Championnat d'Europe de football de plage 2004

Teams.

This season 18 nations took part in the Euro Beach Soccer League whom were and were distributed as follows:

Superfinal berths.

There were eight berths available in this season's Superfinal, expanded from the six spots in previous seasons. The table summarises in what positions nations needed to finish in their respective divisions in order to qualify to the Superfinal, what round of the Superfinal they would enter finishing in said positions, and the seeding they would receive.  Allocations

Division A.

Division A consisted of six rounds of fixtures known as "stages", with one stage hosted in each of the six countries participating as shown. Four teams took part in each, with each team taking part in a total of four of the six stages. In each stage, the teams played each other once. The nation who earned the most points at the end of the stage was crowned stage winners.  At the end of the six stages all results were tallied up in a final league table.

Stage 1.

The first stage took place in Marsielle, France. Portugal claimed the stage.

Stage 2.

The second stage took place in Scoglitti, Italy. Spain won their first stage of the season.

Stage 3.

The third stage took place in Portimão, Portugal. The hosts earned their second stage crown.

Stage 4.

The fourth stage took place in Stavanger, Norway. A second stage victory was claimed by Spain.

Stage 5.

The penultimate fifth stage took place in Palma de Mallorca, Mallorca, Spain. The hosts won their third stage title of the season. The Spanish also earned enough points during this stage to secure first place in the final division standings.

Stage 6.

The sixth and final stage was due to be the English stage of Division A, to be held in Brighton (originally to be stage 1 of the division, held at the end of June). However, the sponsors of the English event in previous years, Kronenbourg, and other potential sponsors, were deterred from investing in the event again due to this year's fixtures clashing with Euro 2004, in which it was believed audiences would be far more interested and therefore a risk to invest money into this event. Sky continued to offer TV coverage, but no new sponsor could be found, and so the stage was ultimately cancelled.  BSWW subsequently made an attempt to reorganise the stage as stage 6 in Catanzaro, Italy at the end of August, but this ultimately fell through too.

Final Division A table.

The top four Division A teams qualified to the Superfinal. The final positions of the nations occupying first through fourth respectively determined seedings in the quarter-finals. Spain were crowned runaway winners of the division, earning the top seed in the Superfinal. France, finishing in the last qualifying position, claimed the lowest seed on offer in Division A.  Despite the teams playing different numbers of games due to stage 6 being cancelled, this ultimately proved inconsequential to the final league table since, after the completion of stage 5, Norway had no fixtures remaining and it was impossible for England to gain enough points in the final round of matches to move up into a Superfinal qualification spot. Hence the four qualifiers were confirmed at this point. If played, the matches of stage 6 would have been dead rubbers.

Division B.

Like the top tier, Division B consisted of five rounds of fixtures known as "stages", with one stage hosted in each of the five countries participating as shown. Four teams took part in each stage, with each nation participating in four of the five stages overall. In every round of fixtures the teams played each other once. The nation who earned the most points at the end of the stage was crowned stage winners.  At the end of the five stages all results were tallied up in a final league table.

Stage 1.

The first stage took place in Istanbul, Turkey. Belgium won the first stage of Division B.

Stage 2.

The second stage took place in Linz, Austria. Switzerland won the event.

Stage 3.

The third stage took place in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, alongside the running of the Division A and C events. Austria claimed their first stage win.

Stage 4.

The fourth and next to last stage took place in Interlaken, Switzerland. The hosts won their second stage crown.

Stage 5.

The fifth and final stage took place in Brussels, Belgium. The hosts won the event, their second of the season, and secured the division title after beating Germany on the final day.

Final Division B table.

The top three Division B teams qualified to the Superfinal. The final positions of the nations occupying first through third respectively determined seedings in the quarter-finals. The remaining Division B nations exited this season's EBSL.  Belgium were crowned winners. Switzerland and Austria were the other two successful teams, qualifying ahead of Germany by a slim margin.

Division C.

Results.

The inaugural season of Division C was played as a straight knockout tournament. All teams contesting the division started in the quarter-finals, playing one match per round until the final when the winner was crowned. The losers of the quarter-finals played in consolation matches to determine their final division placements.  Slovenia withdrew immediately prior to the start of the event, giving Poland a walkover into the semi-finals, Monaco a bye in the consolation matches with no opponent to face, and meant there was no seventh place play-off.

Final Division C standings.

The winner of the division qualified into the Superfinal quarter-finals. The remaining Division C nations exited this season's EBSL.  The Ukraine won the Division C tournament title, comfortably beating Hungary in the final. Since they withdrew, Slovenia did not receive a placing.

Superfinal.

Qualified teams.

This is a summary of the teams who qualified for the Superfinal.

Results.

This season the Superfinal was played as a straight knockout tournament. All eight teams contesting the title started in the quarter-finals, playing one match per round until the final when the winner of the 2004 Euro Beach Soccer League was crowned. The losers of the quarter-finals played in consolation matches to determine their final league placements.

Superfinal final standings.

France beat Portugal in the final to win their first Euro Beach Soccer League title.  The success of the three nations finishing in the podium positions meant they earned qualification for the upcoming FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup. The teams in fourth through seventh place competed in a final play off stage to decide which nation would gain the remaining berth at the World Cup.

The 2004 Euro Beach Soccer League, was the seventh edition of the Euro Beach Soccer League (EBSL), originally known as the "European Pro Beach Soccer League", the premier beach soccer competition contested between European men's national teams, occurring annually since its establishment in 1998. The league was organised by Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) between July 2 and September 5, 2004 in ten different nations across Europe.

L'Euro Beach Soccer League 2004 est la édition de l'Euro Beach Soccer League, la plus importante compétition européenne de football de plage.


History.

The Devereux () family is of Norman descent and came to England after the Norman conquest in 1066 – this branch lorded over Lyonshall and Bodenham, Herefordshire, as their main estates. Sir Walter Devereux (died 1485) married Anne Ferrers, 7th Baroness Ferrers of Chartley (d. 1469) (see the Baron Ferrers of Chartley for earlier history of this title). He was summoned to Parliament as Lord Ferrers of Chartley in her right. Devereux was killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, fighting on the side of King Henry VII. Their son, the eighth Baron, married Cicely, daughter of William Bourchier, Viscount Bourchier, son of Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex and 5th Baron Bourchier) (see the Baron Bourchier for more information on the Bourchier family). He was succeeded by his son, the ninth Baron, who served with distinction in the French Wars of King Henry VIII and was honoured in 1550 when he was created Viscount Hereford in the Peerage of England.  He was succeeded by a grandson, the son of his second son, Hon. Sir Richard Devereux. This latter Walter Devereux was also a prominent soldier during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Lord Hereford was a Field Marshal of the forces sent to quell the Northern Rebellion of 1569 and led an expedition to occupy Ulster in 1573. In 1570, he succeeded his first cousin twice removed as eighth Baron Bourchier in right of his great-grandmother Cecily Bourchier. In 1572, the earldom of Essex held by the Bourchier family (which had become extinct in 1540) was revived when he was created Earl of Essex in the Peerage of England. On his death the titles passed to his son Robert, the second Earl. He was the highly trusted courtier, soldier and favourite of Queen Elizabeth I. However, Lord Essex after many years defied the Queen and tried to raise a rebellion in London. He was condemned to death for high treason and beheaded in the Tower of London on 25 February 1601. His titles were forfeited.  However, his son Robert was restored in blood in 1603 and became the third Earl. He later fought as a Parliamentarian in the Civil War, leading the Parliamentary forces against Charles I at the Battle of Edgehill, the first major battle of the Civil War. He died on 14 September 1646 and was buried in Westminster Abbey on the 19 October, both Houses of Parliament attending the funeral. On Lord Essex's death the earldom of Essex became extinct. The barony of Ferrers of Chartley and barony of Bourchier fell into abeyance. leaving the viscountcy alone continuing (extant).  The Hereford viscountcy was inherited by the 4th Viscount's cousin, Sir Walter Devereux, 2nd Baronet, who became the 5th Viscount Hereford. He had previously represented in different parliaments Worcester, Tamworth and Lichfield in the House of Commons.  The titles descended from father to son until the death of his grandson, the seventh Viscount, in 1683. This Viscount died at the age of nine and was succeeded by his younger brother, the eighth Viscount. He died childless at an early age and was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, the ninth Viscount. He was the great-grandson of Sir George Devereux, brother of the fifth Viscount, and had served as Member of Parliament for Montgomery prior to his succession in 1700. He was Lord-Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire 1711–14.  His son, the 10th Viscount, represented Montgomery in Parliament for over 20 years until his succession in 1740. He died without male issue and was succeeded by his kinsman, the 11th Viscount. He was a great-great grandson of Sir George Devereux mentioned.  Lord Hereford was succeeded by his eldest son, the 12th Viscount. He was childless and on his death in 1783 the titles passed to his younger brother, the 13th Viscount, who moved the principal Welsh seat of the viscountcy from Montgomeryshire to Pencoyd in Brecknockshire. He was succeeded by his son, the 14th Viscount. He was a Tory politician and served under the Duke of Wellington as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners from 1828 to 1830 and under Sir Robert Peel as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms from 1834 to 1835.  The 15th Viscount, the Reverend Robert, was an Hon. Canon of Durham. From 1924, the 17th Viscount resided at Hampton Court, Herefordshire, which was sold by his grandson, the 18th Viscount, in 1972. The 18th Viscount instead chose to make his home at Haseley Court, Oxfordshire, which he relinquished in 1982, when he settled at Lyford Cay, near Nassau, in the Bahamas.  The titles are held by the 19th Viscount, who succeeded his father in 2004.  The Devereux baronetcy, of Castle Bromwich in the County of Warwick, was created in the Baronetage of England in 1611 for the Hon. Edward Devereux, seated at Castle Bromwich Hall, landowner and the fourth son of the first Viscount Hereford. He had briefly served Tamworth in the House of Commons. His eldest son succeeded his first cousin twice removed downwards as fifth Viscount Hereford in 1646.  The viscountcy of Hereford is the senior viscountcy in the Peerage of England. The Viscount Hereford is also the only one of the three English Viscounts who does not hold a higher title.

Viscounts Hereford (1550).

Viscounts Hereford (1550; reverted).

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Henry Walter de Bohun Devereux (born 2015).

Viscount Hereford is the oldest and only extant viscountcy in the Peerage of England, making the holder the Premier Viscount of England. The title was created in 1550 for Walter Devereux, 9th Baron Ferrers of Chartley.

Vicomte Hereford ( "Viscount Hereford") est titre de noblesse héréditaire, le titre plus ancien de vicomte dans la pairie d'Angleterre.


Early life, education and career.

Melançon was born in Napoleonville, Louisiana, the son of Nicee L. "Brownie" (née Talbot) and Joe Melançon. The grandson and great-grandson of sugar cane farmers, Melançon has spent most of his life in Napoleonville, 50 miles south of Baton Rouge. He owned and operated several small businesses, including two Baskin-Robbins outlets. He also served as head of the American Sugar Cane League.

Louisiana House of Representatives.

Melancon won a special election in 1987 in District 60 for the Louisiana House of Representatives for Assumption, Iberville, and West Baton Rouge parishes to succeed Harry J. Kember Jr., who resigned. He served alongside Clyde Kimball of Pointe Coupee Parish, whose District 29 then overlapped with West Baton Rouge Parish. Melancon left the House in 1993 and was succeeded by fellow Democrat Audrey McCain.

U.S. House of Representatives.

Melançon ran in 2004 for the House of Representatives seat in Louisiana's 3rd congressional district and won.

Committee assignments.

Very soon after being sworn in January 2005, Melançon joined the Blue Dog Coalition. Like most Southern Democrats, he is more conservative than most members of the national party, especially on social issues. But he did vote for the DREAM Act and repealing "Don't Ask, Don't Tell".

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

Just a few months after Melancon took office, Hurricane Katrina slammed into south Louisiana, causing massive levee failures and devastating flooding in the eastern part of his district. A second major storm, Hurricane Rita, struck the Gulf Coast three weeks later. Melancon worked with the rest of the Louisiana delegation in Congress to bring billions of recovery dollars to south Louisiana. He fought for federal funding for hurricane protection projects such as Morganza-to-the-Gulf and the levee systems in lower Plaquemines Parish and south Lafourche Parish.  Melancon has continuously urged other members of the United States Congress to visit south Louisiana for as long as Louisiana still has recovery or hurricane protection needs. He has brought Congressional delegations to the Gulf Coast to see firsthand the destruction from the storms as well as the ongoing need for hurricane protection and coastal restoration. Since the storms, Melancon has sponsored a number of reform bills to try to fix the flaws in the government's disaster response and relief system. As the representative for much of south Louisiana, Melançon has been an advocate in the United States Congress for hurricane recovery.

Supporting small businesses and economic development.

Melancon supported the Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act (H.R. 2352), a bill that provided funding for more small business development centers. These small business incubators provide office space, support, and technology to help new companies get off the ground. He also supported tax relief for small businesses, voting for the Small Business Tax Relief Act of 2007 (H.R. 976). The bill provided tax credits and incentives for expanding and purchasing new equipment. Melançon joined other members from energy-producing states, as well as the Louisiana Oil and Gas Association, to keep new taxes on the oil and gas industry out of the President's 2010 budget.

Climate change.

Melancon voted against the American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454) twice, once in the Energy and Commerce Committee and again in the full the United States House of Representatives. The bill is also known as the "Waxman-Markey Energy Bill" or the "cap-and-trade" bill. Melançon said in a release that he opposed the bill because he believed it would hurt his "district and the people I represent... The oil and gas industry is the engine driving south Louisiana's economy, providing good-paying jobs to hundreds of thousands of our workers for generations."  Melancon was successful in including an amendment in the bill that would protect Louisiana's share of wetlands restoration funding from cuts indirectly caused by hurricane disaster assistance.

America's Affordable Health Choices Act.

On July 31, 2009, Melançon voted against the America's Affordable Health Choices Act (H.R. 3200) in the Energy and Commerce Committee. Melançon explained in a statement that he voted against the bill for reasons including its potential effects on small businesses, the possibility of taxpayer-funded abortions, and increases in taxes.  Melançon said he was concerned that "the public option, as designed, would unfairly undercut anything the private sector could offer." He noted that the bill does not do enough to address the need for more providers in rural communities.  Melancon also voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in March 2010, because it "doesn’t work for Louisiana." However, he has not signed the discharge petition circulated by Iowa Republican Steve King calling for a complete repeal of the law.

Melançon voted for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In explaining his vote for the legislation, Melançon said, "The people of south Louisiana sent me to Congress because I promised to listen to them and do what I thought was right, not what was most popular or what my party told me to do. This plan, while far from perfect, will create or save an estimated 50,000 jobs in Louisiana, invest over $538 million in infrastructure projects for our state, and lay a foundation for long-term growth for our country through innovation and education."

Melancon voted for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.

Employee Free Choice Act.

Although Melancon is listed as a co-sponsor of the Employee Free Choice Act, his comments on the bill indicate a more ambivalent measure of support. He has stated, "I understand many of the concerns expressed by the business community. I am interested in bringing both sides together to work out their differences and develop a bipartisan solution that will address some of these concerns, while still protecting employees’ rights."

Federal Marriage Amendment.

In July 2006, Rep. Melancon voted in support of the Federal Marriage Amendment.

Matthew Shepard Act of 2009.

On 29 April 2009, Rep. Melancon voted against the federal hate crimes expansion bill known as the Matthew Shepard Act.

Political campaigns.

2004 U.S. House campaign.

Melancon declared his candidacy for Congress after longtime incumbent Billy Tauzin announced his retirement. Although he was considered an underdog for much of the race, he entered a runoff due to an especially ugly intraparty battle between Republican candidates Billy Tauzin III and state Senator Craig Romero, the former candidate being the son of the incumbent. In the runoff campaign, Melançon repeatedly hammered away at Tauzin III's family ties. Melançon won a victory by 569 votes. Romero set his sights on challenging Melançon in 2006, and was defeated again.

2006 U.S. House campaign.

On November 7, 2006, Melancon defeated Romero 55% to 40% to win a second term in the U.S. House.

2008 U.S. House campaign.

He was re-elected without opposition in November 2008. Because of William J. Jefferson's defeat on December 6 after federal corruption indictments, Melancon became the sole Democrat representing Louisiana in the U.S. House.

2010 U.S. Senate campaign.

Melançon challenged incumbent Republican U.S. Senator David Vitter in 2010. In announcing his candidacy on August 27, 2009, he billed himself as "a proud centrist" and "a straight up the middle fighter for the little guy."

Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.

Although Melancon lost the 2010 Senate race to David Vitter, he was appointed to serve in the Cabinet of Governor John Bel Edwards, the Democrat who defeated Vitter for governor in the 2015 general election. Melancon succeeded Robert J. Barham, a former state senator from Morehouse Parish, as the secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.  Melancon first said that Edwards administration officials asked him to resign in mid-February 2017. However, he suddenly resigned from the position just prior to Christmas Day 2016 because of a lingering dispute over the questionable spending of money from the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Richard Carbo, an Edwards spokesman, said that the governor to replace Melancon because "unnecessary public battles" were detracting from the pursuit of needed reforms.  Edwards said the agency will work to remedy the financial problems identified by the auditors. Melancon wrote Edwards that he had "accepted your appointment in the spirit of public service without the knowledge that I would be responsible for turning around a troubled state agency. However, many of the department's previous problems persist, driven largely by... (a recreational fishing group) and individuals within the department that we tried to put reforms in place to correct."  Edwards announced that state Representative Jack Montoucet of Scott in Lafayette Parish would take office in January 2017 to succeed Melancon as the wildlife and fisheries secretary.

Personal life.

Melançon is married to the former Peachy Clark; they have two children.

Charles Joseph Melançon (; born October 3, 1947) is an American politician and the former secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.

Charles Joseph Melançon dit Charlie Melancon, né le à Napoleonville (Louisiane), est un homme politique américain membre du Parti démocrate. Il est élu de Louisiane à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis de 2005 à 2011.


Classical antiquity.

Of the known types of bronze or brass, not distinguished in classical antiquity and interchangeably known in Latin as "aes" and in Greek as χαλκός, Corinthian bronze was the most valuable. Statues, vases and vessels, or other objects formed of this metal were priceless, of greater value than if they had been made of silver or gold. Pliny the Elder distinguished it into three kinds, depending on the metal that is added to the copper base: in the first, gold is added ("luteum"); in the second, silver ("candidum"); in the third, gold, silver, and copper are equally blended. Plutarch and Cicero both comment that Corinthian bronze, unlike many other copper alloys, is resistant to tarnishing. Pliny also refers to a fourth, dark alloy, known as hepatizon. Petronius and other authors mocked the connoisseurs of their day who claimed to be able to identify it.  According to legend, Corinthian bronze was first created by accident, during the burning of Corinth by Lucius Mummius Achaicus in 146 BC, when the city's immense quantities of gold, silver, and copper melted together. Pliny however, remarked that this story is unbelievable, because most of the creators of the highly valued works in Corinthian bronze in Ancient Greece lived at a much earlier period than second century BC. According to Pliny, the method of making it had been lost for a long time, although some sources describe the process by which it is created, involving heat treatment, quenching, leaching, and burnishing, in a process similar to depletion gilding. The lost ability to give an object made from bronze the appearance of gold or silver may be one strand behind the later alchemical quest to turn base metals into precious metals.

Outside classical antiquity.

Articles made of Corinthian bronze are mentioned in the Bible. The Beautiful Gate (or Nicanor Gate) of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, mentioned in the Book of Acts 3:2–10, was a large, 18 metre (60 feet) wide structure said to be either solid, or covered in plates of, Corinthian brass. Another Biblical reference, in Book of Ezra 8:27, is usually translated "fine copper [or bronze], precious as gold".  Similar alloys are found outside Europe. The Hông-hee vases (1426) of China were said to be made of a similarly-mixed metal allegedly formed when the Imperial palace was burnt to the ground. These vessels are of priceless value. An alloy of gold and copper, known as tumbaga was in widespread use in Pre-columbian Mesoamerica, and has an essentially identical composition to Corinthian brass. A similar metallurgical process for "the colouration [chrôsis] of gold" is described in the 15th recipe in the Leyden papyrus X, from Thebes in Egypt, dated to the 4th century AD.

Corinthian bronze, also named Corinthian brass or æs Corinthiacum, was a highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity. It is thought to be an alloy of copper with gold or silver (or both), although it has also been contended that it was simply a very high grade of bronze, or a kind of bronze that was manufactured in Corinth. It is referred to in various ancient texts, but no certain examples of Corinthian bronze exist today. However, it has been increasingly suggested that a number of artefacts previously described as niello in fact use a technique of patinated metal that may be the same as Corinthian bronze and is similar to the Japanese Shakudō.

Le bronze de Corinthe, aussi appelé Cuivre de Corinthe ou Airain de Corinthe fut un très précieux alliage durant l'époque classique. Il est supposé être un alliage de cuivre, d'or et d'argent, même si on a longtemps pensé que c'était simplement un bronze de très haute qualité, voire juste du bronze réputé pour être fait à Corinthe. Il y est souvent fait référence dans certains textes, parfois au côté du légendaire orichalque, mais aucune trace ne nous en est parvenue.


Early life.

He was born in Nevşehir, whose former name was Muşkara, in 1662, Sipahi Ali Aga, known as his father, the voivodes of Izdin, is his mother Fatma Hanım. He went to Istanbul in 1689 to see his relatives and to find a job.

Achievements.

The abilities of Ibrahim, who directed the government from 1718 to 1730, preserved an unusual internal peace in the empire, though the frontier provinces were often the scenes of disorder and revolt. This was repeatedly the case in Egypt and Arabia, and still more frequently in the districts northward and eastward of the Black Sea, especially among the fierce Noghai tribes of the Kuban. The state of the countries between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea was rendered still more unstable by the rival claims of Russia and the Porte; it was difficult to define a boundary between the two empires in pursuance of the partition treaty of 1723.  The Tulip period, called "Lâle Devri" (the Tulip epoch) was a time of extravagant garden parties and sumptuous entertainment. In 1730, when Tahmasp II of Safavid attacked Ottoman possessions, the empire's leadership was caught unprepared. Infuriated by the Ibrahim Pasha's apparent indifference to state affairs and by the sultan's life of inordinate luxury—‘which was rendered the more distasteful to his subjects by its faintly European flavor’—and by his hesitation in taking up the Safavid challenge, the people and troops in Constantinople revolted. They were led by Patrona Halil, an ex-Janissary from Macedonia. Ahmed III sacrificed Ibrahim and other viziers to the mob in order to save himself.  Sultan Ahmed III did not leave İbrâhim Efendi next to him. He promoted himself quickly and brought rickah-i humayun to the district governor with his wife. Thus, İbrâhim Pasha, who was a damâd-i nocturnal, remained with the sultan in Istanbul as the district governor with the rank of second vizier during the Austrian campaigns (1717-1718). Meanwhile, the steadfastness did not accept offers; He declined to lead the government of a state at war. During the meeting of the armistice that will end the war with Austria and Venice, He accepted Ahmed's offer of grand vizier. Unlike the other grand viziers, Ahmed gave his daughter’s groom the emerald seal of the Tuğra, which he used, as the “seal of humor”.  İbrâhim Pasha first discussed the peace talks with Austria that will end the war. He wrote a letter to the Austrian applicant on peace; He also sent instructions to the Ottoman delegates. He left the army and left Edirne in order to be prepared for the possibility that peace talks would not result. He remained in Sofia until he got the result of peace. Meanwhile, Austria has aggravated the peace conditions and Turkish delegates were mistreated and interim meetings were interrupted. However, through the ambassadors of the UK and the Netherlands. According to this treaty, Small Wallachia, Timişoara, Belgrade, Northern Serbia were left to Austria. Mora was taken from the Venetians and given back to the Ottoman State.

Letter of Farrukhsiyar.

The Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar, a grandson of Aurangzeb, is also known to have sent a letter to the Ottomans which was received by the Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, providing a graphic description informing him of the efforts of the Mughal commander Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha against the Rajput and Maratha rebellion.

Marriage and Descendants.

Ibrahim Pasha was married to the daughter of the sultan, Fatma Sultan, in 1717 when the Princess was fourteen years old and Ibrahim was fifty years old. This marriage into the Ottoman dynasty earned him the epithet "Damat" (Turkish: "bridesgroom, son-in-law"). The Couple had two sons.

Character.

İbrâhim Pasha was a resilient, generous, modest, forward-thinking, supporter of innovation and a man of greatness. He is renowned for his scholars, poets, and artisans of his time. He protected his relatives so much that he tried to keep those he saw rivals away from the center. He was keen on history and fine arts. He was also busy with calligraphy and sulcus and naskh were from the Prophet Osman. He had also learned from the painter Ömer Efendi.  The translations made by Yanyalı Esad Efendi from Aristotle are dedicated to İbrâhim Pasha. A thirty-two people delegation consisting of scholars and scribes, which can be considered as the academy of the period, was established in Istanbul in 1725 during the period of his tradition.

Architecture.

Ibrâhim Pasha left many charity works. The most important of these are the mosque, madrasa, classroom, school, fountain, fountain, public bath, inn and double bath in Nevşehir, and the Dardanhadis Masjid, the fountain, the fountain, the library and the source of their income, built together with his wife Fatma Sultan in Şehzadebaşı. Masjid.  Apart from these, a mosque in Sâdâbâd, a mansion next to Beşiktaş Mevlevi in the Çırağan area in Beşiktaş, next to the Orta Mosque in Yeniodalar in Istanbul and in Sultanahmet and Yalıköy, in Kuruçeşme, and in Bahariye. In addition, there were fountains, public fountain and pools around Mîrâhur Köşkü and Eyüp, in Şemsipaşa in Üsküdar, around Malatyalı Mosque in Üsküdar, near Çubuklu Mosque and Mesire Fountain in Feyzâbâd. There were about ten fountains in Ürgüp and a bazaar known as the Egyptian Bazaar by the sea in Izmir. There were also foundation vineyards and gardens in Antalya, Rumelia and Islands.  This complex of Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Pasha is an architectural work that must be carefully preserved and kept alive without losing its integrity, as well as the importance of the person who built it on the city's busiest main street. It is also one of the last structures of the classical period of Turkish art among small complexes. In addition, the plan arrangement of the complex consisting of a mosque, library, madrasah, fountain and bazaar is an extremely harmonious and successful example, with no other counterpart.

Death.

On 1 October 1730 the body of İbrâhim Pasha, who was murdered in the morning on the morning, was handed over to the soldiers with the corpses of their grooms. The body of İbrâhim Pasha was wandered in the streets of Istanbul and shattered after various insults in Sultanahmet Square.

Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha ( 1662 - 1 October 1730) served as Grand Vizier for Sultan Ahmed III of the Ottoman Empire during the Tulip period. He was also the head of a ruling family which had great influence in the court of Ahmed III. The epithet "Nevşehirli" (meaning "from Nevşehir") is used to distinguish this Grand Vizier from another, Damat Ibrahim Pasha (died 1601).

Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pacha (né en 1666 – mort le ) fut grand vizir de l'Empire ottoman du au pendant l'Ère des tulipes, sous le règne du sultan Ahmed III. Il est au centre d'une vaste famille très influente à la cour de Ahmed III. L'épithète "Nevşehirli", qui signifie originaire de Nevşehir, est utilisée pour le distinguer d'un grand vizir homonyme, Damat Ibrahim Pacha (mort en 1601).


Biography.

Marcotte completed a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Laval University in 1985. After completing her master's degree in food engineering at the University of Alberta in 1988, she began her career with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) as a professional engineer at the Food Research and Development Centre located in St. Hyacinthe, Quebec. In 1999, Marcotte obtained her Ph.D. in food processing from McGill University where she studied the ohmic heating process of viscous liquids.

Career.

Marcotte has worked at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada as a section head of food preservation technologies, a research scientist in Food Processing and Engineering, and an advisor to the Director General of the Food Safety and Quality National Science Program. As a scientist, Dr. Marcotte’s research interests included:  Under the Federal Partners in Technology Transfer (FPTT) program, Marcotte and her team at the Development Centre partnered with Atoka Cranberries to produce a unique two-step drying process for cranberries that has been commercially implemented in Quebec. The innovation utilizes osmosis, a natural process to partially dehydrate and sweeten the fruit in order to make them more palatable. This method may also be used on fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish. Among other developments Marcotte has worked on a prototype pilot oven for the optimization of baking and computer software to establish cooking-cooling cycle for meat products. From 2006 to 2007, Marcotte was President of the Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology. In 2009, Marcotte became the Science Director of the Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (now the Ottawa Research and Development Centre) located in Ottawa, Ontario where she was responsible for corporate research on food and health. She is the Canadian representative of the International Association on Engineering and Foods (IAEF) and the International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST).  Marcotte has also served as a supervisor for a number of cooperative and graduate students in her laboratory and has authored more than 60 peer-reviewed papers, 120 conference papers, and 45 research reports.

Michèle Marcotte, Ph.D., is a pioneer in food processing research. As a federal scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), she created a new method of fruit dehydration which can also be applied to vegetables, meat, or fish known as osmotic dehydration. Collaboration with private industry led to the design, development, installation, and start-up of a custom build dried-cranberry production line that is unique to the world. Her research was recognized with several awards including one from the Canadian Society for Bioengineering. Marcotte is currently the Director of the Ottawa Research and Development Centre located at the Central Experimental Farm in Canada.

Michèle Marcotte, est une pionnière dans le secteur de la recherche sur la transformation des aliments. À titre de chercheuse pour Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada (AAC), elle a mis au point une nouvelle méthode appelée « déshydratation osmotique » pour déshydrater les fruits, qui peut aussi être utilisée avec les légumes, la viande et le poisson. Sa collaboration avec le secteur privé a mené à la conception, à la mise au point, à l’installation et au lancement d’une chaîne de production de canneberges séchées, qui est faite sur mesure et unique au monde. Ses recherches ont été reconnues par de nombreux prix, y compris de la part de la Société canadienne de génie agroalimentaire et de bioingénierie. Michèle Marcotte est directrice du Centre de recherche et de développement d’Ottawa, situé sur la Ferme expérimentale centrale du Canada.


Biography.

Dalpé was born in Waterloo, Quebec in 1948. In 1989 she received her Doctorate of Science (D.Sc.) in the Physiology of Fungi from Université Paul-Sabatier in Toulouse, France. After completing her D.Sc. Dalpé was hired as a research scientist at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) in 1981.

Career.

Dalpé currently works as the program leader of the mycology section at AAFC's Research and Development Centre in Ottawa, Ontario.  Her current projects include:  Dalpé is an associate editor of the journal Botany published by the National Research Council of Canada. She is also an adjunct professor associated with the Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, a network that fosters and promotes a research and training program in biodiversity science. She has trained numerous scientists and graduate students in the identification and taxonomy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and has published over 130 scientific papers.  Dalpé is a founding member of the International Mycorrhiza Society (IMS), a scientific society involved in the advancement of education, research and development in the area of mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and specialized soil fungi. She is a member of IMS' Board of Directors and is also the editor of Mycorrhiza, the official scientific journal of the society.  Dalpé is an administrator of an amateur mycologist association for the Outaouais, Quebec region called Mycologues Amateurs de l'Outaouais (MAO). MAO is dedicated to the dissemination of knowledge in mycology, picking wild mushrooms, their identification and their consumption. Dalpé is also the editor of MAO's newsletter.  She is the "person in charge" of the Glomeromycota In vitro Collection Canada (GINCO-CAN) an organization that "shares the biological material of its collection and related informations as well as its experience and know-how in the field of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi research to the benefit of its partners and clients in the scientific and industrial sectors."

Honours and awards.

In 2013 Dalpé received the Lawson Medal by the Canadian Botanical Association for her "cumulative, lifetime contributions to Canadian botany, for the research she has performed in mycology, and has been recognized nationally and internationally."

Yolande Dalpé is Research Scientist for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. She became the first mycologist in Ottawa to study the taxonomy of mycorrhizal fungi. Her research focuses on developing new information on taxonomy, phylogeny, distribution and biology of fungi, including systematic research related to biosecurity/alien invasive species as well as species involved in the development of bioproducts. She was awarded the Lawson Medal by the Canadian Botanical Association for her "cumulative, lifetime contributions to Canadian botany, for the research she has performed in mycology, and has been recognized nationally and internationally."

Yolande Dalpé (née en 1948) est une mycologue canadienne, chercheuse à Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada. Ses recherches sont axées sur la production de nouvelles données sur la taxonomie, la phylogénie, la distribution et la biologie des champignons, comprenant notamment la recherche systématique liée à la biosécurité/aux espèces exotiques envahissantes ainsi qu'aux espèces utilisées dans le développement de bioproduits. L’Association botanique du Canada lui a décerné la médaille Lawson pour l’ensemble de sa contribution à la botanique canadienne, pour ses travaux de recherche en mycologie et pour la reconnaissance dont elle jouit à l’échelle nationale et internationale.


Early life.

Dessa was born into a Jewish family in Southern Rhodesia, the daughter of a Polish mother and a Hungarian father, who completed his medical training in Italy. Her father established the first private medical practice in Bulawayo for Black Africans. As a young child, Dessa had instruction in ballet and piano, the latter playing a central role in her art. After matriculating she lived in Israel from 1965 to 1976, where she studied occupational therapy. In 1977 she moved to Paris and then to Switzerland in 1981, becoming a Swiss citizen in 1983.

Career.

Dessa grew up in a society determined by racial divisions. This experience is reflected in her art, which synthesizes associations and transcend borders. Her creative output reflects her cultural diversity, both in the choice of her subjects (through which she explores her identity), and the mediums and means of expression she utilizes. In her early period she explores the relationship between visual art and music. Many works from this period arose from meditations on specific works, complemented by musicological research, resulting in paintings in which the music guides her artistic expression. Composers whose music has inspired visual responses include Béla Bartók, Leonard Bernstein, Ernst Bloch, Benjamin Britten, Unsuk Chin, Detlev Glanert, Dominique Gesseney-Rappo, Erich Korngold, Gustav Mahler, Olivier Messiaen, René Oberson, and Nino Rota. The scope of her work has expanded since 2000, as her works take on a profound historical dimension, integrating copious research as well as rare archival materials.

Visual works in dialogue with music.

Dessa's art works are, in fact, dialogues expressed as paintings. They are dialogues that often resemble spiritual exercises. Because – if they are not in direct communication with a musician like today's improvisation – they require a lot of solitude, concentration and sacfrifice. With interlocutors such as Mahler, Schreker, Ullmann or Britten one simply cannot discuss. One has to love them, know them well, their ideas, their destiny, their tragedy. Without this, they do not open up to us. The scope of her musical collaborators has enlarged to include living composers (Unsuk Chin und Detlev Glanert). Additionally she has collaborated on several "live-painting" concerts, e.g. "Flying Colours" and "Musiques et Pinceaux," 2008.  The music of Viktor Ullmann, specifically the last Piano Sonata No 7, brought to life the loss of her grandparents in Auschwitz concentration camp. Ullmann, who had been deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp, composed his final works there, before he was deported to the camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he was murdered on 18 October 1944. Her 1997 project "Ein Vermächtnis aus Theresienstadt" (A Legacy from Theresienstadt) was exhibited both in the Berliner Dom in 2000 as well as in Theresienstadt in 2002. The music gives rhythm to the gesture and allows the color to unfold... Dessa seizes the canvas, sets in motion powerful waves that burst into foam with their disheveled splatters, ground-swells that tear the surface of their irresistible force... Her instinctive fervor and impetuous passion are the temperament of a true painter.

Visual works in response to the Shoah.

An accidental discovery in an antique store in Berlin in November 2000 of a unique album entitled "Die Hygiene im Wandel der Zeiten" (Hygiene Throughout the Ages) developed into her most ambitious project to date, a plethora of research resulting in a book as well as a new series of paintings as a tribute to the Kaufhaus Nathan Israel (Israel's Department Store), which existed from 1815 to 1939. The Kaufhaus N. Israel was not only for a time the largest department store in Berlin but also one of the largest retail establishments in Europe, employing over 2,000 people. The album that Dessa found was one in a series of fifteen annual publications that the Kaufhaus N. Israel published between 1900 and 1914.  Dessa created a series of paintings entitled "Stolzesteine", both as a tribute to N. Israel and as a reaction to the Stolperstein which she encountered in Berlin. In her view, the Stolperstein are a particularly problematical method of commemorating murdered Jews, nonetheleast because they are trampled on and dirtied. The artist is extremely critical of any "mass" project which collectively represents Holocaust victims by reducing their existence to a single symbol, as this method of portrayal invariably calls to mind the marking of Jews with the yellow star by the Nazis. I looked up the word "Stolpersteine" in a dictionary and the next word underneath it, was "stolz" (proud) – it was an inspiration. During my research on the N. Israel firm, I learned they were proud that their firm stood right in the center of the town. I am proud too – to be a Jew, a woman, and from Africa. And so I developed the "Stones-of-Pride" as an alternative project to the stumbling stones. By inserting a commemorative stone into her paintings, people "look up" to the person's life, thus honoring the memory of a person and their lifetime achievements, instead of "looking down" on them, as one does with a Stolperstein, which is set in the pavement. Dessa is very outspoken about the message that the Stolpersteine sends in contemporary society:  Ich fordere jeden Deutschen auf, sich zu überlegen, wie die Nazis der 30er-Jahre die Stolpersteine sehen würden. Meiner Meinung nach materialisiert dieses Projekt ihren größten Wunsch: Schaut, wie viele ermordete Juden es gab – das haben wir geschafft. "(I challenge every German to reconsider, how the Nazis would react to seeing the "Stolpersteine." In my opinion, the (Stolpersteine) project realises their final wish by proclaiming: look how many Jews we succeeded in murdering.)"  In 2015, Dessa embarked on an ambitious project engaging with the legacy of Dr Alice Salomon, social reformer, educator, economist, feminist and peace activist, though her project titled « The Art of Remembrance: Alice Salomon". Salomon’s doctoral thesis expounded the inequality of wages between men and women, and she founded the Social School for Women in Berlin in 1908. Salomon was exiled from Germany in 1937 on account of her Jewish origins and international peace activities. In addition to her own research and writings, Dessa used various techniques to engage the viewer with Alice Salomon’s intensive and extensive life: paintings, collages, objects, installations and an imaginary conversation form a thorough narrative. As in many of Dessa’s other works, several paintings (here four separate portraits) feature a commemorative stone which has been inserted into the painting.

Deborah Petroz-Abeles (born Deborah Sharon Abeles on 20 December 1948 in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe), known professionally as Dessa, is a Swiss artist.

Le (c'est-à-dire Télescope spectroscopique multi-objets à fibres optiques grand champ) ou télescope Guo Shoujing, en abrégé LAMOST, est un télescope optique chinois de 4 mètres de diamètre. Il est conçu pour effectuer la spectroscopie de grande portions du ciel (champ de 5°) et peut fournir le spectre simultané de 4000 objets célestes. LAMOST a été inauguré en 2007.


Intentional emergence.

Intentional emergence occurs when some creative uses of the game are intended by the game designers. Since the 1970s and 1980s board games and table top role playing games such as "Cosmic Encounter" or "Dungeons & Dragons" have featured intentional emergence as a primary game function by supplying players with relatively simple rules or frameworks for play that intentionally encouraged them to explore creative strategies or interactions and exploit them toward victory or goal achievement.

Creative solutions.

Immersive sims, such as "Deus Ex" and "System Shock", are games built around emergent gameplay. These games give the player-character a range of abilities and tools, and a consistent game world established by rules, but do not enforce any specific solution onto the player, though the player may be guided into suggested solutions. To move past a guard blocking a door, the player could opt to direct fight the guard, sneak up and knock the guard unconscious, distract the guard to move away from their post, or use parkour to reach an alternate opening well out of sight, among other solutions. In such games, it may be possible to complete in-game problems using solutions that the game designers did not foresee; for example in "Deus Ex", designers were surprised to find players using wall-mounted mines as pitons for climbing walls. A similar concept exists for roguelike games, where emergent gameplay is considered a high-value factor by the 2008 Berlin Interpreation for roguelikes.  Such emergence may also occur in games through open-ended gameplay and sheer weight of simulated content, in "Minecraft", "" or "Space Station 13". These games do not have any endgame criteria though like immersive sims present a consistent, rule-based world, but will often present the player with tutorials of what they could do within the game. From this, players may follow the intended way to play the game, or can verve in completely different directions, such as extravagant simulated machines within "Minecraft".  Certain classes of open-ended puzzle games can also support emergent gameplay. The line of games produced by Zachtronics, such as "Spacechem" and "Infinifactory", are broadly considered programming puzzles, where the player must assemble pieces of a mechanism to produce a specific product from various inputs. The games otherwise have no limits in how many components can be used and how long the process needs to complete, though through in-game leaderboards, players are encouraged to make more efficient solutions than their online friends. While each puzzle is crafted to assure at least one possible solution exists, players frequently find emergent solutions that may be more elegant, use components in unexpected fashions, or otherwise diverge greatly from the envisioned route.

Emergent narrative.

Some games do not use a pre-planned story structure, even non-linear.  In "The Sims", a story may emerge from the actions of the player. But the player is given so much control that they are more creating a story than interacting with a story. Emergent narrative would only partially be created by the player. Warren Spector, the designer of "Deus Ex", has argued that emergent narrative lacks the emotional impact of linear storytelling.  "Left 4 Dead" features a dynamic system for game dramatics, pacing, and difficulty called the Director. The way the Director works is called "Procedural narrative": instead of having a difficulty which increases to a constant level, the A.I. analyzes how the players fared in the game so far, and tries to add subsequent events that would give them a sense of narrative.  "Minecraft" and "Dwarf Fortress" also have emergent narrative features due to the abstraction of how elements are represented in game, allowing system-wide features to apply across multiple objects without the need to develop specialized assets for each different state; this can create more realistic behavior for non-player controlled entities that aid in the emergent narrative. For example, in "Dwarf Fortress", any of the living creatures in the game could gain the state of being intoxicated from alcohol, creating random behavior in their movement from the intoxication but not requiring them to display anything uniquely different, in contrast to a more representational game that would need new assets and models for a drunk creature. Because these are abstract and interacting systems, this can then create emergent behavior the developers had never anticipated.

Unintentional emergence.

Unintentional emergence occurs when creative uses of the video game were not intended by the game designers.

Using game glitches.

Emergent gameplay can arise from a game's AI performing actions or creating effects unexpected by even the software developers. This may be by either a software glitch, the game working normally but producing unexpected results when played in an abnormal way or software that allows for AI development; for example the unplanned genetic diseases that can occur in the "Creatures" series.

Glitch or quirk-based strategies.

In several games, especially first-person shooters, game glitches or physics quirks can become viable strategies, or even spawn their own game types. In id Software's "Quake" series, rocket jumping and strafe-jumping are two such examples. In the game "Halo 2", pressing the melee attack button (B) quickly followed by the reload button (X) and the primary fire button (R trigger) would result in the player not having to wait for the gun to be back in position to shoot after a melee attack. Doing this has become known as "BXR-ing".  "" had a glitch in the physics engine which allowed players to "ski" up and down steep slopes by rapidly pressing the jump key, gaining substantial speed in the process. The exploitation of this glitch became central to the gameplay, supplanting the vehicles that had been originally envisioned by the designers as the primary means of traversing large maps.  Thanks to a programming oversight by Capcom, the "combo" (or "2-1 combo") notion was introduced with the fighting game "Street Fighter II", when skilled players learned that they could combine several attacks that left no time for their opponents to recover, as long as they were timed correctly.

Changing game objectives.

In online car racing games, particularly "Project Gotham Racing", players came up with an alternate objective known as "Cat and Mouse". The racers play on teams of at least two cars. Each team picks one very slow car as the mouse, and their goal is to have their slow car cross the finish line first. Thus the team members in faster cars aim to push their slow car into the lead and ram their opposing teams' slow cars off the road.  Completing games without getting certain items or by skipping seemingly required portions of gameplay result in sequence breaking, a technique that has developed its own dedicated community. Often, speed of completion and/or minimalist use of items are respectable achievements. This technique has long been used in the "Metroid" game series and has developed into a community devoted to speedruns. NetHack has over time codified many such challenges as "conduct" and acknowledges players who manage to finish characters with unbroken pacifist or vegetarian disciplines, for example. A comparable form of restricted gameplay has been implemented within "World of Warcraft", known as "Iron Man" leveling.  A change in gameplay can be used to create a "de facto" minigame, such as the "Green Demon Challenge" in "Super Mario 64", where the object is to avoid collecting a 1-up which chases the player, even passing through terrain, while the player attempts to collect all red coins on a level. Other challenges have been built around reaching normally unreachable areas or items, sometimes using glitches or gameplaying tools, or by completing a level without using an important game control, such as the 'jump' button or joystick.  Machinima, the use of computer animation from video game engines to create films, began in 1996. The practice of recording deathmatches in id Software's 1996 computer game "Quake" was extended by adding a narrative, thus changing the objective from winning to creating a film. Later, game developers provided increased support for creating machinima; for example, Lionhead Studios' 2005 game "The Movies", is tailored for it.

Real economy interaction.

Traders in MMOs with economic systems play purely to acquire virtual game objects or avatars which they then sell for real-world money on auction websites or game currency exchange sites. This results in the trader's play objective to make real money regardless of the original game designer's objectives.  Many games prohibit currency trading in the EULA, but it is still a common practice.  Some players provide real world services (like website design, web hosting) paid for with in-game currency. This can influence the economy of the game, as players gain wealth/power in the game unrelated to game events. For example, this strategy is used in Blizzard Entertainment's "World of Warcraft".

Gambling.

Gambling and lotteries may occur in online role-playing games such as "EVE Online" and "Dark Age of Camelot". The provision of gambling services in exchange for in-game currency can take the forms of a lottery, card games, event betting, or any number of other variations, most often at least loosely based on established real-world games. Players typically establish a betting facility, lottery etc. Players typically create a website for executing the gambling, then accept payment from gamblers using in-game currency to credit the gambler's website account. Winnings are then paid back to the gambler's account. Other forms of gambling are commonly used in Massively Multiplayer Online Games, such as betting on who will win a duel.

Game financial institutions.

In games with no financial law game mechanism, players develop financial institutions. Forms include banks or investment schemes launched with an IPO, typically based purely on trust.  The world's first MMORPG IPO was "ISS Marginis" by the Interstellar Starbase Syndicate "(ISS)" in Eve-Online, on 29 September 2005. This was for a dividend based on profitability. The ISS followed up with a series of IPOs, culminating in an IPO of the player guild itself promising a fixed return, like a bond. Eve Online has no game-mechanism for financial law.  In games with rough economies like World of Warcraft's Auction House system, some players make a living by buying items that are unusually low priced and reselling them at high prices, or by buying out all competition and creating a monopoly. In the MMO "Runescape", players can purchase many thousand units of an item then sell them later for a profit just like a normal commodity market. This game includes price data on all items for the last 180 days.

Emergent gameplay refers to complex situations in video games, board games, or table top role-playing games that emerge from the interaction of relatively simple game mechanics.

Le gameplay émergent se réfère à des situations complexes dans un jeu vidéo suite à l'interaction souvent non prévue par le développeur de différentes mécaniques de jeu.


Biography.

Sempere was born in Onil, Alicante, Spain. He began his studies at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos de Valencia (Saint Charles Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Valencia) where he studied painting, drawing and various etching techniques. Due to a childhood disease he had almost no vision in his right eye.  In 1948 Sempere went to study in Paris, where he met Palazuelo and Chillida and other avant-garde artists such as Kandinsky and Klee. Here he came under the influence of Braque, and improved the screen printing technique he used frequently in later years. In 1955, his work was noticed by art critics at the Denise Rene Gallery and in 1956 he showed two works at the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles in Paris. In this period he was greatly impressed by Vasarely’s theories of kinetic art. In Paris he also met Hans Arp and was friends with Nina Kandinsky, the painter's widow, and Roberta González, the daughter of sculptor Julio González. In 1957 he made the acquaintance of Martin Abel who worked with him years later to produce limited editions of his serigraphs.  Returning to Spain in 1959, he moved to Valencia, where art critic Aguilera Cerní, editor of "Arte vivo" (The Living Art) magazine, introduced Sempere to the "Group Parpalló", a cultural movement not limited to the visual arts. Formed in 1957, it included artists such as Castellano, Genovés, Navarro, Soria, Michavila, Andres Alfaro, Manolo Gil, Amadeo Gabino, Isidoro Balaguer, and others striving to renew the cultural landscape in Valencia. The group published a magazine, called at first "Arte vivo" and later "Parpalló", and began group exhibitions.  In 1964, Sempere was granted a Ford Foundation fellowship which allowed him to travel to the United States and put on an exhibition at the Bertha Schaefer Gallery, and to show his work in the Spanish Pavilion at the World’s Fair in New York. In 1968 Sempere participated in a seminar at the Computer Centre of the Complutense University of Madrid on "Automatic generation of plastic forms" where he created works using computers. In 1969, he traveled again to the United States on a fellowship and there used a computer to create original art, a technique that he would continue to experiment with on his return to the University of Madrid, where he became a pioneer of this innovation in Spain.  Still exhibiting regularly at the Denise Rene Gallery in Paris, he participated in some notable public projects; the best-known examples are the sculptures and carved railings at the "Museo Esculturas al Aire Libre" (Museum of Outdoor Sculpture) in Madrid. Sempere persuaded his artist friends, including Pablo Serrano, Miró, and Chillida, to donate their work, much of which is spectacular, especially his own cascade that forms a centerpiece of the assembly. Sempere’s work in the gardens of the Fundación Juan March (Juan March Foundation) also in Madrid, next to the concrete sculpture by Chillida, is highly regarded as well.  In 1980 he won the Gold Medal for Merit in Fine Arts, awarded by the Ministry of Culture in Madrid, and in 1983 he was awarded the Prince of Asturias Prize for the Arts. He was officially named a favorite son of the city of Alicante and awarded an honorary doctorate by the University. He died in April 1985 in Onil, Alicante, after a long illness.

Work.

Sempere's work is defined by the abstraction of its elements, geometric repetition and linearity, all of which evolved into his synthesis of Op Art and constructivism with elements of kinetic art.  His personal contribution to the development of kinetic art is a series of abstract geometric constructions that demonstrate the perceptual effects of optical vibration and the illusion of motion. Light also plays an important role in his artistic work. Perhaps influenced by Levantine sources, Sempere uses it as the main element to organize his creations harmoniously. His paintings are considered as two-dimensional surfaces where the artist plays with visual elements—the light, the colors and tones—using perceptual and optical effects to create suggestive forms in repeating geometric shapes.  Sempere worked in many different media, from drawings, gouaches, oil paintings, and silk screen prints to sculptures of iron and stainless steel. Two of his works can be seen in the Museum of Outdoor Sculpture in Madrid, for which he created the rails, now painted blue, which suggest a curious moiré effect when walking beside them, and a mobile which he had loaned to the museum.  The Alicante Museum of Contemporary Art ("Museo Alicantino de Arte Contemoraneo") contains the collection of 20th-century art donated by Sempere to the city in 1978. It is located in Alicante's oldest civil building, the Casa de la Asegurada, which dates to 1685. The nucleus of the collection contains works by major Spanish artists of the 1950s: Alfaro, Canogar, Chillida, Joan Castejón, Mompó, Saura, Tàpies, Zobel and Viola. Overall, it includes these and more than 500 pieces comprising paintings, sculptures, mixed media and lithographs by other Spanish and foreign artists such as Dalí, Picasso, Millares, Serrano, Miró, Gris, Kandinsky, Chagall and Vasarely, and covering all stages of Sempere's own career.  Sempere's outdoor sculpture of metal rods at the Juan March Foundation in Madrid inspired two Spanish physicists to develop a new method for cancelling noise. Discussing the mechanics of sound attenuation over beers, they realized that the sculpture might reveal an optimum arrangement of materials that dampens noise not by absorbing it, but by interfering with the transmission of sound waves.

Eusebio Sempere Juan (3 April 192310 April 1985) was a Spanish sculptor, painter and graphic artist whose abstract geometric works make him the most representative artist of the Kinetic art movement in Spain and one of Spain's foremost artists. His use of repetition of line and mastery of color to manipulate the way light plays on the surface give depth to his pictorial compositions.

Eusebio Sempere (3 avril 1923 – 10 avril 1985) est un sculpteur, peintre et artiste graphiste espagnol. Dans ses œuvres, il travaillait notamment sur le mouvement cinétique. Il a fréquenté le aux côtés de Joan Castejón.


List of Parliamentary constituencies in Dyfed

Liste des circonscriptions parlementaires de Dyfed

Proposed boundary changes.

The Boundary Commission for Wales submitted their final proposals in respect of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster Constituencies (the 2018 review) in September 2018. Although the proposals were immediately laid before Parliament they were not brought forward by the Government for approval. Accordingly, they did not come into effect for the 2019 election which took place on 12 December 2019, and which was contested using the constituency boundaries in place since 2010.  Under the terms of the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, the Sixth Review was based on reducing the total number of MPs from 650 to 600 and a strict electoral parity requirement that the electorate of all constituencies should be within a range of 5% either side of the electoral quota.  On 24 March 2020, the Minister of State for the Cabinet Office, Chloe Smith, issued a written statement to Parliament setting out the Government's thinking with regard to parliamentary boundaries. They propose to bring forward primary legislation to remove the statutory obligation to implement the 2018 Boundary Review recommendations, as well as set the framework for future boundary reviews in time for the next review which is due to begin in early 2021 and report no later than October 2023. It is proposed that the number of constituencies now remains at the current level of 650, rather than being reduced to 600, while retaining the requirement that the electorate should be no more than +/- 5% from the electoral quota.

Assembly boundaries.

From 2007.

The Mid and West Wales region also includes two Powys constituencies and one Gwynedd constituency.

Historical representation by party.

A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

Five constituencies cover Dyfed, also used for elections to the National Assembly for Wales. The current boundaries have been effective since the 2007 Welsh Assembly election and the 2010 United Kingdom general election.

Il y a cinq circonscriptions couvrant Dyfed. Elles sont toutes des circonscriptions de comté (CCs) de la Chambre des communes du Parlement du Royaume-Uni (Westminster), et sont également utilisés pour les élections à l'Assemblée nationale du pays de Galles. Les limites actuelles sont utilisées depuis l'élection de l'Assemblée galloise de 2007 et l'Élections générales de 2010.


Geography.

The Divjakë-Karavasta National Park is strategically located in the southeastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. It lies mostly between latitudes 40° and 55° N and longitudes 19° and 29° E. The park occupies in Fier County in southwestern Albania comprising a substantial section of the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast. The most adjacent town to the park is Divjakë located in the east from the park entrance. The approximately 35 kilometres long coastline is relatively flat, running from the mouth of Shkumbin to the mouth of Seman.  The park's mandate includes the protection of the lagoon of Godulla and Karavasta and the estuaries of Shkumbin in the north and Seman in the south. The bodies of water of the park are chiefly affected by the inflow of those rivers, which bring sand, silt and shells, which in turn form numerous small islands and narrow spits. Due to these deposits, the lagoon bottom is relatively smooth and flat with a low salinity and a high amount of biomass that considerably affects the colour of the lagoons.  The river of Shkumbin begins at the eastern part of the mountains of Valamara in Korçë County. At Gryka e Shkumbinit, the river, which until then was trapped in a narrow valley, breaks through the Skanderbeg Mountains and enters the coastal region until it reaches the northern part of the park, where it flows into the Adriatic Sea. However, the river of Seman begins at the confluence of the Osum River and Devoll River as well in Korçë County. Its estuary, located in the southern part of the park, is considerably swampy and characterized by the presence of water basins and ponds.

Biodiversity.

Flora.

In terms of phytogeography, the Divjakë-Karavasta National Park belongs to the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. It falls completely inside the Illyrian deciduous forests terrestrial ecoregion of the Palearctic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub. The combination of diverse geology, hydrology and specific climatic conditions on the territory of the park, has determined the considerable diversity of species and habitats, many of which are with national conservation significance.  Coastal and sand dunes are predominantly found along the shoreline of the sea as well as estuaries and lagoons. They provide a unique plant life and a healthy population of small animals and insects. This ecosystem represents a sparse cover with a little salt tolerant grass species to stabilize the dunes. The density of grass increases as the dunes become more stable.  The forests of the park are diverse, ranging from conifer to deciduous trees and woodlands. A large part of the forest resource is primarily located in the northern corner of Karavasta between the sandy beaches and the estuary of Shkumbin. Pine trees remain an increasingly dominant feature of the park represented by species such as aleppo and stone pine. There are also different species of trees found in the park amongst them junipers, willows, oak, alder, elm and ash.

Fauna.

Based on its particular location and the mosaic distribution of various types of habitats, the great availability of water, influenced by the configuration of the terrain, has resulted an admirable fauna. The wealth of fauna is represented by 228 species of birds, 25 species of mammals, 29 species of reptiles and 29 species of amphibia.  The park is one of the country's foremost birding destinations featuring an astounding mix of more than 228 species of resident and migratory birds, of which almost 15 species are globally endangered. It possibly represents the most significant and important ecological value of the park. The sheltered open waters of the wetlands and the outlying coasts provide resting areas for migrating birds on their way between Europe and Africa through the Adriatic flyway. Perhaps the most iconic bird is the vulnerable and extremely rare dalmatian pelican. It is endemic in the lagoon of Karavasta, which is the only coastal breeding site of this species along the Adriatic and Ionian Sea.  Given the great diversity of ecosystems, there are 25 species of mammals to be found in the dense forests and scrubs. They are not as easy to observe because they are always hiding or running away mostly due to the presence of human. The interface between meadow and forest is also favoured by many animal species because of the proximity of open areas for foraging and cover for protection. The forests provide refuge to the rare golden jackal and the globally endangered red fox, which is the most common and widespread fox species in the world. The swamps and woodlands also contain a number of endangered species such as the nearly extinct roe deer and otter.

References.

The Divjakë-Karavasta National Park () is a national park in western Albania, sprawling across the Myzeqe Plain in the direct proximity to the Adriatic Sea. The park spans a territory of containing remarkable features such as wetlands, salt marshes, coastal meadows, floodplains, woodlands, reed beds, forests and estuaries. Because of the park's important and great availability of bird and plant species, it has been identified as an important Bird and Plant Area of international importance.

La Lagune de Karavasta est la plus grande lagune d'Albanie et l'une des plus importantes de la mer Adriatique. Elle est séparée de la mer Adriatique par une large bande de sable. La lagune fait partie du parc national de la Lagune de Karavasta (albanais : "Divjakë-Karavasta"). Le parc national a été créé en 2007, et couvre une superficie de 222 km2 (22 230 ha). Il avait auparavant été choisi comme zone d'importance internationale, protégé par la Convention de Ramsar, du.


Disobedience and "adhl" court cases.

Samar Badawi was allegedly physically abused by her father for 15 years. Her mother died prior to October 2010. In March 2008, she escaped to a women's shelter in Jeddah, the Protection Home. As her male guardian under the male guardianship system, Badawi's father filed a charge of disobedience against her. The Saudi Public Prosecutions and Investigation Bureau dropped the charge.  Badawi's father filed another disobedience charge against her in 2009. Badawi missed some court appearances. In June, Judge Abdullah al-'Uthaim issued a warrant for her arrest. In July, she moved from the women's shelter to her brother's home. A non-judicial investigation by the Protection Home stated that "Badawi's father had beaten and verbally abused her, used drugs, had 14 wives, had exhausted his financial resources, had repeatedly changed jobs, and became friendly with a 'bad group of people.'"  Badawi wished to marry. Her father refused permission. Badawi then filed an "adhl" charge against her father for the refusal to allow her marriage, requesting to remove her father's status as her guardian. According to Human Rights Watch, Badawi filed the "adhl" charge against her father after her father had filed the disobedience charge against her. According to "Arab News", Badawi's father filed the disobedience charge as a "counter-suit after" Badawi had filed the "adhl" charge.  When she went to court for the "adhl" case on 4 April 2010, she was arrested on the basis of the warrant that had been issued for the disobedience charge. Badawi was held in Briman Prison in Jeddah. On 18 July 2010, Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud, governor of Makkah Province, proposed creating a committee to "reconcile father and daughter by making him promise not to use violence against her, to allow her to marry, and not to file spurious lawsuits [that] he could not prove." Also in July 2010, Badawi's father was found guilty in the "adhl" case by the Jeddah General Court.  In mid-October 2010, the disobedience case against Badawi remained open, and Badawi's father filed an appeal against the result of the "adhl" case. On 18 October 2010, the Supreme Judicial Council of Saudi Arabia told Badawi's lawyer Abu al-Khair that it would investigate the legality of both cases. The Human Rights First Society, a Saudi Arabian human rights NGO, described Badawi's imprisonment as "outrageous illegal detention".  Saudi Arabian and international human rights activists campaigned for Badawi to be released. Badawi gave a petition to the National Society for Human Rights, a government-linked human rights NGO, asking not to be returned to her father and "easing her path to marriage".  On 25 October 2010, Badawi was released from prison on the orders of Governor Khalid bin Faisal. An uncle on her father's side became her new male guardian.  In September 2014, Badawi attended a discussion session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, in which she talked about the situation of Human Rights advocates in Saudi Arabia.

Women's suffrage.

Badawi also took legal action in relation to women's suffrage. She filed a lawsuit in the Grievances Board, a non-Sharia court, against the Ministry of Municipal and Rural affairs, because of the refusal of voter registration centres to register her for the September 2011 Saudi Arabian municipal elections, claiming that there was no law banning women as voters or candidates and that the refusal was illegal. She cited Articles 3 and 24 of the Arab Charter on Human Rights, which refer to general and election-specific anti-discrimination, respectively. Badawi requested the Grievances Board to suspend the electoral procedures pending the Board's decision and to order the electoral authorities to register her as a voter and as eligible to be a candidate. On 27 April 2011, the Grievances Board accepted to hear her case at a later date. The Board's final decision was that Badawi's case was "premature". According to the United States Department of State, Badawi was the first person to file a lawsuit for women's suffrage in Saudi Arabia.  Badawi also applied to the Municipal Elections Appeal Committee to reverse the refusal of her registration. Her application was refused on the grounds that appeals against registration refusals must take place within three days of the refusal.

2011–2012 women driving campaign.

In 2011 and 2012, Badawi participated in the 2011–2012 women driving campaign. Since the main campaign event in June 2011, Badawi drove in Jeddah "every two or three days". She helped other women drivers in their contacts with police and courts. Badawi stated that there is no legal basis for court trials of women on the charge of driving. She described the women's rights situation stating, "We are marginalized in very basic rights. They think that by giving us some political rights, we will be pleased and shut up."  On 4 February, following Manal al-Sharif's November 2011 filing of charges in the Eastern Province Grievances Board against the General Directorate of Traffic for the rejection of her application for a driver's licences, Badawi filed similar charges for the rejection of her own application for a driving licence. Badawi was asked by the Grievance Board of the Ministry of Interior to "follow-up in a week".

International award.

On 8 March 2012, Samar Badawi was awarded the 2012 International Women of Courage Award by the United States Department of State for her filing of the "adhl" and voting rights lawsuits, which were seen by the Department of State as pioneering, and for her encouragement of and inspiration to other women.

2014 travel ban.

On 16 September 2014, Badawi attended a discussion session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, on behalf of the organization Americans for Democracy and human rights in Bahrain (ADHRB) and the Bahrain Institute of Rights and Democracy (BIRD) and Human Rights Watch in Saudi Arabia. Her presentation centered on the situation of human rights advocates in Saudi Arabia, and the detention of her husband activist Waleed Abulkhair.  On 18 September 2014, while at the Human Rights Council in Geneva, Badawi met with the High Commissioner of Human Rights, Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad. On 20 September 2014, Badawi flew to the US, where she met US Senators and secretaries of several human rights organizations to discuss the issue of her husband Waleed Abulkhair and other detainees. At that time, Badawi said she received a direct threat from the secretary of the Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia that she must stop her human rights activities otherwise action would be taken against her. She subsequently returned to Saudi Arabia without incident, other than local authorities taking her passport.  On 2 December 2014, Badawi went to King Abdulaziz International Airport, to leave Saudi Arabia for a flight to Brussels, Belgium, to participate in the 16th European Union (EU) NGOs Forum on Human Rights. Passport Office staff said the Ministry of Interior issued a travel ban and would not allow her to travel abroad. The EU contacted the Saudi authorities to seek clarification of the reasons for this ban.

January 2016 arrest.

In a press release 12 January 2016, Amnesty International announced that Samar Badawi had been arrested and taken with her 2-year-old daughter Joud to a police station in Jeddah where she was interrogated. Four hours later, Badawi was transferred to Dhaban central prison, the same prison where her brother, Saudi dissident Raif Badawi is held. On 13 January, "The Guardian" quoted "activists" as saying Samar Badawi had been "freed on bail after being arrested and held briefly" at the Dhaban prison. She was said to be home with her daughter, but had been ordered to report to the police in Jeddah early 14 January for further interrogation.  Philip Luther, Director of Amnesty International's Middle East and North Africa Program called Badawi's arrest, "...yet another alarming setback human rights in Saudi Arabia [demonstrating] the extreme lengths to which the authorities are prepared to go in their relentless campaign to harass and intimidate human rights defenders into silent submission." Ensaf Haidar, wife of Samar's brother and President of the Raif Badawi Foundation, confirmed reports of Samar Badawi's arrest via Twitter. Center for Inquiry, an American nonprofit educational organization, called for her immediate release, and asked the US State Department to "bring to bear what diplomatic power they have to press Saudi Arabia to release Samar." A spokesperson for the Saudi Interior Ministry, Maj. Gen. Mansour Turki, denied claims that Badawi had been arrested.

July 2018 arrest.

According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), Samar Badawi, along with Nassima al-Sadah, were arrested by Saudi authorities on July 30. Following criticism and calls for Badawi's release on the part of Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland, Saudi Arabia expelled Canada's ambassador, and froze trade with Canada.

Samar Mohammad Badawi (; born 28 June 1981) is a Saudi Arabian human rights activist. She and her father filed court cases against each other. Badawi's father accused her of disobedience under the Saudi Arabian male guardianship system and she charged her father with "adhl"—"making it hard or impossible for a person, especially a woman, to have what she wants, or what's rightfully hers; e.g, her right to marry" according to Islamic jurisprudence—for refusing to allow her to marry. After Badawi missed several trial dates relating to the charge, an arrest warrant was issued for her, and Badawi was imprisoned on 4 April 2010. In July 2010, Jeddah General Court ruled in Samar Badawi's favor, and she was released on 25 October 2010, and her guardianship was transferred to an uncle. There had been a local and international support campaign for her release. The Saudi NGO Human Rights First Society described Badawi's imprisonment as "outrageous illegal detention".

Samar Badawi est une militante saoudienne. Elle agit pour les droits des femmes et dénonce le système de tutelle qui leur est imposé dans son pays. Elle est emprisonnée pour son action.


History.

In the census of 1887, it appears as "El Rodeo", of Guarita municipality. In the administration of Rafael Lopez Gutierrez, a decree was emitted to create the municipality on February 21, 1921. It was created with land that remained after its inhabitants sold the land to the "Ladinos" of Guarita. This caused problems to acquire the official land titles, and they decided to separate from Guarita. Between 1917 and 1919, the Amerindians tried to negotiate their land title, and this produced internal friction and disputes amongst Amerindians and Ladinos. Guarita became a city on February 26, 1934. Under the decree No 1187, the municipality of "San Juan Guarita". On July 4, 1929, the governor of Lempira department and the military chief laid out the boundaries of the municipality, including its villages. It had to be respected by both municipalities and its adjudged rights forcing them to take the correcting measures by the Legislative Power. it was subscribed in both municipalities. But the differences continued among the towns. In 1935, the people were able to get a legitimate copy of the land titles and therefore the relationships among the inhabitants of both municipalities were improved.

Geography.

San Juan Guarita is based on the half of a mountain. It is surrounded by pine and oak tree forests. Also the mountains and hills are very steep and irregular. The weather has changed from cool to warmer every year due to the Forest exploitation.

Boundaries.

Its boundaries are:

Resources.

Due to its elevation from the sea level. San Juan Guarita provides the conditions for coffee plantation. Beans and Corn crops can not miss, since they are part of the culture in the whole country. As the rest of the department, San Juan Guarita has electricity and mobile communications services. Internet access is found in the mayor's office. In some houses, people sell gasoline and diesel fuel. There are several groceries stores.

Population.

Mestizos (Spanish/Amerindian mixed) are the majority in this municipality.

Tourism.

The distance between San Juan Guarita and Guarita municipality is scarcely half hill. The road is in good conditions most of the year. The deviation is located about 20 km from Cololaca, taking a right. The left deviation leads to Tambla municipality. Its architectural features are the colonial and simple. If the visitor is looking for the stillness of rural areas, this is the place to go. It gets a lot of influence from Salvadoran television and radio networks. Some notable features are the landscapes of the surrounding mountains.

San Juan Guarita is a municipality in the Honduran department of Lempira. San Juan Guarita is one of the smallest municipalities of the Honduran Lempira department. The best way to go to Guarita is via Santa Rosa de Copán-San Marcos de Ocotepeque-Cololaca-Guarita and it takes about 2.5 hours.

San Juan Guarita est une municipalité du Honduras, située dans le département de Lempira. La municipalité comprend 6 villages et 25 hameaux. Elle est fondée en 1921.


History.

In 1971, Ed Hohmann stated in his PhD that 'one can compute the least amount of hot and cold utilities required for a process without knowing the heat exchanger network that could accomplish it. One also can estimate the heat exchange area required'.  In late 1977, Ph.D. student Bodo Linnhoff under the supervision of Dr John Flower at the University of Leeds showed the existence in many processes of a heat integration bottleneck, ‘the pinch’, which laid the basis for the technique, known today as pinch-analysis. At that time he had joined Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) where he led practical applications and further method development.  Bodo Linnhoff developed the 'Problem Table', an algorithm for calculating the energy targets and worked out the basis for a calculation of the surface area required, known as ‘the spaghetti network’. These algorithms enabled practical application of the technique.  In 1982 he joined University of Manchester Institute of Technology (UMIST, present day University of Manchester) to continue the work. In 1983 he set up a consultation firm known as Linnhoff March International later acquired by KBC Energy Services.  Many refinements have been developed since and used in a wide range of industries, including extension to heat and power systems and non-process situations. Both detailed and simplified (spreadsheet) programs are now available to calculate the energy targets. See Pinch Analysis Software below.  In recent years, Pinch analysis has been extended beyond energy applications. It now includes:

Weaknesses.

Classical pinch-analysis primarily calculates the energy costs for the heating and cooling utility. At the pinch point, where the hot and cold streams are the most constrained, large heat exchangers are required to transfer heat between the hot and cold streams. Large heat exchangers entail high investment costs. In order to reduce capital cost, in practice a minimum temperature difference (Δ T) at the pinch point is demanded, e.g., 10 °F. It is possible to estimate the heat exchanger area and capital cost, and hence the optimal Δ T minimum value. However, the cost curve is quite flat and the optimum may be affected by "topology traps". The pinch method is not always appropriate for simple networks or where severe operating constraints exist. Kemp (2006) discusses these aspects in detail.

Recent developments.

The problem of integrating heat between hot and cold streams, and finding the optimal network, in particular in terms of costs, may today be solved with numerical algorithms. The network can be formulated as a so-called mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem and solved with an appropriate numerical solver. Nevertheless, large-scale MINLP problems can still be hard to solve for today's numerical algorithms. Alternatively, some attempts were made to formulate the MINLP problems to mixed integer linear problems, where then possible networks are screened and optimized. For simple networks of a few streams and heat exchangers, hand design methods with simple targeting software are often adequate, and aid the engineer in understanding the process.

Pinch analysis is a methodology for minimising energy consumption of chemical processes by calculating thermodynamically feasible "energy targets" (or minimum energy consumption) and achieving them by optimising heat recovery systems, energy supply methods and process operating conditions. It is also known as "process integration", "heat integration", "energy integration" or "pinch technology".

La méthode du pincement () est un outil d’analyse ou de planification d’une installation thermique dans laquelle circulent de manière stationnaire des fluides soumis à des échanges thermiques. L’objectif est de maximiser l’efficacité énergétique de l’installation en lui incorporant des éléments de récupération de chaleur (échangeurs et/ou pompes à chaleur).


Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017

Malte au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2017

Background.

Prior to the 2017 Contest, Malta had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest twenty-nine times since its first entry in 1971. Malta briefly competed in the Eurovision Song Contest in the 1970s before withdrawing for sixteen years. The country had, to this point, competed in every contest since returning in 1991. Malta's best placing in the contest thus far was second, which it achieved on two occasions: in 2002 with the song "7th Wonder" performed by Ira Losco and in 2005 with the song "Angel" performed by Chiara. In 2015, Malta failed to qualify to the final with the song "Warrior" performed by Amber. In 2016, Malta placed twelfth with the song "Walk On Water" performed by Ira Losco.  For the 2017 Contest, the Maltese national broadcaster, Public Broadcasting Services (PBS), broadcast the event within Malta and organised the selection process for the nation's entry. Malta has selected their entry consistently through a national final procedure "Malta Eurovision Song Contest", a method that was continued for their 2017 participation.

Before Eurovision.

Malta Eurovision Song Contest 2017.

"Malta Eurovision Song Contest 2017" was the national final format developed by PBS to select the Maltese entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2017. The national final took place at the Malta Fairs and Conventions Centre in Ta' Qali, Malta and it was hosted by Daniel Azzopardi and Charlene Mercieca. It was broadcast on TVM as well as online at the broadcaster's website tvm.com.mt, and broadcast on TVM as well as online at the broadcaster's website "tvm.com.mt".

Format.

The competition consisted sixteen entries competing in a national final which took place on 18 February 2017. The winner was decided solely by a public televoting.  The Maltese selection was undergoing a lot of changes for the 2017 contest. On 28 December, John Bundy, the chief executive of the Public Broadcasting Services, confirmed that the winning song would be the country’s official Eurovision song for the contest in Kiev and it wouldn't be replaced like in 2016. It was revealed that "Malta Eurovision Song Contest" would no longer have a semi-final and there would only be a final instead. The broadcaster also had the right to shortlist only one song per artist, so there wasn't a repeat of "Malta Eurovision Song Contest 2016" where Ira Losco entered with two songs - “Chameleon” and “That’s Why I Love You”. The voting system was also changed by removing the jury vote in favour of 100% televoting result.

Competing entries.

"Tvm.com.mt" announced the 60 songs selected among 156 songs which applied to participate in the "Malta Eurovision Song Contest 2017". An eleven-person expert panel assessed the songs and selected 16 finalists. They were revealed on 21 December 2016.

Final.

The final was held on 18 February 2017. It took place at the Malta Fairs and Conventions Centre in Ta' Qali, Malta and it was hosted by Daniel Azzopardi and Charlene Mercieca. The show consisted of 16 competing acts and the winner was decided solely by a public televoting. Claudia Faniello with the song "Breathlessly" was selected as the winner. In addition to the performances from the competitors, the show featured guest performances by the 2016 Junior Eurovision entrant Christina Magrin and 2016 Eurovision entrant Ira Losco.

Promotion.

Claudia Faniello made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "Breathlessly" as the Maltese Eurovision entry. On 2 April, she performed during the "London Eurovision Party", which was held at the Café de Paris venue in London, United Kingdom and hosted by Nicki French. Between 3 and 6 April, Faniello took part in promotional activities in Tel Aviv, Israel where she performed during the "Israel Calling" event held at the Ha'teatron venue. On 8 April, Claudia Faniello performed during the "Eurovision in Concert" event which was held at the Melkweg venue in Amsterdam, Netherlands and hosted by Cornald Maas and Selma Björnsdóttir.

At Eurovision.

According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big 5" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 31 January 2017, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Malta was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 11 May 2017, and was scheduled to perform in the first half of the show.  Once all the competing songs for the 2017 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Originally, Malta was set to perform in position 5, following the entry from Macedonia and before the entry from Romania. However, following Russia's withdrawal from the contest on 13 April and subsequent removal from the running order of the second semi-final, Malta's performing position shifted to 4.

Semi-final.

The Maltese performance featured Claudia Faniello wearing a glittery silver full-length tight-fitting formal dress, taking inspiration from her music video of the song "Breathlessly". The LED backdrops were mostly dark blue. Claudia appeared on the LED backdrop, sometimes with just a close-up of her face and sometimes with a full body shot. The chandelier was prominent, which was also taking inspiration from the setting of the music video.

Jury members.

The following five members comprised the Maltese jury:

Malta participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song "Breathlessly" written by Philip Vella, Sean Vella and Gerard James Borg. The song was performed by Claudia Faniello. The Maltese entry for the 2017 contest in Kiev, Ukraine was initially selected through the national final "Malta Eurovision Song Contest 2017", organised by the Maltese broadcaster Public Broadcasting Services (PBS). The national final was held on 18 February 2017 and "Breathlessly" performed by Claudia Faniello eventually emerged as the winning entry after receiving the most votes from the televote.

Malte participe au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2017 à Kiev en Ukraine. Le pays est représenté par la chanteuse Claudia Faniello avec la chanson "Breathlessly".