History.

Originally incorporated in 1884, the community lies in the Birdtail River valley. It features a spacious community park developed in the early years of the community with additions through the years to bring it to the current time where the original golf course designed to take advantage of the valley contours now enjoys the modern amenities and the tennis courts still located in the original location now feature modern plexipave surfaces and are some of the best in western Manitoba.  Another attraction is the Birdtail Country Museum, housed in an historic stone building on Main Street. The building was built in the early 1900s to be used as the Union Bank. Later it was purchased by the Royal Bank of Canada. The main floor was the bank premises. The second floor was the bank manager's living-quarters.  In 1983, the building was purchased by the former town and the former Rural Municipality of Birtle. It officially opened as the Birdtail Country Museum on May 24, 1984, as a joint centennial project of the former town and former rural municipality. Inside are more than 4,000 artifacts related to the area, including such historical items such as the diaries of original settlers (Alfred Morton's, from 1878), button hooks for ladies' boots, and ice-saws and ice-tongs used for harvesting ice from the Birdtail River in the winter. The Museum houses the trophies awarded to Samuel Larcombe, one of the early settlers of Birtle. In 1917, Larcombe, the "World Wheat King", developed a variety of rust-resistant wheat. The second floor of the Museum is set up to resemble a Victorian home. People often come to the Museum to do genealogy research through the microfilm reader, which contains every edition of the Birtle 'Eye Witness' newspaper, dating back to 1891. Local history books for the community and surrounding districts provide additional sources of information.  A Heritage Walking Tour describes the history of many of the buildings and sites in the community.

Geography.

The Birdtail River is smaller slow flowing river dammed just above the Birtle Park, creating a small lake suitable for canoeing, kayaking and fishing. The Birdtail flows into the Assiniboine just a few miles south of Birtle. A 15-minute drive west the Qu'Apelle River flows into the Assiniboine. Many tributaries, ravines and valleys make this a very scenic region with ample habitat for a variety of wildlife and a popular area for birders. Fertile agricultural fields surround the community in all directions.

Climate.

Summers are warm, with a mean temperature of in July. Winter are long and cold, with a mean temperature of in January.

Facilities and tourism.

The local high school (grades 7 to 12), Birtle Collegiate Institute, draws students from surrounding communities. In addition to regular academic classes, the school offers a construction technology program and in 2014-15 offered an opportunity to receive both a highschool diploma and a health care aide certificate. The elementary school houses Kindergarten to grade 6 classes and houses the Park West School Division offices. The feature outdoor community recreation development is the Birtle Riverside Park where many amenities are found in one location. These include a golf course, licensed clubhouse restaurant, tennis courts, serviced campground, picnic area, tennis courts, a large playground and the Birtle beach - a sand bottom chlorinated swimming area alongside but separate from the river. There are many other recreation facilities in the community that include a skating arena and curling rink both with artificial ice, a 24/7 fitness centre, baseball and soccer leagues, and trails for cross country skiing and snowmobile trails linked to the Snowtraxx and Snowman routes across the province.  An attraction for tourists and locals is a costume barn, Whooo's That? where visitors can peruse thousands of theme and period costumes or opt for a photo shoot in period dress.  The area has become known for its community of gardeners. National Communities in Bloom titles were won in 2000 and 2001. A biannual Gallery in the Garden event features art displayed in private and community gardens. Some private gardens are also available to be viewed throughout the summer season. Some are part of the Gardens of Western Manitoba seasonal self-guided tour.  Also see the museum and heritage self-guided tour under "history".

Economy.

The main industries of the area are agriculture and livestock: cattle and hogs primarily, and to a lesser extent sheep, goats, dairy cows, etc. The climate and soil are best suited for hard grains such as wheat, rye and barley, but canola also thrives. Crops are sown in spring (May) and harvested at the end of summer (August/September).  The potash mine located 50 km away just inside the Saskatchewan border provides employment for many people in the area. This has become more prominent since a large expansion of the industry which began in 2009. The Birdtail Oilfield has also offered a boost to the economy with revenue from oil rights as well and supporting industries. More aggressive drilling began taking place in 2010.

Demographics.

Most residents are multi-generation Canadians, mainly descended from Europe, with pockets of Ukrainian Canadians and French. About south of the community is Birdtail Sioux First Nation, home to 315 people (2001 Census). English is the primary language of Birtle and surrounding area, except for St. Lazare, a French-speaking community about to the west.

Birtle is an unincorporated urban community in the Prairie View Municipality within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to January 1, 2015. It is located at the junction of Highways 83 and 42.

Birtle est une petite ville du Manitoba, entourée par la municipalité rurale de Birtle. Sa population s'établit à 690 personnes en 2001. La ville est localisée à la jonction entre les autoroutes 83 et 42.


Geography.

The municipality of Tulum borders the municipalities of Solidaridad to the north and Felipe Carrillo Puerto to the south, in the state of Quintana Roo. It also borders Chemax Municipality and Valladolid Municipality in the state of Yucatán on the northwest, and the Caribbean Sea on the east.

Orography and hydrography.

Like most of the Yucatan Peninsula Tulum is entirely flat with a gentle slope towards the sea, so from west to east, the area never reaches a higher altitude than above sea level. The municipality is above sea level on average.  Like the rest of the peninsula's surface the land has a limestone base that does not allow the formation of surface water flows such as rivers and streams; the water instead flows in underground rivers that sometimes rise to the surface in the cenotes. Lakes and cenotes are the major bodies of water in the municipality.

Communities.

The municipality consists of 170 populated localities, plus an additional 224 unpopulated localities, and includes part of a biosphere reserve (Sian Ka'an, which lies mostly in neighboring Felipe Carrillo Puerto Municipality). The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:

Demographics.

Tulum has 28,263 inhabitants according to the 2010 census, a figure that has more than doubled in the last five years. There is an additional 15,000 to 20,000 people living and working in Tulum as part of its floating population. That number rises and falls with the tourist season and is not reflected in the census figures.

Tulum is one of the eleven municipalities that make up the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. It became one of the newest municipalities in the country when it was formed on March 13, 2008, when it was separated from Solidaridad Municipality.

Tulum est l'une des municipalités de l'État de Quintana Roo, au Mexique. Couvrant une zone située au centre-nord de l'État, elle a été créée le. Elle tient son nom de la ville de Tulum qui en est le centre administratif.


History.

Plans to create a supercomputer capable of 20 petaFLOPS at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) originated as far back as 2005, when Jaguar was built. Titan will itself be replaced by an approximately 200 petaFLOPS system in 2016 as part of ORNL's plan to operate an exascale (1000 petaFLOPS to 1 exaFLOPS) machine by 2020. The initial plan to build a new 15,000 square meter (160,000 ft) building for Titan, was discarded in favor of using Jaguar's existing infrastructure. The precise system architecture was not finalized until 2010, although a deal with Nvidia to supply the GPUs was signed in 2009. Titan was first announced at the private ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference (SC10) on November 16, 2010, and was publicly announced on October 11, 2011, as the first phase of the Titan upgrade began.  Jaguar had received various upgrades since its creation. It began with the Cray XT3 platform that yielded 25 teraFLOPS. By 2008, Jaguar had been expanded with more cabinets and upgraded to the XT4 platform, reaching 263 teraFLOPS. In 2009, it was upgraded to the XT5 platform, hitting 1.4 petaFLOPS. Its final upgrades brought Jaguar to 1.76 petaFLOPS. Titan was funded primarily by the US Department of Energy through ORNL. Funding was sufficient to purchase the CPUs but not all of the GPUs so the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration agreed to fund the remaining nodes in return for computing time. ORNL scientific computing chief Jeff Nichols noted that Titan cost approximately $60 million upfront, of which the NOAA contribution was less than $10 million, but precise figures were covered by non-disclosure agreements. The full term of the contract with Cray included $97 million, excluding potential upgrades.  The yearlong conversion began October 9, 2011. Between October and December, 96 of Jaguar's 200 cabinets, each containing 24 XT5 blades (two 6-core CPUs per node, four nodes per blade), were upgraded to XK7 blade (one 16-core CPU per node, four nodes per blade) while the remainder of the machine remained in use. In December, computation was moved to the 96 XK7 cabinets while the remaining 104 cabinets were upgraded to XK7 blades. ORNL's external ESnet connection was upgraded from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s and the system interconnect (the network over which CPUs communicate with each other) was updated. The Seastar design used in Jaguar was upgraded to the Gemini interconnect used in Titan which connects the nodes into a direct 3D torus interconnect network. Gemini uses wormhole flow control internally. The system memory was doubled to 584 TiB. 960 of the XK7 nodes (10 cabinets) were fitted with a Fermi based GPU as Kepler GPUs were not then available; these 960 nodes were referred to as TitanDev and used to test code. This first phase of the upgrade increased the peak performance of Jaguar to 3.3 petaFLOPS. Beginning on September 13, 2012, Nvidia K20X GPUs were fitted to all of Jaguar's XK7 compute blades, including the 960 TitanDev nodes. In October, the task was completed and the computer was finally renamed Titan.  In March 2013, Nvidia launched the GTX Titan, a consumer graphics card that uses the same GPU die as the K20X GPUs in Titan. Titan underwent acceptance testing in early 2013 but only completed 92% of the tests, short of the required 95%. The problem was discovered to be excess gold in the female edge connectors of the motherboards' PCIe slots causing cracks in the motherboards' solder. The cost of repair was borne by Cray and between 12 and 16 cabinets were repaired each week. Throughout the repairs users were given access to the available CPUs. On March 11, they gained access to 8,972 GPUs. ORNL announced on April 8 that the repairs were complete and acceptance test completion was announced on June 11, 2013.  Titan's hardware has a theoretical peak performance of 27 petaFLOPS with "perfect" software. On November 12, 2012, the TOP500 organization that ranks the world's supercomputers by LINPACK performance, ranked Titan first at 17.59 petaFLOPS, displacing IBM Sequoia. Titan also ranked third on the Green500, the same 500 supercomputers ranked in terms of energy efficiency. In the June 2013 TOP500 ranking, Titan fell to second place behind Tianhe-2 and to twenty-ninth on the Green500 list. Titan did not re-test for the June 2013 ranking, because it would still have ranked second, at 27 petaFLOPS.

Hardware.

Titan uses Jaguar's 200 cabinets, covering 404 square meters (4,352 ft), with replaced internals and upgraded networking. Reusing Jaguar's power and cooling systems saved approximately $20 million. Power is provided to each cabinet at three-phase 480 V. This requires thinner cables than the US standard 208 V, saving $1 million in copper. At its peak, Titan draws 8.2 MW, 1.2 MW more than Jaguar, but runs almost ten times as fast in terms of floating point calculations. In the event of a power failure, carbon fiber flywheel power storage can keep the networking and storage infrastructure running for up to 16 seconds. After 2 seconds without power, diesel generators fire up, taking approximately 7 seconds to reach full power. They can provide power indefinitely. The generators are designed only to keep the networking and storage components powered so that a reboot is much quicker; the generators are not capable of powering the processing infrastructure.  Titan has 18,688 nodes (4 nodes per blade, 24 blades per cabinet), each containing a 16-core AMD Opteron 6274 CPU with 32 GB of DDR3 ECC memory and an Nvidia Tesla K20X GPU with 6 GB GDDR5 ECC memory. There are a total of 299,008 processor cores, and a total of 693.6 TiB of CPU and GPU RAM.  Initially, Titan used Jaguar's 10 PB of Lustre storage with a transfer speed of 240 GB/s, but in April 2013, the storage was upgraded to 40 PB with a transfer rate of 1.4 TB/s. GPUs were selected for their vastly higher parallel processing efficiency over CPUs. Although the GPUs have a slower clock speed than the CPUs, each GPU contains 2,688 CUDA cores at 732 MHz, resulting in a faster overall system. Consequently, the CPUs' cores are used to allocate tasks to the GPUs rather than directly processing the data as in conventional supercomputers.  Titan runs the Cray Linux Environment, a full version of Linux on the login nodes that users directly access, but a smaller, more efficient version on the compute nodes.  Titan's components are air-cooled by heat sinks, but the air is chilled before being pumped through the cabinets. Fan noise is so loud that hearing protection is required for people spending more than 15 minutes in the machine room. The system has a cooling capacity of 23.2 MW (6600 tons) and works by chilling water to 5.5 °C (42 °F), which in turn cools recirculated air.  Researchers also have access to EVEREST (Exploratory Visualization Environment for Research and Technology) to better understand the data that Titan outputs. EVEREST is a visualization room with a 10 by 3 meter (33 by 10 ft) screen and a smaller, secondary screen. The screens are 37 and 33 megapixels respectively with stereoscopic 3D capability.

Projects.

In 2009, the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility that manages Titan narrowed the fifty applications for first use of the supercomputer down to six "vanguard" codes chosen for the importance of the research and for their ability to fully utilize the system. The six vanguard projects to use Titan were:  In 2013 thirty-one codes were planned to run on Titan, typically four or five at any one time.

Code modifications.

The code of many projects has to be modified to suit the GPU processing of Titan, but each code is required to be executable on CPU-based systems so that projects do not become solely dependent on Titan. OLCF formed the Center for Accelerated Application Readiness (CAAR) to aid with the adaptation process. It holds developer workshops at Nvidia headquarters to educate users about the architecture, compilers and applications on Titan. CAAR has been working on compilers with Nvidia and code vendors to integrate directives for GPUs into their programming languages. Researchers can thus express parallelism in their code with their existing programming language, typically Fortran, C or C++, and the compiler can express it to the GPUs. Dr. Bronson Messer, a computational astrophysicist, said of the task: "an application using Titan to the utmost must also find a way to keep the GPU busy, remembering all the while that the GPU is fast, but less flexible than the CPU." Moab Cluster Suite is used to prioritize jobs to nodes to keep utilization high; it improved efficiency from 70% to approximately 95% in the tested software. Some projects found that the changes increased efficiency of their code on non-GPU machines; the performance of "Denovo" doubled on CPU-based machines.  The amount of code alteration required to run on the GPUs varies by project. According to Dr. Messer of "NRDF", only a small percentage of his code runs on GPUs because the calculations are relatively simple but processed repeatedly and in parallel. "NRDF" is written in CUDA Fortran, a version of Fortran with CUDA extensions for the GPUs. Chimera's third "head" was the first to run on the GPUs as the nuclear burning could most easily be simulated by GPU architecture. Other aspects of the code were planned to be modified in time. On Jaguar, the project modeled 14 or 15 nuclear species but Messer anticipated simulating up to 200 species, allowing far greater precision when comparing the simulation to empirical observation.

Titan or OLCF-3 was a supercomputer built by Cray at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for use in a variety of science projects. Titan was an upgrade of Jaguar, a previous supercomputer at Oak Ridge, that uses graphics processing units (GPUs) in addition to conventional central processing units (CPUs). Titan was the first such hybrid to perform over 10 petaFLOPS. The upgrade began in October 2011, commenced stability testing in October 2012 and it became available to researchers in early 2013. The initial cost of the upgrade was US$60 million, funded primarily by the United States Department of Energy.

Titan est un superordinateur construit par Cray pour le Laboratoire national d'Oak Ridge dans le Tennessee. À partir de 2013, il effectue des calculs pour des projets scientifiques. Il s'agit en fait d'une mise à jour du système "Jaguar" installé à Oak Ridge, notamment par l'installation d'accélérateurs GPU "Tesla" K20X de Nvidia.


Preparation.

There are many recipes that include a range of food, from vegetables, fruit, meat, and bread or other grains. The ingredients are blended and baked into a solid loaf. In one version, it is made from a mixture of ingredients that include ground beef, vegetables, beans, and bread crumbs. Other versions include mechanically separated poultry and "dairy blend".

Legal challenges.

Although nutraloaf can be found in many United States prisons, its use is controversial. It was mentioned by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1978 in "Hutto v. Finney" while ruling that conditions in the Arkansas penal system constituted cruel and unusual punishment. Prisoners were fed "", described as "a substance created by mashing meat, potatoes, oleo [margarine], syrup, vegetables, eggs, and seasoning into a paste and baking the mixture in a pan". The majority decision delivered by Justice Stevens upheld an order from the 8th Circuit Court that the diet be discontinued.  The standards of the American Correctional Association, which accredits prisons, discourage the use of food as a disciplinary measure, but adherence to the organization's food standards is voluntary. Denying inmates food as punishment has been found to be unconstitutional by the courts, but because the loaf is generally nutritionally complete, it is sometimes justified as a "dietary adjustment" rather than a denial of proper meals.  Lawsuits regarding nutraloaf have taken place in several states, including Illinois, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington, and West Virginia. In March 2008, prisoners brought their case before the Vermont Supreme Court, arguing that since Vermont state law does not allow food to be used as punishment, nutraloaf must be removed from the menu. The Vermont Supreme Court held that nutraloaf and water diet constitutes punishment as it was designed to be unappetizing and as such compelled their conclusion. In April 2010, sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona won a federal judgment in favor of the constitutionality of nutraloaf. In December 2015, New York State decided to discontinue the use of nutraloaf throughout prisons statewide. In "Gordon v. Barnett", the District Court for the Western District of Washington ruled that although it was not cruel and unusual, nutraloaf is a punishment and that prisoners are entitled to a due process hearing before being subjected to it.

Nutraloaf (also known as Meal Loaf, prison loaf, disciplinary loaf, food loaf, lockup loaf, confinement loaf, seg loaf, grue or special management meal) is a food served in prisons in the United States and formerly Canada to inmates who have misbehaved; for example, assaulting prison guards or fellow prisoners. It is similar to meatloaf in texture, but has a wider variety of ingredients. Prison loaf is usually bland, perhaps even unpleasant, but prison wardens argue that nutraloaf provides enough nutrition to keep prisoners healthy without requiring utensils to be issued.

Le nutraloaf ou Nutriloaf est un plat uniquement préparé dans des établissements carcéraux aux États-Unis. Ressemblant à un pain de viande, cette portion de nourriture sert uniquement à punir les prisonniers qui ont agressé des gardiens ou ont attaqué un des leurs avec des ustensiles aiguisées.


History.

The race had been a Sunday afternoon event until 2002. That year rain delayed the start by over 3 hours, meaning much of the race was run under the lights. Thanks in large part to the ratings boost NBC received in primetime hours, NASCAR made a decision to move the race date from Sunday afternoon to Saturday night from 2003-2016. NBC retained their rights to broadcast the race, unlike in most of the night events aired in their part of the season's contract which normally aired on TNT. With the move, then-Lowe's Motor Speedway became one of only two tracks in NASCAR to have two night dates on the schedule.  In 2015 and 2016, the races on Saturday night were cancelled due to bad weather, so they were run on Sunday afternoon. In 2017, at the time of the schedule announcement, the race was scheduled for Saturday night. On April 20, the race was rescheduled for Sunday and moved from a night race to a day race. At the 2017 event, after rain caused the Xfinity series event of the Saturday afternoon to be delayed by several hours, a decision was made to move the Cup race an hour back to a 1:00 PM local time start, as more rain was expected later during the day. The race eventually concluded successfully after 3 and a half hours without the occurrence of any rain delays.  Starting in 2018, the race utilizes a road course configuration of Charlotte Motor Speedway, with a race distance of over 109 laps. Ryan Blaney became the first driver to win the first Roval Cup race.

Realignment.

In 2020, the Bank of America Roval 400 will be moved from late September to the middle of October, and be held as the final race of the Round of 12, The Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race at Bristol Motor Speedway will take Charlotte's former spot.

Past winners.

Race Records.

Oval ()
Race time: 2:58:35 (1964)
Average Speed: (1964)  Oval ()
Race time: 3:09:53 (2013)
Average Speed: (2013)  Roval ()
Race Time: 3:01:34 (2018)
Average Speed: (2018)

Television history.

The race was shown on TBS from at least the mid-1980s to 2000. From 2002 to 2006, it was shown on NBC, and from 2007 to 2014, it was on ABC.  The 2002 race was also known for beginning a practice where, if a race broadcast on a network was running long and ran into prime-time hours, the broadcast would not switch to cable. In this case, the race began as scheduled in the early afternoon but was delayed for hours due to weather. NBC did not move the race to TNT, and broadcast the race in its entirety; the race ended early Sunday evening with Jamie McMurray winning in only his second NASCAR Winston Cup start. Since ESPN took over the rights to the race and to most of NBC and TNT's former NASCAR package, that policy has been discontinued. Starting in 2015 the race will move back to NBC, after the network signed a 10-year, $4.4 Billion dollar deal with NASCAR, NBC has the rights for the final 20 races of the season(13 of 20) from the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona International Speedway and the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway, this event was on ABC for several years as part of ESPN before the departure, In 2017, due to broadcasting changes, the race will move from NBC to NBCSN.  The 2005 running of the race drew ire from fans due to the broadcast policy in which a college football game cut into NBC's NASCAR slot. Due to the excessive length, the pre-race show was not broadcast at all and the network finally started it as the field came to the green flag to begin the race.  The 2014 race was known for the broadcast policy that drew the ire of fans once again. Because of the excessive length of the Baylor-TCU ESPN College Football game, the race would be shifted to ESPNEWS. But the station was airing an NBA preseason game between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Miami Heat from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that ran long into overtime. The race broadcast started on Lap 27.

The Bank of America Roval 400 is a NASCAR Cup Series race that is held annually at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, United States, with the other one being the Coca-Cola 600 on Memorial Day weekend, the race. It is held on the last weekend in September and is the third race of the Cup Series playoffs.

La Bank of America 500 est une course automobile de véhicules de type stock-car, organisée chaque année par la NASCAR et comptant pour le championnat des NASCAR Cup Series.


Biography.

His education was in mechanical engineering, for which he received a degree from Delft University of Technology in 1939. He then studied for a doctorate in hydrodynamics, but abandoned the area. He joined the Nationaal Luchtvaartlaboratorium in 1945 and went with a group to England the following year to learn about new technologies that had been developed there during World War II.  Van Wijngaarden was intrigued by the new idea of automatic computing, and on 1 January 1947 he became the head of the Computing Department of the brand-new Mathematisch Centrum (MC) in Amsterdam. He then made further visits to England and the United States, gathering ideas for the construction of the first Dutch computer, the ARRA, an electromechanical construction first demonstrated in 1952. In that same year, Van Wijngaarden hired Edsger Dijkstra, and they worked on software for the ARRA.  While visiting Edinburgh in 1958, Van Wijngaarden was seriously injured in an automobile accident in which his wife was killed. After he recovered, he focused more on programming language research, and was one of the designers of the original ALGOL, and later ALGOL 68, for which he developed a two-level type of grammar that became known as Van Wijngaarden grammars. He became the director of the MC in 1961, and remained in that post for the next twenty years.  In 1959 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Van Wijngaarden Awards.

Awarded every 5 years from the 60th anniversary of Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica in 2006. Consists of a bronze sculpture.

Adriaan "Aad" van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916 – 7 February 1987) was a Dutch mathematician and computer scientist, who is considered by many to have been the founding father of "informatica" (computer science) in the Netherlands.

Adriaan van Wijngaarden ( – ) est un mathématicien et informaticien néerlandais, considéré par nombre de ses pairs comme le véritable développeur des sciences informatiques aux Pays-Bas. Après avoir reçu une formation d'ingénieur, van Wijngaarden a d'abord concentré son travail sur les aspects mathématiques du calcul par ordinateur, spécifiquement l'analyse numérique. Il s'est par la suite seulement intéressé à la programmation et à la mise au point de règles pour les langages de programmation.


Chess career.

Korobov won the Ukrainian Chess Championship in 2002, 2012 and 2018, and finished second behind Andrei Volokitin in 2004.  He won the Masters tournament of the Abu Dhabi Chess Festival in 2010. In 2011, he came first in the Nakhchivan Open. He competed in the Chess World Cup 2011, where was eliminated in the second round by Nikita Vitiugov. In February 2012, he tied for 1st–3rd with Mateusz Bartel and Pavel Eljanov in the 11th Aeroflot Open. Korobov took clear third place in the Ukrainian Championship of 2013, behind Yuriy Kryvoruchko and Ruslan Ponomariov respectively.  In the World Cup 2013 in Tromsø, Norway he eliminated Vasif Durarbayli, Baadur Jobava, Daniil Dubov and Hikaru Nakamura, but in the fifth round he was knocked out by former World Chess Champion Vladimir Kramnik, after losing the first game and drawing the second.  He served as Anna Ushenina's second during the Women's World Chess Championship 2012 and during her match with Hou Yifan in the Women's World Chess Championship 2013, alongside Alexander Khalifman.  Korobov won the individual gold medal for his performance on board 2 at the 2013 World Team Chess Championship, contributing to the team bronze. Also in 2013 he won the European Blitz Chess Championship.  In 2014 he competed in the 41st Chess Olympiad held in Tromsø, scoring 41⁄27 points. In September 2015 he took part in the Chess World Cup 2015, where he was eliminated in the second round by Dmitry Andreikin, after knocking out Dragan Šolak in round one. In the following month, Korobov won the 16th Karpov International Tournament, a round-robin tournament, in Poikovsky, Russia on tiebreak over Victor Bologan, after they both finished on 6/9 points. In August 2016, Korobov won the Karpov Tournament in Pokovsky one more time, scoring 6/9. The next month, he played on the silver medal-winning Ukrainian team at the 42nd Chess Olympiad in Baku. In 2018, he won an individual gold medal at the 43rd Chess Olympiad as the best player on the reserve board.

Personal life.

Korobov graduated from the University of Kharkiv.

Anton Korobov (; born 25 June 1985) is a Ukrainian chess player. He was awarded the title Grandmaster by FIDE in 2003. Korobov is a three-time Ukrainian champion. He was voted the best male chess player of Ukraine of 2012.

Anton Korobov (en ) est un joueur d'échecs ukrainien né le à Kemerovo. Il est grand maître international depuis 2003 et champion d'Ukraine à trois reprises (en 2002, 2012 et 2018. Au janvier 2014, Korobov est le mondial et le en Ukraine avec un classement Elo de points qui constitue son record.


History.

Samuel de Champlain visited the islands in 1613 and called them "pretty". Fur traders found the island a handy resting spot, and often would camp overnight. Today the islands' sand beaches continue to be a popular resting and recreation spot for many boaters.  Lime was quarried on the islands in the 1880s when the Canadian Pacific Railway was built, and a lime kiln was operated to create lime for mortar. Great Manitou Island, the largest of the islands, once held a dance hall and hotel, but it burned to the ground. Uranium mining was conducted on Newman Island in the 1950s.  Local legend says that the island is haunted by the Nipissing people who died of starvation after battling the Iroquois and being forced to flee the islands.  In 1972 the wreck of the steamship "John B. Fraser" was found between Goose Island and the Manitou Islands, in of water.

Geography.

The total area of the islands is, and the total perimeter is. The five islands are:

Provincial park.

Today the islands are protected as Manitou Islands Provincial Park.

Geology.

The Manitou Islands lie inside the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben and are part of an eroded volcanic pipe, leaving the multiple islands. The volcanic pipe formed by the violent, supersonic eruption of a deep-origin volcano. These volcanoes originate at least three times as deep as most other volcanoes, and the resulting magma that is pushed toward the surface is high in magnesium and volatile compounds such as water and carbon dioxide. As the body of magma rises toward the surface, the volatile compounds transform to gaseous phase as pressure is reduced with decreasing depth. This sudden expansion propels the magma upward at rapid speeds, resulting in a shallow supersonic eruption.  The Manitou Islands contain the uncommon rock types of fenite and syenite. Minerals found associated with these rocks include: pyroxenites, amphibole, apatite, biotite, calcite, magnetite, monazite, nepheline, pyrite, pyrochlore, pyroxene and quartz.  The nearby Callander Bay is also a volcanic pipe.

The Manitou Islands are a series of small islands in Lake Nipissing, in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. The islands form a circle and lie southwest of North Bay.

Les Îles Manitou sont un archipel du lac Nipissing situé à au sud-est de North Bay. Quatre des cinq îles sont situées dans la réserve naturelle provinciale des Îles-Manitou.


History.

In June 2009 Flowood voters approved (by a 75%-25% margin) being classified as a resort area which allows liquor by the glass in restaurants and hotels, coming out from under a dry county.  Flowood is also the location of the National Weather Service office that serves the Jackson area.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and (1.69%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,750 people, 2,130 households, and 1,145 families residing in the city. The population density was 291.7 people per square mile (112.7/km). There were 2,371 housing units at an average density of 145.6 per square mile (56.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 79.92% White, 16.63% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.89% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.61% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.77% of the population.  There were 2,130 households out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.8% were married couples living together,1.7% of households consisted of unmarried partners,10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.2% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the city, the population was spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 16.1% from 18 to 24, 41.0% from 25 to 44, 15.1% from 45 to 64, and 4.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $40,333, and the median income for a family was $49,767. Males had a median income of $37,500 versus $29,773 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,875. About 10.3% of families and 13.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.6% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Parks and recreation.

Flowood has an indoor track for remote control racing. Opened in 2010, it is the first "permanent city owned indoor off road remote control race track" in the United States.

Education.

The City of Flowood's public schools are served by the Rankin County School District.

Flowood is a city in Rankin County, Mississippi. The population was 7,823 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area.

La ville américaine de Flowood est située dans le comté de Rankin, dans l’État du Mississippi. Lors du recensement de 2000, sa population s’élevait à.


Life.

Wassis Hortense Léonie Abo was born in 1945 in a place called Malungu in what was then the Belgian Congo. She was brought up by adopted parents as her mother died giving birth to her; as a result of this last event she was given the name "Abo", which means "sorrow" in the Bambunda language. She witnessed her adoptive father taking a stick to his wife that resulted in her beating ending with a broken arm. She was well educated starting school at seven and moving on to a missionary school at nine. She was an early trained midwife and by the age of fourteen she was supervising births.  She entered an abusive arranged marriage in Gaspar Mumputo in September 1959. She had been told about the temptations of the flesh by the nuns who educated her and she remembered her wedding night being filled with pain and blood. Her marriage ended after June 1962 when her husband took her and her prospective lover to court. She was sent to jail for a month. Abo was tricked into joining a group of rebels by her brothers. In January 1964 she was still part of that group when they rose as part of the Simba Rebellion against the government.  The rebel Pierre Mulele married her and they spent five years alongside guerrillas loyal to Mulele. She was treated with disproportionate respect because of her husband. She was disappointed when her husband took another wife and planned to take a third. In 1968, after her husband's assassination, she fled to Congo-Brazzaville as she feared for her life. Abo has made a great effort to record the works of herself and Pierre Mulele. The Belgian book "Une Femme du Congo" ("A Congolese Woman"), by Ludo Martens, tells Abo's life story.

Wassis Hortense Léonie Abo (born 1945) was an activist during the Kwilu Rebellion. She was a writer who was the wife of the communist rebel Pierre Mulele.

Wassis Hortense Léonie Abo, plus connue comme Léonie Abo est née au Congo-Kinshasa en 1945. Elle est l'auteure de témoignages apportant un éclairage sur la période coloniale et l'insurrection au de 1963 à 1968. Elle est aussi la veuve de Pierre Mulele. Elle vit en exil au Congo-Brazzaville depuis la mort de son mari en 1968.


Origin.

On 5 March 2009, the Indian government announced a contest to create a sign for the Indian rupee. During the 2010 Union Budget, then Union Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee said that the proposed sign should reflect and capture the Indian ethos and culture. From around 3,331 responses received, five symbols were shortlisted. These were the entries from Nondita Correa-Mehrotra, Hitesh Padmashali, Shibin KK, Shahrukh J. Irani, and D. Udaya Kumar and one of them was due to be selected at the Union Council of Ministers of India meeting held on 24 June 2010. However, the decision was deferred at the request of the Finance Minister, and the final decision was made when they met again on 15 July 2010, when they chose the symbol created by Udaya Kumar, Associate Professor IIT Guwahati.

Design.

The new sign is a combination of the Devanagari letter "र" ("ra") and the Latin capital letter "R" without its vertical bar (similar to the r rotunda "Ꝛ"). The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolor Indian flag. and also depict an equality sign that symbolizes the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity.  The final selected symbol was designed by D. Udaya Kumar, a Bachelor of Architecture and visual design student at the Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay. The thoughts and philosophy behind the design are explained in this presentation.

Approval.

Ministry of Finance and Department of Economic Affairs of the Government of India had finally approved the sign. The approval was given by Sushil Kumar, Under Secretary of the Government of India.

Controversy.

The Indian rupee sign selection process was challenged in the Delhi High Court, by petitioner Rakesh Kumar, who was a participant in the competition, described the process as "full of discrepancies" and "flawed", and named the Finance Ministry and the chairman of Indian Rupee Symbol Selection Committee as respondents. On 26 November 2010, the Delhi High Court single bench dismissed the writ petition, stating there was no justifiable ground for the stated allegations.  However, later The Hon'ble High Court of Delhi, on 30 January 2013, in W.P. (c) 2449/2012 titled "Rakesh Kumar Singh Vs. Union of India" (PIL) filed through lawyer Kamal Kumar Pandey, listed before the Division bench of Hon'ble Chief Justice and V. K. Jain J., taking cognizance of and in view of the irregularities and arbitrariness involved in Public Competitions for designing Symbols/Logos or designing Logos by other methods of important national bodies/institutions, in their historic judgment directed all the ministries of the Government of India to formulate/prepare guidelines to ensure transparency, wider participation of public and also that such guidelines should be of uniform nature and in uniformity with each others.  On 11 April 2013, Finance Ministry formed the guidelines for conducting public competitions for design of symbol/logo.

Usage.

Upon the symbol’s adoption in July 2010, the Indian government said it would try to adopt the sign within six months in the country and globally within 18 to 24 months. Major banks have also started printing cheques with the new Indian rupee sign, where the traditional Rs sign was used. The Indian Postal Department also started printing postage stamps with this new Indian rupee sign, when it issued the Commonwealth Games commemorative stamps on 3 October 2010. In his budget speech on 28 February 2011, the finance minister, Pranab Mukherjee, announced that the sign will be incorporated in future coin issues. Coins of denomination of 1, 2, 5 and 10 with the new rupee symbol have been put into circulation. As of January 2012, the new Indian rupee sign has been incorporated in the currency notes in the denominations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000 and as of 12 April 2012 this was extended to denominations of 20 and 50.

Unicode.

On 10 August 2010, the Unicode Technical Committee accepted the proposed code position. The character has been encoded in the Unicode 6.0, and named distinctly from the existing character, which will continue to be available as the generic rupee sign.  Ubuntu became the first operating system to support the Indian rupee symbol by default in 2010. Since its 10.10 version it has supported the symbol out-of-the-box, as it was added to the Ubuntu font family by a contributor. Since then, it has been included in various GNU/Linux distributions. On systems running Ubuntu, most other Linux distributions and Chrome OS, the symbol may be typed using (or simply if the 'English (India)' language setting is used).  On 18 May 2011, Microsoft released an update KB2496898 to Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 operating systems to include support for this new Indian rupee symbol. With the Windows update, it is now possible to use alt code text entry to obtain the Indian Rupee symbol – +. On systems running Windows 8 or later, the symbol can be typed using the English (India) keyboard layout with the key combination +.  Apple Inc. has added support for the rupee symbol with iOS 7 in 2013. Mac OS X Lion (10.7) also includes the new Indian rupee symbol and can be found in the Character Viewer. As of Mac OS X Mountain Lion (10.8), users using the Devanagari keyboard can enter the new Indian rupee symbol by typing - (a combination that yields the cent symbol on a US keyboard layout).  Sailfish OS also provides the symbol in its default keyboard.

The Indian rupee sign (sign: ; code: INR) is the currency symbol for the Indian rupee, the official currency of India. Designed by Udaya Kumar, it was presented to the public by the Government of India on 15 July 2010, following its selection through an "open" competition among Indian residents. Before its adoption, the most commonly used symbols for the rupee were Rs, Re or, in texts in Indian languages, an appropriate abbreviation in the language used.

Le symbole de la roupie indienne (₹) est le symbole monétaire utilisé pour représenter la roupie indienne, la monnaie officielle de l'Inde. C'est un symbole relativement récent, le dessin a été présenté au public par le gouvernement indien le, à la suite de sa sélection lors d'un concours entre les habitants. Avant son adoption, les symboles plus généralement utilisés pour représenter la roupie étaient Rs, Re ou, dans le cas où le texte était dans une langue indienne, une abréviation dans cette langue. Le nouveau symbole se rapporte uniquement à la monnaie indienne ; les autres pays qui utilisent la roupie, tels que le Sri Lanka, le Pakistan ou le Népal, continuent à utiliser le caractère générique U+20A8 Rs.


Plot.

The film has several intertwined plot lines: One story is about a driven, workaholic lawyer named Robert Layton and the impact of his job on his marriage to Kate, and to his relationship with his daughter Lily. Another is about Robert's mother Ellen, and her friendly neighbor Dalton who is a teacher at Nathan and Lily's school. The main story is about Maggie Andrews and her terminal illness, and how her family (small businessman husband Jack and young son Nathan) deals with the impending loss. All stories are linked together. The story opens with Robert visiting the cemetery shortly before Christmas. He sees a younger man wearing a Boston Red Sox Cap visiting another grave. We flash back...  Robert is leaving his office and notices a delivery truck driving away. He sees that a box has fallen out of the back of the truck and opens up the box to find a pair of red brocade shoes with gold trim. After repeatedly failing to remember to take the shoes to Wilsons Store, Robert finally returns the shoes to Tom Wilson, the owner of Wilsons. Outside the store, Robert's car won't start and Tom tells him about a great repair shop run by Jack. Next, we see an increasingly tired Maggie and eventually learn that she has congestive heart failure due to a virus and is now in need of a transplant. As Maggie gets weaker, Kate takes over Maggie's volunteer job directing the local school choir during the Christmas season.  One day, Nathan overhears his mother telling Kate how she and Jack met at a dance studio, and how every year on their anniversary they would to go dancing. Nathan now knows that he wants to get his mom a very special pair of dancing shoes for Christmas. He goes to Wilsons store and finds a beautiful pair of red Christmas shoes he just knows his mom will love...the same shoes Robert returned to Wilsons store. Nathan set out to save the money to buy the shoes by collecting soda pop cans after his dad tells him each is worth a nickel. Dalton helps care for Nathan after school and takes him to meet his neighbor Ellen. Ellen gives Nathan her son's old Red Sox Cap. She then takes Robert's old lunch box and writes Robert a note to place inside.  Maggie does not receive her heart transplant because a test showed the heart had Hepatitis B. By the time they find another heart she will be too ill to undergo the operation. Maggie decides to go home to die. Ellen sees Dalton loading large bags filled with empty soda pop cans into his trunk. Ellen tells Dalton that she is going to leave the outside Christmas light on for a while. The next morning the lights are still on and Dalton discovers that Ellen has died. Later when Dalton is walking with Nathan, he tells Nathan that his wife died 11 years ago. He tells Nathan to cross over to an alley, where Nathan finds a large number of empty soda pop cans.  On Christmas Eve, while Maggie is home in her bed dying. Nathan runs out of the house to Wilson's Department Store - only to find the door locked. Robert is late, as usual, going to Wilson's to pick up gifts for his wife and daughter. Together they get the store clerk to open the door, which we find out "sometimes locks itself". When Nathan runs to the counter in front of Robert to pay for the shoes, the very rude clerk tells him he does not have enough money to pay for them. Robert standing behind him overhears the clerk tell Nathan he does not have enough money to buy the shoes and sees Nathan get very upset. Robert asks Nathan what is going on. Nathan explains that he wants the shoes for his mom, for whom this will be her last Christmas, so that she will be beautiful in heaven. After hearing the story, Robert pays the balance of the money needed. Nathan thanks Robert, and runs all the way back to his house.  Robert leaves the store without the gifts, coming to the realization that being with his family is the greatest gift he can give them. His car won't start again and asks Tom Wilson to give him a ride. Tom asks him if he is going to the Christmas concert. Robert says yes and Tom tells him it is at a new location. Meanwhile, Nathan gives his mom the shoes. She says they are the most beautiful shoes she has ever seen. Robert and Tom arrive at the new location for the Christmas concert and meet Kate and Lily. The concert is in front of the Andrews home where they are caroling for Maggie. After the vigil, a group of Robert's clients thank Robert for all he is doing for them and giving them hope at Christmas. Robert and Kate reconcile.  The family sees the light go off in Maggie's room.  Later, Robert sees the package his mom Ellen had sent, and reads the note inside. She would be happy to know he is making time for his family just as she wanted for Robert.  We flash forward to present time at the cemetery. Robert tells the younger man that he likes his Boston Red Sox Cap. After the younger man leaves, Robert sees the red shoes on the grave the young man was visiting. He realizes who he is and calls after him, but he has already driven off.  Robert smiles to himself, and heads back to his car.

The Christmas Shoes is a 2002 American-Canadian made-for-television drama film based on the song and novel of the same name which was broadcast on CBS on December 1, 2002. It was shot in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is the first part in a trilogy of films, followed by "The Christmas Blessing" (2005) and "The Christmas Hope" (2009).

Les Souliers de Noël (') est un téléfilm américain réalisé par Andy Wolk et diffusé le sur le réseau CBS. Il s'inspire de la chanson intitulée'et constitue le premier volet d'une trilogie, également formée des téléfilms "Le Miracle du cœur" et "De l'espoir pour Noël".


Plot.

The neighbors along Arthur Avenue in Cleveland have a forty-year tradition of lining their quaint street with Christmas luminaria. However, one year the tradition is placed on hold out of respect for the Normans (Ann and Mike), whose son Matt is seriously ill and in need of a heart transplant. The situation causes their younger son, Tommy, to emotionally withdraw.  In Detroit, a man expecting his first child suddenly dies. His heart is found to be a match for Matt; however, a lack of transportation threatens to keep it from getting to Cleveland. Finally, a small plane is found (a two-seater which must now carry three people: the pilot, a nurse carrying the heart, and a surgeon dressed as Santa), but is unable to land due to a blizzard arriving in Cleveland. Meanwhile, the donor's wife goes into labor back in Detroit.  Tommy refuses to believe that Matt is going to die, and decides he's going to light the luminaria (with the help of Bob, a neighbor known along the street as somewhat pessimistic). Between them all the luminaria are lit, which provides a surprise – the small plane sees the lit street and manages to land the plane on it (at that same time the donor's wife gives birth), eventually getting the heart to the Cleveland Clinic and transplanted into Matt.

Production.

Heaton first began working on a treatment for "The Christmas Heart" around 2000 and pitched it to a Hollywood executive, but a film deal was never confirmed. His sister Patricia Heaton remembered the script Heaton had written and sent a copy of his treatment to Hallmark, who purchased the treatment and the script. Filming for "The Christmas Heart" took place in Winnipeg, Manitoba during March 2012. Due to the unseasonably warm weather in Winnipeg, the film crew had to make snow to make it look "like winter", but was also able to find "a snow bank in the parking lot of a church".

Reception.

Critical reception was mixed to positive, and the "Christian Film Database" stated that they found the film "very touching". A reviewer for the "Philadelphia Inquirer" remarked that the film "[followed the] made-for-TV Christmas formula" and that it "would work better if we were a little more invested in young Matt and his survival", but that the ending was satisfying. The "Akron Beacon Journal" also commented that the film held "no surprises" but that "If you are willing to surrender to its unabashed sentimentality, you may find reason for a sniffle or two, and maybe a reason to smile at the end".

The Christmas Heart is a 2012 Hallmark Channel Christmas film directed by Gary Yates. The movie first released on the Hallmark Channel on December 2, 2012 and stars Teri Polo, Paul Essiembre, and Ty Wood. The film's premise follows a group of neighbors that come together to help provide emotional support for a teenage boy that needs a heart transplant.

Un cœur pour Noël (") est un téléfilm américain réalisé par Gary Yates et diffusé le sur Hallmark Channel et en France le sur M6.


History.

Genesis: 1937.

Situated on a peninsula between the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Patuxent River, NAS Patuxent River is located on of what was once prime farmland, consisting of several large plantations, Mattapony, Susquehanna, and Cedar Point, as well as numerous tenant and sharecropper properties and a few clusters of vacation homes. The Cedar Point community included several churches, a post office, and a gas station. Some of the old homes now serve as quarters for Navy personnel stationed there.  In 1937, the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics sought to consolidate aviation test programs, previously being conducted at several stations, including Dahlgren and Norfolk, the Washington Navy Yard, Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C., and the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cedar Point was selected due to its remote location on the coastline, well removed from air traffic congestion, with ample space for weapons testing.

1940s: Wartime urgency.

Fast Track Chartering of Base and Start of Construction.

The onset of American involvement in World War II spurred establishment of the new air station. Rear Admiral John Henry Towers, Chief of Bureau of Aeronautics, requested approval and authorization to begin construction on December 22, 1941. Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, gave approval on 7 January 1942 and construction began on 4 April 1942.

Hardships for Original Civilian Residents.

The original civilian residents had about a month, until 1 March 1942, to relocate as the federal government purchased all the land at a cost of $712,287 for, which in 2013 dollars would be the equivalent of being paid $1,261 per acre. Many residents were forced to sell land that had been in their families for generations. Some families had roots in the area going back 300 years. These included traditional farming, crabbing and fishing families and there were protests. National wartime urgency was however felt in Washington at the time to take precedence, and the process of eminent domain went through.

Rehabilitation of rail line.

A lack of transportation in Saint Mary's County led the Navy to acquire and revitalize a branchline called the Washington, Brandywine and Point Lookout Railroad (aka "The Farmers' Railroad") from Brandywine to Mechanicsville, Maryland, in June 1942 and build an extension south from Mechanicsville to the air station. Known as the U.S. Government Railroad, the rail line was steam-powered and operated south of Brandywine for exclusive official use until 1954, when the Pennsylvania Railroad assumed operation of the line. Rail service ended in 1965, and the line was subsequently scrapped, although the right-of-way is still very visible.

Extension of highway.

A highway extension to the new air station was required by the project—250,000 tons of material were transported by either truck or water routes during a year of construction.

Construction boom town.

Employing some 7,000 at its peak of construction, the area had a Gold Rush "boom town" feel as local residents were joined by workers from all over the country, eager to get on the high-paying jobs on station.

Foundation.

On 20 October 1942, U.S. Marines first arrived and took over security. Today, the station utilizes Navy Masters-At-Arms (MA) and Navy Civilian Police Department of Defense Police for standard local law enforcement and the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) for high-profile criminal investigations.  During construction, housing needs far outstripped supply, and barracks were built for workers on the station. Later, several housing areas were erected off station for workers and their families in Lexington Park, formerly Jarboesville, named in honor of the USS "Lexington", the Navy's second aircraft carrier, lost during the Battle of the Coral Sea on 8 May 1942. The town's expansion had begun.  The station was formally commissioned "U.S. Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, Maryland" on 1 April 1943. In a ceremony presided over by RADM John S. McCain, Sr., then chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Patuxent River was referred to as "the most needed station in the Navy." The unofficial name had been "Cedar Point" or the "Naval Air Station at Cedar Point", but officials were concerned about possible confusion with the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, so the new facility was named for the adjacent river.  In 1945 the Test Pilot School was established with the Navy's Flight Test Group transferred from Naval Air Station Anacostia, Washington, DC to NAS Patuxent River.  On June 16, 1945, the Naval Air Test Center was established as a separate entity, incorporating flight test and other test groups, at the Naval Air Station.

1950s: Flight test center and Test Pilot School Facilities Launched.

The base became a center for testing as several facilities were constructed throughout the 1950s and 1960s; including the facilities for United States Naval Test Pilot School (1958), the Weapons Systems Test Division (1960), and the Propulsion System Evaluation Facility. The base also served as the testing facility for the V-22 Osprey.  In addition to its role in testing naval aircraft, during the 1950s to 1970s Patuxent River served as an operational base for a Transport Squadron - VR-1, a TACAMO squadron - VQ-4, Airborne Training Unit Atlantic - AEWTULANT, and VW-11, VW-13 AN VW-15 and a number of Patrol Squadrons including VP-8, VP-44, VP-49, VP-24, VP-30 and VP-68.

1965: Addition of Reconnaissance Squadrons.

By 1965, reconnaissance Squadron VQ-4, based at NAS Patuxent River, began using Lockheed C-130s equipped with special communications equipment to perform their around-the-clock Take Charge and Move Out (TACAMO) mission. VQ-4 provided long-range, very-low-frequency communications relay between the National Command Center and the ballistic missile submarine fleet. Two A-7A Corsair II aircraft made the transatlantic crossing from NAS Patuxent River to Évreux, France, in 1967, racking up 3,327 nautical miles in just over seven hours, an unofficial long distance, non-refueled flight by light attack jet aircraft.  Cooperation with the British also led to transatlantic visits to PAX River by RAF squadrons.

1970s: Ongoing Development of Major Naval Aircraft.

Research and development at NAS Patuxent River forged ahead in the 1970s. The Grumman F-14 Tomcat, the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II jump jet, and the Lockheed P-3 Orion were just a few of the major aircraft programs undergoing the rigorous test and evaluation process at NAS Patuxent River. Helicopter programs also achieved major milestones during the 1970s. The Naval Air Test Center (NATC) at NAS Patuxent River took part in helicopter development and testing for new roles, such as minesweeping. The final flight of the service acceptance trials for the Bell AH-1 SuperCobra gunship were made at NATC Patuxent River.

Renaming of the airfield.

On 1 April 1976, Patuxent River's airfield was named after pioneering aviator VADM Frederick M. Trapnell, a former commander of the Naval Air Test Center at the station. Keynote address speaker, ADM Frederick H. Michaelis, Chief of Naval Material, noted: "All who fly in Navy blue remain indebted to Vice Admiral Trapnell. This field will serve as a living reminder of that debt."

1990s: End of Cold War, base consolidations favor PAX River NAS.

Growth.

Since the end of the Cold War, the Pentagon's Base Realignment and Closure measures have migrated research and testing facilities for both rotary and fixed-wing aircraft to NAS Patuxent River from decommissioned bases. The complex now hosts over 17,000 people, including active-duty service members, civil-service employees, defense contractor employees, and military dependents.

Film Location.

The base was also used as a filming location for the Harrison Ford film "Random Hearts" (1999). Ford and director Sydney Pollack both visited Naval Air Station Patuxent River. Ford, a certified pilot, flew the aircraft himself.

2000's: Forefront of Research, development, and testing.

In January, 1992, the PAX River Station acquired the Aircraft Division of the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWCAD). Naval Test Wing Atlantic (NTWL) was already located there. NAWCAD was a branch of the Naval Air Warfare Center, created in 1991, and located in Washington, DC. Its mission was the development and improvement of weapons. The partnership of these two units led to a flourishing of aircraft research and development at Patuxent.  A number of new laboratory facilities on the forefront of research were created: a Manned Flight Simulator, the Aircraft Anechoic Test Facility, the Air Combat Environment Test and Evaluation Facility, the Aircraft Test and Evaluation Facility, the Captain Steven A. Hazelrigg Flight Test Facility. The physical plant was expanded by new construction: the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School academic building, an Aviation Survival Training Center pool facility and a new Air Traffic Control Tower. The base has not been slow in social advancement, either. In 2013, a new, large-size Child Development Center (CDC) was completed. On 18 September 2014, Captain Heidi Fleming became the first female commanding officer of NAS Patuxent River, where she served until 2016.  For the future, the researchers are looking in the direction of unmanned flight.

See also.

"Area Information".

Town.

The base is located adjacent to Lexington Park, Maryland

Local off base government and services.

The town is unincorporated and is under the Saint Mary's County government which also provides all municipal services.

Area Civilian transportation.

Limited local buses are provided through St. Mary's Transit, and commuter bus service to Washington, D.C. is provided by MTA.  The nearest commercial airports are Reagan National Airport in Washington D.C. and Baltimore Washington International Airport (BWI) in suburban Baltimore.  St. Mary's County is also served by a civilian general aviation airport called Captain Walter Duke Regional Airport near Leonardtown, Maryland

External links.

Military  Area Recreation and attractions

Naval Air Station Patuxent River, also known as NAS Pax River, is a United States naval air station located in St. Mary’s County, Maryland, on the Chesapeake Bay near the mouth of the Patuxent River.

La Naval Air Station Patuxent River ou NAS Patuxent River est une base aérienne appartenant à l'US Navy et installée dans le comté de Saint Mary dans le Maryland, sur la côte Est des États-Unis. Elle tire son nom d'une rivière toute proche qui se jette dans la baie de Chesapeake.


Background.

The creation of the 1983 constitution was spearheaded by then-Prime Minister P.W. Botha. It was approved by white voters in a referendum on 2 November 1983, in which 66.3% of ballots cast were in favour of the new constitution.

Provisions.

Among the 1983 constitution's most controversial provisions was its establishment of the Tricameral Parliament, a legislative arrangement that would permit the Coloured and Indian race groups to be represented in parliament on a segregated basis, and the abolition of the office of Prime Minister in favor of an executive State Presidency under ruling Prime Minister P. W. Botha.

Opposition.

Bill of Rights proposal.

The constitutions saw significant opposition from the anti-apartheid Progressive Federal Party. While opposing the utility of white rule, the PFP attempted to incorporate a 'Bill of Rights' into the new constitution proposed by the National Party. The motion was first submitted in August 1983, by Shadow Finance Minister Harry Schwarz. He stated that the Bill should guarantee freedom from discrimination on the ground of race, colour, sex or creed, freedom of conscience and religion, of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press, of association, peaceful assembly and movement, and freedom to pursue the gaining of a livelihood. It also included freedom from deprivation of life, liberty, security and property, except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. It would also guarantee equality before the law and equal protection and benefit of law.  Schwarz argued that if included in the constitution of the republic, it would act as a “protector of rights many people had struggled to achieve in South Africa” as well as to “act as an inspiration” to the people of South Africa and would “be a unifying factor in a country in which unity of people is essential for survival”. Helen Suzman, Shadow Law and Order Minister, argued that the exclusion of the bill would lead to "a further loss of civil liberties by all South Africans - in short, to one-party, one-group dictatorship in this country". It was also argued that the bill would be a statement of intent demonstrating that the days of discrimination on the grounds of race or colour had come to an end.  While virtually all MPs of the Progressive Federal Party supported the bill, no other party in Parliament supported it. Rejecting Schwarz’s proposal, Daan van der Merwe of the Conservative Party stated that the bill, based on a “leftist-liberal political philosophy”, would jeopardise the freedom of the white man. New Republic Party leader Vause Raw said Schwarz “a master at platitudes” was seeking idealistic freedoms that did not exist anywhere in the world. Following the rejection of Schwarz’s bill, fellow PFP MPs' Helen Suzman, Colin Eglin, Ray Swart and Dave Dalling attempted a further four times to introduce a Bill of Rights. The Bills were effectively blocked by the National Party by placing them at the end of the order paper.

The Constitution of 1983 (formally the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983) was South Africa's third constitution. It replaced the republican constitution that had been adopted when South Africa became a republic in 1961 and was in force for ten years before it was superseded by the Interim Constitution on 27 April 1994, which in turn led to the current Constitution of South Africa, which has been in force since 1997.

La Constitution de 1983 est la troisième constitution d'Afrique du Sud. Elle remplaça la Constitution républicaine qui avait été adopté quand l’Afrique du Sud est devenue une république en 1961 et est restée en vigueur dix ans avant d'être remplacée par la Constitution provisoire du 27 avril 1994, qui à son tour conduisit à la Constitution de l'Afrique du Sud, en vigueur depuis 1997.


History.

The first Panhandle oil well was drilled in the Borger area on May 2, 1921, on the 6666 (the "Four Sixes") Ranch of S.B. Burnett. The strike was of a poor quality, and later wells in Borger and Pampa spurred the petroleum boom. The first rotary drilling rig, built at the then-staggering price of $25,000, was placed into use near Borger by W.T. Willis, J.E. Trigg, and H.D. Lewis. The drill could pierce through rock.  Ace Borger and his business partner John R. Miller purchased a townsite near the Canadian River in March 1926 after the discovery of oil in the vicinity. Within a few months, the boomtown had swollen to a population of 45,000, most lured by sensational advertising and "black gold". In October 1926, the city charter was adopted, and Miller was elected mayor. By this time, the Panhandle & Santa Fe Railway had completed the spur line to Borger, a post office had opened, and a school district was established. The boomtown of Borger soon had steam-generated electricity, telephone service, a hotel, and a jail. Regionalist artist Thomas Hart Benton depicted this period of Borger in his large painting "Boomtown".  In the months that followed, oilmen, roughnecks, prospectors, panhandlers, and fortune seekers were joined by cardsharks, prostitutes, bootleggers, and drug dealers. The city became known as "Booger Town", as it attracted criminals and fugitives from the law. The town government soon fell under control of an organized crime syndicate led by Mayor Miller's shady associate, "Two-Gun Dick" Herwig. Dixon Street (now Tenth Street) was the "red-light" district, housing brothels, dance halls, speakeasies, and gambling dens. Murder and robbery became an everyday occurrence, and illegal moonshining and home brewing flourished under the fatherly watch of Herwig and his henchmen, including W. J. (Shine) Popejoy, the king of the Texas bootleggers. Borger became so notorious that in the spring of 1927, Texas Governor Dan Moody sent a force of Texas Rangers to rein in the town. The Texas Rangers were led by Captains Frank Hamer and Thomas R. Hickman. (Hamer would go on to later fame and even infamy as the man who killed Bonnie and Clyde.)  The Rangers did have a stabilizing effect, but Borger still struggled with lawlessness and violence into the 1930s, climaxing with the murder of District Attorney John A. Holmes by an assassin on September 18, 1929. This event caused Governor Moody to impose martial law for a month and send in state troops to help rid the town of its criminal element. Eventually, Borger settled down, but not before town founder Ace Borger was shot and killed at the post office by Arthur Huey on August 31, 1934. Huey was county treasurer and was irked at Ace Borger for not bailing him out of jail on an embezzlement charge. Huey shot Borger five times with a Colt.45 pistol, even pulling Borger's own pistol out of his clothing and shooting him again, along with others there in the post office.  By the late 1930s, Borger was pushed from one era to another by the Great Depression. Phillips Petroleum and others profited from the oil fields in the area, but during this time, the price of oil and gas dropped, ending the "boom" and the rapid growth of Borger. Carbon black plants added black soot to the Dust Bowl storms, covering the town in layers of dark grime. "Okie" migrants forced off their foreclosed farms back in Oklahoma found work in Borger plants and refineries. The Works Project Administration provided the town with new red-brick streets as the ramshackle shacks throughout town were replaced by more permanent buildings. During World War II, synthetic rubber and other petroleum products became important in the Borger area. By the 1960s, the Borger area was one of the largest producers of oil, carbon black, and petrochemicals and supplies in the state. The creation of nearby Lake Meredith also added to the town's economy as an important recreational area.  Today, Borger remains an important shipping point for agricultural produce, as well as for the petroleum products produced there. It is the home of the world's largest inland petrochemical complexes. Chevron-Phillips Chemical Company produces specialty chemicals. Solvay produces RYTON PPS plastics. Phillips 66 Petroleum Company processes crude oil and natural gas liquids. Agrium manufactures nitrogen fertilizer in its Borger plant. Borger also has Sid Richardson Carbon Company, which produces rubber-grade carbon black used to strengthen rubber tires, and Orion Engineered Carbons, Inc., which produces a variety of carbon blacks at its Borger facility. The original townsite is said to have been founded around 1898 by John F. Weatherly, a rancher who built a dugout and gave the future town the grandiose name of Granada. Weatherly's wife wanted it named after her former home – a town in West Virginia called Isom.  In 1900, Weatherly opened a store in his ranchhouse, which also became the first post office. Mrs. Weatherly opened a café and the community had a school opened by 1907. In October 1919, the mail was diverted through Plemons and the Isom post office closed.  The Weatherlys lost interest in the town they founded and moved to the nearby town of Panhandle in 1922, but they wisely retained ownership of all that was Isom. When oil was discovered in early 1926, Weatherly returned and moved the town to the oilfield spur of the railroad near Borger.  Isom was platted with all lots south of First Street being Isom, Texas, and all streets north in Borger. From June to December 1926, the towns were rivals.  Although the town had a railroad depot, several oil-well supply warehouses, and no shortage of would-be citizens, a petition signed by 1,200 residents in early December declared Borger the winner. Isom's school merged with Borger's schools, driving the last stake into Isom.  The town has the dubious distinction of being the oldest of the townsites annexed by Borger.  During the winter of 1982–1983, Borger received a total of 58.7 inches of snow. This is the most snow that any Texas town has ever received during a winter season.

Politics.

Borger and Hutchinson County are among the strongest Republican voting districts in Texas and the nation, having cast GOP ballots at the presidential level in all elections for more than a half century. Even Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona, who was swamped nationally and in Texas by native son Lyndon B. Johnson, won Hutchinson County, 5,358 to 4,625. In 1984, Ronald W. Reagan carried 9,078 votes in Hutchinson County to only 2,052 for the Democrat Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota. In 1996, Robert J. Dole of Kansas polled 6,350 votes in Hutchinson County to 2,553 for incumbent President Bill Clinton. H. Ross Perot, the Dallas industrialist, received 864 votes. The only Democrat since Lyndon Johnson to exceed 3,600 votes in Hutchinson County was Jimmy Carter in 1976, but Gerald R. Ford handily defeated him in the county.  In the 2008 presidential primaries, Hutchinson County cast 3,170 votes in the Republican race and 1,538 in the Democratic contest. In the United States Senate primary, 2,875 votes were cast in the Republican primary, largely for incumbent Senator John Cornyn, and 1,211 votes were cast in the Democratic portion of the ballot.  In the 2008 presidential election, Hutchinson County cast 7,361 votes for John McCain and 1,322 for Barack Obama.

Geography and climate.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Borger has a total land area of.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, 13,251 people, 5,591 households, and 3,997 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,637.9 people per square mile (632.5/km2). The 6,462 housing units averaged 740.1 per square mile (285.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.6% White, 3.6% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 9.36% from other races, and 2.44% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 19.70% of the population.  Of the 5,591 households, 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.5% were not families. About 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.204.  In the city, the population was distributed as 27.8% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $34,653, and for a family was $40,417. Males had a median income of $39,207 versus $19,654 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,869. About 9.7% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Entertainment.

Sports.

Baseball

Education.

Primary and secondary education in Borger is almost entirely conducted by the Borger Independent School District, with 2,800 students on six campuses (Paul Belton Early Childhood Center, Crockett and Gateway Elementary, Borger Intermediate School, Borger Middle School, and Borger High School). A private school, Cornerstone Christian Academy, is also in Borger, with over 40 students on campus – an all-time high since it opened in 1990. St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church operated a Catholic school for many years, but it has been closed since the early 1990s.  About 3,000 students in Borger attend the community college, Frank Phillips College.

Borger ( ) is the largest city in Hutchinson County, Texas, United States. The population was 13,251 at the 2010 census. Borger is named for businessman Asa Philip "Ace" Borger, who also established the Hutchinson County seat of Stinnett and several other small towns in Texas and Oklahoma.

La ville américaine de Borger est située dans le comté de Hutchinson, dans l’État du Texas. Elle comptait lors du recensement de 2010, ce qui en fait la ville la plus peuplée du comté.


Education and background.

In 1943, Ōshiro enrolled at Tōa Dobunshoin University (East Asian University of Literature), a Japanese institution of higher education established in Shanghai’s Hongqiao neighborhood. In 1946, he returned to Japan following the nation's defeat in World War II and worked as a high school teacher. He later worked in the governmental offices of Okinawa Prefecture, where he was in charge of editing materials in the fields of economics and history. From 1983 to 1986, he served as the director of the Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum.

Works.

Many of Oshiro's works depict the complex, controversial geopolitics of Okinawa. His stories show individuals caught in the turmoil of historical conditions such as the transformation of the premodern Ryukyu Kingdom into a prefecture of modern Japan, Okinawa's post-World War II military occupation by the United States, and the island's extensive hosting of U.S. military bases in the 21st century despite widespread local opposition and protests.  His book 'Noroeste Railway' (1985) is considered as one of the best works on the lives and minds of Japanese emigrants ('Nikkei'). It dwells with a Japanese couple who were amongst the first Japanese to emigrate to Brazil, in 1908, and their struggle to manage their dual national and cultural connections. (Prof. Nishi Masahiko)

"The Cocktail Party".

His first major success was "The Cocktail Party", for which he won an Akutagawa Prize in 1967, becoming the first Okinawan author to earn the distinction. The novella tells the story of an Okinawan man, the narrator, who is invited to a house party on a U.S. base also attended by American, Chinese, and Japanese guests. During the party, the narrator is forced to navigate a conversational minefield due to the cultural perceptions and divergent political views among the guests. When he returns home that evening, he learns that his daughter was raped by the U.S. serviceman renting a room from him. When he turns to friends and acquaintances, he discovers that unresolved historical issues will impede justice for his daughter.  The novella has been noted for addressing the epidemic of military rape, exemplified in such incidents as the Yumiko-chan incident, in which efforts to pursue criminal charges against a U.S. soldier over the rape and murder of a six-year-old girl were hampered by Okinawa's extraterritoriality.  In 2015, "The Cocktail Party" was made into an independent film directed by Regge Life. The novella has been adapted for the stage, with a premiere at the Hawaii Okinawa Center in 2011.

He was awarded the Akutagawa Prize in 1967 for his novella of the same year, "The Cocktail Party", which has been adapted for the stage and made into a film.

Tatsuhiro Ōshiro (né le ) est un romancier et dramaturge originaire d'Okinawa. Il reçoit le prix Akutagawa en 1967 pour son roman "Kakutera Pati". Oshiro est également un innovateur du traditionnel genre "kumi odori" des îles Ryukyu. "Umino Tenzakai" et "Hingire, Niibichi" comptent parmi les pièces qu'il a écrites.


Biography.

Fox began his career in animation at Max Fleischer's studio, but left due to labor unrest. He entered the comic book industry, working for a number of studios and companies, including DC Comics. During this period he was an editor and a cover artist for Quality Comics, with his work gracing the covers of such titles as "Torchy" and "Plastic Man". In 1941, he wrote several weeks of continuity for the "Spirit" daily newspaper strip. A 1941 comic book written by Gill Fox, describing a German attack on Pearl Harbor, was published one month before the real-life Japanese attack on that U.S. naval base.  He left his editorial position at Quality in 1943 to serve in World War II, where he worked for "Stars and Stripes". Once discharged from military service, Fox freelanced for Quality Comics until the early 1950s.  Fox later moved to advertising, working for the Johnstone and Cushing advertising agency. There he met Dik Browne, and assisted him on Browne's comic strip "Hi and Lois". He also assisted/ghosted on several other strips as favors to friends.  Fox later worked as a political cartoonist for the Connecticut newspapers "The Fairfield Citizen" and the "Connecticut Post"; he was nominated for two Pulitzer Prizes.  He died in Redding Ridge, Connecticut, at age 88.

Personal life and family.

Fox was the brother of the illustrator Lorraine Fox.  Circa 1940, Gill Fox married Helen Fittipaldi, who died in 1998. They had two children, daughters Donna Morency and Susan Fox.

Gilbert Theodore Fox (November 29, 1915 – May 15, 2004) was an American political cartoonist, comic book artist and editor, and animator.

Gill Fox (né le à Brooklyn et mort le à Redding Ridge) est un animateur, auteur de bande dessinée, dessinateur de presse et directeur éditorial américain.


History.

Rörstrand was first documented in the 13th century when Magnus Ladulås donated property to the Clara Convent. In 1527, under Gustavus Vasa, the area was returned to the crown. The area was named "Rörstrand" because the clear lake's shore was overgrown with reeds.  After an ”Associations contract between all concerned in the Swedish Porcelain works, which will be established at great Rörstrand in the Delft manner” was signed in 1726, a porcelain factory was built at the castle Rörstrand. The factory had indeed been given the privilege to produce true porcelain, but faience was the only thing that was actually produced, a fact that would not change until the 1770s. In 1758, rival Marieberg began to produce flintware. High production costs, small market, and strong competition from imported Chinese porcelain kept Rörstrand from trying to copy Marieberg's goods.  By the 1770s, Rörstrand began producing its own English flintware, but it took a substantial amount of time until Rörstrand succeed in mastering the technology. After the acquisition of Marieberg in 1785, Rörstrand was the only major Swedish porcelain factory, and technology was not a priority. Only after Gustavsberg, founded in 1825, become a competitor, mass production of printed tableware (earthenware) took off. During the 1860s, the Rörstrand porcelain facility was one of the nation's largest factories.  In 1900, Rörstrand employed around 1,100 people. The factory's products had an excellent reputation worldwide and participated successfully in various art and industrial exhibitions.  The expansion of Stockholm city meant that the land was needed for housing. The factory in Rörstrand was closed down and demolished in 1926. Production was moved first to Gothenburg (after acquiring the Gothenburg porcelain factory) and then to Lidköping in the 1930s.  Between 1960 and 1990, Rörstrand passed through several owners, including Upsala-Ekeby AB, Finnish Wärtsilä, Hakusan and Gustavsberg porcelain factory. As of 2001, Rörstrand is a part of Iittala, which moved production to Sri Lanka and Hungary. On 30 December 2005, the factory in Lidköping closed down. Thus ended an important chapter of Swedish industrial history after almost 280 years. In 2007, Iittala, which owns the Rörstrand brand, was acquired by Fiskars.  The former porcelain factory is now a museum, in which the legacy lives on.

Tableware.

Right from the beginning, it was possible to order complete dinnerware table sets in the same decor. They were usually custom-made, and no product names were assigned to these sets.  When printed decors for mass production turned up - the first dinnerware dates from 1826 - they were not given product names. In the mid-1800s, a few descriptive names as "Turkish pattern" appeared in the price lists, but only at the end of the 1800s product names were for tableware were introduced. The exception is the Willow pattern, which was already well known and well reputed in England; Rörstrand produced its version of the decor between 1830 and 1888.  The "Purple Lace" pattern was one of the 1800s most popular tableware sets and manufactured well into the 1900s, with production from 1845 to 1934. At the turn of the century, Rörstrand created a range of tableware sets which were produced for nearly 50 years, for example "Bella" and "Vineta".  Another of Rörstrands long-running dinnerware sets was "Green Anna" (Swedish: Gröna Anna or Grön Anna). Starting in 1926, the design was produced by the Gothenburg Porcelain Factory. "Ostindia" is an example of one of the factory's popular designs; it is still produced today.  As for more recent productions, "Mon Amie" - the white porcelain tableware with cobalt blue nuanced flowers - was designed by Marianne Westman in 1952. Through the years, "Mon Amie" became a classic and was relaunched in 2008 as a celebration of Marianne Westman's 80th birthday.  In 1956, Rörstrand designer Hertha Bengtson developed "Koka Blå". In the 1960s, the "Koka" design was also launched in the versions brown and green.

Rörstrand porcelain was one of the most famous Swedish porcelain manufacturers, with production initially at Karlberg Sea on Kungsholmen in Stockholm.

Rörstrand est une marque de vaisselle en porcelaine qui appartient aujourd'hui (2012) au groupe finlandais Iittala. Il s'agissait à l'origine d'une société suédoise dont le site de production était situé à Rörstrand dans le centre de Stockholm.


Early life.

Mark Shannon was born as Manlio Cersosimo in Rome on December 8, 1939, the son of Vincenzo Cersosimo, a known magistrate and criminal lawyer. He worked at the exchange office of the Bank of Italy from 1965 to 1975 and as a tourist guide.

Film career (1979-1983).

Shannon already appeared in a small role in "Vino, whisky e acqua salata" (1962), but started his film career starring in Roberto Mauri's "Le porno killers" (alongside Carmen Russo) and in Joe D'Amato's Caribbean films "Porno Holocaust", "Erotic Nights of the Living Dead", "Hard Sensation", and "Sesso nero", all shot in the second half of 1979 and released in 1980 and 1981.  During his film career, he kept working as travel agency correspondent. From 1979 to 1981, he was stationed in Tanzania and only acted in films during breaks, which usually lasted about three months.  Shannon continued to star in many films by Joe D'Amato, but also of Mario Bianchi, Antonio D'Agostino, Sergio Bergonzelli and Claudio Bernabei, until 1983. He had scenes with many notable Italian pornographic actresses, among them Lucia Ramirez, Annj Goren, Laura Gemser, Ajita Wilson, Marina Frajese, and Moana Pozzi.  Already during, but mostly after Shannon's active period, many of his scenes were reused in other adult productions.

Later life and death.

From 1984 to 1988, Shannon was correspondent for "International Travel Dixie Bird", after which he returned to Italy, working in tourism until 2004.  Shannon occasionally appeared in cameo roles on Italian television and made a last appearance in a film made for theatrical distribution, Giovanni Veronesi's "L'ultima ruota del carro" (2013).  For the blu-ray "Erotic Nights of the Living Dead" released by Code Red on June 15, 2018 in the United States, Mark Shannon gave a 20-minute interview in which he talked about his experiences as hardcore pornographic actor and how they came to affect his life both during his active time and beyond.  Mark Shannon died in the first half of 2018, aged 78.

Mark Shannon (sometimes: Mark Shanon or Mark Channon; birthname: Manlio Cersosimo) was an Italian pornographic actor active mainly from 1979 to 1983 and cast - often as protagonist - in more than 30 Italian adult films, many of which were produced, lensed and directed by Joe D'Amato. He was the first Italian male protagonist in Italian cinema performing non-simulated sex on screen and has been called the first Italian "pornodivo".

Mark Shannon, né Manlio Cersosimo à Rome en 1939, est un acteur italien ayant surtout travaillé dans le cinéma pornographique.


Route description.

Highway 102 passes through terrain typical of northern Ontario highways, including thick boreal forest and muskeg. On an eastward journey, the surroundings quickly change from isolated muskeg-ridden foothills to urban development as the highway enters Thunder Bay from the north. Highway 102 provides a shortcut over the Trans-Canada Highway to the south.  Highway 102 begins at Sistonens Corners, immediately south of a Canadian National Railway (CN) overpass, along Highway 11 and Highway 17. A truck stop sits to the west of the intersection. From there, the two-lane road travels east through rolling hills, with muskeg dotting the valleys between the hills. It parallels roughly to the south of the Shebandowan River for before crossing both the CN and Canadian Pacific Railway tracks as well as the Kaministiquia River. The highway meets Silver Falls Road, which proceeds north to Silver Falls Provincial Park. The terrain becomes gentler as the route passes several houses while travelling alongside a creek. The highway curves as it meets a power transmission line, which it then parallels. It zig-zags southeast, passing alongside Mud Lake and briefly curving back to the east. Curving back to the southeast, the highway serves several houses before crossing into Thunder Bay at Townline Road and curving to the east.  Within the city limits, the density of residences surrounding the highway rapidly increases as the terrain flattens. The highway intersects Mapleward Road, then diverges from the power transmission lines and curves southeast into suburban Thunder Bay. It meets Secondary Highway 589 after passing the Emerald Greens Golf Course. The route then travels through North McIntyre, formerly a separate community which was annexed. It descends through a wide muskeg, after which it is crossed by several power transmission lines. The highway enters urban Thunder Bay immediately thereafter, where it passes to the west of County Fair Mall before ending at an intersection with the Thunder Bay Expressway. The road which carries Highway 102 continues through Thunder Bay as Red River Road, and was once part of the highway.

History.

Highway 102 was designated by the beginning of 1972, following the route of the former Highway 11A and Highway 17A. Prior to that, the Dawson Road generally followed the present route of the highway.  The history of the Dawson Road began in 1857 when Henry Hind and Simon Dawson were commissioned to survey the territorial claims of the Hudson's Bay Company, as well as to survey a route between Lake Superior and the Red River. A second set of surveys were carried out by Captain John Palliser that same year. The latter recommended avoiding the Kaministiquia River, but ultimately Hind and Dawson's route was chosen. By 1868, the route was blazed between Shebandowan and what would soon be named "Prince Arthur's Landing" (later changed to Port Arthur). In 1870, the Wolseley Expedition set out from Toronto to end the Red River Rebellion. When Colonel Garnet Wolseley arrived at the present site of Winnipeg, the rebels had fled. However, the expedition resulted in the construction of a road along Dawson's route. It was further improved in 1871.  In 1935, the Department of Northern Development (DND) began construction on a northern bypass of Port Arthur, mostly following the Dawson Road. This road was designated Highway 17A on April 1, 1937, when the DND merged into the Department of Highways. In 1959, Highway 120 was renumbered as Highway 11, and a concurrency with Highway 17 between Shabaqua Corners and Nipigon was created to join the discontinuous segments. As the northern bypass of Port Arthur now formed an alternate route to both Highway 11 and 17, it was codesignated as Highway 11A and 17A.  Between January 1971 and 1972, Highway 11A and Highway 17A were redesignated as Highway 102. Work began shortly thereafter to realign several sections of the highway with dangerous curves and steep grades approaching the Kaministiquia River; the highway opened in 1975, featuring a new bridge over the river.

King's Highway 102, commonly referred to as Highway 102, formerly as Highway 11A and Highway 17A and historically as the Dawson Road, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, serving as a northern bypass to the city of Thunder Bay for all vehicle traffic.

La route 102 est une route provinciale de l'Ontario, située dans le nord-ouest de la province, au nord-ouest de Thunder Bay. Elle possède une longueur de 33 kilomètres.


History.

Channel 11 in Bogotá took to the air in 1970 as what was then the second channel of Inravisión, primarily intended as an adult education service and complement to the more general format of Televisora Nacional. With the expropriation of Teletigre in 1971 and resulting shuffle of Colombia's television stations, channel 11 became the Tercera Cadena behind Televisora Nacional (rebadged Primera Cadena) and the new Segunda Cadena (formerly the private channel Teletigre).  The name was changed several times in the 1980s and early 1990s, to Cadena 3 in 1984 and then Canal 3 as of 1992. On December 13, 1995, the channel, which had become the cultural alternative to the mixed commercial service of the other two channels, became known as Señal Colombia.  In 2013, Radio Televisión Nacional de Colombia, the successor to Inravisión, was renamed Señal Colombia Sistema de Medios Públicos.

Programming.

Señal Colombia has long had a history of being a public service and culturally-oriented channel, including educational programs in its schedule. In addition, especially in the final years of Inravisión, it was the home to institutional programming and legislative sessions. The creation of Señal Institucional in late 2003 led to those programs moving there.  In recent years Señal Colombia has increased its transmission of major sporting events, including the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup, which have significantly boosted its ratings. Outside of those events, its schedule includes many children's programs, educational shows and older Colombian television productions, but lacks regular news and public affairs programming, which is a specialty of Señal Institucional with its multiple newscasts from international news outlets.

Señal Colombia is a Colombian national television channel established and funded by the government. Its aim is to broadcast educational and cultural programmes that reflect the local culture and tastes of the Colombian population. Launched in 1970 as "Canal 11", it was known as "Cadena Tres" or "Canal Tres" in the late 1980s and early 1990s and has used its current name since December 13, 1995.

Lancée en 1970 sous le nom de "Canal 11", elle s'est également appelée'ou'fin des années 1980 et début des années 1990.