Early life and education.

Ben-Shahar received his PhD in Organizational Behavior from Harvard University. His dissertation, completed in 2004, was titled "Restoring Self-Esteem's Self-Esteem: The Constructs of Dependent and Independent Competence and Worth." He has a bachelor's degree from Harvard in Philosophy and Psychology. His undergraduate thesis, completed in 1996, is titled "Honesty Pays: Bridging the Gap Between Moral Theory and Practice."

Career.

Ben-Shahar consults and lectures around the world to executives in multinational corporations, Fortune 500 companies, educational institutions, and the general public. Topics include leadership, education, ethics, happiness, self-esteem, resilience, goal setting, and mindfulness.  In 2011, Ben-Shahar co-founded Potentialife to "bring the science of flourishing to the world" and uses behavioral science and technology to allow anyone to embed the scientifically proven behaviors of positive psychology in their daily lives. It has proven particularly popular with organizations who wish to develop leadership behaviors in many of their people quickly - while the company also runs several not-for-profit programs including with school and communities. Potentialife now operates in twelve countries and, because of the innovative way in which it tracks behavioural change data, is allowing businesses and researchers alike to see the impact of positive psychology first-hand.  He is the author of the international best sellers Happier and Being Happy, which have been translated into 25 languages.  He has also written two children’s books in collaboration with Shirly Yuval-Yair in Hebrew; one about Helen Keller and the other about Thomas Edison. The books aim to teach children about happiness.  Ben-Shahar appeared on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" on August 9, 2007.  He is the narrator of the 2012 documentary "Israel Inside: How a Small Nation Makes a Big Difference", produced by Raphael Shore.  Ben-Shahar taught at Harvard, where his classes on Positive Psychology and The Psychology of Leadership were among the most popular courses in the university's history.

Tal Ben-Shahar (Hebrew: טל בן-שחר, also known as Tal David Ben-Shachar) born 1970, is an American and Israeli teacher, and writer in the areas of positive psychology and leadership. As a lecturer at Harvard University, Ben-Shahar created the most popular course in Harvard's history. He has subsequently written several best-selling books and in 2011 co-founded Potentialife with Angus Ridgway, a company that provides leadership programs based on the science of behavioral change to organisations, schools and sports organisations globally.

Tal Ben-Shahar, né en 1970, est un enseignant et écrivain americano-israélien spécialisé dans le domaine de la psychologie positive et du leadership.


Appearances.

Both the Great Intelligence and the Yeti appeared twice in the fifth season of the series as adversaries of the Doctor's second incarnation (Patrick Troughton). The 1967 serial "The Abominable Snowmen" depicts the Great Intelligence as having possessed the body of the High Lama Padmasamabhava (Wolfe Morris), ever since encountering the man on the astral plane some centuries ago. Using Padmasambhava the Great Intelligence moves small Yeti pieces around a chess-like map of the monastery and mountainside, with the Yeti protecting a cave hiding a pyramid of spheres that house the Great Intelligence. The Great Intelligence intends to create a physical body for itself, but these plans are foiled by the Doctor and his companions.  In the sequel "The Web of Fear", aired in 1968 and set forty years after "The Abominable Snowmen", the Great Intelligence returns when a control sphere is activated and enters a Yeti. The Great Intelligence uses an army of Yeti to take over the London Underground and begins filling London with a Web. The Great Intelligence primarily possesses the mind of Staff-Sergeant Arnold (Jack Woolgar) to sabotage the military resistance to the Yeti invasion. The invasion is revealed as a trap designed to draw in the Doctor so that the Great Intelligence can drain the Doctor’s mind, but it is again defeated and banished.  The 2012 Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) episode "The Snowmen" provides an origin for the Great Intelligence, whose voice is provided by Sir Ian McKellen. It reveals that the Intelligence originated as a crystalline organism that looks like snow and responds to the thoughts of others. The snow-like organism became influenced by the thoughts of a young boy, Walter Simeon, during the 1800s, forming a mental symbiosis. From there, the Great Intelligence had the adult Dr. Simeon (Richard E Grant) create "The Great Intelligence Institute" and orchestrate a scheme to obtain the DNA of a governess who froze to death in the Latimer family's pond. He intends to use her DNA to create ice-based lifeforms incapable of melting to take over the world. After the ice creature is destroyed, the Doctor uses a "memory worm" on Dr Simeon to erase his memories, expecting this to destroy the Intelligence. However, the Great Intelligence has existed long enough to become an independent entity and uses Simeon's brain-dead husk to attack the Doctor before withdrawing from his vessel when the Latimer family cries for the dying Clara, triggering his snow to melt. It is implied these events lead to "The Web of Fear" as the Doctor shows a map of the London Underground from 1966 to the Great Intelligence.  The Great Intelligence appears in the 2013 episode "The Bells of Saint John", set in the present day. The Great Intelligence uses a woman called Miss Kizlet (Celia Imrie) to aid him in creating an organization based at the Shard to collect and harvest the minds of people using Wi-Fi for it to feed on. The Eleventh Doctor manages to upload Miss Kizlet into this "data cloud", forcing the workers to free the minds trapped in the data cloud and return them to their bodies. To preserve its secrecy and hinder UNIT's investigation, the Great Intelligence has Miss Kizlet wipe all memories of its existence from her and the other employees's memories. It communicated with humans on video screens using the likeness of Simeon.  In the Series 7 finale, "The Name of the Doctor", the Great Intelligence manifests through and manipulates dark creatures called the Whisper Men, changing the one it inhabits into the form of Dr Simeon. The Whispermen kidnap the Paternoster Gang, close associates of the Eleventh Doctor, taking them to Trenzalore, the site of the Doctor's future grave. Having thereby lured the Doctor to his own grave, the Great Intelligence gains access to Doctor's tomb (his future dead TARDIS), by threatening the lives of the Gang. It is revealed the Doctor's travels through time have created a temporal rift "body" inside the dead husk of the future TARDIS. The Great Intelligence claims that it plans on getting revenge on the Doctor for foiling its schemes by scattering itself along the Doctor's timeline. Through scattering itself, the Great Intelligence intends to overturn all of the Doctor's various victories and destroy him, even though this would destroy the Great Intelligence itself. After it has entered the rift, however, the Doctor's companion Clara Oswald follows him, likewise scattering herself along the timeline, saving the Doctor, who in turn enters his own timeline to rescue Clara. The Intelligence is presumed destroyed, though multiple versions of it are laced in the Doctor's timeline.

Spin-off appearances.

The Great Intelligence and its Yeti servants are featured in the 1995 spin-off video film "Downtime", produced by Reeltime and featuring Victoria Waterfield (Deborah Watling), the Brigadier (Nicholas Courtney) and Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) with a now deceased Professor Travers (Jack Watling) serving as a vessel for the Intelligence. Here the Great Intelligence plans on infecting the Internet so as to use it as a new body, using control spheres to transform humans into Yeti servants. "Downtime" was novelised by Marc Platt as part of Virgin's "Missing Adventures" range in 1996.  The Great Intelligence also features in several New Adventure novels ("All-Consuming Fire", "Millennial Rites", "Business Unusual", "The Quantum Archangel" and "Divided Loyalties") in which it is identified with H. P. Lovecraft's Yog-Sothoth, a being from the universe before this one.  The Great Intelligence also appeared in a back-up comic strip in "Doctor Who Weekly" Nos. 31–34.

Powers.

The Great Intelligence had no physical form and thus relied on possession of living creatures to manipulate its environment. It existed on the astral plane and could enter the people it encountered. It allowed Padmasambhava to live over 300 years while he created the Robot Yeti and it also reanimated dead bodies like Staff Sergeant Arnold. It had considerable mental powers such as mind control and could even mentally attack the Doctor, causing him great pain, and travel through time and space.  The Great Intelligence could also manifest itself in simple forms such as a slime that glowed brightly, a dense fog that consumed anything that entered it, and a poisonous web/fungus that could trap the Doctor's TARDIS and could not be destroyed by chemicals, explosives or flamethrowers.

Physical servants.

Yeti.

The Yeti were an effort by the production team to create more recurring antagonists for the Doctor in lieu of the Daleks, whose creator and part-copyright owner Terry Nation desired to have appear in an American spin-off series. Writers Henry Lincoln and Mervyn Haisman chose the stories of the yeti to base their new monster upon. The Yeti are controlled by the Great Intelligence through control spheres. These are depicted as capable of seeking out inactive Yeti, emitting a series of whistle-like beeps whilst doing so. "The Web of Fear" shows the characters experimenting upon one of the spheres and eventually able to control the Yeti it is stored within by using a short-range remote control.

Snowmen.

In "The Snowmen", the Great Intelligence's first appearance in the internal chronology of the series, the Great Intelligence in the form of psychic snowflakes – animated snowmen across Victorian London to fight for it. In the course of the episode, it also reanimates and takes control of a woman who died by freezing to death in a pond, and later still possesses the brain-dead body of its aide Dr. Walter Simeon (Richard E Grant) after he was bitten by a Memory Worm that wipes out all his memories.

Spoonheads.

The Spoonheads are robots used by the Great Intelligence's operatives in "The Bells of Saint John" to harvest human minds for him to feast upon. They are also referred to as "Servers" by Miss Kizlet (Celia Imrie) and as walking Wi-Fi base stations by the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith). They have a spoon-shaped head through which they absorb a person's soul, and are able to disguise themselves as figures from the target's subconscious. Steven Moffat said that he wrote "The Bells of Saint John" as an "action rollercoaster", with the Spoonhead robots devised in contrast to other monsters he had created such as the Weeping Angels and Silence with a focus on scares. He has also said that the Spoonheads are not a critique on contemporary obsessions with technology and that the Wi-Fi concept was more of an invasion method new to "Doctor Who".

Whisper Men.

In "The Name of the Doctor", the Great Intelligence is assisted by the Whisper Men, invulnerable manifestations that whisper in rhymes. They appear as Victorian gentlemen, with no facial features other than mouths with sharp teeth. The Great Intelligence is able to physically manifest in place of any of the individual Whisper Men, taking the form of his last human host, Walter Simeon (Richard E Grant). Their whispers are implied to be prophetic, when chasing the Doctor on Trenzalore, whispering rhymes such as: "the man who lies will lie no more, when this man lies at Trenzalore," and "This man must fall as all men must, the fate of all is always dust." The rhymes often cryptically refer to past or future events that the Whisper Men had no obvious way of having knowing about.

Reception.

Critic Graham Sleight commented in an analysis of "Doctor Who" monsters that the use of Yeti robots by the Great Intelligence was uninteresting as they provided merely a physical and voiceless threat. Some reviewers have seen this as a strength, with Nick Page felt that the Yeti being controlled by the Great Intelligence gave them greater menace, arguing that because "the Great Intelligence... always turned off their power when it was not required", this creates suspense when the characters interacted with a dormant Yeti.  Ian McKellen's performance of the Great Intelligence's voice for its return in the 2012 Christmas Special was generally well received. Patrick Mulkern, writing for "Radio Times", said "hats off to Steven Moffat" for reintroducing the character and described the casting of Ian McKellen as "a coup" and "wizardly". The character was seen by some reviewers as being underdeveloped, with Kyle Anderson of the Nerdist feeling that although McKellen and Richard E Grant, who portrayed its human minion Dr Simeon, were excellent casting choices the Great Intelligence's plan was "the least fleshed out part of the script". Matt Risley's review on IGN similarly praised the acting of McKellen and Grant, but felt the story was "stuffed with ideas" and the Great Intelligence's return was overshadowed by the "fully formed and utterly unpredictable" performance of Jenna-Louise Coleman as Clara Oswald.  The character's appearance, portrayed by Richard E Grant, in "The Bells of Saint John", was perceived as establishing the Great Intelligence as a prominent antagonist for Series 7. Simon Brew felt that the Great Intelligence's appearance was "very welcome" and compared the character's use to that of Moriarty in Steven Moffat's series "Sherlock". Mark Snow described the Great Intelligence in his review as a "Big Bad" and felt that the character's involvement tied nicely into the Spoonhead plot. Neela Debnath of "The Independent", despite feeling that the episode was a "rehash" of elements of "Blink" and "Sherlock", commented that it appeared to be establishing the groundwork for a battle between the Doctor and Great Intelligence.

The Great Intelligence is a fictional character from the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". Although the Great Intelligence has no physical form, it is capable of communicating, both by itself and through possession, with other characters within the series. The Great Intelligence was originally created by Henry Lincoln and Mervyn Haisman and first appeared in the 1967 serial "The Abominable Snowmen" where it encountered the Second Doctor and his companions Jamie and Victoria. The Great Intelligence tries to form a physical body so as to conquer the Earth, making use of Yeti robots that resemble the cryptozoological creatures. Initially the Great Intelligence used the Yeti robots to scare off curiosity seekers, only later using them as an army. Both the Intelligence and the Yeti returned in its sequel "The Web of Fear".

La Grande Intelligence est une entité fictive de la série télévisée "Doctor Who". Inventé par le duo d'auteur Mervyn Haisman et Henry Lincoln, celle-ci constitue un des ennemis récurrents du Docteur. Forme désincarnée, celle-ci semble posséder les individus à tour de rôle. Toutefois, la seconde série s'accorde à lui donner l'image de l'acteur Richard E. Grant comme visage récurrent.


Early life.

Li Rui was born in Beijing in 1917. In 1934, he enrolled for Wuhan University, studying engineering.

Political career.

Li was an early and enthusiastic member of the Communist Party, having trekked to the Communist base at Yan'an in the late 1930s. Within a few years, he first suffered revolutionary persecution there.  In 1945 he was made the secretary to Gao Gang, a post which he held until 1945. In the mid-1950s, Li was briefly one of Mao Zedong's secretaries, giving him access to the inner circle of China’s ruling elite, but his criticisms of the Great Leap Forward and support for Peng Dehuai led to his denunciation and exile. He later declared that Mao was dismissive of the suffering and death caused by his policies: "Mao's way of thinking and governing was terrifying. He put no value on human life. The deaths of others meant nothing to him".  Li was then denounced as an anti-party element and spent twenty years in prison, emerging in 1979 and three years later being elected to the Central Committee, then in 1983 going on to be vice director of the Organisation Department of the Communist Party.  Li was a vice minister of the Ministry of Water Conservation and later at the time of its planning was opposed to the Yangtze Three Gorges Project. He continued to oppose construction of the dam after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.

Dissent.

At the 16th Communist Party Congress in 2002, Li wrote an open letter to Party Secretary Hu Jintao on political reform of the Communist Party. In the letter, Li argued that constitutionalism would lead the Communist Party away from political mishaps such as the Anti-Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. In November 2004, the party's Propaganda Department banned Li from being published in the media.  On hearing of the death of Zhao Ziyang in 2005, Li returned to Beijing from overseas and immediately went to the former general secretary’s home to pay his last respects.  In 2006, he was a lead signatory to an open letter condemning the state's closure of the investigative newspaper "Freezing Point".  Ahead of the 17th Communist Party Congress in 2007, Li and retired academic Xie Tao published articles calling for the Communist Party to become a European-style socialist party, remarks that were condemned by the party propaganda apparatus.  In October 2010, Li was the lead signatory to an open letter to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, calling for greater press freedom.

Personal life.

Li had a daughter, Li Nanyang. They became estranged after she rejected him as an enemy of the party during his fall from power in the 1950s. Through her efforts in the late 1970s, he was returned from exile and restored to his former rank and the two were reconciled. Li died of organ failure in Beijing on February 16, 2019, aged 101.

Publications.

Among many others, his publications include:

Li Rui (; April 13, 1917 – February 16, 2019) was a Chinese historian and politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1937 and became the personal secretary to Mao Zedong on industrial affairs. After retiring from political life, Li became a writer and a vocal advocate of democratic reform in China.

Li Rui, né le dans la province du Hunan en Chine et mort le à Beijing en Chine, est un homme politique chinois.


Biography.

Mason was born in 1937 in Washington, D.C. and began her career in the early 1960s. She attended a private school for girls in Danville, Virginia. At the age of 17, she moved to Florida with her family. She was managing the cosmetics department for Jordan Marsh in Miami.  There, her parents went to the opening of the new Playboy Club. They were guests of their friend Tony Roma. Roma suggested to her father (who built custom homes) that his daughter apply to be a bunny at the newly opened Playboy club. Playboy clubs were all the rage across the country and in London, England. He said they were looking for pretty girls with great personalities and good figures. Mason was hired as the "camera bunny", and was a huge hit with all the customers because of her "bubbly personality".  Mason then moved to Chicago, and met Hugh Hefner and moved into his mansion and went to work at the club as the bunny photographer. He asked her if she would be interested in testing with the magazine's staff photographer, to be featured as center fold for the popular "Playboy" magazine. She was chosen by Hefner to be "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for its June 1963 issue. Then, one night when she was working, Mason was introduced to the Oleg Cassini, Jackie Kennedy's personal designer. Cassini encouraged her to come to New York City, where he introduced her to the Eileen Ford Agency. The agency signed Mason, thus beginning a career in fashion modeling and national TV commercials.  Mason was discovered by director Herschell Gordon Lewis in 1963; she was cast in the starring role to work in the horror movie "Blood Feast" (1963) directed by him the same year. This was followed by the leading part in the film "Two Thousand Maniacs!" (1964), also directed by Lewis.  She met and married Shelly Kasten in New York City, who was the entertainment director for all the Playboy Clubs.

Connie Mason (born August 24, 1937 in Washington, D.C.) is an American model and actress who was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for its June 1963 issue. Mason then acted in the gore movies pioneered by Herschell Gordon Lewis, "Blood Feast" and "Two Thousand Maniacs!" Her centerfold was photographed by Pompeo Posar. She was also a Playboy Bunny at the Chicago club.

Connie Mason, (née le à Washington, aux États-Unis) est une actrice et playmate américaine. Elle est principalement connue pour avoir joué dans deux films du réalisateur Herschell Gordon Lewis, "Blood Feast" (1963) et "2000 maniaques" (1964), considérés comme les premiers films gore de l'histoire du cinéma.


Taxonomy.

The only member of member of the genus "Eldana", "E. saccharina" was described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is of the family Pyralidae of the order Lepidoptera and has eleven subspecies. The common name of "E. saccharina", the African sugar-cane borer, is derived from its activity as a pest in stretches of sub-Saharan Africa.

Description.

Adult African sugar-cane borers are relatively small with a 3mm abdomen width. They have a wingspan of 35mm. The forewings are a pale brown with two distinct dark brown spots in the center. The hindwings are a whitish brown and contain short fringes and brown longitudinal veins. Both male and female African sugar-cane borers share the same appearance, but females are slightly larger. When resting, "E. saccharina" folds its wings over its abdomen so that its fore wings are parallel to and cover the white hindwings.

Distribution and habitat.

"E. saccharina" is indigenous to Africa and is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa. It can be found in Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa. There are also populations of the African sugar-cane borer in stretches of northern Africa, in particular Ethiopia and parts of Senegal. Colder temperatures limit "E. saccharina's" range in these areas of Africa. However, in the Congo-Uganda border, geological events have extended these ranges. There are crater lakes and swamps that are the result of volcanic eruptions, which have been found to contain populations of "E.saccharina". "E. saccharina" primarily lives in sedges and wild grasses among riverine vegetation. However, recently, the African sugar-cane borers have been found to extend their home ranges to graminaceous crops, particularly in eastern and southern Africa. There is also a relationship between soil parent material and existence of the African sugar-cane borer. The species is less prevalent in areas with sandier soils.

Food resources.

Host plants.

Sugarcane is the main host plant for "E. saccharina." This is also the source of the species' common name, the African sugar-cane borer. It will also attack maize, sorghum, cassava, rice, and "Cyperus" species, and it has also been found to host wild grasses like Guinea grass, wetland sedges like papyrus," "rushes"," and typha. Various signs indicate the presence of "E. saccharina" in its host plants. Primarily presence can be determined by stem tunneling and other signs of breakage in plant stems. Infestations of sugarcane can also result in yield losses.

Parental care.

Oviposition.

Oviposition is the act of depositing eggs. Female African sugar-cane borers prefer to deposit eggs onto dry or dead leaf material. Kairomones, which are semiochemicals emitted by an organism to mediate interspecific interactions, are found in the dead leaves and attract the females to oviposit. In addition to targeting dead leaves, female "E. saccharina" conceal their eggs between leaf surfaces in tight bunches of around 300 eggs.

Social behavior.

Communication.

Communication between "E.saccharina" is both complex and little understood. Like other moth species, African sugar-cane borers communicate using ultrasound emitted from the tymbal, a sound producing membrane commonly found in insect species. Males producing ultrasound vibrations induce a wing flapping behavior in females, and the signal also functions as a sign of aggression towards other males. When males approach other males, they circle each other while emitting bursts of sound, and eventually one overwhelms the other during the interaction, chasing it away. When males approach females, females either walk past or produce their own sounds. If females reply to the male signal, males will then contact their hair-pencils onto female antennae. These male to female communication behaviors are distinct from mating rituals.

Life cycle.

Egg.

The yellow oval eggs are deposited in groups of 250 to 500 onto the inner side of leaf sheaths, structures that tightly wrap near stems, allowing them to fit snugly into the plant stalks. After being laid, eggs typically require 5–7 days of incubation before hatching.

Larva.

African sugar-cane borer larvae appearance range from a light brown to dark grey. They have a distinct brown plate on the dorsal side of their thoraxes, and average larval duration is 31 days. Larvae spread from their hatching site after 1–3 days. When they encounter predators, larvae excrete brownish liquid from their mouths, which deters predation. After hatching, larvae feed on external surfaces of plants before tunneling into stems where they pupate. This behavior is the source of "E. saccharina's" common name, the African sugar-cane borer.

Pupa.

Pupation is the third stage of moth development during which moths undergo transformation from immature to mature stages. During this time, pupae undergo developmental stages known as instars. Pupae of "E. saccharina" can be found tunneled inside host plants. They reside very close, often only 5 centimeters, to the exit hole, which is visible on the plant surface. African sugar-cane borers typically pupate for 7–13 days before emerging from the exit hole. While they are tunneled into the plant, pupae are very resistant to human attempts of removal. They can even survive crop burnings.

Adult.

Adult African sugar-cane borers emerge from exit holes in their host plants. Adults usually emerge after a rapid drop in temperature, after which they climb vertically and spread their wings. After 10–15 minutes of setting their new wings, newly emerged adults only survive for 6–13 days, during which females spend two days in pre-oviposition and have a 4-day reproductive life. Due to there short lifespan, it is likely that females only mate once.

Enemies.

Predators.

Like other moths, African sugar-cane borers experience the greatest levels of mortality during the egg and larval life cycles. Several species of ants and mites have been established as egg predators of "E. saccharina". In particular "Pheidole", a species of small ants are well-suited to reaching African sugar-cane borer eggs, which are commonly hidden in tight spaces behind leaf sheaths. Mite egg predators are less understood but pose a large problem for "E.saccharina" due to their small size and abundance in habitats where African sugar-cane borers live. Larger, more aggressive ants like "Dorylus" as well as some spiders are common predators for African sugar-cane borer larvae. Larval predators often attack young, dispersing larvae or those that have not penetrated into host plant stalks.

Parasites.

There have been several parasites found that target "E. saccharina" larvae. These include: Of these, "G. natalensis" is the most significant, because it is the main parasite that affects the African sugar-cane borer. It has been found to attack fourth, fifth, and sixth instar pupae. "G. natalensis" are attracted to the bore holes left by "E. saccharina", and after entering, sting the larva, temporarily paralyzing it and allowing for oviposition. Ovipositing "G. natalensis" preferentially target female African sugar-cane borer larvae, and their eggs hatch after three days of incubation and proceed to consume the "E. saccharina" larvae.

Mating.

Displaying.

Displaying is a set of courtship behaviors, which are used by an organism to attract potential mates. After emerging, adult males will set their wings and after 30 minutes will begin to display to females. There, they face downwards and beat their wings rapidly. Males tend to aggregate into groups of 3–6 on the same plant to make it easier for females to locate them. This behavior can continue for anywhere between 15–20 minutes. During this period, males can either remain stationary or move slightly before restarting the beating. Females, when present, also begin a similar wing flapping behavior. However, this behavior occurs regardless of female presence and releases both an attractant pheromone and an aphrodisiac to entice faraway females. Since the African sugar-cane borer is very sensitive to temperature, male mating behaviors have been found to stop when conditions are below 15 degree Celsius.

Courting.

African sugar-cane borer courting has only been documented once in the wild. After encountering a female, a male African sugar-cane borer will face the female with extended antennae. The two will then rotate in a circle with the male following the female, which signals her interest with spread wings. Following the circling, males will then climb onto females and have the tip of their abdomens meet the females. The males will then grip the females' thorax and can copulate for up to three hours. During this time, the pairs will move to lower vegetation as females are particularly vulnerable during copulation.

Pheromones.

African sugar-cane borer males secrete pheromones by wing glands and abdominal hair-pencils to attract females. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MC) analysis showed one major volatile component. This compound was identified to be trans-3-methyl-4-dimethylallyl-γ-lactone (CHO).

Interactions with humans.

Pests of crop plants.

The African sugar-cane borer larvae enter mature target plants through cracks or openings in the stalk. They have been found to survive crop burnings while bored into the base of the plant and will later emerge as soon as new, young plant shoots appear. Infestations of "E.saccharina" are more commonly found in intensively grown sugarcane than in peasant-grown fields. This is due to higher levels of nitrogen and water-stress in plants, which is particularly problematic since many industrial fertilizers contain nitrogen.

Pre-trashing.

Since African sugar-cane borers, are known to lay eggs specifically in dry leaf material, farmers developed a simple yet effective technique known as pre-trashing. Pre-trashing involves the preemptive removal of dry or dead leaf material from sugarcane field that do not have existing populations of "E.saccharina". Not only does this technique prevent African sugar-cane borers from laying eggs and populating new fields, but also any undetected eggs, already present, would be moved too far from the cane stalk for larvae traverse the distance. This technique, however, does have some drawbacks, since pre-trashing does cause irreversible damage to growing plants and reduces crop yield.

Intercropping and host plant breeding.

A common method to combat "E. saccharina" is to intercrop target plants with non-host plants. These trap plants attract female African sugar-cane borers to oviposit where eggs often develop poorly or not at all. In addition to using existing plant species, researchers have been attempting to develop new plants such as sugarcane that are resistant to pests that often attack and damage them. One such sugarcane plant with resistance to "E. saccharina" was developed, but it was found that the plant was suddenly attacked and damaged by another organism, "C. sacchariphagus," and when resistant to the latter, it was attacked by the former organism.

Biopesticide.

Other biological methods have also been employed against "E. saccharina." Two parasitic wasps, "Cotesia flavipes" and "Xanthopimpla stemmator", attack African sugar-cane borer larvae by parasitizing them. When hatched, the larvae of these wasps consume the pest larvae. This method is particularly useful for targeting larvae that have already bored into the host plant and are normally very difficult to reach.

Silicon treatment.

In many plant species, it has been found that applied silicon can enhance a plant species' resistance to pests because it increases silicon deposition in epidermal cells. This increases plant hardness and reduces digestibility. Studies have shown that this is particularly true for the African sugarcane borer, as sugarcane treated with silicon lead to decreased larval penetration and mass gain. Additionally, pests found feeding on silicon treated plants suffer from reduced food intake, survival, and population growth. In potted sugarcane plants, silicon treatment has been found to not only reduce pest damage but also enhance plant tolerance of water-stress. However, these studies did not mention how silicon treatment affected the viability of the sugarcane as a product.

Eldana is a genus of moths of the family Pyralidae containing only one species, the African sugar-cane borer ("Eldana saccharina"), which is commonly found in Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa. Adults have pale brown forewings with two small spots in the centre and light brown hindwings, and they have a wingspan of 35mm. This species is particularly relevant to humans because the larvae are a pest of the "Saccharum" species as well as several grain crops such as sorghum and maize. Other recorded host plants are cassava, rice and "Cyperus" species. When attacking these crops, "E. saccharina" bores into the stems of their host plant, causing severe damage to the crop. This behavior is the origin of the "E. saccharrina's" common name, the African sugar-cane borer. The African sugar-cane borer is a resilient pest, as it can survive crop burnings. Other methods such as intercropping and parasitic wasps have been employed to prevent further damage to crops.

Eldana saccharina (foreur africain de la canne à sucre) est une espèce d'insectes lépidoptères de la famille des "Pyralidae", d'origine africaine. C'est l'unique espèce du genre "Eldana".


Geography.

Knox is located at (48.341913, -99.692403).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 25 people, 13 households, and 6 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 26 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.  There were 13 households of which 7.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.8% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 30.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.50.  The median age in the city was 59.8 years. 8% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16% were from 25 to 44; 36% were from 45 to 64; and 36% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 59 people, 22 households, and 13 families living in the city. The population density was 118.6 people per square mile (45.6/km2). There were 28 housing units at an average density of 56.3 per square mile (21.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.61% White, 1.69% African American, 1.69% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.39% of the population.  There were 22 households out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.36.  In the city, the population was spread out with 37.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 15.3% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $30,000. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $14,167 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,808. There were 14.3% of families and 18.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 25.0% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Knox is a city in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 25 at the 2010 census. Knox was founded in 1887.

La ville de Knox est située dans le comté de Benson, dans l’État du Dakota du Nord, aux États-Unis. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s’élevait à.


All Souls' Chapel (Prince Edward Island)

History.

All Souls' Chapel was built in 1888 as a memorial to Father George Hodgson, the first "priest-incumbent" of St. Peter's Cathedral, to a design by the noted ecclesiastical architect William Critchlow Harris. The chapel's walls feature paintings by his brother, Robert Harris. There are three roundels by Robert Harris set in the front of the altar, depicting, respectively, Christ breaking bread at Emmaus on the day of his resurrection; the crucifixion of Christ; and Christ administering the chalice to communicants. The arched reredos is typical of William Harris's style, containing statues of Christ and his apostles. Christ stands in the centre, with St. John and St. James standing to his right and St. Peter to his left, while other apostles, including St. Paul, carry the instruments used to put them to death.  A tabernacle containing the Reserved Sacrament stands behind the altar cross, while to the right of the altar is the credence table on which the bread and wine are placed before the offertory. Around the sanctuary walls are portraits of St. Luke the Evangelist as a memorial to Robert Harris and St. James the Just as a memorial to Canon James Simpson, who played an important role in planning the chapel. The round painting above the reredos is of Christ ascending to Heaven, and has been a treasured icon to generations of cathedral parishioners. The chapel was built by Lowe Brothers of Charlottetown and the woodwork was carved by Messrs Whitlock and Doull.  In 1990, All Souls' Chapel was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. An exterior plaque in recognition of this designation was dedicated at a special ceremony in July 1994. The chapel had already been designated a heritage resource by the City of Charlottetown in 1979.

All Souls' Chapel is a historic chapel attached to St. Peter's Cathedral in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Built of Prince Edward Island sandstone in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture, it overlooks Rochford Square.

Chapelle All Souls est une chapelle historique, attachée à la Cathédrale St Peter, à Charlottetown, Île-du-Prince-Édouard, Canada. Construite du grès de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard, d'architecture de style néogothique, elle fait face au beau parvis Rochford.


Career.

Amateur.

Black is a right-handed pitcher, weighs 205 lbs, and is 6 ft 4 in. He attended Dallas Baptist University and is the highest drafted player in the University's history. In 2008, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League. During his last season at Dallas Baptist, Black went 6-4 with a 4.16 ERA and 99 strikeouts in 882⁄3 innings.

Pittsburgh Pirates.

The Pirates selected Black in the first round (49th overall) of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his professional debut for the State College Spikes on June 30, 2009.  Black started the 2010 season with the West Virginia Power, but only pitched 4 2/3 innings, dealing with shoulder and bicep injuries. He split the 2011 season between West Virginia and the Bradenton Marauders. He spent the 2012 season with the Altoona Curve of the Double A Eastern League. In November 2012, the Pirates added Black to the 40 man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft.  In 2013, Black pitched for the Indianapolis Indians of the Class AAA International League, and was named to the All-Star Game. The Pirates promoted Black to the major leagues, and he debuted with the Pirates on July 25. Black finished the 2013 season with the Pirates with a 4.50 ERA in 3 games in 4 innings pitched with a 2.000 WHIP with 3 strikeouts while giving up 6 hits, 2 earned runs, and 2 walks.

New York Mets.

2013.

The Pirates sent Black to the New York Mets on August 29, 2013, as the player to be named later in the trade that sent Dilson Herrera to the Mets in exchange for John Buck and Marlon Byrd. He was called up on September 1. On September 24, Black earned his first major league save in a 4-2 win against the Cincinnati Reds.  With the Mets, Black finished the 2013 season with a 3-0 record, 3.46 ERA in 15 games in 13 innings pitched with a 1.154 WHIP with one save and 12 strikeouts while giving up 11 hits, 5 earned runs, and 4 walks.

2014.

Black started the year with the Las Vegas 51s. He was placed on the DL with the 51s on April 7 due to a pinched nerve on the right side of his neck. He was later activated off the DL. On May 24, Black was called up to join the Mets as the 26th player during a doubleheader against the Arizona Diamondbacks. On August 24, Black went on the DL due to a herniated disk in his neck. His spot on the roster was replaced by Daisuke Matsuzaka who was coming off the DL himself. He came off the DL on September 8. It was announced on September 15 that Black was shut down for about five to six days due to a shoulder strain. On September 23, Black was shut down for the rest of season.  Black finished the season with a 2-3 record, 2.60 ERA in 41 games in 34.2 innings pitched with a 1.298 WHIP with 32 strikeouts while giving up 26 hits, 12 runs (10 of them earned), and 19 walks.

2015.

Black rehabbed the entire season in the minors with the St. Lucie Mets, Binghamton Mets and the Las Vegas 51s. On September 1, he was outrighted off the 40-man roster to the 51s. On November 7, Black elected free agency. In the minors with the three affiliates, he compiled a 1-6 record, 5.94 ERA in 41 games in 36.1 innings pitched with a 1.95 WHIP with 34 strikeouts and 3 saves while giving up 41 hits, 25 runs (24 of them earned), and 30 walks.

Sussex County Miners.

On April 14, 2017, Black signed with the Sussex County Miners of the Can-Am League.

San Francisco Giants.

The San Francisco Giants signed Black to a minor league contract on May 5, 2017. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

New Jersey Jackals.

On March 6, 2018, Black signed with the New Jersey Jackals of the Can-Am League. He became a free agent after the season.

Victor Laurence Black (born May 23, 1988) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He has played for the Pittsburgh Pirates and the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Victor Laurence Black (né le à Amarillo, Texas, États-Unis) est un lanceur de relève droitier des Ligues majeures de baseball.


Software.

The Wiring IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java which is derived from the IDE made for the Processing programming language. It is designed to introduce programming and sketching with electronics to artists and designers. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click.  The Wiring IDE includes a C/C++ library called "Wiring", which makes common input/output operations much easier. Wiring programs are written in a dialect of C and C++. A minimal program requires only two functions:  A typical first program for a developer using a microcontroller is to blink a light-emitting diode (LED) on and off. In the Wiring environment, the user might write a program like this: int ledPin = WLED; // a name for the on-board LED  void setup () {  void loop () {  When the user clicks the "Upload to Wiring hardware" button in the IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file including a standard header file at the file beginning, and a simple main function appended.  The Wiring IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses avrdude to upload programs to the board.

Open-source hardware and software.

The Wiring hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Wiring Web site. Layout and production files for the Wiring hardware are also available. The source code for the IDE and the hardware library are available and released under the GPLv2

Related projects.

Processing.

Wiring was based on the original work done on Processing project in MIT.

Arduino and Fritzing.

Wiring and Processing have spawned another project, Arduino, which uses the Processing IDE, with a simplified version of the C++ language, as a way to teach artists and designers how to program microcontrollers. There are now two separate hardware projects, Wiring and Arduino, using the Wiring environment and language.  Fritzing is another software environment within this family, which supports designers and artists to document their interactive prototypes and to take the step from physical prototyping to actual product.

Wiring is an open-source electronics prototyping platform composed of a programming language, an integrated development environment (IDE), and a single-board microcontroller. It was developed starting in 2003 by Hernando Barragán.

Wiring est une plateforme de prototypage électronique en matériel libre et à sources ouvertes, composé d'un langage de programmation, d'un environnement de développement, et d'un ordinateur à carte unique piloté par un microcontrôleur. Il a commencé à être développé en 2003 par Hernando Barragán.


Orbit and classification.

"Nyanza" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,977 days; semi-major axis of 3.08 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.  The asteroid was first identified as at Heidelberg Observatory and as and at Lowell Observatory in March and May 1929, respectively. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in October 1931, three and a half years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.

Naming.

This minor planet was named for the former Nyanza Province located in southwestern Kenya, bordering on Lake Victoria. Its provincial capital was Kisumu. In 2010, Kenya's 8 provinces were reorganized into 47 counties. The official naming citation was mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 ().

Physical characteristics.

"Nyanza" has been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type.

Rotation period.

In May 2005, a rotational lightcurve of "Nyanza" was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.422 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.28 magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, "Nyanza" measures between 60.078 and 64.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0537.  The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.0352 and a diameter of 64.59 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.

1356 Nyanza, provisional designation, is a dark asteroid from the background population of the outer asteroid belt, approximately 63 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1935, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the former Nyanza Province in Kenya, Africa.

(1356) Nyanza est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale découvert le à Johannesbourg (UO) par l'astronome sud-africain Cyril V. Jackson.


Early life.

Garrix was born as Martijn Gerard Garritsen on 14 May 1996 in Amstelveen in the Netherlands, the son of Gerard and Karin Garritsen. He has a younger sister named Laura. He showed musical interest at an early age and learned to play the guitar at the age of 8.  In 2004, he expressed interest in becoming a DJ after seeing Dutch DJ Tiësto perform at that year's Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony in Athens. He took particular inspiration from the track "Traffic", prompting him to download the specialist software FL Studio, and enabling him to start composing.  In 2013, he graduated from the Herman Brood Academy, a production school in Utrecht.

Career.

2012–2014: Spinnin' Records deal, "Animals", and "Gold Skies".

Garrix was discovered by Tiësto, whom he described as inspirational, humble, and legendary. He had his beginnings with the songs "BFAM", a collaboration with Dutch DJ Julian Jordan, and "Just Some Loops", a collaboration with TV Noise. In the documentary What We Started, Garrix describes how he was discovered by the Dutch record label Spinnin' Records following the release of his remix for the Enrique Iglesias single "Tonight (I'm Loving You)". He signed with Spinnin' Records in 2012, releasing "Error 404", a collaboration with Dutch DJ Jay Hardway. In 2013, Garrix co-released "Torrent" with Dutch DJ Sidney Samson on Tiësto's Musical Freedom label.  In November 2013, Garrix signed a deal with American entertainment company Scooter Braun Projects, making Garrix the company's first EDM client. The deal was split-worldwide management with MusicAllStars Management, sister company of Spinnin’ Records, since Garrix was already signed to Spinnin’ Records.  In December 2013, he released "Wizard" with Jay Hardway which peaked at number 6 in Belgium and number 17 in the Netherlands. In 2014, Garrix collaborated with Dutch duo Firebeatz on "Helicopter" which reached number one on the Beatport Top 100 charts for two weeks. He also produced the Sensation 2014 anthem, "Tremor", along with Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike.  Garrix performed at Ultra Music Festival 2014, where he debuted several new and unreleased tracks, including collaborations with American DJ Dillon Francis, Hardwell, and Dutch DJ Afrojack. In June, he collaborated with Dutch DJ Sander van Doorn and Canadian duo DVBBS on "Gold Skies". This was his first vocal track which featured the singer Aleesia. He also released the track "Proxy" for free download. Most of these songs were featured on Garrix's debut EP, "Gold Skies", which was released on 8 July 2014.  After the release of his debut EP, Garrix continued to collaborate with mainstream DJs. The first of such collaborations being a song with Dutch DJ MOTi called "Virus (How About Now)", followed by a collaboration with Afrojack called "Turn Up the Speakers" which Afrojack and Garrix both premiered at Ultra Music Festival. In 2014, he appeared on "DJ Magazine"s top 100 DJs list at number 4.

2015: Collaborations and Spinnin' contract termination.

In 2015, Garrix experimented with progressive house and started producing progressive tracks aside from his signature big room sound. On 6 February, he released the track "Forbidden Voices" as a gift to his fans after his Facebook page reached 10 million likes.  In February 2015, he released the single "Don't Look Down" featuring Grammy-winner Usher. He also released two video versions for it on Vevo, "Towel Boy" and "Towel Girl". The track was written by Garrix, James 'JHart' Abrahart, and Busbee. It peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Dance Club Songs. In an interview with British media company "DigitalSpy" in early 2015, Garrix noted that Usher is a "humble" artist and a great collaborator to whom he can directly give input.  Garrix also worked with multi-Grammy winner Ed Sheeran on a track called "Rewind Repeat It" which he played at Ultra Music Festival in Miami in March 2015. On 4 May, he released a track with Tiësto, called "The Only Way Is Up". On 22 May, Swedish DJ Avicii released a lyric video of the song "Waiting for Love" which was co-produced by Garrix. On 6 July, Garrix released the "Break Through the Silence" dual single with Russian DJs Matisse and Sadko, consisting of the songs "Break Through the Silence" and "Dragon". On 31 October, he released a track titled "Poison" as a promotional single. On 31 December, Garrix released "Bouncybob", his final track of the year, for free which he had co-produced with Justin Mylo and Mesto.  On 26 August 2015, Garrix announced that he had left Spinnin' Records and MusicAllStars Management due to a conflict over the ownership of his music. A point of contention was the release of "Animals" which appeared when Garrix was 17 years old. He also announced that he had filed a lawsuit against his then-manager Eelko van Kooten. In November 2015, Garrix announced that he would be creating his own record label. He also went on to sue his manager, Eelko van Kooten, stating that he was told "false and misleading information" before signing with Spinnin' Records.  On 2 December 2015, Garrix reportedly settled with Spinnin' Records in their ongoing legal dispute over the ownership rights of his music. He released a statement confirming that he had withdrawn the summary proceedings after his former record label transferred the ownership rights of his music to him, granted that exclusive licence of all his tracks released before August 2015 will be retained by Spinnin' Records for an undisclosed period. However, Garrix also stated that their other outstanding disagreements will likely be the subject of further legal proceedings.

2016: Launch of Stmpd Rcrds, Sony record deal, documentary and awards.

Garrix launched his own record label called Stmpd Rcrds in the first quarter of 2016. Speaking about the label, he said that he wanted it to be a 'platform' for artists of various genres. On 11 March 2016, he released his first single via Stmpd Rcrds titled "Now That I've Found You", featuring the vocals of John Martin and Michel Zitron.  On 18 March 2016, he made use of his one-hour set to premiere ten new unreleased tracks at Ultra Music Festival, including collaborations with Jay Hardway, Julian Jordan, Ed Sheeran, Bebe Rexha, Third Party, and Linkin Park along with Area21, Garrix's duo with Maejor. On 27 May 2016, he released his second single "Lions in the Wild" with British DJ duo Third Party. On 13 June 2016, Garrix released a promotional single titled "Oops" which became the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 anthem.  On 26 July 2016, it was announced that Garrix signed a worldwide contract with Sony Music International. He explained that, "their forward thinking approach to streaming and incredible roster of talented artists combined with their passion and understanding for my vision of the future of my music made this a no brainer."  On 29 July 2016, he released the track "In the Name of Love" with American singer Bebe Rexha. On 22 August 2016, Garrix made his first-ever live performance of his own music, with Rexha on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", accompanied by "The Tonight Show" house band, The Roots.  On 14 October 2016, Garrix announced on social media that he was releasing seven songs for seven days. Several of the released songs have been premiered during his performances at Ultra Music Festival and Tomorrowland Belgium. The songs were uploaded onto his YouTube channel as music videos with seven visual artists who live-painted their interpretations of each song.  On 19 October 2016, Garrix was named the world's top DJ in "DJ Mag's" annual Top 100 DJs poll. Speaking to the press, he said "It feels unreal to have won. I 100 percent did not expect it at all. I've had an amazing year, with awesome shows and amazing fans – I'm so thankful for their support. I didn't even do a campaign, and it just shows how dope the fanbase is."  It was announced that Garrix will co-star, alongside British DJ Carl Cox in an EDM-themed documentary titled "What We Started". The documentary was directed by Bert Marcus alongside executive producer and music supervisor Pete Tong. The documentary was premiered on 15 June 2017 at the LA Film Festival.  On 6 November 2016, Garrix won "Best Electronic Act" and "Best World Stage Performance" awards at the MTV European Music Awards 2016. He was presented his award by American rapper G-Eazy. During the awards ceremony, Garrix performed "In the Name of Love" on stage with Bebe Rexha.  On 31 December 2016, Martin Garrix played "Scared to Be Lonely", featuring British singer Dua Lipa, for the first time while headlining the stage at his first ever show in Myanmar. He released the song on 27 January 2017.

2017: Residency, modeling, legal victory and collaborations.

Garrix announced that he would be supporting Canadian singer Justin Bieber on his Purpose World Tour in Australia which began in March and at the 'Barclaycard presents British Summer Time Hyde Park' show on 2 July 2017.  On 27 January 2017, he released "Scared to Be Lonely" a collaboration with British singer Dua Lipa as a single. He performed the song with Lipa on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" in March before releasing two volumes of extended plays featuring twelve remixes.  Garrix was announced as a resident DJ for the 2017 season at Hï Ibiza, previously known as Space Ibiza, a popular dance-music club owned by Ushuaïa Entertainment. He previously had a DJ residency at Hï Ibiza's sister venue, Ushuaïa in 2016.  On 7 April 2017, "Byte", a collaboration with Brooks, was released as a single. The song was previously debuted by Garrix during his 2017 Ultra Music Festival set in Miami.  On 14 April 2017, Garrix debuted a collaboration with Australian singer Troye Sivan, who later joined him on stage for their performance at the Coachella Valley Music And Arts Festival in California. The song title was "There for You", as announced by Sivan on Twitter. The song was officially released on 26 May 2017. Garrix appeared as the face of Armani Exchange in their Fall 2017 campaign, becoming one of the first few internationally recognized DJs to enter modelling. Armani Exchange announced it on social media, stating "the face of the new Armani Exchange Fall Winter 2017/2018 campaign: Martin Garrix"  At the Tomorrowland 2017 festival, Garrix debuted his YTRAM alias, which spells "Marty" backwards. He also premiered the song "So Far Away", a collaboration with French DJ David Guetta, who joined him on stage to perform it, as well as his first solo track in over a year, "Pizza", which received an official release on 25 August 2017.  Garrix was listed in "Forbes"' World's Highest-Paid DJs 2017 ranking with earnings of $19.5 million for 12 months prior to June 2017.  Details of Garrix's collaborative unreleased song with Ed Sheeran, titled "Replay Rewind" or alternately, "Rewind, Repeat It", was published on ASCAP with Sony and BDI listed as the publishers of the song. The track was not officially released. The song was premiered at the 2015 Ultra Music Festival in Miami and is regularly played by Garrix at music festivals.  On 20 September 2017, a Dutch judge ruled in favor of Garrix who regained the rights to his music that were previously signed to Spinnin' Records and MusicAllStars, to have his contract permanently terminated. Garrix, who demanded €3.7 million from Spinnin' and €650,000 from MusicAllStars, said "All of (their) claims have been rejected by the court. The only remaining question is the amount to be repaid (to Garrix)."  In October 2017, Garrix, under the alias GRX, collaborated again with Brooks to release the song "Boomerang". In December 2017, he released "So Far Away" with David Guetta, featuring Romy Dya and Jamie Scott. British singer Ellie Goulding was originally supposed to be featured on the song but her label prevented the release after it was previewed by Garrix at his Tomorrowland set.

2018: Closing the Winter Olympics, further collaborations and "Bylaw".

On 23 February 2018, Garrix released his second collaboration with David Guetta and his third with Brooks with the song "Like I Do". Two days later, he headlined the closing ceremony of the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympic Games at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in South Korea. He was the closing act of the night, performing his newly released single as well as many others. His setlist is as follows: "Forever", "Together", "Animals", "Like I Do", and "Pizza".  On 20 April 2018, Garrix released his collaboration with Loopers titled "Game Over". On 15 June, he released the single "Ocean", a collaboration with American R&B singer Khalid. On 29 July, he headlined the Tomorrowland Belgium 2018 music festival and released the single "High on Life", a collaboration with singer Bonn, immediately after his closing set ended. On 30 July, the music video for "High on Life" was released which contained footage from his Tomorrowland set.  Garrix was announced as a resident DJ at Ushuaia Ibiza Beach Hotel, performing on Thursdays from 5 July to 30 August 2018. It was announced that he will be bringing guests to perform with him at the said venue. He was also scheduled to be the resident DJ at Hakkasan Nightclub, Omnia Nightclub, and Wet Republic Dayclub starting 2 August.  On 10 August 2018, under his 'GRX' alias, he released the single "X's", a collaboration with Dutch DJ CMC$ featuring Icona Pop. On 14 September, he released his collaboration with Justin Mylo featuring Dewain Whitmore Jr. titled "Burn Out". The music video was released on the same day.  It was announced on social media that Garrix was releasing five songs in five days, in a similar manner to the single releases of his "Seven" EP in 2016. The songs are all part of the "Bylaw" EP, and are: "Breach (Walk Alone)" with Blinders, "Yottabyte", "Latency" with Dyro, "Access", and "Waiting for Tomorrow" with Pierce Fulton featuring Mike Shinoda. In the same month, Garrix performed at the F1 Singapore Grand Prix.  In October 2018, Garrix was ranked number one on DJ Mag's annual Top 100 DJs list, winning for a third time in a row. His first win in 2016 made him the youngest DJ to top the poll. The awarding ceremony was held onstage at the Amsterdam ArenA during the 2018 Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE) where Garrix headlined.  On 1 November 2018, he released the single "Dreamer" featuring American singer Mike Yung. He released his next single "Glitch", with long-time collaborator Julian Jordan on 14 December.

2019: Headlining festivals.

Garrix announced an upcoming collaboration with Bonn, titled "No Sleep". The single was released in February 2019, along with the music video.  In February 2019, he performed at the Ultra Music Festival Australia, a two-day festival held in Sydney and Melbourne. In March 2019, he headlined Tomorrowland Winter, held in France, and Ultra Music Festival, held in Miami.  In October 2019, Garrix lost his place as number 1 DJ to Belgian DJs Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, whom he beat to number 1 in 2016, after spending a consecutive three years at the top. Garrix finished the 2019 polls in second place.  In 24 December 2019, Spinnin' Records won the appeal from the court ruling of the Higher Court of Leeuwarden, suggesting that Garrix did not have the right to break his agreement prematurely with Spinnin' and MusicAllstars Management.

2020.

For the 2020 King's Day celebrations, Garrix played a set from the rooftop of A'Dam tower in Amsterdam in place of the usual festival's cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Brand endorsement and modelling.

In 2017, Garrix was an ambassador for Italian brand Armani Exchange’s "Fall Winter 2017" campaign. The announcement was made in July 2017, along with the release of the promotional photographs on social media. The promotional video, featuring Garrix wearing the brand's clothing and eyewear line, was released in August 2017.  In 2018, Garrix was once again an ambassador for Armani Exchange. The promotional video for the brand's "Fall Winter 2018" campaign was released in August 2018, featuring Garrix wearing the brand's new clothing line. His collaboration track with Loopers, "Game Over", was used for the video. The behind-the-scenes footage during the filming was also released by Armani Exchange.  Garrix became an ambassador for AXE, launched a limited-edition Martin Garrix body spray, which was launching on September 14, 2018. To promote the partnership and the product launch, AXE and Garrix released his music video for "Burn Out" in collaboration with the brand and created by AXE's global creative agency 72andSunny Amsterdam.

Philanthropy.

In May 2016, Garrix headlined an event in Los Angeles with all proceeds going to the non-profit organization Fuck Cancer, dedicated to early detection, prevention and providing support to those affected by cancer.  In November 2016, Garrix started his India tour with a special charity show in Mumbai with over 62,000 in attendance. Hosted at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse, the charity event's purpose was to educate Indian children with the proceeds from the show being donated to Magic Bus, who will be supporting the education of 10,000 children across the country.  On 24 February 2017, Garrix was announced as an "international friend" for SOS Children's Village in South Africa, a non-profit organization that "builds families for orphaned, abandoned, and other vulnerable children around the world". Speaking to "Billboard", he said "it is awful that so many children around the world don't have the support of a caring family".  On 28 February 2019, Garrix visited the SOS Children's Village in South Africa while on tour for Ultra South Africa. During his visit Garrix performed a one-hour DJ set to an excited crowd of one hundred children and young people, some aged just three years old and accompanied by their SOS mothers.

Book.

On 23 August 2018, Garrix posted a picture of the cover of his then upcoming book "Martin Garrix Life = Crazy", containing photographs of his career life and personal life. The photographs featured in the book were taken by Louis Van Baar. The book was released in October 2018.

Martijn Gerard Garritsen (), professionally known as Martin Garrix, is a Dutch DJ and record producer from Amstelveen. His most known singles are "Animals", "In the Name of Love", and "Scared to Be Lonely". He was ranked number one on "DJ Mag"s Top 100 DJs list for three consecutive years (2016, 2017, and 2018).

Martin Garrix, de son vrai nom Martijn Garritsen, né le à Amstelveen, est un disc jockey, compositeur et producteur musical néerlandais. Il utilise parfois l'alias GRX.


Themes.

Sand's main theme in the novel is marriage. Marriages of convenience are expected in the novel. Évariste de Lansac, Valentine's fiancé, is a greedy character who pursues marriage for land and wealth. However, while marriage between Valentine and Benedict would be based on genuine love, it is also forbidden by their class differences. The snobbery of the upper class is embodied by Valentine's grandmother.  The novel depicts the limited education given to women in the 1830s. Having completed a basic education in preparation for her marriage, Valentine complains she is "miserable." She is able to draw, sing, and dance, but does not have knowledge of the world beyond what would prepare her for a domestic life as a wife.  Valentine's sister, Louise, represents a rebellious alternative. Louise becomes entangled romantically with Benedict. Benedict is then in love with both sisters. The novel offers no solutions for these social problems, but simply allows them to unfold.  The novel's fictional backdrop is shared by many of Sand's later rustic novels, the Black Valley in the Berri region. These novels are based on the region where Sand had her own country estate.

Reception.

In the "Revue de Romans," an 1839 reviewer of the novel noted Sand's unique use of the romance genre.  ""Valentine" is the work of a woman author who depicts in this novel, and with unexpected vigor for this often-silly genre of writing, the trials and tribulations of a woman whom society has condemned to waste away her days in a place whether neither the people nor their ages are varied, and neither love nor affection are easily obtained; in short, it is a hyperbolic critique of the institution of marriage, but it is a charming work of great interest and poetry."

References.

Source text:  Review (in French)  Literary criticism:

Valentine (1832) is a novel published by French author George Sand. This was the second novel published in Sand's career as an independent author, the novel is notable for displaying many of Sand's preoccupations as an emerging novelist: love, social class, greed, liberty, and family ties. Like many of Sand's novels, the novel takes its name from its title character Valentine, who is born into an aristocratic family but falls in love with the peasant farmer, Benedict. Star-crossed lovers belonging to different social classes were to become a major theme in Sand's works, which interrogated what the author perceived as the hypocrisy and rigidity of social norms in the Restoration-period French republic.

Valentine est un roman de George Sand, paru en 1832 chez H. Dupuy (Paris). Cette œuvre fait partie des romans dits « féministes » de George Sand.


Plato's text.

Great lexical and syntactical differences are easily noted between the many translations of the "Republic". Below is a typical text from a relatively recent translation of "Republic" 546b–c:  "Now for divine begettings there is a period comprehended by a perfect number, and for mortal by the first in which augmentations dominating and dominated when they have attained to three distances and four limits of the assimilating and the dissimilating, the waxing and the waning, render all things conversable and commensurable [546c] with one another, whereof a basal four-thirds wedded to the pempad yields two harmonies at the third augmentation, the one the product of equal factors taken one hundred times, the other of equal length one way but oblong,-one dimension of a hundred numbers determined by the rational diameters of the pempad lacking one in each case, or of the irrational lacking two; the other dimension of a hundred cubes of the triad. And this entire geometrical number is determinative of this thing, of better and inferior births." The 'entire geometrical number', mentioned shortly before the end of this text, is understood to be Plato's number. The introductory words mention (a period comprehended by) 'a perfect number' which is taken to be a reference to Plato's perfect year mentioned in his "Timaeus" (39d). The words are presented as uttered by the muses, so the whole passage is sometimes called the'speech of the muses' or something similar. Indeed, Philip Melanchthon compared it to the proverbial obscurity of the Sibyls. Cicero famously described it as 'obscure' but others have seen some playfulness in its tone.

Interpretations.

Shortly after Plato's time his meaning apparently did not cause puzzlement as Aristotle's casual remark attests. Half a millennium later, however, it was an enigma for the Neoplatonists, who had a somewhat mystic penchant and wrote frequently about it, proposing geometrical and numerical interpretations. Next, for nearly a thousand years, Plato's texts disappeared and it is only in the Renaissance that the enigma briefly resurfaced. During the 19th century, when classical scholars restored original texts, the problem reappeared. Schleiermacher interrupted his edition of Plato for a decade while attempting to make sense of the paragraph. Victor Cousin inserted a note that it has to be skipped in his French translation of Plato's works. In the early 20th century, scholarly findings suggested a Babylonian origin for the topic.  Most interpreters argue that the value of Plato's number is 216 because it is the cube of 6, i.e., which is remarkable for also being the sum of the cubes for the Pythagorean triple (3, 4, 5):.  Such considerations tend to ignore the second part of the text where some other numbers and their relations are described. The opinions tend to converge about their values being 480,000 and 270,000 but there is little agreement about the details. It has been noted that 6 yields 1296 and. Instead of multiplication some interpretations consider the sum of these factors:.  Other values that have been proposed include:

Plato’s number is a number enigmatically referred to by Plato in his dialogue the "Republic" (8.546b). The text is notoriously difficult to understand and its corresponding translations do not allow an unambiguous interpretation. There is no real agreement either about the meaning or the value of the number. It also has been called the "geometrical number" or the "nuptial number" (the "number of the bride"). The passage in which Plato introduced the number has been discussed ever since it was written, with no consensus in the debate. As for the number's actual value, 216 is the most frequently proposed value for it, but 3,600 or 12,960,000 are also commonly considered.

Le nombre de Platon (ou nombre nuptial) est un nombre entier auquel Platon fait référence (de manière énigmatique) dans son dialogue "La République" (546b). Il n'y a pas réellement de consensus sur la valeur de ce nombre ou sur sa signification, mais 216 en est la valeur la plus souvent proposée.


Career.

He won the Moscow City Chess Championship in 1998 and 2003. In 2002 he shared the victory of the U.S. Open Chess Championship with Gennadi Zaichik.  Najer won the Cappelle-la-Grande Open of 2004 on tiebreak over Kaido Külaots, Artyom Timofeev, Zoltan Gyimesi, Sergey Grigoriants and Oleg Korneev. In the same year he tied for 1st–3rd with Michael Roiz and Leonid Gofshtein in the Ashdod Chess Festival. He won a gold medal at the 2005 Maccabiah Games in Israel. In 2007 he won the 3rd Moscow Open edging out on tiebreak Vasily Yemelin.  Najer won the World Open in Philadelphia consecutively in 2008 and 2009. He was one of the seconds of Gata Kamsky in his 2009 match against Veselin Topalov ("Challenger Match"). In July 2009, Najer won the strong rapid round-robin tournament, whose field included Boris Gelfand and Judit Polgar among others, of the Richard Riordan Chess Festival at the 18th Maccabiah Games. Soon afterwards, in the same month, he tied for first with Robert Fontaine in the Paleochora Open Tournament. In 2010, he tied for 2nd–5th with Michael Adams, Victor Mikhalevski and Jiří Štoček the 14th Chicago Open.  In 2015 he won the European Individual Chess Championship in Jerusalem with 81⁄2/11. This victory qualified him for the Chess World Cup 2015, where he was eliminated in the first round by Rauf Mamedov. Najer won the 2016 Aeroflot Open edging out Boris Gelfand on tiebreak, after both scored 61⁄2/9 points; this achievement earned him a spot in the 2016 Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting. In 2017, he tied for first place with Emil Sutovsky in the 18th Karpov Chess Tournament in Poikovsky, Russia. In 2019, whilst competing at the FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2019, Najer created a first round upset defeating Viswanathan Anand in 30 moves, the fourth seeded player in the tournament and former world chess champion.

Personal life.

Najer is Jewish.

Evgeniy Yuryevich Najer (; born 22 June 1977) is a Russian chess grandmaster and the European champion of 2015. He is also one of the coaches of the Russian women's national team.

Ievgueni Iourievitch Naïer ou Najer (en, en ) est un joueur d'échecs russe né le à Moscou. Il est grand maître international depuis 1999 et champion d'Europe en 2015.


Geography.

Boiling Springs is located in southwestern Cleveland County at (35.251752, -81.664288). North Carolina Highway 150 passes through the town, leading east to Shelby, the county seat, and south to Gaffney, South Carolina. The South Carolina border is less than south of the town. Mooresboro is north. Charlotte, about east, is the closest major city.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land. The Broad River runs south of the town, and is the location of the Broad River Greenway, providing recreational facilities, activities and trails.

History.

People began settling the area around the namesake boiling springs in 1843. The first families to settle were the Hamricks, the Greenes and the McSwains. It was only appropriate that the settlement be named Boiling Springs. One of the first buildings was Boiling Springs Baptist Church, built in 1847 about 100 yards from the springs. Boiling Springs was known as a sleepy community, with no railroads, no industries, few stores and no paved streets. At the turn of the 20th century Kings Mountain Baptist and Sandy Run Associations began looking for a place to build their denominational high school and chose Boiling Springs because it was geographically situated between the two associations and because the Boiling Springs community made concerted efforts to attract the school. The Boiling Springs High School boarding institution opened for business in 1905. School authorities felt that neither intoxicating drinks nor cigarettes should be sold near the school, so in 1911 the town was incorporated in order to ban the sale of such items. Town limits were decided by drawing a mile and a half radius from the school's original bell tower.  Incorporation of the town proved to be a major step forward because it provided a government that could function and enable the town not only to grow but to furnish water, police and fire protection, paved streets and garbage collection for the town and the school. As time progressed the growth of the town was largely tied to the growth of the Boiling Springs High School which became the Boiling Springs Junior College in 1928, Gardner Webb Junior College in 1942, and finally after achieving status as a senior college and developing several graduate programs, Gardner–Webb University in 1993.  Voters approved ordinances to allow for the sale of beer, unfortified wine, and malt beverages within town limits in 2018.  E. B. Hamrick Hall and the Irvin-Hamrick Log House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Government.

The Town of Boiling Springs' Council-Manager form of government with a Mayor and five Councilmen (one of whom serves as mayor pro-tem) who are each elected at-large in staggered four year terms. The Town Council appoints a town attorney and town manager to advise the Town Council and oversee the town's operations. All other staff report to the town manager who manages that day-to-day operations.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,866 people, 1,117 households, and 832 families residing in the town. The population density was 891.7 people per square mile (343.9/km). There were 1,184 housing units at an average density of 273.1 per square mile (105.3/km). The racial makeup of the town was 89.29% White, 8.67% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.78% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.  There were 1,117 households, out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.02.  In the town the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 30.2% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 15.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $48,861, and the median income for a family was $54,837. Males had a median income of $38,098 versus $24,559 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,984. About 3.6% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation.

Air travel Roads Pedestrian and bicycle

Boiling Springs is a town in Cleveland County, North Carolina in the United States and is located in the westernmost part of the Charlotte metropolitan area located about 50 miles away from the city. As of the 2010 census, the town's population was 4,647. It is home to Gardner–Webb University. The town is named after the natural spring found on the University‘s property which feeds a small lake.

La ville de Boiling Springs est située dans le comté de Cleveland, en Caroline du Nord, aux États-Unis. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de habitants.


History.

In 1831, the Community of North Canton first began as the Village of New Berlin. Residents were primarily of German descent. William H. “Boss” Hoover moved his tannery business from the family farm to the center of the North Canton village in 1873. In 1908, Hoover began manufacturing vacuum cleaners. During World War I, it became unfashionable to be associated with anything German so in 1918, the community changed the name of the village to North Canton. The Hoover Company became the world's largest manufacturer of vacuum cleaners in 1933. The North Canton Jaycees were formed in 1951. In 2007, the Hoover Company officially shut down. The Hoover Company's old building was bought in 2010 for residential, educational, and recreational purposes. The old Hoover Company building was sold by sections in 2013 to be transformed into a mall and apartments.

Geography.

The West Branch of Nimishillen Creek flows through the city.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 17,488 people, 7,557 households, and 4,426 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 8,078 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 94.8% White, 2.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.  There were 7,557 households of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.4% were non-families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.82.  The median age in the city was 42.5 years. 18.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 21.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.  Of the city's population over the age of 25, 34.3% hold a bachelor's degree or higher.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000 (jobs), there were 16,369 people, 7,114 households, and 4,382 families living in the city. The population density was 2,697.1 people per square mile (1,041.2/km2). There were 7,506 housing units at an average density of 1,236.8 per square mile (477.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.90% White, 1.12% African American, 0.07% Native American, 1.04% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.  There were 7,114 households out of which 23.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.80.  In the city, the population was spread out with 19.3% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 22.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $42,013, and the median income for a family was $53,268. Males had a median income of $39,517 versus $29,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,045. About 3.5% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Most students attend North Canton City Schools, which consists of Clearmount and Northwood elementary schools and Greentown and Orchard Hill intermediate schools, plus North Canton Middle School and North Canton Hoover High School. Also in the city limits is St. Paul School, that offers a private, parochial education, in the Catholic tradition, for students in grades K-8.  Walsh University is a private, Catholic university that offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. Enrollment is about 2,500. Men's and women's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division II and Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.  Glenoak also exists in the 44720 zip code.

North Canton is a city in Stark County in the U.S. state of Ohio, and is part of the Greater Cleveland area. The population was 17,488 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Canton–Massillon metropolitan statistical area.

North Canton est une ville du comté de Stark, dans l’État de l’Ohio. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s’élevait à. Sa superficie totale est de.


Background.

The Girls began work on the album while touring the U.S. on their The Party's Just Begun Tour which began in September 2006 and ended in March 2007.  Group member Adrienne Bailon was quoted as saying, "We'll be making a real studio album, not a soundtrack. It's important for people to see us as a real musical group. We have all this great marketing around us, with the movies and other things. But we are a musical group." She also added that the soundtracks and Christmas album "don't count".  Group member Sabrina Bryan was interviewed by "Billboard" magazine and stated that the group was eager to showcase a more mature sound to gather an audience of older fans while keeping the lyrics clean for the younger fanbase as well. She stated that the group would work with some of the producers that they had previously worked with, while also exploring new producers as well. They also announced that they'd be releasing the album via Hollywood Records rather than Walt Disney Records, which was the record labels used to release the group's soundtrack albums, their holiday album "Cheetah-licious Christmas", and their live album "".  Group member Kiely Williams, describing the album, stated "It's like the first look at the Cheetah Girls apart from our roles in the show.... Just Sabrina, Adrienne and Kiely kind of saying what we feel... We actually co-produced and wrote a good portion of the album." She also confirmed that this album will be "a little bit more mature than what the fans are used to". She also described the music on the album as a blend of hip-hop and R&B. A famous classical piece was also used in the motif of the track titled "Human", which was co-written and co-arranged by award-winning vocalist "Jade Valerie" Villalon, formerly of Sweetbox.  In an interview with Radio Disney about the album, the Girls commented that some leftover tracks would be used on the.  The CD was released on September 25, 2007. Wal-Mart had a limited time exclusive-edition with a bonus disc of five songs, two of which are Spanish versions of songs that will appear on the regular album. Also a special edition of the album was released at Target which includes a bonus track and a free download for a ringtone.

Singles.

So Bring It On.

"So Bring It On" was a Disney Channel-only promo single from the album. It premiered on Radio Disney on August 25, 2007. The music video officially premiered on Disney Channel on September 7, 2007. The music video consists of footage of the girls performing "So Bring It On" at the 2007 Disney Channel Games closing ceremonies with clips of the Disney Channel Original Movie, "Twitches Too", in which "So Bring It On" is featured.

Fuego.

"Fuego" is the second single from the album. On their official MySpace profile, the girls described the song as a "party anthem" with "Latin influences" and a sample of Lionel Richie's '80s hit single "All Night Long (All Night)". The song premiered on Radio Disney on September 15, 2007. It peaked at #27 on "Billboard"'s Hot Dance Club Play chart.

Critical reception.

Marisa Brown of all music gave the album three out of five stars, stating: "Despite her appearance in the 2006 film Cheetah Girls 2, Raven-Symoné is nowhere to be found on the group's third studio album, TCG (nor was she on their live CD/DVD, In Concert: The Party's Just Begun Tour, released earlier in 2007), which is actually their first actual record, the first two being soundtracks to the accompanying Cheetah Girls films. That being said, the trio doesn't seem to have too much of a problem continuing its brand of super-produced, hook-driven suburban pop that's been thrilling Disney Channel viewers since 2003, and there's not much to distinguish TCG from any of the Girls' other releases. Which shouldn't bother fans too much, anyway, as most are probably looking for this same kind of strong, catchy radio-friendly music in the first place." She finished by stating: "TCG doesn't push any boundaries, but that's not what it's trying to do, anyway, which means that fans of theirs should be pleased with the results."  Kathi Kamen Goldmark of Common Sense Media also gave the album three out of five stars, though gave a more mixed review. She wrote: "Though parents may be grateful for any CD that isn't filled with sexist posturing, and first graders will enjoy the clearly audible lyrics and danceable beats (Spanish-infused "Fuego"), there's a manufactured quality throughout that prevents three young women with obvious talent from strutting any real stuff. In other words, the Cheetah Girls get down on TCG, but not that far."

Wal-Mart bonus EP.

TCG EP is the debut EP by American recording artists The Cheetah Girls.

Personnel.

All vocals by The Cheetah Girls (Adrienne Bailon, Sabrina Bryan, Kiely Williams)

TCG (short for "The Cheetah Girls") is the second and final studio album by The Cheetah Girls. The album was released on Hollywood Records on September 25, 2007. The album debuted at number 44 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart with 19,000 copies sold in its first week. It has sold 126,000 copies to date.

TCG est le premier véritable album des Cheetah Girls en tant que vrai groupe. L'opus est distribué par Hollywood Records le.


History.

The Grade II* listed church is dedicated to Mary Magdalene and is described as a small building in the Perpendicular style, "nobly lying on raised ground". The current building dates to the 16th century and was restored by S. S. Teulon in 1855 and Arthur Blomfield in 1890. It is considered to be a noteworthy example of a carrstone building. It is located in the park and is approached from Sandringham House through the garden by "an avenue of fine old Scotch firs".  Much of the decoration and the church's stained glass in the east window was created by Charles Eamer Kempe whom King Edward VII had also commissioned in 1903 to create a stained glass window for Buckingham Palace of his eldest son, Prince Albert, Duke of Clarence. The church's silver altar and reredos were presented to Queen Alexandra by the American department store owner, Rodman Wanamaker, as a tribute to Edward VII. He also presented her with the silver pulpit and a silver 17th-century Spanish processional cross. Of note also is a Florentine marble font and a Greek font dating to the 9th-century.

Burials.

There are memorials to many members and relations of the Royal Family in the church and churchyard. Prince John (12 July 1905 – 18 January 1919) is buried here. After his death in February 1952, the body of King George VI was placed in the church for two days prior to its lying in state in Westminster Hall.

Baptisms.

The church has been the site of many royal baptisms. These baptisms include:

St Mary Magdalene Church is a church in Sandringham, Norfolk, England, located just to the southwest of Sandringham House. Members of the British Royal Family attend services when in residence at Sandringham, which normally includes Christmas. The current rector is the Reverend Canon Jonathon Riviere.

L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine est une église située à Sandringham, dans le comté de Norfolk en Angleterre, dédiée à Marie-Madeleine. Elle se trouve juste au nord-ouest du domaine de Sandringham House. Les membres de la famille royale présents au domaine viennent y assister aux offices, en particulier à Noël.


Biography.

Nie was born in Jiangjin County in Sichuan (now part of Chongqing municipality), the cosmopolitan and well-educated son of a wealthy family. In his 20s, Nie applied to the "Université du Travail" (University of Labour) in Charleroi, Belgium, with a scholarship from the Socialist Party, and was thus able to study science in Charleroi.

Political leanings.

Zhou Enlai spent a night in Charleroi and met with Nie. Nie agreed to join the group of Chinese students in France on a work-study program, where he studied engineering and became a protégé of Zhou Enlai. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1923.  A graduate of the Soviet Red Army Military College and Whampoa Academy, Nie spent his early career first as a political officer in Whampoa's Political Department, where Zhou served as the Deputy Director, and in the Chinese Red Army.

World War II.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was first assigned as the deputy division commander of the 115th division of the Eighth Route Army, with the commander being Lin Biao, and in the late 1930s he was given a field command close to Yan Xishan's Shanxi stronghold.

Civil War.

In the Chinese Civil War he commanded the Northern China Military Region, and with his deputy Xu Xiangqian, his force defeated Fu Zuoyi's forces in Tianjin near Beijing. During the Korean War, Nie took part in high level command decision making, military operations planning, and shared responsibility for war mobilization. Nie was made a Marshal of the PLA in 1955 and later ran the Chinese nuclear weapons program.

Purge and rehabilitation.

He was purged during the Cultural Revolution, but was later rehabilitated and became vice chairman of the Central Military Committee, which controlled the nation's armed forces, and also became the vice chairman of the National People's Congress. He retired in 1987 and died in Beijing.

Personal life.

Nie had a daughter with Zhang Ruihua (张瑞华) in 1930, who was named Nie Li. She was imprisoned with her mother by the Kuomintang in 1934 and did not see her father again until 1945. Nie Li is a lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army and the first woman to hold that rank.

Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal.

Nie Rongzhen () ( - ) était un important dirigeant militaire communiste chinois et un des Dix maréchaux de l'Armée populaire de libération (APL). Il fut le dernier officier survivant de l'APL avec le grade de maréchal.