History.

Early proposals.

In 2003, the Government of Western Australia commissioned a review to examine the future of major sporting venues in Western Australia. To conduct the review, a taskforce was appointed. It was chaired by John Langoulant, Chief Executive of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Western Australia, and released its final report in May 2007. The report recommended the construction of a new 60,000 seat stadium at either Kitchener Park (which adjoins Subiaco Oval) or in East Perth, which would be suitable for Australian rules football, cricket and also rectangular-field sports such as soccer, rugby union and rugby league. The taskforce recommended against the further development of Subiaco Oval, which would be demolished. It also recommended against building the new stadium at the site of Burswood, stating that "The development costs at the Burswood site would be significantly higher due to local site conditions and the need for significant upgrades to transport infrastructure."  In July 2007, the Government of Western Australia announced its preference to build a new 60,000-seat stadium rather than re-develop Subiaco Oval, and in early 2008 it confirmed that Subiaco Oval would be demolished for the new Perth super-stadium to be built next door at Kitchener Park. This site was chosen ahead of the other suggested site at the old East Perth Power Station, which was set aside to house a new $500 million museum.  The new stadium at Subiaco was scheduled to be built between 2011 and 2016, with the majority of the stadium to be completed in 2014. Subiaco Oval was to be demolished between 2014 and 2016 to allow the end of construction on Perth Stadium. The staged construction would have allowed for Australian rules football to be played at the new venue by 2014, when the stadium was two-thirds completed with an initial capacity of 40,000 seats. The final stage would be completed in 2016 and expand the stadium's capacity to 60,000.  Stadium plans suggested its playing surface would have been oval in shape to accommodate Australian rules football and cricket games. The stadium was also expected to have retractable seating which would have reconfigured the venue to make it suitable for rectangular-field sports codes, such as soccer, rugby union and rugby league. These retractable seats were to number 22,000, and were to be situated along the touch lines and behind the posts in the rectangular configuration. With an overall planned capacity of 60,000, Perth Stadium would have been Western Australia's largest sports venue, and it was designed to be built such that the capacity could be increased to 70,000 if needed in the future.  The stadium was expected to be primarily used for Australian rules football with the ability to host cricket, rugby union, rugby league and soccer matches. It was planned that it would be the home ground for the West Coast Eagles and Fremantle Dockers, the two Western Australian teams in the Australian Football League. It was also planned to host rugby union Test matches, soccer and rock concerts.. In reality AFL matches have been joined by the AFLW games and WAFL grand finals.  The cost for the Kitchener Park stadium was expected to reach $1.1 billion, including $800 million on construction of the stadium itself and $300 million on associated infrastructure, property acquisition, escalation, transport infrastructure and other costs. Construction of the new stadium would have involved moving 27 private residences and moving residents from another 66 state housing properties surrounding Subiaco Oval. These state housing tenants would have been relocated within the Subiaco area. The project was going to be funded by the Government of Western Australia.  Following the election of a new State Government under Colin Barnett, the new stadium's plans were scrapped in early February 2009. Barnett stated that a new stadium would not be considered for at least two years. As a result of Australia's failed bid for the 2022 World Cup, $250 million in potential Federal Government funding for a new stadium was also withdrawn in December 2010.

Burswood location.

In June 2011, the State Government announced that the new stadium would be built in Burswood on the northern section of the Burswood Park golf course. The government stated that the Burswood site was preferred because it was unconstrained by surrounding developments and had the additional benefit of being government-owned. It would also allow for a special events six-platform Perth Stadium railway station to be built and could be connected to the central business district via a pedestrian bridge across the Swan River to East Perth. A car park was not built to service the stadium, with visitors expected to either park in the city and walk across the bridge or use public transport.  The Government stated that planning for the new stadium at Burswood was due to be completed by mid-2012, with construction commencing in 2014 and scheduled for completion in 2018. It announced Multiplex as the contract holders for the construction of the stadium and appointed the firm Populous as the project's architectural consultants.

Construction.

Cost.

Following the Barnett Government's announcement to move the site of the proposed stadium to Burswood, it stated that the stadium would cost around $700 million, with an extra $300 million allocated to public transport works. However, in December 2011 Premier Colin Barnett stated that it was too early to say what the final cost would be, explaining that "No one can put a price on it until it's designed, until it goes out to tender".  The previous Government's Major Stadia Taskforce had earlier put the total cost of the Burswood stadium option, including transport needs, at $1.147 billion. This higher cost, comparative to the sites at Subiaco or East Perth, was mainly "due to the need to provide substantial transport infrastructure as well as the additional costs associated with site conditions (i.e. reclaimed flood plain and site previously used as the Perth Municipal Rubbish Dump which included industrial as well as domestic landfill up until 1971)." In June 2011 the "West Australian" newspaper reported that due to an increase in construction costs since the release of the task force report in 2007, the total cost will be close to $1.5 billion, assuming work begins within two years.  The Australian Football League agreed to help pay for Perth's new stadium at Burswood, although it was not revealed how much money it would contribute. However, the nearby Crown Perth, which is expected to benefit commercially from the presence of the stadium, was not asked by the Barnett Government to help meet the construction costs.  In October 2017 it was reported that the final cost of the completed stadium was $1.6 billion. This equated to an average cost per Western Australian household of $1500, and per person of $600. In February 2018 a State Government inquiry into Western Australia's finances under the former Barnett government found that the full cost of the stadium including transport infrastructure will be $1.8 billion, around $200 million more than previous estimates.

Impacts.

The site is located on the Burswood Peninsula, previously known as the Swan Portland Cement Site. The Swan Portland Cement Company Ltd operated at the site from 1927 and James Hardie Industries operated at the adjacent site from the 1920s up until 1981. In its report and recommendations, "Remediation and Redevelopment of the Swan Portland Cement Site, Burswood", (January 1998) the Environmental Protection Authority, states "The current site is contaminated with asbestos waste from the James Hardie operations and cement kiln dust, kiln bricks and associated contaminated soil and hydrocarbons from the Swan Portland cement operations." In its report it estimates cement kiln dust on the site, the effects of which should be managed, with regard to its effects upon public health, groundwater and surface water. Three zones of asbestos contamination on the site were identified in the report; zone 1 having 68,000 cubic metres of broken and loose asbestos, zone 2 having 150,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination up to 15 metres below ground level and zone 3 being 180,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination within 600,000 cubic metres of cement kiln dust.  The EPA report states that while undisturbed in the soil, the contamination poses no threat to public health but disturbing the site will result in airborne asbestos fibres and contamination from the soil. The EPA recommended a management plan for any disturbance of asbestos contamination to be conducted by the Town of Victoria Park.  In November 2012, Victoria Park residents contacted the Health Department to notify them asbestos and other material had been unearthed by work on the southern parking lot of the Casino complex. Alarmed residents feared asbestos exposure to locals, park users and Casino patrons. Although the Health Department advised that no risk had been identified, stock piles were sprayed with hydromulch, windbreaks were put on fencing, contaminant levels were being monitored and paths and loose soil were sealed. The Premier's office advised that the Department of Building Management and Works were undertaking the project. The Health Department assured residents there was "no risk to the general public".  The construction of the stadium affected Aboriginal communities. Although the State Solicitor's Office advises that native title has been extinguished over the site, it has heritage significance for the local indigenous people, the Whadjuk Noongar, being a burial site. Despite the Department of Indigenous Affairs advising the existence of the registered Aboriginal Heritage site affecting the Burswood Peninsula and East Perth foreshore, the site was deregistered by the Barnett Liberal State Government. Following the Supreme Court decision Robinson v Fielding [2015] WASC 108 to reinstate DAA 22874 (Marapikurrinya Yintha – Port Hedland Harbour) after it had been deregistered by the Barnett government, the Burswood Island Burial site was reassessed in October 2016 but remains "Not a Site" under the Aboriginal Heritage Act (AHA). Previously the site was recognised by the Department of Aboriginal Affairs under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (AHA) as DAA site 15914: Burswood Island Burial. "Several culturally significant sites around WA have had their protection withdrawn in the past year on the basis they no longer fit the definition of a sacred site. Guidelines issued by the Department of Aboriginal Affairs stated that to be a recognised as sacred site, a place needs to have been devoted to religious use rather than simply mythological stories, songs or beliefs."

Opening.

The first event to be held at the stadium was a Twenty20 cricket match between the Perth Scorchers and the England Lions on 11 December 2017, followed by a second match between the same teams two days later. It was officially opened to the public on 21 January 2018 with a free open day for the community.

Naming rights.

During construction, then-Premier Colin Barnett had maintained that the government would not be selling the naming rights for the stadium as it would "not be appropriate for such a significant piece of State-owned infrastructure". Instead he suggested a name such as "Swan Stadium" or "River Stadium" – named after the adjacent Swan River – would be more appropriate. Ultimately, the name Perth Stadium was settled on as it was more representative of Western Australia. In the lead up to the state election in March 2017, Labor, then in opposition, announced that it would sell the naming rights for both Perth Stadium and Perth Arena as part of a plan to return the state budget to surplus if it were to win government.  Despite initially suggesting it might retain the Perth Stadium name or at least retain "Perth" in any naming rights arrangement, the new McGowan government announced on 8 November 2017 that the stadium would be officially known as Optus Stadium. Optus, the second-largest telecommunication company in Australia, and the state government agreed to a 10-year naming rights deal that is thought to be worth approximately $50 million in value.

Facilities.

Architecture and design.

As with the earlier plans for the new stadium at Kitchener Park, the stadium seats 60,000 spectators, with the ability to seat up to 70,000 in rectangular mode. Initially in the early design stages, it was hoped the venue could have the potential to expand to 80,000 seats in the future by adding a third tier along one wing and another tier on the opposite side of the ground each holding 10,000 seats. Even at 60,000, Perth Stadium still has the third-biggest capacity of any stadium in the country.  The field is long and wide, longer than both the Melbourne Cricket Ground and Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, but shorter than Subiaco Oval which is. It is a multi-purpose facility able to hold not only sporting events such as Australian rules football and major rugby league, rugby union, cricket and soccer games, but major cultural events such as concerts.  Like WACA, when the Fremantle sea breeze blows across the stadium, it give welcoming relief from the heat. However, due to the stadium seating being a fully enclosed, open roofed dome, the stadium can get hotter than the WACA.

Food and amenities.

The stadium is serviced by over 50 food and beverage outlets, with patrons able to follow on-field action on TV screens. The Camfield, a large pub, microbrewery and function centre, is located outside the stadium and open seven days a week.  There are two screens on either end of the stadium and over 1,000 TV screens located within it. The stadium has 748 male, 781 female and 60 accessible toilets. Security features include an on-site police station, 650 CCTV cameras around the stadium and surrounding precinct, and freestanding metal detectors at the stadium.  Fans will never be more than 40 metres away from a bar or food outlet. 75 percent of food supplied is from locally owned and operated businesses.  During the Test Cricket match in December 2019,a temporary swimming pool was installed, similar to the one at The Gabba.

Transport.

As the stadium is located on a peninsula with limited road access, the majority of visitors have to travel to and from the stadium primarily by public transport. The Public Transport Authority aims to have 83 percent of visitors use public transport. The six-platform Perth Stadium railway station and 22-stand Perth Stadium Bus Station located nearby are expected to serve an estimated 28,000 and 8,000 passengers respectively on event days.  For events, 8,600 people typically walk and cycle across the Swan River via the Windan Bridge, and an additional 14,300 walk across the Matagarup Bridge which connects the stadium precinct with public transport and car parks in East Perth. There are 600 bicycle parking spots located around the stadium precinct. The stadium has 1,400 car parking bays, but they are reserved for staff, premium ticket holders and disability parking. A taxi rank is located next to the stadium; it was off-limits to transportation network companies, including Uber until 13 March 2019.  A jetty was built near Matagarup Bridge and officially opened on 11 June 2018. The Burswood Jetty allows all public and commercial vessels to drop off or pick up patrons with a 15-minute time limit. The Little Ferry Co. operate a service which stops daily at the jetty, while Captain Cook Cruises operate cruise transfers to and from the jetty on event days.

Stadium uses.

Australian rules football.

Perth Stadium is used for Australian rules football matches in the Australian Football League (AFL) from March–September. The stadium was constructed to provide a new home ground for the West Coast Eagles and Fremantle Dockers, Perth's two professional AFL clubs. The state government negotiated an agreement with the AFL and the West Australian Football Commission (WAFC) in October 2017, allowing the Eagles and Dockers to play their home matches at the venue from the start of the 2018 season, in exchange for a $10.3 million a year guarantee for the WAFC until 2028. Fremantle's women's team hosted the first Australian rules football match at the venue against on 10 February 2018, and the attendance of 41,975 was the highest stand-alone figure in domestic women's sport. The first AFL premiership match to be played at the new stadium was contested between and on 25 March 2018.

Cricket.

Cricket matches, such as One Day Internationals (ODI) and Twenty20s, are held at the stadium in the months of October–February. Since late 2017, the Australia national cricket team play most of their Perth-based Tests, One Day and Twenty20 matches at the venue. The stadium is also the home ground of Big Bash League side Perth Scorchers, who relocated from the WACA Ground in 2018. Perth Stadium has been provisionally selected to be a venue for the ICC World Twenty20 tournament in 2020. The first major event at the stadium was an ODI match between Australia and England on 28 January 2018, which England won by 12 runs.  Perth Stadium became the 19th venue in Australia to host a One Day International cricket game. The Western Australian Cricket Association later confirmed that the stadium would host its first ever Test match, which began between Australia and India on 14 December 2018.  Perth Stadium became the fourth venue in Australia to host a men's Day/night cricket Test match, when Australia took on New Zealand between 12 and 16 December 2019.

Soccer.

The stadium has hosted a friendly match between Perth Glory and Chelsea FC on 23 July 2018.  The 2019 A-League Grand Final was played at the stadium on 19 May 2019, which was the first time Perth Glory have hosted the finals during the League's history. The Grand Final broke the attendance record for an A-League finals series match. Manchester United played two pre-season games at the stadium, one against Perth Glory on 13 July 2019 and the other against historic rival Leeds United on 17 July 2019.

Rugby league.

The National Rugby League played a double-header in round 1 of the 2018 NRL season in front of 38,842 fans.  The second match of the 2019 State of Origin series between New South Wales and Queensland was played here on 23 June 2019 and marked the first Origin game to be played in Western Australia. New South Wales defeated Queensland 38–6 in front of a crowd of 59,721 spectators.

Rugby union.

The Australian game in the 2019 Bledisloe Cup series, which doubled as a Rugby Championship match, was played at the stadium between Australia and New Zealand on 10 August 2019. The match was the first Bledisloe Cup Test to be held in Western Australia (Subiaco Oval had previously hosted Mandela Challenge Plate Tests in the Tri-Nations against South Africa) and set the stadium's current highest single-day attendance rate until February 2020.  On 30 January 2020, the Western Australian state government announced that the Springboks will play the Wallabies at the stadium as part of the 2020 Rugby Championship on 29 August 2020. Additionally, following the success of the match in 2019, it was announced that the Australian game of the Bledisloe Cup will return to the stadium in 2021.

Entertainment.

Perth Stadium is also capable of hosting major concerts and other entertainment events. Both Ed Sheeran and Taylor Swift performed at the venue in 2018. Nitro Circus performed at the stadium on 22 April 2018. Eminem performed at the Stadium on 27 February 2019. U2 performed at the Stadium on 27 November 2019 as part of their 2019 Joshua Tree tour. Queen + Adam Lambert performed at the Stadium on 23 February 2020 as part of their Rhapsody Tour.

Perth Stadium, also known by naming rights sponsorship as Optus Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Perth, Western Australia, located in the suburb of Burswood. It was completed in late 2017 and officially opened on 21 January 2018. The stadium has a capacity of over 60,000 people, making it the third-largest stadium in Australia (after the Melbourne Cricket Ground and Stadium Australia). The stadium can be extended up to 65,000 seats for rectangular sports.

Le Perth Stadium, officiellement appelé Optus Stadium, est un stade situé à Perth dans la banlieu de Burswood, en Australie-Occidentale. Il a été inauguré officiellement le. D'une capacité de plus de 60000 spectateurs, il s'agit du troisième stade le plus grand d'Australie.


Military campaigns.

In 1625 the Dutch West India Company ordered Hendrijks to rescue Bahia, which was held by the Dutch hands but had been attacked by the Spaniards. He was given 34 ships with good artillery and 6,500 men, but by the time he arrived in Brazil the Spanish had already expelled the Dutch from the town.  Several days after the Dutch surrender, a relief fleet of 33 ships under Admiral Boudewijn Hendricksz, seconded by Vice Admiral Andries Veron, bearded down upon the bay divided in two columns. Toledo, who was warned about its arrival, disposed 6 galleons to lure them to a murderous crossfire. However, seeing the large Spanish-Portuguese fleet anchored inside, Hendricksz decided to withdraw to open sea. Spanish warships attempted to pursue him but a galleon ran aground and the chase was abandoned. Hendricksz divided his fleet in three groups. One of them returned to Holland with the supplies and ammunition for the garrison of Salvador; the other two attacked respectively the Spanish Caribbean colonial town of San Juan de Puerto Rico and the Portuguese African trading post of the Castle of Elmina but were both decisively defeated.  The Dutch fleet then sailed to Paraíba where it was split into two. Half of the ships, commanded by Veront, sailed to Africa. The other 17 ships were commanded by Hendrijks himself, and went to Puerto Rico with the intention of capturing it.  On 24 September 1625, Hendrijks arrived at the coast of San Juan with 17 ships and 2,000 men and sent a message to the governor of Puerto Rico, Juan de Haro, ordering him to surrender the island. De Haros refused; he was an experienced military man and expected an attack in the section known as Boqueron. He therefore had that area fortified. However, the Dutch took another route and landed in La Puntilla.  De Haro realized that an invasion was inevitable and ordered Captain Juan de Amézqueta, plus 300 men stationed at "San Felipe del Morro Castle" (also known as "El Morro") and the city of San Juan evacuated. He also had former governor Juan de Vargas organize an armed resistance in the interior of the island. On September 25 Hendrijks attacked San Juan, besieging El Morro Castle and La Fortaleza (the Governor's Mansion). He invaded the capital city and set up his headquarters in La Fortaleza. The Dutch were counterattacked by Captain Juan de Amézqueta and 50 members of the civilian militia on land and by the cannons of the Spanish troops in El Morro Castle. The land battle left 60 Dutch soldiers dead and Hendrijks with a sword wound to his neck which he received from the hands of Amézqueta, who is considered as one of the best swordsman of the island.  The Dutch ships at sea were boarded by the Puerto Ricans who defeated the Dutch in the land battle. After a long battle, the Spanish soldiers and volunteers of the city's militia were able to defend the city from the attack and save the island from an invasion. On October 21, Enrico set La Fortaleza and the city ablaze. Captains Amézqueta and Andrés Botello decided to put a stop to the destruction and led 200 men in an attack against the enemy's front and rear guard. They drove Hendrijks and his men from their trenches and into the ocean in their haste to reach their ships.  Hendrijks, upon his retreat, would leave behind him one of his largest ships stranded and over 400 of his men dead. He then tried to invade the island by attacking the town of Aguada. He was again defeated by the local militia and abandoned the idea of invading Puerto Rico.  The privateer then went on to Santo Domingo, where he engaged another fort, and later sailed on to Margarita. On 22 February he arrived at Pampatar, which he took easily, and disembarked in a village now called Porlamar. But these limited successes did not recompense the outlay made in the equipping of his fleet.  He then decided to head to Havana, whose defenses he studied for some time, until he ultimately decided that it was folly to try to take it. He then travelled on to Matanzas and landed in Cabañas, where he provisioned. There he fell ill and died on 2 July 1626. His fleet returned to Holland, and only 700 of the 1,500 men who had attacked Puerto Rico returned alive.

Boudewijn Hendricksz (died 1626) (also known as Hendrikszoon, Bowdoin Henrick to the English, and Balduino Enrico to the Spanish) was a Dutch corsair and later Admiral. He is most famous for his role in the Battle of San Juan (1625) during the Eighty Years' War, in which he tried but failed to capture San Juan from Spanish forces. In the same year, prior the assault on San Juan he attempted to recapture Bahia, Brazil after the Spanish overcame Dutch forces in the city.

Boudewijn Hendricksz, également connu sous le nom de Hendrikszoon, Bowdoin Henrick en anglais et Balduino Enrico en espagnol, était un corsaire néerlandais et, plus tard, un amiral. Il est surtout connu pour son rôle dans la bataille de San Juan en 1625 pendant la guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans, au cours de laquelle il tenta, sans succès, de capturer San Juan aux forces espagnoles. La même année, avant l'assaut de San Juan, il tenta de reprendre Bahia, au Brésil, après que les Espagnols eurent vaincu les forces néerlandaises dans la ville.


Early life.

Oriolo was born in Union City, New Jersey in 1913, the son of Italian immigrants. As a child, he drew constantly and dreamed of becoming a cartoon animator.

Career.

In 1933, at age 20, he went to work for Fleischer Studios as an errand boy, where his talent as a draftsman and his ambitions advanced him to the position of an animator within one year. During the late '30s he worked on a number of studio shorts, and when the studio moved to Miami in '38 he went with it. There, in addition to the shorts, he worked on both of the studio's feature-length films, "Gulliver's Travels" and "Mr. Bug Goes to Town", as well as the two-reel "Raggedy Ann & Raggedy Andy". Paramount took over the Fleischer studio in 1942 and reestablished it in New York as Famous Studios. Joe Oriolo met Otto Messmer (who was employed with the studio as a storyboard artist from 1944–46) before leaving in 1944.  In 1939, he and author Seymour Reit created the character of Casper the Friendly Ghost for a children's book. Two subsequent books, "There's Good Boos To-Night" and "A Haunting We Will Go" followed, before Oriolo sold the rights to Famous Studios. Casper went on to become one of the studios' most popular animated series before being sold to Alfred Harvey (whose Harvey Comics began producing Casper comic books in 1952) on July 27, 1958.  After leaving Famous Studios, Oriolo began working as a freelance animator on films for the armed forces and industrial films, as well as some of the earliest TV commercials. He began drawing comic books (including Fawcett's George Pal "Puppetoons"), and began working with Otto Messmer on the Felix the Cat comic books until they ceased publication. In 1954, Oriolo assumed authorship of the separate Felix daily comic strips at the request of King Features Syndicate, which he continued to produce until 1969.  In 1958, Joe became a business partner with William O. Sullivan, brother of Pat Sullivan, the original copyright owner of Felix the Cat. Together, they formed Felix the Cat Productions, Inc (named after the famous character of same name) and created the pilot show for the award-winning "Felix the Cat" television series. Making use of many former Fleischer/Famous directors, 260 Felix shorts were made for television syndication in 1960. Oriolo built on this success in 1963 with both "The Mighty Hercules" and "Beetle Bailey". In 1967 Oriolo Studios created "Johnny Cypher in Dimension Zero". In 1969, "Ribbon no Kishi" was brought to the U.S. by Joe Oriolo and Burt Hecht. It was retitled "Princess Knight" and purchased from Mushi Productions; English dialogue scripts were written and voices dubbed. Later, the business arrangement between Oriolo and Hecht fell apart; and as part of the settlement, Hecht departed with the "Princess Knight" masters in 1970. As a result, the company ultimately scrapped the show before it could be broadcast. For a number of years it was thought that all of the English-language dubs of the series had been either lost or destroyed. However, the English-language masters of the series were found in the Netherlands in 1996.  By 1971, Oriolo had taken complete control of Felix the Cat, and continued to market the character right up until his death.

Death.

A resident of Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, Oriolo died at the age of 72 at Hackensack University Medical Center in Hackensack, New Jersey. He was buried in his hometown at George Washington Memorial Park in New Jersey.

Joseph "Joe" Oriolo (February 21, 1913, – December 25, 1985) was an American cartoon animator, writer, director and producer, known as the co-creator of Casper the Friendly Ghost and the creator of the "Felix the Cat" TV series.

Joe Oriolo ( - ) est un dessinateur de comics et un animateur connu pour avoir créé avec Seymour Reit le personnage de Casper le gentil fantôme et avoir travaillé sur la série animée des années 60: "Félix le chat".


History.

The Cora live in the rugged mountain and canyon country of Nayarit and across the border in neighboring Jalisco, Durango, and Sinaloa. In the early 18th century they were an anomaly in that they had never permitted Catholic missionaries to live in their country. They had become a pagan island in a sea of Christian Indians and Hispanic culture. In 1716, a Spanish expedition to attempt to bring the Cora under Spanish control failed. However, in 1722, the Spanish returned in force and the Cora yielded. According to Spanish accounts many of them became Christian and practice, up until the present, "Catholic-derived customs."

Religion.

The Cora religion is a syncretism between the pre-Conquest religion and Catholicism.  The ancestral Cora religion has three principal divinities. The supreme god is the sun god, "Tayau", "our father". He travels across the sky during the day, sitting down in his golden throne at noon. Clouds are believed to be smoke from his pipe. In earlier times the priests of "Tayau", the "tonatí", were the highest authority of the Cora communities. His wife is "Tetewan", the underworld goddess associated with the moon, rain, and the west. Her alternate names are "Hurima" and "Nasisa". Their son, "Sautari", "the flower picker", is associated with maize and the afternoon. Other names for him are "Hatsikan", "big brother", "Tahás", and "Ora". He is also associated with Jesus Christ.  Some Cora myths clearly have Mesoamerican origins; for example, the myth of the creation of the fifth sun. Others are shared with the geographically and linguistically adjacent Huichol; for example, the myth of the human race being the offspring of a man and a dog-woman who were the only survivors of a mythical cataclysmic deluge.

Language.

The Cora language belongs to the Corachol languages branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. It has two dialects, El Nayar (to the east) and Santa Teresa (to the west).

The Cora are an indigenous ethnic group of North Western Mexico which live in the municipality El Nayar, Rosamorada, Ruiz, Tepic, Mezquital Durango in the Mexican state of Nayarit and in a few settlements in the neighboring state of Jalisco. They call themselves "náayerite" (plural; "náayeri" singular), whence the name of the present day Mexican state of Nayarit. The 2000 Mexican census reported that there were 24,390 persons who were members of Cora speaking households, these being defined as households where at least one parent or elder claim to speak the Cora language. Of these 24 thousand, 67 percent (16,357) were reported to speak Cora, 17 percent were nonspeakers, and the remaining 16 percent were unspecified with regard to their language.

Les Coras sont un groupe ethnique qui habite dans la sierra de Nayarit, et plus précisément dans la commune du Nayar, à l’ouest de l'État de Nayarit (au Mexique). On compte également quelques communautés dans l'état de Jalisco, voisin de Nayarit. Les Coras se nomment eux-mêmes nayeeri, ethnonyme duquel dérive le nom de l'état de Nayarit. En 1995, l'Institut National des Indigènes, aujourd'hui la Commission Nationale pour le Développement des Peuples Indigènes du Mexique, calculait que le groupe ethnique était composé d'environ.


Activities.

Involvement in the Georgian Civil War.

The exact origin of the Black Pantyhose Battalion remains unknown, although it is probable that the group came to existence organically, through the rallying of women supporters to Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia and his wife, First Lady Manana Archvadze-Gamsakhurdia, during the early anti-Gamsakhurdia protests that paralyzed Tbilisi due to the first President's authoritarian tendencies following the country's independence from the Soviet Union in April 1991. The group was involved, according to US-based NGO Human Rights Watch, in provocation attempts during anti-governmental protests led by opposition leaders in September 1991. Described as "legions of middle-aged women adoring the President", most women are said to come from the western Georgian region of Mingrelia, home region of Zviad Gamsakhurdia.  The involvement of the BPB in the conflict that would rock Georgia's first year as an independent republic remains controversial, with some analysts calling it "bad". On September 22, 1991, during a protest of hungerstrikers opposing the authoritarian tendencies of Zviad Gamsakhurdia by the Georgian Parliament building on Rustaveli Avenue, government troops were used to violently disseminate the crowd. According to a witness testimony involved recorded by Human Rights Watch, this is the first open involvement of the Black Pantyhose Battalion, called the "furies" in the NGO's report: Government troops were led by the Georgian Minister of the Interior, Dilar Khobuliani. He was backed up by his entourage plus about 100 MVD men in plainclothes, plus 50 guardsmen, and 100 militiamen. These armed forces were supplemented with about 200 of Gamsakhurdia's so-called "furies" [ed.: pro-Gamsakhurdia women who dress in black and attack his critics.] About 40 NDP members first sat down during this attack to try to protect themselves.  From December 22, 1991 to January 6, 1992, President Gamsakhurdia and his government bunker themselves down under the Parliament building, leading to a devastating coup d'état nicknamed the "Tbilisi War". During the conflict, which led to the death of at least 113, Russian media outlet "Interfax" mentioned the BPB as one of the leading factions in charge of protecting Zviad Gamsakhurdia, claiming that a majority of the 300-500 presidential guards were armed members of the Battalion. By the end of the coup, Gamsakhurdia would be overthrown and a Military Council would take power until the later arrival of Eduard Shevardnadze as head of state.

Under Saakashvili.

While the group slowed its activities during the Shevardnadze presidency, the BPB reemerged but did not take up arms following the 2003 Rose Revolution that brought to power Mikheil Saakashvili, who peacefully overthrew Eduard Shevardnadze. However, the lack of criminal charges against the former president and the "de facto" clemency brought upon by the new president failed to reconcile the group with the new administration. They regularly held protests outside of Shevardnadze's residence in Tbilisi. In one protest, demonstrators are quoted as saying, "He is a criminal, he should never have been left as a free man- he and his allies must be tried for the crimes they committed by overthrowing the legal government in 1991 and then killing Gamsakhurdia."  In April 2005, during a memorial ceremony for the 9 April 1989 shooting of Georgian protesters by Soviet troops in Tbilisi, members of the BPB, led by Manana Archvadze-Gamsakhurdia led a protest to prevent Sandra Roelofs, Saakashvili's First Lady, from paying tribute to the dead. During the protest, they surrounded the First Lady until a police intervention.  In November 2009, members of the BPB staged protests to ask for the release of Tsotne Gamsakhurdia, who was accused of planning the murder of his neighbor.

Since 2013.

Since the arrival of Georgian Dream to power in the new parliamentary republic, the BPB's activities have significantly decreased. The last major protest organized by the group was held shortly after Eduard Shevardnadze's death in July 2014, when women led by Manana Archvadze-Gamsakhurdia stood in front of the deceased former president's home and screamed anti-Shevardnadze chants. As of 2019, there are no records of any gathering by the BPB.

Political Views.

While there is no ideological thought at the center of the BPB, the Battalion supports Zviadism, the term coined to describe partisanship toward late President Zviad Gamsakhurdia. This has often coincided the group with ultra-nationalism and a deep opposition to the presidency of Eduard Shevardnadze, who was seen as one of the masterminds behind the 1991-92 Georgian coup d'état. As there is no central organization of the BPB, few details exist on the identity or goals of today's Battalion.  As the BPB never recognized Gamsakhurdia's overthrow and continued to consider him as Georgia's president until his death on December 31, 1993, the group recognizes only a vacancy in the presidency (thus refusing to assume the legitimacy of Presidents Shevardnadze and his successors). Instead, the BPB recognizes Manana Archvadze-Gamsakhurdia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia's widow, as Prime Minister until the latter chooses to recognize the results of a future presidential election. There is no record of the group recognizing other individuals as members of the "alternative cabinet".

Society's Views.

The Black Pantyhose Battalion is often seen in a negative light by the general Georgian society. Described as "bad", "fanatical", and "provocateurs" by some political experts, they have failed to garner much support along the years and are seen as one of the last bastions of Zviadism in today's Georgia.  The term "Black Pantyhose Battalion", or "Black Stockings" is not an official name of the group and is more often used pejoratively to mock the black clothing of the female partisans of Gamsakhurdia.  Activist groups of women that fought for Chechnya's independence during Jokhar Dudayev's Chechen Republic of Ichkeria are said to have inspired themselves from the BPB. Interestingly, Zviad Gamsakhurdia spent part of his exile in Grozny, where he became a friend and adviser to Dudayev.

The Black Pantyhose Battalion, also known as the Black Stockings and the Furies, are a group of female partisans of the late first President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, and his widow, Manana Archvadze-Gamsakhurdia. The group has, at times, served as an armed militia fighting for Gamsakhurdia, notably during the 1991-92 Georgian coup d'état. Refusing to recognize any government as legitimate since Gamsakhurdia's death in December 1993, the group has often been involved in public protests against the Shevardnadze and Saakashvili administrations.

Le Bataillon des collants noirs, aussi connu comme les « furies », est un groupe de partisanes du premier président de Géorgie, Zviad Gamsakhourdia, et de sa veuve, Manana Artchvadzé-Gamsakhourdia. Le groupe a servi, pendant un temps, comme une milice armée se battant pour Gamsakhourdia, particulièrement lors du coup d'État de 1991-1992 en Géorgie. Refusant de reconnaitre tout gouvernement comme légitime depuis la mort de Gamsakhourdia en décembre 1993, le group a souvent été impliqué dans des protestations contre les gouvernements d'Edouard Chevardnadzé et de Mikheil Saakachvili.


Military career.

Entering the British army in 1797 as an Ensign in the 32rd Regiment of Foot Bentinck then purchased promotion to Lieutenant and subsequently Captain in the 24th Light Dragoons. Placed on half-pay Bentinck was attached to the combined Russian and Austrian army in Italy during the War of the Second Coalition during which period he participated in the battles of Novi (1799) and Marengo (1800) as well as being present at the Siege of Alexandria (1801).  Bentinck returned to full duty with the British army as a Captain in the 52nd Foot (the 24th Light Dragoons having been disbanded). In March 1804 he purchased a promotion to Major in the 45th Foot and a month later purchased promotion to Lieutenant colonel in the 7th Foot. The following year he exchanged his lieutenant colonelcy of the 7th Foot for an appointment as a company commander in the 1st Foot Guards. With the Guards Bentinck served in Sicily, was present at the Battle of Corunna (where his elder brother Lord William Bentinck commanded a brigade in the same division) and took part in the Walcheren Campaign before returning to Spain and Portugal for the remainder of the Peninsular War. Bentinck became Lieutenant colonel commanding the 1st Foot Guards in 1814 (a post he held until 1821) and was promoted to Major-general in 1819. Additionally in 1819 he was appointed Captain-commandant of the Mansfield troop of Volunteer Cavalry. Bentinck's final military appointment was the ceremonial role of Colonel of the Regiment of the 58th Foot.

Political career.

Cavendish-Bentinck was approached by his cousin, Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath about becoming a member of parliament (MP) after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars. Thynne and his family controlled the pocket borough of Weobley in Herefordshire and on agreeing Bentinck was returned unopposed for Weobley in 1816 succeeding William Bathurst who had been appointed a deputy Teller of the Receipt of the Exchequer. At the 1818 and 1820 general elections Cavendish-Bentinck was again returned unopposed for Weobley.  In 1824 Cavendish-Bentinck vacated his seat at Weobley at the request of the Marquess of Bath and was invited by the Duke of Wellington to become MP for Queenborough on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent. Queenborough was a rotten borough controlled by the interests of the Board of Ordnance which Wellington headed as Master-General of the Ordnance and Cavendish-Bentinck was returned as MP for Queenborough in March 1824. Despite its status as a rotten borough and being much controlled by the Board of Ordnance Queenborough did have independently minded voters and at the 1826 general election Cavendish-Bentinck was voted out of office.  A return to political life was considered through his wife's family, mostly her father William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale who considered Cavendish-Bentenick for seats at Carlisle and Cockermouth, the latter was considered a pocket borough in Lonsdale's control. However Cavendish-Bentinck fell ill and he made no return to politics. Cavendish-Bentinck was an infrequent attender in the House of Commons but generally voted Tory along the wishes of his sponsors. He appears never to have spoken in Parliament and Hansard has no contributions by him recorded.

Personal life.

Cavendish-Bentinck married Lady Mary Lowther, second daughter of William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale on 16 September 1820 and they had one son, George Augustus Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck born 9 July 1821. In 1826 Cavendish-Bentinck became ill with a rectal fissure and on medical advice travelled to Italy to recover but died in Rome on 10 February 1828.

Major-General Lord Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck (2 November 1781 – 10 February 1828) known as Lord Frederick Bentinck was a British soldier and politician.

Lord Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck ( - ), connu sous le nom de Lord Frederick Bentinck, était un soldat britannique et un homme politique.


Plot.

Anand Kumar is a lower-class student who has a passion in studies and is good at it. At a local competition felicitation, the local minister, Shriram Singh, proud of him, promises for help whenever needed.  Anand frequently goes to Banaras Hindu University's library to solve a foreign Math journal. One day, the manager finally catches him, and says that he has no right to read there. One staff member suggests him to get his article published in this journal and earn a free lifetime subscription to it. Anand goes to the post-office, where his father Rajendra works as the head, and posts a letter regarding the solution to a difficult Math problem that no one has been able to solve yet. He then gets featured in the journal for solving the problem, and gets a letter from Professor Richard of the University of Cambridge to join a program there. But Anand needs money to travel. He and Rajendra go to Shriram but he denies any promise. They both further try to collect money but remain helpless, and get depressed. One day, Rajendra dies of a heart attack. Anand refuses to go to Cambridge due to his father's death and financial condition.  He then sells papads in the city. One day, he meets Lallan Singh, an assistant of the local minister. Lallan takes Anand as a teacher in his coaching centre, Excellence Coaching Centre. There, Anand sees the plight of a boy who had to leave due to poverty. He thinks that these poor kids also have a right to study. Hence, he leaves Excellence and starts a separate tuition for poor kids, in which he enrolls 30 kids at a time. He teaches them to learn everything practically and have the concepts cleared in an easy and fun way. All this enrages Lallan, whose centre is facing criticism for not retaining Anand.  In course of the tuition, Anand gets immense help from his brother Pranav and his mother. Lallan and Shriram plan to have Anand killed so that his kids won't be entering IIT. Anand is hurt brutally by two of Lallan's henchmen, and is hospitalised, on the verge of death. He tells his students to then use their knowledge to defeat the goons sent by Shriram, while he is being treated. The students, in unity, use their knowledge and defeat the goons and Anand is treated successfully. The students take the IIT exam and all 30 students pass successfully.

Production.

Principal photography commenced in November 2017. Mrunal Thakur was cast opposite Hrithik Roshan in the film. The film was shot at Ramnagar Fort; part of the fort was converted to look like the Super 30 institute. The film was also shot for ten days in Sambhar Lake Town which was shown as Kota, Rajasthan and Jaipur. A set was erected in Mumbai at the cost of 10 crore to recreate Patna city of Bihar to facilitate shooting. In second schedule of Varanasi shooting, the film was shot at Banaras Hindu University in the end of June 2018. This was the first Hindi film that the university allowed to be shot at its campus. Filming was completed in September 2018. Television actor Nandish Sandhu made his film debut in the film; he played Roshan's younger brother.

Soundtrack.

Ajay Atul composed the music for the film and lyrics are written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Vipin Nair of "The Hindu" gave the soundtrack 3.5/5, calling it a "pretty engaging soundtrack ". "The Times of India" based Debarati Sen, in her review, said the composers "do not fail to impress".

Marketing and release.

The first look posters of Hrithik Roshan from "Super 30" were unveiled on 5 September 2018 to coincide with the Teacher's Day in India. Second poster with new release date was revealed on 12 January 2019. Another look of Hrithik Roshan from the film unveiled in new poster on 2 June. The next day another poster with Roshan soaking in the rain of success with motto "Misaal Bano, Haqdaar Bano" () was released. one day later on 4 June official trailer of the film was released by Reliance Entertainment. It garnered 44.99 million views since its release on YouTube.  The film's producer reported that Hrithik Roshan will be accompanied by Anand Kumar for the promotion of "Super 30".  The film was theatrically released in India on 12 July 2019, as the release date was advanced by fourteen days.  The film has been certified with a runtime of 155 mins by British Board of Film Classification and was released on 12 July 2019.

Reception.

Critical response.

The film received mixed reviews from critics.  Sreeparna Sengupta of "The Times of India" gave the film three and a half stars out of five, and praised Hrithik Roshan, Pankaj Tripathi, Aditya Srivastava and cinematography of Anay Goswami. She felt that "Super 30" conveyed the message that though education is the privilege of people with good economic background, if given the level field others too can shine equally. Concluding, she wrote "While the narrative does have its flaws, "Super 30" is a human drama and the story of a teacher who triumphs over the many challenges that life throws at him, to set an example for the world to see. Just for that it’s worth a watch." Writing for the "NDTV" Saibal Chatterjee, rated it with two stars out of five and felt that erratic screenplay of "Super 30" had'skimmed the surface of a massive mound of tangled issues', and that Hrithik Roshan was miscast as Anand Kumar. He opined that the major problem with the film was telling a true story, which was not convincing. He concluded the review as, "The idea to bronze up Hrithik Roshan so that he can impersonate Anand Kumar is anything but super: it is a formula that equals zero." Samrudhi Ghosh of "India Today" rated it with two and a half stars out of five, but praised the performances of Pankaj Tripathi and Aditya Srivastava. Ghosh felt the film was lengthy and had aroused the dramatics without need, saying "Under the guidance of math wizard Anand Kumar, his Super 30 turned out to be miracles. Under the guidance of Vikas Bahl, Hrithik Roshan's Super 30 is far from one."  Priyanka Sinha Jha of CNN-News18, disagreeing with Ghosh praises Roshan and ensemble of Pankaj Tripathi, Virendra Saxena, Nandish Sandhu and Aditya Srivastav for their performances. She feels that Roshan has given an admirable performance. Agreeing with Sengupta she opines that education is a means to a better life, but is a privilege in itself, and that is what the film questions and challenges. She rates the film with three stars out of five, and concludes, "After all, as the famous saying goes—“Not all superheroes wear capes.” "Super 30" is the story of one such.." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave two stars out of five and termed the film 'way less than super', she opined that if handled in right way, it would have been a 'rousing, goosebumps-inducing, cheer-athon.' She summarised by stating, "Yes, the real-life story is inspiring. But the telling of it is a drag. The film has its moments, which belong mostly to its young people: the kids are all right."

Box office.

"Super 30" collected 11.83 crore from India, and 6.18 crore from overseas on the opening day. Next day (Saturday) showing upward trend the film colllected 18.19 crore from India, and 5.46 crore from overseas. The film grossed 75.08 crore in the opening weekend, and 112.65 crore in the opening week worldwide. , with gross of 172.84 crore from India and 36.09 crore from overseas, the film has grossed 208.93 crore worldwide. The film entered the 100 crore club on 21 July 2019.

Super 30 is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language biographical drama film directed by Vikas Bahl and co-produced by Sajid Nadiadwala, narrating the life of mathematician Anand Kumar and his educational program of the same name. Co-distributed by Reliance Entertainment, the film stars Hrithik Roshan as Anand, with Mrunal Thakur, Virendra Saxena, Pankaj Tripathi, Aditya Srivastava and Amit Sadh in lead roles.

Super 30 est un film indien réalisé par Vikas Bahl, sorti en 2019. Il s'inspire librement de la vie du mathématicien et son programme éducatif.


Le Petit Grille-pain courageux : Objectif Mars

Plot.

Now being married anew and having moved to 112 Mercer Street, which is a house formerly owned by Albert Einstein, Rob and Chris have an infant son named Robbie and Rob operates a vet shop in a barn outside their house. At first the appliances all fear that their masters will pay more attention to Robbie but later grow accustomed to him. One night, Toaster awakes to find the hearing aid in the attic receiving a message which appears to be transmitted from space. The next morning, Toaster informs the other appliances and Ratso, the family's pet rat, of the events occurring the previous night, leading to the appliances and Ratso agreeing to carefully watch the junk drawer in case of Hearing Aid suspiciously escaping again. The following night, Hearing Aid escapes from the drawer and to the attic once more. Robbie, awakened by the sound of the transmission, climbs out of his crib and follows Hearing Aid. The appliances awaken, find Robbie going up the stairs and pursue him, leading them to enter the attic just as a beam of light appears. The shocked appliances pursue Hearing Aid, but in spite of this, Robbie is beamed into space. After grilling Hearing Aid and learning that Robbie has accidentally been transported to Mars in his place, the appliances contact Wittgenstein, an old supercomputer and friend from their days in college, for advice by connecting a computer to a security camera in the museum that acts like a phone. The appliances, as per a plan by Wittgenstein, create a makeshift spacecraft with the ceiling fan, a laundry basket, the microwave, and microwaveable popcorn as fuel (Calculator is also provided with the required data to be their navigator) and launch themselves into space, leaving only Ratso to prevent two baby monitor intercoms from alerting Rob and Chris. During their flight through space, the appliances meet a pack of sentient balloons who have been let go by human hands and now float endlessly through the cosmos.  Eventually, the appliances reach Mars and, upon a rough landing due to Blanky foolishly turning off the microwave, encounter multiple satellites sent from Earth, among them being Viking 1, in addition to a Christmas angel named Tinselina who was sent to Mars with the former. However, soon after their arrival, the appliances and Tinselina are taken hostage by an army of military toasters who escort them to their 'Supreme Commander', a colossal refrigerator. As revealed by Tinselina, the appliances Mars were built on Earth by a corrupted Alpine manufacturer named "Wonderluxe" and designed to fail from the get-go under a scheme of planned obsolescence. Angered with their design flaws, the Wonderluxe appliances escaped, left to Mars, and built a missile rocket set to destroy the Earth. Intent on averting the earth's destruction, and with an upcoming election, Toaster decides to challenge the Supreme Commander for his seat, appointing Hearing Aid as his running mate. As Toaster and the Supreme Commander engage in a heated debate, Robbie is able to push a hand out of his bubble and touch the Supreme Commander, who is briefly overcome with warmth.  The election ends with Toaster the victor. They then meet with the defeated Supreme Commander, who allows the appliances to discover what is behind his doors. As they venture into the icy interior of the Supreme Commander, they find the true form of Supreme Commander, who Hearing Aid recognizes as his long lost brother, who he has not seen in sixty years. Hearing Aid's brother then reveals that he also originally belonged to Albert Einstein, who left him in the wake of World War II, during which he fell into the hands of a Nazi leader, whose ideals influenced him, leading him to become disillusioned with mankind and to escape to Mars, where he assumed an alternate identity to rule through fear. Only after experiencing "the touch of the small boy's hand", combined with Toaster's convicted campaign, did he realize that not all humans are bad. With the conflict resolved, the appliances and Robbie, now joined by Tinselina and Hearing Aid's reformed brother, are about to return to Earth while the Wonderluxe appliances stay behind to wait for the next generation of humans to arrive in the future. After clearing the ground on their spacecraft, Hearing Aid's brother realizes that he forgot to deactivate the missile. Risking being left behind on Mars, Toaster and the ex-Commander jump out of the spacecraft, race to the missile's control panel and successfully abort its launch. The others turn back to rescue Toaster and the commander, and after the two are back on board, Tinselina gives up her clothes and hair so the spacecraft can be provided with organic fuel necessary to return to Earth. The appliances happily ride back to Earth and manage to return Robbie to his room as well as returning themselves to their original posts by sunrise. Tinselina, now stripped of her beauty and deemed 'worthless' by herself, throws herself into a trash can.  Later, on Christmas morning as Robbie is unwrapping his presents, Rob and Chris hear him speak his (second) first word: "toaster". Then, they watch as Robbie gathers Toaster, Blanky, Lampy, Kirby, and Radio around the Christmas tree. As the gang celebrates, Toaster turns on the lights on the tree, on top of which is Tinselina, who was previously rediscovered and restored by Rob and Chris. Meanwhile, Ratso and the other appliances celebrate Christmas in their own ways.

Music.

The film score was composed and conducted by Alexander Janko. The film contains four original songs;

Comparisons to book.

In the book, only the fan, the computer, the microwave, the hearing aid, Toaster, Radio and Blanky (after stowing away in the laundry basket) travel to Mars, with Kirby, Lampy and Calculator staying behind, whilst in the film, all the main cast go to Mars, excluding Ratso, who was not included in the book.

Reception.

"The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars" was met with mixed to negative reviews from critics and fans of the original film, with criticism concentrated on its contrived plot and its perceived inferiority to its predecessor.

The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars is the name of both a children's book by Thomas M. Disch and a film based on it. Both are sequels to the book, "The Brave Little Toaster". The film was produced by Hyperion Animation and distributed for video by Walt Disney Home Video, It was released in 1998 in United States. It featured the last performances of actors DeForest Kelley, Paddi Edwards, Thurl Ravenscroft, and Carol Channing, before their deaths in 1999, 2005 and 2019, respectively.

Le Petit Grille-pain courageux 3 : Objectif Mars ("The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars") est un film d'animation sorti en 1998. Il est produit par les studios Hyperion et et distribué par Walt Disney Home Video.


Hosts.

Kylie Minogue, Mathew Horne and James Corden hosted the 2009 edition of the Brit Awards, with Fearne Cotton presenting backstage. Fearne also hosted the launch party for ITV2 in January.  Johnny Vegas introduced and closed the event, as well as reading out the nominees in a pre-recorded voiceover. Emma B provided the live voiceovers as the artists came to the stage.  Rufus Hound, Sara Cox, Melanie Blatt and Nicole Appleton presented the Red Carpet and Encore events on ITV2.  Alesha Dixon presented a backstage programme, screened on ITV two days after the ceremony.

Memorable moments.

Girls Aloud.

British reality band, Girls Aloud, marked their first ever performance at the 2009 ceremony, by performing their single, "The Promise". The performance saw the band members, including Cheryl and Nicola Roberts appear as though they were naked, with their modesty being covered by pink feathers. This performance was nominated in the 2010 ceremony for the "BRITs Hits 30 – Best Live Performance at the BRIT Awards", alongside Oasis and The Who, which the Spice Girls eventually went on to win. "The Promise" won best British single, their first ever BRIT award.

Mick Kluczynski.

Ten days before the 2009 Brits, Mick Kluczynski, the production manager for the Brits since 1995 who assisted with the transition from the Fleetwood/Fox debacle to the scale of the current ceremony, died. Despite this setback the team he put in place ensured that everything went as planned, and the show was dedicated to his memory.

The 2009 Brit Awards ceremony took place on Wednesday 18 February 2009. It was the 29th edition of the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. The awards ceremony was held at Earls Court in London, and was broadcast live on ITV on 18 February at 8pm (GMT). Duffy became the first female artist to ever win three awards in the same year, and only Blur, in 1995, have ever won more awards at a single ceremony. The show was advertised as live by ITV but the broadcast included several audio deletions which means the show was shown on a time delay system. The 2009 Brit Awards ceremony was watched by 5.49 million people and was the 32nd most watched programme on TV on the week ending 22 February.

Les Brit Awards 2009 ont lieu le à l'Earls Court Exhibition Centre à Londres. Il s'agit de la des Brit Awards, présentée par Kylie Minogue, et James Corden et diffusée en direct à la télévision sur la chaîne ITV.


Museum layout.

The Åland Maritime Museum is considered one of the world’s finest museums related to merchant sailing ships. The building is laid out on two floors with objects relevant to the past glory of the shipping era. The museum has a library wing which has a large collection of books and photos. Souvenirs of books and picture post cards are available in the museum shop.

Exhibits in the museum.

The museum created the central core of a ship depicting a mast, saloon, galley and cabins. The ships figureheads are on display along with the boats; the prominent figurehead displayed, a male figure, once decorated the ship, the "California". In addition, nautical trappings, a number of ships in bottles and sea chests are also on display. Paintings of ships (docked either in Hull, Antwerp, Hong Kong or elsewhere), done by local artists who were specially commissioned by the captain of every ship, are exhibited in the museum. Models of ships of different time periods are displayed on a uniform scale so that the difference between a Baltic schooner and an ocean-going windjammer could be easily discerned.

"Pommern" – the museum ship.

The museum ship, "Pommern", a four masted merchant barque and windjammer which regularly operated on the grain trade route between Australia and England during the interwar years, is now anchored behind the museum as a display. This is considered as the symbol of Mariehamn, the capital of Åland. It is very well preserved. It was launched in 1903 in Glasgow, Scotland, under the name "Mneme", and was later renamed "Pommern". Gustaf Erikson bought the ship in 1929. With a 26-member crew, it carried several tonnes of merchandise (mostly wheat during World War II). It won the grain race twice in the 1930s, and completed the route under 100 days at least four times. It has a record for running for 110 days at a stretch. It is the centrepiece of the museum since 1957 at its present mooring in the western harbour of Mariehamn, after sailing for over 70 years. Cabinets in the museum display curios collected by the sailors from different lands; including piranhas and sharks’ jaws, shells and corals. A unique display is a pirate's flag which is one of a kind.

The Åland Maritime Museum () is a museum in Mariehamn in the Åland Islands, Finland. It is located in the western part of the town on the sea on Hamngatan, about at the other end of Storagatan. Along with Ålands Museum, it is the most important museum in the islands and a monument to history of Aland as the holder the world’s largest fleet of wooden sailing ships. The foremost exhibit is a four-masted barque named "Pommern," built in Glasgow in 1903, which is anchored behind the museum. The museum designed building is built like a ship’s prow cutting into the land. It has been called the “kitsch museum of fishing and maritime commerce.”

Le Musée maritime d'Åland (en suédois : "Ålands sjöfartsmuseum") est un musée ouvert en 1954 situé à Mariehamn dans les îles Åland en Finlande. Il est situé dans la partie ouest de la ville, à Hamngatan, à environ 1 km à l’autre bout de Storagatan. C’est le plus important musée des îles, avec le Musée d'Åland, et un monument de l’histoire d’Aland en tant que détenteur de la plus grande flotte de voiliers en bois du monde. La plus importante exposition est une barque à quatre mâts appelée "Pommern", construite à Glasgow en 1903 et ancrée derrière le musée. Le bâtiment du musée est construit comme la proue d’un navire qui coupe le sol. Il a été appelé le « musée kitsch de la pêche et du commerce maritime ».


History.

The origins of the village settlement lie in the Nine Years' War (1594-1603), also called Tyrone's Rebellion. In 1597 there was a battle in Tyrrellspass and the Irish, between 300 and 400 strong and led by Richard Tyrrell, attacked and defeated the English army. Out of 1,000 English troops only one survived. There is a historic castle on the edge of the town, built by Richard Tyrrell, a chief ally of Aodh Mór Ó Néill in the Nine Years' War. It is the only remaining castle of the Tyrrells, who came to Ireland around the time of the Norman invasion.  The village has a distinctive green and crescent of houses, including the Church of Ireland church and what was previously the court house, which was redeveloped c. 1820 under the patronage of Jane MacKey, Countess of Belvedere (d. 1836). The Catholic Church of St. Stephen is located across from Tyrrellspass Castle and the Church of Ireland church is St. Sinian's.  The Belvedere Protestant Children's Orphanage operated in Tyrellspass from 1842 until 1943.  During the 1916 Easter Rising, some rebels barricaded a house in Meedin, Tyrrellspass, with the intention of waiting for reinforcements and then attacking surrounding police barracks. Local legend has it that Michael Collins stayed in this house, the home of the Malones, who still occupy it. The RIC attempted to capture the house three times. Twice they were repelled with gunfire, before they eventually succeeded on the Wednesday after Easter week, and arrested the two remaining rebels, Thomas and Joseph Malone. They were the last two men captured under arms during the Rising.

Sport.

The local Gaelic football team, Tyrrellspass GAA, team won the Westmeath Senior Football Championship in 1999, 2006 and defended their title in 2007. In the 2007 Leinster Club Football Championship they progressed as far as the final, where they were beaten by the eventual All Ireland Club champions St. Vincents of Dublin.  The village also has a golf course, New Forest Golf Resort, which is located a mile outside the village. It is designed by golf course designer Peter McEvoy.

Tyrrellspass () is a Georgian village in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is from Dublin, in the south of the county on the R446 (formerly the N6) road. Tyrrellspass won the Irish Tidy Towns Competition in 1969. As of the census in April 2016, the population of Tyrrellspass was 483.

Tyrrellspass (en irlandais : Bealach an Tirialaigh) est un village dans le comté de Westmeath, en Irlande, où vit une population urbaine de (2011)..


Early life and education.

Müller was born in Kreuznach. He showed a talent for art in his youth, and studied painting at Zweibrücken, where his personality and varied endowments won him the favor of court circles. At 18, he published several collections of etchings which attracted much attention with their originality. In 1774-1775, he settled in Mannheim, where he soon acquired a reputation as a poet. In 1777 he was appointed court painter.

Painting.

In 1778 he was enabled by a public subscription to visit Italy, which remained his home for the rest of his life. In 1780 he became a Roman Catholic. He was unfavourably influenced by the study of Italian models, and gradually became estranged from painting through failures and distress. He devoted himself instead to the study of the history of art. He became a sort of ambulant antiquary, and his services as cicerone were especially in demand among German visitors to Rome.

Literature.

Before he left Mannheim he had tried his hand at literature, under the influence of the Sturm und Drang movement. In 1775, he published several idylls: "Satyr Mopsus", "Der Faun", "Bacchidon und Milon", "Der erschlagene Abel" and "Die Schafschur". In form and content, these were closely modeled on the works of Solomon Gessner. In 1778 came "Adam's First Awaking and First Happy Nights" ("Adams erstes Erwachen"; 2nd revised edition, 1779). A lyric drama of the same year, "Niobe" (1778), attracted little attention, but "Faust's Leben dramatisiert" ("Faust's Life Dramatized") (1778) appealed to the turbulent spirit of the time, and "Golo und Genoveva" (begun in 1776, but not published until 1801) was an excellent imitation of Goethe's "Götz von Berlichingen".  In his idylls, notably "Die Schafschur" and "Das Nusskernen" (1811), he struck out a more independent path. In these, emancipating himself from the artificiality of Gessner, he realistically reproduced scenes from the German peasant life of his day, not without a touch of satire. His later idylls took Voss as a model.  Maler Müller's "Werke" appeared in 3 vols. (1811–1825); in 1868 H. Hettner published two volumes of "Dichtungen von Maler Müller", which contain most of his writings. "Gedichte von Maler Friedrich Müller; eine Nachlese zu dessen Werken" appeared in 1873, and his "Fausts Leben" was reprinted by B. Seuffert in 1881.

Later years.

Through the patronage of the Crown Prince of Bavaria (afterwards King Louis I), he was enabled to pass his declining years in comparative ease. He died in Rome in 1825.

References.

Attribution

Friedrich Müller (13 January 1749 – 23 April 1825), German poet, dramatist and painter from the Electoral Palatinate, is best known for his slightly sentimental prose idylls on country life. Usually known as Maler Müller (i.e. Painter Müller).

Friedrich Müller (dit en allemand "Maler Müller", ce qui signifie ), né le à Kreuznach et mort le à Rome, est un peintre romantique allemand et un poète du Sturm und Drang.


Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Sondages par États sur les primaires présidentielles du Parti démocrate de 2020

Background.

The Democratic National Committee has determined that candidates may qualify for the first two Democratic primary debates either by polling at 1% or higher in at least three national or early-state (Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada, and South Carolina) polls sponsored or conducted by designated organizations (in different regions if by the same organization) published after January 1, 2019 up until June 12, 2019, or by a fundraising threshold requiring at least 65,000 unique donors with at least 200 in 20 different states. Should more than 20 candidates meet either threshold, then candidates meeting both thresholds will be given highest priority for entry into the debates, followed by those with the highest polling average and those with the most donors. The pollsters and sponsors of polls designated for consideration by the DNC are the Associated Press, ABC News, CBS News, CNN, "The Des Moines Register", Fox News, the "Las Vegas Review-Journal", Monmouth University, NBC News, "The New York Times", National Public Radio, Quinnipiac University, Reuters, the University of New Hampshire, "USA Today", "The Wall Street Journal", "The Washington Post", and Winthrop University. Open-ended polls do not count towards the polling threshold.  For the third and fourth primary debates, candidates will be required to meet both polling and fundraising thresholds, with the prior considering only polls between June 28 and August 28, 2019 and increased to 4 qualifying polls at 2% support, now excluding surveys sponsored by the "Las Vegas Review-Journal" and Reuters; the latter requirement has also been increased, to 130,000 unique donors with at least 400 in 20 different states.  Individuals who have been included in national Democratic primary polls but have either ruled out their candidacy or not expressed interest in running include Stacey Abrams, Michael Avenatti, Sherrod Brown, Hillary Clinton, Mark Cuban, Andrew Cuomo, Al Franken, Eric Garcetti, Tim Kaine, Jason Kander, Joe Kennedy III, John Kerry, Mitch Landrieu, Terry McAuliffe, Chris Murphy, Gavin Newsom, Michelle Obama, Howard Schultz, Oprah Winfrey, and Mark Zuckerberg.

Polling in the four early primary states.

The following Morning Consult weekly poll archive graph depicts the evolution of the standing of each candidate in the early primary states (Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada and South Carolina) since February 2019.

Polling for Super Tuesday.

The following Morning Consult graph depicts the evolution of the standing of each candidate in the March 3, 2020 Super Tuesday states (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) since January 7, 2020.

Primary and caucus calendar.

The following dates reflect either the confirmed or expected dates of Democratic primaries and caucuses in 2020. Those for contests in U.S. territories with no date yet set are based on dates estimated by The Green Papers based on past years. The pledged delegate numbers listed below are based on the presidential votes in 2008, 2012, and 2016, as well as the number of electoral votes of each state in 2020. The number of DNC members and distinguished party leaders in the count of unpledged PLEO (party leaders and elected officials) delegates is based on the 2016 Democratic National Convention, while the number of unpledged officeholders (governors, members of Congress, and their equivalents in non-state jurisdictions) reflects their current total. The numbers of pledged delegates do not yet account for delegate bonuses or penalties from timing or clustering.  States listed with a lavender background and an asterisk (*) do not yet have a date set by existing statute. States with a light yellow background and a dagger (†) are set to shift their primary or caucus date following the expected passage of legislation moving the dates of their contests. If not already listed as such, the date to which the contest is expected to be moved is listed in parentheses. Party-run primaries (also described as either a firehouse primary or caucus in some jurisdictions) are listed with two asterisks (**).

Iowa caucus.

The Iowa Democratic caucus was held on February 3, 2020.

New Hampshire primary.

The New Hampshire Democratic primary was held on February 11, 2020.

Nevada caucus.

The Nevada Democratic caucus was held on February 22, 2020.

South Carolina primary.

The South Carolina Democratic primary was held on February 29, 2020.

Alabama primary.

The Alabama Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Arkansas primary.

The Arkansas Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

California primary.

The California Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Colorado primary.

The Colorado Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Maine primary.

The Maine Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Massachusetts primary.

The Massachusetts Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Minnesota primary.

The Minnesota Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

North Carolina primary.

The North Carolina Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Oklahoma primary.

The Oklahoma Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Tennessee primary.

The Tennessee Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Texas primary.

The Texas Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Utah primary.

The Utah Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Vermont primary.

The Vermont Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Virginia primary.

The Virginia Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Idaho primary.

The Idaho Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Michigan primary.

The Michigan Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Mississippi primary.

The Mississippi Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Missouri primary.

The Missouri Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

North Dakota caucus.

The North Dakota Democratic caucus is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Washington primary.

The Washington Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Arizona primary.

The Arizona Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 17, 2020.

Florida primary.

The Florida Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 17, 2020.

Illinois primary.

The Illinois Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 17, 2020.

Wisconsin primary.

The Wisconsin Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on April 7, 2020.

Ohio primary.

The Ohio Democratic primary was originally scheduled to take place on March 17, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the primary was delayed. Initially, the Governor suggested the primary be held on June 2, 2020, however, further deliberations resulted in the legislature and Governor agreeing on suspending in-person voting, and selecting a mail-in ballot deadline of April 28, 2020.

Kansas primary.

The Kansas Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on May 2, 2020.

Oregon primary.

The Oregon Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on May 19, 2020.

Delaware primary.

The Delaware Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and will instead occur on June 2, 2020.

Indiana primary.

The Indiana Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on May 5, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and will instead occur on June 2, 2020.

Maryland primary.

The Maryland Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and will instead occur on June 2, 2020.

Montana primary.

The Montana Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on June 2, 2020.

New Mexico primary.

The New Mexico democratic primary is scheduled to take place on June 2, 2020.

Pennsylvania primary.

The Pennsylvania Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is instead scheduled for June 2, 2020.

Georgia primary.

The Georgia Democratic primary was originally scheduled to take place on March 24, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, first to May 19, 2020, and then further delayed to June 9, 2020.

New York primary.

The New York Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is instead scheduled for June 23, 2020.

New Jersey primary.

The New Jersey Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on June 2, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is instead scheduled for July 7, 2020.

Connecticut primary.

The Connecticut Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, first to June 2, 2020, and then further delayed to August 11, 2020.

This is a list of statewide public opinion polls that have been conducted relating to the Democratic primaries for the 2020 United States presidential election. The persons named in the polls are declared candidates or have received media speculation about their possible candidacy.

Cet article répertorie les sondages à hauteur des États pour les primaires présidentielles du Parti démocrate américain de 2020, se déroulant entre et. Les sondages listés dans cet article sont effectués entre l'élection présidentielle de 2016 et la fin des primaires démocrates de 2020.


Motivation.

Numerical methods such as the finite difference method, finite-volume method, and finite element method were originally defined on meshes of data points. In such a mesh, each point has a fixed number of predefined neighbors, and this connectivity between neighbors can be used to define mathematical operators like the derivative. These operators are then used to construct the equations to simulate—such as the Euler equations or the Navier–Stokes equations.  But in simulations where the material being simulated can move around (as in computational fluid dynamics) or where large deformations of the material can occur (as in simulations of plastic materials), the connectivity of the mesh can be difficult to maintain without introducing error into the simulation. If the mesh becomes tangled or degenerate during simulation, the operators defined on it may no longer give correct values. The mesh may be recreated during simulation (a process called remeshing), but this can also introduce error, since all the existing data points must be mapped onto a new and different set of data points. Meshfree methods are intended to remedy these problems. Meshfree methods are also useful for:

Example.

In a traditional finite difference simulation, the domain of a one-dimensional simulation would be some function formula_1, represented as a mesh of data values formula_2 at points formula_3, where We can define the derivatives that occur in the equation being simulated using some finite difference formulae on this domain, for example and Then we can use these definitions of formula_10 and its spatial and temporal derivatives to write the equation being simulated in finite difference form, then simulate the equation with one of many finite difference methods.  In this simple example, the steps (here the spatial step formula_11 and timestep formula_12) are constant along all the mesh, and the left and right mesh neighbors of the data value at formula_3 are the values at formula_14 and formula_15, respectively. Generally in finite differences one can allow very simply for steps variable along the mesh, but all the original nodes should be preserved and they can move independently only by deforming the original elements. If even only two of all the nodes change their order, or even only one node is added to or removed from the simulation, that creates a defect in the original mesh and the simple finite difference approximation can no longer hold.  Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH), one of the oldest meshfree methods, solves this problem by treating data points as physical particles with mass and density that can move around over time, and carry some value formula_16 with them. SPH then defines the value of formula_10 between the particles by  where formula_19 is the mass of particle formula_20, formula_21 is the density of particle formula_20, and formula_23 is a kernel function that operates on nearby data points and is chosen for smoothness and other useful qualities. By linearity, we can write the spatial derivative as  Then we can use these definitions of formula_10 and its spatial derivatives to write the equation being simulated as an ordinary differential equation, and simulate the equation with one of many numerical methods. In physical terms, this means calculating the forces between the particles, then integrating these forces over time to determine their motion.  The advantage of SPH in this situation is that the formulae for formula_10 and its derivatives do not depend on any adjacency information about the particles; they can use the particles in any order, so it doesn't matter if the particles move around or even exchange places.  One disadvantage of SPH is that it requires extra programming to determine the nearest neighbors of a particle. Since the kernel function formula_23 only returns nonzero results for nearby particles within twice the "smoothing length" (because we typically choose kernel functions with compact support), it would be a waste of effort to calculate the summations above over every particle in a large simulation. So typically SPH simulators require some extra code to speed up this nearest neighbor calculation.

History.

One of the earliest meshfree methods is smoothed particle hydrodynamics, presented in 1977. Libersky "et al." were the first to apply SPH in solid mechanics. The main drawbacks of SPH are inaccurate results near boundaries and tension instability that was first investigated by Swegle.  In the 1990s a new class of meshfree methods emerged based on the Galerkin method. This first method called the diffuse element method (DEM), pioneered by Nayroles et al., utilized the MLS approximation in the Galerkin solution of partial differential equations, with approximate derivatives of the MLS function. Thereafter Belytschko pioneered the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method, which employed MLS with Lagrange multipliers to enforce boundary conditions, higher order numerical quadrature in the weak form, and full derivatives of the MLS approximation which gave better accuracy. Around the same time, the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) emerged, the approximation motivated in part to correct the kernel estimate in SPH: to give accuracy near boundaries, in non-uniform discretizations, and higher-order accuracy in general. Notably, in a parallel development, the Material point methods were developed around the same time which offer similar capabilities. Material point methods are widely used in the movie industry to simulate large deformation solid mechanics, such as snow in the movie Frozen. RKPM and other meshfree methods were extensively developed by Chen, Liu, and Li in the late 1990s for a variety of applications and various classes of problems. During the 1990s and thereafter several other varieties were developed including those listed below.

List of methods and acronyms.

The following numerical methods are generally considered to fall within the general class of "meshfree" methods. Acronyms are provided in parentheses.  Related methods:

Recent development.

The primary areas of advancement in meshfree methods are to address issues with essential boundary enforcement, numerical quadrature, and contact and large deformations. The common weak form requires strong enforcement of the essential boundary conditions, yet meshfree methods in general lack the Kronecker delta property. This make essential boundary condition enforcement non-trivial, at least more difficult than the Finite element method, where they can be imposed directly. Techniques have been developed to overcome this difficulty and impose conditions strongly. Several methods have been developed to impose the essential boundary conditions weakly, including Lagrange multipliers, Nitche's method, and the penalty method.  As for quadrature, nodal integration is generally preferred which offers simplicity, efficiency, and keeps the meshfree method free of any mesh (as opposed to using Gauss quadrature, which necessitates a mesh to generate quadrature points and weights). Nodal integration however, suffers from numerical instability due to underestimation of strain energy associated with short-wavelength modes, and also yields inaccurate and non-convergent results due to under-integration of the weak form. One major advance in numerical integration has been the development of a stabilized conforming nodal integration (SCNI) which provides a nodal integration method which does not suffer from either of these problems. The method is based on strain-smoothing which satisfies the first order patch test. However, it was later realized that low-energy modes were still present in SCNI, and additional stabilization methods have been developed. This method has been applied to a variety of problems including thin and thick plates, poromechanics, convection-dominated problems, among others. More recently, a framework has been developed to pass arbitrary-order patch tests, based on a Petrov–Galerkin method.  One recent advance in meshfree methods aims at the development of computational tools for automation in modeling and simulations. This is enabled by the so-called weakened weak (W2) formulation based on the G space theory. The W2 formulation offers possibilities to formulate various (uniformly) "soft" models that work well with triangular meshes. Because a triangular mesh can be generated automatically, it becomes much easier in re-meshing and hence enables automation in modeling and simulation. In addition, W2 models can be made soft enough (in uniform fashion) to produce upper bound solutions (for force-driving problems). Together with stiff models (such as the fully compatible FEM models), one can conveniently bound the solution from both sides. This allows easy error estimation for generally complicated problems, as long as a triangular mesh can be generated. Typical W2 models are the Smoothed Point Interpolation Methods (or S-PIM). The S-PIM can be node-based (known as NS-PIM or LC-PIM), edge-based (ES-PIM), and cell-based (CS-PIM). The NS-PIM was developed using the so-called SCNI technique. It was then discovered that NS-PIM is capable of producing upper bound solution and volumetric locking free. The ES-PIM is found superior in accuracy, and CS-PIM behaves in between the NS-PIM and ES-PIM. Moreover, W2 formulations allow the use of polynomial and radial basis functions in the creation of shape functions (it accommodates the discontinuous displacement functions, as long as it is in G1 space), which opens further rooms for future developments. The W2 formulation has also led to the development of combination of meshfree techniques with the well-developed FEM techniques, and one can now use triangular mesh with excellent accuracy and desired softness. A typical such a formulation is the so-called smoothed finite element method (or S-FEM). The S-FEM is the linear version of S-PIM, but with most of the properties of the S-PIM and much simpler.  It is a general perception that meshfree methods are much more expensive than the FEM counterparts. The recent study has found however, some meshfree methods such as the S-PIM and S-FEM can be much faster than the FEM counterparts.  The S-PIM and S-FEM works well for solid mechanics problems. For CFD problems, the formulation can be simpler, via strong formulation. A Gradient Smoothing Methods (GSM) has also been developed recently for CFD problems, implementing the gradient smoothing idea in strong form. The GSM is similar to [FVM], but uses gradient smoothing operations exclusively in nested fashions, and is a general numerical method for PDEs.  Nodal integration has been proposed as a technique to use finite elements to emulate a meshfree behaviour. However, the obstacle that must be overcome in using nodally integrated elements is that the quantities at nodal points are not continuous, and the nodes are shared among multiple elements.

In the field of numerical analysis, meshfree methods are those that do not require connection between nodes of the simulation domain, i.e. a mesh, but are rather based on interaction of each node with all its neighbors. As a consequence, original extensive properties such as mass or kinetic energy are no longer assigned to mesh elements but rather to the single nodes. Meshfree methods enable the simulation of some otherwise difficult types of problems, at the cost of extra computing time and programming effort. The absence of a mesh allows Lagrangian simulations, in which the nodes can move according to the velocity field.

Les méthodes sans maillage sont, dans le domaine de l'analyse numérique et plus précisément dans l'utilisation de la méthode des éléments finis, celles qui ne nécessitent pas de connexion entre les nœuds du domaine de simulation, c'est-à-dire un maillage, mais sont plutôt basées sur l'interaction de chaque nœud avec tous ses voisins.


Morphology.

"Morus indica," as with other members of the mulberry family, is often described as either a small tree or a shrub, rarely exceeding 10-15 meters. When young, the branches are covered in fine, soft hairs known as; however, the plant loses these hair as they grow older. The branches are a light grey-brown color.  The leaves of the "M. indica" plant range from 1 1/2 – 5 inches long and 1 – 3 inches wide, and are attached to the tree via petioles. The leaves themselves are usually ovate but sometimes lobed, coming to a narrow point, making them somewhere between caudate and acuminate. The leaves are retuse to slightly cordate, having a small lobe at the base. The leaves are shortly serrated, with each tooth narrowing to a thin point, making them apiculate. The leaves are dark green, with a paler underside covered in fine hairs.

Flowers and fruit.

"Morus indica" is a monoecious flowering plant, having male and female flowers growing on the same tree, although often on distinct branches. The male inflorescence is narrow, between 9 – 11.5 mm long, and covered in fine hairs. The female flowers are subglubose, or just shy of spherical. They measure 6 – 9.5 mm long. The stigma of these flowers is about 3.5 mm long with dense, short hair.  The female flower, after being fertilized, forms a fleshy compound fruit known as a syncarp. This syncarp, which is black when fully ripe, looks like that of "Morus nigra," commonly known as a black mulberry.

Uses and health effects.

"Morus indica" is often grown for its medicinal properties. As with most berries, the mulberries of "M. indica" have potent antioxidant properties. The primary medicinal use of "Morus indica" is as a method of regulating blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Multiple studies in humans and mice have found that the use of "Morus indica" lowered the blood glucose levels of diabetics through multiple different pathways.

Morus indica is a member of the genus "Morus", of the family of flowering plants Moraceae, commonly known as the mulberry family. As with other mulberries, "Morus indica" is a deciduous tree. "Morus indica" is native to the temperate and sub-tropical Himalayan region. It is currently cultivated in India, China, Japan, and East Africa.

Morus indica est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des "Moraceae", originaire du piémont himalayen. Ce sont de petits arbres à feuilles caduques cultivés pour leurs fruits et leurs feuilles ainsi qu'en agroforesterie. L'espèce est monoïque (inflorescences mâles et femelles distinctes sur la même plante).


High school career.

Gafford was a four star recruit in high school, and received offers in 2015 from several schools, including Kansas, Vanderbilt, and Florida. On August 1, 2015, Gafford committed to Arkansas. Gafford also played football growing up and was a wide receiver until ninth grade at El Dorado High School. He also was in the marching band and credits that to the development of his skill set.

College career.

In his first start for the Razorbacks, Gafford finished a perfect 8 for 8 shooting, along with 7 rebounds and 6 blocks against Minnesota. Gafford posted 21 points, 10 rebounds and seven blocks against No. 14 Auburn. After a freshman season where he averaged 11.8 points 6.2 rebounds per game, Gafford announced that he would return to Arkansas for his sophomore year rather than declare for the 2018 NBA Draft. After his freshman season, Gafford was named to the SEC All-Freshman team. On March 18, 2019, after Gafford's sophomore season, it was announced that Gafford would skip the 2019 National Invitation Tournament to prepare for the 2019 NBA draft. Gafford improved his statistics during his second year at Arkansas, averaging 16.9 points, 8.6 rebounds, and 1.9 blocks per game. He was named to the 2019 SEC All-Defensive Team, as well as a 1st Team All-SEC pick. Gafford was known for his thunderous dunks, especially alley-oops, and his shot blocking ability. He was a crowd favorite during Razorback home games at Bud Walton Arena.

Professional career.

Chicago Bulls (2019–present).

Gafford was selected 38th pick overall by the Chicago Bulls in the 2019 NBA Draft. On July 8, 2019, the Chicago Bulls announced that they had signed with Gafford. On October 26, 2019, Gafford made his debut in NBA, coming off from bench in an 84–108 loss to the Toronto Raptors with a rebound. He was assigned to the Windy City Bulls for opening night of the NBA G League season. Gafford began to see more playing time for the Bulls in January 2020 and received more lobs and blocked shots. On January 16, 2020, it was announced that Gafford would miss two to four weeks with a dislocated thumb.

Daniel Gafford (born October 1, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Arkansas Razorbacks.

Daniel Gafford, né le à El Dorado dans l'Arkansas, est un joueur de basket-ball américain évoluant aux postes d'ailier fort et pivot.