Biography.

Olive Yang was born on 24 June 1927 in northern Shan States, British Burma. She received an education at Lashio's Guardian Angel's Convent School. At the age of 19, she organized ethnic Kokang forces, nicknamed the Olive's Boys, an army of over a thousand soldiers and consolidated control of opium trade routes from the highlands to lowlands. She dominated Kokang's opium trade from the end of World War II to the early 1960s. In the 1950s, after the Nationalist defeat and their subsequent expulsion from mainland China, she partnered with the Kuomintang to establish opium trade routes along the Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia).  From 1948 to 1950, she was married to Twan Sao Wen, the son of Tamaing's chieftain, and had a son, Duan Jipu (段吉卜), in 1950. Her son is a teacher in Chiang Mai, Thailand.  From the 1950s to the mid-1960s, she was the commander of the Kokang Kakweye (People's Defense Forces). She was a prominent figure in opium trafficking and gold trading. She was arrested in 1962, along with her brother Jimmy, a member of parliament in Yangon, by Burmese authorities, to remove them from power and place Kokang territory under Burmese administration. She was imprisoned at Insein Prison and released in 1968.  Yang was known to be a bisexual woman who carried on affairs with film actresses and singers, including Wah Wah Win Shwe (). In the late 1980s, she was recruited by Khin Nyunt to help broker ceasefires in Burma with ethnic rebel groups.  After her release, she reportedly spent her final years as a nun. In 2003, after a period of chronic illness, she returned to Kokang, where she lived until her death at the age of 90.

Olive Yang (; also known as Yang Kyin Hsiu, nicknamed Miss Hairy Legs) was a prominent opium warlord and the sister of Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai, the saopha (chief) of Kokang, a state in post-independent Burma from 1949 to 1959.

Olive Yang (), également connue sous le nom de Yang Kyin Hsiu, surnommée, née le en Birmanie britannique et morte le dans le Kokang, est une trafiquante d'opium chinoise. Elle est la sœur de Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai, le saopha de Kokang, un état de Birmanie de 1949 à 1959.


Development.

Engineering design began in 1999, while the company organization was being finalized. The design was type certified by the US Federal Aviation Administration on 31 May 2007.  In June 2010, Wipaire, Inc. was granted Supplemental Type Certification allowing Wipline 7000 amphibious floats to be installed on Kodiaks. In November of that same year, it was also certified for flight into known icing after the installation of a TKS system, which protects exposed surfaces via glycol-based fluids.  In 2014, an executive "Summit interior" with club seating was introduced.  In April 2017, the Kodiak received its type certificate from the European Aviation Safety Agency.  In May 2018, Quest Aircraft unveiled the Series II, priced at $2.15 million. The airframe has improved cargo door step mechanism and wing-root sealing, new crew-door stays, optional single-point refueling, and new paint schemes. The cockpit has compact backup instruments, a faster Garmin G1000 NXi with HSI map displaying traffic, terrain, weather, navaids, and obstacles and an multifunction display showing terrain, usable for weight and balance and permitting autopilot visual approaches.  In 2019, French aircraft manufacturer Daher acquired Quest Aircraft from Setouchi Holdings.

Design.

The utility aircraft can accommodate 10 people. It features short-field capability and good useful load. Its STOL performance comes from a fixed, discontinuous leading edge on the outboard wing and the Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprop engine.  Passenger seats are track-mounted and removable, it has access doors for the pilots and the aft clamshell door, with automatic steps, allows cargo loading or eight passengers boarding.  The Kodiak's aluminum fuselage can be repaired in the field and offers a cargo door. Optional Aerocet carbon-fiber floats can be fitted and weigh with wheels or without wheels, lighter than aluminum floats while cruising faster and are more watertight. The Aerocet floats can be operated in waves. The Kodiak Series II is more refined and has upgraded door and wing root seals to reduce wind leaks and exhaust odors. The model's upgraded Garmin G1000NXi avionics are similar to the original G1000 with three 10 inch screens, but is more responsive and offers more PFD insets, including a mini moving map, which can display traffic, terrain, waypoints and weather.  The Kodiak is bigger than the DHC-2 Beaver, but smaller than the DHC-3 Otter or Cessna Caravan. It has more power than the older de Havillands and takes off in less distance than the Caravan.

Operational history.

The first Kodiak was delivered to launch customer Spirit Air in January 2008. By September 2013, 100 Kodiaks had been built, with the 100th aircraft being delivered to US operator Sunstate Aviation. The Kodiak was designed for use by mission societies, and several aircraft have been delivered to organisations such as Mission Aviation Fellowship and JAARS. Some of the Kodiaks built have been produced under Quest Aircraft's Quest Mission Team (QMT) program. The QMT program aims to sell one of every 11 Kodiaks built to a mission organisation at cost price.  The 200th aircraft was delivered in December 2016 for a record yearly production of 36 Kodiaks, while the production facility was extended by 25% in September to cope with growing demand. The 250th was delivered in 2018, as the highest time aircraft surpassed 5,000 hours.

Operators.

The largest single order was announced on 15 November 2016 for 20 aircraft from Sky Trek, to be delivered within a year. Tokyo-based Sky Trek plans to begin air charter services in the first half of 2017 and is a start-up membership-based operator owned by Mitsui and Setouchi Holdings. Setouchi was the Quest dealer for Japan and purchased Quest Aircraft in 2015.  In November 2017, 220 Quest Kodiaks are flying worldwide as freighters, for skydiving and as business aircraft.  India's SpiceJet intends to buy 100 amphibious Kodiaks, a $400 million deal. It has applied for financial support from Narendra Modi as part of the national aviation expansion program UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik, "Let Every Person Fly") for connecting its population by air, despite limited infrastructure. As only 3% of Indians travel by air, it is hoped that the Kodiak will stimulate air travel by operating from waterways and unimproved runways. The aircraft has been demonstrated as a landplane and seaplane demonstrations will happen next. Aerocet carbon-fiber amphibious floats are a $400,000 option.

Accidents.

By October 2018, there had been 16 Kodiak aviation accidents and incidents reported in the Aviation Safety Network database which include five hull-losses and three accidents causing five fatalities.

The Quest Kodiak (now Daher Kodiak) is an American utility aircraft designed and built by Quest Aircraft. The high-wing, unpressurized, single-engined turboprop has a fixed tricycle landing gear and is suitable for STOL operations from unimproved airfields.

Le Kodiak est un avion utilitaire américain conçu et construit par Quest Aircraft (maintenant Daher). Ce turbopropulseur monomoteur à aile haute et non pressurisé à train d'atterrissage tricycle fixe et convient aux opérations ADAC à partir d'aérodromes non améliorés.


Club career.

Fulham.

Marsh-Brown graduated through the Fulham Academy to sign professional forms in summer 2009. He was on the bench for a number of Fulham's key knock-out games during their run to the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final, including those against Shakhtar Donetsk and Juventus, but he remained on the bench on each occasion. In November 2010, there were reports that both Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City were considering making £500,000 offers for the player. In January 2011, Marsh-Brown signed an extension to his contract, keeping him at the club until June 2013. Later that month he joined League One side Milton Keynes Dons on a one-month loan deal. Impressing "the Dons", his loan spell was extended to the end of the season. He made his senior debut on 2 February 2011, replacing Lewis Guy 68 minutes into a 2–1 win at Bristol Rovers. Three days later he got his second start, in a 2–2 draw with Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough. On 12 February, he scored his first senior goal, earning "the Dons" a 1–1 draw at home to Brentford. On 30 August 2011, Marsh-Brown signed on loan for Dundee United until mid January 2012, with the option to extend the deal until the end of the 2011–12 season. He joined his Fulham teammate Lauri Dalla Valle at Dundee United, who have links with Fulham via their reserve team coach, ex-United player Billy McKinlay. After only one appearance he returned to Fulham.

Oldham Athletic.

After a two-week trial, Marsh-Brown joined League One side Oldham Athletic on 30 January 2012 on a deal to the end of the season, with an option to extend for a further season. Oldham manager Paul Dickov said: "I saw a lot of Keanu last season and he looked one of the best players in our division. The boy has bags and bags of ability, as well as raw pace, and he is a signing who excites me having followed his career for a long time."  He made his club debut the same day as a substitute in a Football League Trophy match against Chesterfield. He scored his first goal for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Colchester United on 28 February. Marsh-Brown received a red card for a two-footed tackle in a 2–1 loss against Scunthorpe United on 6 March.

Yeovil Town.

On 29 May 2012, Marsh-Brown joined League One side Yeovil Town following his release from Oldham Athletic and signed a one-year deal.  He scored in Yeovil's 3–0 win over Colchester United in the League Cup on 14 August 2012 and got the opening goal against Scunthorpe on 25 August 2012 in a 4–0 win for Yeovil.  On 25 January 2013, having fallen out of favour at Yeovil Town the club and Marsh-Brown agreed to cancel his contract by mutual agreement.

Barnet.

Marsh-Brown joined Barnet on 28 March 2013 until the end of the season. He scored the winner on his debut against AFC Wimbledon on 1 April 2013. In June 2013, he signed with Barnet for the 2013–14 season. After 13 goals for the Bees in 2013–14, Marsh-Brown was transfer-listed to raise funds. Manager Martin Allen said: "As a club we need to increase the funds in the budget, I have explained this to Keanu and he can, without a shadow of a doubt, go on to play in League One and win games".  Marsh-Brown fell out of favour in the 2014–15 season, with Mauro Vilhete, Lee Cook, Luisma and Adam Mekki all preferred by Martin Allen. Bids from Blackpool and Luton Town on transfer deadline day were rejected by the club, while the player himself turned down a move to Forest Green Rovers. He had a trial Peterborough United in November 2014.  Marsh-Brown made just 11 appearances in all competitions in the 2014–15 season. Notably, he was not given a league winner's medal at the end of the season, unlike other players who had made fewer appearances. In June 2015, the Bees took up an option to extend Marsh-Brown's contract.

Forest Green Rovers.

Marsh-Brown joined Forest Green on trial in June 2015, and later signed on a two-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut on the first day of the 2015–16 season in a 1–0 away win over Altrincham.  He helped the club reach the 2015–16 National League play-offs, and scored the semi-final winning goal against Dover Athletic on 7 May 2016 that helped the club reach the play-off final. He played the full 90 minutes in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium on 15 May 2016, scoring with a long-range strike, but could not prevent the club missing out on promotion to the Football League in a 3–1 loss to Grimsby Town.  The following 2016-17 National League season saw him play again at Wembley Stadium with Forest Green for the play-off final which this time saw a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers earn the club a first ever promotion to the Football League.  At the end of the 2017-18 season, Forest Green announced that Marsh-Brown would be one of the players that would not be offered a new contract at the club.

Dover Athletic (loan).

Marsh-Brown joined National League team Dover Athletic on loan from Forest Green in March 2018. He scored twice on his debut at home against leaders Macclesfield Town as Dover won 2-0. He was used mainly as a substitute for the rest of the season making just one more start the following week away at Barrow. He scored late on in the final day away at Woking as Dover won 2-1, relegating Woking but finishing outside of the play-offs on goal difference.

Newport County.

On 22 June 2018 Marsh-Brown joined Newport County on a two-year deal. He made his debut for Newport on 4 August 2018 in a 3-0 League Two defeat against Mansfield Town. On 30 March 2019 he scored his first goal for Newport in the 3-1 League Two win against Yeovil Town. He was part of the team that reached the League Two playoff final at Wembley Stadium on 25 May 2019. Newport lost to Tranmere Rovers, 1-0 after a goal in the 119th minute.  In September 2019 Marsh-Brown attracted criticism from Newport manager Michael Flynn, who alleged the player had not informed the club of his participation in Guyana's CONCACAF Nations League games against Aruba and Jamaica. Flynn stated Marsh-Brown would not be part of Newport's plans going forward, though the player had continued to train with Newport until travelling for international duty. Marsh-Brown insisted the club was told on 20 August. Marsh-Brown's mother subsequently shared an email with the South Wales Argus allegedly sent from Guyana's General Secretary Rennella Bourne to Newport County, indicating notification of the absence, but the email referred to the previous year's tournament. His contract at Newport was terminated by mutual consent on 23 December 2019.

Memphis 901 FC.

On 17 January 2020, Memphis 901 FC announced his signature.

International career.

Marsh-Brown has 4 caps for England U16 and 11 caps for England U17. He was called up to the England C squad for a friendly against a Latvia U-23 team on 10 September 2013, and played the entire game, which England lost 1–0.  In March 2015, Marsh-Brown was called up to the Antigua and Barbuda squad for a training camp ahead of 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, alongside younger brother Kyjuon.  In March 2019 he was called up to the Guyana squad alongside his older brother Ronayne Marsh-Brown. He made his international debut for Guyana on 23 March 2019 against Belize and claimed an assist for the second goal in the 2-1 win.

Personal life.

Marsh-Brown has 3 brothers, Kwai, Ky, and Ronayne Marsh-Brown, who are all footballers. His older brother Ronayne represents the Guyana national football team.

Keanu Marqheal Marsh-Brown (born 10 August 1992) is a footballer who currently plays for Memphis 901. Born in England, he represents Guyana internationally.

Keanu Marsh-Brown, né le à Hammersmith, est un footballeur international guyanien jouant poste d'ailier droit au Memphis 901 FC en USL Championship.


History.

The USS "Peter Silvester" was laid down on March 31, 1942 and built by the California Shipbuilding Corp. The ship was named after Peter Silvester (1734–1808), an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York, who backed the patriot cause during the American Revolution. The ship launched nearly two months later, on May 27, 1942.

Sinking.

1st attempt.

On April 29, 1943, the ship, unescorted, was unsuccessfully attacked by while en route from Espírito Santo to San Francisco, California. Two torpedoes passed beneath the ship and exploded harmlessly some distance away.

2nd attempt.

On February 6, 1945 the "Peter Silvester" was torpedoed by the in the Indian Ocean, () about 750 miles west of Perth, Western Australia. Both torpedoes struck on the starboard side at the #3 hold. It was reported that one torpedo went straight through the ship while the other detonated in the hold which ruptured the deck forward of the bridge and blew off the hatch cover. This led to flooding of the hold and the engine room. The ship was then hit at 17.10 hours by two more torpedoes on the starboard side at the traverse bulkhead between holds #2 and #3. The eight officers, 34 crewmen, 26 armed guards and 107 US Army troops abandoned ship in four lifeboats and six rafts. Soon after, the ship was hit by a coup de grâce at the #1 hold. This caused the ship to break in two. The forward section sank immediately, while the after section stayed afloat and was last seen deep in the water in the evening of February 8th. At the time of its sinking, the ship was carrying 2,700 tons of US Army supplies, in addition to 317 mules bound for Burma.  An extended search was conducted by all available ships of the US and Australian Navies. Within two days, 15 survivors in a lifeboat were picked up by the American steam merchant "Cape Edmont" and landed at Fremantle, Australia on February 12, 1945. The following day, February 13, 80 survivors on six rafts, and 12 survivors in a lifeboat, were picked up by and brought to Fremantle after five days. 20 survivors in a third boat were picked up on February 28, 1945 by HMS "Activity" (D 94) and landed at Fremantle on March 2, 1945. The last 15 survivors in another boat, adrift for 32 days, were rescued on March 9, 1945 by USS "Rock" (SS 274) and landed at Exmouth Gulf. The last lifeboat carrying 1 crewmen, 7 armed guards and 25 troops were lost.  The "Peter Silvester" was the last ship sunk by German U-boats in the Indian Ocean.

Survivors.

Some of the survivors from the ship, that a rescued sailor wrote down.

USS "Peter Silvester", was an American merchant marine ship built for the United States Maritime Commission. "Peter Silvester" was torpedoed and sunk by the off the coast of Australia in the Indian Ocean on February 6, 1945. 33 men aboard the ship died and 142 were eventually rescued, with some rescued weeks after the initial sinking.

Le SS "Peter Silvester" est un "Liberty ship" de la marine marchande américaine construit pour la United States Maritime Commission.


Early Life and Education.

Fanny Young Cory was born in Waukegan, Illinois, on October 17, 1877, the daughter of Benjamin Sayre Cory and Jessy Salter McDougall. As a child, she drew or sketched on anything she could find. When Cory was ten years old, her mother died of tuberculosis. Two years later, Cory's father moved the family to Helena, Montana.  Cory was 14 when she began to study under artist Mary C. Wheeler, the art supervisor of the Helena school system. In 1894, her older brother Jack and his wife Bertha invited her to stay in New York with them. Two years later, Cory enrolled at the Metropolitan School of Fine Arts. The following year, she was accepted by the Art Students League. Although Cory was a top student, the family had little money to spare for her education. In addition, Cory wanted to help care for her sister Agnes, who had tuberculosis. So, Cory left school.

Illustration career.

Wanting to support herself and her ailing sister Agnes, Cory began selling her drawings. She made her first sale in 1898 to "The Century Magazine." As her career blossomed, Cory did covers and interior illustrations for magazines including "Century", "Harper's Bazaar", "Life", "Scribner's", "The Saturday Evening Post" and "St. Nicholas".  Cory illustrated numerous books including a 1902 edition of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "Through the Looking Glass" by Lewis Carroll. She illustrated L. Frank Baum's books "The Master Key" and "The Enchanted Island of Yew". She illustrated Marion Hill's "The Pettison Twins" (McClure, Phillips & Co, 1906). Cory illustrated William L. Hill's "Jackieboy in Rainbowland" (Rand McNally & Company, 1911). Between 1913 and 1926, Cory decided to focus on raising her children, and she put her career on hold.  To relax, Cory began painting whimsical watercolors of fairies, flowers, birds, and other small animals. She made one for each letter of the alphabet, each one accompanied by a poem. She called them her "Fairy Alphabet." Cory considered these paintings her finest work, although she said she had no plans for them. The Montana Historical Society museum exhibited the paintings in the 1950s, but it was not until the 1980s that "The Fairy Alphabet" was published. The book was re-released by Riverbend Publishing in 2011.

Comic strips.

Cory's first attempt at cartooning, "Ben Bolt, or, The Kid You Were Yourself," flopped. But in the 1920s, needing money to send her children to college, Cory decided to try again. She began producing a single-panel cartoon called "Other People's Children."  In 1926, Cory began her favorite comic, "Sonnysayings," distributed by the Ledger Syndicate. It featured a precocious 5-year-old boy and his view of the world. "Sonnysayings" appeared in many newspapers throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, and Scotland, under the name of Fanny Y. Cory. By 1935, "Sonnnysayings" had moved to King Features, where it ran until Cory's retirement in 1956. The cartoon was so popular that E. P. Dutton released a book collection in 1929.  In 1935, Cory launched "Little Miss Muffet", syndicated by King Features until June 30, 1956. Designed to compete with "Little Orphan Annie," the cartoon featured the adventures of orphan Milly Muffet and her dog. ("Little Miss Muffet" was written by Tecla Scheuring from 1940–1946.) A "Little Miss Muffet" comic book was published in 1948 and 1949 by Best Books.

Personal life.

Cory returned to Montana in 1902 after the death of her sister Agnes. Her brothers, Jack and Bob, wanted to try their luck at gold mining, and they invited their sister to join them. The siblings had three cabins built northeast of Helena, not far from the mine. Cory called hers a "studio."  In 1904, Cory married Fred Cooney and moved to his ranch on the Missouri River near the community of Canyon Ferry. She embraced ranch life, creating her illustrations with her drawing board in her lap as she sat by the window in the living room of the ranch house. She planted large gardens, canned the produce, and decorated her canning labels with illustrations. The couple had 3 children: Sayre, Robert, and Ted. In 1951, Cory was named Montana Mother of the Year. Cory retired in 1956. She moved to the Puget Sound area to be near her daughter, Sayre. She died in 1972 in Stanwood, Washington.  Her brother J. Campbell Cory also became a cartoonist. Fanny Cory was related to Kate Cory, particularly noted for her photographs and paintings of the Hopi.

Fanny Young Cory (October 17, 1877 – July 28, 1972) was a cartoonist and book illustrator best known for her comic strips "Sonnysayings" and "Little Miss Muffet". Cory was one of America's first female syndicated cartoonists.

Fanny Young Cory née le 17 octobre 1877 et morte le 28 juillet 1972, était une autrice de comics et une illustratrice connue pour ses comic strip "Sonnysayings" et "Little Miss Muffet".Cory fut l'une des premières femmes à dessiner un strip diffusé dans les journaux.


Early life and education.

Brett Elliott Crozier grew up in Santa Rosa, California. He graduated from Santa Rosa High School in 1988 and then entered the United States Naval Academy. He graduated from the Academy in 1992. He received his master's degree in National Security and Strategic Studies from the Naval War College in 2007, and completed Nuclear Power School in 2014.

Naval career.

Crozier was designated a naval aviator in 1994, and was assigned as a Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk pilot to HSL-37 at Barbers Point, Hawaii. He deployed on board and for operations in the Pacific Ocean and Operation Southern Watch in the Persian Gulf.  In 1999, Crozier served in Navy Personnel Command as an aviation detailer and retention program manager. He then shifted to flying the FA-18 Hornet. In 2002, he reported to Strike Fighter Squadron 97 (VFA-97), the "Warhawks"; the following year, the squadron deployed with in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF).  In 2004, Crozier reported to Strike Fighter Squadron 94 (VFA-94), another F/A-18 Hornet unit known as the Mighty Shrikes, as a department head, and was again deployed with "Nimitz" in 2005. In 2006, Crozier was assigned to VFA-125, the "Rough Raiders," and served as an instructor and Fleet Replacement Squadron Operations Officer. The following year, he reported in 2007 to the Naval War College, where he earned a master's degree in National Security and Strategic Studies.  Crozier later served as the executive officer, then commanding officer (CO) of VFA-94, based at Naval Station Lemoore in California. As squadron CO, he made multiple deployments for U.S. Third, Fifth, and Seventh Fleet operations, numerous exercises and Operations Southern Watch and OIF. He led his squadron on expeditionary deployments with Marine Aircraft Group 12 based out of Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan, to support Pacific operations and the Global War on Terror. His squadron CO tour ended in August 2010.  Crozier then reported to Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO in Naples, Italy, and served as the lead air planner for Joint Task Force Odyssey Dawn and Combined Joint Task Force Deputy Director of Targeting for NATO's Operation Unified Protector.  From April 2014 until July 2016, Crozier completed the naval nuclear power training program and served as the executive officer of. During this tour, "Ronald Reagan" took part in RIMPAC 2014, two maintenance availabilities, a forward deployment to Yokosuka, Japan, to relieve as the U.S. Navy's only forward-deployed aircraft carrier, and several Forward Deployed Naval Force deployments in the United States Indo-Pacific Command area of responsibility. From June 2017 to November 2018, he commanded the amphibious command ship while the ship completed an extensive dry-dock refit and then returned to operations at sea. He was assigned command of the nuclear aircraft carrier on November 1, 2019. After being relieved of duty Crozier was reassigned to a shore position in San Diego.

COVID-19 outbreak onboard "Theodore Roosevelt".

Crozier was captain of "Theodore Roosevelt", then deployed in the Pacific, on March 24, 2020, when three members of the crew tested positive for COVID-19. The next day, eight sailors were infected, and within a few days it was "dozens." The sailors became ill after more than two weeks at sea. The initial cases were airlifted to a military hospital. "Theodore Roosevelt" was ordered to Guam, where she docked on March 27, and all 4,865 aboard were ordered to be tested for the virus. About 100 affected sailors were offloaded, and the rest of the crew remained on board. Crozier wanted to have most of the crew immediately taken ashore, saying it was impossible to prevent the spread of the virus in the close quarters of the ship. However, his superior, Rear Admiral Stuart P. Baker, believed that to be impractical and too drastic.  On March 30, Crozier emailed a four-page memorandum to 10 Navy officers. Three were admirals in his chain of command, including his immediate commander Rear Admiral Baker, Admiral John Aquilino, the commander of the Pacific Fleet, and Vice Admiral DeWolfe Miller III, commander of naval air forces in the Pacific. Crozier copied the message to seven other captains, five of whom were on board the Roosevelt and two who were executive assistants to the admirals. Crozier did not email Vice Admiral William R. Merz, who was higher than Baker in Crozier's chain of command. In the memorandum, Crozier pleaded for authorization to have most of the crew evacuated and quarantined ashore, citing the impossibility of following CDC recommendations on social distancing and quarantine procedures on the "Theodore Roosevelt", a ship more crowded than the cruise ship "Diamond Princess" infected earlier. On March 31, the letter was leaked to the "San Francisco Chronicle", which published it. On April 1, the Navy ordered the aircraft carrier evacuated, with a skeleton crew to remain aboard to maintain the nuclear reactor, the fire-fighting equipment, and the galley.  On April 2, Crozier was relieved of command by acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas Modly. At the time of his removal, 114 of 4,865 crew members had tested positive for the coronavirus. As he disembarked, sailors cheered him and chanted his name; videos of the scene were posted to Twitter and subsequently picked up by major news organizations. Crozier himself reportedly began showing symptoms of coronavirus before he was relieved, according to two of his Naval Academy classmates. It was later announced that he tested positive for the virus and was in quarantine in Guam. Crozier was replaced as interim commander by Captain Carlos A. Sardiello.  At a Pentagon news conference on April 3, Modly said that Crozier had "raised alarm bells unnecessarily" and showed "extremely poor judgment." Modly mischaracterized the distribution list of the memorandum, inaccurately claiming that Crozier had copied 20 to 30 other people; Crozier in fact sent the memo to 10 officers.  In an April 4 interview with radio host Hugh Hewitt, Modly criticized Crozier's decision to send the letter to what he characterized as "a large list of other people," adding "And that, to me, just represented just extremely poor judgment, because once you do that in this digital era, you know that there is no way that you can control where that information's going to go."  A joint statement from four Democrats on the House Armed Services Committee, including the committee chair, Representative Adam Smith of Washington, said that Crozier "did not handle the immense pressure appropriately" but that he "was justifiably concerned about the health and safety of his crew" and "relieving him of his command is an overreaction." President Donald Trump criticized Crozier's letter on April 4, saying "I thought it was terrible, what he did, to write a letter. This isn't a class on literature. This is a captain of a massive ship that's nuclear-powered." Former Vice President Joe Biden criticized Crozier's dismissal, saying: "I think it's close to criminal, the way they're dealing with this guy.... he should have a commendation, rather than be fired."  Modly, Defense Secretary Mark Esper, and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Michael Gilday each defended the decision to remove Crozier, although Gilday and General Mark A. Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, had each advised Modly not to do it until a Navy investigation into the matter had been completed. Modly said that there was no White House pressure when the decision was made to remove Crozier. On April 6, Modly visited the ship in person and made a speech to the crew over the ship's public address system. In it he excoriated Crozier, saying he was "too naïve or too stupid to be a commanding officer" if he did not realize that the letter would be leaked to the media. An audio recording and transcript of Modly's speech was leaked to the media within hours. Later that day, Modly apologized for the comment. The following day, he resigned his position.  The Navy conducted an internal preliminary investigation into the "Theodore Roosevelt" affair, conducted by Admiral Robert P. Burke, the Vice Chief of Naval Operations. The investigation centers on the circumstances surrounding Crozier's firing and whether "a breakdown in communications" had taken place. The investigation did not examine why the "Theodore Roosevelt" went ahead with the scheduled four-day port call in Da Nang, Vietnam, beginning on March 5, despite reported coronavirus cases in the country at that time, a decision that Navy officials defended.  One crew member, a chief petty officer, died of the virus on April 13.  The findings of the Navy's preliminary investigation went to Gilday, and on April 15 it was reported that Gilday was considering reinstating Crozier as captain of "Theodore Roosevelt". Gilday confirmed that he was not ruling out reinstatement. A reinstatement of a dismissed captain would be unprecedented in the Navy.  By April 17, 94% of "Theodore Roosevelt"s crew had been tested for COVID-19, with 660 sailors testing positive for the virus, an infection rate greater than 14%. Of the sailors who tested positive, some 60% were asymptomatic, suggesting a high level of "stealth transmission" of the virus.  The "Theodore Roosevelt" returned to sea on May 21 after being sidelined for nearly two months in Guam.  Gilday and the acting United States Secretary of the Navy, James E. McPherson, recommended on April 24 that Crozier be reinstated as captain of "Theodore Roosevelt". However, Defense Secretary Esper delayed a decision pending a "deeper review" of the situation. In the interim, Crozier has been temporarily reassigned to San Diego, where he will serve as the special assistant to the Naval Air Forces chief of staff. A Navy inquiry, whose results were announced on June 19, concluded that Crozier and Baker made poor decisions regarding the coronavirus outbreak, so that Crozier will not be restored to command of the ship, and Baker's scheduled promotion will be put on hold.

Brett Elliott Crozier (born February 24, 1970) is a captain in the United States Navy. A United States Naval Academy graduate, he became a naval aviator, first flying helicopters and then switching to fighters. After completing the naval nuclear training program he served as an officer on multiple aircraft carriers. In spring 2020 he was commanding officer of the aircraft carrier when the coronavirus disease broke out among the crew. He was relieved of command by then-acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas Modly after sending a letter to Navy leaders asking that most of the crew be taken ashore which was subsequently leaked to the press. Crozier himself was later diagnosed with the disease.

Brett Elliott Crozier (né le à Santa Rosa) est un militaire américain. Il sert comme commandant de l'escadron d'aéronavale, puis du navire de commandement amphibie et enfin du porte-avions. Il est relevé de ce dernier commandement en avril 2020, après avoir alerté sur les risques sanitaires dans son navire à cause de la pandémie de Covid-19. Cette décision suscite la controverse aux États-Unis.


German Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania

History.

German Township is one of the nine original townships of Fayette county established by the first court held at Uniontown on Dec. 27, 1783.  The Andrew Rabb House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Geography.

German Township is on the western edge of Fayette County, bordered on the west by the Monongahela River. To the north are Luzerne and Redstone townships, to the northeast is Menallen Township, to the east is South Union Township, to the southeast is Georges Township, and to the south is Nicholson Township, all in Fayette County. To the west across the river are Monongahela and Cumberland townships in Greene County. The borough of Masontown is in the southwest corner of the township but is a separate municipality.  According to the United States Census Bureau, German Township has a total area of, of which is land and, or 1.10%, is water.  Pennsylvania Route 21 crosses the township, leading east to Uniontown, the Fayette County seat, and west across the Monongahela to Waynesburg. Pennsylvania Route 166 leads north from PA 21 near Edenborn in the center of German Township to Republic in Redstone Township.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,595 people, 2,148 households, and 1,525 families residing in the township. The population density was 167.9 people per square mile (64.8/km2). There were 2,333 housing units at an average density of 70.0/sq mi (27.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 91.85% White, 7.20% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population.  There were 2,148 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.10.  In the township the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $27,434, and the median income for a family was $32,428. Males had a median income of $33,646 versus $20,333 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,769. About 16.9% of families and 19.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.6% of those under age 18 and 15.7% of those age 65 or over.

German Township is a township in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,097 at the 2010 census, down from 5,595 at the 2000 census. McClellandtown is the township's largest village. The Albert Gallatin Area School District serves the region.

German Township est un township situé à l'ouest du comté de Fayette, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


Biography.

He came from a military family. His father was a Lieutenant (later Captain) in the Tenth Infantry Regiment and was killed at the Battle of Waterloo, where he was serving as an adjutant to Colonel.  As a child, he often visited St.Dionysius Church in Nordstemmen and its Gothic architecture left a deep impression on him. He began by studying architecture, mathematics and astronomy at the "Ratsgymnasium" in Hanover, where his family had relocated after his father's death. One of his childhood friends was, who would later become the City Architect for Hanover. After 1823, he and Andreae attended the University of Göttingen, where he studied history, the natural sciences and archaeology and was especially impressed by the lectures of Karl Otfried Müller.  He began his art studies in Darmstadt with the City Architect, Georg Moller, who encouraged him to supplement his class work through practical research in Rome. Accordingly, in 1828, he went to work for the German Archaeological Institute, investigating the wall paintings at Pompeii. He remained there until 1832 and became part of the German art colony. After his return, he devoted himself to creating vedute of Hanover; oil paintings, watercolors, lithographs and etchings, which he published as an album in 1835. During this time, his only architectural work involved a tomb vault for Johann Ludwig Söhlmann (1797–1834), a leather manufacturer. He also became a member of the "" (Art Association) and served on the committee that chose works for their exhibitions.

His career in Düsseldorf.

He was, however, unsatisfied with his career in Hanover and moved to Düsseldorf in 1836. There he published a book based on his work in Pompeii: "The Painting of the Ancients in Application and Technique". This resulted in a dispute with the architect, Leo von Klenze, who questioned Wiegmann's conclusions. Wiegmann replied in 1839 with "Sir Leo von Klenze and Our Art".  After 1836, he taught at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. He was named a Professor of Architecture and Perspective in 1839; a position he held until his death. From 1846, he was also head of the Academic Secretariat, under Director Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, and was responsible for correspondence, matriculations and programs. During these years, he became an advocate of Rundbogenstil, a type of Romanesque Revival architecture and designed a home for Schadow on what is now Schadowstraße.  In 1839, he designed a new system for roof joints that he described in a book called "The Construction of Chain Bridges According to the Triangle System and Their Application to Roof Joints". However, a virtually identical system was invented at about the same time by the French engineer Camille Polonceau, who used it to build stations for the Paris-Versailles railway, so it has come to be known as a "Polonceau Roof".  He was a member of the "", serving on its administrative council. After 1844, he edited its official publication, the "Correspondenzblatt". In 1857, he was named a corresponding member of the Royal Institute of British Architects. During his later years, he suffered from a chest ailment (possibly tuberculosis) and resigned his positions at the Kunstverein shortly before his death.  His son, Arnold, was killed at the Battle of Spicheren in 1870. Two years later, his personal papers were destroyed in a fire at the Kunstverein.

Heinrich Ernst Gottfried Rudolf Wiegmann (17 April 1804, Nordstemmen – 17 April 1865, Düsseldorf) was a German painter, archaeologist, art historian, graphic artist and architect. He worked in the Classical style and, as a painter, is best known for his vedute. His wife,, whom he married in 1841, was also a painter of some note.

Heinrich Ernst Gottfried Rudolf Wiegmann (né le à Adensen, mort le à Düsseldorf) est un archéologue, architecte, historien de l'art et peintre allemand.


Leonard Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith

Leonard Courtney (1er baron Courtney de Penwith)

Background and education.

Courtney was born at Penzance, Cornwall. He was the eldest son of John Sampson Courtney, a banker, and Sarah, daughter of John Mortimer. Two of his brothers, John Mortimer Courtney (1838–1920), and William Prideaux Courtney (1845–1913), also attained public distinction, the former in the government service in Canada (from 1869, retiring in 1906), rising to be deputy-minister of finance, and the latter in the British civil service (1865–1892), and as a prominent man of letters and bibliographer. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he was Second Wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, and elected a fellow of his college. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1858. From 1872 to 1875 he was professor of political economy at University College, London. He was president of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall from 1881–82.

Political career.

In December 1876, after a previous unsuccessful attempt, Courtney was elected to parliament for Liskeard as a Liberal. He continued to represent the borough, and Bodmin into which it was merged by the Reform Act of 1885, until 1900, when his attitude towards the South African War (he and his wife Catherine were one of the foremost of the so-called Pro-Boer Party) compelled his retirement.  Until 1885, he was a devoted adherent of William Ewart Gladstone, particularly in finance and foreign affairs. In 1880 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, in 1881 Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies and in 1882 Financial Secretary to the Treasury. He was known as a stubborn fighter for principle, and after finding that the government's Reform Bill in 1884 contained no recognition of the scheme for proportional representation, to which he was deeply committed, he resigned office. He refused to support Gladstone's Home Rule Bill in 1886 and was one of those who chiefly contributed to its rejection, whose reputation for unbending integrity and intellectual eminence gave solidity to the Liberal Unionist party.  In 1886, Courtney was elected Chairman of Ways and Means (Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons) and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1889. His efficiency in this office seemed to mark him out for the speakership after the 1895 general election. A Liberal Unionist, however, could be elected only by Conservative votes, and he had made himself objectionable to a large section of the Conservative Party by his independent attitude on various questions, on which his liberalism outweighed his party loyalty. He, would in any case, have been incapacitated by an affection of the eyesight, which for a while threatened to withdraw him from public life altogether.  After 1895, Courtney's divergences from the Unionist party on questions other than Irish politics became gradually more marked. He became known in the House of Commons principally for his candid criticism of the measures introduced by his nominal leaders, and he was rather to be ranked among the Opposition than as a Ministerialist. When the crisis with the Transvaal came in 1899, Courtney's views, which remained substantially what they were when he supported the settlement after Majuba in 1881, had plainly become incompatible with his position even as a nominal follower of Lord Salisbury and Joseph Chamberlain. He led the work of the South African Conciliation Committee which brought the sufferings of the Boers to the attention of British people.  He gradually reverted to formal membership of the Liberal party and, in January 1906, unsuccessfully contested Edinburgh West as a supporter of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman at the general election. Among the birthday honours of 1906 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Courtney of Penwith, in the County of Cornwall.  Courtney was a prominent supporter of the women's movement through the influence of his wife and sister-in-law. In his earlier years, he was a regular contributor to "The Times", and he wrote numerous essays in the principal reviews on political and economic subjects. In 1901 he published a book on "The Working Constitution of the United Kingdom". He was President of the Royal Statistical Society, 1897–9. He was a great friend of the artist Norman Garstin.

Personal life.

Courtney married Catherine Potter, daughter of Richard Potter and an elder sister of Beatrice Webb, on 15 March 1883 at St Jude's Church, Whitechapel. They had no children.  In May 1918, aged 85, he was living at 15 Cheyne Walk at the time of his death. He left effects totalling £56,672 2s 6d. The peerage became extinct.

Leonard Henry Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith, PC (6 July 183211 May 1918) was a radical British politician, and an academic, who became famous after being advocate of proportional representation in Parliament and acting as an opponent of imperialism and militarism.

Leonard Henry Courtney, baron Courtney de Penwith, PC ( - ) est un homme politique britannique radical et un universitaire, qui est devenu célèbre pour avoir été partisan de la représentation proportionnelle au Parlement et un opposant à l'impérialisme et au militarisme.


Biography.

His father was an industrialist. He attended secondary school in Angoulême; graduating in 1887. Five years later, he went to England, where he attended Eton College, then went to the Hochschule Mittweida in Germany and earned an industrial engineering degree in 1897. After that, he toured Europe to learn more about new steel making techniques.  He worked as director of the family business for several years but, after his mother's death in 1902, he resigned to pursue painting, which he had always felt was his true vocation. Shortly after, his family's company was merged with others to become Altos Hornos de Vizcaya.  He began his studies in Bilbao with, then went to Paris and became involved in the Postimpressionist movement. He also attended the Académie Julian and took private lessons from the sculptor and ceramicist, Paco Durrio. In 1905, he took an extensive trip throughout Europe, then returned home.  Rather than show his paintings at the National Exhibition of Fine Arts, he had his first major showing in 1911 at the Salon d'Automne, where he displayed works in a variety of new styles and caught the attention of the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who was also a noted art critic.  After an extended stay in Granada, he spent some time in Ávila, then presented his works in an exhibition at the Ateneo de Madrid (1916). He settled there in 1918, participated in the creation of the and continued to exhibit widely throughout the 1920s. He spent 1930 visiting with his friend, Miguel de Unamuno, who had been exiled to Hendaye.  Immediately after his death, a major retrospective was held in Paris at the Marcel Barheim gallery. Numerous others have been held throughout Spain; in 1949, 1955, 1961, 1965 and 1978.

Juan de Echevarría Zuricalday or, in Basque, Juan Etxebarria Zurikaldai (14 April 1875. Bilbao - 8 June 1931, Madrid) was a Spanish painter of Basque ancestry. He is generally associated with the Fauvist movement and is known primarily for landscapes, still lifes and portraits.

Juan de Echevarría, né à Bilbao le 14 avril 1875 et mort à Madrid le 8 juillet 1931 est un peintre basque.


Description and plot.

The musical is almost entirely sung-through, with minimal spoken dialogue. The plot is loosely based on the Canonical Gospels' accounts of the last week of the life of Jesus Christ, beginning with the preparation for the arrival of Jesus and his disciples in Jerusalem and ending with the crucifixion.  The disciple Judas Iscariot is worried that Jesus has become too swept up in the adoration of his followers, rather than focusing on his teachings about taking care of the poor, and that his following has grown too large and outspoken, which could soon provoke the wrath of the Roman Empire ("Heaven on Their Minds"). Judas also objects to Jesus spending his time with Mary Magdalene ("What's the Buzz / Strange Thing Mystifying"), who advises Jesus to relax ("Everything's All Right"). Judas's fears prove justified as priests Caiaphas, Annas and more gather and agree that Jesus and his movement must be crushed ("This Jesus Must Die"). Jesus enters Jerusalem filled with exaltation ("Hosanna") until he discovers that his temple has become overrun with unscrupulous merchants and money lenders. Overwhelmed by a throng of people needing his assistance, he tells them to heal themselves ("The Temple"), and his follower Mary Magdalene attempts to calm him. Fearing that Jesus' movement is getting out of control, Judas goes to the Priests and tells them where Jesus will be the following night. The Priests pay him with 30 pieces of silver. Judas arrives at Jesus' location with Roman soldiers and identifies Jesus by kissing him on the cheek. The soldiers arrest Jesus and send him to Caiaphas, then Pontius Pilate, King Herod Antipas, and finally back to Pilate, who condemns him to death on the cross.

Musical numbers.

The musical numbers from the track list of the soundtrack.

Production.

Development.

On May 10, 2017, it was announced that NBC had selected "Jesus Christ Superstar" to be their next live musical event. Executive producers were expected to include Craig Zadan, Neil Meron, Marc Platt, Andrew Lloyd Webber, and Tim Rice. In December 2017, it was reported that British theater director David Leveaux would direct and that the show would be performed in front of a live audience at the Marcy Avenue Armory in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Members of the creative crew included costume designer Paul Tazewell and choreographer Camille A. Brown.

Casting.

In December 2017, it was announced that Alice Cooper had been cast as King Herod, with John Legend in the title role. The following month, it was announced that Sara Bareilles would play Mary Magdalene. In February 2018, it was announced that Brandon Victor Dixon, Norm Lewis, Ben Daniels, Jason Tam, Jin Ha and Erik Grönwall had been cast as Judas, Caiaphas, Pontius Pilate, Peter, Annas and Simon Zealotes, respectively. The production included a cast of forty-four actors, including Joel Perez and Lauren Zakrin, and additional dancers.

Filming.

The live production included an on-camera audience of about 1,500 people. Some of these extras lined two sides of the stage and formed a mosh pit effect. The production was expected to utilize as many as twelve cameras to film the special. In addition, a full dress rehearsal performance took place on Saturday, March 31, 2018 in front of an invited audience and was recorded. In the event of any difficulties during the live broadcast, the recording served as an emergency backup. It was ultimately not needed.

Marketing.

On January 7, 2018, NBC aired the first teaser trailer for the special during their broadcast of the 75th Golden Globe Awards.

Reception.

Critical response.

"Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert" has been met with an overwhelmingly positive response from critics since it aired. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the production holds a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 8.44/10 based on 26 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Shaking up traditional religious and musical iconography, "Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert" is a sight to be heard, superbly infiltrating the classic source material with originality, rock legend star power, and soulful depth." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the production a score of 81 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".  In a positive review, "The New York Times"s Noel Murray praised the special saying, "A conceptual and artistic triumph, NBC’s live telecast of "Jesus Christ Superstar" on Easter Sunday may have finally justified the recent live musical fad on network TV. Some technical flubs and one mixed-bag lead performance aside, the production was genuinely thrilling, taking chances with the staging of a classic but controversial Broadway show, much more daring than previous live musical broadcasts like "The Sound of Music" or "Peter Pan"." Offering similar acclaim, "The Hollywood Reporter"s David Rooney said, "But here's the thing: This was a phenomenally balanced production of "Jesus Christ Superstar", in which star power was equaled by depth of feeling and characterization in all the principals. And the immediacy of television, with close-ups capable of bringing us in tight on the performers' faces, gave Jesus and Mary Magdalene a complexity that often is missing from conventional productions." Lorraine Ali of "The Los Angeles Times" also lauded the production saying, "The show was a collision of religion and theater and pop culture that could have been one holy mess. But by the grace of God, or maybe a great cast and lots and lots of expert staging, a great musical became a great TV production." In a more mixed review, Maureen Ryan of "Variety" said, "This musical threw together glitter, sequins, leather, writhing hotties, a few big performances pitched to the last row, and camerawork that often felt as though it was hopped up on too many lattes. Actually, the ragged edges of a unifying concept did emerge over the course of the NBC musical’s two-hour-and-20-minute running time: If its philosophy could be summed up in one word, "excess" would just about cover it. That's not necessarily a bad thing. But this live show was a lot."

Ratings.

"Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert" was the most-viewed program of the night of both network and cable programming. The production earned a 1.7 rating in adults 18-49 in Live + Same Day. Lee Seymour of "Forbes" said the telecast's ratings were a "step back for NBC's live musicals," explaining "while "Superstar Live" came out on top for the night's ratings, it still landed near the bottom of the pile, relative to almost every other live musical since NBC revamped the mini-genre in 2013." "Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert" was watched by 9.4 million people. Comparatively, NBC's "The Sound of Music Live!" was watched by 18.6 million and "The Wiz Live!" by 11.5 million, while Fox's "" was watched by 12.2 million. Seymour felt the special may have failed to capture a larger audience on Easter because of its blasphemous themes.  An encore on April 12, 2020 was seen by 3.17 million viewers.

Other media.

"Andrew Lloyd Webber: Tribute to a Superstar".

On March 28, 2018, a one-hour special titled "Andrew Lloyd Webber: Tribute to a Superstar" premiered on NBC in honor of Webber's 70th birthday and to promote the coming premiere of "Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert". In the special, Webber was interviewed by Glenn Close, John Legend, and Lin-Manuel Miranda. It also included appearances by some of the performers from "Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert" in various rehearsal scenes from the show.  The special was executive produced and directed by Brad Lachman and written and produced by Matt Lachman. Interviews were conducted at Sardi's restaurant, Power Station recording studio, and the Renaissance Hotel Times Square. Production companies involved in the special included Brad Lachman Productions and Universal Television.

Soundtrack.

An official soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks, digitally on April 6, 2018, and physically on April 27, 2018.

Commercial performance.

The album debuted at number 46 on the US "Billboard" 200, earning 13,000 album-equivalent units in its first week according to Nielsen Music, with over 11,000 units coming from traditional album sales. It also debuted at number 3 the same week on the Soundtracks chart, as well as at number 14 on the Top Album Sales chart.

Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert is an American musical television special that was broadcast live on NBC on April 1, 2018 (Easter Sunday) and rebroadcast (from tape) on Easter Sunday 2020, April 12, 2020. Executively produced by Craig Zadan, Neil Meron, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Tim Rice, and Marc Platt, it was a staged concert performance of the 1970 rock opera "Jesus Christ Superstar". It received positive reviews from critics but had a smaller viewership than earlier musical specials.

Réalisée par,, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Tim Rice et Marc Platt, c'est une performance de concert mise en scène de l'opéra rock de 1970 "Jesus Christ Superstar". Les critiques ont été positives, mais l'audience fut moindre que les précédentes.


Taxonomy.

This species was first described in 1836 by the French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny. Four subspecies are recognised:

Description.

"Lophostoma silvicolum" is a medium-sized bat with a forearm length of or more, long, soft fur on its body and very short fur on its face. The dorsal parts of the pelage are grey or greyish-brown frosted by hairs with white tips, while the ventral parts are light greyish-brown and the throat is entirely white. The muzzle is naked, the nose-leaf is lanceolate, with the front portion completely fused to the upper lip. On the chin there is a furrow in the centre surrounded by rows of small warts. The ears are large with rounded margins, and the tail extends half way to the interfemoral membrane. Populations in Ecuador have conspicuous white patches behind the ears.

Distribution and habitat.

"Lophostoma silvicolum" is native to Central America and the northern half of South America, to the east of the Andes. It is absent from much of the Amazon basin. It occurs in forests of various types, in forest clearings and over agricultural land. It tends to avoid creeks.

Ecology.

"Lophostoma silvicolum" feeds mainly on insects, gleaning them from the upper surface of leaves while in flight, but supplements this diet with fruits. It roosts in cavities hollowed out by the males in the base of active termite mounds. Advantages to the bat of using such a location include a reduction of competition with other bat species for roosting sites, a reduction in parasites, a reduction in predation and a constant microclimate. On Barro Colorado Island, Panama, the nests used are exclusively those of "Nasutitermes corniger", and up to nineteen bats have been found in one roost; active roost construction is extremely rare among bats.

The white-throated round-eared bat ("Lophostoma silvicolum") is a South and Central American bat species found from Honduras to Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil. It creates roosts inside the nests of the termite, "Nasutitermes corniger". It thrives on a mainly insect-based diet, focusing on the surfaces of foliage to hunt, and also eats fruit and pollen. It has a very wide range and is a common species over much of that range, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

Le Grand Lophostome ("Lophostoma silvicolum") est une espèce de chauve-souris d'Amérique du Sud et d'Amérique centrale que l'on trouve du Honduras à la Bolivie, au Paraguay et au Brésil. Elle crée des perchoirs à l'intérieur des nids du termite, "Nasutitermes corniger". Il se nourrit principalement d'une alimentation à base d'insectes, se concentrant sur les surfaces du feuillage pour chasser, et mange également des fruits et du pollen. Il a une aire de répartition très large et est une espèce commune sur une grande partie de cette aire de répartition, de sorte que l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature a évalué son état de conservation comme étant « le moins préoccupant ».


History.

It emerged from the meetings of the Arcadia Conference in Washington, from December 22, 1941 to January 14, 1942. Shortly after Pearl Harbor, Prime Minister Churchill and his senior military staff used Arcadia as an opportunity to lay out the general strategy for the war. The American Army Chief of Staff George Marshall came up with the idea of a combined board, and sold it to Roosevelt and together the two sold the idea to Churchill. Churchill's military aides were much less favorable, and general Alan Brooke, the chief of the British Army, was strongly opposed. However, Brooke was left behind in London to handle the daily details of running the British war effort, and was not consulted. As part of Marshall's plan, Roosevelt also set up a Joint Chiefs of Staff on the American side. The combined board was permanently stationed in Washington, where Field Marshall John Dill represented the British half.  The CCS was constituted from the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the American Joint Chiefs of Staff, The American unit was created in part to present a common front to the British Chiefs of Staff. It held its first formal meeting on 9 February 1942 to coordinate U.S. military operations between War and Navy Departments.  The CCS charter was approved by President Roosevelt 21 April 1942. The American members of the CCS were General George C. Marshall, the United States Army chief of staff, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Harold R. Stark (replaced early in 1942 by Admiral Ernest J. King); and the Chief (later Commanding General) of the Army Air Forces, Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold. In July 1942 a fourth member was added, the President's personal Chief of Staff, Admiral William D. Leahy.  On the British side the Chiefs of Staff only normally attended during the heads of states' conferences. Instead the British Joint Staff Mission was permanently situated in Washington, D.C. to represent British interests. The British members were a representative of the Prime Minister, in his capacity as Minister of Defence, and the Chiefs of Staff Committee, which consisted of the First Sea Lord, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, and the Chief of the Air Staff, or the Washington representative of each. The representative of the Prime Minister was Field Marshal Sir John Dill and after his death Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson. The Washington representatives of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, who normally met with the United States members in place of their principals, were the senior officers from their respective services on the British Joint Staff Mission in Washington. In the course of the war, the First Sea Lord was represented by Admiral Sir Charles Little, Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Admiral Sir Percy Noble, and Admiral Sir James Somerville; the Chief of the Imperial General Staff was represented by Lt. Gen. Sir Colville Wemyss and Lt. Gen. G. N. Macready; and the Chief of the Air Staff was represented by Air Marshal D. C. S. Evill, Air Marshal Sir William L. Welsh, and Air Marshal Douglas Colyer. Dill, a close friend of Marshall, often took the American position and prevented a polarizations that would undermine effectiveness.  The Combined Chiefs of Staff organization included the Combined Secretariat and a number of committees.  In the Northern hemisphere spring of 1942, Britain and the United States agreed on a worldwide division of strategic responsibility. On 24 March 1942, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff were designated as primarily responsible for the war in the Pacific, and the British Chiefs for the Middle East-Indian Ocean region, while the European-Mediterranean-Atlantic area would be a combined responsibility of both staffs. China was designated a separate theater commanded by its chief of state, Chiang Kai-shek, though within the United States' sphere of responsibility. Six days later the Joint Chiefs of Staff divided the Pacific theater into three areas: the Pacific Ocean Areas (POA), the South West Pacific Area (SWPA), and the Southeast Pacific Area. The Pacific Ocean Area command formally became operational on 8 May.  The CCS usually held its meetings in Washington. The full CCS usually met only during the great wartime conferences on grand strategy, such as at Casablanca (see List of World War II conferences). The meetings of heads of government at those conferences were designed to reach formal agreement on issues thoroughly staffed by the CCS. At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, General Frank Maxwell Andrews was appointed commander of all United States forces in the European Theater of Operations.  Although it was responsible to both the British and American governments, the CCS controlled forces from many different countries in all theaters, including the Pacific, India and North Africa. Representatives of allied nations were not members of the CCS but accepted procedure included consultation with "Military Representatives of Associated Powers" on strategic issues. Much cooperation continued between the British and American militaries after the war including the Combined Chiefs of Staff structure, and it was used again during the Berlin Blockade of 1948 even as negotiations began that resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Present day.

Both the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the UK's Chiefs of Staff Committee met as a "Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee" around March 2013, the first time since their World War II meetings. This was held in Washington DC. Subsequent meetings were held in London 2014 and in the National Defense University, May 2015.

The Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) was the supreme military staff for the United States and Great Britain during World War II. It set all the major policy decisions for the two nations, subject to the approvals of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D Roosevelt.

Le chef d'état-major combiné ou Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) en anglais, est l'état-major interarmées des États-Unis et de la Grande-Bretagne pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ce fut l'organisme qui fixa la totalité des grandes décisions politiques pour les deux nations, sous réserve de l'approbation du Premier ministre britannique Winston Churchill et du président américain Franklin D Roosevelt.


Location.

The Jamanxim National Forest is in the Amazon biome. It has an area of. It was created by decree on 13 February 2006 and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). It is contained in the municipality of Novo Progresso in the state of Pará. The forest consists of about 85% open rainforest and 14% dense rainforest. It was created in the context of land planning in the area influenced by the BR-163 highway, with the objective of slowing deforestation in one of the areas with the highest rates of Amazon forest clearance. The Jamanxim National Forest is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) with the objective of sustainable multiple use of forest resources, maintenance and protection of water resources and biodiversity, and supporting sustainable exploitation of natural resources.

Disputes.

Almost 1,000 families had been encouraged by the government to move to the area in the 1970s, but had not been given any land title and therefore were not entitled to compensation. In August 2009 senator Flexa Ribeiro said that under a draft agreement between ICMBio and the inhabitants of the national forest there would be no fines for deforestation before November 2007. In 2009 deforestation and burning was continuing at a rapid rate in previously untouched areas. That year the forest lost of coverage, with removed in June 2009 alone. About 12% of the forest area had been cleared, with about half the land abandoned rather than converted to agricultural use. IBAMA had arranged for the National Supply Company (Conab) to remove 6,000 head of cattle from the forest, and another 15,000 were to be removed. Weapons, chainsaws, fuel, tractors and other equipment had also been seized by IBAMA.  Proposals to reduce the size of the forest have been made by local companies and state politicians. Some parts of the national forest are heavily populated, with pineapple plantations and farms growing crops and raising pigs, chickens and cattle. Representatives of the settlers challenged the legality of the creation of the national forest, on the grounds that the law called for participation of local people in creation, deployment and management of conservation units through preliminary technical studies and public consultations. ICMBio had proposed allocating to the settlers, but the farmers associations wanted. The dispute was ongoing in February 2015 after failure of negotiations before the Brazilian general election of October 2014. In July 2015 ICMBio reported that it had seized 850 recently felled logs detected by the Real Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE}.

Regional conservation.

The national forest is in a region that contains 12 sustainable use conservation areas and 6 fully protected areas. The fully protected areas, which cover, are the Amazônia, Jamanxim, Rio Novo and Serra do Pardo national parks, the Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve and the Terra do Meio Ecological Station. The sustainable use areas include the Tapajós environmental protection area and the Altamira, Amaná, Jamanxim, Trairão, Itaituba I, Itaituba II and Tapajós national forests, covering a total of.

The Jamanxim National Forest () is a national forest created in 2006 in the state of Pará, Brazil. The purpose is to ensure sustainable use of forest resources. The forest contains a sizeable population of settlers without land titles, and informal forest clearing and burning was continuing two years after the national forest had been created. Disputes over the legality of the forest creation were continuing in 2015.

La forêt nationale de Jamanxim () est une forêt nationale brésilienne. Elle se situe dans la région Nord, dans l'État du Pará.


Location.

The Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve has an area of. The reserve covers parts of the municipalities of Altamira and Novo Progresso in the state of Pará. The reserve is adjacent to the BR-163 highway and abuts the Panará and Menkragnoti indigenous territories.  The Serra do Cachimbo complex is partly a continuous mass of mountains with a south west alignment, partly plateau with flat-bottomed valleys. Altitude ranges from above sea level. Erosion has created ridges and ravines. In the northern part there are escarpments along the transition to the peripheral depression of southern Pará, where the rivers descend in rapids and waterfalls such as the Salto do Curuá.  Springs in the reserve form the Cristalino and São Bento rivers, which are in the Tapajós basin. The Água Fria, Flecha, Nilana, Ipiranga, Xixé, Curuaés, Curuá and Iriri rivers are headwaters of the Xingu River. About 11% of the reserve is in the Tapajós basin and the remainder in the Xingu basin.

Environment.

The Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve is in the Amazon biome. Average annual rainfall is. Temperatures vary from with an average of. The reserve is in a transition region between the Amazon and the Cerrado. In the north the climate is humid tropical, with high temperature and rainfall throughout the year. In the south the climate is tropical, with a dry season. There is a wide range of plant species of sub-montane dense and open rainforest, seasonal and alluvial forest and extensive open areas of Campinarana, besides patches of Rupestre and Buritizais vegetation.

Mammals.

Endangered carnivores include the giant otter ("Pteronura brasiliensis"), ocelot ("Leopardus pardalis"), oncilla ("Leopardus tigrinus"), margay ("Leopardus wiedii") and jaguar ("Panthera onca"). Other endangered species include the giant anteater ("Myrmecophaga tridactyla"), giant armadillo ("Priodontes maximus") and the regionally endemic white-cheeked spider monkey ("Ateles marginatus"), which is protected.

Herpetofauna.

The reserve has typical amphibians of the Amazon rainforest including the South American common toad ("Rhinella margaritifera"), the gladiator frog "Hyla wavrini" and the Manaus slender-legged tree frog ("Osteocephalus taurinus"). The frogs "Dendropsophus melanargyreus" and "Pseudopaludicola mystacalis", more common in the cerrado, are also found. Reptiles include typical Amazon species such as the gecko "Gonatodes eladioi", the lizards "Bachia flavescens" and "Anolis punctatus", false coral snake ("Anilius scytale"), pit viper "Bothriopsis taeniata", emerald tree boa ("Corallus caninus") and "Xenoxybelis argenteus". Regionally endemic species include five species of frog including "Rhinella castaneotica", Brazil-nut poison frog ("Adelphobates castaneoticus") and "Hyla anataliasiasi", two caecilians ("Nectocaecilia ladigesi" and "Typhlonectes obesus" and seven lizards including "Arthrosaura kockii", striped forest whiptail ("Kentropyx calcarata") and "Leposoma guianense".

Birds.

The varied relief and flora support a very diverse bird population and favour endemism. The white-banded mockingbird ("Mimus triurus") passes through the reserve from June to August. 409 species are known to occur in the reserve including the threatened hyacinth macaw ("Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus"), Chaco eagle ("Buteogallus coronatus"), red-necked aracari ("Pteroglossus bitorquatus") and blue-winged macaw ("Primolius maracana"). There are 22 regionally endemic species including red-throated piping guan ("Pipile cujubi"), snow-capped manakin ("Lepidothrix nattereri") and masked tanager ("Tangara nigrocincta"). Rare species include the Tapajós hermit ("Phaethornis aethopygus"), bald parrot ("Pyrilia aurantiocephala") and the chorozinho-do-cachimbo, a recently discovered species of Herpsilochmus.

Conservation.

The reserve maintains large blocks of native vegetation in the deforestation arc along the BR-163 highway. It was considered a priority among the first proposals for large scale conservation in the Amazon. The Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve was created by decree on 20 May 2005. The reserve is classed as IUCN protected area category Ia (strict nature reserve), with the objective of fully preserving the biota and other natural attributes without direct human interference or environmental changes except where needed to restore and preserve the ecology. The management plan was approved on 4 September 2009, and the advisory council was created on 8 November 2011.  The reserve is in a region that contains 12 sustainable use conservation areas and 6 fully protected areas. The fully protected areas, which cover, are the Amazônia, Jamanxim, Rio Novo and Serra do Pardo national parks, the Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve and the Terra do Meio Ecological Station. The sustainable use areas include the Tapajós environmental protection area and the Altamira, Amaná, Jamanxim, Trairão, Itaituba I, Itaituba II and Tapajós national forests, covering a total of.

Threats.

At the time of its creation the reserve had already been occupied for 15 years in about 94 locations by squatters who had moved north from Mato Grosso. As of 2015 about 200 families lived in the reserve. Large amounts of mahogany have been removed from the forests of the reserve via a network of roads, creating a fragmented and vulnerable landscape. The remaining lumber is not seen as high value, so trees are mostly felled in order to create pasturage. As of 2013 had been deforested, making it among the ten most deforested federal conservation units in the Amazon Legal. More than has been burned by squatters, and about 6% of the reserve has been converted to pasture.  The reserve has also suffered from predatory hunting and fishing. There are two abandoned mining areas covering, which affect water quality. There are two small hydroelectric stations on the western margin of the reserve. In August 2015 it was reported that Senator Flexa Ribeiro of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) proposed to split the reserve into a National Park open to tourists and a Environmental Protection Area (APA) in which the inhabitants could engage in livestock breeding and commercial production of rice, bananas, pineapples and coffee.

The Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve () is a biological reserve in the state of Pará, Brazil. The reserve protects an area in the transition between the Cerrado and Amazon biomes, supporting highly diverse flora and fauna including many endemic species. It is accessible via the BR-163 highway, and is among the federal conservation units in the Amazon Legal that has suffered most from deforestation.

Le Réserve biologique de Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo () est une réserve naturelle brésilienne visant à protéger les écosystèmes amazoniens.


Early life and education.

Stjepan Sarkotić was born in Sinac near the Croatian town of Otočac on 4 October 1858 as one of four siblings. His father was Lieutenant Matija Sarkotić of the Otočac Border Regiment Nr.2. After he attended gymnasium in Senj, he entered in Military School in Sankt Pölten, and later he attended Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt.

Military career.

In 1884 he got his first military post in the Königgrätz Regiment, and later he was transferred to 16th Infantry Regiment in Trebinje, Herzegovina. In 1886, he was stationed in Mostar in the 1. Mountain Brigade. Until 1887 he was involved in military actions that occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Krivošije in Montenegro. By 1889 he was promoted to the rank of captain and assigned to the General Staff Corps in Vienna. He was hereafter assigned to obtain intelligence on foreign nations. To this end he travelled abroad to Serbia, Bulgaria and Macedonia, Russian city Kazan, where he learned to speak Russian. After his return, he worked in Intelligence Service of General Staff, and after that he worked with troops in the field.  As soon as he became major, he was assigned to be commander of staff of the 7th Infantry Division in Osijek, where he remained for four years. After that, he was assigned to Regiment in Prague as lieutenant colonel. Between 1900 and 1903 he was chief of Staff at the port city of Pula during which time he became colonel in 1901. After his service in Pula, he was assigned to be commander of the staff of XII Corps in Sibiu in Transilvania. In 1907 he became commander of the 5th Infantry Brigade in Linz, and in the same year he was promoted to major general. In 1908 he became commander of the 88th Lands Rifle Regiment, and in 1910 he was assigned to be a commander of 44th Home Guard Division. On 2 November 1911 he was promoted to feldmarschalleutnant. Emperor Franz Joseph appointed him to the nobility in 1908.  On 10 April 1912 Sarkotić became general of the VI Royal Hungarian Honvéd District, succeeding his countryman Svetozar Boroević in this post. Sarkotić was also commander of the Home Guard of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia with headquarters in Zagreb.

Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

With the start of World War I, Sarkotić was one of the chief commanders of the Austrian-Hungarian forces on the Serbian campaign, commanding the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, which was part of the XII Corps. He handled his duties well despite overall setbacks on the part of the Austrian-Hungarians. In 1914 he was decorated with Order of the Iron Crown 2nd Class.  Due to unsuccessful resistance to the Serbian army, Oskar Potiorek was replaced by Sarkotić as Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 22 December 1914. At the same time, he was named commander of 15th and 16th division, and promoted to the rank of a general of infantry. With this appointment, Sarkotić held both military and civil power in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina he understood the need for reforms in the region by both Austria and Hungary due to what he saw as the danger of a Yugoslav state. Sarkotić formally dissolved the Diet of Bosnia in February 1915. The last time the Diet convened until then was 29 June 1914.  In 1916 Sarkotić commanded the Western wing of the campaign into Montenegro from the naval base in Kotor. His troops attacked the Montenegrin forces at Mount Lovćen. Within two days his forces took Lovćen and three days after that the Montenegrin capital, Cetinje, was also under their control. For the success of this operation, Sarkotić was awarded the Order of Leopold First Class with War Decoration and Swords and the Bronze Military Merit Medal with Swords. He was also made a Hungarian baron, accepting the style of "von Lovćen", and was afterwards officially styled "Stefan Baron Sarkotić von Lovćen" at the Austrian court. Although his title of baron was Hungarian, Sarkotić was often referred to as "Freiherr Sarkotić von Lovćen" in German.  In 1917 he was promoted to Generaloberst (Colonel General). He continued at his position in Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1918. With the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy, he retired in December 1918. However, Sarkotić was incarcerated by officials from the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes along with other political opponents of the state. Sarkotić was strongly anti-Serbian and anti-Yugoslav. During his tenure as governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina he suggested the unification of Croatia-Slavonia with Dalmatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, Austria-Hungary's political elite never took the threat of a South Slav state very seriously. István Tisza, Prime Minister of Hungary suggested a plebiscite be held, but the actions were too little too late. On Sarkotić's recommendation Tisza met with Ivo Pilar and Josip Vancaš, anti-Yugoslav members of the Croat People's Union in the Diet of Bosnia and Herzegovina, during his visit to Sarajevo in September 1918.

Emigration.

After his release he returned to Vienna. Here he was involved with Croatian émigré groups. He frequently wrote against the ruling Serb Karađorđević dynasty in the Austrian "Reichspost". He also formed and was head of a group known as the Croatian Committee. Even though at the beginning, Croat émigrés were united, they divided later into two groups, one being the legitimists, led by Sarkotić and Stjepan Duić, and the republicans, led by Ivo Frank. The legitimists, mostly former Austrian-Hungarian officers, supported re-unification of Austria-Hungary. Sarkotić considered that Croats were endangered in Yugoslavia because of strong Serbian nationalism and huge influence of the Serbian Orthodox Church. However, since there were no sympathies for the old Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy amongst Croats, the Committee had little influence in Croatia.  In 1932, a right-wing Croatian politician Ante Pavelić founded the Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement in Italy. Pavelić's organisation overshadowed Sarkotić's Committee both numerically and with fanaticism, which led to eventual diminishing of Sarkotić's influence amongst the Croatian émigrés. Sarkotić died in Vienna in 1939.

Stjepan Freiherr Sarkotić von Lovćen (also "Stefan Sarkotić", "Stjepan Sarkotić", or "Stephan Sarkotić"; 4 October 1858 – 16 October 1939) was an Austro-Hungarian Army lieutenant field marshal who served as Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina and military commander of Dalmatia and Montenegro during the World War I.

Stjepan Freiherr Sarkotić von Lovćen, né le à Otočac dans l'Empire d'Autriche et mort le à Vienne en Allemagne nazie, était un "Feldmarschalleutnant" austro-hongrois qui servit notamment comme gouverneur de Bosnie-Herzégovine, puis en tant que commandant militaire de Dalmatie et du Monténégro occupé pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.


History.

Within the Holy Roman Empire.

Besançon became part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1034 as the Archbishopric of Besançon, and in 1184 it gained autonomy as a free imperial city under Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The town slowly sought the protection of a number of outside protectors, or captains, such as Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. After the marriage of Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1477, the city treated the Habsburgs as its protectors.  When Franche-Comté passed to Philip II of Spain in 1555, Besançon remained a free imperial city.

Loss of Imperial status.

The city lost its status as a free city in 1651 as a reparation for other losses that the Spanish had suffered in the Thirty Years' War. After some resistance, this was finally confirmed by Besançon in 1654, although the city kept a high degree of internal autonomy.

Disputes with France.

In 1667 Louis XIV claimed Franche-Comté as a consequence of his marriage to Marie-Thérèse of Spain. As part of the War of Devolution, French troops arrived in the area in 1688. The town authorities tried to argue that it was neutral in any hostilities as it was an Imperial City, something that the French commander, the Prince de Conde, rejected as archaic. The French agreed to very generous surrender terms with the town authorities, which included transferring the university from the then still recalcitrant Dole. There were also rumours that the regional Parlement may be transferred from Dole. The City also laid down that it would be left the relic of a fragment of the holy winding sheet, and that Protestants should not have liberty of conscience in the same way as they then had in the rest of France.  While the city was in French hands, the famed military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban visited Besançon and drew up plans for its fortification. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned the city to Spain within a matter of months, in return for the town of Frankenthal.  The Spaniards built the main centre point of the city's defences, "la Citadelle", siting it on Mont St. Etiene, which closes the neck of the bend in the river that encloses the old city. In their construction, they followed Vauban's designs.  From this time onwards, a large pro-French faction grew among some of the city.

Surrender to the French.

The city was to finally lose its autonomy as a result of the Franco-Dutch War starting in 1672, where the Habsburgs took the side of the Dutch and so were to lose control of Franche-Comté and Besançon. After a siege of the city, French troops occupied the city in 1674, although they agreed to allow Besançon to keep its privileges.  In 1676 the French authorities wound up the magistracy, the democratic form of government of Besançon, on the instructions of Louis XIV. A baillarge court was set up in its stead. As compensation for losing its self-government, the city became the administrative centre for Franche-Comté, with the Parlement of Besançon administering the area, replacing the Parlement of Dôle. French control was confirmed in 1678 by the Treaty of Nijmegen.

Institutions.

Unlike most Free Imperial Cities which gradually became oligarchies, Besançon had a reasonably democratic form of government. The government consisted of 28 councillors elected every year by the seven parishes. These, in turn, chose 14 "governors", who dealt with the day-to-day business. The main business was dealt with by both councillors and governors sitting together. There was also a provision for a general assembly of citizens in very important cases.  The protector — first the Dukes of Burgundy and then the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs, and for two years the King of France — had the right to appoint a president for the governors and the commander of the soldiers who guarded the ramparts. The protector was never recognised as sovereign.

The City of Besançon was a self-governing city surrounded by Franche-Comté. After losing its status as a free imperial city within the Holy Roman Empire in 1654 the City of Besançon refused to recognise the sovereignty of a new protector, whether the king of France or Spain, until Louis XIV dissolved the municipal government in 1676. The government comprised only a tiny area around the City of Besançon in the Franche-Comté, which meant that it had limited independence although it had considerable internal autonomy and still tried to claim neutrality.

La ville libre de Besançon était une ville autonome entourée par la Franche-Comté (à l'époque encore appelé Comté de Bourgogne).


Playing career.

Jevpavlos spent his junior career between Canada and Latvia, mostly playing in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League with Blainville-Boisbriand Armada. Undrafted, on January 1, 2015, he was signed by San Jose Sharks to a two-year entry-level agreement.  In his rookie professional season in 2015–16, Jevpavlovs was reassigned by the Sharks between the ECHL and AHL playing for the Allen Americans and San Jose Barracuda. In the following 2016–17 season, he exclusively played with the Barracuda, notching a professional high 13 goals and 21 points in 65 games.  At the expiration of his contract with the Sharks, Jevpalovs was not tendered a qualifying offer and returned to Latvia to play for Dinamo Riga of the Kontinental Hockey League on July 4, 2017. He made his KHL debut in the 2017–18 season opening match against Avangard Omsk, and scored his first goal on 31 August in a defeat to Spartak Moscow. He completed the season scoring just 5 goals and 8 points in 46 games.  As a free agent, Jevpalovs opted for a return to North America, agreeing to a one-year AHL contract with the Laval Rocket, affiliate to the Montreal Canadiens on July 1, 2018. After scoring a career-high 25 points in the AHL, Jevpalovs signed a subsequent one-year, one-way contract with Laval.

International play.

Jevpavlos represented Latvia on junior level. He was selected by Bob Hartley for 2018 world championships roster. He made his WC debut on opening game against Norway.

Ņikita Jevpalovs (born 9 September 1994) is a Latvian professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Laval Rocket in the American Hockey League (AHL).

Nikita Jevpalovs (né le à Riga en Lettonie) est un joueur professionnel letton de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste de centre.