Pretty-printing mathematics.

Pretty-printing usually refers to displaying mathematical expressions similar to the way they would be typeset professionally. For example, in computer algebra systems such as Maxima or Mathematica the system may write output like "x ^ 2 + 3 * x" as Some graphing calculators, such as the Casio 9860 series, HP-49 series, TI-84 Plus, TI-89, and TI-Nspire, the TI-83 Plus with the PrettyPt add-on, or the TI-84 Plus with the same add-on or the "MathPrint"-enabled OSes, can perform pretty-printing. Additionally, a number of newer scientific calculators are equipped with dot matrix screens capable of pretty-printing such as the Casio FX-ES series (Natural Display), Sharp EL-W series (WriteView), HP SmartCalc 300s, and TI-30XB.  Many text formatting programs can also typeset mathematics: TeX was developed specifically for high-quality mathematical typesetting.

Pretty-printing markup and tag-based code.

Pretty-printing in markup language instances is most typically associated with indentation of tags and string content to visually determine hierarchy and nesting. Although the syntactical structures of tag-based languages do not significantly vary, the indentation may vary significantly due to how a markup language is interpreted or due to the data it describes.  In MathML, whitespace characters do not reflect data, meaning, or syntax above what is required by XML syntax. In HTML, whitespace characters between tags are considered text and are parsed as text nodes into the parsed result. While indentation may be generously applied to a MathML document, sufficient additional care must be taken in prettyprinting an HTML document to ensure additional text nodes are not created or destroyed in general proximity to the content or content-reflective tag elements. This difference in complexity is non-trivial from the perspective of an automated pretty-print operation where no special rules or edge cases are necessary, as in the more simple MathML example. The HTML example may require a series of progressive interrelated algorithms to account for various patterns of tag elements and content that conforms to a uniform style and is consistent in application across various instances, as evidenced by the markup.ts application component used to beautify HTML, XML, and related technologies for the Pretty Diff tool.

Programming code formatting and beautification.

Programmers often use tools to format programming language source code in a particular manner. Proper code formatting makes it easier to read and understand. Different programmers often prefer different styles of formatting, such as the use of code indentation and whitespace or positioning of braces. A code formatter converts source code from one format style to another. This is relatively straightforward because of the unambiguous syntax of programming languages. Code beautification involves parsing the source code into component structures, such as assignment statements, "if" blocks, loops, etc. (see also control flow), and formatting them in a manner specified by the user in a configuration file.  Code beautifiers exist as standalone applications and built into text editors and integrated development environments. For example, Emacs' various language modes can correctly indent blocks of code attractively.

Lisp pretty-printer.

An early example of pretty-printing was Bill Gosper's "GRINDEF" ("i.e." 'grind function') program ("c." 1967), which used combinatorial search with pruning to format LISP programs. Early versions operated on the executable (list structure) form of the Lisp program and were oblivious to the special meanings of various functions. Later versions had special read conventions for incorporating non-executable comments and also for preserving read macros in unexpanded form. They also allowed special indentation conventions for special functions such as codice_1. The term "grind" was used in some Lisp circles as a synonym for pretty-printing.

Project style rules.

Many open source projects have established rules for code layout. The most typical are the GNU formatting and the BSD style. The biggest difference between the two is the location of the braces: in the GNU style, opening and closing braces are on lines by themselves, with the same indent. BSD style places an opening brace at the end of the preceding line, and the closing braces can be followed by else. The size of indent and location of whitespace also differs.

Example of formatting and beautifying code.

The following example shows some typical C structures and how various indentation style rules format them. Without any formatting at all, it looks like this:  int foo(int k){if(k<1||k>2){printf("out of range\n"); printf("this function requires a value of 1 or 2\n");}else{ printf("Switching\n");switch(k){case 1:printf("1\n");break;case  The GNU indent program produces the following output when asked to indent according to the GNU rules:  int foo (int k)  It produces this output when formatting according to BSD rules:  int foo(int k) {

Formatted text.

Formatted text can be considered a generalized form of pretty-printing.

Prettyprint (or pretty-print) is the application of any of various stylistic formatting conventions to text files, such as source code, markup, and similar kinds of content. These formatting conventions can adjust positioning and spacing (indent style), add color and contrast (syntax highlighting), adjust size, and make similar modifications intended to make the content easier for people to view, read, and understand. Prettyprinters for programming language source code are sometimes called code beautifiers.

En typographie informatique, un système d’impression élégante, également désigné sous l’appellation anglaise, est une application permettant la mise en forme de l'agencement de textes. Ces conventions de mise en forme comportent généralement des changements dans le positionnement, l'espacement, la couleur, ou la taille du texte pour rendre celui-ci plus lisible.


History.

Built by the architect (who also designed the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin) on the site of the Église Saint-Barthélemy, which façade it retained, the hall was inaugurated on 20 October 1792. From October 1792 to November 1793 it was named Théâtre du Palais-Variétés because of its proximity to the Palais de Justice. The venue was later renamed Théâtre de la Cité-Variétés.  From October 1792 to May 1800 the theatre was managed by Nicolas Lenoir, also known as Lenoir du Romain, and his nephew, known as Lenoir de Saint-Edme. Thereafter, it had a number of different managers, including Nicolas Cammaille-Saint-Aubin (May 1800 – February 1801), César Ribié and Louis Ferville (3 February – August 1801), Lenoir de Saint-Edme (November 1802 – September 1803, 23 October 1803 – June 1805), and an association of actors under the direction of Jean-François de Brémond de la Rochenard, "dit" Beaulieu (4 August 1805 – September 1806). The repertory included comedies, "comédies-vaudevilles", melodramas, patriotic scenes, "opéras-bouffes", "opéras-folies", "opéras-comiques", "ballets-pantomimes", and pantomimes.  From 16 November to 6 December 1801 a German troupe known as the Théâtre Mozart, directed by Haselmayer and the bass Elmenreich, presented the first operas to be performed in German in Paris: "Die Entführung aus dem Serail" by Mozart (16 November), "Das rothe Käppchen" by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (21 November), "Das Neusonntagskind" by Wenzel Müller (25 November), "Der Spiegel von Arkadien" by Franz Xaver Süssmayr (29 November), "Der Tiroler Wastel" by Jakob Haibel (30 November), and "Das Sonnenfest der Braminen" by Müller (3 December). The conductor of the French orchestra was Frédéric Blasius, who came from a German family.  Other groups sometimes used the theatre on the odd nights, when the resident company was not performing. From 11 June to 1 October 1799, the artists of the Odéon (destroyed by fire on 18 March) found sanctuary at the Cité. Beginning on 22 January 1804 the artists of the Théâtre Olympique on the Rue de la Victoire performed at the Cité for one year. From 22 January 1804 to 4 June 1807 the troupe of the Variétés-Montansier, evicted from their theatre at the Palais-Royal, appeared at the Cité.  Napoleon's decree on the theatres of 29 July 1807 condemned the Théâtre de la Cité to oblivion. The final performance was on 10 August 1807.

Bal du Prado.

Lenoir constructed a ballroom on the site in January 1809, which in 1846 took the name Bal du Prado, itself razed in 1859 to allow for the construction of the.

The Théâtre de la Cité-Variétés, also known simply as the Théâtre de la Cité, was an entertainment venue now demolished, located in the former rue Saint-Barthélemy, now the, on the Île de la Cité in the modern 4th arrondissement of Paris. The theatre had a capacity of 1,800–2,000 spectators.

Le théâtre de la Cité-Variétés est une salle de spectacles parisienne aujourd'hui disparue, située rue Saint-Barthélemy dans l'ile de la Cité dans le.


History and methods of distribution.

Before the World Wide Web.

Pornography is regarded by some as one of the driving forces behind the expansion of the World Wide Web, like the camcorder VCR and cable television before it. Pornographic images had been transmitted over the Internet as ASCII porn but to send images over network needed computers with graphics capability and also higher network bandwidth. This was possible in the late 1980s and early 1990s through the use of anonymous FTP servers and through the Gopher protocol. At this time the internet was mainly an academic and military network and there was not widespread use of the internet. One of the early Gopher/FTP sites was at tudelft and was called the Digital Archive on the 17th Floor (List of websites founded before 1995). This small image archive contained some low quality scanned pornographic images that were initially available to anyone anonymously, but the site soon became restricted to Netherlands only access.

Usenet groups.

Usenet newsgroups provided an early way of sharing images over the narrow bandwidth available in the early 1990s. Because of the network restrictions of the time, images had to be encoded as ascii text and then broken into sections before being posted to the Alt.binaries of the usenet. These files could then be downloaded and then reassembled before being decoded back to an image. Automated software such as Aub ("Assemble Usenet Binaries") allowed the automatic download and assembly of the images from a newsgroup. There was a rapid growth in the number of posts in the early 1990s but image quality was restricted by the size of files that could be posted.  The method was also used to disseminate pornographic images, which were usually scanned from adult magazines. This type of distribution was generally free (apart from fees for Internet access), and provided a great deal of anonymity. The anonymity made it safe and easy to ignore copyright restrictions, as well as protecting the identity of uploaders and downloaders. Around this time frame, pornography was also distributed via pornographic Bulletin Board Systems such as Rusty n Edie's. These BBSes could charge users for access, leading to the first commercial online pornography.  A 1995 article written in "The Georgetown Law Journal" titled "Marketing Pornography on the Information Superhighway: A Survey of 917,410 Images, Description, Short Stories and Animations Downloaded 8.5 Million Times by Consumers in Over 2000 Cities in Forty Countries, Provinces and Territories" by Martin Rimm, a Carnegie Mellon University graduate student, claimed that (as of 1994) 83.5% of the images on Usenet newsgroups where images were stored were pornographic in nature. Before publication, Philip Elmer-DeWitt used the research in a "Time" magazine article, "On a Screen Near You: Cyberporn." The findings were attacked by journalists and civil liberties advocates who insisted the findings were seriously flawed. "Rimm's implication that he might be able to determine 'the percentage of all images available on the Usenet that are pornographic on any given day' was sheer fantasy" wrote Mike Godwin in HotWired. The research was cited during a session of U.S. Congress. The student changed his name and disappeared from public view. Godwin recounts the episode in "Fighting a Cyberporn Panic" in his book "".  The invention of the World Wide Web spurred both commercial and non-commercial distribution of pornography. The rise of pornography websites offering photos, video clips and streaming media including live webcam access allowed greater access to pornography.

Free vs. commercial.

On the Web, there are both commercial and free pornography sites. The bandwidth usage of a pornography site is relatively high, and the income a free site can earn through advertising may not be sufficient to cover the costs of that bandwidth. One recent entry into the free pornography website market are Thumbnail gallery post sites. These are free websites that post links to commercial sites, providing a sampling of the commercial site in the form of thumbnail images, or in the form of Free Hosted Galleries—samplings of full-sized content provided and hosted by the commercial sites to promote their site. Some free websites primarily serve as portals by keeping up-to-date indexes of these smaller sampler sites. These intents to create directories about adult content and websites were followed by the creation of adult wikis where the user can contribute their knowledge and recommend quality resources and links. When a user purchases a subscription to a commercial site after clicking through from a free thumbnail gallery site, the commercial site makes a payment to the owner of the free site. There are several forms of sites delivering adult content.

TGP.

The most common form of adult content is a categorized list (more often it's a table) of small pictures (called "thumbnails") linked to galleries. These sites are called a Thumbnail gallery post (TGP). As a rule, these sites sort thumbs by category and type of content available on a linked gallery. Sites containing thumbs that lead to galleries with video content are called MGP (Movie Gallery Post). The main benefit of TGP/MGP is that the surfer can get a first impression of the content provided by a gallery without actually visiting it.  However, TGP sites are open to abuse, with the most abusive form being the so-called CJ (abbreviation for circlejerk), that contains links that mislead the surfer to sites he or she actually did not wish to see. This is also called a redirect.

Linklists.

Linklists, unlike TGP/MGP sites, do not display a huge number of pictures. A linklist is a (frequently) categorised web list of links to so-called "freesites*", but unlike TGPs, links are provided in a form of text, not thumbs. It's still a question which form is more descriptive to a surfer, but many webmasters cite a trend that thumbs are much more productive, and simplify searching. On the other hand, linklists have a larger amount of unique text, which helps them improve their positions in search engine listings. TopLists are linklists whose internal ranking of freesites is based on incoming traffic from those freesites, except that freesites designed for TopLists have many more galleries.

Usenet.

Another free source of pornography on the Internet are the Usenet newsgroups that were the first home to such material. Newsgroups tend to be poorly organized and flooded with content that is off-topic or spam. Commercial software and websites are available that allow browsing the images or videos on newsgroups, sometimes with galleries of thumbnail images.

Peer-to-peer.

Peer-to-peer file sharing networks provide another form of free access to pornography. While such networks have been associated largely with the illegal sharing of copyrighted music and movies, the sharing of pornography has also been a popular use for file sharing. Many commercial sites have recognized this trend and have begun distributing free samples of their content on peer-to-peer networks.

Men and women viewers.

As of 2011 the majority of viewers of online pornography were men; women tended to prefer romance novels and erotic fan fiction. Women comprised about one quarter to one third of visitors to popular pornography websites, but were only 2% of subscribers to pay sites. Subscribers with female names were flagged as signs of potential credit card fraud, because "so many of these charges result in an angry wife or mother demanding a refund for the misuse of her card."

Internet pornography formats.

Image files.

Pornographic images may be either scanned into the computer from photographs or magazines, produced with a digital camera, or a frame from a video before being uploading onto a pornographic website. The JPEG format is one of the most common format for these images. Another format is GIF which may provide an animated image where the people in the picture move. It often lasts for only a second or two then reruns (repeats) indefinitely. If the position of the objects in the last frame is about the same as the first frame, there is the illusion of continuous action.

Video files and streaming video.

Pornographic video clips may be distributed in a number of formats, including MPEG, WMV, and QuickTime. More recently VCD and DVD image files allow distribution of whole VCDs and DVDs. Many commercial porn sites exist that allow one to view pornographic streaming video. Recently (mid-2006), some Internet pornography sites have begun offering High Definition Video content in WMV HD format.  Since mid-2006, advertising-supported free pornographic video hosting service websites based on the YouTube concept have appeared. Referred to as Porn 2.0, these sites generally use Flash technology to distribute videos that were uploaded by users; these include user-generated content as well as scenes from commercial porn movies and advertising clips from pornographic websites.

Webcams.

Another format of adult content that emerged with the advent of the Internet is live webcams. Webcam content can generally be divided into two categories: group shows offered to members of an adult paysite, and 1-on-1 private sessions usually sold on a pay-per-view basis. Currently the most popular video format for streaming live webcams is Flash Video FLV.  Server-based webcam sex shows spur unique international economics: adult models in various countries perform live webcam shows and chat for clients in affluent countries. This kind of activity is sometimes mediated by companies which will set up websites and manage finances. They may maintain "office" space for the models to perform from, or they provide the interface for models to work at home, with their own computer with webcam.

Other formats.

Other formats include text and audio files. While pornographic and erotic stories, distributed as text files, web pages, and via message boards and newsgroups, have been semi-popular, audio porn, via formats like MP3 and FLV, have increased in popularity. Audio porn can include recordings of people having sex or merely reading erotic stories. (Pornographic magazines are available in Zinio format, which provides a reader program to enable access.)  Combination formats, such as webteases that consist of images and text have also emerged.

Legal status.

The Internet is an international network and there are currently no international laws regulating pornography; each country deals with Internet pornography differently. Generally, in the United States, if the act depicted in the pornographic content is legal in the jurisdiction that it is being distributed "from" then the distributor of such content would not be in violation of the law regardless of whether it is accessible in countries where it is illegal. This does not apply to those who "access" the pornography, however, as they could still be prosecuted under local laws in their country. Due to enforcement problems in anti-pornography laws over the Internet, countries that prohibit or heavily restrict access to pornography have taken other approaches to limit access by their citizens, such as employing content filters.  Many activists and politicians have expressed concern over the easy availability of Internet pornography, especially to minors. This has led to a variety of attempts to restrict children's access to Internet pornography such as the 1996 Communications Decency Act in the United States. Some companies use an Adult Verification System (AVS) to deny access to pornography by minors. However, most Adult Verification Systems charge fees that are substantially higher than the actual costs of any verification they do (for example, in excess of $10/month) and are really part of a revenue collection scheme where sites encourage users to sign up for an AVS system, and get a percentage of the proceeds in return.  In response to concerns with regard to children accessing age-inappropriate content, the adult industry, through the Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection (ASACP), began a self-labeling initiative called the Restricted to Adults label (RTA). This label is recognized by many web filtering products and is entirely free to use.  Most employers have distinct policies against the accessing of any kind of online pornographic material from company computers, in addition to which some have also installed comprehensive filters and logging software in their local computer networks.  One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography. Because of this, most Internet pornography websites based in the U.S. have a notice on their front page that they comply with 18 USC Section 2257, which requires the keeping of records regarding the age of the people depicted in photographs, along with displaying the Name of the company record keeper. Some site operators outside the U.S. have begun to include this compliance statement on their websites as well.  On April 8, 2008 Evil Angel and its owner John Stagliano were charged in federal court with multiple counts of obscenity. One count was for, "using an interactive computer service to display an obscene movie trailer in a manner available to a person under 18 years of age."

Web filters and blocking software.

A variety of content-control, parental control and filtering software is available to block pornography and other classifications of material from particular computers or (usually company-owned) networks. Commercially available Web filters include Bess, Net Nanny, SeeNoEvil, SurfWatch, and others. Various work-arounds and bypasses are available for some of these products; Peacefire is one of the most notable clearinghouses for such countermeasures.

Child pornography.

The Internet has radically changed how child pornography is reproduced and disseminated, and, according to the United States Department of Justice, resulted in a massive increase in the "availability, accessibility, and volume of child pornography." The production of child pornography has become very profitable, bringing in several billion dollars a year, and is no longer limited to pedophiles. Philip Jenkins notes that there is "overwhelming evidence that [child pornography] is all but impossible to obtain through nonelectronic means."  In 2006, the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) published a report of findings on the presence of child pornography legislation in the then-184 INTERPOL member countries. It later updated this information, in subsequent editions, to include 196 UN member countries. The report, entitled “Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review,” assesses whether national legislation: (1) exists with specific regard to child pornography; (2) provides a definition of child pornography; (3) expressly criminalizes computer-facilitated offenses; (4) criminalizes the knowing possession of child pornography, regardless of intent to distribute; and (5) requires ISPs to report suspected child pornography to law enforcement or to some other mandated agency.  ICMEC stated that it found in its initial report that only 27 countries had legislation needed to deal with child pornography offenses, while 95 countries did not have any legislation that specifically addressed child pornography, making child pornography a global issue worsened by the inadequacies of domestic legislation. The 7th Edition Report found that still only 69 countries had legislation needed to deal with child pornography offenses, while 53 did not have any legislation specifically addressing the problem. Over seven years of research from 2006–12, ICMEC and its Koons Family Institute on International Law and Policy report that they have worked with 100 countries that have revised or put in place new child pornography laws.  The NCMEC estimated in 2003 that 20 percent of all pornography traded over the Internet was child pornography, and that since 1997 the number of child pornography images available on the Internet had increased by 1500 percent. Regarding internet proliferation, the US DOJ states that "At any one time there are estimated to be more than one million pornographic images of children on the Internet, with 200 new images posted daily." They also note that a single offender arrested in the United Kingdom possessed 450,000 child pornography images, and that a single child pornography site received a million hits in a month. Further, much of the trade in child pornography takes place at hidden levels of the Internet. It has been estimated that between 50,000 and 100,000 pedophiles are involved in organized pornography rings around the world, and that one third of them operate from the United States. Digital cameras and Internet distribution facilitated by the use of credit cards and the ease of transferring images across national borders has made it easier than ever before for users of child pornography to obtain the photographs and videos.  In 2007, the British-based Internet Watch Foundation reported that child pornography on the Internet was becoming more brutal and graphic, and the number of images depicting violent abuse had risen fourfold since 2003. The CEO stated "The worrying issue is the severity and the gravity of the images is increasing. We're talking about prepubescent children being raped." About 80 percent of the children in the abusive images were female, and 91 percent appeared to be children under the age of 12. Prosecution is difficult because multiple international servers are used, sometimes to transmit the images in fragments to evade the law.

Internet pornography is any pornography that is accessible over the Internet, primarily via websites, peer-to-peer file sharing, or Usenet newsgroups. The availability of widespread public access to the World Wide Web in late 1990s led to the growth of Internet pornography.

La pornographie sur Internet est la pornographie accessible sur Internet via les sites web, l'échange de fichiers par des réseaux peer-to-peer et les réseaux Usenet.


Biography.

John was the son of Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill, an Islay-based nobleman who had benefited from king Robert I of Scotland's attacks on the MacDougall ("Mac Dhùghaill") rulers of Argyll and their Comyn allies, and had been given Ardnamurchan, Lochaber, Duror and Glencoe, turning the MacDonalds from the Hebridean "poor relations" into the most powerful kindred of the north-western seaboard. The loyalty of Aonghas to Robert, however, did not mean that John's loyalty to Robert's son and successor David II would follow suit. After Edward Balliol's coup against the Bruce regime in 1333, Edward attempted to court John. In 1336, Edward confirmed the territories which the Islay lords had acquired in the days of Robert I; and additionally, Edward awarded John the lands of Kintyre, Knapdale, Gigha, Colonsay, Mull, Skye, Lewis, and Morvern, held by magnates still loyal to the Bruces. John, however, never provided Edward with real assistance. Although Balliol's deposition by the supporters of David meant that the grants made to John void, John's pre-1336 possessions were in fact confirmed by King David in 1343. Moreover, in 1346, John inherited the great Lordship of Garmoran through his marriage to Amie mac Ruari after the death of her brother Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí. This meant that John's dominions now included all of the Hebrides except Skye, and all of the western seaboard from Morvern to Loch Hourn.  John continued to build his power based by allying himself with Robert II of Scotland, another west highland magnate who was the designated heir of King David. After David went into English custody in 1346, Robert acted as the "de facto" ruler of Scotland north of the River Forth. In 1350, John was given Robert's daughter Margaret Stewart in marriage, and received Knapdale and Kintyre as dowry. However, Robert was the senior partner, and John had to divorce his first wife Amie; his sons Godfrey, John and Ranald by Amie were to be passed over in the succession in favour of any children by the marriage with Margaret. After the capture of the king and death of John Randolph at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, John and Robert worked together taking control of the huge earldom of Moray, bringing MacDonald power into Lochaber and Stewart power into Badenoch.  David returned to Scotland in 1357, and resented these incursions into an earldom which David regarded as within his rights of disposal; the terms of the original grant of Moray to Thomas Randolph in 1312 stipulated that the earldom would revert to the crown upon lack of issue. By 1368, King David had decided that an aggressive policy was needed in the north. In 1369, he marched to Inverness, where John submitted to his authority. John's submission, though, was followed swiftly by David's death on 22 February 1371. David was succeeded by John's close ally Robert. David had wished either to retain control of the earldom or to grant the earldom to either John or George Dunbar, the sons of Isabella Randolph, sister of the last earl. However, King Robert made sure that Badenoch remained within his own control and that John kept Lochaber. When the earldom was granted to John Dunbar by a parliament held at Scone in early 1372, the grant consisted only of the lowland part around Inverness. Robert also ensured that John's control of the Mac Ruairidh inheritance was legally recognised by charter, and in 1376 issued charters confirming John's control of Colonsay, Kintrye and Knapdale, and granted Lochaber to John and his Stewart wife together.  Soon after 1376, John's heir Domhnall may have been the "de facto" ruler. John lived until 1386, when he died at Ardtornish Castle in Morvern. He was buried in Iona. John's power had been built on both the loosening of royal authority in north-western Scotland after the First War of Scottish Independence and, more importantly, through allying with the right people at the right time. The success of John was so great that his successors could maintain a distance from the crown that outlived the weak monarchy of the 14th century.  John was also a great cultural and religious patron. Although the Bishop of the Isles, based at Snizort on Skye, was outside his control and to some extent acted as a political rival, John did control Iona, the spiritual homeland of Scottish Christianity. The monastic establishment of Iona was run with John's approval by the MacKinnon ("Mac Fhionnghuin") kindred. John also founded an Augustinian priory at Oronsay, an act unique in the period.

Marriage and issue.

By his first wife Amie, he had the following:  By his second wife Princess Margaret, he had the following:

John of Islay (or John MacDonald) ( or ) (died 1386) was the Lord of the Isles (1336–1386) and chief of Clan Donald. In 1336, he styled himself "Dominus Insularum", "Lord of the Isles"; because this is the first ever recorded instance of the title in use, modern historians count John as the first of the later medieval Lords of the Isles, although this rather broad Latin style corresponds roughly with the older Gaelic title "Rí Innse Gall" ("King of the Isles"), in use since the Viking Age, and for instance, the even more similar Latin title "dominus de Inchegal" ("Lord of the Hebrides"), applied to Raghnall Mac Somhairle in the mid-12th century. In fact John is actually styled "Rí Innsi Gall" or King of the Isles shortly after his death in a contemporary entry in the Irish Annals of Ulster.

Jean MacDonald ou John d'Islay (gaélique: "Eòin Mac Dòmhnuill ou Iain mac Aonghais Mac Dhòmhnuill") (mort en 1386), seigneur d'Islay en 1318 puis Seigneur des Îles de 1336 à 1386.


Biography.

Andrew Newmark was born on July 14, 1950, in Port Chester, New York, and raised primarily in the nearby suburb of Mamaroneck. His mother was Bermudian and his father, Charles W. Newmark, was an Assistant District Attorney from 1938 to 1940 in New York City under District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey. Taking up the drums at the age of nine, Newmark gradually honed his craft and was taking paid gigs at age 15. Visiting his mother's native Bermuda frequently throughout his youth, Newmark made the decision to move there at the age of 16. Newmark played in the Bermuda Jam, a band that included guitarist Paul Muggleton.  One of his first gigs was recording with Carly Simon on her albums "Anticipation" and "No Secrets". These and other sessions segued into a more permanent role as a member of the funk band Sly and the Family Stone from 1972 to 1973. Hired to replace Gerry Gibson, who had replaced founding member Greg Errico, Newmark was invited to audition for Sly Stone by saxophonist Pat Rizzo. Newmark went on to record one album, "Fresh" (1973), as the Family Stone's drummer and performed with the band for two years in concert.  After leaving Family Stone in 1974, Newmark returned to session work, playing drums on Gary Wright's 1975 album "Dream Weaver". He continued performing on Carly Simon's solo albums throughout the 1970s and again in the 1990s. Newmark has performed and recorded with John Lennon, Cat Stevens, Joe Walsh, B.B. King, Eric Clapton, David Bowie, Roy Buchanan, Bryan Ferry, Dan Fogelberg, George Harrison, Rickie Lee Jones, Patrick Moraz, Randy Newman, Pink Floyd, Roger Waters, David Gilmour, Murray Head, Keith Richards, Rod Stewart, Ronnie Wood, Roxy Music, ABC, Hue and Cry, Laura Nyro, Nicolette Larson, Elkie Brooks, Sting, Steve Winwood, Nils Lofgren, George Benson, and Michael Franks.  In 1980, Newmark was the drummer on John Lennon's last album, "Double Fantasy", as well as "Milk and Honey" released in 1984. He was the featured drummer on Yoko Ono's "Season of Glass" in 1981. His connection with the "Double Fantasy" album was reprised in 2012 with his contributions to the "Lennon Bermuda" tribute album on several tracks, including those by Paul Carrack, Bryan Ferry, Nils Lofgren, and Rocky and the Natives.  According to a 2006 "Sound on Sound" magazine interview with engineer Andy Jackson, Newmark played drums on David Gilmour's "On an Island" album. Newmark also plays on several tracks on David Gilmour's 2015 solo album "Rattle That Lock".

Equipment.

Newmark uses Yamaha drums, Remo drum heads, Zildjian cymbals and Vic Firth drumsticks. His drum setup and cymbals vary slightly with who he plays with, but generally favors a setup consisting of a bass drum, rack tom, snare drum, and then one or two floor toms. He plays a mix of Zildjian A and K cymbals.  Drums: Yamaha recording custom series:  Cymbals: Zildjian:  Drumheads: Remo  Drumsticks: Vic Firth:

Discography.

With Carly Simon With Sly and the Family Stone With Ronnie Wood With David Bowie With Gloria Gaynor With Gary Wright With Stephen Bishop With B.B. King With George Benson With Bob James With Sting With Patti Austin With Murray Head With Yoko Ono with Patrick Moraz with Hank Crawford With Irene Cara With Cheryl Lynn With Laura Nyro With Michael Franks With Urbie Green With Lalo Schifrin With Rickie Lee Jones With Joe Walsh With Elkie Brooks With Stevie Nicks With John Martyn With Richie Havens With Mark Farner With Dan Fogelberg With Randy Newman With Badfinger With James Taylor With John Lennon and Yoko Ono With George Harrison With Carole King With Mary Chapin Carpenter With David "Fathead" Newman With Cat Stevens With Roxy Music With ABC With Rod Stewart With Carole Bayer Sager With Pink Floyd With Roger Waters With Michael Bolton With Judie Tzuke With David Gilmour With Bryan Ferry

Andrew Newmark (born July 14, 1950) is an American session drummer who was a member of Sly and the Family Stone and has played with John Lennon, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, and Roxy Music.

Andrew "Andy" Newmark (né le à Port Chester, New York) est un batteur américain, principalement connu pour son travail de musicien de studio. Il a été le batteur du groupe Sly and the Family Stone sur l'album "Fresh" en 1973, avant de travailler avec un grand nombre de musiciens de renom, notamment Carly Simon sur les albums "Anticipation" et "No Secrets", Gary Wright sur "Dream Weaver", John Lennon sur "Double Fantasy", Pink Floyd sur "The Final Cut", Cat Stevens, Joe Walsh, B.B. King, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, David Gilmour sur "On An Island", Roger Waters sur "The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking", Ron Wood, David Bowie sur "Young Americans", Sting, Patrick Moraz, Roxy Music et Bryan Ferry, ainsi que Yoko Ono pour "Season of Glass".


History.

Mixed motorsport era.

Based in Gosselies, Belgium, Marc VDS began competing in the Belcar series as part of the racing program for the Gillet Vertigo, a Belgian sports car, under the Belgian Racing title. By 2005 the Gillet program expanded to include the international FIA GT Championship, although the team was not allowed to compete for the season championship due to the low production of road legal Vertigos. Despite continued development for several years, the Gillet program ended in 2008 and van der Straten rebranded the team as Marc VDS for the 2009 season. The team however remained involved in the FIA GT Championship at the behest of Jean Michel Delporte and Bas Leinders by becoming one of two development teams for the Matech Ford GT, shifting the team to the GT1 category. Marc VDS also expanded their program through the purchase of a Volkswagen Buggy TDI Rally raid for the 2010 Dakar Rally. After their year of development in FIA GT, Marc VDS was one of twelve teams granted entry in the inaugural FIA GT1 World Championship in 2010, where they would retain their Ford GT. The 2010 GT1 program also included an entry in the Le Mans Series' 1000 km of Spa as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Shortly after entering FIA GT1, Marc VDS also announced their merger with Michael Bartholemy and Didier de Radiguès' entry in the new Moto2 category of Grand Prix motorcycle racing, where riders Scott Redding and Héctor Faubel would compete on Suter bikes. Marc VDS also added a fourth program to 2010 by co-developing a Ford Mustang with Multimatic Motorsports of Canada for use in the FIA GT3 European Championship. In 2013, Marc VDS had a good showing in Moto2, with their riders Scott Redding and Mika Kallio finishing 2nd and 4th in the championship. The team also expanded their motorcycle grand prix programme into the Moto3 category with Kalex-built and KTM-powered machinery with Belgian rider Livio Loi. This expansion proved a challenge, with Loi and Marc VDS barely managing to finish in the points in 4 out of 15 entered races that season. The troubles continued the following season, and despite a good 4th place finish at the third race in Argentina, Livio failed to place better than 19th in the following 6 races. Livio was ultimately replaced mid-season with Spanish rider Jorge Navarro for the remainder of the season. 2014 was, however, the first taste of major success for Marc VDS in the Moto2 class, where their riders Tito Rabat and Mika Kallio finished 1st and 2nd respectively in the rider's championship.  For 2015, Marc VDS dropped their difficult Moto3 programme, as they were presented with the opportunity to run a satellite Honda bike in the premier MotoGP class. Former long-time Marc VDS rider Scott Redding returned for this season. Redding and Marc VDS were reasonably successful from the off, consistently finishing in points-scoring positions and even achieving a 3rd place podium position in San Marino. The team finished a respectable 8th in the team's championship, significantly ahead of even some teams who regularly fielded two riders.  In July 2015, Bas Leinders announced he had parted from the team. In October 2015, Marc van der Straten announced that the sportscar racing programme would end at the conclusion of the 2015 season. He claimed he had lost confidence in his managers because they had taken too great a risk with his money. In addition, the SRO Motorsports Group, organizer of the Blancpain GT Series, introduced a new regulation for the 24 Hours of Spa which stated that pro teams must compete in all races of the series to be eligible for the 24 Hours. Van der Straten did not like this decision, as the team only wished to participate in the 24 Hours of Spa. Accordingly, the Marc VDS Racing Team decided to concentrate solely on two-wheeled motorsports.

Motorcycle Grand Prix era.

In 2016, Marc VDS fielded two bikes in the MotoGP class, ridden by Australian Jack Miller and their former Moto2 champion Tito Rabat. Rabat was able to finish consistently in the points, but it was Jack Miller who gave the Marc VDS team their first taste of ultimate success at the pinnacle of motorcycle racing, by winning a rain-soaked Assen TT. The win was the first for a non-factory team in nearly a decade, dating back to the 2006 Portuguese GP.  2017 was another strong year for Marc VDS. In MotoGP, both riders continued with the team, and thanks to more consistent performances from both, Marc VDS finished 7th in the team's championship with 117 points, their best finish in the class to date. In the Moto2 class, rider Franco Morbidelli achieved 8 wins from 18 rounds, sealing another rider's championship for the team. Second rider Álex Márquez also managed three further wins, securing 4th place on the year.  For 2018, Morbidelli was promoted to the MotoGP squad alongside his Moto2 runner-up Thomas Lüthi. Morbidelli was able to consistently finish in the low point-scoring positions, thus being crowned rookie of the year, but Lüthi failed to score a single point that season. The team finished second-to-last in the team's championship in 11th. During the course of the season, team leader Bartholemy left the team by “mutual agreement”, according to a Marc VDS statement, after reports in German media claimed he had been embezzling team funds. As a result of this upheaval and a desire of the MotoGP commercial rights holder Dorna Sports to reduce grid sizes, Marc VDS was dropped from the MotoGP class at the end of 2018.  In 2019, Marc VDS returned to winning ways in Moto2 with Álex Márquez taking 5 wins and 10 podiums en route to the rider's championship. Teammate Xavi Vierge's inconsistent results however relegated the team to just 4th place in the team's championship. The team also joined in the inaugural MotoE season with Mike Di Meglio taking pole, fastest lap, and the win at the Austrian round.

Motorsports results.

Grand Prix motorcycle results.

Prior to 2018, no team's championship was awarded in the Moto2 or Moto3 classes. If it were, Marc VDS Racing could likely be counted among the most successful Moto2 teams of the modern era.  () (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in "italics" indicate fastest la

Marc VDS Racing Team is a motorcycle racing team founded by Belgian owner Marc-Oswald van der Straten-Ponthoz, descendant of the founder of the Stella Artois brewery. The team currently competes in motorcycle racing in the Moto2 World Championship and the MotoE World Cup under the name Team Estrella Galicia 0,0 Marc VDS. It also previously competed in many auto racing championships, particularly in grand touring classes - namely the FIA GT1 World Championship, the Blancpain Endurance Series, and the European Le Mans Series - as well as the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series. They have also previously contested in rallying at various rally raid events, such as the Dakar Rally.

Marc VDS Racing Team est une écurie belge de sport automobile et motocycliste fondée par Marc van der Straten Ponthoz. L'équipe est engagée en European Le Mans Series et en Championnats du monde de vitesse moto dans la catégorie Moto2 et Moto3 et MotoGP en 2015 avec le pilote britannique Scott Redding.


History.

With the Royal Air Force.

No. 350 Squadron, the first Royal Air Force squadron to be formed by Belgian personnel, was formed at RAF Valley in the United Kingdom in November 1941. The squadron operated the Supermarine Spitfire at first on convoy protection duties over the Irish sea, relocating to RAF Atcham in early 1942. In April 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Debden and carried out offensive operations over France. The squadron moved several times around southern England.  During Operation Overlord (the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944) it was equipped with the Spitfire V LF operating from RAF Friston in Air Defence of Great Britain, though under the operational control of RAF Second Tactical Air Force. It provided beach-head patrols during the invasion. During Operation Diver in August 1944 the Squadron operated the Spitfire XIV against V-1 flying bombs attacking England. The squadron moved to Belgium in December 1944 to provide offensive patrols over the battlefield including patrols in the Berlin area. The squadron was disbanded on 15 October 1946 on transfer to the Belgian air force.

Under Belgian command.

In 1946, the squadron was integrated into the Belgian Air Force.  In July 1949, the squadron received its first jet aircraft, the Gloster Meteor mk. 4 and 8. In 1954, they were replaced by Hawker Hunter mk 4s. In 1958, they received the Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck. In August 1964, the unit was given F-104G Starfighters, taking on the role of "Quick Reaction Alert" (QRA) with 349th Squadron.  In 1975, the Starfighters were finally replaced with F-16s, becoming operational with the type in January 1982.  In 1993, 1st Fighter Wing was dissolved and in 1996, the squadron left Beauvechain to join 2nd Tactical Wing in Florennes.  In 1999, the unit participated in Operation Allied Force: the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.

The 350th Squadron (, ) is a fighter squadron in the Air Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. It was originally formed in 1941 as No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron of the Royal Air Force during World War II. The unit was transferred to the Belgian Air Force, together with 349th Squadron, in 1946. The unit is now part of the 2nd Tactical Wing and operates F-16 Fighting Falcons.

La ("" et "), est une escadrille de F-16 du Wing tactique de la composante aérienne des forces armées belges.


Early life and education.

Longo was born in Genoa, Italy to Calabrian parents. He moved to Chicago in the United States as a teenager in order to become a professional rock guitarist, and lived with extended relatives. While there, he observed that his relatives in the United States, who were eating diets rich in fat, meat and sugar, were suffering from cardiovascular disease, which was rare among his family living in Italy. He joined the United States Army Reserve as a way to pay for college, attending recruit training in Fort Knox. He then attended the University of North Texas College of Music due to its renown as a jazz school, studying under Dan Haerle and Jack Petersen, among others. While in college, Longo decided to change focus and study nutrition and longevity instead, inspired in part by his observations about his relatives, as well as his experience in military training. He graduated from the University of North Texas in 1992 with a degree in biochemistry.  In 1992 he joined the laboratory of "calorie restriction" pioneer Roy Walford at UCLA where he studied calorie restriction and aging of the immune system. He completed his PhD work in Biochemistry studying antioxidant enzymes and anti-aging genes under Joan Valentine at UCLA in 1997 and his postdoctoral training in the neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease under Caleb Finch at the University of Southern California.

Career.

Since 1997, Longo has been a faculty member at the USC Davis School of Gerontology and Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center. He is a member of the formation of USC's Biology of Aging program as well as the director of the USC Longevity Institute, also launched the USC Davis School of Gerontology's first study-abroad program, a summer class in the nutrition and genetics of aging in Italy.  In 2011, he was profiled on "Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman" for his longevity-related research.

Fasting mimicking diet.

Longo's fasting-mimicking diet is a low-calorie, low-protein, moderate-carbohydrate, moderate-fat meal program that is claimed to mimic the effects of periodic fasting or water fasting over the course of five days, while still aiming to provide the body with nutrition. FMD is considered a periodic fast.  Longo developed the diet at the University of Southern California. He believes that it is possible to mimic the effects of fasting with a meal program that is designed to inhibit the same metabolic pathways fasting would, thereby providing the body with nutrients that do not trigger the body’s growth responses.  Fasting mimicking diet is trademarked by L-Nutra, a company partially owned by Longo with financial interest by USC, though Longo does not receive any financial benefits from the company.

Valter D. Longo (born October 9, 1967) is an Italian-American biogerontologist and cell biologist known for his studies on the role of fasting and nutrient response genes on cellular protection aging and diseases and for proposing that longevity is regulated by similar genes and mechanisms in many eukaryotes. He is currently a professor at the USC Davis School of Gerontology with a joint appointment in the department of Biological Sciences as well as serving as the director of the USC Longevity Institute.

Valter D. Longo (né à Gênes le ), est un gérontologue italo-américain et professeur de biologie spécialisé en biologie cellulaire et en génétique. Il est connu pour ses travaux sur le jeûne thérapeutique, la réponse des gènes et des éléments nutritifs sur le vieillissement cellulaire. Il est depuis 2001 professeur de gérontologie et de sciences biologiques à l' où il a foondé l' et, depuis 2014, directeur du programme « Oncologie & longévité » à l'Institut Firc d’Oncologie Moléculaire (IFOM, Milan).


History.

Amanullah Khan was keen on modernizing the country, resulting in conservative forces causing social upheaval on a number of occasions. When he was visiting Europe in 1927, rebellion broke out again. He abdicated in favour of his brother Inayatullah Khan who only ruled for three days before the leader of the rebellion Habibullah Kalakani took power and reinstated the Emirate.  After 10 months, Amanullah Khan's Minister of War, Mohammed Nadir, returned from exile in British India. His British-supported armies sacked Kabul, forcing Habibullah Kalakani to discuss a truce. Instead, Mohammed Nadir's forces apprehended and subsequently executed Kalakani. Mohammed Nadir reinstated the kingdom, was proclaimed King of Afghanistan in October 1929, and went on to revert the reformist path of the last king, Amanullah Khan. He was succeeded by his son, Mohammed Zahir Shah, whose rule started in 1933 and lasted for 39 years. Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last King of Afghanistan, was eventually overthrown by his own cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan who successfully ended the centuries-old monarchy and established a republican Afghan government. It was under the leadership of Zahir Shah that the Afghan government sought relationships with the outside world, most notably with the Soviet Union, France, United Kingdom and the United States.  On 27 September 1934, during the reign of Zahir Shah, the Kingdom of Afghanistan joined the League of Nations. During World War II, Afghanistan remained neutral and pursued a diplomatic policy of non-alignment. Though being neutral in World War II, Afghanistan had relations with Nazi Germany, but that was severed after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.  Afghanistan was admitted into the United Nations on August 29, 1946. In 1947, Afghanistan was the only United Nations member to vote against admitting Pakistan into the United Nations. This was mostly done because of Kingdom's call for Pashtunistan. Nikita Khrushchev visited the capital of Kabul and endorsed the Afghan claims to Pashtunistan in 1955. Afghanistan also became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Mohammed Daoud Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan at the time, worked hard for development of modern industries, and education in the country. In July 1973, Daoud Khan staged a bloodless "coup d'état" while Zahir Shah was not in the country. The next month, Zahir Shah abdicated, hoping to avoid a civil war, which officially marked the end of the Kingdom of Afghanistan, and the beginning of the republic.

Geography.

The Kingdom of Afghanistan bordered Iran on the west, the Soviet Union in the north, China on the east, and Pakistan on the south. The mountainous and mostly dry country was. The strange shape and borders were a result of Afghanistan being made a buffer between Russia and Britain. The Wakhan Corridor is an example of the buffer. Snow was common in most areas during winter and rainfall was small.

Demographics.

The country was made up of various ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks and many others.  The majority of Afghans were Muslim, approximate of 99% of the population. Around 80-85% of the Muslim population were Sunni, the rest were Shia.  Dari (Persian) and Pashto were the official languages of the nation. Many Afghans were bilingual and could speak both languages between each other.

Economy.

Like the past and present day Afghanistan, the economy relied greatly on agriculture and mining.  The United States and Soviet Union both invested in Afghanistan's economy to try to gain influence during the Cold War. Such as the Four Point Program in 1951, when Afghanistan and the United States sign an agreement in Kabul to help assist the economic development in the economy, and the construction of a 100 km pipeline from Termez to Mazar-i-Sharif that was built by Soviet technicians and began in 1954. Afghanistan received $18,500,000 from the Export–Import Bank of the United States to help them purchase U.S. material, equipment, and services for the Helmand River Valley developmental project.  In August 1961, Pakistan closed the border with Afghanistan, due to Prime Minister, Daoud Khan's strong stance on Pashtunistan, but it re-opened in May after Khan's resignation.  The country had deposits of talc, mica, silver, lead, beryl, chromite, copper, lapis lazuli, and iron ore.

Military.

King Zahir Shah's cousin, Mohammed Daoud Khan, signed a $3 million arms deal with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and a 32.5 million arm deal with the Soviet Union in 1956. The deal gave the Afghan military imported T-34 tanks and MiG-17 jet fighters. A quarter to third of all Afghan officers had trained in the Soviet Union by 1973.

The Kingdom of Afghanistan (, "Dǝ Afġānistān wākmanān";, "Pādešāhī-ye Afġānistān") was a constitutional monarchy in Southern and Central Asia established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan. It was proclaimed by its first king, Amanullah Khan, seven years after his accession to the throne. The monarchy ended in 1973 Afghan coup d'état.

Le royaume d'Afghanistan (en pachto : د افغانستان واکمنان, en persan : پادشاهي افغانستان) était une monarchie islamique dans le sud de l'Asie centrale établie en 1926, succédant à l'émirat d'Afghanistan à la suite de l'accession au trône d'Amanullah Khan et la proclamation du royaume 7 ans après sa prise de pouvoir.


History.

Earth was established by William E. Halsell, who laid out the townsite in 1924. Originally Halsell named the city Fairlawn, but in 1925 it was renamed Earth when it was learned that there was already a town in Texas by the name of Fairlawn. In order to find a new name the townspeople sent in suggestions, and the agreed-upon best name was chosen. The name Earth was submitted by Ora Hume (O.H.) Reeves, who became the owner of the city hotel. Mr. Reeves' son-in-law, Frank Wesley Hyatt, was the first postmaster in Earth.

Geography.

Earth is located on the high plains of the Llano Estacado.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 1,109 people in 395 households, including 293 families, in the city. The population density was 926.2 people per square mile (356.8/km2). There were 458 housing units at an average density of 382.5 per square mile (147.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 73.13% White, 2.89% African American, 0.81% Native American, 22.09% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.93%.  Of the 395 households 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 22.8% of households were one person and 13.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.33.  The age distribution was 31.0% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.  The median household income was $25,595 and the median family income was $29,688. Males had a median income of $27,396 versus $15,938 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,191. About 20.0% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.5% of those under age 18 and 20.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

The City of Earth is served by the Springlake-Earth Independent School District and home to the Springlake-Earth High School Wolverines.

Earth is a small, rural city in Lamb County, West Texas, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 1,065.

La ville de Earth est située dans le comté de Lamb, dans l’État du Texas, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Critical reception.

"Breakn' a Sweat" received generally positive reviews from music critics, with some praising the collaboration and highlighting it as one of the standout tracks from the EP. However, others criticized its incorporation of Jim Morrison's vocal sample, ""I can envision one person with a lot of machines - tapes, electronic set ups - singing and speaking, and using machines."" (1969). Jon O'Brien of AllMusic gave the song a positive review, saying "There are a few more encouraging signs, such as the Doors-featuring "Breakn' a Sweat," which combines proggy guitar hooks, psychedelic organ chords, and Jim Morrison samples with a snarling, Prodigy-esque vocal and a filthy slab of dub bass to produce one of the year's most unexpectedly successful partnerships". He also indicated it as one of the AMG track picks. "Rolling Stone"'s Jon Dolan also highlighted it as a recommendation on the EP. Kevin Vincenti from "The Cavalier Daily" also gave it a positive review, saying "The Doors join Skrillex on "Breakn' A Sweat", creating a marriage between the former's rock stylings and the latter's traditional techno. A fun song with plenty of vocal integration, "Breakn' a Sweat" doesn't blow the door off its hinges, but it will keep you dancing until the music stops." A writer from "Toronto Stars" said "He's bright enough to use his Doors collaboration, "Breakn' a Sweat", as a mouthpiece for some meta-commentary about the nature of creating electronic music here. He's got skills and something to say." Chris Richards from "The Washington Post" said ""Breakn' a Sweat" is a more patient, less aggressive tune — but it might be because Skrillex was trying to mind his manners".  A writer for "Spin" said "The Hyundai-sponsored collaboration "Breakn' a Sweat" (for the documentary "RE:GENERATION"), which features the three surviving members of the Doors jamming over a Skrillex beat, and is literally the sound of generations colliding, awkwardly if sort of admirably, but still... It's supposed to be a reworking of Miles Davis' 1958 modal-jazz classic "Milestones." See if you can tell. (Hint: You can't.)". Dan LeRoy from "Alternative Press" gave the song a negative review, saying "If you want to complain, listen to "Breakn' A Sweat", a collaboration with what remains of the Doors that’s less dubstep than ghastly misstep. (The faux-rap interjections force you to imagine MC Hammer having his way with "Light My Fire" back in the day.) And whoever authorized the soundbite from a vintage Jim Morrison interview in order to give this track his posthumous imprimatur ought to be worried about his vengeful ghost".

Music video.

A music video for the song directed by Tony Truand premiered on January 15, 2012 via VEVO. It contains live footage from the 2012 documentary film "Re:Generation", including interview segments and live performances from Skrillex himself and the surviving members of The Doors. Ellie Goulding is the model for the video.  A second music video was released on Skrillex's official YouTube account on November 6, 2012 which was directed by Los Angeles director Radical Friend. The video was also featured in 3D on Nintendo Video on the Nintendo 3DS.  The video is about two gray-skinned people, presumably aliens from another dimension. This dimension appears to consist of a vast ocean, with small rocky islands, and a stormy red sky above. One alien appears to be a "female" alien, and the other appears to be a "male" alien. At the beginning of the video, the aliens are seen riding vehicles resembling jet skis across the ocean. The waters which the aliens are riding through are infested with mechanacle sharks. One shark tries to leap out of the water to attack the aliens, but the male alien drops some type of grenade into the water, which the shark proceeds to devour, causing it to explode. When the shark explodes, several blue orbs are released from its body. After this, the aliens travel to a nearby island, where they collect the orbs after they have washed-up on shore. The female alien takes a bite out of one of the orbs, which reveals that the orb is filled with a brown, gooey substance (possibly meant to be chocolate). After the male alien also eats one of the orbs, the screen flashes between some images of the two aliens, which may represent a sexual intercourse due to the fact that the female alien appears to be pregnant after this. When the female becomes pregnant, her belly becomes larger, and gives off a blueish glow. The aliens then seem to warp into a city on earth. The aliens are frightened by a helicopter flying overhead, and attempt to run away from it. The female alien hijacks a car, and the two try to drive to safety. However, because the aliens have never driven a car, they are thrown back and forth in their seats. The female alien's abdominal region becomes transparent, revealing the baby alien inside her. The baby then appears to try to break out of its mother's stomach. At the end of the video, the screen goes black, and a shattering sound can be heard, followed by a feminine scream, likely meaning that the female alien gave birth to the baby.

Usage in other media.

The remixed version of the song by Zedd, was used in the reboot version of. The track is also available in Zedd's deluxe version of Clarity album.

Chart performance.

In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 91 on the UK Singles Chart due to strong digital download after the release of "Bangarang". On the issue date of February 4, 2012, the song reached its peak of number 32.

"Breakn' a Sweat" is a song by American electronic music producer Skrillex. It is the third track on his fourth EP, "Bangarang". It features guest vocal and musical contributions from the surviving members of the American rock band the Doors. It was created for "Re:GENERATION_music_project", a 2012 documentary film. It contains a vocal sample from a 1960s interview with Jim Morrison, while the remaining members of The Doors and Skrillex did the chants. The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, with some highlighting it as the standout track from the EP. The song charted at number 32 on the UK Singles Chart. The Zedd remix of "Breakn' a Sweat" was sampled in Ty Dolla Sign's song ""My Cabana". Zedd included this on his Deluxe Edition of "Clarity".

Breakn' a Sweat est une chanson du DJ américain Skrillex sortie en 2011. de son EP Bangarang. le groupe américain de rock The Doors a également participé à la chanson.


Life.

William Blakeney was born on 7 September 1672, eldest child of William (1640–1718), and Elizabeth Blakeney (1652–1710). His siblings included Robert (died 1763), Charles (1674–1741), John (1696–1720), Mary (born ), Catherine (born 1680) and Elizabeth (died 1740).  William Blakeney owned estates at Castleblakeney, in County Galway, and Mount Blakeney, in County Limerick. The family supplied the MP for Athenry and High Sheriff of County Galway for over a century. Blakeney inherited his father's property, but reputedly lived on his military pay and allowed his brothers use of the family estate. He never married, and the property passed to Major Robert Blakeney, his younger brother.

Career.

1695 to 1739.

In March 1689, the exiled James II landed in Ireland to regain his throne, leading to the 1689 to 1691 Williamite War. Blakeney remained at Mount Blakeney to defend his estates against raids by Irish irregulars or Rapparees, while the rest of his family relocated to Castleblakeney.  His uncle George Blakeney was serving in Flanders where Blakeney joined him, initially as a volunteer. He was wounded at the Siege of Namur on 31 August 1695 during the attack on the Terra Nova earthwork; this action allegedly inspired the song 'The British Grenadiers'.  In September 1695, he was commissioned as an ensign in The Royal Regiment of Foot, then placed on half-pay after the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick. When the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701, he was reactivated and fought at the battles of Schellenberg, Blenheim and Ramillies. He was promoted captain in April 1707.  In March 1708, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Foot Guards, although only 16 of its nominal 24 companies were actually formed, and Blakeney remained with his original unit. Under the practice known as double-ranking, Guards officers held a second, higher army rank; for example, a Guards lieutenant ranked as an army major. Guard units were rarely disbanded, and their officers were given precedence when deciding promotions, making it a cheap way to reward competent, but poor officers. John Huske (1692–1761), a colleague during the 1745 Rebellion, was commissioned in the Guards for similar reasons.  Blakeney's regiment escaped disbandment after the 1713 Peace of Utrecht; when his uncle retired from the 31st Foot in 1718, he assigned his commission as lieutenant colonel to his nephew. Blakeney retained this position for the next 20 years; some biographers suggest he was deliberately held back, but promotion in this period was slow for all officers. He became colonel of the 27th Foot in 1737, with the support of the Duke of Richmond.

1740 to 1748.

When trade disputes with Spain led to the outbreak of the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739, Blakeney was appointed brigadier general in the expeditionary force sent to reinforce Admiral Vernon. His reputation for training was a factor in his selection, since the force included 3,000 newly recruited American colonial militia.  He took part in the disastrous attack of March 1741 on Cartagena de Indias and the short-lived occupation of Cuba. The West Indies was a notoriously unhealthy posting, and simply surviving was an achievement. Between 1740 and 1742, British navy and army deaths from disease and combat were estimated as over 20,000, with death rates of 80–90% among land forces.  With little to show for the investment of men and money, the survivors returned to Britain in October 1742. Blakeney was appointed lieutenant governor of Stirling Castle, an immensely strong position controlling access between the Scottish Highlands and the Lowlands. In September 1745, the Jacobite army passed the castle en route to Edinburgh, but lacked the equipment needed to take it.  The Jacobites made a more serious attempt in the Siege of Stirling Castle in January 1746, but progress was slow. Despite victory at Falkirk Muir on 1 February, the Jacobites lifted the siege and withdrew to Inverness when Prince William, Duke of Cumberland began advancing north from Edinburgh. The Rising ended at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746. Blakeney was promoted lieutenant general and given military command of the Highlands.

1748 to 1761.

In 1748, he was appointed lieutenant governor of Menorca; captured by the British in 1708, the island was considered vital for control of the Western Mediterranean. However, it was also vulnerable; the Spanish deeply resented British occupation, while it was only two days sail from Cádiz, and one from the French naval base at Toulon.  Since the nominal governor, Baron Tyrawley, never visited Menorca, Blakeney was its effective ruler. He attempted to reduce local opposition by encouraging his troops to marry local women, and by controlling Catholic schools and institutions, but neither of these measures was successful. Tyrawley's absence was symptomatic of general neglect; in 1757, a Parliamentary committee noted the poor state of its defences, with crumbling walls and rotten gun platforms. In addition to Tyrawley, over 35 senior officers were absent from their posts, including the governor of Fort St Philip, and the colonels of all four regiments in its garrison.  When the Seven Years' War began in April 1756, the French quickly occupied the island and began the Siege of Fort St Philip, which was commanded by Blakeney. An attempt by Admiral John Byng to lift the siege was repulsed in May, and Blakeney surrendered on 29 June. The garrison was given free passage to Gibraltar, whose governor was Thomas Fowke, court-martialled but acquitted in 1746 for the defeat at Prestonpans.  In the inquiry that followed, Fowke was dismissed for failing to provide reinforcements from the Gibraltar garrison, while Byng was executed in March 1757. The heavy drinking that left Blakeney with "a paralytick disorder" and "nervous tremors", was portrayed as the virtues of a simple soldier, but many considered his surrender premature. Although rewarded by being appointed to the Order of the Bath and made 'Baron Blakeney' in the Irish peerage, delirium tremens left him barely able to write his name, and this ended his military career.

Legacy.

Weapons drill and infantry training was a common topic among professional officers; Blakeney suggested using puppets to demonstrate drill positions to recruits. After Culloden, he was invited to demonstrate 'firings and evolutions of my own design' but in 1748, a new standard infantry drill manual was issued and Blakeney dropped his suggestions.  In 1759, the Friendly Brothers of Saint Patrick paid for a statue of Blakeney by sculptor John Van Nost to be erected in Dublin. Removed in 1763, the space was later filled by Nelson's Pillar, itself replaced in 1968 by the Spire of Dublin.  He died on 20 September 1761 in Ireland and later buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey; the gravestone still exists, but the inscription is now very faint.

Lieutenant General Sir William Blakeney, 1st Baron Blakeney, KB, 7 September 1672 to 20 September 1761, was an Irish-born officer, who served in the British army from 1695 until 1756. He was Member of Parliament for Kilmallock from 1725 to 1757, although rarely attended.

William Blakeney (1672 – ), Blakeney, est un militaire irlandais. Il est célèbre pour sa défense infructueuse lors de l'attaque de Minorque par une flotte française en 1756, pendant la guerre de Sept Ans.


Club career.

Moralez started playing professionally for Racing Club in the Argentine Primera División during the 2005 Clausura tournament, entering the field on a 2–2 draw with Colón. In 2007, Moralez was bought by FC Moscow. However, after only half a season in the Russian club, he was loaned back to Racing Club. Moralez helped his club avoid relegation during the 2007–08 season, scoring the winning goal against Belgrano in the relegation playoff.  For the 2009 Clausura tournament, Moralez was bought by Vélez Sársfield. During his first season in the club, he helped the team become Argentine champion, playing 14 (out of 19) games and scoring 5 goals. He scored the winning goal against Huracán on the 83rd minute of the final game, giving Vélez the 1–0 victory necessary to win the championship. During the following tournament, the 2009 Apertura, Moralez was Vélez' top goalscorer (along Jonathan Cristaldo) with 5 goals each.  On 5 March 2011, Moralez renewed his contract with Vélez until June 2013. During that semester, he won his second league title with the club (the 2011 Clausura) playing 15 of the 19 games, and scoring 4 goals. He also played 11 of the 12 games of his team's Copa Libertadores semi-finalist campaign, scoring 5 goals.  On 27 July 2011, Atalanta B.C., recently promoted to the Serie A, paid Moralez's buyout clause to Vélez Sársfield (€8 million for the 50% transfer rights owned by Vélez). The Argentine midfielder was introduced by his new club three days later.  On 24 December 2015, Jesús Martínez Murguía (León's President), confirmed that Moralez would be playing the 2016 tournament with Club León.  On February 15, 2017, New York City announced that he had been signed as a Designated Player.

International career.

In 2007, Moralez was called for the Argentina under-20 squad for the South American Youth Championship held in Paraguay. Later that year he was part of Argentina FIFA W-20 World Cup title winning team. He played along Sergio Agüero and Mauro Zárate in the attack. Moralez was third highest scorer in the tournament (bronze shoe) and was named second best player (silver ball), behind his teammate Agüero.  In November 2010, Moralez was selected as part of an Argentine league squad to train twice weekly with the Argentine national team. He made his senior international debut on a 4–1 friendly victory over Venezuela on 16 March 2011.

Maximiliano Nicolás "Maxi" Moralez (born 27 February 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Major League Soccer club New York City. He is nicknamed "frasquito" (English: little flask).

Maximiliano Nicolás Moralez, connu sous le nom de Maxi Moralez, est un footballeur argentin né le à Granadero Baigorria. Il évolue au poste de milieu de terrain au New York City FC en MLS.


Background.

Although the First Coalition forces achieved several initial victories, the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Peace of Leoben (17 April 1797) and the subsequent Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797). This treaty proved difficult to administer. Austria was slow to give up some of the Venetian territories. A Congress convened at Rastatt for the purposes of deciding which southwestern German states would be mediatized to compensate the dynastic houses for territorial losses, but was unable to make any progress. Supported by French republican forces, Swiss insurgents staged several uprisings, ultimately causing the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation after 18 months of civil war. By early 1799, the French Directory had become impatient with stalling tactics employed by Austria. The uprising in Naples raised further alarms, and recent gains in Switzerland suggested the timing was fortuitous to venture on another campaign in northern Italy and southwestern Germany.  At the beginning of 1800, the armies of France and Austria faced each other across the Rhine. Pál Kray led approximately 120,000 troops. In addition to his Austrian regulars, his force included 12,000 men from the Electorate of Bavaria, 6,000 troops from the Duchy of Württemberg, 5,000 soldiers of low quality from the Archbishopric of Mainz, and 7,000 militiamen from the County of Tyrol. Of these, 25,000 men were deployed east of Lake Constance (Bodensee) to protect the Vorarlberg. Kray posted his main body of 95,000 soldiers in the L-shaped angle where the Rhine changes direction from a westward flow along the northern border of Switzerland to a northward flow along the eastern border of France. Unwisely, Kray set up his main magazine at Stockach, near the northwestern end of Lake Constance, only a day's march from French-held Switzerland. Jean Victor Marie Moreau commanded a modestly-equipped army of 137,000 French troops. Of these, 108,000 troops were available for field operations while the other 29,000 watched the Swiss border and held the Rhine fortresses. First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte offered a plan of operations based on outflanking the Austrians by a push from Switzerland, but Moreau declined to follow it. Rather, Moreau planned to cross the Rhine near Basel where the river swung to the north. A French column would distract Kray from Moreau's true intentions by crossing the Rhine from the west. Bonaparte wanted Claude Lecourbe's corps to be sent to Italy after the initial battles on the Danube plain, but Moreau had other plans. Through a series of complicated maneuvers in which he flanked, double flanked, and reflanked Kray's army, Moreau's army lay on the eastern slope of the Black Forest, while portions of Kray's army still guarded the passes on the other side. Battles at Engen and Stockach were fought on 3 May 1800 between the army of the First French Republic under Jean Victor Marie Moreau and the army of Habsburg Austria led by Pál Kray. The fighting near Engen resulted in a stalemate with heavy losses on both sides. However, while the two main armies were engaged at Engen, Claude Lecourbe captured Stockach from its Austrian defenders under the Joseph, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudemont. The loss of this main supply base at Stockach compelled Kray to retreat to Messkirch, where they enjoyed a more favorable defensive position. It also meant, however, that any retreat by Kray into Austria via Switzerland and the Voralberg was cut off.  On 4 and 5 May, the French launched repeated and fruitless assaults on the Messkirch. At nearby Krumbach, where the Austrians also had the superiority of position and force, the 1st Demi-brigade took the village and the heights around it, which gave them a commanding aspect over Messkirch. Subsequently, Kray withdrew his forces to Sigmaringen, followed closely by the French. Fighting at nearby Biberach ensued on 9 May; action principally consisted of the 25,000 man-strong French center's (commanded by Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr), assault on the Austrian force. Again, on 10 May, the Austrians withdrew with heavy losses, this time to Ulm.

Strategic importance of Danube valley.

The French war goal, to occupy Vienna and force the Habsburgs to accept and comply with peace terms established in 1798, required a double-pronged invasion through northern Italy, which First Consul Napoleon commanded, and through southern Germany, a campaign that fell to Moreau. To secure access into Bavaria and, eventually, to Vienna, the French needed to control the Danube riverway. This was not a new tactic: this stretch of the river had been the site of major battles of the Thirty Years War and War of Spanish Succession. Between Ulm and Ingolstadt, the Danube grows significantly in volume, making it a wide and swift waterway. The Iller joins the Danube at Ulm, dumping massive amounts of water into the stream; at Donauwörth, the Lech enters the Danube. Neuburg, the first significant city on the river after Donauwörth, had been the family seat of the princes of Pfalz-Neuburg; taking it from a princely family of the Holy Roman Empire would be a blow to the morale and prestige of the Habsburgs, whose role it was to protect the small princely domains. Control of the bridges and passages between Ulm and Donauwörth, Neuburg, then Ingolstadt offered an advantage of both transport and prestige. There followed a series of battles and clashes along the Danube between Ulm and Ingolstadt. Once Höchstädt and its nearby bridges fell on 19 June, the French controlled the Danube crossings between Ulm and Donauwörth. Kray abandoned Ulm, and withdrew further downstream. The next French target would be Neuburg. After a day-long battle for control of the river by Neuburg, the Austrians withdrew. Lecourbe ordered his troops not to pursue, as nightfall was on them. The French now controlled access to the Danube, its tributaries as far south as Pöttmes, and the banks on the north side of the river.  The loss of Neuburg broke the Austrian control along the strategic Danube. Similarly, in Italy, French successes at the battles at Montebello and Marengo forced Austrian withdrawal to the east. With France threatening Habsburg Austria from the northwest and southwest, the Austrians agreed to a cease fire. Subsequent peace negotiations were complicated by the alliance Austria had made with Britain, and which prevented her from signing any separate peace. Consequently, the British, although they had been successful in blockading French ports, entered the negotiations to bolster their weakened ally. Initially Britain refused the French terms and offered counter terms in September 1800. Negotiations continued; Napoleon later claimed that the Austrians did not negotiate in good faith, and sought only to gain time until "the rainy season" (winter), when army movements would be difficult, and the Habsburgs would have an entire season to recruit.

Truce.

On 15 July 1800, France and Austria agreed to a truce that ended the summer campaign in southern Germany. Emperor Francis II dismissed Pál Kray and appointed his brother, the 18-year-old Archduke John, to command the Austrian army. To compensate for the young man's inexperience, the emperor named Franz von Lauer as deputy commander and Oberst (Colonel) Franz von Weyrother became Chief of Staff. Both armies prepared for a renewal of hostilities, but an extension of the truce was signed on 20 September. At this time, the Bavarian fortresses of Ingolstadt, Ulm, and Philippsburg were ceded to the French, but these concessions allowed Austria to augment their field forces with 20,000 line infantry belonging to the garrisons. In the meantime, peace negotiations were continued.

Resumption of hostilities.

The summer armistice held until 12 November 1800, when the French notified their enemies of their intention to end the truce in two weeks. The Austrians distributed 124,000 soldiers in an arc from Würzburg in the north to Innsbruck in the south. Joseph-Sebastien von Simbschen held Würzburg with 12,000 troops. Johann von Klenau and 14,000 soldiers defended the north bank of the Danube near Regensburg. Archduke John's main army, with 49,000 infantry and 16,500 cavalry, lay behind the Inn River near Braunau am Inn and Passau. Christian von Zweibrücken's 16,000 Bavarians, Württembergers, Austrians, and French Émigrés of the Army of Condé lay to the southwest of the main army, guarding the line of the Inn. Farther to the southwest, Johann von Hiller occupied Innsbruck with 16,000 troops.  To counter the Austrians, the French fielded an even larger array of forces. From Frankfurt am Main, Pierre Augereau and 16,000 troops threatened Simbschen's northern wing. Moreau controlled 107,000 of the main army, deployed in four wings. Bruneteau de Saint-Suzanne's 24,000-strong detached force occupied the north bank of the Danube near Ingolstadt, Grenier's 24,000-man Left Wing deployed on the west bank of the Isar River near Landshut. Moreau massed the 36,000 soldiers of the Center around Munich under his personal control. The Right Wing of Lecourbe defended the line of the upper Lech River farther west. Lastly, Jacques MacDonald with the 18,000-strong Army of the Grisons threatened Hiller's force from Switzerland. Unlike most French armies of the Revolutionary period, Moreau's troops in late 1800 enjoyed a well-organized supply service. Though the onset of winter lengthened the army sick list, the months-long truce allowed many units to approach their full strength. Many French officers were confident of success. Moreau planned a broad-front advance eastward to the Inn, fighting any enemies as he found them. He would lead with his left to allow Lecourbe's Right Wing to advance unmolested, since it had a greater distance to cover. Once the French wings closed up to the Inn River, his troops would look for crossing sites.  The aggressive Weyrother persuaded Archduke John and Lauer to launch an offensive. The Austrian chief of staff planned to strike in the direction of Landshut. From there, the Austrians would either wheel left to smash the French left flank or possibly get across their enemies' line of communications to the west of Munich. However, in the last days of November, the Austrian army proved unable to advance with the necessary speed to turn the French north flank. Aware that their adversaries were also advancing, Lauer convinced the archduke to convert the flank march into a direct advance on Munich.

Battle.

By the evening of 30 November, the Austrian advance guard occupied Ampfing. At dawn on 1 December, Johann Riesch left the town with 12 battalions of infantry and 12 squadrons of cavalry, or approximately 14,000 men. Ludwig Baillet de Latour-Merlemont led nine battalions and 18 squadrons, or 12,000 soldiers, on Riesch's right flank. Latour quickly overran the French outposts and nearly surprised Michel Ney's division in its camp. Despite odds of four-to-one, the (French) 19th Cavalry Regiment charged their attackers, which included the "Latour" Dragoon Regiment # 11. The cavalry charge gave Ney enough time to place Desperrières' brigade in line of battle to meet the first shock. Ney's division included 8,200 infantry, 1,100 cavalry, and 14 cannons, but one of his three brigades was detached to the south at Wasserburg am Inn. Desperrières conducted an able defense, counterattacking when the 13th Dragoons rode to his support. Meanwhile, Ney directed the fighting on a second brigade front. At noon, a horse artillery battery led by Jean Baptiste Eblé arrived and its accurate fire quickly dismounted four Austrian guns and destroyed three caissons. Later, two pieces were overrun by Austrian hussars, but the French gunners rallied and recaptured the pieces in a horseback charge. While Latour battered against Ney, Riesch launched attacks against the 4,100 foot soldiers, 2,000 horsemen, and 16 guns belonging to Jean Hardy's division. A brigade belonging to Claude Legrand's division marched up and helped block Riesch's attempt to turn Hardy's flank. During the fighting, a shellburst wounded Hardy and caused him to hand over command to BG Bastoul. With both French divisions being slowly pressed back by superior numbers, Grenier gave orders for a withdrawal.  Grenier directed his well-managed retreat along the road toward Haag, with all the units falling back in an orderly echelon. To save some artillery from capture, the 2nd Dragoons charged their pursuers and captured 100 Austrians. After falling back, the French soldiers reached the open ground around Haag, where they assumed a defensive position. All told, the battle lasted six hours. In addition to the "Latour" Dragoons, the most heavily engaged Austrian units were the "Archduke Charles" Infantry Regiment (IR) # 3 and the "Waldeck" Dragoons # 7 from Riesch's column, plus IR # 60 and the "Vecsey" Hussars # 4 from Johann Kollowrat's column.

Result.

The Austrians suffered 303 killed, 1,690 wounded, and 1,077 captured. The French lost 193 killed, 817 wounded, and 697 captured. Expecting to fight a major battle the following day, the Austrian generals were surprised to find that the French evacuated Haag and vanished into the deep woods. Though Lauer counseled caution, the victory elated the inexperienced Archduke John, the aggressive Weyrother, and the army staff. They became convinced that they only faced French rear guards. "This erroneous idea prompted Austrian headquarters to ignore all normal precautions in the haste to come to grips [with the French force]." John ordered a pursuit toward Hohenlinden by the columns of Riesch, Latour, and Kollowrat, while drawing in FML Michael von Kienmayer's 16,000-strong column to form his northern flank. They chased after the French into the Ebersberg forest, but Moreau waited for the Austrian and Bavarian force in the Hohenlinden plain with four divisions and his cavalry reserve and ambushed them as they emerged from the forest. To complete the victory at Hohenlinden, MG Antoine Richepanse's division accomplished a surprise envelopment of the Austrian left flank.  This crushing victory, followed by several skirmishes and clashes along the Danube and in Bavaria, demoralized the Habsburg force. These, Coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's victory at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800, ended the War of the Second Coalition. In February 1801, the Austrians signed the Treaty of Lunéville, accepting French control up to the Rhine and the French puppet republics in Italy and the Netherlands. The subsequent Treaty of Amiens between France and Britain began the longest break in the wars of the Napoleonic period.

At the Battle of Ampfing on 1 December 1800, Paul Grenier's two divisions of the First French Republic opposed the Austrian army southwest of the town of Ampfing during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Austrians, under the leadership of Archduke John of Austria, forced their enemies to retreat, though they sustained greater losses than the French. Ampfing is located east of Munich and west of Mühldorf am Inn.

La bataille d'Ampfing se déroule le et voit les deux divisions françaises de Paul Grenier se défendre contre l'Armée des Habsbourg pour le contrôle d'Ampfing (située à 63 km de Munich à l'est et à 8 km de Mühldorf am Inn à l'ouest) dans le sud de l'Allemagne durant la Seconde Coalition lors des guerres de la Révolution française.


Life and career.

Hartman was born near Pennsylvania's capital, Harrisburg, in West Hanover Township, Dauphin County. He joined his first band, The Legends, at the age of 13. His brother Dave was also a member of the band. He played the keyboards and wrote much of the band's music, but despite the release of a number of recordings, none turned out to be hits. He subsequently spent a period of time backing the Johnny Winter Band. He then joined the Edgar Winter Group (Edgar Winter was Johnny Winter's younger brother), where he played bass, wrote or co-wrote many of their songs, and sang on three of their albums. He wrote and sang the band's second biggest pop hit, "Free Ride", in 1972. The ballad "Autumn" on Edgar's LP "They Only Come Out at Night" was a regional radio hit in New England. Upon launching a solo career in 1976, he released a promotional album titled "Who Is Dan Hartman and Why Is Everyone Saying Wonderful Things About Him?" It was a compilation disc including songs from Johnny Winter and the Edgar Winter Group. His second release, "Images", was his first true album and featured ex-Edgar Winter Group members Edgar Winter, Ronnie Montrose and Rick Derringer and guests Clarence Clemons and Randy Brecker. From October 21 until November 5, 1977, blues legend Muddy Waters used Hartman's recording studio in Westport, Connecticut. Hartman ran the recording board for the sessions, produced by Johnny Winter, which created the album "I'm Ready".  In late 1978, Hartman reached No. 1 on the Dance Charts with the disco single "Instant Replay", which crossed over to No. 29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1979 and also reached the Top 10 on the UK charts. Musicians Hartman worked with on the associated album included Vinnie Vincent and G. E. Smith. This was followed by his second chart topper, 1979's "Relight My Fire", which featured friend Loleatta Holloway on vocals. This song later became the theme for the NBC talk show "Tomorrow" and in 1993 became No. 1 in the UK for British boy band Take That featuring Lulu. A cover version of "Instant Replay" recorded by the British duo Yell!, was also a top 10 hit in January 1990.  He wrote and produced the 1980 Disco hit "Love Sensation" performed by American R&B singer Loleatta Holloway. The song has been sampled 185 times since its release.  He was back on the charts again with the single "I Can Dream About You", which was featured on his album of the same name, "I Can Dream About You", as well as the "Streets of Fire" soundtrack in 1984. The tune reached No. 6 on the U.S. charts, and (on re-release in 1985) No. 12 in the UK. Hartman was featured as a bartender in one of the two videos that were released for the single, which received heavy rotation on MTV. "I Can Dream About You" is sung within the movie "Streets of Fire" by a fictional vocal group called The Sorels, whose lead singer is played by Stoney Jackson; the actual vocal was performed by Winston Ford.  In 1984, Hartman also performed "Heart of the Beat" under the band name 3V with Charlie Midnight for the soundtrack of "Breakin'", directed by Joel Silberg and, in 1985, scored a third Number 1 single on the Dance Music charts, "We Are the Young". The single "Second Nature" also charted during this period. Also in 1985, Hartman's song "Talking To The Wall" was featured on the soundtrack to the film "Perfect" starring Jamie Lee Curtis and John Travolta.  In 1985 and 1986, Hartman worked on what was planned as his subsequent studio album, "White Boy"; he wanted the album to have a darker and more mature sound than his previous work. The album was completed in 1986, but the record label, MCA, thought it was too dissimilar to Hartman's previous work, especially "I Can Dream About You", and refused to release it. "White Boy" has never been released, though some test pressings of the album were made that are now held by collectors, and some of the songs from the album are available on the internet. One song from the album, "Waiting to See You", was used in the 1986 film "Ruthless People" and its accompanying soundtrack album, and was subsequently released as a single.  In 1988, Hartman co-wrote the song "Why Should I Worry?" with Charlie Midnight, for the Walt Disney Animation Studios film "Oliver & Company".  During the next decade he worked as a songwriter and producer, and collaborated with such artists as Tina Turner, Dusty Springfield, Joe Cocker, Bonnie Tyler, Paul Young, James Brown, Nona Hendryx, Holly Johnson, Living in a Box, the Plasmatics and Steve Winwood. Hartman produced and co-wrote "Living in America", a No. 4 hit for James Brown which appeared on the soundtrack of 1985's "Rocky IV". The song was the last of Brown's 44 hit recordings to appear on the Billboard Top 40 charts. The track also appeared on the Hartman produced album "Gravity".  In 1989, he released his last studio album "New Green Clear Blue", an instrumental new age-styled album. In 1990, he co-wrote with longtime collaborator Charlie Midnight "9.95" for "". It was performed by Spunkadelic. In 1991, Hartman recorded "(That's Your) Consciousness" for the to "". In 1994, the album "Keep the Fire Burnin'" was posthumously released – a compilation featuring remixes of earlier hits and previously unreleased material. The album spawned two singles; "Keep the Fire Burnin'" – a duet featuring Holloway – and "The Love in Your Eyes".

Personal life.

Hartman was never married and had no children. At the time of his death, both parents, a brother, and a sister were all still alive. A closeted gay man, he was diagnosed with HIV in the late 1980s. He kept his HIV status a secret, even after friend and intermittent collaborator Holly Johnson (formerly of the band Frankie Goes to Hollywood) announced his own HIV status in 1991.

Death.

Hartman died on March 22, 1994, at his Westport, Connecticut, home from an AIDS-related brain tumor. His remains were cremated. At the time of his death, his music was enjoying a revival of sorts: a cover version of "Relight My Fire" became a British number-one hit for Take That and Lulu. Sales of Hartman's solo recordings, group efforts, production, songwriting and compilation inclusions had exceeded 50 million records worldwide.

Legacy.

Hartman's version of "Free Ride" was featured in "" the year after his death.  In 2006, 12 years after his death, "I Can Dream About You" was featured in the video game ""; "Relight My Fire" was also featured in the video game "".  On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Dan Hartman among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal Studios fire.

Daniel Earl Hartman (December 8, 1950 – March 22, 1994) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Among songs he wrote and recorded were "Free Ride" with The Edgar Winter Group, and the solo hits "Relight My Fire", "Instant Replay", "I Can Dream About You", "We Are the Young" and "Second Nature". "I Can Dream About You", his most successful song, reached No. 6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1984. The James Brown song "Living in America", which Hartman co-wrote and produced, was even more successful, reaching #4 on 1 March 1986. One of the most successful songs he co-wrote was "Ride on Time", recorded by Black Box, which reached No. 1 in several countries including the UK.

Dan Hartman, de son vrai nom Daniel Earl Hartman, né le à Harrisburg (États-Unis) et mort le à Westport (États-Unis), est un chanteur, compositeur et bassiste américain.