nom, appartenant à la municipalité de Klipphausen dans la vallée de l'Elbe, près de Meissen en Saxe. Des hauteurs, on peut apercevoir les environs de Coswig et les vallonnements du Spaar.


Early life.

González was born in Hialeah, Florida, to a Cuban immigrant mother from Havana and a first-generation Cuban-American father from New Jersey. He attended Hialeah High School in Hialeah, for the first three years of his high school career, where they won two state championships and nearly won a third. After his junior year, he transferred over to Monsignor Edward Pace High School in 2004 where he played with former teammate Chris Marrero.

Playing career.

Early career.

The Chicago White Sox selected González in the first round of the 2004 MLB draft.  In 2005, he was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with Aaron Rowand and Daniel Haigwood for slugger Jim Thome. While with the Phillies, "Baseball America" rated González the 2 prospect in their farm system behind Cole Hamels in 2006.  In December 2006 he was traded back to the White Sox along with Gavin Floyd for Freddy García. González led the minor leagues with 185 strikeouts in 150 innings in 2007.

Oakland Athletics.

On January 3, 2008, the White Sox traded González along with fellow prospects Ryan Sweeney and Fautino de los Santos to the Oakland Athletics for Nick Swisher. He was ranked the No. 1 prospect in the White Sox system at the time of the trade.  González was called up to MLB on August 5, 2008, and made his MLB debut on August 6. Following the 2009 spring training camp, he was returned to the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats.  González started the 2010 season throwing 6+ innings against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He allowed 2 runs on 6 hits, striking out 6 and walking 1 in the 10–4 win.  González was selected to the 2011 MLB All-Star Game. At the 2011 All-Star Game in Phoenix, Arizona, González was called out to the mound with two outs in the bottom of the eighth inning and struck out the only batter he would face, Jay Bruce. On the final day of the 2011 season, González threw 11 strikeouts over eight shut-out innings against the Seattle Mariners to secure a career-high 16 wins for the season.

Washington Nationals.

2012.

On December 23, 2011, the Athletics traded González and Robert Gilliam to the Washington Nationals for Brad Peacock, Tommy Milone, Derek Norris and A. J. Cole. On January 15, 2012 González signed a five-year extension worth $42 million through 2016 covering his arbitration-eligible years. The deal also included club options for 2017 and 2018.  González became the first pitcher since 1918 to have three consecutive appearances in which he finished a start with at least six shutout innings and no more than two hits allowed. González set a Nationals record when he pitched 25 consecutive scoreless innings, that ended on April 29, 2012. When the 2012 MLB All-Star Game roster was announced on July 1, González found himself on it for the second time in his career. Later that same day, he earned his 11th win on the season after the Nationals topped the Atlanta Braves, 8–4. González would earn one more win in his last start before the All-Star break, pushing his record to 12–3 and lowering his ERA to 2.92, and in doing so, was tied for the most wins on the first half of the season. His win total tied a Nationals record set in 2005 by Liván Hernández.  On August 8, 2012, González hit his first career home run off Houston Astros pitcher Armando Galarraga and pitched his second career complete game. On August 31, González pitched his first career shutout in a 10–0 rout of the St. Louis Cardinals.  When González and the Nationals beat the Milwaukee Brewers on September 22, it moved his record to 20–8 and he became the first pitcher in MLB to reach the 20-win mark on the season. He finished the regular season with a major league best 21 wins, to go along with a 2.89 ERA and 207 strikeouts, winning the 2012 Warren Spahn Award as the best left-handed pitcher in the majors. González finished third in NL Cy Young voting in 2012.

2013–2018.

González's name, along with those of other MLB players, was listed in connection with a clinic thought to produce performance-enhancing drugs in a January 2013 report. On August 5, González was cleared of any wrongdoing having to do with the Biogenesis scandal. He was not among the 12 players who were suspended.  In 2013, González had a record of 11–8 with a 3.36 ERA. In the first half of 2014, González went 6–5 with a 3.56 ERA. On July 20, González recorded his 1,000th career strikeout against the Milwaukee Brewers, including 511 strikeouts with the Oakland Athletics and 489 strikeouts with the Washington Nationals. He ended the 2014 season with a 10–10 record and a 3.57 ERA.  In 2015, he was 11–8 with a 3.79 ERA and led the major leagues in allowing opposing batters the highest batting average on balls in play (.341). In 2016, he went 11–11 with a 4.57 ERA, his highest since 2009. His WAR of 0.9 was also his worst since 2009. In 2017 he was 15–9 with a 2.96 ERA. He led the major leagues in stolen bases of third allowed, with seven. To start 2018, he went 7–11 in 27 starts. He recorded 126 strikeouts while having a 4.57 ERA and a 1.5 WAR.

Milwaukee Brewers.

On August 31, 2018, the Nationals traded González to the Milwaukee Brewers for KJ Harrison and Gilbert Lara. He would make five starts for the Brewers, going 3–0, posting a 2.13 ERA. In a 2–1 loss of Game 4 of the NLCS against the Los Angeles Dodgers, Gonzalez suffered a high ankle sprain, attempting to field a ball hit by Yasiel Puig, ending his season and being replaced by Zach Davies on the Brewers roster.

New York Yankees.

On March 19, 2019, González signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. The deal guaranteed $3 million if he made the big league roster and $300,000 for each game started. After pitching for the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, González opted out of his contract and the Yankees released him on April 22.

Return to the Brewers.

González signed a major league contract with Milwaukee on April 26. He went 2–1 with a 3.19 ERA to start the year with Milwaukee before going on the disabled list with a dead arm on June 1. He was activated from the DL on July 20.

Chicago White Sox.

On December 20, 2019, González signed a one-year, $5 million contract with the Chicago White Sox, with an option for 2021.

Scouting.

González throws four pitches: a four-seam fastball at 92–95 mph, a two-seam fastball at 91–95, a curveball at 78–82, and a changeup at 85–87 that is used against right-handed hitters. His curveball is used frequently when he is ahead in the count, especially against left-handers.  González's pitches have above-average strike out rate whiff rates, with the curveball leading at 36% and the changeup close behind at 35%. His curve also has an outstanding ground ball/fly ball ratio at nearly 7:1. Gio says of his curveball: My curveball is a blessing. My father taught it to me. He felt that it was a pitch he wanted me to learn, right on the side of the house, and it just ended up working. I never asked what the tricks were, or anything like that. He made it simple for me to use on my own form, and it works for me. I've never changed my grip since the day my dad showed me how to throw it. He taught me how to try to make it look exactly like a fastball.  González is a strikeout pitcher, with a rate of nearly 1 per inning over his career. He was fourth in strikeouts per nine innings pitched in the AL in 2011, and second in the NL for the 2012 season ().

Personal life.

Gio González is married to Berenice Lea Moures, with whom he has two children.  In 2012, González created the GIO (Giving Individuals Opportunities) foundation, a charity to assist medical patients in need of financial support. He is also a comic book hobbyist.

Giovany Aramis González (born September 19, 1985) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Oakland Athletics, Washington Nationals, and Milwaukee Brewers. A two-time All-Star, González led the National League in wins and won the Warren Spahn Award in 2012. He is of Cuban descent.

Giovany Aramis González (né le 19 septembre 1985 à Hialeah, Floride, États-Unis) est un lanceur gaucher de baseball évoluant en Ligue majeure pour les Nationals de Washington.


Tribes.

The confederation consists of three tribes of the Pacific Northwest:

Overall History.

Before becoming the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs the three tribes; Wasco, Warm Springs, and Paiute, lived along the Columbia River and Cascade Mountains. They all spoke different languages and had their own custom ways. The Warm Springs and Wasco tribes traded and conversed frequently while the Paiute's language prevented them from frequent contact because it was foreign to the other tribes. In 1800, immigrants from the east first started to arrive, by 1852 around 12,000 settlers crossed the tribes' territories each year. The Warm springs and Wasco signed a treaty with Joel Palmer in 1855 after dealing with their traditional ways of life being disrupted by the settlers for many years. By signing the treaty the Wasco and Warm Springs tribes relinquished 10 million acres of land to the United States and kept 640,000 acres for their own use. The first people from the Paiute tribe to arrive on reservation were the 38 Paiutes that were forced to move onto the Warm Springs Reservation from the Yakama Reservation in 1879. Soon more arrived and they eventually became a permanent part of the Warm Springs Reservation. The Confederated Tribes adopted a constitution in 1938, after the construction of Bonneville Dam flooded the major fishing site at Cascades Rapids. Upon receiving a $4 million settlement in compensation for the 1957 flooding of Celilo Falls by the construction of The Dalles Dam, the Tribes used part of the sum to build the Kah-Nee-Ta resort, which opened in 1964.  In 2001, members of the Confederated Tribes persuaded the Oregon Legislative Assembly to pass a bill mandating that the word "squaw" be changed in numerous place names.

Wasco.

Language.

The Wasco language, known as Kiksht, has been passed down through generations of Warm Spring Tribe members. There is a concerted effort underway to try to preserve the ancestral language of the Wasco people, through educational programs and language repositories. The United States Governmental policy of assimilation (1790 – 1920) nearly erased this language. The young tribe members that attended governmental educational facilities were only permitted to speak English, and were forbidden to speak in their native tongue. The 2012 loss of the last tribal elder, Gladys Thompson, who was fully fluent in the language has caused the language to become nearly extinct. Language preservation efforts include the Central Oregon Community College 100 level course in Kiksht Native Language. The instructor for this course, Ms. Valerie Switzler, is the recipient of the Linguistic Society of America's Excellence in Community Linguistics Award 2016. The Endangered Languages Archive at SOAS University of London has preserved recordings of Conversational Kiksht.

Warm Springs.

Bands.

These bands are split into different places but are the part of the same tribe. The bands of the Warm Springs tribe consists of Tenino, the Lower Deschutes, also called Wyam, the John- Day or Dock-Spus, and finally the Upper Deschutes or Tygh.

Language.

The Warm Springs band spoke a language called Sahaptin. Today there are only about 50 people who speak it fluently and none of them are under fifty years old.

Paiute.

History.

The Northern Paiutes had dominated South Eastern Oregon, Southern Idaho, Northern and Southern Nevada, and Northern California, with parts of Montana, and Utah

Language.

The language the Northern Paiutes use is Numu

The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs is a recognized tribe made of three tribes who put together a confederation of Native American tribes who currently live on and govern the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of Oregon.

Les tribus confédérées de Warm Springs sont une confédération reconnues au niveau fédéral de tribus amérindiennes américaines. Elles vivent et gouvernent actuellement la réserve indienne de Warm Springs dans l'État américain de l'Oregon.


History.

The founding of the aerodrome took place on June 17, 1910 when the announced that the staff of the Moscow Military District had approved the allocation of land in the territory of Khodynka field as an airfield. Donations from aviation enthusiasts met much of the cost of the construction of the facility. There resulted a runway and six small hangars for airplanes. The official opening took place on October 3, 1910 in the presence of military authorities and of many Russian aviators. made the first takeoff.  On May 3, 1922 the first ever Russian international flight on the route Moscow - Königsberg - Berlin took place. On July 15, 1923 the first regular domestic passenger flights between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod started - the 420 km route took 2.5 hours in a 4-seater AK-1 monoplane.  From 1923 to 1926 the facility bore the name "Central L. D. Trotsky Aerodrome" (). Subsequently it officially became "Central M. V. Frunze Aerodrome" ().  In 1938 the airport gave its name to the newly-opened Moscow Metro station Aeroport to the north of the runway.  Khodynka remained the only airport in Moscow until the opening of Bykovo in 1933. (Tushino opened in 1935, Vnukovo in 1941). Passenger flights stopped in the late 1940s, from 1950s to 2003 aerodrome was used only for shipping of new Ilyushin aircraft. Khodynka Aerodrome closed in 2003, and the whole site has been redeveloped for other uses. It housed a large number of stored aircraft from Sukhoi and Mikoyan-Gurevich, which were moved to Lukhovitsy.

Khodynka Aerodrome (, "Khodynskiy aerodrom"), officially Frunze Central Aerodrome, often referred to as Tsentralny Aerodrome (), was an airport in Moscow, Russia located northwest of the centre of the city.

L'aérodrome Khodynka (officiellement Aérodrome central Frounze) est un ancien aéroport de Moscou, situé à au nord-ouest du centre de la ville. Il fut l'unique aéroport de la ville jusqu'à l'ouverture de l'aéroport international de Vnoukovo en 1941. Il n'est plus en activité aujourd'hui, et le site entier a été reconverti. Il a été la base de stockage de très nombreux avions, depuis les Soukhoï jusqu'aux MiG (qui furent plus tard déplacés à Loukhovitsy).


Production.

In 2006 Ida Corr, Christian von Staffeldt aka Motrack and Burhan Genc wrote the track for Ida Corr's second album "Robosoul". Corr, Motrack and Kasper Tranberg produced the original album version of the song. soul version album.  In 2007 Fedde Le Grand heard the album version through Ida's label "Lifted House". He then produced a remix of the song and released it through his label "Flamingo Recordings".  The remix has an electro and house feel, with a 'jerky' beat and also with an element of jazz. The original song uses less drums and has an acoustic-urban feel.

Critical reception.

Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy gave the song four out of five stars, and wrote: "Fedde has teamed up with Ida Corr to produce another three minutes of thunderous dance-tastic frivolities. 'Let Me Think About It' couldn't possibly be any more of an Ibiza TUNE. It's the sound of Pete Tong, Dave Pearce and Scott Mills stood screaming with a load of Club 18-30 reps, while some boozed-up bikini-clad temptress grinds up against you all soaked up into a CD package. Packed with parping horns, cascading synth beats and the sound of a fire alarm being played along to the theme from "Shaft"".

Music video.

In summer 2007 director Marcus Adams shot the music video for the remix in London. The video features Ida Corr with an afro hairdo and the dancers Anchelique Mariano, Dominique Tipper and Stephanie Fitzpatrick, dressed in a similar manner dancing and feigning to play various instruments. Dancer Jason Beitel, who mimes to Burhan G's voice, is the male protagonist of the clip. Natricia Bernard did the choreography.

Chart performance.

The song is the third Danish single of Ida Corr's album "Robosoul" and the third single from Fedde le Grand, released in the United Kingdom, following the number-one hit "Put Your Hands Up 4 Detroit", and the well-received collaboration with Danish singer Camille Jones, "The Creeps". "Let Me Think About It" became the most successful single for both artists. The single reached number two on the UK Singles Chart on 7 October 2007 and stayed there for one more week. In Australia, it peaked at number 14 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, and in New Zealand, it reached number 12.  In the United States it was released by Ida Corr (but listed as "Ida Corr vs. Fedde le Grand") and reached number one on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart on 9 February 2008, making it the first import single to reach the chart, until the week ending 1 March, when Ministry Of Sound America picked up the single for a US commercial release. In Germany, the single peaked at number 14 on the German Single Charts. In 2008 it stayed over 40 weeks within the Top 100, which resulted in the longest stay for a single in the German Top 100 in 2008.

Track listing.

Danish single  Danish remix single  Australian single German single  U.S. digital download  U.S. remix digital download  U.K. Singles Let Me Think About It (Extended Radio Mix) 4:46

Personnel.

Source:

Awards and nominations.

"Let Me Think About It" has been certified a Platinum Award for more than 18,000 sold singles by IFPI in Denmark and with an award for more than 10,000 plays in UK by Nielsen Music Control Airplay Awards Notification UK. The single also won two Danish DeeJay Awards in 2008 for "Best Danish Deejay Favorite" and "Best Danish Dancehit". In 2008 the song has been certified an IMPALA Diamond Award for selling more than 250,000 units (CDs, Downloads, Albumtrack) in the European countries.

"Let Me Think About It" is a song performed by Danish soul singer Ida Corr and Dutch house DJ Fedde le Grand. It is a remix by le Grand of Corr's original track which appeared on her 2006 album "Robosoul". The song features credited vocals by Corr and uncredited vocals by Danish R&B singer Burhan G.

Let Me Think About It est une chanson de la chanteuse danoise Ida Corr et du DJ Fedde le Grand. On retrouve également la participation sur cette chanson du chanteur danois Burhan G.


History.

The first settlers arrived around 1773. During the American Revolution, the settlers, having been warned by a friendly Oneida Indian about an enemy raid, abandoned their farms until after the war. The town was resettled in 1792.  The Town of Marcy was formed in 1832 from part of the Town of Deerfield, located to the east.  In 1920, the population of Marcy was 1,919.  The Neck Canal of 1730 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (1.35%) is water.  The Mohawk River defines the south town line.  The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) passes through the southeast corner of the town.  The Erie Canal (also known as the Barge Canal) passes through the south end of the town, running along River Road, with Lock 20 Canal Park just east of the Route 291 bridge lying on the canal.  SUNY Polytechnic Institute is located on 700 acres northwest of the intersection of the North-South Arterial (NY 8 and NY 12) and NY 49.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 9,469 people, 2,003 households, and 1,526 families residing in the town. The population density was 287.2 people per square mile (110.9/km2). There were 2,073 housing units at an average density of 62.9 per square mile (24.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 68.42% White, 22.20% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 6.55% from other races, and 1.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.02% of the population.  There were 2,003 households out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.5% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the town, the population was spread out with 13.2% under the age of 18, 13.4% from 18 to 24, 44.7% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 242.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 276.2 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $47,180, and the median income for a family was $54,231. Males had a median income of $30,943 versus $25,044 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,182. About 3.7% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.

Marcy is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 8,982 at the 2010 census. The town was named after Governor William L. Marcy. It lies between the cities of Rome and Utica. The Erie Canal passes through the southern part of the town.

Marcy est une ville du comté d'Oneida (New York) de l’État de New York, au nord-est des États-Unis d’Amérique. La commune compte habitants en l’an 2000.


Early life.

Sime was born on July 25, 1936, in Paterson, New Jersey, the son of Evelyn and Charles Sime, neither of whom graduated from high school. He grew up in Fair Lawn and played football and baseball at Fair Lawn High School, but did not run track. He was a charter member of the Fair Lawn High School Athletics Hall of Fame.  Sime applied to the United States Military Academy at West Point, as his dream was to become a pilot, but discovered he was color blind and accepted a baseball scholarship to Duke University in North Carolina.

Duke University.

Sime was a member of Duke's baseball and track and field teams, and played football for a season in 1958, while a first-year medical school student. His beginnings in track were accidental: his 100-yard dash on an unmowed grass surface in baseball shoes was a rapid 9.8 seconds, and the coaches soon asked him to join the track team. Opting not to play freshman football, he had gone out for fall track to stay in shape for baseball. Sime hit over.400 as a freshman and had the intention continuing in baseball for coach Ace Parker, but his success during winter track changed that. Parker was a former multi-sport athlete and recognized the exceptional speed and Olympic potential; Sime focused on track in 1956, then split time between both sports in 1957.  Sime achieved his greatest collegiate victory as a 19-year-old sophomore at the Drake Relays in April 1956, where he was named the meet's outstanding performer after setting a meet record in the 100-yard dash in 9.4 seconds; he handed Bobby Morrow of Abilene Christian his first loss in over thirty races in the 100, and was inducted into the Drake Relays Athlete Hall of Fame in 1959. Sime was named the ACC Athlete of the Year in 1956 for his accomplishments in track and baseball. Prior to the Olympic trials, he and Morrow appeared on the cover of "Sports Illustrated" in 1956.  Sime was selected by the Detroit Lions in the 29th round (341st overall) of the 1959 NFL Draft, but he opted not to play football professionally and continued at medical school.  In 2010, Duke named him their most outstanding athlete of the 20th century.

Olympics.

Sime was unable to make the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne due to a leg injury in his first attempt to ride a horse, but he competed in Rome four years later and won a silver medal when he was edged out by Armin Hary of Germany in a photo finish in the 100 meters.  He anchored the U.S. to an apparent victory in the 4 × 100 m relay. The team finished first in a world record time of 39.4 s but was disqualified because the at the first exchange from Budd to Norton, Norton started too early and the exchange happened outside the changeover box. During his career, he held world records at 100 yards, 220 yards, and the 220 yd low hurdles.  During the Rome Olympics, Sime worked with the CIA trying to entice Soviet long-jumper Igor Ter-Ovanesyan to defect; the attempt failed.

Ophthalmology.

Sime never played sports professionally. He graduated in the top 10% of his class at the Duke University School of Medicine. He then practiced medicine as an ophthalmologist in Florida, where he was a pioneer in intraocular lens transplants.

Personal life.

Sime's eldest child Sherrie went to the University of Virginia, where she was the school's top-ranked singles tennis player. His son Scott was a state wrestling champion and all-state football player at Coral Gables High School before going on to his father's alma mater at Duke, where he was a starting fullback.  Sime's youngest child Lisa attended Stanford University, where she was a standout soccer player. There she met her future husband, Ed McCaffrey, a Cardinal football player who went on to win three Super Bowls and a Pro Bowl during a 13-year NFL career. Their son Christian McCaffrey is a running back in the NFL for the Carolina Panthers, after following his parents to Stanford where he played football. As a sophomore in 2015, he was the AP College Football Player of the Year and finished second in the Heisman Trophy balloting.  After a lengthy battle with cancer, Sime died at age 79 in 2016.

David William Sime (; July 25, 1936 – January 12, 2016) was an American sprinter, multi-sport athlete at Duke University, and a pioneering ophthalmologist. He won a silver medal in the 100-meter dash at the 1960 Olympic Games. He held several sprint records during the late 1950s.

David William Sime dit Dave Sime, né le à Paterson (New Jersey) et mort le à Miami, est un athlète américain.


Development.

Origins.

Canada began to seek a replacement for the Sea King maritime helicopter in 1986 when it issued a solicitation for the New Shipborne Aircraft (NSA) Project. A variant of the AgustaWestland EH-101 was selected and a contract was signed by the nation's governing party at the time, the Progressive Conservatives. After a change of government to the Liberal party, the EH-101 contract was cancelled. The cancellation resulted in a lengthy delay to procure a replacement aircraft. The project took on increased importance in the early 2000s and another procurement competition was initiated.  On 23 November 2004, Canada's Department of National Defence announced the award of a C$1.8 billion contract to Sikorsky to produce 28 helicopters, with deliveries scheduled to start in January 2009. In addition, Sikorsky's subcontractors, General Dynamics Canada and L-3 MAS are responsible for in-service maintenance and the Maritime Helicopter Training Centre including two Operational Mission Simulators. Other elements of in-service support include the Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring System, spares and software support.  The first flight of the first production CH-148, serial number 801 (FAA registration N4901C), took place in Florida on 15 November 2008.

Delays and upgrades.

In May 2010, Sikorsky announced an engine upgrade for the CH-148 Cyclone by the end of 2012. General Electric was developing a new engine version based on the CT7-8A1. The CT7-8A1 makes the CH-148 Cyclone heavier and less efficient than expected. General Electric developed the CT7-8A7 to be certified by June 2012 and eventually integrated into the Cyclone as soon as possible. General Electric developed the upgraded engine at its own expense. The new CT7-8A7 engine version produces 10% additional horsepower. The CT7-8A7 included modifications to the fuel manifold and nozzles. Interim CH-148s were to be provided with CT7-8A1 engines.  Additional complications in the program, and restrictions from US government International Traffic in Arms Regulations delayed initial aircraft deliveries until 2010. Further delays resulted in expected delivery pushed to 2015. In 2013 Canada rejected the delivery of "interim" helicopters offered by Sikorsky that lacked critical mission systems. In September 2013, the Canadian government announced that they were reevaluating the CH-148 purchase, and would examine cancelling the contract and ordering different helicopters if that were the better option; by this point, Sikorsky had accrued over $88 million in late damages since 2008.  In June 2014, it was announced that the Canadian government had removed the mandatory requirement from Sikorsky to supply the CH-148 with a 30-minute run-dry main gearbox. This was a key safety feature defined as mandatory in the original RFQ and one of 7 concessions made to Sikorsky. The Canadian government stated that these concessions would not affect the safety of Armed Forces personnel. However, oil loss in the main gearbox followed by several other factors caused the 2009 crash of a S-92, a civil version of the helicopter, off the coast of Newfoundland. Sikorsky added an oil cooler bypass switch and stated a similar accident is extremely unlikely. The effectiveness of the bypass switch has been questioned as it assumes that the leak will happen within the oil cooler assembly, and that the bypass can be activated in time to maintain enough oil. In the case of the S-92 crash, a titanium stud sheared causing catastrophic oil loss through the oil filter assembly.

Design.

The CH-148 has a metal and composite airframe. The four-bladed articulated composite main rotor blade is wider and has a longer radius than the S-70 Blackhawk. The tapered blade tip sweeps back and angles downward to reduce noise and increase lift. Tethered hover flight has recorded 138 kN (31,000 lbf) of lift generated, both in and out of ground effect. Unlike the Sea King, but in common with almost all current production naval helicopters, the Cyclone is not amphibious and cannot float on water.  A number of safety features such as flaw tolerance, bird strike capability and engine burst containment have been incorporated into the design. An active vibration system ensures comfortable flight and acoustic levels are well below certification requirements. The Cyclone will feature a modified main gearbox, which has been redesigned since a March 2009 accident.  The CH-148 is equipped with devices to search and locate submarines during ASW, and is equipped with countermeasures to protect itself against missile strikes. The Integrated Mission System is being developed by General Dynamics Canada, as is the Sonobuoy Acoustic Processing System. The radar is a Telephonics APS-143B, the EO System a Flir Systems SAFIRE III, the sonar an L-3 HELRAS, and the ESM a Lockheed Martin AN/ALQ-210. CMC Electronics provides the flight management system, named CMA-2082MH Aircraft Management System.

Operational history.

The Canadian Forces were to take delivery of CH-148s beginning in November 2008. In April 2009 the Government of Canada waived late fees and allowed Sikorsky two additional years to deliver compliant Cyclones. In February 2010, the first CH-148 arrived at CFB Halifax. Shearwater Heliport is the headquarters of 12 Wing, which were operating the CH-124 Sea King. Due to delays and export restrictions, the first 19 of the 28 CH-148 Cyclones were to be delivered in an interim standard which does not meet the original contract requirements. This allows operational testing and training to begin before the end of the year.  In March 2010, the first CH-148 was embarked on for an intensive open seas trials including landing and takeoff. In June 2010, Sikorsky announced the Canadian Forces would receive six interim CH-148 Cyclones in November 2010. In July 2010, Sikorsky reached an agreement on delay payments and deliveries; deliveries of the remaining CH-148s with full capabilities were to begin in June 2012. All interim-standard helicopters were to be retrofitted by December 2013.  On 22 February 2011, the Office of the Prime Minister of Canada announced the proposed arrival of nine Cyclones on Canada's west coast in the spring of 2014. By March 2011 the six interim CH-148s had not been delivered. On 3 March 2011, the federal government announced that it would impose a fine of up to C$8 million on Sikorsky for failure to meet contractual obligations. In January 2012 it was reported Sikorsky would deliver five training CH-148s in 2012, including one "fully mission capable" CH-148 by June 2012, or face a further possible $80 million in contract penalties. On 10 July 2012 in reference to Sikorsky missing another delivery deadline, Defence Minister Peter MacKay called the Cyclone purchase "the worst procurement in the history of Canada".  In December 2012, Louis Chenevert, chairman of Sikorsky's parent corporation United Technologies Corporation, stated that the five CH-148s scheduled for delivery in 2012 would instead be delivered in 2013, along with three additional helicopters. The remaining deliveries are to follow. In October 2013, the project appeared to be on the verge of cancellation with the Canadian government ordering a possible change to the maritime helicopter requirements.  In June 2015, it was reported that Sikorsky was ready to begin deliveries of the first interim Cyclones to the Royal Canadian Air Force. Six helicopters were delivered on 19 June 2015, and two "Block 1.1" Cyclones were delivered in November–December 2015. These eight helicopters will allow for RCAF training on the Cyclone until the fully operational Block 2 Cyclones start to arrive in 2018. A ninth CH-148 was delivered in August 2016. The eleventh helicopter was delivered in March 2017 as deliveries of the weapons system continue. In June 2018, the Cyclone was declared to have reached its "initial operating capability".  In July 2018, the RCAF announced that the Cyclone will participate in a Canadian deployment to Latvia as part of Operation Reassurance, with one helicopter leaving Canada on board.

The Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone is a twin-engine, multi-role shipboard helicopter developed by the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation for the Canadian Armed Forces. A military variant of the Sikorsky S-92, the CH-148 is designed for shipboard operations and replaced the venerable CH-124 Sea King, which was in operation from 1963 to 2018. The search for a Sea King replacement originally began in the 1980s.

Le CH-148 Cyclone est un hélicoptère multi-rôle, fabriqué par la société Sikorsky Aircraft pour les Forces armées canadiennes. Le CH-148 Cyclone est une variante militaire de l'hélicoptère civil Sikorsky S-92. Il est conçu pour les opérations à bord des navires et il remplace le CH-124 Sea King, qui a été en opération depuis le début des années 1960 jusqu'au.


History.

The concept of Obshchina was an important part in Old Russia and had its roots in Slavic communities. A detailed statistical description of the Russian village commune was provided by Alexander Ivanovich Chuprov. Communal land ownership of the mir predated serfdom, surviving emancipation and the Russian Revolution). Until the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the mir could either contain serfs or free peasants. In the first case, lands reserved for serf use were assigned to the mir for allocation by the proprietor.  Even after the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, a peasant in his everyday work normally had little independence from obshchina, governed at the village level ("mir") by the full assembly of the community ("skhod"). Among its duties were control and redistribution of the common land and forest (if such existed), levying recruits for military service and imposing punishments for minor crimes. Obshchina was also held responsible for taxes underpaid by members. This type of shared responsibility was known as "krugovaya poruka" (mutual responsibility), although the exact meaning of this expression has changed over time and now in Russian it has a negative meaning of mutual cover-up.  In 1905, repartitional tenure did not exist in the Baltic provinces, but it was used by a quarter of western and southwestern (i.e. Ukrainian) peasants, two thirds of steppe peasants and 96.9% elsewhere.  The institution was effectively destroyed by the Stolypin agrarian reforms (1906–1914), the implementation of which would lead to the Russian Revolution and subsequent collectivization in the Soviet Union.

Structure.

The organization of the peasant mode of production is the primary cause for the type of social structure found in the obshchina. The relationship between the individual peasant, the family and the community leads to a specific social structure categorized by the creation of familial alliances to apportion risks between members of the community. In the obshchina, alliances were formed primarily through marriage and common descent of kin. Usually, the eldest members of the household made up the mir to govern the redistribution of land. The families came together to form a community that depended on making taxes more equitable and the concept of mutual help. Jovan E. Howe writes: "The economic relations so established are essentially distributive: through various categories of exchanges of both products and labor, temporary imbalances such as those occasioned by insufficient labor power of a newly-established family unit or a catastrophic loss, which places one unit at an unfair reproductive disadvantage in relation to its allies, are evened out". In addition, the alliance system had residual communal rights, sharing exchanges during shortages as well as certain distributive exchanges. Furthermore, the structure defined by these alliances and risk-sharing measures were regulated by scheduling and the ritualization of time. Howe writes that "the traditional calendar of the Russian peasants was a guide for day-to-day living. The names attached to calendar dates, the calendrical periods into which they were grouped, the day on the week on which each fell, and the sayings connected with them encoded information about when to undertake tasks, but also about when not to work, when it was necessary to perform symbolic actions, take part in rituals and compulsory celebrations".  Peasants (i.e. three-quarters of the population of Russia) formed a class apart, largely excepted from the incidence of the ordinary law and governed in accordance with their local customs. The mir itself, with its customs, is of immemorial antiquity, but it was not until the 1861 emancipation of the serfs that the village community was withdrawn from the patrimonial jurisdiction of the landowning nobility and endowed with self-government. The assembly of the mir consists of all the peasant householders of the village. These elect a Village Elder ("starosta") and a collector of taxes who was responsible, at least until the "ukaz" of October 1906 which abolished communal responsibility for the payment of taxes, for the repartition among individuals of the taxes imposed on the commune. A number of mirs are united into a "volost" which has an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs.  The mir was protected from insolvency by the rule that the families cannot be deprived of their houses or implements necessary for agriculture; nor can the mir be deprived of its land.

View on obshchinas.

The mir or obshchina became a topic in political philosophy with the publication of August von Haxthausen's book in 1847. It was in the mid-19th century that Slavophiles discovered the mir. Romantic nationalists and the Slavophiles hailed the mir as a purely Russian collective, both ancient and venerable; free from what they considered the stain of the bourgeois mindset found in western Europe. Not surprisingly, it was but a short step from this to the mir being used as a basis for Slavophilic idealist theories concerning communism, communalism, communal lands, history, progress and the nature of mankind itself.  By the second half of the 19th century, the Slavophiles were challenged by the opposing Western faction. Boris Chicherin, a leading spokesman for the Western school, argued that the mir was neither ancient nor particular to Russia. The mir, the Western school argued, had arisen in the late 17th to early 18th century and was not based on some sort of social contract or communal instinct. Rather, it was a monarchical creation, created and enforced for the purpose of tax collection. Whatever the merits of either case, both schools agreed that the landlord and the state both played a vital role in the development (if not the origin of) the mir:  Where (arable) land is scarce, the communal form of tenure tends to prevail, but where ever it (arable land) is abundant it is replaced by household or even family tenue.  The 19th-century Russian philosophers attached signal importance to obshchina as a unique feature distinguishing Russia from other countries. Alexander Herzen, for example, hailed this pre-capitalist institution as a germ of the future socialist society. His Slavophile opponent Aleksey Khomyakov regarded obshchina as symbolic of the spiritual unity and internal co-operation of Russian society and worked out a sophisticated "Philosophy of Obshchina" which he called sobornost.  The European socialist movement looked to this arrangement as evidence that Russian peasants had a history of socialization of property and lacked bourgeois impulses toward ownership:  Russia is the sole European country where the "agricultural commune" has kept going on a nationwide scale up to the present day. It is not the prey of a foreign conqueror, as the East Indies, and neither does it lead a life cut off from the modern world. On the one hand, the common ownership of land allows it to transform individualist farming in parcels directly and gradually into collective farming, and the Russian peasants are already practising it in the undivided grasslands; the physical lie of the land invites mechanical cultivation on a large scale; the peasant’s familiarity with the contract of artel facilitates the transition from parcel labour to cooperative labour; and, finally, Russian society, which has so long lived at his expense, owes him the necessary advances for such a transition. On the other hand, the contemporaneity of western production, which dominates the world market, allows Russia to incorporate in the commune all the positive acquisitions devised by the capitalist system without passing through its Caudine Forks [i.e. undergo humiliation in defeat].

Obshchina (, literally "commune") or mir (, literally "society", among other meanings), or selskoye obshchestvo (, "rural community", official term in the 19th and 20th century; ), were peasant village communities as opposed to individual farmsteads, or khutors, in Imperial Russia. The term derives from the word "obshchiy" (, literally "common").

Dans l'Empire russe, une mir (russe : ) était une communauté paysanne locale autonome. Dans ces communautés villageoises, chacun devait travailler de concert pour assurer la survie mutuelle par le partage du travail et de la nourriture.


History.

On November 12, 1966, five men who were digging a grave at a cemetery near Clendenin, West Virginia, claimed to have seen a man-like figure fly low from the trees over their heads. This is often identified as the first known sighting of what became known as the Mothman.  Shortly thereafter, on November 15, 1966, two young couples from Point Pleasant, Roger and Linda Scarberry and Steve and Mary Mallette, told police they saw a large grey creature whose eyes "glowed red" when the car's headlights picked it up. They described it as a "large flying man with ten-foot wings", following their car while they were driving in an area outside of town known as "the TNT area", the site of a former World War II munitions plant. During the next few days, other people reported similar sightings. Two volunteer firemen who saw it said it was a "large bird with red eyes". Mason County Sheriff George Johnson commented that he believed the sightings were due to an unusually large heron he termed a "shitepoke". Contractor Newell Partridge told Johnson that when he aimed a flashlight at a creature in a nearby field its eyes glowed "like bicycle reflectors", and blamed buzzing noises from his television set and the disappearance of his German Shepherd dog on the creature. Wildlife biologist Dr. Robert L. Smith at West Virginia University told reporters that descriptions and sightings all fit the sandhill crane, a large American crane almost as high as a man with a seven-foot wingspan featuring circles of reddish coloring around the eyes, and that the bird may have wandered out of its migration route. This particular crane was unrecognized at first because it was not native to this region.  After the December 15, 1967 collapse of the Silver Bridge and the death of 46 people, the incident gave rise to the legend and connected the Mothman sightings to the bridge collapse.  ""The Mothman Prophecies"" (2002) is a major motion picture, loosely based on the 1975 book of the same name by John Keel.  According to Georgian newspaper "Svobodnaya Gruziya", Russian UFOlogists claim that Mothman sightings in Moscow foreshadowed the 1999 Russian apartment bombings.  In 2016, WCHS-TV published a photo purported to be of Mothman taken by an anonymous man while driving on Route 2. Science writer Sharon A. Hill proposed that the photo showed "a bird, perhaps an owl, carrying a frog or snake away" and wrote that "there is zero reason to suspect it is the Mothman as described in legend. There are too many far more reasonable explanations."

Analysis.

Folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand notes that Mothman has been widely covered in the popular press, some claiming sightings connected with UFOs, and others claiming that a military storage site was Mothman's "home". Brunvand notes that recountings of the 1966–67 Mothman reports usually state that at least 100 people saw Mothman with many more "afraid to report their sightings" but observed that written sources for such stories consisted of children's books or sensationalized or undocumented accounts that fail to quote identifiable persons. Brunvand found elements in common among many Mothman reports and much older folk tales, suggesting that something real may have triggered the scares and became woven with existing folklore. He also records anecdotal tales of Mothman supposedly attacking the roofs of parked cars occupied by teenagers.  Conversely, Joe Nickell says that a number of hoaxes followed the publicity generated by the original reports, such as a group of construction workers who tied flashlights to helium balloons. Nickell attributes the Mothman reports to pranks, misidentified planes, and sightings of a barred owl, an albino owl, suggesting that the Mothman's "glowing eyes" were actually red-eye effect caused from the reflection of light from flashlights or other bright light sources. The area lies outside the snowy owl's usual range. Benjamin Radford points out that the only report of glowing "red eyes," was secondhand, that of Shirley Hensley quoting her father.  According to University of Chicago psychologist David A. Gallo, 55 sightings of Mothman in Chicago during 2017 published on the website of self-described Fortean researcher Lon Strickler are "a selective sample". Gallo explains that "he's not sampling random people and asking if they saw the Mothman – he's just counting the number of people that voluntarily came forward to report a sighting." According to Gallo, "people more likely to visit a paranormal-centric website like Strickler's might also be more inclined to believe in, and therefore witness the existence of, a 'Mothman'."  Some pseudoscience adherents (such as ufologists, paranormal authors, and cryptozoologists) claim that Mothman was an alien, a supernatural manifestation, or a previously unknown species of animal. In his 1975 book "The Mothman Prophecies", author John Keel claimed that the Point Pleasant residents experienced precognitions including premonitions of the collapse of the Silver Bridge, unidentified flying object sightings, visits from inhuman or threatening men in black, and other phenomena.

Festival and statue.

Point Pleasant held its first Annual Mothman Festival in 2002. The Mothman festival began after brainstorming creative ways for people to visit Point Pleasant. The group organizing the event chose the Mothman to be center of the festival due to its uniqueness, and as a way to celebrate its local legacy in the town.  According to the event organizer, Jeff Wamsley, the average attendance for the Mothman is an estimated 10-12 thousand people per year.  A 12-foot-tall metallic statue of the creature, created by artist and sculptor Bob Roach, was unveiled in 2003. The Mothman Museum and Research Center opened in 2005. The festival is held on the third weekend of every September, hosting guest speakers, vendor exhibits, pancake-eating contests, and hayride tours of locally notable areas.

Verena Bentele (born February 28, 1982 in Lindau) is a blind German Paralympic biathlete and cross-country skier. She studied at the Carl-Strehl Schule, a special school for the blind und partially sighted in Marburg, Germany. She won her first Paralympic medals (one gold, two silver, one bronze) at the 1998 Winter Paralympics, followed by four gold medals at the 2002 Winter Paralympics, as well as two gold and one bronze medal at the 2006 Winter Paralympics She was also winner of the Combined World Cup in Biathlon und Cross-Country in 2006.

Verena Bentele, née le à Lindau (Allemagne), est une fondeuse et biathlète handisport allemande actuellement en activité. Elle a remporté quatre fois les championnats du monde et a été douze fois championne paralympique. En 2010, elle a remporté cinq médailles d'or aux Jeux paralympiques de Vancouver. Elle est, avec la skieuse canadienne Lauren Woolstencroft, la seule athlète à avoir accompli cela.


Playing career.

MacLeod was born in Spruce Grove, Alberta. MacLeod attended Bishop Carroll High School in Calgary, Alberta.  Carla MacLeod represented Team Alberta at the National Championships in 1999 and 2001. On both occasions, MacLeod would win the Abby Hoffman Cup.

Wisconsin Badgers.

She played with the Wisconsin Badgers women's ice hockey program in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association for four years, serving as captain for the 03-04 and 04-05 seasons. She played for United States women's Olympic team coach Mark Johnson at Wisconsin, where he likened her leadership to that of a second coach.  While at Wisconsin, MacLeod was bestowed with the University of Wisconsin Big Ten Medal of Honor (in recognition of athletic and academic achievement). In her senior year at Wisconsin, Macleod served as one of two undergraduate assistant coaches. The other undergrad coach was Olympian Molly Engstrom. Macleod and Engstrom assisted coach Mark Johnson with analysis of game footage.

Hockey Canada.

Her career as a defenseman for the national team began in 2003 with a silver win in the Four Nations Cup. In 2004, she played to a gold medal in the Four Nations Cup. In 2005, MacLeod made her world championship debut in 2005. She had been cut from the world championship team for two consecutive years before that. MacLeod would win silver at the 2005 IIHF Women's World Hockey Championship. In 2006, she played in the Winter Olympics in Turin, where she was named as a tournament all-star, and in the 2006 Four Nations Cup, where Canada won gold. In 2007, she played in the IIHF Women's World Hockey Championship, where Canada won its ninth world's gold medal. Prior to joining the national women's team, MacLeod was on the National Under-22 team from 1999-2003.

Coaching career.

In the fall of 2010, she became an assistant coach with Mount Royal University. During the 2011–12 Canada women's national ice hockey team season, MacLeod was an assistant coach for the National Under 18 team that participated in a three-game series vs. the USA in August 2011. Since February, 2012 she has been serving as an assistant coach for the Japanese national team. In February, 2013 the Japanese national women's hockey team qualified for the first time for the 2014 winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Japanese media praise her coaching skills, her likable personality as well as her tactical understanding of the game which has been much needed for this team. They say she has given the players a hockey mentality and a style of play which puts pressure on opposing teams.

Retirement.

On September 14, 2010, Hockey Canada announced that MacLeod, along with three other players retired from international hockey. After her retirement, she took a public relations job with the Royal Bank of Canada.

Carla Rae MacLeod (born June 16, 1982) is a retired member of the Canadian national women's hockey team. Through her paternal grandmother, MacLeod is related to former Montreal Canadiens legend Maurice Richard.

Carla MacLeod (née le à Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) est une joueuse de hockey sur glace canadienne, membre de l'équipe du Canada de hockey sur glace féminin.