Early life.

McCarten was born and raised in New Plymouth, New Zealand, and attended Francis Douglas Memorial College. He worked as a reporter for a couple of years on "The Taranaki Herald" before studying for an Arts degree at Massey University and Victoria University of Wellington, where he studied creative writing with Bill Manhire. After leaving university, McCarten appeared in a production of "King Lear".

Career.

Novels.

McCarten is a celebrated novelist and author of seven novels. McCarten's novels have been translated into 14 languages. His first novel, "Spinners" (Picador, 2000), was voted one of the top ten novels of that year by "Esquire" magazine. McCarten published his second novel, "The English Harem", in 2002, which he later adapted for the screen. It was broadcast on ITV in December 2005.  In 2007, he wrote his third novel "Death of a Superhero", then adapted the screenplay, executive produced the film, and wrote the book of the stage musical. It won the 2008 Austrian Youth Literature Prize and was a finalist for the 2008 German Youth Literature Prize. His fourth novel, "Show Of Hands", was published in Europe, and in the US by Simon and Schuster in 2009. McCarten directed the big screen adaptation and the movie had its world premiere at the Montreal World Film Festival, 2008, and was nominated for Best Picture and Best Director at the New Zealand Film Awards. The sequel novel to "Death of a Superhero", "In The Absence Of Heroes", was published in 2012, and was a finalist for the 2013 New Zealand Fiction Prize and was longlisted for the 2014 Dublin International IMPAC Literary Award. 2013 saw the release of "Brilliance" (Alma Books (UK), Hawthorne Books (USA)), the Gilded Age story of Thomas Edison, the legendary inventor of the first commercially practical incandescent light, and his transforming friendship with the giant of the late 19th-century financial world, J.P. Morgan. In 2015 he was inducted as a Literary Fellow of the New Zealand Society of Authors.

Nonfiction books.

In June, 2018, his work of historical non-fiction, "Darkest Hour: How Churchill Brought Us Back From The Brink" ranked number 1 on the UK non-fiction charts, enjoying ten weeks as a Sunday Times Bestseller.

Screenwriting.

"Via Satellite", which McCarten adapted from his own stage play, and directed himself, was invited to several film festivals including London, Cannes, Toronto, Melbourne, Hawaii and Seattle. His follow-up feature as writer/director, "Show of Hands" (2008), premiered at the Montreal International Film Festival and was an official selection for the Shanghai Film Festival 2009.  In 2011, his adaptation of his own novel "Death of a Superhero" had its world premiere at the Toronto Film Festival, won the 2011 Les Arcs European Film Festival Audience Choice Prize and Young Jury Prize, and the Audience Award and 'Special Mention' of the Jury at the Mamer-en-Mars European Film Festival. It had its US premiere at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival.  McCarten produced and wrote "The Theory of Everything" (2014), concerning the life of Prof. Stephen Hawking, and his first wife, Jane Hawking. He first initiated talks with Jane to acquire the rights to her autobiography, "Travelling to Infinity", in 2004, and shortly after began work on the screenplay, which took its inspiration from her book.  On 15 January 2015, the film received 5 Academy Award nominations, with McCarten earning two as producer and screenwriter in the categories of Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. He won two BAFTA awards for his roles as producer Best British Film and screenwriter Best Adapted Screenplay.  In 2017, McCarten wrote and co-produced a film about Winston Churchill, "Darkest Hour". It stars Gary Oldman as Churchill, who has received critical acclaim for his performance. The film received 6 Academy Award nominations, with McCarten earning one as producer in the category of Best Picture. He was also nominated for two BAFTA awards for his role as producer, Best British Film and Best Film.  McCarten wrote "Bohemian Rhapsody", the Queen biopic that reached Number 1 at the box office in the US, UK, France, Germany, and all major markets, recording the second biggest opening weekend in history for a musical biography. It became the biggest grossing drama and/or biopic of all time in 2018, winning the 2019 Golden Globe for Best Picture (drama), earning over $900 million at the box office, and was nominated for the 2019 Academy Award for Best Picture.  In 2019, he wrote the script for "The Two Popes", the film adaptation of his own stage play, "The Pope"; the film stars Anthony Hopkins as Pope Benedict XVI and Jonathan Pryce as Pope Francis, and had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival.  April 2020, Deadline.com announced McCarten would be writing the screenplay for an upcoming Whitney Houston biopic. He’ll also serve as producer with Houston’s mentor/boss Clive Davis, her estate president and music company Primary Wave. Stella Meghie will direct and the film has a working title, "I Wanna Dance with Somebody".

Theater.

McCarten received early international success with his play "Ladies Night". McCarten has written a Broadway musical about Neil Diamond that is entering rehearsals in New York.

Personal life.

McCarten divides his time between London, Los Angeles and Munich. He has three children.

Awards and nominations.

Academy Awards.

! Year! Nominated work! Category! Result! Ref

Golden Globe Awards.

Anthony McCarten (born 28 April 1961) is a New Zealand novelist, playwright, journalist, television writer and filmmaker. He is best known for writing the biopics "The Theory of Everything" (2014), "Darkest Hour" (2017), "Bohemian Rhapsody" (2018) and "The Two Popes" (2019). He received Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay nominations for "The Theory of Everything" and "The Two Popes".

Anthony McCarten, né en 1961 à New Plymouth en Nouvelle-Zélande, est un romancier, scénariste et dramaturge néo-zélandais. Il vit à Londres et Los Angeles.


History.

Labour Party Ukraine.

Founded on 19 June 1999 as Labour Party Ukraine it did not participate in the legislative elections of 30 March 2002.  In the 2006 elections, the party failed as part of "Bloc Borys Olijnyk and Myhailo Syrota" to win parliamentary representation (the Bloc won 0,08% of the votes).  In the 2007 parliamentary elections the party was part of the Lytvyn Bloc alliance, that won 20 out of 450 seats.

Strong Ukraine.

Re-branding and merger with Party of Regions.

On 28 November 2009, at the 10th Congress, Labour Party Ukraine was renamed Strong Ukraine.  Strong Ukraine endorsed its new leader Serhiy Tihipko (former partyleader of Labour Ukraine), also elected in November 2009, in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election. Fellow billionaire Oleksandr Kardakov was another influential member of the party.  On 22 February 2010, during a party congress, the party announced it would compete in the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election not as part of the Lytvyn Bloc but in an electoral alliance with the party Information Ukraine.  On 11 March 2010 party leader Tihipko was elected as one of six deputy Prime Ministers (in charge of economic issues) in the Azarov Government.  A March 2010 poll predicted that the party would get 7.3% of the vote at the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election. A May 2010 poll by the "Kyiv International Institute of Sociology" showed that the party had the greatest support among voters in central Ukraine (11%), and less supported in the west and south (7%); the lowest number of this party's supporters was in east Ukraine (5%). At the 2010 local elections the party gained about 6% of the votes nationwide.  In the 2010 local elections the party won representative in 20 of the 24 regional parliaments and in the Supreme Council of Crimea.  In May 2011 the rating of the party had dropped to about 5% in election polls.  In August 2011 Tihipko and Prime Minister (and a Party of Regions (POR) leader) Mykola Azarov announced that Strong Ukraine and POR are going to team up and eventually Strong Ukraine will be merged into POR. Tihipko will become a POR member along with other Strong Ukraine representatives. Mid-December 2011 Tihipko predicted the unification process would be completed late January 2012; but he also warned that if "problematic issues" would not be solved Strong Ukraine would not merge. The parties merged on 17 March 2012. According to Sociological group "RATING" the party would have collected 3.1% of the votes if Ukrainian parliamentary election would have occurred in February 2012. In August 2012 experts believed potential voters of Tihipko and his Strong Ukraine! shifted their allegiance to Ukraine – Forward!. In the 28 October 2012 parliamentary elections Ukraine – Forward won 1.58% of the national votes and no constituencies and thus failed to win parliamentary representation.

Re-establishment.

In March 2014 Tihipko became a self-nominated candidate for President of Ukraine in the 2014 presidential election. On 29 March a Party of Regions convention supported Mykhailo Dobkin's nomination as a presidential candidate. On 7 April 2014 the political council of the party expelled Tihipko from the party. He then accused that the party had "been turned into a branch of a specific financial and industrial group, a private enterprise". On 23 April 2014 Tihipko announced that Strong Ukraine would be revived and that its merger with Party of Regions had been "a mistake".  On 5 August 2014 the party held its first Congress since its re-establishment.  In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Tihipko headed the party list of the party, followed by former government minister Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi. In the election the party failed to clear the 5% election threshold (it got 3.11% of the votes) but did win one constituency seat and thus one parliamentary seat.

Ideology and stances.

According to Tihipko the party is "patriotic but not nationalistic". Tihipko has stated he wants to "unite the country".  Concerning the War in Donbass, on 5 August 2014 Tihipko said that in March and April 2014 the Yatsenyuk Government wasted a chance to resolve the conflict through negotiations, and that by early August 2014 this was no longer an option. He also stated that "Terrorists" and their supporters in the east of the country had passed a "point of no return". He supports a professional Ukrainian army to prevent the conflict spreading to other parts of the country. The party seeks a peaceful resolution to the conflict by negotiating with Russia through European mediators but not directly with the pro-Russian combatants.

Strong Ukraine ( "Syl'na Ukrajina"); formerly the Labour Party Ukraine (), is a political party in Ukraine that was re-established in April 2014. It was originally registered in August 1999 and dissolved in March 2012 after it had merged with the Party of Regions on 17 March 2012. Since late 2009 the party was and is the main vehicle of billionaire Serhiy Tihipko. After the parties merger Tihipko became a member of the Party of Regions. On 7 April 2014 the political council of this party expelled Tihipko from the Party of Regions.

Ukraine forte (en ukrainien : Сильна Україна) est un parti politique ukrainien fondé en juin 1999 sous le nom du Parti travailliste d'Ukraine (Трудова партія України).


General techniques.

Remote Sensing methods employed in the service of archaeological investigations include: Ground-based geophysical methods such as Ground Penetrating Radar and Magnetometry are also used for archaeological imaging. Although these are sometimes classed as remote sensing, they are usually considered a separate discipline (see Geophysical survey (archaeology)).

Satellite archaeology.

Satellite archaeology is an emerging field of archaeology that uses high resolution satellites with thermal and infrared capabilities to pinpoint potential sites of interest in the earth around a meter or so in depth. The infrared light used by these satellites have longer wavelengths than that of visible light and are therefore capable of penetrating the Earth's surface. The images are then taken and processed by an archaeologist who specializes in satellite remote sensing in order to find any subtle anomalies on the Earth's surface.  Landscape features such as soil, vegetation, geology, and man-made structures of possible cultural interest have specific signatures that the multi-spectral satellites can help to identify. The satellites can then make a 3D image of the area to show if there are any man-made structures beneath soil and vegetation that can not be seen by the naked eye. Commercially available satellites have a.4m-90m resolution that make it possible to see most ancient sites and their associated features in such places as Egypt, Perù and Mexico. It is a hope of archaeologists that in the next few decades resolutions will improve to the point where they are capable of zooming in on a single pottery shard buried beneath the earth's surface.  Satellite archaeology is a non-invasive method for mapping and monitoring potential archaeological sites in an ever changing world that faces issues such as urbanization, looting, and groundwater pollution that could pose threats to such sites. In spite of this, satellites in archaeology are mostly a tool for broad scale survey and focused excavation. All archaeological projects need ground work in order to verify any potential findings.

Examples of regional applications.

Maya research.

Some of the most prominent remote sensing research has been done in regard to Maya studies in Mesoamerica. The Petén region of northern Guatemala is of particular focus because remote sensing technology is of very definite use there. The Petén is a densely forested region and it lacks modern settlements and infrastructure. As a result, it is extremely difficult to survey, and because of this remote sensing offers a solution to this research problem. The use of remote sensing techniques in this region is a great example of the applications these methods have for archaeologists. The Petén is a hilly, karstic, thickly forested landscape which offers an incredible barrier for field archaeologists to penetrate. With the advent of remote sensing techniques, a plethora of information has been uncovered about the region and about the people that inhabited it.  The Petén is arguably one of the most difficult of the Maya landscapes in which to subsist. It is questions regarding subsistence patterns and related problems that have driven remote sensing methodology in the hopes of understanding the complex adaptations that the Maya developed. Remote sensing methods have also proven invaluable when working to discover features, cisterns, and temples. Archaeologists have identified vegetative differentiation associated with such features. With the advent of remote sensing, archaeologists are able to pinpoint and study the features hidden beneath this canopy without ever visiting the jungle.  A pioneer in the use of remote sensing in Maya research is NASA archaeologist Tom Sever, who has applied remote sensing to research in Maya site discovery as well as mapping causeways ("sacbeob") and roads. Sever has stressed the enormous use of remote sensing in uncovering settlement patterns, population densities, societal structure, communication, and transportation. Sever has done much of his research in the Petén region of northern Guatemala, where he and his research team have used satellite imagery and GIS to map undiscovered roads and causeways the ancient Maya built to connect cities and settlements. These landscape artifacts represent the advantage of using remote sensing as these causeways are not visible from the ground. By mapping these forms, Sever is able to locate new sites and further uncover ancient Maya methods of communicated and transportation. Sever and his team also use remote sensing methods to gather data on deforestation. The rain forests of the Petén are undergoing massive deforestation, and Sever's remote sensing offers another window into this understanding and halting this problem. Monitoring the rate of deforestation not only has important ecological value, but the use of remote sensing can detect landscape change. By measuring the magnitude of landscape change in terms of vegetative cover and soil geography, as well as shifting land use patterns and the associated cultural diversity, archaeologists are given a window into depletion rates and trends in anthropogenic landscape alteration.  Much attention has been devoted to the mapping of canals and irrigation systems. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has proved particularly useful in this research. SAR is a type of radar that is sensitive to linear and geometric features on the ground. It is also important to include a method called ground truthing, or the process of physically visiting (on foot) the localities surveyed to verify the data and help inform the interpretation. GPS is often used to aid in this process.  Ground-based geophysical methods have also been employed in Maya research. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been performed on a number of sites, including Chichen Itza. The GPR research has detected buried causeways and structures that might have otherwise gone unnoticed.

Maya "collapse".

One of Sever's research goals is understanding the comparatively sudden decline of many Maya centers in the central Lowlands region by the end of the 1st millennium CE, a happenstance often referred to as the "(Classic) Maya collapse". Sever's research on communication and transportation systems points to an extensive societal infrastructure capable of supporting the building and maintenance of the causeways and roadways. Using satellite imagery, researchers have been able to map canals and reservoirs. These offer a glimpse into Maya cultural adaptations during the period of their highest population density. At the height of the classic period, the population in the Maya lowlands was 500 - 1300 people per square mile in rural areas, and even more in urban regions. This far outweighs the carrying capacity for this region, but this follows centuries of successful adaptation. Other data shows that by the end of the classic period, the Maya had already depleted much of the rain forest. Understanding how the ancient Maya adapted to this karst topography could shed light on solutions to modern ecological problems that modern peoples in the Petén currently face, which is much the same, except there are fewer people who are causing even more damage to the biodiversity and cultural diversity. Sever believes that the Maya collapse was a primarily ecological disaster. By detecting deforestation rates and trends can help us to understand how these same processes affected the Maya. An important contribution to the study of Maya has been provided by LiDAR thanks to its ability to penetrate dense tropical canopies. LiDAR has been applied to the site of Caracol, Belize in 2009, revealing an impressive monumental complex covered by jungle.

Satellite archaeology in Peru.

In Peru, an Italian scientific mission of CNR, directed by Nicola Masini, provided important results by using satellite imagery for both site discovery and the protection of archaeological heritage. In particular, by processing QuickBird images a large buried settlement, including a pyramid, in the Nasca riverbed (Southern Peru), near the Ceremonial Center of Cahuachi, has been detected. In the region of Lambayeque (Northern Peru), which is strongly affected by clandestine excavations, satellite imagery have been also employed for mapping and monitoring archaeological looting.

Location of ancient Iram.

Iram of the Pillars is a lost city (or region surrounding the lost city) on the Arabian Peninsula. In the early 1980s a group of researchers interested in the history of Iram used NASA remote sensing satellites, ground penetrating radar, Landsat program data and images taken from the Space Shuttle "Challenger" as well as SPOT data to identify old camel train routes and points where they converged. These roads were used as frankincense trade routes around 2800 BC to 100 BC.  One area in the Dhofar province of Oman was identified as a possible location for an outpost of the lost civilization. A team including adventurer Ranulph Fiennes, archaeologist Juris Zarins, filmmaker Nicholas Clapp, and lawyer George Hedges, scouted the area on several trips, and stopped at a water well called Ash Shisar. Near this oasis was located a site previously identified as the 16th century Shis'r fort. Excavations uncovered an older settlement, and artifacts traded from far and wide were found. This older fort was found to have been built on top of a large limestone cavern which would have served as the water source for the fort, making it an important oasis on the trade route to Iram. As the residents of the fort consumed the water from underground, the water table fell, leaving the limestone roof and walls of the cavern dry. Without the support of the water, the cavern would have been in danger of collapse, and it seems to have done so some time between 300-500 AD, destroying the oasis and covering over the water source.  Four subsequent excavations were conducted by Dr. Juris Zarins, tracing the historical presence by the people of 'Ad, the assumed ancestral builders of Iram.

Egypt and the Roman Empire.

Archaeologist Dr Sarah Parcak uses satellites to search for sub-surface remains, as described in her TED Talk on the subject of space archaeology and uses of citizen science. Parcak uses these satellites to hunt to for lost settlements, tombs, and pyramids in Egypt's Nile Delta. She has also prospectively identified several significant sites in various parts of the ancient Roman Empire.

Remote sensing techniques in archaeology are an increasingly important component of the technical and methodological tool set available in archaeological research. The use of remote sensing techniques allows archaeologists to uncover unique data that is unobtainable using traditional archaeological excavation techniques.

L'archéologie spatiale est une approche spécifique de l'archéologie utilisant des images satellites ou photos aériennes, afin de trouver des indices sur les sites perdus de civilisations disparues. Elle peut aussi faire appel à d'autres moyens de télédétection (par exemple l'imagerie infrarouge).


Origins.

Mathematically, imaginary time formula_1 may be obtained from real time formula_2 via a Wick rotation by formula_3 in the complex plane: formula_4, where formula_5 Is defined to be formula_6, and formula_7 is known as the imaginary unit.  Stephen Hawking popularized the concept of imaginary time in his book "The Universe in a Nutshell". In fact, the names "real" and "imaginary" for numbers are just a historical accident, much like the names "rational" and "irrational":

In cosmology.

In the Minkowski spacetime model adopted by the theory of relativity, spacetime is represented as a four-dimensional surface or manifold. Its four-dimensional equivalent of a distance in three-dimensional space is called an interval. Assuming that a specific time period is represented as a real number in the same way as a distance in space, an interval formula_8 in relativistic spacetime is given by the usual formula but with time negated:  where formula_10, formula_11 and formula_12 are distances along each spatial axis and formula_13 is a period of time or "distance" along the time axis.  Mathematically this is equivalent to writing  In this context, formula_7 may be either accepted as a feature of the relationship between space and real time, as above, or it may alternatively be incorporated into time itself, such that the value of formula_13 is itself an imaginary number, and the equation rewritten in normalised form:  Similarly its four vector may then be written as where distances are represented as formula_19, formula_20 is the velocity of light and formula_21.  In physical cosmology, imaginary time may be incorporated into certain models of the universe which are solutions to the equations of general relativity. In particular, imaginary time can help to smooth out gravitational singularities, where known physical laws break down, to remove the singularity and avoid such breakdowns (see Hartle–Hawking state). The Big Bang, for example, appears as a singularity in ordinary time but, when modelled with imaginary time, the singularity can be removed and the Big Bang functions like any other point in four-dimensional spacetime. Any boundary to spacetime is a form of singularity, where the smooth nature of spacetime breaks down. With all such singularities removed from the Universe it thus can have no boundary and Stephen Hawking has speculated that "the boundary condition to the Universe may be that it has no boundary".  However the unproven nature of the relationship between actual physical time and imaginary time incorporated into such models has raised criticisms.

In quantum statistical mechanics.

The equations of the quantum field can be obtained by taking the Fourier transform of the equations of statistical mechanics. Since the Fourier transform of a function typically shows up as its inverse, the point particles of statistical mechanics become, under a Fourier transform, the infinitely extended harmonic oscillators of quantum field theory. The Green's function of an inhomogeneous linear differential operator, defined on a domain with specified initial conditions or boundary conditions, is its impulse response, and mathematically we define the point particles of statistical mechanics as Dirac delta functions, which is to say impulses. At finite temperature formula_22, the Green's functions are periodic in imaginary time with a period of formula_23. Therefore, their Fourier transforms contain only a discrete set of frequencies called Matsubara frequencies.  The connection between statistical mechanics and quantum field theory is also seen in the transition amplitude formula_24 between an initial state "I" and a final state "F", where "H" is the Hamiltonian of that system. If we compare this with the partition function formula_25 we see that to get the partition function from the transition amplitudes we can replace formula_26, set "F" = "I" = "n" and sum over "n". This way we don't have to do twice the work by evaluating both the statistical properties and the transition amplitudes.  Finally by using a Wick rotation one can show that the Euclidean quantum field theory in ("D" + 1)-dimensional spacetime is nothing but quantum statistical mechanics in "D"-dimensional space.

Imaginary time is a mathematical representation of time which appears in some approaches to special relativity and quantum mechanics. It finds uses in connecting quantum mechanics with statistical mechanics and in certain cosmological theories.

Le temps imaginaire est un concept dérivé de la mécanique quantique. Si l'on imagine le « temps ordinaire » comme une ligne horizontale passant entre le passé dans un sens et le futur dans l'autre, le temps alors imaginaire irait perpendiculairement à cette ligne comme le nombre imaginaire perpendiculaire au nombre réel dans le plan complexe. De par son essence, le temps imaginaire est une façon de voir la dimension du temps comme s'il s'agissait d'une dimension de l'espace : vous pouvez aller de l'avant et vers l'arrière tout au long du temps imaginaire, tout comme vous pouvez vous déplacer à droite et à gauche dans l'espace réel.


Early life.

Beer was born in 1908 in Chodorów near Lviv, a.k.a. Lwów or Lemberg, the second child of Uri Isidore, a wealthy banker, and Amelie Esther Malka Silver; he had an older brother and a younger sister. Beer started composing in his early teens and attended the Lviv Conservatory during his high school years.  To please his father, he agreed to a contract: a successful year of law studies at Lviv University against musical education. As he succeeded in the final exam (on the question of Lex Salica), he could therefore apply at the Staatsakademie und Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Vienna. Not only did he gain admission, he was allowed to skip the first four years and enter directly in the master classes of Joseph Marx. Following this success, his father set Joseph up in a two-bedroom apartment in central Vienna with his own baby-grand piano. In 1930, he graduated with highest honors.

Career.

Beer joined a Viennese ballet company as conductor and toured with the company extensively in Austria and throughout the Middle East. While on tour, he played some of his compositions to the librettist Fritz Löhner-Beda who was so impressed that he became very instrumental in Beer's budding career. Their first collaboration, "", which also included the librettist, premiered on 31 March 1934 at the Zürich Opera House and subsequently toured extensively in Europe and South America.  Joseph Marx wrote a congratulatory letter to his former pupil, enthusiastically stating that in his first work, Beer had displayed a knowledge and mastery that "few established operetta composers possess." Beer was barely 25 years old.  Beer's second work, "Die Polnische Hochzeit" to a libretto by Fritz Löhner-Beda and Alfred Grünwald, premiered in Zurich in 1937. It saw tremendous success and was performed throughout Europe on some 40 stages (including the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, the Teatr Wielki in Warsaw, and the Teatro Fontalba in Madrid) and translated into eight languages in the space of a couple of years.  Following the "Anschluss" in 1938, Beer had to flee Austria and was granted a visa by the French government and he settled in a hotel room in Paris. He adapted instrumental works for orchestras and received a commission from a conductor at the Zürich Opera House for a work to be performed under the latter's name. He completed this work, including all orchestral and voice parts, in just three weeks, and without the benefit of a piano.  After the German invasion of Paris in 1940, Beer, who was enrolled in the Polish army-in-exile, tried to reach his troops in England. But the last boat from Bordeaux was gone. He then escaped to Nice in the south of France where he stayed until the end of the war.  While continuing to arrange orchestral works, he also composed his third major work, "Stradella in Venedig" based on Alessandro Stradella's episode in Venice. When the Nazis completed their occupation of France in 1942, Beer had to go into hiding, using the name "Jean Joseph Bérard". During this time, his father, his mother and his sister, who had remained in Lviv, were caught in the Lwów Ghetto. Postcards written under false names from the ghetto to their son Joseph also under a false name as he was in hiding in Nice, may show that they survived the Lviv pogroms of 1941. But the end of any communication in 1942 may show that they had been sent to concentration camps, maybe after the "Great Aktion" ("Großaktion") of August 1942 when between 40,000 and 50,000 Jews were deported from the Lemberg Ghetto to Belzec. Beer always thought his parents had been murdered in Auschwitz and his younger sister Suzanne in Buchenwald. His librettist Fritz Löhner-Beda was murdered in Monowitz (Auschwitz III) on 4 December 1942.  Following the events of the war, Beer became increasingly withdrawn and refused performance rights to his previous works. Still,'was performed in Scandinavia without his co-operation or consent —even posthumously up until 2005— often under the title "Masurkka". In 1946 his oratorio "Ave Maria" premiered at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Nice starring Enzo Seri, Tenor and Lotte Schöne, Soprano. "Stradella in Venedig", composed during his years in hiding, premiered in 1949 at the Zürich Opera House. The music critic Kurt Pahlen called it "a comic opera of the highest sort" and the member of the Académie Française André Roussin adapted the libretto to the French stage. Beer spent most of his time until his death in 1987 creating two new works: the operas "La Polonaise" (1975) and'(1987.)

Later life.

After the war years Beer married a young German Jewish refugee, Hanna Königsberg, in 1957. They had two daughters, Suzanne and Béatrice.  In 1966, Beer earned a doctorate in musicology from the Sorbonne University under the direction of renowned musicologist Jacques Chailley and the presidency of the French philosopher and musicologist, Vladimir Jankélévitch. The topic of Beer's thesis was "The Evolution of Harmonic Style in the Work of Scriabin" for which he received the highest honors ("Très honorable avec félicitations du jury").  He died in Nice on November 23, 1987. Beer's family founded the Joseph & Hanna Beer Foundation to perpetuate the memory of the composer and to increase his recognition by a worldwide audience and inclusion in the standard operatic repertoire.  Beer is the Composer-in-Residence "In Memoriam" of The Atlantic Coast Opera Festival, a Philadelphia-based international summer opera festival.

References.

Works cited

Joseph Beer (; 7 May 1908 – 23 November 1987) was a composer, mainly of operettas, singspiele, and operas. Beer started composing music as a young man in Vienna in the 1930s. His operettas'and'premiered at the Zurich Opera House in 1934 and 1937, respectively.

Joseph Beer (), né le à Gródek et mort à Nice le est un compositeur autrichien, principalement d'opérettes, comédies musicales et d'opéras.


History.

Dr. A. H. Collins, the town namesake, established a post office on May 28, 1897. Henry P. Cook was the first postmaster. Then it became known as either Collins or Collins Post Office. The name officially became Collinsville by June 1898 and it incorporated as a city in April 1899. The population in 1900 was 376.  The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe routed its line from Kansas to Owasso, Oklahoma about a mile west of Collinsville in 1899, to avoid crossing an additional stream. An earlier community, known as Eli, had developed southeast but moved all their buildings closer to the railroad. The buildings were moved on rollers in 1899 and 1900.  Collinsville originally was located in Rogers County. In 1918, the residents voted to be annexed by Tulsa County, in order to be nearer a county seat. It was only north of Tulsa. An abundant supply of sulfur-free coal lay near the surface, which attracted fifteen hundred to two thousand miners. Oil and gas production and zinc smelting boomed briefly during the first two decades of the 20th Century. The local population swelled to around eight thousand people. But the population swiftly declined as these businesses ceased. By 1930, there were 2,249 residents. Since the 1920s, the economy has been based primarily on agriculture. Several dairies are located in Collinsville, many delivering products to Tulsa. In 1948, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical University (now Oklahoma State University) named Collinsville "the Dairy Capital of Oklahoma."  Several notable people hail from Collinsville. Kelsey Cartwright - Former Miss Oklahoma Haley Ganzel - Trickrider and stuntwoman

Geography.

Collinsville is located at (36.367166, -95.839736). It is about 20 mi north of Tulsa, and lies within a triangle formed by the Caney River, Verdigris River and Bird Creek. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.0 square miles (15.5 km2), of which, 5.9 square miles (15.4 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2) of it (1.17%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 5,606 people, 2,111 households, and 1,529 families residing in the city. The population density was 785.7 people per square mile (265.5/km2). There were 1,688 housing units at an average density of 284.8/sq mi (109.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 76.3% White, 1.2% African American, 12.2% Native American, 2.1% Asian (1.5% Hmong), 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 7.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.  There were 1,550 households out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.02.  In the city, the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $53,874 and the median income for a family was $57,235. The per capita income for the city was $22,661. About 7.3% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.4% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

In its early years, Collinsville's economy was largely based on coal mining. That industry declined during the 1920s and was replaced by agriculture as the mainstay of the local economy. The Sallee Family Dairy started up in 1912, with local deliveries by buggy. By 1926, Sallee was delivering by truck to Tulsa. There was also a milk producers' cooperative and a cheese factory in the 1930s.

Government.

Collinsville has a home rule charter form of government.

Media.

Collinsville has one newspaper, the Collinsville Times Star. Originally named the "Collinsville Times", it began publication May 11, 1899. It is Tulsa County's oldest newspaper and Collinsville's oldest continuously operating business. The paper is published every Wednesday. It is owned, edited, and published by Bill Johnston, a 54-year veteran of the media business.  Collinsville news is also included in the Owasso newspaper, the Owasso Reporter. The paper is published every Wednesday. It is owned by Community Publishers, a newspaper and Internet publisher and commercial printer that serves Oklahoma, Missouri, and Arkansas.  Collinsville has a community website, Cvilleok.com that provides everyone in the community a place to view local topics, share status of lives, list events, and share photos and videos.

Collinsville is a city in Rogers and Tulsa counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and a part of the Tulsa, Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was named for Dr. A. H. Collins, an engineer and surveyor who first surveyed the land that became this community. The population was 5,606 according to the 2010 census, an increase of 37.5 percent from 4,077 at the 2000 census.

La ville de est située dans les comtés de Rogers et Tulsa, dans l’État de l’Oklahoma, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Club career.

Born in Las Palmas, Canary Islands, he began his career in 1934 with Marino F.C., one of the clubs which fused to create UD Las Palmas.  After the Spanish Civil War, he moved to Atlético Aviación (now Atlético Madrid), with whom he debuted on 7 January 1940 in a Madrid derby against Real Madrid. His first goals were a brace on 4 February in a 4–1 win against Celta de Vigo, and on 8 March he scored a hat-trick against Real Zaragoza as Atlético won 5–1. He finished his first season with 8 goals from 17 appearances, and Atlético won the league.  Atlético retained the league the following season, and Campos scored 16 in 24 games. His most prolific season was 1941–42, with 20 goals in 25 games. In the late 1940s, he was part of the "Delantera de la Seda" frontline with José Juncosa, Alfonso Silva, Antonio Vidal Caturla and Adrián Escudero.  He scored 12 goals in Madrid derbies, the most by an Atlético player. (9 in the league, and another 3 in the cup).  After nine seasons at Atlético, he joined Sporting de Gijón who had just been relegated to the Segunda División. He was their player-manager for the second half of the 1949–50 season, and the following season was part of their team which gained promotion. He scored 7 goals in 11 games on their return to La Liga in 1951–52 and then retired.

International career.

Campos made his debut on 12 January 1941 in a 2–2 friendly draw with Portugal in Lisbon. He followed this game with five goals in his next four internationals, including a brace in a 4–0 win against France at the Estadio de Nervión in Seville on 15 March 1942, eventually finishing with 5 goals from 6 internationals.

Managerial career.

In his native Canary Islands, Campos managed UD Las Palmas in the 1961–62 Segunda División and CD Tenerife in the same league in 1963–64.

Francisco "Paco" Campos Salamanca (8 March 1916 – 8 September 1995) was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward. With 127 goals, 120 of which were for Atlético Madrid, he is the highest scoring player from the Canary Islands in La Liga.

Francisco Campos Salamanca, plus connu comme Paco Campos, né le à Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Îles Canaries, Espagne) et mort à Madrid le, est un footballeur international espagnol qui jouait au poste d'attaquant. Il s'est ensuite reconverti en entraîneur.


Early years.

Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski was born in his family’s real estate of Pandėlys, located in northern part of the Kovno Region, Russian Empire (today Lithuania), to Karol and Maria Budrewicz. He came from a noble background that used the Syrokomla coat of arms. In 1903, Marian went to Saint Petersburg where he attended middle and high school. After graduation in 1910, he began studying at the local Neurological Institute. Also, he studied agriculture at Riga Technical University.  In 1911, Zyndram-Kościałkowski became a member of the Union of Active Struggle (ZWC), Polish independence organization. Together with Walery Sławek, he was a co-founder of structures of the ZWC in northwestern corner of the Russian Empire. In 1912, he was named commandant of the ZWC in the Baltic provinces of Russia, and in the summer of 1914, after the outbreak of World War One, he planned to join Polish Legions in World War I, but was ordered to stay in Warsaw. In 1915, he joined Polish Military Organisation (POW), using nom de guerre Jerzy Orwid. On February 7, 1915, Józef Piłsudski promoted him to Podporucznik (Second Lieutenant). In the same year, he married fellow member of the POW, Anna Krysińska. In 1918, their son Witold was born, with Piłsudski as the godfather.

1918–1921.

In late 1918, Zyndram-Kościałkowski joined the newly created Polish Army, and in 1919 he was transferred to the Second Department of Polish General Staff. He was actively involved in the activities of Polish intelligence in the areas of Suwałki and southern Lithuania. In April 1919, he came to Wilno (Vilnius), and soon afterwards, Józef Piłsudski ordered him to carry out sabotage attacks in the rear of the Red Army.  In September 1920, Zyndram-Kościałkowski was named commandant of the "Bieniakonie Group", which was part of "Volunteer Division" (Colonel Adam Koc). Together with this unit, he participated in Żeligowski's Mutiny, which resulted in creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania. In 1920 - 1922, Zyndram-Kościałkowski commanded Second Department (Intelligence) of the General Staff of Central Lithuania’s Armed Forces.

1920s.

In 1922, Zyndram-Kościałkowski joined Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", to be soon named leader of this party (until 1925). As a deputy of the Land of Wilno to the Polish Sejm, he was released from the military. Zyndram-Kościałkowski remained in the parliament until 1939.  In the early 1920s, he was a member of a Freemason’s Lodge “Tomasz Zan”, and in April 1925, after abandoning Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", he co-created the so-called "Parliamentary Labour Club" ("Klub Pracy", later renamed into "Labour Party"), together with Kazimierz Bartel. Zyndram-Kościałkowski did not play any significant role in the 1926 May Coup. As key member of the Labour Party, he supported the Sanacja movement, and in May 1927 became a member of the Warsaw City Council. At the same time, he was a deputy chairman of the Association of Army Reservists, and leading member of Association of Polish Cities. In the Parliament, he was responsible for the budget of the Ministry of Military Affairs for the year 1927/28.  Following the 1928 Polish legislative election, Zyndram-Kościałkowski was again elected from the District of Wilno. In March 1928, he became deputy chairman of the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR), and in June, his Labour Party joined the BBWR, as autonomous organization.  Zyndram-Kościałkowski was regarded as an avid supporter of Józef Piłsudski. In defence of his policies, in 1922, he challenged General Józef Haller to a duel.

1930s.

On 20 July 1930 Zyndram-Kościałkowski was named Voivode of Białystok Voivodeship, remaining there until late February 1934. He improved local administration, built sewer system and paved streets of Białystok. He also founded the unemployment committee and Agricultural Chamber. Due to his efforts, local entrepreneurs presented their products at the Northern Trade Fair in Wilno. Also, he was one of co-founders of sports club Jagiellonia Białystok. To honor his work, on 4 September 1935 Zyndram-Kościałkowski was named Honorary Citizen of Białystok, and a boulevard was named after him.  Following the 1930 Polish legislative election, he was again elected to the Sejm (November 1930). On 28 June 1934, after Minister of Internal Affairs Bolesław Pieracki had been murdered by Ukrainian nationalists, Zyndram-Kościałkowski took over this post. As a minister, he tried to streamline local administration, and reach an agreement with moderate Ukrainian organizations. In the summer of 1935, Polish authorities reached a compromise with the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance (UNDO), and as a result, the UNDO took place in the 1935 Polish legislative election.  After the death of Józef Piłsudski (12 May 1935), the Sanacja camp was divided into two factions: those gathered around President Ignacy Mościcki, and the followers of Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz. In August 1935, Mościcki agreed with Minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski that changes must be made in the government of Walery Sławek. Kwiatkowski entered the cabinet, while Zyndram-Kościałkowski was appointed to the post of Prime Minister.  On 13 October 1935 Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski was nominated to the post of Prime Minister of Poland. His government excluded the so-called Piłsudski's colonels, which was supported by the public opinion. Due to the economical difficulties of the mid-1930s, Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, who was Minister of Industry and Trade, played a key role in the government. In December 1935, amnesty of political prisoners was declared, but Zyndram-Kościałkowski decided not to close the Bereza Kartuska prison. In the spring of 1936, Socialist and Communist organizations initiated a series of anti-government demonstrations. Strikes and protests took place all over the country: on 20–25 March a sit-down strike took place at the Semperit Plant in Kraków. The protest was broken by the riot police, with several people killed or injured. In Lwów, the police killed 9 people, wounding over 200. These social disturbances undermined the position of Zyndram-Kościałkowski and his cabinet.  On 15 May 1936 President Mościcki dismissed Zyndram-Kościałkowski, replacing him with Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski. Zyndram-Kościałkowski himself was appointed Minister of Labour in the new government, remaining in this post until 30 September 1939.

Exile and death.

After the Invasion of Poland, Zyndram-Kościałkowski was interned in Romania. He then moved to France and Great Britain. New Prime Minister in Exile, General Władysław Sikorski decided to send him to a camp of political opponents, located on the Isle of Bute in Scotland. Together with him, actress Maria Balcerkiewicz was interned. They later married.  Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski died on 12 April 1946 in Brookwood, Surrey.

Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski (; 16 March 1892, Pandėlys, Kovno Governorate – 12 April 1946 near Woking) was a Polish politician, freemason and military officer who served as voivode of Białystok Voivodeship in 1930-1934, Mayor of Warsaw in 1934 and 27th Prime Minister of Poland from 1935 to 1936.

Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski (né le à Pandėlys, Lituanie, mort le à Brookwood) est un militaire et un homme d'État polonais. Il est premier ministre de Pologne d' à.


Biography.

Lieberfarb was born to a Jewish family, the son of a children's clothing manufacturer. He graduated with a B.S. in Economics from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and a M.B.A. from the University of Michigan. In 1967, he worked as a financial analyst for Paramount Pictures where he was introduced to the concept of films on a disc and was asked by then president Stanley R. Jaffe to research new home video technologies. In 1973, he took a job as vice president for telecommunications at 20th Century Fox. In 1984, he accepted a job as president of Warner Home Video (WHV), the home entertainment arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment, where he guided the company through nearly two decades of growth. Lieberfarb’s most significant achievement at WHV was his widely acknowledged role as the architect of the DVD. Called “The Father of DVD” by Variety. it was his initial vision that evolved into today’s DVD, the format that revolutionized the home video business model from rental to purchase, driving unprecedented growth in studio home video revenues. In January 2003, James F. Cardwell was appointed his successor at WHV and Lieberfarb founded Warren N. Lieberfarb & Associates, LLC.  Lieberfarb currently serves on the board of directors of Hughes Telematics, Inc. (HUTC.OB). He has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sirius Satellite Radio and thePlatform (since 2006 a subsidiary of Comcast Interactive Media). He also served on the University of Pennsylvania’s Board of Trustees, and served on the Library Board of Overseers and the Undergraduate Advisory Board of The Wharton School. Lieberfarb also served on the Board of Directors and Board of Trustees of the American Film Institute.

Personal life.

Lieberfarb is married to investment adviser, Gail Kamer. The couple lives in Brentwood, Los Angeles.

Warren N. Lieberfarb (born September 28, 1943) is Chairman of Warren N. Lieberfarb & Associates, LLC (WNLA), a boutique consulting and investment firm based in Los Angeles focused on digital media technology and distribution.

Warren N. Lieberfarb est né le. Il est président de Warren N. Lieberfarb & Associates, LLC (WNLA), un cabinet de conseil et d'investissement basé à Los Angeles axé sur la technologie des médias numériques et de la distribution qu'il a fondé en 2003.


Text of the parent federal law for the United States.

This original Section 211 (enacted 1873) of the Federal Criminal Code (considered to be the "parent" of all the Comstock laws) reads as follows: Every obscene, lewd, or lascivious, and every filthy book, pamphlet, picture, paper, letter, writing, print, or other publication of an indecent character, and every article or thing designed, adapted, or intended for preventing conception or producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral use; and every article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing which is advertised or described in a manner calculated to lead another to use or apply it for preventing conception or producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose and every written or printed card, letter, circular, book, pamphlet advertisement, or notice of any kind giving information directly or indirectly, where, or how, or of whom, or by what means any of the hereinbefore-mentioned matters, articles or things may be

Original section replaced by the parent federal law of the Comstock Laws.

The following passage is the original Section 148 of the 1872 Amendment "An Act to revise, consolidate, and amend the Statutes relating to the Post-office Department," before it was changed by the parent act of the Comstock Laws, Section 211 of the Federal Criminal Code, in 1873.(United States, Congress, “An Act to Revise, Consolidate, and Amend the Statutes Relating to the Post-Office Department.” "An Act to Revise, Consolidate, and Amend the Statutes Relating to the Post-Office Department", pp. 302–302.)  Sec. 148. That no obscene book. pamphlet, picture, print, or any other publication of a vulgar or indecent character, or any letter upon the envelope of which, or postal card upon which scurrilous epithets may have been written

Text of the federal law for the District of Columbia.

The text of this act (sect. 312 of the Federal Criminal Code) read, in part:. This was considered to be one of the most sweeping of all the Comstock laws.  Be it enacted... That whoever, within the District of Columbia or any of the Territories of the United States... shall sell... or shall offer to sell, or to lend, or to give away, or in any manner to exhibit, or shall otherwise publish or offer to publish in any manner, or shall have in his possession, for any such purpose or purposes, an obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any

State laws on birth control (contraception), etc..

Per Ruppenthal 1919.

The following is copied from lead part (pp. 48–50) of Ruppenthal. Modified text is in italics with reasons for such modification in a footnote. Note that Ruppenthal and Dennett differ on some topics and the research to determine who is correct has not yet been done.  Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 1, Article 5. 1919. Criminal Statutes on Birth Control; J. C. Ruppenthal.  In the United States, laws relating to birth control seem to have been developed since about 1870. Congress, the legislatures of nineteen states and Puerto Rico, and the commission of the Canal Zone, have enacted statutes that clearly and definitely refer to the prevention of conception in women as a practice to be "deterred" by such laws. "In only one state, Connecticut, is the actual act of using contraception a crime, In Canada, at least Ontario has such a law "deterring contraception'. Twenty- two more states of the Union, and also Hawaii have statutes which the courts, with liberality of construction or strictness, hold to apply or not apply criminally to the matter of birth control, at least through prevention of conception, or "contraception." The District of Columbia,

Per Dennett 1926, only on contraception.

This section is copied directly from APPENDIX NO. 1 (pp. 280-) of the book "Birth Control Laws..." by Mary Dennett, 1926. In contrast to Ruppenthal (previous section) Dennett (researched by Dilla) only deals with the contraception aspects of the Comstock laws.  The Scope of the Various State Laws Is Given in the Following Compilation  The research work was done by Harriette M. Dilla, LL.B., Ph.D., formerly of the Department of Sociology and Economics of Smith College.  Twenty-four States (and Puerto Rico) specifically penalize contraceptive knowledge in their obscenity laws.  Twenty-four States

Objective of the laws.

The Comstock laws targeted pornography, contraceptive equipment, and such educational materials as descriptions of contraceptive methods and other reproductive health-related materials. Of particular note were advertisements for abortifacients found in penny papers, which offered pills to women as treatment for "obstruction of their monthly periods."  Comstock's ideas of what is "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" were quite broad. During his time of greatest power, some anatomy textbooks were prohibited from

Definition of obscenity.

Major parts of the Comstock Acts hinge on definitions, particularly of obscenity. Though the courts originally adopted the British Hicklin test, in 1957 an American test was put

Origins.

According to Paul R. Abramson, the widespread availability of pornography during the American Civil War (1861–1865) gave rise to an anti-pornography movement, culminating in the passage of the Comstock Act in 1873, but which also dealt with birth control and abortion issues. A major supporter and active persecutor for the moral purposes of the Comstock laws was the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, led by Comstock.

YMCA.

In February 1866, the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) of New York's Executive Committee privately distributed a report that was written by Cephas Brainerd and Robert McBurney entitled, "A Memorandum Respecting New-York as a Field for Moral and Christian Effort Among Young Men." This memorandum linked the main message of the YMCA to facts and figures that were drawn from the census, tax data, and licensing reports. All of this data was used to support the idea that many of the younger, more unsupervised members of the society had more than enough free time in the evenings to spend in billiard saloons, gambling halls, porter houses, and houses of prostitution and assignation.  The 1866 memorandum supported a plan to construct a centrally located building to

Anthony Comstock.

Anthony Comstock stated that he was determined to act the part of a good citizen, meaning that he had every intention of upholding the law. He started off by beginning a campaign against the saloons in his New York neighborhood of Brooklyn.  The biggest contributor to igniting Comstock's mission to rid of any and all obscene material was when one of his dear friends died. Comstock blamed his death on him being "led astray and corrupted and diseased". As for a person to blame, Comstock laid all of it on Charles Conroy, who had sold his friend "erotic materials" from a basement on Warren Street. After this incident, he continued the crusade throughout his neighborhood and while doing so, kept a ledger that had a record of every arrest

Contraceptives in the history of Christianity.

Throughout history, Christianity has been openly opposed to contraceptives, with many religious leaders in the past thoroughly demonizing the use of contraceptives, despite the practice being used in the Mediterranean area since before the common era. The first recorded show of the Christian faith being against contraceptives is in the "Didache", an early Christian treatise written around 70 AD which condemns the use of

Judicial views.

Obscenity.

In 1957, Samuel Roth, who ran a literary business in New York City, was charged with distributing "obscene, lewd, lascivious or filthy" materials through the mail, advertising and selling a publication called "American Aphrodite" ("A Quarterly for the Fancy-Free"). The publication contained literary erotica and nude photography.  The Comstock Law was terminated in 1957, just before the "Roth v. United States" court case, but it defined obscenity laws as anything that appealed to the prurient interest of the consumer. In a similar case, "Alberts v. California", David Alberts ran a mail-order business from Los Angeles

Contraception.

In 1915, architect William Sanger was charged under the New York law against disseminating contraceptive information. His wife Margaret Sanger was similarly charged in 1915 for her work "The Woman Rebel". Sanger circulated this work through the U.S. postal service, effectively violating the Comstock Law. On appeal, her conviction was reversed on the grounds that contraceptive devices could legally be promoted for the cure and prevention of disease.  The prohibition of devices advertised for the explicit purpose of birth control was not overturned

For the law.

Obscenity arguments.

As the chief proprietor of the law, many of Comstock's justifications revolved around the effects that all of the obscene literature would have on children. He argued that the corruption in the schools and in the home were because of all of the obscene literature that the youth had easy access to. He also argued

Contraception arguments.

The Comstock laws, in an alleged "haphazard and capricious" manner, restricted contraception. It was argued that this would help prevent "illicit" sexual relations between unmarried persons since without contraception, the unmarried would be deterred from having sex due to the possibility of undesired pregnancy. When the Birth Control Movement in the mid 1920s was attempting to get Congress to eliminate birth control restrictions from the federal Comstock laws, Mary Dennett (the author of "Birth Control Laws..." 1926) interviewed a (non-typical) congressman who strongly supported retention of the birth control restrictions in the Comstock laws. He put it this way (avoiding any use of the words "sex" or "pregnancy"): "Think how it would be that night, when the young girl goes out with the boy, and she can’t help thinking, what difference will it make if nothing ever shows? And then she will forget all about character, and will let herself go, whereas if she was afraid of the practical results, she

Opposition to the laws.

1878 repeal attempt.

Three years after the enactment of the federal law, a petition was circulated by the National Liberal League for its repeal, signed by 40 to 70 thousand people in 1876 Although the press of the country favored repeal, repeal didn't happen partly due to Comstock showing samples of obscenity (pornography) to Congressmen (on the committee that the repeal act was referred to). This pornography had been distributed by the mails to youth, etc. and Comstock's samples were described as a "collection of smutty circulars describing sex depravity".  The National Defense Association

Birth control movement failures.

After this failure to repeal, there was no concerted effort to change the laws until the start of the Birth control movement in the United States in 1914 led by Margaret Sanger. Between 1917 and 1925 Bills were introduced in California (1917), New York (1917, 1921,3,4,5), Connecticut (1923, 1925) ), and New Jersey (1925) to make the anti-birth control parts of the state laws less restrictive. In both California and Connecticut, the anti-birth

Eugenics argument.

In response to the argument that facilitating contraception would encourage promiscuity, a rebuttal was that

Free Love.

The Free Love Movement was one group that made sustained attempts to repeal the Comstock Laws and discredit anything related to the anti-vice movement. This movement despised the law because they believed it

The Comstock Laws were a set of federal acts passed by the United States Congress under the Grant administration along with related state laws. The "parent" act (Sect. 211) was passed on March 3, 1873, as the Act for the "Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use". This Act criminalized usage of the U.S. Postal Service to send any of the following items:

Le Comstock Act ou Loi Comstock est une loi fédérale, adoptée par le Sénat des États-Unis le 3 mars 1873. Elle réprime « le commerce et la circulation de la littérature obscène et des articles d'usage immoral ».


Early life and education.

Hopko was born 4 March 1982 in Hanachivka, Peremyshliany Raion, Lviv Oblast. In 2004, she received a MA in international journalism at Lviv University, PhD in Social Communications in 2009 and a CEP Diploma for achievements in ecological teaching from the Civic Education Project. In 2008 she completed the Leadership Program in TC at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. In 2009 she received a PhD in social communications at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. In 2012 she studied at the Ukrainian School of Political Studies. In 2017, she completed the program Transformational Leadership: Leadership at the Edge at Saïd Business School, University of Oxford.

Career.

Early career.

In her early career, Hopko was active as an expert in advocacy, media and political communications, and also worked as a journalist.  In 2001, she worked as a correspondent of the Inter TV channel in Lviv. In 2002, she led the radio program "EcoHarmony" on Lux Radio. In 2004, she served as a correspondent of the First National TV channel in Lviv. In 2005, she wrote for the program "Life of the Forest."  Hopko has received awards and honors and won national and international competitions. She was a finalist in the 2nd European audiovisual competition for young journalists, Sustainable Development in News, held in Paris. She also coordinated production of the film "Advocacy in Ukraine".

Civil society activities.

Hopko has contributed to various training programs for civil society activists in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Georgia, and Belarus.  From 2005 to 2007, she worked as communications manager of the Ukraine Citizen Action Network (UCAN/ISC, USAID contractor) in Kiev, and led environmental journalism training programs in Donetsk Oblast, Belarus and Kazakhstan.  In 2009, she co-founded the Life Regional Advocacy Center, Ukraine's primary partner of the Bloomberg Initiative to reduce tobacco use, and the Ukrainian representative of ENSP, FCA and WHO. Hopko was deputy director of the Center until April 2012.  In 2009 Hopko also became an advocacy coordinator of the National Coalition of NGOs and Initiatives For Smoke-Free Ukraine. She successfully advocated for five tobacco-control laws, including a complete ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship; a ban on smoking in all public and indoor work areas; the implementation of graphic warnings on cigarette packaging; and an increase in tobacco taxes. According to the World Health Organization's 2011 report on tobacco, Ukraine moved from 4th to 29th in the world for prevalence of smoking, due largely to efforts lead by Hopko.  In January 2012, Hopko became a member of the Board of Trustees of the Ohkmatdyt National Children's Specialized Hospital.  From 2010 to 2012, she was an adviser for the Morality, Spirituality and National Health parliamentary group. From January 2011 to September 2014, she was an advocacy expert at the Institute of Political Education (expert at seminars for assistants, advisors of Members of the Parliament, civic activist) and at the National Democracy Institute (NDI).  From February to September 2014, she worked as a coordinator of the Reanimation Package of Reforms initiative and served in an inter-factional parliamentary group, Platform of the Reforms.

Political career.

During the parliamentary elections following the EuroMaidan revolution, Hopko headed the list of the Samopomich (of Self Reliance) Party, and was elected to the Parliament of Ukraine, where she was appointed chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee on 4 December 2014.  Hopko was one of a group of young MPs who rode the 2014 revolutionary wave of youth into the upper echelons of Ukrainian politics. The group's supporters considered them less corruptible, as they weren't part of the country's old elite networks that consisted mostly of men who'd gained wealth and power through backdoor deals after the fall of Communism.  Supporting the ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Hopko stated: "It is a demonstration of readiness to build a rule-of-law state in which it is possible to punish for crimes against humanity and genocide."  On 31 August 2015, Hopko and four other MPs of the Self Reliance party voted in support of amendments to the Ukrainian Constitution that would lead to decentralization. As a result, she and the other MPs were ousted from the party "with great honor". Hopko stated that the constitutional amendment was "an important step towards comprehensive change in Ukraine" and contained "no concessions to Russia".  Hopko is now a non-affiliated People's Deputy.  In May 2017, she co-sponsored a bill in the Ukrainian parliament requiring 75% of national television programming, and 50% of local programming, to be in the Ukrainian language. Hopko and her associates believe that widespread use of the Russian language undermines Ukrainian statehood.  Hopko did not participated in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election

Hanna Hopko (, born 4 March 1982) is a Ukrainian politician and a former Member of Parliament and head of the committee on foreign affairs of Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada. She did not participate in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election. Hopko is also a member of the executive committee of the National Council of Reforms and the (AntAC).

Hanna Hopko (née Ганна Миколаївна Гопко le, à Hanachivka, raïon de Peremyshlyanski) est une journaliste et femme politique ukrainienne, membre de Samopomitch. Elle est une environnementaliste engagée notamment dans les campagnes contre le tabagisme.


Episode overview.

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Episode 10 – "Chicken Gun".

Chicken Gun.

Allegedly, British rail companies borrowed the titular gun from NASA for testing windshields for high-speed trains, but were shocked and confused at the amount of carnage the gun did. When they asked NASA what they were doing wrong, they were told to thaw the chickens before firing.

Episode 12 – "Sinking Titanic".

Goldfish Memory.

This myth is so widely passed around that it even made it into "Time" Magazine's "numbers" section at one point.

The Mad Trombonist.

This myth was later tested on "Myths Redux"

Sinking Titanic.

It was noted during the episode that the story of Charles Joughin, the "Titanic"'s chief baker, contradicted the myth. He testified in a 1912 enquiry that he held onto the stern railing of the ship as it went down. As the ship went under, he stepped off; his hair did not get wet, much less himself get sucked under with the ship. However, the story does hold some credence, as many ships emit a large amount of air, as they sink. This massive amount of air, rising to the surface, creates a situation, whereby there is loss of buoyancy, in the air bubbles and anyone caught in this will sink, hence the belief that the ship is 'pulling' a floating person down with it.  Later, while preparing for the "Ping Pong Salvage" myth, the "Sinking Titanic" myth was re-tested and re-busted as Adam pointed out.

Episode 13 – "Buried in Concrete".

Buried in Concrete.

The myth revolved around Jimmy Hoffa, a union leader who unexpectedly disappeared, and the rumors that surrounded his disappearance. Among one of the myths was that he was buried under the infamous ten-yard bump in Giants Stadium, a rumor that persisted in various forms of media.

Jet Taxi.

This was the first myth in which the MythBusters were neither able to confirm nor bust the results due to logistics reasons. According to the episode, upon arrival at Mojave Spaceport, the insurance company responsible for the aircraft backed out at the last minute, citing possible foreign object damage to the plane. However, BBC's "Top Gear" was able to independently test and verify this myth.  This myth was re-tested and Confirmed in the Supersized Special.  Additionally, during the Storm Chasing Myths special (2010 season, episode 13), jet engines were used to simulate high wind speeds. Cars were used to demonstrate the power of the winds that both storm chaser's vehicles would be up against. All of the vehicles were shown blowing a considerable distance from the jet engines with significant damage done to both just from the winds alone.  This was the first episode where the MythBusters retested earlier myths that had been commented or criticized by fans or had not performed as per their original expectations and test spinoff myths related to earlier myths. The episode also introduced Tory Belleci, Scottie Chapman and Christine Chamberlain and became the first episode to extensively feature Build Team members or Mythterns. This is also the first episode to officially use the Busted/Plausible/Confirmed system; previous episodes were a bit looser and only had Busted as a consistent verdict.

Episode 14 – "Myths Revisited".

Breakstep Bridge.

This myth was retested for the episode but ultimately did not air in the US version—although the Robin Banks-narrated Discovery Europe version did include it. This myth is also included in the DVD version of "MythBusters Outtakes".

Episode 16 – "Ancient Death Ray".

Ancient Death Ray.

The MythBusters take on a myth from antiquity, where it is claimed that Archimedes constructed a solar-powered weapon by reflecting sunlight onto Roman ships. The result of the test sparked so much controversy, especially in engineering circles, that an entire episode ("Archimedes' Death Ray") was dedicated to a 2006 retest. In 2010, the myth was revisited again in the "President's Challenge" episode, in which United States President Barack Obama challenged Adam and Jamie to make a third attempt using more manpower. To date, this and JATO Rocket Car are the only myths to have been tested three times on the show.

Skunked!

The smell of skunk musk can be removed with...

What is Bulletproof?

Adam and Jamie test whether some things that are mythically held to be bulletproof are actually bulletproof – included among them was an assertion by Jamie in the first season on their Lexan barriers being bulletproof.  Bullets can be stopped by...

Episode 17 – "Elevator of Death, Levitation Machine".

Elevator of Death.

This myth is fueled by the story of an elevator attendant found alive but badly injured in an elevator car that had fallen 75 stories down a shaft in the Empire State Building after a B-25 Mitchell bomber crashed into it in 1945. After finding a bowling ball in the abandoned hotel in which they were testing the myth, Kari decided to test out a "mini-myth" of her own.

Levitation Machine.

Adam and Jamie try to build a hovercraft from vacuum cleaner parts, and after finding it plausible, decide to compete against each other in a homemade hovercraft racing contest. Adam, along with Tory and Christine (dubbed 'Team Savage'), built the heavier "Lillypad Flyer", while Jamie, Scottie, and Kari (dubbed 'Hyneman's Heroes') worked together to make the "Hyneman Hoverboard".

Episode 18 – "Beat the Radar Detector".

Plywood Builder.

Adam and Jamie tested a construction-related myth, and put several other objects said to be able to act as a parachute to the test.

Beat the Radar Gun.

This is the first myth entirely tested by the Build Team.  It is possible to legally beat the police speed radar and/or lidar by...

Episode 20 – "Exploding Jawbreaker".

Exploding Jawbreaker.

Inspired by incidents that left two children - Cameron DeHall and Taquandra Diggs - with what were later diagnosed as chemical burns after Jawbreakers blew up in their faces. It had also been reported that DeHall had heated his Jawbreaker in the microwave. The Diggs family and several other victims' families had already sued Nestlé for medical bills resulting from plastic surgery as well as pain and suffering. The lawsuits were later settled outside of court for an undisclosed amount.  Adam and Jamie, with help from Tory and Christine, tested the myth in a number of ways. When Jamie cut a Jawbreaker open using a band saw, he found that the way the candy is built (various layers of sugar around a solid candy center) creates the potential for a temperature differential. Specifically, the various layers can heat at different rates, creating a scenario where a layer can expand, cause pressure on the outer shell and make the candy unstable. (Christine found, by using an infrared thermometer, that one layer got up to 107 degrees Celsius after microwave heating.) If the candy was compressed - including in someone's jaws - the candy could explosively burst and its almost molten centers could cause painful burns.  As a finale, Jamie created a more literal exploding Jawbreaker by removing the core, filling it with gunpowder, adding a fuse and then detonating it.

Episode 21 – "Pingpong Rescue".

Ping Pong Salvage.

Adam and Jamie explore the possibility of raising a ship with ping-pong balls, originally conceived in the 1949 Donald Duck story "The Sunken Yacht" by Carl Barks.

Carried Away.

The Build Team takes on a gag used in many comedic works, where a baby or small child could be lifted into the air and fly away unintentionally when given helium balloons.  "See also Larry's Lawn Chair Balloon from Pilot 3.

Episode 22 – "Boom-Lift Catapult".

AC vs. Windows Down.

Adam and Jamie tackle not so much a myth as what they call an "urban puzzle". The debate arises because both methods of cooling influence a car's fuel efficiency—air conditioning requires a lot of power to run, but at the same time, open windows create drag. This myth was revisited in "MythBusters Revisited".

Episode 23 – "Exploding House".

Needle in a Haystack.

Adam and Jamie competed against each other in a contest to bust an old adage. While Jamie teamed up with Christine and Scottie in a machine known as "Earth, Wind & Fire" which burned the hay to leave the needles behind, Adam, Kari, and Tory used the "Needlefinder 2000", a machine that relied on water to separate needles from the hay (in the theory that needles would sink in water while hay floated). Each team had to locate four needles among ten bales of hay—three of steel of varying sizes and one of bone. Adam's team won the contest, in great part because his team's machine "processed" their haystack more quickly.

Episode 24 – "Ming Dynasty Astronaut".

Ming Dynasty Astronaut.

The MythBusters take on a story, taken from the 1945 book "Rockets and Jets" by Herbert Zim, describes a Ming dynasty astrologer named Wan Hu and determine whether he really was the first astronaut in space as a result.

Free Energy.

By far the most popular of the submitted myths are those regarding perpetual motion – it was claimed in an interview by Adam that there was enough material to create three seasons of busting potential free energy machines. One test (different from the included radio device), cut for time and shown on "MythBusters Outtakes" involves coils of baling wire being used to siphon off electricity from nearby PG&E power lines in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Adam, Jamie and MIT electrical engineer Dr. Geo Homsy tested whether real free energy can be obtained using the following, which tended to involve more well-known ideas:

Killer Ceiling Fan.

The myth of decapitation by jumping into a ceiling fan has two versions, both of which were tested: jumping up into the blades from below (via a kid jumping up and down on a bed) and jumping forward so as to carry the neck into the blades from the side (the so-called "lover's leap".) To test this, Kari and Scottie bought a regular house fan and also an industrial fan (with a higher top speed and metal blades as opposed to wood), and then they and Tori encased pig spines and latex arteries filled with fake blood inside busts of Adam and added human craniums. They then added rigs for both scenarios.

Episode SP1 – "Viewers-Choice/Christmas Special".

In this episode, Adam and Jamie test holiday-related myths while revealing the top-10 myths as voted upon by fans of the series. Clips were shown from each of these segments, in reverse order from #10 to #1.  Holiday Myths:

Mini Myth – "Busting the Egguinox Myth".

Egg-uinox.

The Egg-uinox myth was perhaps too short to air in any episode, as it was easily and conclusively busted.

The cast of the television series "MythBusters" perform experiments to verify or debunk urban legends, old wives' tales, and the like. This is a list of the various myths tested on the show as well as the results of the experiments (the myth is Busted, Plausible, or Confirmed).

Les membres de l'émission télévisée effectuent des expériences pour vérifier ou démentir des légendes urbaines, des contes de vieilles femmes, etc. Ceci est une liste des différents mythes testés dans l'émission ainsi que les résultats des expériences (Bidon, Plausible ou Confirmé).


History.

Hawarden was platted in 1882. It was named for Hawarden Castle, the Welsh home of statesman William Gladstone. Hawarden was incorporated as a city on March 18, 1887.

Geography.

Hawarden is located at (43.001145, -96.484541), along the Big Sioux River.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Climate.

Hawarden is located very near to the center of the North American continent, far removed from any major bodies of water. This lends the area a humid continental climate, with hot, humid summers, cold snowy winters, and wide temperature extremes. Summers can bring daytime temperatures that climb into the 90s Fahrenheit, and winter lows can be well below zero.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,546 people, 1,020 households, and 667 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 1,152 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 86.8% White, 0.5% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 10.6% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.0% of the population.  There were 1,020 households of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.6% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.06.  The median age in the city was 39 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 20.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,478 people, 1,032 households, and 664 families living in the city. The population density was 860.6 people per square mile (332.2/km2). There were 1,098 housing units at an average density of 381.3 per square mile (147.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.83% White, 0.32% African American, 0.56% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 3.67% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.38% of the population.  There were 1,032 households out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.93.  24.5% are under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $34,360, and the median income for a family was $44,938. Males had a median income of $30,466 versus $19,669 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,459. About 4.2% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Coilcraft, which makes a wide variety of chip inductors, spring; air core inductors, wideband RF transformers, and filters, employs 100+ workers in Hawarden. Other local factories include For-Most/Hawarden Machine and Plasticology. There are two schools in the city, West Sioux Elementary and West Sioux High/Middle School.

Arts and culture.

Annual events.

The city hosts "Big Sioux River Days" over Labor Day Weekend.

See also.

Hawarden was formerly the home of a junior college, Sioux Empire College, which closed in the 1980s.  Hawarden annexed the incorporated town of Calliope in 1893.

Hawarden is a city in Sioux County, Iowa, United States. The population was 2,546 at the 2010 census. It is located on the Big Sioux River.

La ville américaine de est située dans le comté de Sioux, dans l’État de l’Iowa. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s’élevait à.


Biography.

Baussan completed his degree in literature at the université d'Aix-en-Provence.  At the age of 23 he began to focus on creating cosmetic products from the flora of Provence.  But it was the acquisition of an old soap factory that had been on the decline, in partnership a chemist friend, Yves Millou, that launched the growth of the small business. The group was created in 1976. In 1980 Baussan began a trip to Burkina Faso where he discovered the properties of shea butter. In 1981 he opened his first store in Volx in Haute Provence. In 1992 he sold the company to Austrian businessman Reinold Geiger but retained a 5% stake. Through l’Occitane en Provence he launched a brand of premium olive oil, Oliviers & Co, in 1996. Most of the oils sold through the company are produced by families or small cooperatives, all of whom must follow Baussan’s exacting methods of cultivation and production.  In July 2006 he opened the eco-museum of l’Olivier in Volx and, two years later, he opened the Première Pression Provence to commemorate the producers of olive oil in Provence. He is credited with the creation of all the packaging and the designs of the stores.

Philanthropy.

He is Vice President of the L’Occitane Foundation, a charitable organization that focuses on the economic emancipation of women in Burkina Faso as well as the support for the visually impaired. The company decided in 1997 to include the names of products in braille on most of the packaging. He partnered with the Hellen Keller Foundation to provide eye exams to schools in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and in Los Angeles. In addition, he decided that all the proceeds from the sale of L’Occitane’s “Animal Soaps Set” go to Orbis, a non-profit organization that works to fight blindness in developing countries.  L’Occitane is almost solely responsible for the growth and financial stability of a women’s co-op in Burkina Faso that supplies the shea butter for the company’s lotions and cleansers. Baussan discovered the co-op accidentally while on a business trip to Cape Verde. He was so fascinated by a reporter’s story about the co-op that he went to Burkina Faso to see it for himself and became passionate about supporting it. The co-op originally had only 12 employees but has now grown to over 12,000.

Awards.

In 2009 Baussan received a medal of the Knight of the Order of Merit of Agriculture from Michel Barnier, the French minister of agriculture.  In February 2011 he was nominated by the Vanity Fair Hall of Fame for his philanthropic work.

Olivier Baussan (born December 9, 1952) is a French businessman and the founder of L'Occitane en Provence, Oliviers & Co and Première Pression Provence.

Olivier Baussan né le est chef d'entreprise français. Il est le fondateur de L'Occitane en Provence, d'Oliviers & Co et Premiere Pression Provence.


History.

The club was established in 1875 in the King's Park area of Stirling, although they did not stay long in this locality. They first entered the Scottish Cup in the 1879–80 season. Their best performance in that competition was in 1894–95 when they reached the quarter finals, losing 4–2 to Hearts.  King's Park were founder members of the Scottish Alliance, a rival of sorts of the SFL, in 1891 but left after one season. They moved between various more minor leagues for several seasons before entering the re-established Central Football League in 1909, retaining their membership of this division until 1921 (barring a brief hiatus during the First World War when they did not compete). At this point King's Park, along with most of their fellow Central league clubs, were invited to join the newly established Second Division of the SFL.  Their finest season came in 1927–28, when they just missed promotion by one point. Their record victory was in a 12–2 league victory against Forfar Athletic on 2 January 1930. In this game Jim Dyet scored eight of the club's goals, a feat made all the more remarkable by the fact that it was his debut for the club. Indeed, Dyet's feat stands as British record for goals on a debut to this day. The club's other great goalscorer of the 1930s was Alex Haddow, who hit five consecutive league hat-tricks in January and February 1932. Although overall they failed to make much impact on the league. However, they were four times winners of the Stirlingshire Cup.  Although a middle-ranking Second Division club King's Park did at times make the headlines. Their league game against Dundee Hibernian on 20 October 1923 would be the last game that club would play under that name, they were renamed Dundee United two days later. The club became the centre of controversy in 1927 when a newspaper report suggested that their next opponents Clydebank were about to go out of business and as a consequence the attendance at the match was minimal. As a consequence King's Park held back Clydebank's cut of the gate until the Scottish League intervened. Although the issue was resolved it helped to increase support amongst the League administrators for cutting the number of clubs due to their volatile status.

The death of King's Park and the birth of Stirling Albion.

When World War II started King's Park, largely as a consequence of their geographical location, dropped out of competitive football. Nonetheless, the club continued to play friendlies and, like a number of Scottish clubs who could offer higher war-time wages than their English counterparts, welcomed a number of high-profile guest players including Andy Black and Bill Shankly. The club was persuaded in 1940 to join a new Midland League for the coming season although local powerhouses Dundee declined to compete and so the league did not happen. As a consequence managing director Tom Fergusson put the club on hiatus in what was intended to be a temporary measure.  The fortunes of the club were hit further in 1940 when Forthbank was bombed by the Luftwaffe. The club did not play again after this, even though they applied to join the North Eastern League in 1944 (a request rejected due to their lack of a ground).  Amid allegations of financial impropriety with regards to payment of guest players, the club folded before the end of the war, on the pretext of the damage done by the bomb. Football in the town did not disappear for long however as they were replaced by Stirling Albion, with ex managing director Tom Fergusson taking a leading role in the new club.  Although they had not played since 1940 King's Park were not officially wound up until 1953 when the War Office finally settled their claim for the bomb damage.

Stadium.

The club's Forthbank Park was one of a number of stadiums at the time to host animal racing, usually greyhounds but also cheetahs. The Scottish Football Association at the time was keen to put an end to this practice as, although the racing provided a financial lifeline to many smaller clubs including King's Park, they feared that it would lead to football becoming too reliant on gambling just like the races. An SFA inspection team deemed that the greyhound track at Forthbank encroached on to the pitch and as such it was removed, along with the source of income.  Crowd trouble at a home match against St Johnstone in October 1921 led to King's Park playing a home match against Vale of Leven at Dunblane's Duckburn Park.  Forthbank suffered from a Luftwaffe bombing on 20 July 1940 and although temporary repairs were made to the partially destroyed stadium, only two further games were played there before both Forthbank and King's Park F.C. were closed down. There was compensation given eventually from the War Office in 1953, but it was paid to Stirling Albion F.C.  Local business man Thomas Ferguson started Stirling Albion F.C in 1945 and shortly purchased the Annfield estate to construct Annfield Stadium, which has now made way for housing once more.  In 1992 they moved to Forthbank Stadium, sited about two-thirds of a mile (1 km) from the location of the original stadium Forthbank Park.

League history.

Full Scottish Football League Second Division record.

Key: Pl = Games played; W = games won; D = games drew; L = games lost; F = goals scored (for); A = goals conceded (against); Pts = points (2 for a win, 1 for a draw); Pos = final position in the table.

Club Records.

Records refer to the club's time as members of the Scottish Football League.

King's Park Football Club were a football club who played in the Scottish Football League (SFL) before the Second World War. Based in Stirling, they joined the League in the 1921–22 season, following the reintroduction of the Second Division and were one of 11 new members for that season.

King's Park Football Club est un ancien club de football écossais basé à Stirling et qui a été actif entre 1875 et 1940, membre de la Scottish Football League entre 1921 et 1939.


Saison 2011 des Fighting Irish de Notre Dame

Pre-season.

Coaching changes.

Kerry Cooks took over the cornerback position after coaching the outside linebackers the previous season. Defensive coordinator Bob Diaco, who also coaches the inside linebackers, will coach the entire linebacking corps moving forward. Chuck Martin will focus solely on the safeties, while presumably assuming his role as the program’s recruiting coordinator.

Player changes.

Departing players.

Star tight end Kyle Rudolph chose to forgo his final year of eligibility, and enter the 2011 NFL Draft. The Irish also lost a number of important seniors, including four-year starter defensive lineman Ian Williams, linebackers Kerry Neal and Brian Smith, cornerback Darrin Walls, running backs Robert Hughes and Armando Allen, Wide Receiver Duval Kamara, and offensive lineman Matt Romine and Chris Stewart, all to graduation. Redshirt junior quarterback Nate Montana left the program in early February 2011, and transferred to the University of Montana. Junior guard Alex Bullard transferred to his hometown state of Tennessee and will play for the University of Tennessee, citing the desire to be closer to home following the loss of a family member.

Recruiting.

With his first full recruiting class, Brian Kelly added 23 prospects to the football team, including the addition of five early-enrollees: defensive end Aaron Lynch, outside linebacker Ishaq Williams, offensive lineman Brad Carrico, quarterback Everett Golson, and kicker Kyle Brindza.

Award candidates.

The following players were announced to award watch lists prior to the start of the 2011 season:

Game summaries.

Navy.

Game Captain: Chris Salvi

Wake Forest.

Game Captain: Robert Blanton

Maryland.

Game Captain: Darius Fleming  Despite the game being played only 12 miles from the Maryland campus, both end zones read "Notre Dame" and the majority of the fans in attendance were supporting the Fighting Irish. Notre Dame wore their green jerseys along with large green shamrocks on their side of their gold helmets.

Stanford.

Game Captain: Taylor Dever

Florida State.

Game Captain: Michael Floyd

Awards.

National awards  All-Americans

The 2011 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Brian Kelly and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana. They compete as an independent. They finished the season 8–5. They were invited to the Champs Sports Bowl where they were defeated by Florida State 18–14.

La saison 2011 des Fighting Irish de Notre Dame est le bilan de l'équipe de football américain des Fighting Irish de Notre Dame qui représente l'Université Notre-Dame-du-Lac dans le Championnat NCAA de football américain 2011 du FBS organisé par la NCAA et ce en tant qu'équipe indépendante.