Gameplay.

"Bit.Trip Beat" puts players in control of a paddle that reflects differently sized and coloured beats, similar to "Pong", as they come from the right side of the screen toward the left. It is controlled by holding the Wii Remote sideways and tilting it toward and away from the player to make the paddle go up and down. Gameplay takes place in one of three different phases: Transition, Descent, and Growth, with each phase more difficult than the last. Before each phase a cutscene of the character Commander Video is shown. Phases are split into several parts, with each part ending with multiple rainbow-coloured beats. At the end of each phase is a boss. Either through getting a game over or beating the phase, players will then have their final scores tallied.  When the beats collide with the paddle, they make a noise, contributing to the background music. Each successful deflection earns players a set score. Beats may also move in strange patterns, such as beats that bounce back after being deflected or beats that pause for a moment. If the paddle misses a beat, it will deplete a meter on the lower screen slightly; if the meter is completely depleted, the background will change to black and the beats and paddle white. If the meter depletes again, players will lose and have to start the phase over. In order to get out of this, players must fill up a meter at the top of the screen before the lower meter empties again, bringing them to normal. If players fill it up again, it will bring them into a new style, where the music, graphics, and sound effects are changed, with the score per each successful deflection doubled. Each time the meter is filled up at this point, the score multiplier increases.  Special beats will, if hit, modify players' paddle temporarily in some way; some will make the paddle tiny, rewarding players for meeting a threshold of beats hit while in this form, or doubling paddles to prepare players for a sequence of beats that cannot be hit without two paddles. If the lower meter empties on this screen, players will return to the normal mode. "Bit.Trip Beat" also features a multi-player mode, allowing anywhere from two to four players to play cooperatively, all paddles working together to deflect the beats. The four player mode modifies the paddles to make them smaller to prevent the game from becoming too easy.  The iOS release of "Bit.Trip Beat" has several new features. This includes leaderboards, downloadable levels based on other titles in the "Bit.Trip" series, achievements, and the ability to either use the built-in accelerometer or the iOS series' touch screens. Its multi-player mode allows for both off and online multi-player. Similar to the iOS version, the Windows and Mac OS X versions feature leaderboards and achievements. This version adds an easy mode and the ability to post high score data to either Facebook or Twitter.

Development and release.

"Bit.Trip Beat" was developed by Gaijin Games and initially published by Aksys Games. It was designed by Alex Neuse, its art by Mike Roush, and its programming by Chris Osborn. Their publishing agreement with Aksys was formed due to Neuse's personal relationship with its president, Akibo Shieh, with whom the two of them had wanted to work on a game together before. Despite the amicable relationship with Aksys, the budget and development time were less than they would have wanted, though they put up with it due to their good relationship and the challenge of developing with those limits. Because of being only three people, the developers had to do more than what they normally would have to. Before its reveal, Gaijin released a teaser on IGN. Its title was originally "8-Bit Beat", though this was changed to "Bit.Trip Beat". Early on, the developers could only afford one development kit, causing them to have to interrupt each other's work to use it. One of the first ideas made for the game was to give it an Atari 2600 art style.  It was initially proposed as ""Pong" with music". While described as being "not a big selling point" by Roush, the enthusiasm given off by Neuse convinced him to stay and work with him on it. Roush attributes the development of "Bit.Trip Beat" on WiiWare over competing services Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network due to both coming off from the development of a Nintendo DS game before it and Neuse's Nintendo fanboyism. Its development time spanned three and a half months. He explains that it was easier to switch from the DS to Wii than it would be to switch to an entirely different company's platform. Neuse noted music video game "Rez" for inspiring "Beat", calling it one of his favourite games of all time. The developers designed its controls with the intent of hearkening back to the era of "spinner controls" traditionally used in paddle games. Initially, they used several different kinds of controls, including having players control it with the d-pad, the analog stick, and by pointing the Wii Remote at the screen. However, they eventually settled on holding the controller sideways and tilting it. Boss battles were added near the end of development; while Neuse did not want to feature them despite his love for the video game trope, he felt that the game could benefit from them. However, due to the short time spent creating them, he finds them to feel rushed, even though they add to the game. Neuse explains that, while wanting the game to remain open to interpretation, "Beat" shows CommanderVideo's journey from the ethereal to the corporeal, ending with CommanderVideo becoming aware of himself and saying "I am only a man."  Near the end of development, the developers realized that they had mistakenly forgotten to localize the game, including error messages, such as those telling if save data has been corrupted. As such, they believe that they diminished its accessibility in other regions as a result. A bug, interpreted to be intentional, prevented the game from saving unless players achieve a high score. This only affected the North American version, as the other versions came out after it was fixed. A traditional patch was not easily accomplished on the WiiWare service, which Game Set Watch speculates drove them to their method of fixing it, which included putting up two save files that included high scores for the first two levels, thereby unlocking the third level.

Audio.

Originally, the audio was intended to be entirely chiptune; however, they realized that they should make the music more appealing to more people, making them change the style to simply chiptune-inspired. They outsourced the music to noted micromusician Bit Shifter. Bit.Shifter used Atari 2600 and Nintendo Entertainment System samples to compose the songs. Gaijin Games released the soundtrack for "Bit.Trip Beat", which contains ten songs. While given a limited release initially, it was eventually given wide release on services such as Amazon MP3, iTunes, eMusic, and others.

Promotion and release.

It was published by Aksys Games for the WiiWare on March 16, 2009 in North America and May 1, 2009 in PAL regions. Arc System Works published it in Japan on April 28, 2009. It was released for iOS in North America on September 30, 2010, where it was published by Namco Bandai. The iOS release was accompanied by an HD version of it for the same platform. Aksys also published it for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X through the Steam service on November 2, 2010 in North America. Because they had no money for marketing, they launched a viral marketing campaign, which consisted of the above-mentioned teaser video, screenshots, and a CommanderVideo web site, all of which were well-received; however, according to Neuse, the hype for the game died down too far before the game's release, which he feels hurt its sales potential. While a release for the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade and the PlayStation 3's PlayStation Network has been mentioned as possible in the future by the creators, they noted that it was difficult to accomplish.  Artist Mike Terpstra created two posters for the game, depicting Commander Video standing above a city. "Bit.Trip Beat" has been featured as part of a series of videos made by Nintendo called "Developer's Voice", which shares "in-game footage and insight who worked on the title". After the release of the first demo of "Bit.Trip Beat" for WiiWare, Gaijin Games CEO Alex Neuse claimed that the demo brought sales of the game up to their initial projections, later claiming that it needs to be played for players to understand it. A demo was released for the iOS version titled "Bit.Trip Beat Blitz". During a Steam sale, "Bit.Trip Beat" was sold in the "Indie Pulse Pack" for $5.00, which included "Audiosurf", "Beat Hazard", "Rhythm Zone", and "The Polynomial". It was released on sale for $1.99 for the iOS launch. For Halloween in 2010, Namco Bandai dropped the prices of both "Bit.Trip Beat" and "Bit.Trip Beat HD" to $0.99 each on the iOS. The Windows and Mac OS X versions of "Bit.Trip Beat" were available for 10% off of $9.99 for the first week of its release.

Reception.

Pre-release.

Ars Technica's Ben Kuchera noted it for being a quality title on the WiiWare service, which he states has been lacking in quality titles. He praised the trailer as exciting, while anticipating that it will be a "joy to play." Kotaku's Mike Fahey commented that it looked like a "blast to play." IGN's Steve Butts commented that while its combination of "Pong"-like gameplay and rhythmic gameplay could result in people referring to it as ""Pong Pong Revolution"", it was hard not to be "captivated, tested and utterly exhausted" by it.

WiiWare release.

Since its release for WiiWare, "Bit.Trip Beat" has received generally positive reception, holding aggregate scores of 80/100 and 80.15% on Metacritic and GameRankings, respectively. GameSpot's Lark Anderson praised it for its addictiveness, music, and visuals; however, he criticized the number of levels, lack of online leaderboards, and for a confusing premise. Destructoid's Jonathan Holmes called it one of his favourite games of 2009. IGN's Mark Bozon described the gameplay as basic, but fun. He also praised the aesthetic quality of the game, describing the music as "extremely well-composed and complex" and the graphics for successfully achieving an old school style with its visuals. He also named it one of the 15 best WiiWare games. "Wired"s Gus Mastrapa named it his fifth favourite Wii game of 2009, calling it "one of the biggest surprises of the year", calling it "hard as hell". It was well received by "Official Nintendo Magazine"s Simon Bramble, who described it as a "fresh take on "Pong"" and praising its value and aesthetics. However, he noted its few levels left them wanting, even though they were large and unique.  "Edge" called it "short and difficult", though praising the developers for its use of "rhythm and conditioning to such powerful effect." They also noted that the game could have improved if the three levels were broken up into several more smaller segments. In MTV Multiplayer's review of one of its sequels "Bit.Trip Flux", editor Jason Cipriano noted that while good, it was too difficult. Eurogamer's Simon Parkin described it as a "brisk, radiant creation" as well as a "nostalgic celebration". However, he did feel that Gaijin was "struggling" to come up with ways to increase the difficulty by the third phase, citing a unique type of beat that obscured the screen to an extent with their "flair". NGamer's Nick Ellis called it a "superb reinvention of "Pong"" and "unashamedly retro". While also praising the music and addictiveness, they criticized its high level of difficulty and eye strain that it may cause.  IGN's Lucas M. Thomas named it the eighth best WiiWare game, noting the fact that "Pong" creator Ralph Baer had played "Bit.Trip Beat" as evidence of its quality. He also compared it to Nintendo's "Art Style" series, calling it addictive and a good value, but also brief. IGN also featured it as a part of their "WiiWare Showcase" series, describing it as a "quick trip to a catchy musical game." Authors Jeff and Steve Fulton noted "Bit.Trip Beat" as a good example of a "post-retro game". They later note that it isn't appropriate to call it "Pong", as while it shares some elements, it is very different. They also noted that, sans the visual and audio enhancements, it succeeds as a post-retro game as being an idea that could have been accomplished on the Atari 2600, but with the rhythmic premise, would make it impossible back in the day. "Bit.Trip Beat" was awarded with "The Michael Jackson Award for Best Video Game Music" by "PC World", praising the game's use of sound effects to enhance the music. By the first half of 2009, Destructoid's Chad Concelmo named "Bit.Trip Beat" one of the best games of the year, as well as four other Destructoid editors.

Later releases.

The PC version has received fairly positive reception as well. Gamezebo described it as a combination of "Pong" and "Guitar Hero", commenting that the combination of "Pong"-like gameplay and rhythmic gameplay usually "works beautifully". While describing its gameplay as "simple yet addictive" and its aesthetics as "primitive yet beautiful", they criticized the game length, high difficulty level, and a lack of multi-player. They also noted that the Wii version was superior. Indie Games' Tim W. featured the Windows and Mac OS X versions as part of the web site's Best Of Indie Games feature. Fellow Indie Games editor Michael Rose strongly suggested buying it, describing it as a "far more insane" version of "Pong". However, he did criticize it for having few, long levels that could be difficult for people who have difficulty keeping focus. Mobile gaming developer Zach Cage called "Bit.Trip Beat" one of his favourite games released in the past 10 years. IGN's Charles Onyett called it "fluid and creative", though deriding its high level of difficulty. He praised the game for its aesthetics, calling the music "catchy" and the visuals "irresistible" to long-time gamers, though feeling that the graphics can get distracting at times. He also praised the developers for the inclusion of online leaderboards.  GamesRadar's Andrew Hayward praised the premise of the game as well as the iOS' touch controls. He also named it one of the 50 best iPad games of 2010. Gamezebo praised the iOS version for its aesthetics and gameplay and criticized it for its difficulty like they did with the Steam version; however, while it features the multi-player mode that they criticized the computer version for lacking, they criticized it for its "chaotic" nature and connection issues. IGN's Levi Buchanan found that while it was aesthetically pleasing and fun, it was too difficult. Adrenaline Vault's Michael Smith recommended that iOS device owners buy it, citing quality gameplay, graphics, and music, the latter two he says are good even if certain players do not like 8-bit. While he typically advises readers to "try before you buy" when buying a $5 iOS game, he cites "Bit.Trip Beat" as an exception.  Ars Technica's Ben Kuchera called the iOS version "near perfect". He described its "rhythm game meets "Pong"" style as working well on the platform. "GamePro"s Ryan Rigney featured it as one of their App Store Games of the Week of October 1, 2010. They called it a combination of music video game "Audiosurf" and "Pong", praising Gaijin Games for mixing the old with the new. UGO Networks' Jason Cipriano called it addictive in their article on iOS games with achievements. "Wired"s John Mix Meyer listed it as one of the iPad's "10 Biggest, Baddest Games", commenting that while alone its elements were not strong enough to make a game, combined they are great. It was nominated for the Excellence in Audio award at the Independent Games Festival in 2010; it ultimately lost to "". Game Set Watch's Eric Caoili speculated that if "Bit.Trip Beat" is successful on the iOS platforms, that Namco Bandai may publish more of them.

Legacy.

"Bit.Trip Beat" was the first in a series of six titles. It was followed by "Bit.Trip Core", which uses the d-pad to control the gameplay instead of motion controls. The third game in the series is titled "Bit.Trip Void", which puts players in control of an 8-bit ball. The fourth game is titled "Bit.Trip Runner", the first game to put players in direct control of CommanderVideo. The fifth game in the series is titled "Bit.Trip Fate", a side-scrolling on-rails shooter that again puts players in direct control of Commander Video. The final game in the series, "Bit.Trip Flux", features similar mechanics and ideas to "Beat", including featuring the same guest musician and its "Pong"-like gameplay. The developer attributes the return to this gameplay mechanic as Commander Video returning to "his simplest energetic state". However, it was designed to be easier than its predecessor, with no Game Over possible.

Android Compatibility Issue.

On Android systems running Android Marshmallow or higher, Bit.Trip Beat freezes upon opening. The Android app has not been updated since 2012, and the Bit.Trip Beat Android support email address has stopped responding.

Bit.Trip Beat, marketed as BIT.TRIP BEAT, is an arcade-style music video game developed by Gaijin Games and published by Aksys Games for the Wii's WiiWare download service. It was released in 2009 in North America, and released in Japan and PAL regions in the same year. It was later released for the Windows and Mac OS X through the download service Steam in 2010, while Namco Bandai published it for iOS on iPod Touch, iPhone, and iPad in both "Bit.Trip Beat" and "Bit.Trip Beat HD" versions. Android and Linux versions debuted in the Humble Android Bundle 3.

Bit.Trip Beat est un jeu vidéo de rythme développé par Gaijin Games et édité par Aksys Games. Il est disponible en téléchargement sur Wii via la plate-forme de téléchargement WiiWare depuis 2009 et depuis 2010 sur Steam. Il s'agit du premier jeu de la série "Bit.Trip".


History.

On December 17, 1925 Talton Higbee Embry and John Paul Riddle founded the Embry-Riddle Company at Lunken Airport in Cincinnati, Ohio. In spring 1926, the company opened the Embry-Riddle School of Aviation. Following a merge with the Aviation Corporation (AVCO), the Embry-Riddle flying school was closed in 1930. In 1939 Riddle, John Graham McKay and wife Isabel re-established the school in Miami, Florida. Keeping the name, they partnered with the University of Miami to provide flight training under the Civilian Pilot Training Program, increasing the number of pilots immediately preceding World War II. This school included the most famous flight alumnus President John F. Kennedy and his renown flight classes. Following rapid expansion, the school moved to the former Fritz Hotel.  Preempting the announced closure of Tamiami Airport where then named Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Institute was conducting its flight operations, the school was moved to Daytona Beach in April 1965. Embry-Riddle became a nonprofit in 1959, was awarded university status in 1968 and changed its name to today's name in 1970. Embry-Riddle started its worldwide program the same year and opened a second residential campus in Prescott, Arizona, in 1978.  Though it began as a regional school for pilots and aircraft mechanics, the university enrolls nearly 32,000 undergraduate and graduate students.

Accreditations and certifications.

The non-profit university is accredited as a level VI institution by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award degrees at the associate, bachelor, master's, and doctoral levels. The university's programs in aviation maintenance, air traffic management, applied meteorology, aeronautical science, aerospace and occupational safety, flight operations, and airport management are accredited by the Aviation Accreditation Board International (AABI). The bachelor and master's programs in business are accredited by the Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP). All engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET)  The programs in aeronautics, air traffic management, applied meteorology, and aerospace studies are certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In July 2014, the university also became the nation's first FAA-approved training provider for student airline certification.  The Embry-Riddle Athletics administration announced in July 2014 it was accepted into the NCAA Division II membership process. The transition to full NCAA Division II membership was completed in July 2017.

Daytona Beach, Florida campus.

Embry-Riddle's oldest residential campus () and academic headquarters has been in Daytona Beach, Florida since the move from Miami in 1965. Built adjacent to the Daytona Beach International Airport, the campus is connected to an aircraft ramp owned by the university for flight training. The main campus consists of an aviation complex, academic quad and residence halls surrounding the student center and Jack R. Hunt Aviator Park. The campus has seven residence halls and one off-campus housing complex. Athletic facilities, the Brigadier General William W. Spruance ROTC Center and the ICI Center are on the east side of campus.  This university's eastern campus serves approximately 5,700 undergraduates and 600 graduate students from over 100 countries. All first-year students live on campus with sophomores, juniors, and seniors. 47 majors are currently offered at this location. The engineering physics program at the Daytona Beach campus is currently the largest undergraduate engineering physics program in the country and the only one specializing in aerospace.  The Daytona Beach campus has a fleet of 62 Cessna Skyhawks and 10 Diamond DA42-VI's. The ERAU Flying Club's two (2) Cessna 172s and the two Cessna 150s of the Eagles Flight Team are also parked on the ramp.  Embry-Riddle's Daytona Beach campus has one of the most extensive Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) programs in the United States and the nation's largest Air Force ROTC program. The ROTC program frequently wins national competitions.

Prescott, Arizona campus.

Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University-Prescott opened in 1978. The University's campus in Prescott, Arizona is 100 miles north of Phoenix. The high-desert climate offers nearly 300 days of sunshine a year. The campus has an enrollment of about 2,000 students and covers 539 acres of western terrain.  The flight training center is at nearby Ernest A. Love Field. Facilities at the Prescott Campus include the Aerospace Experimentation and Fabrication Building, a wind tunnel lab with one supersonic and four subsonic wind tunnels, the aviation safety center with an accident investigation lab, library, the 48,000 sq ft. academic complex, the engineering and technology center, chapel, dining hall, student union and residence halls. The Prescott Campus features four academic colleges and offers 19 bachelor's degrees and two master's degrees, as well as educational programs for youths, students, and working professionals.  The Prescott campus offers the only Global Security and Intelligence Studies program in the US.  The First Year Experience program is designed to help students transition to college on academic, social, and educational levels. Students in FYE housing are grouped together by major, when possible, and reside with a staff that is specially trained to handle first-year transitional issues. All first-year students under 21 years of age, without permanent residency in Yavapai County and with less than 28 earned credit hours, are required to live in University housing for their first full academic year. All FYE students reside in the Mingus Mountain Complex and are required to participate in the Dining Services meal program.  Embry-Riddle's two Air Force ROTC detachments form the largest university-based Air Force commissioning source in the nation. Embry-Riddle's AFROTC detachments also produce more commissioned officers, more pilots and other rated officers for the Air Force than any other institution in the nation except the Air Force Academy. Army ROTC also operates a large detachment on the Prescott Campus.  The Prescott campus is home to the Golden Eagles Flight Team, which competes in the National Intercollegiate Flying Association. Prescott's Golden Eagles Flight Team has won the regional championship each year for the past 31 years, and the team is also twelve-time National Champions winning in 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018. With their twelve national wins, the team has also been inducted into the San Diego Air & Space Museum's Hall of Fame.

Worldwide campus.

Embry-Riddle serves more than 22,000 students online and at 130 campuses, more than 90 on military bases and the option to take online courses. It offers 40 degree programs covering many areas in aviation, business, communication, computers, emergency services, engineering, human factors, management, safety, security, logistics, and unmanned systems. Classes are offered online, via video to a classroom or home, or face-to-face.  Embry-Riddle Worldwide campus was established in 1970 and became a network of more than 130 learning locations, including military bases. Embry-Riddle Worldwide also provides a virtual "online campus". U.S. News & World Report ranked Embry-Riddle #1 Best out of almost 300 Online Bachelor's Programs in 2016. Facilities with aviation functions are available for students not able to attend a residential campus. Programs of study are offered at the undergraduate and graduate level (as well as certificate and non-degree), including the rare Master of Business Administration in Aviation (MBA-A), ranked #74 Best Online MBA Program (out of about 250) in 2015.

Professional programs.

ERAU hosts a variety of aviation-focused short-courses. All courses are offered in a classroom taught by industry experts. These courses — ranging in topic from Unmanned Aircraft Systems to Aircraft Accident Investigation and Management — are tailored for professionals involved in the operations, management, and supervision of aviation organizations. The Worldwide campus offers courses either online, via video, or face-to-face globally and is headed by Gary Burke, Director -Office of Professional Education for the Worldwide campus.  The Embry-Riddle Prescott Campus is home to the Robertson Safety Institute (RSI); a center for research, development, short courses, and corporate outreach in safety education. The campus has resources including the Robertson Crash Lab, Aviation Safety and Security Archives and immediate access to advanced engineering, scientific, and forensic resources.

Collaborations with SUSS.

The University collaborates with the Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) on SUSS's Bachelor of Science in Aviation Maintenance and Bachelor of Science in Aviation Business Administration.

Research.

Daytona Beach
While rooted in aviation, research at Embry-Riddle's Daytona Beach Campus has expanded to include a diverse range of areas, including engineering, cyber and homeland security, human factors, modeling and simulation, and business. The same technologies and expertise faculty have developed and applied to aerospace and aviation related research, they now apply directly to other areas — space systems, high-performance vehicles, unmanned and autonomous systems, robotics, alternative and sustainable energy, medical human factors, commercial space operations and more.  The university is expanding its partnerships with industry in developing the Aerospace Research and Technology Park adjacent to the Daytona Beach campus. Supported by new research centers and laboratories, this park will not only foster research growth on campus, but it will also provide an ideal setting for cross-fertilization and innovation between the campus and its partners. Embry-Riddle also manages the FAA NextGen Florida Test Bed, where technology is being developed that will support the nation's expanding air transportation needs. Research will contribute to reducing fuel consumption and associated emissions, improving situational awareness for pilots, and providing safer and more efficient passenger service.  In 2017, Embry-Riddle partnered with an Orlando non-profit, FireSpring Fund, to aid five startups in their research and creation process. FireSpring awarded each startup $25,000 and Embry-Riddle offered each entrepreneurial support, seed funding, mentorship and a home base at the new university research park. The startups were: Embedded Control Designs LLC, Myers Devices LLC, Censys Technologies Corporation, Weintraus LLC, and Sensatek Propulsion Technology Inc. They researched and designed in the areas of: gas-turbine stability, drone data processing and communications, medical safety devices and spacecraft transportation.  Prescott
At the Prescott Campus, a total of $60,000 in Eagle-Prize (E-Prize) Grants is available each year for student teams participating in collegiate, national or international design or research competitions. Teams that participate in high-stature competitions, have a diverse membership and demonstrate a great likelihood of success with sound methodology and clear business plans are most likely to receive funding.  Ignite Grants, part of Embry-Riddle's Quality Enhancement Plan, are available up to $48,000 annually for students wishing to participate in research and innovation under the tutelage of a faculty mentor.

Athletics.

Administration announced in July 2014 that Embry-Riddle had been accepted into the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II membership process. Embry-Riddle began intercollegiate athletics competition on its Daytona Beach Campus in 1988 and has since transformed into a highly successful program that sponsors 19 intercollegiate sports teams, as well as coed cheerleading. Embry-Riddle fields teams in baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf, men's and women's lacrosse, men's and women's rowing, men's and women's soccer, softball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's track and field, and women's volleyball.  The Prescott Campus competes in nine sports: men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, softball, women's volleyball, and men's wrestling.  During their time in the NAIA, the Athletics program at the Daytona Beach Campus won the Sun Conference Commissioner's Cup for 16 consecutive years.

Rankings.

Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University is ranked by "U.S. News & World Report" in several categories for 2020:  Regional Universities - Tie - 11th
Best Colleges for Veterans - Tie - 4th  The U.S. News & World Report ranked Embry-Riddle -2nd Most Innovative Schools and 42nd Best Value Colleges  Best Engineering Programs (At schools whose highest degree is a doctorate) - Tie - 83rd
Aerospace/Aeronautical/Astronautical (At schools whose highest degree is a doctorate) - 4th
Best Graduate Engineering Schools - Tie - 111th  Best Online Bachelor's Programs - 1st
Best Online MBA Programs - Tie - 113th
Best Online Graduate Business Programs (Excluding MBA) - Tie - 59th  In May 2014, the U.S. News & World Report ranked Embry-Riddle Worldwide one of the nation's top online educators for veterans.  Embry Riddle is ranked the #96 highest paid alumni on Payscale.com the school also ranks highest in pay from universities in the state of Florida.  Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University is also ranked by Forbes' list of America's Top Colleges for 2018:  Top Colleges: 294
Private Colleges: 205
Grateful Grads: 361
Forbes Financial Grade: B
America's Best Value Colleges: 272

Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) is a private university with its main campuses in Daytona Beach, Florida, and Prescott, Arizona. It is the largest accredited university system specializing in aviation and aerospace. It has numerous online programs and academic programs offered at satellite locations.

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University est une université américaine spécialisée dans l'aéronautique et l'aérospatial créée en 1926. Elle est divisée en trois campus, situés à Daytona Beach (Floride) et Prescott (Arizona) ainsi qu'un campus Worldwide regroupant plus de 150 emplacements pour. Surnommée la « Harvard du ciel » ("the Harvard of the sky"), l'université d'Embry-Riddle est la plus grande, la plus ancienne et prestigieuse université au monde spécialisée en aéronautique et en aérospatiale.


History.

In 1886 ex-Union Gen. John T. Wilder received a charter for the Charleston, Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad, commonly referred to as the "Triple C" Railroad. This was the beginning of the modern Clinchfield. The promoters proposed a 625-mile line from Ironton, Ohio, to Charleston, South Carolina, with an extension down the Ohio River to Cincinnati. It would serve the rich agricultural lands of the Piedmont, the summer resorts of the North Carolina mountains, the rich timber and mineral deposits and coal fields of Virginia and Kentucky, with terminals on both the Ohio River and the Atlantic seacoast. The estimated cost was $21 million, equal to $ today. Johnson City, Tennessee, was established as the headquarters for the Triple C Railroad and that city became a railway boom town.  Built north and south from Johnson City, tracks reached Erwin, Tennessee, in 1890. Grading was 90% complete from Johnson City to Dante, Virginia, in 1893 when the Triple C had financial problems and failed in the national depression of that year. In July 1893, the assets of the Triple C Railroad were sold at a foreclosure for $550,000, equal to $ today. The new owners renamed it the "Ohio River and Charleston Railroad." The construction continued halfheartedly and in 1897 owners began to sell off the railroad in segments. At the time an enterprising entrepreneur, George Lafayette Carter, was involved in developing the coal lands of southwestern Virginia and needed a railroad to transport his coal to a seaport. In 1902, he purchased the Ohio River and Charleston Railroad, renamed it the Clinchfield Railroad, and organized a gigantic construction program. Between 1905 and 1909 the road was completed from Dante, Virginia, to Spartanburg, South Carolina. Carter got financing to build to high standards and Clinchfield has not had to reduce grades, lighten curves, and enlarge tunnels to handle larger equipment as other railroads have had to do. (The main line retains many 14° curves, though.) Carter established the Clinchfield's headquarters in Johnson City, Tennessee, but later moved it to Erwin, Tennessee, when he could not get land for the shops and classification yards. Erwin remained Clinchfield's headquarters thereafter.  A station was built in 1910 near Little Switzerland, North Carolina, for visitors to the resort. The resort built Etchoe Pass Road, a 4-mile long toll road, connecting to it. The tolls were lifted and the road is now North Carolina Highway 226A. The toll booths are still visible. The station's original name was Mount Mitchell Station but it was subsequently changed to Little Switzerland. In 1954, the railroad retired its last steam locomotive in favor for diesel power.

The Family Lines and CSX.

The Clinchfield lost its identity in the mid-1970s when it came under the "Family Lines System" banner, a marketing name for Seaboard Coast Line, L&N, and several smaller railroads. The Clinchfield is remembered for is its famous "Santa Claus Special" that debuted in 1943 from encouragement from several Kingsport businessmen and ran the length of the Clinchfield's main line between Elkhorn City and Kingsport, Tennessee handing out gifts to the children along the route. Today, it is operated by CSX Transportation with the Kingsport Area Chamber of Commerce and is now known as the "Santa Train".

Freight schedules.

Most of their traffic was coal trains, but the Clinchfield did operate a few scheduled Freight Trains. Northbound Clinchfield trains had odd numbers and southbound even (most railroads used even numbers for northbound trains). This was done so that their trains would mesh in with connecting trains from the SCL on the south end at Spartanburg and the C&O on the north end at Elkhorn City. Below is a sample of the Freight Trains between Spartanburg, S.C., and Erwin, Tennessee:

The Clinchfield Railroad was an operating and holding company for the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway. The line ran from the coalfields of Virginia and Elkhorn City, Kentucky, to the textile mills of South Carolina. The 35-mile segment from Dante, Virginia, to Elkhorn City, opening up the coal lands north of Sandy Ridge Mountains and forming a connection with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway at Elkhorn City, was completed in 1915.

Le Clinchfield Railroad (sigle AAR: CRR) était une compagnie holding qui exploitait le Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway (sigle AAR: CCO). La ligne circulait entre les bassins houillers de la Virginie et Elkhorn City, Kentucky, vers les industries textiles de la Caroline du Sud. Le tronçon de entre Dante, Virginie et Elkhorn City, permettant de traverser les réserves de charbon au nord de Sandy Ridge Mountains, fut achevé en 1915. A Elkhorn City une connexion avait lieu avec le Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. Le Clinchfield fut le dernier chemin de fer américain de classe I construit à l'est des Montagnes Rocheuses. Les 428 km de ligne donnaient accès à bon nombre de magnifiques panoramas dans la région des Appalaches, et sa construction nécessita des prouesses techniques, comme les boucles du Clinchfield Loops permettant l'ascension des Blue Ridge Mountains au nord de Marion, Caroline du Nord. Le Clinchfield Railroad commença à exploiter la ligne le, et durant plusieurs années il fut loué conjointement par l'Atlantic Coast Line Railroad et le Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Lorsque le L&N fusionna avec le Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (successeur de l'Atlantic Coast Line) le, pour constituer le Seaboard System Railroad, l'exploitation indépendante du Clinchfield, n'ayant plus de raison d'être, fut intégrée dans le Seaboard. La ligne est actuellement possédée et exploitée par CSX Transportation sous les désignations de Blue Ridge Subdivision (entre Spartanburg et Erwin, Tennessee) et Kingsport Subdivision (entre Erwin et Elkhorn City).


Definition.

Let "R" be a ring and let "G" be a monoid. The monoid ring or monoid algebra of "G" over "R", denoted "R"["G"] or "RG", is the set of formal sums formula_1, where formula_2 for each formula_3 and "r" = 0 for all but finitely many "g", equipped with coefficient-wise addition, and the multiplication in which the elements of "R" commute with the elements of "G". More formally, "R"["G"] is the set of functions such that } is finite, equipped with addition of functions, and with multiplication defined by If "G" is a group, then "R"["G"] is also called the group ring of "G" over "R".

Universal property.

Given "R" and "G", there is a ring homomorphism sending each "r" to "r"1 (where 1 is the identity element of "G"), and a monoid homomorphism (where the latter is viewed as a monoid under multiplication) sending each "g" to 1"g" (where 1 is the multiplicative identity of "R"). We have that α("r") commutes with β("g") for all "r" in "R" and "g" in "G".  The universal property of the monoid ring states that given a ring "S", a ring homomorphism, and a monoid homomorphism to the multiplicative monoid of "S", such that α'("r") commutes with β'("g") for all "r" in "R" and "g" in "G", there is a unique ring homomorphism such that composing α and β with γ produces α' and β

Augmentation.

The augmentation is the ring homomorphism defined by  The kernel of "η" is called the augmentation ideal. It is a free "R"-module with basis consisting of 1 – "g" for all "g" in "G" not equal to 1.

Examples.

Given a ring "R" and the (additive) monoid of natural numbers N (or {"x"} viewed multiplicatively), we obtain the ring "R"[{"x"}] =: "R"["x"] of polynomials over "R". The monoid N (with the addition) gives the polynomial ring with "n" variables: "R"[N] =: "R"["X",..., "X"].

Generalization.

If "G" is a semigroup, the same construction yields a semigroup ring "R"["G"].

In abstract algebra, a monoid ring is a ring constructed from a ring and a monoid, just as a group ring is constructed from a ring and a group.

En algèbre, plus précisément en théorie des anneaux, l'algèbre d'un monoïde "M" sur un anneau commutatif "A" est la "A"-algèbre formée des combinaisons linéaires d'éléments de "M", à coefficients dans "A". Cette construction généralise celle des anneaux de polynômes et intervient, lorsque "M" est un groupe, dans la théorie de ses représentations et dans la définition de son homologie. Lorsque "A" est un anneau non commutatif, la même construction ne fournit pas une "A"-algèbre mais seulement un anneau.


History.

The DIY project was begun by skateboarders Bret Taylor, Chuck Willis, Osage Buffalo, Kent Dahlgren, Jay Grahm, and Mark "Red" Scott in the summer of 1990 by pouring concrete against Burnside's main wall, creating a vertical transition obstacle in the empty parking lot below the east-end of the Burnside bridge. The skateboarders found inspiration to do so because the area was covered and protected from Portland's rainy season, allowing the park's riders to skate all year long. With a spare couple of bags of cement, the project was begun. The founders created a bank obstacle three feet by three feet in dimensions. The second obstacle created was another bank against the same wall, this time, this time with the dimensions of five by six feet. The banks were eventually merged into a single bank. The second major obstacle built was a mini bowl pocket along the north-end support beam of the bridge. Following these initial small obstacles, the founders of the DIY project struck a deal with nearby construction workers, employed by Ross Island Cement, building the I-84 on-ramp. The skateboarders convinced the workers to give them leftover cement from the I-84 on-ramp construction. From then on, the project's construction exploded, with the skaters re-paving the ground of the parking lot.  Prior to the beginning of the skatepark project, the spot was known as "Hobo Camp," because of the numerous homeless people living there. The founders of Burnside Skatepark noted that the space was originally littered with dirty mattresses, used needles, and thick dust.

Obstacles.

The skatepark consists of obstacles inspired by transition and pool-skating. At the east end of the skatepark is the main wall. The main wall has a large concrete bank at its base, which allows smooth transition to the vertical wall-riding. Approximately fifteen feet south from the main wall is a bump utilized for "pumping" and building momentum. At the northeast end of the skatepark is a deep bowl with metal coping, which is adjacent to a bowl pocket on the east wall. Also apart of the east wall is a pyramid. At the northwest corner of the park is a shallow bowl with metal coping. At the south wall there is an extended quarter pipe that varies in height and has concrete coping. At the southwest corner are two bowl pockets facing each other, both with concrete coping.

Influence.

Burnside is credited with the start of the DIY movement in the skateboarding industry. Its foundation lead to two of the largest skatepark-construction companies, Grindline Skateparks and Dreamland Skateparks, both of which have gone to build hundreds of additional skateparks across America. Through the creation of Burnside, popular opinion is, it also helped to ignite the flame for the rebirth of public Skateparks in the United States. Additionally, Burnside popularized the use of poured concrete for DIY skate obstacles. Up until the park's popularization, nearly all conventional public skateparks' ramps and obstacles had been crafted out of wood and metal.  A number of obstacles first created at Burnside have been used in skateparks around the world. The initial pouring of concrete against Burnside's main wall lead to the creation of the "bank" obstacle, now a commonality in most modern skateparks. Burnside is also credited with the popularization of the pump wall and vertical wall in skateboarding.

Events.

Because of its foundation on Halloween night, every year there is Halloween anniversary celebration held at Burnside. This usually includes skateboarding, live music, appearances from professional skateboarders, and a skate family type reunion.

Conflict and controversy.

In 2016, an apartment complex known called the "Yard" was constructed west of the Burnside skatepark. There was a lot of speculation on what would happen to the park, with supporters of the skatepark creating petitions to preserve the skatepark. Ultimately, the skatepark did not experience any loss of territory, just a loss of sunlight from the building blockage. The construction of the apartment complex obstructed sunlight from the skatepark, causing Burnside to be much darker during the day. To compensate for this, Yard's chief developer agreed to install lights for the skatepark.

Popular media.

The skatepark has been featured in video games such as Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2X, Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3, Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX, and Grind Session. Burnside Skatepark was also featured on Television multiple times, MTV Sports in 1995, mentioned multiple times during the Dew Tour in Portland, Portlandia, Jackass among others. The 1993 film "Free Willy", the film “Untraceable”, the film “The Hunted” and the 2007 film "Paranoid Park", as a setting for the eponymous skate park. Recently in 2019 Netflix Series “Trinkets”  The skatepark has also been featured in a number of notable skate videos:  Burnside has appeared in multiple books & also publications and editorials. Including local newspapers, The Oregonian, Wilamette Week, the Mercury.  Burnside photographs have been Published in skateboard magazines, Thrasher, Transworld, Slap, Skateboarder, Juice, multiple zines, Frank 151 & basically too many to document.

The Burnside Skatepark is a DIY concrete skatepark located in Portland, Oregon, United States. Burnside was the first do-it-yourself concrete skatepark project and has spawned other similar projects across the globe. It is located under the east end of the Burnside Bridge. The project was started without permission from the city of Portland before being accepted as a public skatepark. Its features include many hips, pools, pyramids, and vertical sections. The skatepark is free-admission and requires no helmet, protective knee-pads, or elbow-pads. The skatepark receives no funding from the city of Portland. The park is regarded as an on-going project that is funded by donations.

Le apparaît dans des jeux vidéo comme "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater", "Grind Session" et "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3". Il apparaît également dans le film de 1993, "Sauvez Willy", le film de 2007, "Paranoid Park", et le film de 2008, "Intraçable".


History.

Emile Louis Constant Schiff became the owner of the Nederlandse Guttapercha Maatschappij in Delft, the forerunner of Apollo Vredestein, on 6 November 1908. In 1909, the company moved to Loosduinen and changed its name to NV Rubberfabriek Vredestein. The name Vredestein comes from the name of the farm Schiff bought in Loosduinen in 1909 and where he first started making rubber.  The company initially specialised in all kinds of rubber products, including shoe heels, tennis balls, floor covering, boots and indoor football balls.  On 13 September 1934, most of the factory in Loosduinen was lost in a fire. Reconstruction started immediately, and the bicycle tire factory in Doetinchem was established in the same year.  In 1946, the NV Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Autobanden-fabriek Vredestein was founded in Enschede, with the American company B.F. Goodrich owning just over 20% of the shares. A year later, Schiff laid the cornerstone of the plant in Enschede.  The growth of the company accelerated in 1962 when it merged with N.V. Rubberfabrieken Hevea in Raalte. In 1971, the company became wholly owned by B.F. Goodrich and Vredestein's products were soon finding their way to 125 different countries.  Under the influence of globalisation, in the 1970s the Vredestein brand increasingly came to focus on car, agricultural, industrial and two-wheeler tires. The oil crisis prompted many mergers in the tire industry during these years.  In 1976, the Dutch state took over 49% of the shares in Vredestein, and two percent were obtained by the "Stichting tot Voortzetting van Vredestein" (Foundation for the Continuation of Vredestein). While the remaining 49% initially remained in the possession of B.F. Goodrich, they were later taken over by the Foundation for a symbolic sum. In the early 1990s, the company was acquired from the State by three Dutch investors.  A collaboration was established with the Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro in the late 1990s. Giugiaro Design designs high-performance tires for Vredestein.  In 2009, Vredestein was acquired by India's Apollo Tyres Ltd, and the company name was changed to Apollo Vredestein B.V. The bulk of production still takes place in Enschede.  In January 2013, Apollo Tyres Ltd announced the opening of its global R&D centre in Enschede, Netherlands, that will develop and test car and van tires for the company.  On 12 June 2013, Apollo Tyres Ltd announced the acquisition of Cooper Tire & Rubber Company. in a US$2.5 billion deal. This would have turned Apollo Tyre Ltd into the world's seventh-largest tire company, with combined global revenue of an estimated US$6.6 billion, according to Tire Review data, but on 30 December 2013, the Cooper acquisition was called off.  In May 2015, Apollo Tyres Ltd announced the relocation of its European head office from Enschede, to Amsterdam, Netherlands. The move is intended to make it easier to fill high-level positions and take advantage of the close proximity to Schiphol airport.  On march 5 2020 the Company announced that 750 jobs were to become redundant within 2 years. The intention is that the production of regular car tyres will be halted within that period.

Structure.

Offices in the world.

Apollo Vredestein B.V. is represent by:

Apollo Vredestein B.V. is a Netherlands-based tire manufacturer. Since 2009, it is owned by Apollo Tyres Ltd of India. Apollo Vredestein B.V. has its head office in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and its production facility in Enschede. It designs, manufactures and sells tires under the Apollo and Vredestein brand names via offices in Europe and North America.

Apollo Vredestein B.V. est une filiale du fabricant de pneumatiques indien Apollo Tyres Limited. Le siège social d’Apollo Vredestein B.V. est situé à Enschede, aux Pays-Bas.


Life and career.

Early life and education.

Patrick Hayes was born in the Five Points section of Manhattan to Daniel Hayes and Mary Gleason. In his own words, Hayes "was born very humble and, I may say, of poor people." Both of his parents were from County Kerry, Ireland, and moved to the United States in 1864. A younger brother, John, was born in 1870. Hayes' mother died in June 1872, and his father later remarried around 1876; a half-sister, Anastasia, was also born that year. At age 15, he was sent to live with his aunt and uncle, who ran a grocery store where Hayes then worked.  After attending La Salle Academy, Hayes studied at Manhattan College, where he excelled at philosophy and the classics and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree with high honors in 1888. At Manhattan, he also befriended George Mundelein, who would later become Archbishop of Chicago. Hayes then attended St. Joseph's Seminary in Troy.

Ordination and ministry.

Hayes was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Michael Corrigan on September 8, 1892. He was then sent for further studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., earning a Licentiate of Sacred Theology in 1894.  Upon his return to New York City, Hayes was appointed Curate at St. Gabriel's Church on the Lower East Side, where he served under its pastor, John Murphy Farley (whom he would later succeed as Archbishop of New York). Hayes, following Farley's elevation to the episcopacy, served as his private secretary from 1895 to 1903, thereafter he was appointed chancellor of the Archdiocese and Rector of the Cathedral College. He was named Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on October 15, 1907.

Auxiliary Bishop of New York.

On July 3, 1914, Hayes was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of New York and Titular Bishop of "Thagaste" by Pope Pius X. He received his episcopal consecration on the following October 28 from Cardinal Farley, with Bishops Henry Gabriels and Thomas Cusack serving as co-consecrators, at St. Patrick's Cathedral.

Bishop for the Military Services.

Hayes was later named Vicar Apostolic of Military, USA, on November 24, 1917. Serving as head of the American military ordinariate during World War I, he recruited hundreds of priests as commissioned officers or chaplains. He was also one of the four episcopal members of the executive committee of the National Catholic War Council.

Archbishop of New York.

Following the death of Cardinal Farley in September 1918, Hayes was appointed by Pope Benedict XV as the fifth Archbishop of New York on March 10, 1919. He was formally installed as Archbishop on the following March 19. He founded the archdiocesan Catholic Charities in 1920, and subsequently became known as "the Cardinal of Charities." In a 1921 pastoral letter, Hayes strongly condemned abortion, contraception and divorce. He had the first convention of the American Birth Control League raided, and later called its members "prophets of decadence". He welcomed the election of Éamon de Valera as President of the Irish Republic and contributed $1,000 to Sinn Féin.

Cardinal.

Pope Pius XI created him Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria in Via in the consistory of March 24, 1924. It was speculated that the Pope delayed his elevation to the Sacred College of Cardinals because a group from St. Patrick's Cathedral had stoned the Union Club for flying a British flag, but Pius nevertheless warmly greeted Hayes at the consistory as "dear little brother".  The cardinal opposed Prohibition, backed legislation to limit indecency on the stage, and endorsed unemployment relief during the Great Depression. Commenting on the Depression in 1931, he stated, "The American people are experiencing a return to religion following a period of carelessness and cynicism marked by the prosperity of the land...Now they are returning when they find they are in need of something greater than the material in facing adversity and stress."  After the Rev. Charles Coughlin praised the late Mayor Jimmy Walker in New York, Hayes, who had earlier denounced Walker for his perceived lack of morality, ruled that no ecclesiastical visitor might address a religious gathering without the cardinal's permission.  On June 24, 1924, he offered the invocation at the opening of the 1924 Democratic National Convention.  He used his Tammany Hall connections to line up Democratic support in Congress for legislation protecting Catholic schools in the Philippines in 1932.  Hayes had a summer house in the Catskills, near St. Joseph's camp, maintained by the Amityville Dominican nuns; he once encountered a group of Klansmen there.  Hayes died from a heart attack, caused by coronary thrombosis, in Monticello, New York, at age 70. He was originally interred in a grotto chapel at St. Joseph's camp. When the sisters sold the property he was then interred in the crypt under the altar of St. Patrick's Cathedral.  Cardinal Hayes High School in The Bronx is named after him.

Patrick Joseph Hayes (November 20, 1867 – September 4, 1938) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of New York from 1919 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1924.

Patrick Joseph Hayes, né le à New York aux États-Unis et mort le à Monticello dans l'État de New York, est un cardinal américain de l'Église catholique, archevêque de New York de 1919 à sa mort.


Vision and mission.

Harm Reduction International primarily engages in advocacy to reduce the harms resulting from policies relating to the use of illicit drugs. Through promoting evidenced-based public health policies and promoting a human rights-based best practice approach to drug policy reform, Harm Reduction International aims to achieve global social change in which individuals and communities benefit from drug laws, policies and practices that promote the health, dignity and human rights of illicit drug users.  Harm Reduction International's work includes supporting and undertaking research, analysis, advocacy and strengthening the capacity of civil society to engage in harm reduction and drug policy reform initiatives.  This idea of harm reduction has controversial topic. This argument of if it is morally ethically, gets brought to the public’s attention.

Awards.

Each year, Harm Reduction International presents a number of awards at international conference to acknowledge the contributions of outstanding groups or individuals in the field.

Rolleston Award.

The award is named after Sir Humphry Rolleston, President of the Royal College of Physicians who chaired the UK Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction. In 1926 this committee concluded that the prescription of heroin or morphine could be regarded as legitimate medical treatment for those in whom withdrawal produces serious symptoms that cannot be treated satisfactorily under normal practice and, for those for who are able to lead a useful and fairly normal life so long as they take a certain non-progressive quantity, usually small, of the drug of addiction, but cease to be able to do so when the regular allowance is withdrawn. This decision epitomises a benign, pragmatic and humane approach to drug problems, and was a landmark event in the history of harm reduction.

International Rolleston Award.

This award was first presented at the 3rd International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm in Melbourne in 1992. Each year, it is given to an individual who has made an outstanding contribution to reducing harms from psychoactive substances at an international level.

National Rolleston Award.

This award was first presented at the ‘3rd International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm’ in Melbourne in 1992. Each year, it is given to an individual or organisation for their outstanding contributions to reducing harm from psychoactive substances at the national level in the country that is hosting the harm reduction conference.

Harm reduction model.

Harm reduction is a set of practical strategies and ideas aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with Mal-adaptive behaviors. Harm Reduction is also a movement for social justice built on a belief in, and respect for, the rights of people and compassionate pragmatism. Its focus is a shift from abstinence only approach towards preventive and safer approach. The focus of the attention is not the behavior itself, but the harm associated with it or the relative harmfulness. Harm Reduction Model developed in phases which started with health concerns in 1960's and the second phase in 1990's with sharp focus on AIDS prevention and lately in public health and human rights aspects.

Ideology.

Harm reduction approach is not a passive strategy that is “done to” participants. Rather, it is an active and interactive process. To practice harm reduction, individuals must be engaged in “self-management so that they may be capable of anticipating risky situations and generating viable, preferred alternatives that are suited to the situation at hand and reflect their own considered goals.” The Harm Reduction approach is one that can be tailored to diverse client populations and varying settings. The idea of beginning where the client is and learning where the individual would like to go is the framework of Harm Reduction and can be applied to approaching any number of social, health or behavioral issues. The Harm Reduction model, which is based on public health principles, takes a preventative stance to intervention with an aim to reduce the health, social, and economic harms associated with the unhealthy behaviors and considers the impact relative to the individual, family, and community. Harm Reduction strategies can be used with any individual engaging in any kind of potentially self-destructive behavior that they may be reluctant to stop. The nonjudgmental, non-stigmatizing approach regarding any number of presenting problems or behaviors may be enough motivation or engagement for the person at risk to return to the intervention. The ideology is based on ensuring the respect, quality of life of the individual and the community, and to protect fundamental human rights.

Intervention Process.

The general approach advocates lessening the harms associated with the risky behaviors through education, prevention, management and treatment(for drug abuse only). The tailoring of harm reduction interventions to address the specific risks and harms also take into account other bio-psycho-social factors. The person who assists the person-at-risk acts as an advocate or guide and not as a healer or fixer. Generic Stages of Harm Reduction model Intervention Process:-

Goals of Harm Reduction Model.

Harm reduction is described as a pragmatic response to address risky behaviors. Harm reduction helps the person to move from a state of chaos to a state of control over their own life and health. The goals are Helping, Advocating, Reducing recidivism, Mending wounds, Reinforcing healthier options, Educating (accurately & w/permission), Delivering hope, Uncovering challenges, Celebrating choice, Treatment opportunities, Investing your time, Offering support & Never, ever giving up on a client! The client is an expert in his ailing, you are just a service provider.

Harm reduction model in a Community-based Approach.

Public pressure is the core for any service delivery in a community. It is best to employ community mobilization tactics to make the community aware of the harm reduction strategy with joint collaboration of community partners and stakeholders. Because, people with credibility in the community can be strong champions of this work and ensures legitimacy. Every effort should also be made to include individuals with past-present personal experience of problematic behaviors. It is also helpful to have representation from health, social services, education and law enforcement. For effective implementation:- Public information events and Open meetings are particularly helpful when dealing with a controversial issue in harm reduction. It increases awareness of the issues and increases community support for the harm reduction strategy. They provide opportunities to share objective, credible information and address misconceptions. The community may be undecided on the issues, but will likely give serious consideration to a strategy that has good evidence and desirable objectives.

Application.

The Harm Reduction model, with its foundation in public health principles, will be an important component in the future of treatment in tackling various unhealthy behaviors in society. It is an humanistic approach to the recovery of the society and the individuals involved. Harm reduction practice and model encourages open dialogue, consultation and debate. It allows a wide range of stakeholders to be a part of policy development and programme implementation, delivery and evaluation. Universally as the entire altruistic care system moves towards, harm reduction model will enable it to perceive more awareness of management and preventative care.

Harm Reduction International, formerly known as International Harm Reduction Association, describes itself as a non-governmental organisation (NGO) in Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, and works within harm reduction model in the field of harm reduction. In 1990, the first International Harm Reduction conference was held in Liverpool, England. As Liverpool was one of the first cities in Britain to instigate harm reduction policies, including opening one of the first government-funded needle exchanges under the 'Mersey Harm Reduction Model', the first International Harm Reduction Conference attracted a diverse range of harm reduction proponents, including academics, community workers, medical professionals and drug user activists.

La réduction des méfaits est, au Canada-français et au Québec, une approche d’intervention qui veut atténuer les répercussions négatives associées à une dépendance aux drogues, à l’alcool et à toutes autres substances dommageables. Le vocable réduction des méfaits apparaîtrait selon certaines sources, (MSSS- Gouv du Québec), comme une traduction plus fidèle de l’esprit du terme de base :, consacré dans le monde anglo-saxon, d’où origine l’approche.


Early life.

Witten has two older brothers, Ryan and Shawn, and was raised in Washington D.C., but attended Elizabethton High School in Elizabethton, Tennessee. Witten's father, a 6'8", 300 lb. mailman, became addicted to alcohol and drugs when Witten was 6 and became abusive toward Witten's mother, Kim, and Witten's older brothers. When Witten was 11, he moved to Elizabethton to live with his grandparents. His grandfather, Dave Rider, was the coach of the football team where Witten was a two-way player, playing linebacker and tight end.  Witten became a three-year starter playing both linebacker and tight end, while helping his team reach the state semi-finals three times. As a senior linebacker, he finished the season with 163 tackles (registering a career school record 450), nine sacks, two interceptions, five forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries, and two blocked kicks. That year, he received several accolades: All-American, All-State (also as a junior), USA Today Player of the Year for Tennessee, East Tennessee Player of the Year, Region Defensive Player of the Year and runner-up for the Mr. Football award. He had 26 receptions and 14 touchdowns on offense. He also played basketball, where he averaged 15 points and 12 rebounds per game.

College career.

In 2000, Witten accepted a scholarship to the University of Tennessee, with the promise from head coach Phillip Fulmer that he would be played at defensive end. Witten began his first year playing special teams and also saw time as a second-string defensive end.  After injuries impacted the depth at the tight end position, he was moved to the offensive side midway through the season. Although Witten did not agree with the change and even considered transferring, he eventually came around and was used primarily as a blocker while he learned the position. He also started in his first 2 games. As a freshman, he recorded one reception on the season, which went for 11 yards in a 70–3 victory over Louisiana–Monroe.  Witten started three games as a sophomore, catching 28 passes for 293 yards and two touchdowns. He scored his first collegiate touchdown in a 35–24 victory over Alabama. As a junior, he had a breakout year, setting school records for a tight end in receptions (39) and receiving yards (493) with five touchdowns, including one of the most memorable receptions in school history, a game-winning touchdown in the sixth overtime against the University of Arkansas. He received All-SEC (SEC) and Academic All-SEC honors after leading the conference's tight ends in receptions and receiving yards.  Even though he decided to enter the NFL Draft after his junior season and had played the position in only 20 games, Witten left ranked third all-time among the school's tight ends with 68 career receptions and fourth all-time with 797 receiving yards.

Professional career.

Dallas Cowboys.

2003 season: Rookie year.

Witten was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (69th overall) of the 2003 NFL Draft. Although the Cowboys had a first-round grade on him, when their turn came in the first and second rounds, they selected cornerback Terrence Newman and Al Johnson based on team needs. Undrafted free agent Tony Romo was another rookie who also arrived in Dallas in 2003 and would go on to become Witten's teammate throughout their careers, as well as his roommate during future team training camps and travel games.  Entering the league as a 20-year-old rookie, Witten started only seven of the 15 games he played in. On September 7, he made his NFL debut in a 27–13 loss to the Atlanta Falcons, where he had one reception for 13 yards. He broke his jaw against the Arizona Cardinals, after being hit by Ronald McKinnon and Ray Thompson, which required surgery to have three plates inserted to help the healing. He only missed one game and continued to play through the injury. Then-head coach Bill Parcells complimented Witten on his toughness. Witten was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team for the 2003 season.  Witten finished his rookie year with 35 receptions for 347 yards and a touchdown.

2004 season.

Witten had a breakout season in 2004, leading the NFC with 87 catches, which was also the 11th most in NFL history by a tight end and a Cowboys team record for the position. On November 15, against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had nine receptions for 133 yards and two touchdowns. He was selected to his first Pro Bowl, becoming a part of the Cowboys franchise's legacy of great tight ends that includes Jim Doran, Lee Folkins, Pettis Norman, Mike Ditka, Billy Joe DuPree, Franklin Clarke, Doug Cosbie and Jay Novacek.

2005 season.

Witten finished sixth in the NFL among tight ends with 66 receptions and became the first Cowboys tight end to have at least 65 receptions in consecutive seasons. He had 757 receiving yards and six touchdown receptions in 2005. As a result of his successful season, he was named to his second Pro Bowl.

2006 season.

At the end of the 2006 season, Witten became just the tenth tight end in NFL history to post three consecutive seasons with at least 60 receptions. He registered 64 receptions for 754 yards (11.8-yard avg.) and one touchdown, while being named to his third Pro Bowl.  On July 22, Witten signed a six-year, $29 million contract extension through 2012. The deal contained $12 million guaranteed, including a $6 million signing bonus and a $6 million option bonus in the second year.

2007 season.

Witten had a career year in 2007, breaking his own single-season Cowboys tight end record for receptions with 96 and becoming the first franchise tight end to reach 1,000 receiving yards in a season. He became the third tight end in NFL history with 96 or more catches. On December 9 against the Detroit Lions, Witten's 15 receptions tied an NFL record held by Hall of Famer Kellen Winslow Sr., for most receptions in a game by a tight end in NFL history. In the 14th game of the year, Witten became the first Dallas tight end ever to gain over 1,000 receiving yards in a season. Witten was also one of the NFL-record 13 Cowboys players selected to the Pro Bowl. Additionally, he made the 2007 All-Pro team along with teammates Terrell Owens and DeMarcus Ware. In the Week 9 game on November 4, while playing at Philadelphia, he made a 53-yard reception after losing his helmet. He was named as a First Team All-Pro for the 2007 season.  Witten was nominated for the 2007 Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award, which was won by Jason Taylor.

2008 season.

Witten made his 400th NFL reception in the Cowboys' Thanksgiving Day game against the Seattle Seahawks on November 27. On December 28, against the Philadelphia Eagles, he completed a 42-yard pass for the first pass of his NFL career. Witten posted 81 receptions, which ranked 13th in the NFL for 2008, 952 yards, 4 touchdowns, and was named a starter for the 2008 Pro Bowl.

2009 season.

In 2009, Witten had another Pro Bowl season, making 94 receptions for 1,030 yards and two touchdowns. He was also given the NFL Iron Man Award.

2010 season.

Witten banged his head on the turf after making a catch in a Week 2 loss against the Chicago Bears. He was forced to miss the rest of the game with a concussion. Before the injury, he had five receptions for 51 yards.  In a Week 15 game against the Washington Redskins, Witten became the fastest tight end to make 600 receptions (125 games). He accomplished this with a 10-catch, 140-yard, one-touchdown day at home. He received his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection when he was named as the starting tight end for the NFC.  At the end of the season, Witten was named tight end of the Year by the NFL Alumni Association.  Overall, Witten finished the 2010 season with 94 receptions for 1,002 yards and nine touchdowns. He was named as a First Team All-Pro for the second time in his career. He was ranked No. 36 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.

2011 season.

On November 13, 2011, Witten surpassed Ozzie Newsome to become the tight end with the third most receptions in NFL history with 663. Witten finished the season with 79 receptions for 942 receiving yards and five touchdowns playing in all 16 games. He was also ranked No. 75 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.

2012 season.

On August 13, 2012, Witten suffered a lacerated spleen in the preseason opener against the Oakland Raiders and missed the rest of the preseason. There was talk that the seriousness of the injury could keep him out of action for a considerable time.  On September 5, Witten battled back and was able to play in the season opener, catching two passes for 10 yards in a victory over the New York Giants. Witten's availability for the game was in question due to the spleen injury he suffered during the preseason, but he was active for the game after being medically cleared to play.  During Week 2 against the Seattle Seahawks, Witten caught four passes for 58 yards. He finished the game with 702 career receptions to become just the second player in franchise history to reach 700+ catches (Michael Irvin has 750) and the third tight end in NFL history to do so (Tony Gonzalez and Shannon Sharpe are the other two). Witten became the fastest tight end to reach 700 catches, reaching the milestone in 145 games, Gonzalez took 154 games and Sharpe took 178 games. Witten also became the youngest wide receiver/tight end to reach 700+ catches with 30 years, 133 days. This record was later broken in Week 3 by Cardinals' wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald who totaled 707 career catches with 29 years, 23 days. His 58-yard performance gave him 7,977 receiving yards for his career passing former Cowboy Jackie Smith for fourth all-time in receiving yards among tight ends.  After Week 3, Witten passed Ozzie Newsome for third place all-time in receiving yards among tight ends. In week 8, Witten caught a career-high 18 passes for a career-high 167 yards. This is also a record for receptions by a tight end; the previous record of 15 receptions was set by Kellen Winslow in 1984.  On November 4, against the Atlanta Falcons, Witten set the Cowboys' all-time receptions record of 754, surpassing Michael Irvin's previous record of 750.  On December 23, against the New Orleans Saints, Witten set the NFL single-season record for receptions by a tight end (103), barely breaking the previous record of 102 receptions, which had been set by Tony Gonzalez in 2004. He extended the record to 110 in the season finale.  On December 26, Witten was selected to his eighth Pro Bowl. For the second time in his career, Witten was nominated for the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, this time winning the award and the $25,000 donation to his charity. Overall, he finished the 2012 season with 110 receptions for 1,039 yards and three touchdowns. He was ranked No. 41 among his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.

2013 season.

On September 15, Witten surpassed Shannon Sharpe with the second most receptions as a tight end in NFL history. His three catches during the game against the Kansas City Chiefs brought his career total to 817. In the season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had 12 receptions for 135 yards. He finished the 2013 season with 73 receptions for 851 yards and eight touchdowns. He was named to the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career. He was ranked 98th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.

2014 season.

In a Week 5 game against the Houston Texans on October 5, Witten became only the third tight end with 10,000 career receiving yards, joining Shannon Sharpe and Tony Gonzalez.  Witten became the all-time leader for consecutive starts by a tight end after he started against the Seattle Seahawks in Week 6. In that same game, he also became the second tight end in NFL history to reach 900 receptions.  Witten had 27 yards against the New York Giants to move his career receiving yards to 10,065 to pass Shannon Sharpe (10,060) for the second-most receiving yards by an NFL tight end. In Week 16, Witten sprained his knee against the Indianapolis Colts but was still able to play in the season finale against the Washington Redskins.  That season, the Cowboys emphasized the running game and although his receiving production declined, his blocking was noticed while helping DeMarco Murray lead the NFL in rushing. Witten finished with 60 receptions for 654 yards and five touchdowns. He was named to his tenth career Pro Bowl for his 2014 season. He was ranked 93rd by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.

2015 season.

On September 20, in the first game against the Philadelphia Eagles, Witten suffered a right knee injury and two sprained ankles but was able to only miss a play and a half. On November 22, against the Miami Dolphins he became the franchise's iron man, playing his 196th consecutive game and surpassing Bob Lilly. Two weeks later, in a "Monday Night Football" game against the Washington Redskins, Witten became the 12th player and second tight end in NFL history to reach 1,000 receptions. The only other tight end with 1,000 or more catches is Tony Gonzalez. On December 27, against the Buffalo Bills, he set the Cowboys record with his 118th consecutive game with a reception, passing Michael Irvin.  During the 2015 season, Witten was asked to be more involved in the blocking than usual, because of the team playing with four different starting quarterbacks with varying degrees of knowledge of the offense. He led the Cowboys with 77 receptions for 713 yards and three touchdowns.

2016 season.

Against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 8, Witten caught the game-winning touchdown in overtime, making him the first player in franchise history to score in 14 seasons. He finished the season 16 receiving yards shy of Michael Irvin's all-time franchise record. Overall, Witten finished the 2016 regular season with 69 receptions for 673 receiving yards and three touchdowns. He caught his first career post-season touchdown from Dak Prescott in the Cowboys' 34–31 loss to the Green Bay Packers.

2017 season.

On March 28, 2017, Witten signed a four-year contract extension with the Cowboys through the 2021 season.  During a Week 1 19–3 victory against the New York Giants on "Sunday Night Football", Witten recorded the Cowboys' lone touchdown. In addition, he passed Michael Irvin for most career receiving yards in franchise history and also became the third player in NFL history to have at least 150 catches against one team, joining Jerry Rice and Larry Fitzgerald. On September 17, in Week 2 against the Denver Broncos, Witten had ten receptions for 97 yards and a touchdown in the 42–17 defeat. He finished the season with 63 receptions for 560 yards and five touchdowns, on his way to his 11th Pro Bowl, which tied a Cowboys record with Bob Lilly.

Initial retirement.

On April 26, 2018, reports surfaced that Witten was going to retire and accept a position as the lead analyst for ESPN's "Monday Night Football" telecasts. A week later, Witten officially announced his retirement and confirmed he would be joining "Monday Night Football" for the 2018 season.

Dallas Cowboys (second stint).

On February 28, 2019, ESPN announced that Witten will return to the Cowboys on a one-year, $4.5 million deal, and leave his "Monday Night Football" position at the company. In his return to the gridiron, Witten had three receptions for 15 yards and a receiving touchdown in the 35–17 victory over the New York Giants in the Cowboys' 2019 regular season opener. Overall, in the 2019 season, Witten recorded 63 receptions for 529 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.

Las Vegas Raiders.

On March 25, 2020, Witten signed a one-year contract with the Las Vegas Raiders.

Personal life.

Witten resides in Westlake, Texas, located in the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex, with his wife Michelle, an emergency room nurse at Dallas's Parkland Memorial Hospital, and their four children, C.J., Cooper, Landry, and Hadley Grace. Witten is a Christian, and appears in a video on "I Am Second" in which he talks about his faith.  Witten wrote an opinion piece for ESPN, titled "How Twitter has become NFL locker room poison" in which he detailed the potential negative impact social media can have, particularly on younger players, from his personal experiences.

Christopher Jason Witten (born May 6, 1982) is an American football tight end for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Tennessee, and was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round of the 2003 NFL Draft. Witten ranks second in all-time career receptions and receiving yards by an NFL tight end, trailing only Tony Gonzalez. Initially retiring in 2018, he became a color analyst for ESPN's "Monday Night Football", Witten announced in February 2019 that he would end his retirement and return to the Cowboys in 2019.

Jason Witten, né le à Elizabethton dans le Tennessee, est un joueur américain de football américain évoluant au poste de '. Jouant pour les Cowboys de Dallas tout au long de sa carrière, il est deuxième derrière Tony Gonzalez en termes de réceptions et de yards en carrière pour un '.