Early life.

Kate was born and raised in Hong Kong. Her father is a businessman and her mother is a homemaker.  Prior to winning her beauty queen title, Tsui had originally aspired to become a professional dancer. She had begun practicing ballet since the age of 4, but was forced to quit when she was 11, due to an injury on her right ankle. At the age of 14, she had begun to practice Jazz dance, Salsa, and Argentina Tango.  She was educated at Kiangsu-Chekiang College (Shatin) and eventually graduated from the University of California, Davis, majoring in Japanese and minoring in Spanish and Marketing. After completing her degree, she had returned to Hong Kong and worked as a translator and project coordinator. She had previously worked at an engineering firm.  In 2004, she entered the Miss Hong Kong beauty pageant and was crowned the winner along with the titles of Miss Photogenic, Miss International Goodwill, and the Slimming Beauty Award. After the pageant, she had signed with TVB and began her career as an actress.

TV career.

2005–2006.

Following guest roles in The Zone and When Rules Turn Loose in 2005, Tsui made her official TV debut in TVB series, La Femme Desperado in 2006. Professional Taiwanese film critic, Mai Ruoyu, while critiquing Tsui's film performance, had said that Tsui had demonstrated strong charisma and had effectively held her own in La Femme Desperado, even while starring alongside veteran actresses, Sheren Tang and Melissa Ng. Her role as Ida in the series was also nominated in the Best Supporting Actress category, as well as the Favourite Female Character category, in the TVB Anniversary Awards 2006.

2007–2008.

In 2007, Tsui had three TVB series released, including The Brink of Law, On the First Beat, and Steps. The roles cumulatively earned her the Most Improved Female Artist award from the TVB Anniversary Awards 2007. Her role in Steps also earned her nominations in the Best Actress category, as well Favourite Female Character category for the same awards show.  In 2008, Tsui took on her first villain role in Moonlight Resonance, and the role had earned her a Top 5 position in the Best Supporting Actress category of the TVB Anniversary Awards 2008. On the other hand, her leading role in Speech of Silence, in which she played a deaf character, had earned her a Top 10 position in the Best Actress category of the aforementioned awards show.

2009–2011.

While Tsui's TV career quieted down during 2009 to 2010, due to her focus on her film career, 2011 proved to be fruitful for Tsui, with six of her TV dramas airing on TVB. Of the six roles, Paris Yiu from Lives of Omission had garnered the most attention. For the role, Tsui was awarded a My Favourite TVB Female TV Character award from the StarHub TVB Awards, nominations in the Best Actress and Favourite Female Character categories for the TVB Anniversary Awards 2011, as well as a nomination for Outstanding Actress in Television by the Ming Pao Anniversary Award.  Additionally, in 2011, with the high turnover rate in contracted TVB artists, TVB executive, Virginia Lok, appointed Tsui, Myolie Wu, Linda Chung, and Fala Chen, as the new Top 4 "Fa Dans" (a Cantonese term that is used for actresses with high popularity and status in TVB), with their predecessors being Flora Chan, Ada Choi, Kenix Kwok, and Jessica Hsuan.

2012–2014.

2012 is arguably Tsui's peak year in her TV career. In Highs and Lows, Tsui portrays an extremely tragic character that struggled with substance abuse, gang rape, and eventually, drug dealing. Tsui described her experience of filming this drama as "being on an emotional roller coaster", to the extent that she did not wish to speak to anyone or pick up the phone after work. The producer of the drama, Lam Chi Wah, referred to Tsui's role in Highs and Lows as the greatest breakthrough in her career and applauded her for setting down her image as a beauty pageant winner to dive into such a complex character in the drama. Film director, Patrick Kong, also noted in his column that Tsui's acting has greatly matured in Highs and Lows, particularly in her portrayal of emotional scenes.  The role at last earned her the Favourite Female Character award for the TVB Anniversary Awards 2012. Tsui was also nominated in the Best Actress category and was one of the top 5 finalists for the award. Aside from the aforementioned Hong Kong TVB-based awards show, Tsui also received a nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role for the Asian Television Awards, which is an awards show held in Singapore that recognizes production excellence in over 15 Asian countries.  In 2014, Tsui took part in a TVB-produced micro film, A Time of Love, which consists of four individual stories, each with a separate theme. Tsui starred opposite Taiwanese actors, James Wen and Chris Wang, in the "sorrow" themed story. After the airing of the micro film, TVB received 39 individual viewer statements that commended Tsui of her outstanding performance in the micro film. Column writer, Ko Leung, of Macao Daily, also stated Tsui portrayed her character in the micro film perfectly and that Tsui's acting is comparable to that of Bai Baihe in The Stolen Years.

2015.

In 2015, Tsui's management contract with TVB ended. However, Tsui said that she is still on very good terms with TVB, and TVB has settled job arrangements for her up until February 2016. Despite having received several offers, Tsui stated that she will not finalize any management contract agreements until she has completed her jewelry design courses.

Film career.

2007–2008.

Aside from her development in television acting, Tsui also experienced success in developing her career in the film industry. In 2007, through a series of auditions, Tsui was cast as the female lead, alongside A-list actors Tony Leung Ka-fai and Simon Yam, in Eye in the Sky, which is a film produced by Johnnie To and directed by Yau Nai-hoi. With her performance in the film,  Eye in the Sky was praised by professional Hong Kong film critic, Sek Kei, as the best Hong Kong film in the first half of 2007. The film was subsequently entered into the Berlin International Film Festival, as well as the Shanghai International Film Festival. Through her performance in the film, Tsui was widely acclaimed to be talented in acting and a rising actress worth looking out for.  With her performance in Eye in the Sky, Tsui earned the Best Newcomer – Gold Award from 2007, as well as Hong Kong Film Award for Best New Performer from the 27th Hong Kong Film Awards, held in 2008. The latter is a particularly outstanding achievement, for Tsui is, so far, the only individual to have received a Hong Kong Film Award, while being fully contracted by TVB, since Anita Yuen, who coincidentally is also a Miss Hong Kong pageant winner, won the same award back in 1993.  Professional Taiwanese film critic, Mai Ruoyu, had openly criticized the Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards, a film festival and awards ceremony held in Taiwan, for excluding Tsui and her performance in Eye in the Sky from a nomination in the Best New Performer category. He had further praised that Tsui has the most potential and talent in acting among all of TVB's Miss Hong Kong-turned-actresses, since Maggie Cheung.

2009–2011.

In 2009, Tsui starred in "I Corrupt All Cops", a Hong Kong crime drama, directed by Wong Jing, who was impressed with the success of her debut performance in "Eye in the Sky". Eason Chan, who plays Tsui's husband in the film, said Tsui's character is based on Shuang'er from Duke of The Deer and the Cauldron.  In 2010, Tsui starred in Wuxia film "14 Blades", alongside Donnie Yen, Zhao Wei, and Wu Chun. The director of the film, Daniel Lee, said the casting of Tsui's character, Tuo Tuo, was the most troubling and extensive process of all. She eventually won the role while being backed by nearly half the votes of a public online poll held by Sina, in addition to being a Hong Kong Film Awards recipient.  In 2011, Tsui reprised her role as Paris Yiu Ho Ho from the TVB series "Lives of Omission" in its film sequel, "Turning Point 2", in which she starred opposite Francis Ng. Playing a character with a mental disorder in the film, Tsui said that collaborating with Ng was a valuable experience because Ng was extremely willing to teach and give her suggestions about her acting and performances. From working with Tsui, Ng had openly praised her for her acting potential.

2012–2014.

In 2013, Tsui took part in a comedy film, I Love Hong Kong 2013. It is also the first film that veteran actress, Veronica Yip, has taken part in since her retirement in 1996. In the film, Tsui plays the younger version of Yip's character. The producer of the film, Eric Tsang, specifically praised Tsui for providing the best performance out of the entire cast, referring to it as a "Best Actress performance".  In the same year, Tsui was also cast in Giddens Ko film, A Choo, alongside Ariel Lin and Kai Ko.  In 2014, Tsui had originally been cast in the film version of Triumph in the Skies, starring opposite Louis Koo. However, for unspecified reasons, Tsui was eventually pulled out of the film and replaced with Charmaine Sheh.

2015.

In 2015, Tsui was cast in thriller film, Knock Knock, Who's There?. The film is the first directorial effort by veteran actress, Carrie Ng. Tsui said that upon receiving the script, she had intended to reject the role because of the frightening content. However, Tsui eventually agreed to the role due to Ng's persistence and persuasion. With reference to collaborating with Tsui, Ng said that Tsui is a very professional and admirable actress.

Jewelry design career.

In December 2015, Tsui launched a jewelry line with K.S. Sze & Sons Ltd.. The collection is called "Rabbit-Duck Illusion". She indicated that her designs are inspired by Ludwig Wittgenstein's concept on the two different ways of seeing, using the ambiguous image of a "duckrabbit". She spoke of the concept behind her jewelry designs, "It's something that I like to remind myself of, that there are many situations in life that aren't worth splitting hairs over, and if I simply adjust the angle that I'm viewing things from, I can easily see a different perspective." In early 2016, Tsui found her own fine jewelry brand and online shop; katetsui.com

Further education.

In 2015-2016, Tsui completed her Jewelry Design course at GIA and Colored Gem Professional Level II at the Gübelin Academy.  In June 2019, Tsui finished her Master's Degree in Psychology at the University of Hong Kong.

Awards.

2016  2015  2014  2013  2012  2011  2010  2009  2008  2007  2005  2004

External links.

!colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Miss Hong Kong !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | TVB Anniversary Awards !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Hong Kong Film Awards !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Metro Radio Hit Music Awards!colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Commercial Radio Song Awards!colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation!colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards

Kate Tsui Tsz-shan is a former Hong Kong actress, who is best known for her work with Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB), and to an extent, for her film work and singing career. She also holds the Miss Hong Kong 2004 title. In December 2019, she announced her retirement from the entertainment industry.

Kate Tsui, née le à Hong Kong, est une actrice et chanteuse hongkongaise. Elle mesure 1,65 m et a été Miss Hong Kong en 2004.


Career.

Early career.

Patterson's earliest works in animation were for Charles B. Mintz's Krazy Kat/Screen Gems studio, where he started as an inker in 1929. He remained at Mintz for ten years.

Walt Disney Studio.

In 1940, he moved to the Walt Disney Studio, where he animated on "Fantasia" and "Dumbo", as well as several Pluto shorts ("Bone Trouble" and "Pluto's Playmate"). By 1942, he mostly worked on Donald Duck shorts such as "Donald Gets Drafted".

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Patterson left Disney in 1943 to work at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio, his first short for them being "War Dogs". While he mostly worked in the studio's Hanna-Barbera unit, he occasionally provided animation for Tex Avery's unit (as well as Avery's substitute director Dick Lundy). He worked on several Academy Award-winning animation shorts: "Mouse Trouble" (1944), "Quiet Please!" (1945), "The Little Orphan" (1948), and "Johann Mouse" (1952).

Grantray-Lawrence Animation.

Patterson left MGM in 1954 to co-found (with former MGM colleague Grant Simmons) Grantray-Lawrence Animation, which he operated until 1967. GrantRay-Lawrence's early work was providing animation for television commercials, including the original "Winston Tastes Good" campaign. The company later moved on to producing such animated television series as "Spider-Man" and "The Marvel Superheroes."

Hanna-Barbera.

After GrantRay-Lawrence folded in 1967, Patterson joined his former bosses at Hanna-Barbera, where he worked as a supervising director on several animated television series. Patterson was eventually promoted to Vice President in charge of animation direction, a position he held until his retirement in 1993.

Awards and honors.

Patterson was awarded the 1999 Winsor McCay Award by the International Animated Film Society, ASIFA-Hollywood for his lifetime of contributions to the animation field.

Death.

Patterson died of natural causes, in Encino, California on December 30, 2001, a month after his 90th birthday.

References in popular culture.

In the episode of "The Simpsons" entitled "Trash of the Titans" (1998), the commissioner of sanitation is named Ray Patterson and played by Steve Martin. In the episode of "Family Guy" entitled "Road to Rupert" (2007), Patterson became archive footage as Jerry's visible.

Raymond "Ray" Patterson (November 23, 1911 – December 30, 2001) was an American animator, producer, and director. Patterson was born in Hollywood, California, and was the younger brother of animator Don Patterson.

Raymond « Ray » Patterson (, Hollywood, Californie -, Encino, Californie) est un animateur et réalisateur américain. Il est le frère de Don Patterson.


History.

Founded in 1889 and inaugurated in 1890, the museum's first aim was to collect and exhibit archaeologic materials unearthed during the excavations after the union of Rome with the Kingdom of Italy.  The initial core of its collection originated from the "Museo Kircheriano" (Kircherian Museum), archaeologic works assembled by the antiquarian and Jesuit priest, Athanasius Kircher, which previously had been housed within the Jesuit complex of Sant'Ignazio. The collection was appropriated by the state in 1874, after the suppression of the Society of Jesus. Renamed initially as the Royal Museum, the collection was intended to be moved to a "Museo Tiberino" (Tiberine Museum), which was never completed.  In 1901 the Italian state granted the National Roman Museum the recently acquired Collection Ludovisi as well as the important national collection of Ancient Sculpture. Findings during the urban renewal of the late 19th century added to the collections.  In 1913, a ministerial decree sanctioned the division of the collection of the "Museo Kircheriano" among all the different museums that had been established over the last decades, such as the National Roman Museum, the National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia and the Museum of Castel Sant'Angelo.  Its seat was established in the charterhouse designed and realised in the 16th century by Michelangelo within the Baths of Diocletian, which currently houses the epigraphic and the protohistoric sections of the modern museum, while the main collection of ancient art was moved to the nearby Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, acquired by the Italian state in 1981.  The reconversion of the area of the ancient bath/charterhouse into an exhibition space began on the occasion of the International Exhibition of Art of 1911; this effort was completed in the 1930s.

Palazzo Massimo alle Terme.

History of the building.

The palace was built on the site once occupied by the Villa Montalto-Peretti, named after Pope Sixtus V, who had been born Francesco Peretti. The present building was commissioned by Prince Massimiliano Massimo, so as to give a seat to the Jesuit Collegio Romano, originally within the convent of the church of Sant'Ignazio. In 1871, the Collegio had been ousted from the convent by the government which converted it into the "Liceo Visconti", the first public secular high school of Italy. Erected between 1883 and 1887 by the architect Camillo Pistrucci in a "neo-cinquecentesco" style, it was one of the most prestigious schools of Rome until 1960. During World War II, it was partially used as a military hospital, but it then returned to scholastic functions until the 1960s, when the school was moved to a newer seat in the EUR quarter.  In 1981, lying in a state of neglect, the Italian government acquired it for 19 billion lire and granted it to the National Roman Museum. Its restoration and adaptation began in 1983 and was completed in 1998. The palazzo eventually became the main seat of the museum as well as the headquarters of the "Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma" (Agency of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities of Italy, in charge for the archaeological heritage of Rome). The museum houses the ancient art (sculpture, painting, mosaic work and goldsmith's craft from the Republican Age to the Late Antiquity) as well as the numismatic collection, housed in the "Medagliere", i.e. the coin cabinet.

Ground floor and first floor.

The ground floor features the notable bronze statues of the "Boxer at Rest" and the "Athlete".  One room is devoted to the mummy that was found in 1964 on the Via Cassia, inside a richly decorated sarcophagus with several artefacts in amber and pieces of jewellery also on display. Sculptures of the period between the late Roman Republic and the early imperial period (2nd century BC to 1st century AD), include

Second floor.

Frescoes, stuccoes and mosaics, including those from the villa of Livia, wife of Augustus, at Prima Porta on the Via Flaminia. It begins with the summer triclinium of Livia's "Villa ad Gallinas Albas". The frescoes, discovered in 1863 and dating back to the 1st century BC, show a luscious garden with ornamental plants and pomegranate trees.

Basement.

The Museum's numismatic collection is the largest in Italy. Among the coins on exhibit are Theodoric’s medallion, the four ducats of Pope Paul II with the navicella of St Peter, and the silver piastre of the Pontifical State with views of the city of Rome.

Palazzo Altemps.

History of the building.

The building was designed in the 15th century by Melozzo da Forlì for Girolamo Riario, a relation of Pope Sixtus IV. There is still a fresco on one wall of the rooms in the palazzo that celebrates the wedding of Girolamo to Caterina Sforza in 1477, showing the silver plates and other wedding gifts given to the couple. When the Riario family began to decline after the death of Pope Sixtus IV, the palazzo was sold to Cardinal Francesco Soderini of Volterra, who commissioned further refinements from the architects Sangallo the Elder and Baldassarre Peruzzi.  When the Soderini family fell on hard times, he in turn sold it in 1568 to the Austrian-born cardinal Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps, the son of the sister of Pope Pius IV. Cardinal Altemps commissioned the architect Martino Longhi to expand and improve the palazzo; it was Longhi who built the "belvedere". Cardinal Altemps accumulated a large collection of books and ancient sculpture. Though his position as the second son in his family meant Marco Sittico Altemps became a cleric, he was not inclined to priesthood. His mistress bore him a son, Roberto, made Duke of Gallese. Roberto Altemps was executed for adultery in 1586 by Pope Sixtus V.  The Altemps family continued to mix in the circles of Italian nobility throughout the 17th century. Roberto's granddaughter Maria Cristina d'Altemps married Ippolito Lante Montefeltro della Rovere, Duke of Bomarzo.  The Palazzo Altemps became the property of the Holy See in the 19th century, and the building was used as a seminary for a short time. It was granted to the Italian state in 1982 and after 15 years of restoration, inaugurated as a museum in 1997.

Collections.

The palazzo houses the museum's exhibits on the history of collecting (sculptures from Renaissance collections such as the Boncompagni-Ludovisi and Mattei collections, including the Ludovisi Ares, Ludovisi Throne, and the "Suicide of a Gaul" (from the same Pergamon group as the Dying Gaul) and the Egyptian collection (sculptures of eastern deities). The palace also includes the historic private theatre, at present used to house temporary exhibitions, and the church of Sant' Aniceto.

Crypta Balbi.

History of the building.

In 1981, digging on a derelict site in the Campus Martius between the churches of Santa Caterina dei Funari and Santo Stanislao dei Polacchi, Daniel Manacorda and his team discovered the colonnaded quadriporticus of the Theatre of Lucius Cornelius Balbus, the nearby "statio annonae" and evidence of later, medieval occupation of the site. These are presented in this branch of the museum, inaugurated in 2001, which houses the archaeological remains and finds from that dig (including a stucco arch from the porticus).

Collections.

As well as new material from the excavations, objects in this exhibition space come from

Basement.

The building's basement contains archaeological remains. Access is only by guided tour.

Ground floor.

The first section ("archaeology and history of an urban landscape") presents the results of the excavations, and puts them in the context of the history of the area. As well as showing the remains from the site itself, this section also tells of the "Monastero di Santa Maria Domine Rose" (begun nearby in the 8th century), of medieval merchants' and craftsmen's homes, of the "Conservatorio di Santa Caterina dei Funari" (built in the mid-16th century by Ignatius of Loyola to house the daughters of Roman prostitutes) and of the "Botteghe Oscure".

First floor.

A second section ("Rome from Antiquity to the Middle Ages") is the Museum of Medieval Rome and illustrates the life and transformation of Rome between the 5th and 10th centuries AD.

Baths of Diocletian.

Cloister of Michelangelo.

The cloister of the charterhouse of the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, this is often referred to as "Michelangelo's Cloister" as he was tasked by the Pope with transforming the Baths into a church and chapterhouse. However, it is more likely that Michelangelo just came up with the layout and that a pupil of his, Giacomo del Duca, was responsible for most of the actual architecture, at least in the initial phase of construction. The cloister was built only after Michelangelo's death in 1564. Construction began in 1565 but took at least until 1600. The upper floor was finished in 1676 and the central fountain dates to 1695.  Inside the square of the cloister, a 16th-century garden features outdoor displays of altars and funerary sculpture and inscriptions. These notably include some colossal animal heads, several of which date from Antiquity and were found near Trajan's Column in 1586.

Prehistory section.

On the upper floor of the cloister, this exhibit shows the development of the culture of Latium from the Bronze Age (11th century BC) to the Orientalizing Period (10th to 6th century BC) by means of archaeological findings from the region around Rome.

Small cloister.

The small cloister of the charterhouse has been recently renovated. It occupies around a third of the area previously occupied by the "natatio" (swimming pool) of the Baths of Diocletian. It was originally built alongside the church. Construction began in the mid-16th century but continued beyond the 17th century. With a side length of 40 meters (half the size of Michelangelo's Cloister) it today features exhibits on the Arval Brethren and on the Secular Games. The late 16th-century travertine well in the centre was added during the recent renovation.

Epigraphic section.

Showing over 900 exhibits on inscriptions/writings, over three floors of a modern building, this collection houses over 10,000 inscriptions.

"Aule delle Olearie".

These were the storage facilities created by Pope Clement XIII in some of the former halls of the Baths of Diocletian. These large halls (numbered I to XI), most of them without roof cover, have been part of the museum since 1911.

"Aula of Saint Isidore".

A small square room built next to a granary known "Annona" in 1640. In 1754 it was converted into a chapel dedicated to Saint Isidore.

Octagonal Aula.

This was part of the central complex of the Baths of Diocletian. It was the last of the four halls next to the caldarium. It was converted into a grain store in 1575, and in 1764 became a storage facility for oil. The dome is still the original one. The hall served as an exhibition site in 1911 but was then turned into a cinema and, in 1928, into a planetarium.  The hall was restored in 1991. It is devoted to sculptures found on baths sites in Rome.

The National Roman Museum (Italian: "Museo Nazionale Romano") is a museum, with several branches in separate buildings throughout the city of Rome, Italy. It shows exhibits from the pre- and early history of Rome, with a focus on archaeological findings from the period of Ancient Rome.

Le Musée national romain (Museo Nazionale Romano) est un musée archéologique de Rome, qui rassemble des objets et sculptures touchant à l'histoire et à la culture de la ville à l'époque romaine.


Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station

Radiobalise de localisation des sinistres

Types of emergency locator radio beacons.

There are several types of emergency locator beacons, distinguished by the environment for which they were designed to be used: Distress alerts transmitted from ELTs, EPIRBs, SSASes, and PLBs, are received and processed by the International Cospas-Sarsat Programme, the international satellite system for search and rescue (SAR). These beacons transmit a 0.5 second burst of data every 50 seconds, varying over

International COSPAS-SARSAT Programme.

Cospas-Sarsat is an international organization that has been a model of international cooperation, even during the Cold War. SARSAT means Search And Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking. COSPAS (КОСПАС) is an acronym for the Russian words "Cosmicheskaya Sistema Poiska Avariynyh Sudov" (Космическая Система Поиска Аварийных Судов), which translates to "Space System for the Search

Detection and location.

A transmission is typically detected and processed in this manner:  Once the satellite data is received, it takes less than a minute to forward it to any signatory nation. The primary means of detection and location is by the COSPAS-SARSAT satellites. However, additional means of location are frequently used. For example, the FAA requires that all pilots monitor 121.500 MHz whenever possible, and the USCG has a network of direction finder sites along the coastlines. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a near-real-time map that shows SARSAT U.S. Rescues.  There are several systems in use, with beacons of varying expense, different types of satellites and varying performance. Carrying even the oldest systems provides an immense improvement in safety over carrying none.  The types of satellites in the network are: When one of the COSPAS-SARSAT satellites detects a beacon, the detection is passed to one of the program's approximately 30 Mission Control Centers, such as USMCC (in Suitland, Maryland), where the detected location and beacon details are used to determine which Rescue Coordination Center (for example, the U.S. Coast Guard's PACAREA RCC, in Alameda, California) to pass the alert to.

Beacon operation.

GPS-based, registered.

406 MHz beacons with GPS track with a precision of 100 meters in the 70% of the world closest to the equator, and send a serial number so the responsible authority can look up phone numbers to notify the registrator (e.g., next-of-kin) in four minutes.  The GPS system permits stationary, wide-view geosynchronous

High-precision registered.

An intermediate technology 406 MHz beacon (now mostly obsolete in favor of GPS enabled units) has worldwide coverage, locates within 2 km (12.5 km2 search area), notifies kin and rescuers in 2 hours maximum (46 min average), and has a serial number to look

Traditional ELT, unregistered.

The oldest, cheapest beacons are aircraft emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) that send an anonymous warble on the aviation band distress frequency at 121.5 MHz. The frequency is often routinely monitored by commercial aircraft, but has not been monitored by satellite since Feb. 1, 2009.  These distress signals could be detected by satellite over only 60% of the earth, required up to 6 hours for notification, located within (search area of 1200 km2), were anonymous, and couldn't be located well because their frequency is only

Location by Doppler (without GPS).

The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by Doppler processing. Local user terminals (LUTs) detecting non-geostationary satellites interpret the Doppler frequency shift heard by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency. The interpretation determines both bearing and range. The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the heard frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This triangulates the position of the beacon. A faster change in the Doppler indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's orbit. If the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the Earth's rotation, it is on one side or other of the satellite's path. Doppler shift is zero at the closest point of approach between the beacon and the orbit.  If the beacon's frequency is more precise, it

Satellites.

Receivers are auxiliary systems mounted on several types of satellites. This substantially reduces the program's cost.  The weather satellites that carry the SARSAT receivers are in "ball of yarn" orbits, inclined at 99 degrees. The longest period that all satellites can be out of line-of-sight of a beacon is about two hours.  The first satellite constellation was launched in the early 1970s by the

Search and rescue response.

Emergency beacons operating on 406 MHz transmit a unique 15, 22, or 30 character serial number called a "hex code". When the beacon is purchased, the hex code should be registered with the relevant national (or international) authority. After one of the Mission Control Centers has detected the signal, this registration information is passed to the Rescue Coordination Center, which then provides the appropriate search and rescue agency with crucial information such as:  Registration information allows SAR agencies to start a rescue more quickly. For example, if a shipboard telephone number listed in the registration is unreachable, it could be assumed that a real distress event is occurring. Conversely, the information provides a quick and easy way for the SAR agencies to check and eliminate false alarms (potentially sparing the beacon's owner from significant false alert fines.)  An unregistered 406 MHz beacon still carries some information, such as the manufacturer and serial number of the beacon, and in some cases, an MMSI or aircraft tail number/ICAO 24-bit address. Despite the clear benefits of registration, an unregistered 406 MHz beacon is very substantially better than a 121.5 MHz beacon; this is because the hex code received from a 406 MHz beacon confirms the authenticity of the signal as a real distress signal.  Beacons operating on 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz only simply transmit an anonymous siren tone, and thus carry no position or identity information to SAR agencies. Such beacons now rely solely on the terrestrial or aeronautical monitoring of the frequency.

Responsible agencies.

RCC's are responsible for a geographic area, known as a "search and rescue region of responsibility" (SRR). SRR's are designated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). RCC's are operated unilaterally by personnel of a single military service (e.g. an Air Force, or a Navy) or a single civilian service (e.g. a national Police force, or a Coast Guard).

Americas.

These international Search and Rescue Points Of Contact (SPOCs) receive SAR alerts from the USMCC.

Europe.

Russia.

In Russia, operations are supported

Asia.

In Hong Kong, operations are supported by the Hong Kong Marine Department's Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre (MRCC)  In India, operations are supported by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and by the Indian Coast Guard's Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre Mumbai (MRCC)  In China, operations are supported by the Maritime Safety Administration, Bureau of Harbour Superintendency.  In Japan, operations are supported by the Japan Coast Guard  In Vietnam, operations are supported by the Ministry of Transport, Vietnam Maritime Administration (VINAMARINE).  In Singapore, operations are supported by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore.  In the Republic of Korea, operations are supported by the Korea Coast Guard.  In Indonesia, operations are supported by the National SAR Agency of Indonesia (BASARNAS).  In Taiwan, operations are supported by the International Telecommunication Development Company (ITDC)

Phase-out of 121.5 MHz satellite alerting service.

Because of the extremely high numbers of false alerts on the 121.500 MHz frequency (over 98% of all COSPAS-SARSAT alerts), the IMO eventually requested for a termination of COSPAS-SARSAT processing of 121.5 MHz signals. The ICAO Council also agreed to this phase-out request, and the COSPAS-SARSAT Council decided that future satellites would no longer carry the 121.5 MHz search and rescue repeater (SARR). Since 1 February 2009, only 406 MHz beacons are detected by the international Cospas-Sarsat SAR satellite system. This affects all maritime beacons (EPIRBs), all aviation beacons (ELTs) and all personal beacons (PLBs). In other words, Cospas-Sarsat has ceased satellite detection and processing of 121.5/243 MHz beacons. These older beacons are now only detectable by ground-based receivers and aircraft.  EPIRBs that do not transmit on 406 MHz are banned on boats in the United States and in many other jurisdictions. More information about the switch to 406 MHz is available on Cospas-Sarsat's 121.5/243 Phase-Out page.  Despite the switch to 406 MHz, pilots and ground stations are encouraged to continue to monitor for transmissions on the emergency frequencies, as most 406 MHz beacons are required to be equipped with 121.5 "homers." Furthermore, the 121.5 MHz frequency continues remains the official global VHF aircraft voice distress frequency.

FAA transition status.

In a Safety Recommendation released September 2007, the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board once again recommended that the U.S. FAA require all aircraft have 406 MHz ELTs. They first recommended this back in 2000 and after vigorous opposition

Emergency Locator Transmitters.

Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) are fairly expensive (aviation use; Average cost is $1500–3000) locator beacons. In commercial aircraft, a cockpit voice recorder or flight data recorder must contain an underwater locator beacon. In the US, ELTs are required to be permanently installed in most general aviation aircraft, depending upon the type or location of operation.  The specifications for the design of ELTs are published by the RTCA, and in the specification the alarm signal is defined as an AM signal (A3X and/or N0N emissions), containing a swept tone ranging from 1600 Hz to 300 Hz (downwards), with 2-4 sweeps per second. When activated, 406 MHz units transmit a 0.5 second, 5-watt digital burst every 50 seconds, varying within a span of ±2.5 seconds somewhat randomly, so as to avoid multiple ELTs always having their beacons synchronized.  As per 14 CFR 91.207.a.1, ELTs built according to TSO-C91 (of the type described below as "Traditional ELT, unregistered") have not been permitted for new installations since June 21, 1995; the replacing standard was TSO-C91a. Furthermore, TSO-C91/91a ELTs are being replaced / supplemented by the TSO C126 406 MHz ELT, a far superior unit.  ELTs are unique among distress radiobeacons in that they have impact monitors and are activated by g-force.  Although monitoring of 121.5 and 243 MHz (Class B) distress signals by satellite ceased in February 2009, the FAA has not mandated an upgrade of older ELT units to 406 MHz in United States aircraft. Transport Canada has put forward a proposed regulatory requirement that requires upgrade to Canadian registered aircraft to either a 406 MHz ELT or an alternate means system; however, elected officials have overruled the recommendation of Transport Canada for the regulation and have asked for a looser regulation to be drafted by Transport Canada. Recent information indicates Transport Canada may permit private, general aviation flight with only an existing 121.5 MHz ELT if there is a placard visible to all passengers stating to the effect that the aircraft does not comply with international recommendations for the carriage of the 406 MHz emergency alerting device and is not detectable by satellites in the event of a crash.  In the case of 121.5 MHz beacons, the frequency is known in aviation as the "VHF Guard" emergency frequency, and all U.S. civilian pilots (private and commercial) are required, by FAA policy, to monitor this frequency when it is possible to do so. The frequency can be used by Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) radionavigation equipment, which is being phased out in favor of VOR and GPS but is still found on many aircraft. ELTs are relatively large, and would fit in a cube about on a side, and weigh.  ELTs were first mandated in 1973 by FAA technical standard order (TSO-C91). The original TSO-C91, and updated TSO-C91A were officially deprecated as of February 2, 2009, when reception of the 121.5 MHz signal was deactivated on all of the SAR satellite, in favor of the C126 ELT models, with their 406 MHz Cospas-Sarsat beacons. However, the 121.5 MHz signal is still used for close-in direction finding of a downed aircraft.

Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon.

Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) are a development of the ELT designed specifically for use on boats and ships, and basic models tend to be less expensive than ELTs (average cost is $800). As such, instead of using an impact sensor to activate the beacon, they typically use a water-sensing device or a submerged-sensing device that activates and releases a floating beacon after it has been submerged in between 1 and 4 meters of water. In addition to the 406 MHz signal mandated by C/S T.001, the IMO and ICAO require an auxiliary 121.5 MHz at another frequency in order to support the large installed base of 121.5 MHz direction finding equipment.  The RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services) maintains specifications specific to EPIRB devices. The alarm signal is defined as an AM signal (A3X and/or N0N emissions), containing a swept tone ranging from 1600 Hz to 300 Hz (either upwards or downwards), with 2-4 sweeps per second.  EPIRBs with an AIS transmitter are allocated MMSI numbers in the range 974yyzzzz.

EPIRB sub-classification.

Emergency position-indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) are sub-classified as follows:  Recognized categories:  Obsolete classes: EPIRBs are a component of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). Most commercial off-shore working vessels with passengers are required to carry

EPIRB activation.

Automatic EPIRBs are water activated. Some EPIRBs also "deploy"; this means that they physically depart from their mounting bracket on the exterior of the vessel (usually by going into the water.)  For a marine EPIRB to begin transmitting a signal (or "activate") it first needs to come out of its bracket (or "deploy"). Deployment can happen either manually where someone must physically remove it from its bracket or automatically where water pressure will cause a hydrostatic release unit to separate the EPIRB from its bracket. If it does not come out of the bracket it will not activate. There is a magnet in the bracket which operates a reed safety switch in the EPIRB. This prevents accidental activation if the unit gets wet from rain or shipped seas.  Once deployed, EPIRBs can be activated, depending on the circumstances, either manually (crewman flicks a switch) or automatically (when water contacts the unit's "sea-switch".) All modern EPIRBs provide both methods of activation and deployment, and thus are labelled "Manual and Automatic Deployment and Activation."

Automatic hydrostatic release unit.

A hydrostatic release unit or HRU is a pressure activated mechanism designed to automatically deploy when certain conditions are met. In the marine environment this occurs when submerged to a maximum depth of four meters. The pressure of the water against a diaphragm within the sealed casing causes a plastic pin to be cut thereby releasing the containment bracket casing, allowing the EPIRB to float free. Some common characteristics of HRUs are:

Submarine Emergency Positioning Indicating Radio Beacon.

A Submarine Emergency Positioning Indicating Radio Beacon (SEPIRB) is an EPIRB that is

Ship Security Alert System.

A Ship Security Alert System (SSAS) is a special variety of an EPIRB designed to alert the

Personal Locator Beacon.

Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) are designed for use by individuals who are hiking, kayaking, or conducting other activities on land or water where they are not in or associated with an aircraft or vessel that is equipped with its own ELT or EPIRB. As with EPIRBs, the RTCM maintains specifications for PLB devices.  PLBs vary in size from cigarette-packet to paperback book and weigh 200 g to 1 kg (1⁄2 to 21⁄5 lb). They can be purchased from marine suppliers, aircraft refitters, and (in Australia and the United States) hiking supply stores. The units have a useful life of 10 years, operate across a range of conditions, and transmit for 24 to 48 hours. The alarm signal is defined as an AM signal (A3X and/or N0N emissions), containing a swept tone ranging from 300 Hz to 1600 Hz (upwards), with 2–4 sweeps per second. PLBs shall sweep upward.  PLB alerts are passed to State and Local agencies  Must be registered to a specific person (with NOAA in the U.S.)  PLB equipment is required to include 406 MHz plus a homing frequency on 121.5 MHz  As of 2017 PLBs must have an internal GPS

PLB sub-classification.

There are two kinds of personal locator beacon (PLB):  All PLBs transmit in digital mode on 406 MHz. There are AIS

Beacon content.

The most important aspect of a beacon in classification is the mode of transmission. There are two valid transmission modes: digital and analog. Where digital usually has a longer range, analog is more reliable. Analog beacons are useful to search parties and SAR aircraft, though they are no longer monitored by satellite.

Analog 121.500 MHz homing signal.

All ELTs, all PLBs, and most EPIRBs are required to have a low-power homing signal, that is identical to the original 121.500 MHz VHF beacon signal. However, due to the extremely large number

Digital 406 MHz beacons.

406 MHz UHF beacons transmit bursts of digital information to orbiting satellites, and may also contain a low-power integrated analog (121.500 MHz) homing beacon. They can be uniquely identified (via GEOSAR). Advanced beacons encode a GPS or GLONASS position into the signal. All beacons are located by Doppler triangulation to confirm the location. The digital data identifies the registered user. A phone call by authorities to the registered phone number often eliminates false alarms (false alarms are the typical case). If there is a problem, the beacon location data guides search and rescue efforts. No beacon is ignored. Anonymous beacons are confirmed by two Doppler tracks before beginning beacon location efforts.  The distress message transmitted by a 406 beacon contains the information such as:  The digital distress message generated by the beacon varies according to the above factors and is encoded in 30 hexadecimal characters. The unique 15-character digital identity (the 15-hex ID) is hard-coded in the firmware of the beacon. The 406.025 MHz carrier signal is modulated plus or minus 1.1 radians with the data encoded using Manchester encoding, which ensures a net zero phase shift aiding Doppler location

Hex codes.

Example hex codes look like the following: 90127B92922BC022FF103504422535

Frequencies.

Distress beacons transmit distress signals on the following key frequencies; the frequency used distinguishes the capabilities of the beacon. A "recognized" beacon

License and registration requirements.

License.

In North America and Australasia (and most jurisdictions in Europe) no special license is required to operate an

Registration.

All distress alerting beacons operating on 406 MHz should be registered; all vessels and aircraft operating under International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) regulations must register their beacons. Some national

Specifications.

Several regulations and technical

Alternative technologies.

There are also other personal devices in the marketplace which do not meet the standard for 406 MHz devices.

Maritime Survivor Locator Device.

A Maritime Survivor Locator Device (MSLD) is a man-overboard locator beacon. In the U.S., rules were established in 2016 in 47 C.F.R. Part 95  MOB devices with DSC or AIS are allocated MMSI numbers in the range 972yyzzzz.  A MSLD may

AIS SART.

These devices are distinct from traditional SAR radar transponders (SART), as they transmit AIS messages containing accurate GPS position information and include a GPS receiver

SEND—Satellite Emergency Notification Device.

These devices are commonly referred to as

APRS.

APRS is used by amateur radio operators to track positions and send short messages. Most APRS packets contain a GPS latitude and longitude, so they can be used for both normal and emergency tracking. They also are routed to the Internet, where they are archived for some period of time,

An emergency position-indicating radiobeacon (EPIRB) is a type of emergency locator beacon, a portable battery powered radio transmitter used in emergencies to locate airplanes, vessels, and persons in distress and in need of immediate rescue. In the event of an emergency, such as the ship sinking or an airplane crash, the transmitter is activated and begins transmitting a continuous radio signal which is used by search and rescue teams to quickly locate the emergency and render aid. The signal is detected by satellites operated by an international consortium of rescue services, COSPAS-SARSAT. The basic purpose of this system is to help rescuers find survivors within the so-called "golden day" (the first 24 hours following a traumatic event) during which the majority of survivors can usually be saved. The feature distinguishing modern EPIRBs, often called GPIRBs, from other types of emergency beacon is that it contains a GPS receiver and broadcasts its position, usually accurate within, to facilitate location.

Une radiobalise de localisation des sinistres ou RLS est un transmetteur qui émet un signal dans la bande de fréquence en numérique en cas de détresse, d'urgence pour donner l'emplacement d'un navire, d'un avion ou d'une personne en détresse. Ce signal est ensuite reçu par un ou des satellites du réseau Cospas-Sarsat et GEOSAR qui déterminent la localisation et transmettent les coordonnées au bureau de recherche le plus proche. Le signal peut contenir l'information de la position prise par GPS ce qui rend la localisation plus aisée.


History.

Hamilton County was formed out of White County in 1821. It is named for Alexander Hamilton, Revolutionary War hero and the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.  On March 18, 1925, the infamous Tri-State Tornado tore across the county, destroying dozens of homes and farms in Flannigan, Twigg, Mayberry and Crook townships, and killing 37 people.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.3%) is water.

Climate and weather.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of McLeansboro have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in January 1930 and a record high of was recorded in July 1936. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in February to in May.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 8,457 people, 3,489 households, and 2,376 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 4,104 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 98.2% white, 0.4% black or African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.3% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.2% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 33.1% were German, 20.7% were Irish, 11.4% were English, and 10.3% were American.  Of the 3,489 households, 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.9% were non-families, and 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age was 43.1 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $35,032 and the median income for a family was $50,878. Males had a median income of $45,245 versus $23,491 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,602. About 8.2% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.5% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.

Communities.

Townships.

Hamilton County is divided into twelve townships:

Politics.

Like most of Southern-leaning Southern Illinois, Hamilton County was heavily Democratic before the Civil War, and unlike such counties as Johnson, Pope and Massac, it did not turn Republican after the war. Not until 1920, when isolationist sentiments turned many voters against the party of Woodrow Wilson, did Hamilton County vote Republican, and Herbert Hoover was to carry the county in 1928 due to anti-Catholic sentiment against Al Smith.  From 1940 onwards, when Wendell Willkie carried the county due to opposition to involvement in World War II, Hamilton has become increasingly Republican. Although Lyndon Johnson, Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 all gained absolute majorities for the Democratic Party, since 1992, as with all traditionally Democratic parts of the Upland South, a very rapid swing to the Republicans has taken place due to overwhelming local opposition to the Democratic Party's liberal views on social issues. Over the past six elections, the Republicans have advanced from losing by 21 percentage points to winning by an overwhelming fifty-eight – an average of gaining thirteen percentage points per election.

Hamilton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 8,457. Its county seat is McLeansboro. It is located in the southern portion of the state known locally as "Little Egypt".

Le comté de Hamilton est un comté situé dans l'État de l'Illinois, aux États-Unis. En 2000, sa population est de habitants. Son siège est McLeansboro.


Early life.

Montagna was born in Montreal, Quebec in 1971. He was raised in Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily. In the mid 1980s, at the age of 15, his family immigrated to the United States and settled in the Bronx, New York. It is unclear when Montagna became active in the life of crime or when he became a made man in the Bonanno crime family. During the late 1990s, Montagna's name was overheard in wiretapped conversations between Boss Joseph "Big Joe" Massino and other reputed members of the Bonanno crime family.  He was a dual citizen of Italy and Canada.

Sal the Iron Worker.

Little is known of Montagna's personal life other than that he married Francesca Carcione and lived in a modest home in Elmont, Long Island with her and their three daughters. He started a small metalworking company called Matrix Steel Co., located at 50 Bogart Street in Bushwick, Brooklyn, managed by his wife. Matrix Steel manufactures structural and rail mill products, gray and ductile iron foundry crucibles, foundry converters, casting machines, sizing or embossing presses, foundry mold machines and foundry dies and tooling. It was around this time that Montagna was given the nickname "Sal the Iron Worker".

Acting capo.

In 2002, Montagna was arrested along with the crew of Patrick DeFilippo for illegal gambling and loansharking charges. He refused to answer questions before a grand jury and was charged with criminal contempt of court. He later pleaded guilty to the charge in 2003, and was placed on a five-year probation. In late 2003, US law enforcement and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) listed Montagna as an "Acting Capo" and Caporegime of the Bonanno family on behalf of DeFilippo and the Sicilian faction based in the Bronx.

Acting boss.

After longtime Bonanno boss "Big Joe" Massino became an informant in 2004, Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano was recognized as the reputed Boss of the Bonanno crime family, only to discover that Massino would testify against Basciano as well. In 2006, as Basciano was facing jail time, he stated that he would promote the Sicilian faction of the old Bonanno crew back into the family's leadership, as Montagna was recognized as the reputed acting boss of the Bonanno crime family from 2006 until 2010, with Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora as underboss and Anthony Rabito as consigliere, making the administration of the Bonanno crime family once again complete. At that time, Montagna gained the nickname "Bambino Boss" due to his relatively young age, being 35. In 2008, Montagna was still the reputed acting boss of the Bonannos, controlling the entire Bronx faction of the family, as the "Daily News" linked Montagna to known Sicilian Bonanno official Baldassare "Baldo" Amato.  On April 6, 2009, Montagna was arrested by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement as he left Matrix Steel. The 2003 criminal contempt conviction allowed U.S. authorities to strip him of his greencard and deport him to Canada; he was succeeded by Vincent Badalamenti as Bonanno family boss. According to mob writer Jerry Capeci, it was understood Montagna would have no standing or authority within Montreal's then-dominant Rizzuto crime family.

Montreal area activities.

After a slide in power of the Rizzuto family, Montagna started to show his influence. Months prior to the assassination of Nicolo Rizzuto, he had tried to convince the old patriarch to step down, and let younger blood rule.  In 2011, following the assassinations of several major Rizzuto mobsters starting in 2009, Montagna was identified as one of three major mobsters trying to fill the resulting power vacuum, if not take over the Montreal Mafia himself. He, along with Joe Di Maulo and his brother-in-law Raynald Desjardins attempted to take control of Montreal's mafia from the Rizzuto family.  Montagna and Desjardins had a falling out in 2011, later said to be over control of such aspects as loansharking and bookmaking in Montreal.

Death.

Police responded to gunshots in a suburban district of Ile aux Tresors on November 24, 2011, and found the body of Salvatore Montagna on the shore of Île Vaudry on the L'Assomption River, in the city of Charlemagne, Quebec, Canada, on Montreal's North Shore region. Witnesses reported that Montagna jumped in the river in an attempt to escape his killers. Law enforcement believed that Montagna was brought to the house of convicted smuggler Jack Arthur Simpson, as his vehicle was later found parked on a Montreal street.  By June 2016, authorities were more specific as to how Montagna had died: "Montagna was shot three times inside Simpson's home... and ran outside in a futile attempt to escape. After crossing a narrow section of the Assomption River, Montagna collapsed and was later declared dead in a hospital".  The police investigation confirmed that Raynald Desjardin had taken part in the plot to murder Montagna, who, at the time, was suspected of trying to shake down Montreal-area construction companies, due to their alliance with the Rizzuto family. A number people were eventually arrested and charged, including Simpson and Desjardins. In 2016, Simpson, Vittorio Mirarchi, Calogero Milioto, Pietro Magistrale, Steven D'Addario, Steven Fracas and Felice Racaniello, all admitted to participating in the plot to kill Montagna and accepted plea deals except for Racaniello. In December 2016, Desjardins received a 14-year prison sentence, including time served.  "The killing [of Montagna] is thought to be tied to a turf war for control of the Montreal Mafia", the CBC reported in 2015.

In popular culture.

Montagna was portrayed by Joris Jarsky in the television drama series "Bad Blood", which debuted in fall 2017, surrounding the Rizzuto crime family.

Salvatore "Sal the Iron Worker" Montagna (; 1971 – November 24, 2011) was an Italian-Canadian crime boss and acting boss of the Bonanno crime family in New York City, as well as the Sicilian faction-leader of the Bronx section. He had later been associated with the Rizzuto crime family of Montreal.

Salvatore Montagna, dit Sal the Iron Worker, né en 1971 et assassiné le, est un mafioso, chef de la famille Bonanno et présumé principal leader de la mafia sicilienne, section Bronx depuis 2006.


Background.

The duo recorded with music producer Dave Fridmann in 2007 for their major label debut, "Oracular Spectacular". MGMT opened for Of Montreal on tour in autumn 2007 as a five-piece touring band including Matthew Asti (bass), James Richardson (drums), and Hank Sullivant (guitar).  Promotion for the album started as early as June 2007, when the song "Weekend Wars" was given away in summer issues of free monthly magazine Nöjesguiden in Stockholm, Sweden. Matching CDs could be picked up for free in all stores in three different shopping malls around Stockholm from June 26 to July 31.  In November 2007, they performed for the first time in Europe, supporting the band Samantha and The Courteeners at Koko in London, England. After March 2008, Hank Sullivant left the band to pursue his own band, Kuroma. Will Berman joined as the new drummer, James Richardson switched from drums to guitar, and Matthew Asti remained on bass.  The album was also promoted with three singles: "Time to Pretend", "Electric Feel" and "Kids".

Reception.

"Oracular Spectacular" has received mostly positive reviews. Jason Lymangrover of AllMusic called "Oracular Spectacular"s tracks "some of the catchiest pop songs to come from NYC since the turn of the millennium" and stated that "the songs never feel insincere and the record is inherently strong throughout, making it a solid start to their career." "Prefix Magazine" described the album as "a college-dorm experiment gone horribly right." Giving the album a three-star honorable mention rating, Robert Christgau stated that "like Vampire Weekend, only as synth-dance rather than indie-rock, they convert a quality liberal education into thoughtful, anxious, faux-lite pop."  In a mixed review, "PopMatters" Matt Fiander criticized the second half of the album, writing, "The second half of the record settles into a more monotone kind of space rock that is as big as the better first half, but gives us no recognizably distinct songs or catchy melodies." The album was named as the best album of 2008 by "NME". In 2009, "Rolling Stone" named it the 18th-best album of the decade, and in 2012 the magazine included it as #494 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, saying, "Two hipster geeks get some rad vintage keyboards and compose a suite of synthesized heartache". The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".  The album has a Metascore of 76 on Metacritic based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Track listing.

Notes

Oracular Spectacular is the debut studio album by the American band MGMT, released on October 2, 2007, by RED Ink and physically on January 22, 2008, by Columbia. It was produced by Dave Fridmann and is the band's first release of new content, being recorded from March to April 2007. Promotion for the album started as early as June 2007, when the song "Weekend Wars" was given away in summer issues of free monthly magazine Nöjesguiden in Stockholm, Sweden. Matching CDs could be picked up for free in all stores in three different shopping malls around Stockholm from June 26 to July 31. The album was also promoted with three singles: "Time to Pretend", "Electric Feel" and "Kids". Both "Time to Pretend" and "Kids" were re-recorded for the album; they were originally included on the band's previous release "Time to Pretend" (2005), with the opening track serving as a "mission statement" and the theme continuing through the album's subsequent tracks.

Oracular Spectacular est un album studio réalisé par MGMT et sorti le. L'album est influencé par Mew ainsi que par la synthpop et britpop. Il a été classé album de la décennie par le magazine "Rolling Stone". Il s'est vendu à plus d'un million de copies dans le monde. On peut y trouver de nouvelles versions des pièces "Kids" et "Time to Pretend", précédemment sortie sur "Time to Pretend", en 2005.


Playing career.

Hibernian attempted to sign Robertson as a teenager but he asked for time to think the deal over; after Hibs refused, he signed for Heart of Midlothian along with school friend and fellow future internationalist Dave Bowman. Robertson eventually earned the moniker "The Hammer of Hibs" (in addition to his more standard nickname "Robbo") as he scored a record 27 goals in Edinburgh derby matches. In 1986, 20 league goals from Robertson helped Hearts to the brink of a league and cup double. A 27 league game unbeaten run ended with two Albert Kidd goals for Dundee in the last six minutes of the season allowing Celtic to overtake them to win the title. A week later, Hearts lost 3–0 to Aberdeen in the cup final. He scored 106 goals in 202 Hearts league games in this spell at Tynecastle Park.  He left Hearts to play for Newcastle United in April 1988. Robertson failed to score in 14 Newcastle competitive first team games and returned to Hearts in December of that year, and remained there for the next decade. In 1998 Hearts won the Scottish Cup with Robertson an unused substitute, earning him his only senior medal as a player. In this second spell at Hearts he scored at a much less prolific rate compared to his first spell, with this time 106 goals in 310 league games. After an earlier loan spell with Dundee scoring once in 4 league games, he left Tynecastle that summer. He joined Livingston as a player-coach, scoring 14 goals in 41 league games.  Robertson was also a Scottish international, playing on 16 occasions for Scotland. He made his debut against Romania in 1990, scoring in a 2–1 win. He trained with the national team before UEFA Euro 1992, but had to withdraw from the final squad due to injury.

Coaching career.

Inverness (first spell).

Whilst playing for Livingston, Robertson became involved the coaching side of the game. He left the club in season 2002–03 to become manager of Inverness Caledonian Thistle where he guided the Highland team to the SPL for the first time in their history.

Hearts manager.

In November 2004 he returned to Hearts as head coach and despite two cup semi-finals and a good season in Europe as well as finishing fifth in the league, he was sacked in May 2005.

Ross County.

Robertson was appointed manager of Scottish First Division team Ross County in June 2005, but left by mutual consent after four months. He was then appointed manager of Livingston in February 2006, but was sacked in April 2007 after finishing sixth in the First Division.

Derry City.

Robertson was appointed by League of Ireland side Derry City in July 2007. He took club out of the relegation battle to a safe mid table position and also won the FAI League Cup and qualified for the Setanta Cup before being dismissed by the new chairman and board of directors at Derry, and replaced by former Derry boss Stephen Kenny. In 2009, Robertson coached strikers at Scottish Premier League clubs Dundee United and Kilmarnock. In March 2010, Robertson helped coach the strikers at Hearts on a non-contract basis.

East Fife.

Robertson was appointed manager of East Fife in October 2010. In September 2011, his East Fife side knocked SPL club Aberdeen out of the Scottish League Cup at Pittodrie Stadium. On 1 March 2012 it was announced that Robertson had left East Fife.

Inverness (second spell).

In June 2017, Robertson returned to Inverness Caledonian Thistle as manager. On 24 March 2018, the club won the Scottish Challenge Cup. In the 2018/19 season, Inverness qualified for the promotion playoffs but were beaten in the semi-finals by Dundee United. Dundee then made an approach for Robertson, but this was rejected by Inverness. Inverness finished second in the 2019–20 Scottish Championship, which was curtailed due to the coronavirus pandemic. In June 2020, his contract with Inverness was extended by two years.

John Grant Robertson (born 2 October 1964) is a Scottish professional football player and coach, currently in his second spell of managing Inverness Caledonian Thistle. His playing career included spells at Newcastle United, Dundee and Livingston, but he is best known for his two spells at Heart of Midlothian totalling about 18 years, where he is the club's all-time leading goalscorer. He has since managed Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Heart of Midlothian, Ross County, Livingston, Derry City and East Fife.

John Grant Robertson, né le à Édimbourg (Écosse) est un footballeur écossais, qui évoluait au poste d'attaquant à Heart of Midlothian et en équipe d'Écosse.


Early life.

Carver was born in San Francisco, California, on July 31, 1988. His identical twin brother Max was born seven minutes later on August 1. Before he began acting professionally, he was known as Charlie Martensen. His father was physician, historian, and author Robert Martensen, and his mother, Anne Carver (b. 1952), is a philanthropist and community activist. In 1992, Anne and her new husband Denis Sutro moved the family to Calistoga in Napa Valley. He attended High School at St. Paul’s Boarding School in Concord, New Hampshire, but left to attend Interlochen Arts Academy, Michigan, in his sophomore year. He graduated from the University of Southern California in 2012. He also studied acting at The American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.

Career.

Carver made his acting debut as an eighth-grader when he played fairy trickster Puck in his school's production of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream".  His screen debut was with his brother in the ABC television series, "Desperate Housewives"; they played Porter and Preston Scavo, sons to Lynette Scavo and Tom Scavo. He and his brother appeared in season 3 of MTV's "Teen Wolf" as a pair of twin alpha werewolves – Charlie plays Ethan Steiner, and Max plays Aiden Steiner; Charlie also returns for Season 6B of the show. They next appeared in the first season of HBO series "The Leftovers".  Carver has also acted separately from his brother. He has guest starred on shows such as "Hawaii Five-0", and "The League". His feature film roles have included "Underdogs", "Bad Asses", and "I Am Michael".  Carver appeared in the ABC miniseries "When We Rise" in 2017. The production traced the history of the LGBTQ rights movement, beginning with the Stonewall riots in 1969. Carver himself came out as gay in 2016 while also posting his brother, Max, as straight. Carver's Broadway debut is as Cowboy in the 2018 revival of Mart Crowley's "The Boys in the Band", alongside fellow openly gay actors Jim Parsons, Zachary Quinto, Matt Bomer, Andrew Rannells, Robin de Jesús, and Tuc Watkins.  In January 2019, it was announced that Carver will star in the upcoming Netflix drama series "Ratched".

Charles Carver Martensen (born July 31, 1988), known professionally as Charlie Carver, is an American actor. His best known roles include Porter Scavo on the ABC television series "Desperate Housewives", Ethan on the MTV television series "Teen Wolf", and Scott Frost on the first season of the HBO television series "The Leftovers". His twin brother Max Carver has frequently portrayed the twin of his characters.

Charles Carver Martensen, plus connu sous le nom de Charlie Carver, est un acteur américain né le à San Francisco en Californie. Il est surtout connu pour avoir incarné le rôle de Porter Scavo dans la série dramatique "" (2008-2012) et de Ethan dans la série "". Il est le frère jumeau de Max Carver, avec qui il joue dans plusieurs séries et plusieurs films.


Biography.

Victor Razafimahatratra was born in Ambanitsilena-Ranomasina, and studied at the Major Seminary of Fianarantsoa before entering the Society of Jesus, more commonly known as the Jesuits, on 19 September 1945. He continued his education at the Jesuit schools in Fianarantsoa, and then went to Belgium to study at the Theological Faculty of Brussels and the Catechetical Center "Lumen Gentium", also in Brussels.  Razafimahatratra was ordained to the priesthood on 28 July 1956, finishing his studies in 1960. From 1960 to 1963 he was Rector of the Minor Seminary of Fianarantsoa. He made his solemn profession as a Jesuit on 2 February 1963 and then served as Superior of the Jesuit residence in Ambositra until 1969. He was Rector of the Major Seminary and Institute of Superior Studies in Fianarantsoa from 1969 to 1971.  On 16 January 1971 Razafimahatratra was appointed Bishop of Farafangana by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 18 April from Archbishop Gilbert Ramanantoanina, SJ, with Archbishop Albert Tsiahoana and Bishop Jean-Pierre-Dominique Zévaco, CM, serving as co-consecrators. Razafimahatratra was later named President of the Episcopal Conference of Madagascar in 1974, and was promoted to Archbishop of Tananarive on 10 April 1976.  Pope Paul created him Cardinal Priest of "S. Croce in Gerusalemme" in the consistory of 24 May 1976. Razafimahatratra was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II respectively. On 28 October 1989 the Archdiocese of Tananarive was renamed as the Archdiocese of Antananarivo.  The Cardinal died in Antananarivo, at the age of 72.

Victor Razafimahatratra, SJ (8 September 1921 – 6 October 1993) was a Malagasy Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Antananarivo from 1976 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.

Victor Razafimahatratra, né le à Ambanitsilena-Ranomasina (Madagascar) et mort le, était un prêtre jésuite malgache, archevêque de Tananarive de 1976 à sa mort. Il fut créé cardinal en 1976.


Geography.

Freeport is located at.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and (0.28%) is water.  Freeport is situated at the junction of Four Mile Creek and Lafayette Creek which empty out into LaGrange Bayou, which is connected to the Choctawhatchee Bay.

History.

Freeport is said to have been established "circa" 1830. The settlement was originally known as Genoa, later Four Mile Landing, and finally Freeport. It was supposedly named Freeport because there was no charge to use the dock ('free port') at the junction of Four Mile Creek and Lafayette Creek.  Historically, the economy of Freeport was largely dependent on the local timber industry through sawmills and logging, as well as the processing of turpentine.  After the introduction of the railroad in Defuniak Springs, Freeport lost its position as the economic powerhouse in Walton County. Today it has a sizeable population of people who serve at Eglin AFB.

Demographics.

2000 Census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,190 people, 500 households, and 327 families living in the city. The population density was 110.4 people per square mile (42.6/km2). There were 563 housing units at an average density of 52.2/sq mi (20.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.77% White, 2.35% African American, 2.18% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 2.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.  There were 500 households out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.90.  In the city, the population was spread out with 26.0% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $25,735, and the median income for a family was $33,214. Males had a median income of $31,375 versus $19,219 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,114. About 18.0% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 23.2% of those age 65 or over.

2010 Census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,787 people, 702 households, and 472 families living in the city. The population density was 110.4 people per square mile (42.6/km2). There were 563 housing units at an average density of 52.2/sq mi (20.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.6% White, 2.9% African American, 1.8% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.1% of the population.

Freeport is a city in Walton County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 1,787. The 2018 population estimate, also according to the U.S. Census Bureau was 2,472.

La ville de Freeport est située dans le comté de Walton, dans l’État de Floride, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Stellar components.

The primary companion (Gliese 86 A) is a K-type main-sequence star of spectral type K1V. The characteristics in comparison to our Sun are 79% the mass, 86% the radius, and 50% the luminosity. The star has a close-orbiting massive Jovian planet.  Gliese 86 B is a white dwarf located around 21 AU from the primary star, making the Gliese 86 system one of the tightest binaries known to host an extrasolar planet. It was discovered in 2001 and initially suspected to be a brown dwarf, but high contrast observations in 2005 suggested that the object is probably a white dwarf, as its spectrum does not exhibit molecular absorption features which are typical of brown dwarfs. Assuming the white dwarf has a mass about half that of our Sun and that the linear trend observed in radial velocity measurements is due to Gliese 86 B, a plausible orbit for this star around Gliese 86 A has a semimajor axis of 18.42 AU and an eccentricity of 0.3974.

Planetary system.

The preliminary astrometric measurements made with the Hipparcos space probe suggest the planet has an orbital inclination of 164.0° and a mass 15 times Jupiter, which would make the object a brown dwarf. However, further analysis suggests the Hipparcos measurements are not precise enough to reliably determine astrometric orbits of substellar companions, thus the orbital inclination and true mass of the candidate planet remain unknown. It was discovered by the Swiss 1.2 m Leonhard Euler Telescope operated by the Geneva Observatory.  The radial velocity measurements of Gliese 86 show a linear trend once the motion due to this planet are taken out. This may be associated with the orbital motion of the white dwarf companion.

Gliese 86 (13 G. Eridani, HD 13445) is a K-type main-sequence star approximately 35 light-years away in the constellation of Eridanus. It has been confirmed that a white dwarf orbits the primary star. In 1998 the European Southern Observatory announced that an extrasolar planet was orbiting the star.

Gliese 86, le plus souvent abrégé Gl 86, est une étoile binaire située à 35 années-lumière de la Terre dans la constellation de l'Eridan. L'étoile principale Gliese 86 A est une naine orange de type spectral K0-1 V. Sa compagne est une naine brune orbitant à 20 UA de distance. En 2000, la présence d'une exoplanète en orbite autour de l'étoile principale a été confirmée.


History.

The town was established around a Norman stone castle on a crag. The castle had been built in the early 13th century to control an important ford over the nearby River Severn and replaced an earlier motte and bailey fortification at Hen Domen, one mile away. An important supporter of King William I (the Conqueror), Roger de Montgomery, originally from Montgomery in the Pays d'Auge in Normandy, was given this part of the Welsh Marches by William and his name was given to the town surrounding the castle.  The Treaty of Montgomery was signed 29 September 1267 in Montgomeryshire. By this treaty King Henry III of England acknowledged Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales. Montgomery was sacked at the beginning of the 15th century by the Welsh Prince Owain Glyndŵr. At that time, the castle and surrounding estates were held by the Mortimer family (the hereditary Earls of March) but they came into royal hands when the last Earl of March died in 1425. In 1485, King Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and the Royal Estates, including Montgomery and its castle, passed into the hands of the new King, Henry VII, the first Tudor king, and a Welshman. The castle was then given to another powerful Welsh family, the Herberts.  During the Civil War, the castle was captured by Parliamentary forces and subsequently slighted (damaged) to remove its military threat.  As a county town, Montgomery prospered, and its buildings give the small town its current character.  In 1923 the Montgomeryshire County War Memorial was completed to commemorate fallen servicemen from Montgomeryshire. The memorial is on a hill about 1 km SW of the town.  Religious poet and orator George Herbert was born in Montgomery in 1593.  After her divorce, Julie Christie lived for a long time on the outskirts of the town. She is reported to saying that the closest thing she had to home lay in the remembered magic of the few summers she had shared with her mother in Wales when she first returned from India. So she bought a basic farm near Montgomery in Wales... invited some friends to stay with her, which is how she has lived most of her life since.

Governance.

Montgomery Town Council represents the community at the local level, with eight town councillors.  Montgomery is also an electoral ward for Powys County Council, electing one county councillor for the ward. Sitting councillor, Stephen Hayes, successfully defended his seat at the May 2017 elections.  The "Review of Electoral Arrangements - County of Powys" proposes to combine the Montgomery ward with neighbouring Forden, to create a Forden and Montgomery ward with a population over 2,000. This would come into effect at the 2022 elections.

St Nicholas Parish Church.

The parish church was founded in the 1220s, with later additions including late 13th-century chancel and transepts and a 19th-century tower. The church is Grade I listed. Perhaps the most remarkable features of the church are the ornate rood screen, misericords and stalls which were transferred to the church from Chirbury Priory in Shropshire after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century. The south transept shows evidence of Montgomery's close association with the Herbert family. The centrepiece is the Elizabethan era tomb or church monument to Richard Herbert (died 1596) of Montgomery Castle, father of poet and Anglican divine George Herbert. This association is recalled in a memorial poem to a well-known local man J. D. K. Lloyd, who wrote this poem after the style of George Herbert.  This O, enclosed around, smoothe, with no entrance found, yet soone with newest life to overflow So has thy tombe, by Pilate sealed, to us that third day Life revealed, O grant that I, some morning bright, my earthly Shell, then broke, may wear, in White, Thy Yoke.  Richard's grandson, another Richard Herbert, 2nd Baron Herbert of Chirbury, the last Herbert to have lived at Montgomery Castle, was buried in the church in 1655.

Churchyard and Robber's Grave.

In 1821 John Davies of Wrexham was sentenced to death by hanging at Montgomery for highway robbery. Throughout his trial, and after the sentence, Davies declared his innocence and prayed that God would not allow the grass to grow on his grave for a hundred years as a sign of his innocence. His grave remained bare for at least a century, giving birth to the legend of the Robber's grave. The grave (now grassed) can still be seen in the churchyard. Besides the legendary Robber's Grave, the churchyard also contains the war graves of two soldiers of World War I and a soldier and two airmen of World War II.

The Town Hall.

The last remaining Georgian town hall in Montgomeryshire. The red brick Town Hall forms a striking termination to Broad Street, although the centre of the building is offset to the north of the line of the street. Built by William Baker of Audlem, 1748–51, for Henry Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Powis, for whom Baker had also in 1745 provided designs for a new Town Hall at Bishops Castle. In 1828 Thomas Penson, at the expense of Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis, raised the roof level over the first floor and introduced sash windows. The clock tower was added in 1921. The predecessor of this building was probably a half-timbered structure, which the Speed map of 1610 shows was sited, lengthways, in the middle of Broad Street.

The Old County Gaol.

The former Montgomeryshire County Gaol that once stood at the end of Gaol Road was designed by Thomas Penson, the County Surveyor, and built of brick faced with stone, c 1830–32. The tall octagonal governor's house, with the chapel above, was at the centre of four radiating two- and three-storey wings. One of the yards was fitted with a treadmill. The gatehouse was built into the wall to face a new approach in 1866 by J.W. Poundley; powerful ashlar triumphal arch with four giant semi-rusticated pilasters.  The Gaol was closed in 1878 and all that now remains, apart from the gatehouse, is the Governor's House and the high wall of one cell block.

Montgomery Primary School.

Formerly the National School of 1864. The school was built by the architect Thomas Nicholson on land donated by Lord Powis and financed by the then Rector and the Hereford Diocesan Board of Education as well as many smaller gifts. Stone, many-gabled Gothic with splay-footed buttresses, well designed and detailed. Master's house to left and gabled school building to right, and a wing beyond. The assembly hall was added in 1952 by Herbert Carr, the Montgomeryshire county architect.  The school is under the control of Powys County Council and is an important feature of community life. It remains a Christian school in the diocese of St. Asaph.

The Old Bell Museum.

The Old Bell Museum is a former 16th-century inn. It has been converted into a museum.

Sport.

"Montgomery Town" is in the Mid Wales Football League.

Railways.

The Cambrian Coast Line passes the currently closed Montgomery railway station.

Montgomery (; translates to "the town of Baldwin") is a town and community in the Welsh Marches, administratively in the Welsh county of Powys. It is the traditional county town of the historic county of Montgomeryshire to which it gives its name. The town centre lies about west of the English border. Montgomery Castle was started in 1223 and its parish church in 1227. Other locations in the town include The Old Bell Museum, the Offa's Dyke Path, the Robber's Grave and the town wall. The large Iron Age hill fort of Ffridd Faldwyn is sited northwest of the town and west of the Castle.

Montgomery (en gallois : "Trefaldwyn", ce qui signifie « la ville de Baudouin ») est la ville principale du comté gallois de Powys. Elle se situe au centre de la principauté, à seulement 1,6 km de la frontière avec l'Angleterre. Elle est connue pour son imposant château, le château de Montgomery, et son église paroissiale. Bénéficiant d'une charte octroyée par Henri III en 1227, la « ville nouvelle » médiévale se développa en contrebas du château. Elle s'est peu étendue et a conservé intact son plan rectangulaire d'origine, même si maintenant elle possède les caractères d'une ville de marché d'époque géorgienne. Elle doit son nom à la famille de Montgommery, d'origine normande, qui vinrent durant la conquête normande de l'Angleterre (1066-1071). Roger II de Montgommery († 1093), l'un des plus puissants barons anglo-normands, fut comte de Shrewsbury et contrôla la région galloise autour de Montgommery.


History.

The city was founded in 1843 and owes its existence to the bay of the same name having been chosen as the sea terminus of the Benguela railway to the far interior, passing through Luau to Katanga in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.The city is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The population of the municipality is 393,079 (2014) in an area of 3,648 km2. The municipality consists of the communes Canjala, Egipto Praia and Lobito.

Portuguese rule.

Lobito, was built on a sandspit and reclaimed land, with one of Africa's finest natural harbours, protected by a 5 km long sandspit. The old municipality ("concelho") was created in 1843 by the Portuguese administration. The town was also founded in 1843 by order of Maria II of Portugal, and its harbour works were begun in 1903.  It wasn't until 1843 that Maria II of Portugal approved the birth of the town, which had by then been known as Catumbela das Ostras ("Catumbela of Oysters")  Large developments, however, were not stimulated until the completion in 1928 of the important Benguela Railway, which connected Portuguese Angola with the Belgian Congo.  Under Portuguese rule, the port was one of Angola's busiest, exporting agricultural produce from the interior and handling transit trade from the mines of southeastern Belgian Congo and of Northern Rhodesia. Fishing, tourism and services were also important. The carnival in Lobito was also one of the most renowned and popular in Portuguese Angola.

Post-independence.

After the April 25, 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, Angola was offered independence. Lobito's port activities were highly limited by disruptions to railway transit and high insecurity during the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002). With peace and stability, in the 2000s, Lobito started the process of reconstruction and resumed its path to development.

Climate.

Lobito experiences a mild tropical semi-arid climate with few temperature extremes. The winters are extremely dry and warm, while summers are relatively wet and hotter.

Transportation.

Lobito is the terminus of the Benguela Railway

Port.

The Port of Lobito is located in Lobito Bay on a sandspit approximately 4.8 km long. The port is administered by the Empresa Portuaria do Lobito. The Port of Lobito handles 2,000,000 tonnes of cargo and 370 ships annually, and along with economic development in the Benguala region, port facilities are under expansion.

Airports.

Lobito does not have its own airport. The city is located from Catumbela Airport and from Benguela Airport.

International Relations.

Lobito is twinned with:

Lobito is a municipality in Angola. Located in the Benguela Province, on the Atlantic Coast north of Catumbela Estuary. Lobito municipality had a population of 393,079 in 2014.

Lobito est une ville d'Angola située dans la province du Benguela. Cette ville portuaire a été fondée en 1843. Elle doit son existence à la baie de Lobito qui est le terminus du chemin de fer du Benguela. Elle est située sur la côte de l'océan Atlantique. Il y a environ habitants en 2014.


History.

The anthem came to existence in 1253, along with the canonization of Stanisław Szczepanowski on 8 September in Assisi; Stanisław died a martyr's death on 11 April 1079. The author of the anthem is the first Polish composer in music history known by name, the poet Vincent of Kielcz, OP, a Cracovian canon and chaplain of Bishop Iwo Odrowąż. For a long time he was mistakenly called Vincent of Kielce, and he wrote the hymn to commemorate the canonization of St Stanisław. It is assumed that the first performance of the piece took place on 8 May 1254, during the canonization ceremonies in Kraków.  Vincent wrote "The History of St. Stanislas" in Latin ("Dies adest celebris"). The poet decided to describe the life and accomplishments of Bishop Stanisław and the miracles which occurred after his death, which people had been speaking of for almost two centuries. The legend says that after the body of St. Stanisław was cut into pieces, the parts miraculously regrouped and formed the whole body again, while eagles circled in the sky. This was an allegory of the current state of Poland in those years: split into pieces but hoping to grow back together to form a country again. The uniting of Poland occurred a couple years after the canonization of St. Stanisław under the rule of King Władysław I the Elbow-high.  Within the "History", which contained sung elements, the part "Gaude, Mater Polonia" was after a time recognised as an independent piece. Throughout the years, it eventually became the royal anthem under the Piast Dynasty. The anthem became a part of Polish tradition and history, being sung during the coronation of the Polish monarch, royal marriages, as well as during celebrations of the 1683 victory of John III Sobieski in Vienna. Kings and military commanders gave thanks for their successes by singing the anthem after battle. The melody has been popular for almost 750 years, in which it has since become a key element of Polish culture. Today it is sung at most universities for the inauguration of the academic year as well as during important national holidays.

Music.

From a musical view, "Gaude, Mater Polonia" holds a unique melodic line that does not resemble any known in other Latin anthems. Its melody has a symmetrical structure, of an arc or bow type, making it a story-type melody that is characteristic of folk songs. It has an overjoyed but proud character. Some sources say that the inspiration for the melody was the anthem to Saint Dominic, "Gaude Mater Ecclesia" ("Rejoice, oh Mother Church"), having its roots with Italian Dominicans.  It is most commonly sung in the arrangement of Teofil Tomasz Klonowski (1805–1876). It is written for a four-voice, mixed choir, with the melody being captured in a four measure phrase. Although it is no longer the National anthem of Poland, it often accompanies ceremonies of national and religious importance.

"Gaude Mater Polonia" (Latin, "Rejoice, oh Mother Poland") was one of the most popular medieval Polish hymns, written in the 13th or the 14th century in memory of Saint Stanisław Szczepanowski, Bishop of Kraków. Polish knights used to sing it after victory in battle, presumably to one of the Gregorian melodies associated with the Eucharistic hymn "O Salutaris Hostia" on which it is based.

Gaude Mater Polonia ("Réjouis toi, Mère Pologne") est l'hymne national polonais du Moyen Âge. Les chevaliers polonais avaient l’habitude de le chanter après une bataille victorieuse. Le texte latin de cet hymne fut composé par Vincent de Kielce, moine dominicain de Raciborz (Haute-Silésie), à l’occasion de la canonisation, en 1253, de l’évêque de Cracovie, Stanislas de Szczepanow (1030-1079). La musique est une mélodie grégorienne sur "O Salutaris Hostia", dont la plus ancienne notation connue figure dans l’ "Antiphonaire de Kielce" (1372).


Plot.

The bumbling bachelor, Rex Nebular, has been hired by Colonel Stone to retrieve a vase that holds some sentimental value for 75,000 galactars. Rex agrees and sets out for the last known location of the vase.  Rex discovers that the planet where the vase was last known to reside has vanished, but his ship's sensors still detect a planetary mass and gravitational field, invisible to the naked eye. Suddenly a large warship decloaks behind him, and fires. His ship is badly damaged and is send crash landing on the strange planet, seemingly inhabited by women only.  Decades ago, a vicious war between the sexes erupted on the planet. In the end, the females wiped out the male population with bio-weapons. As a result, the females were no longer able to give birth, so they had no way of continuing their species. They invented a machine that would allow them to alter their sex for short periods of time. This machine became known as the Cosmic Gender Bender (or the Gender Bender for short).  The populace of the planet is divided into two classes, Keepers and (breeding) Stock. The Keepers are technologically advanced and reside underground, where they monitor the Stock. The Stock reside above ground and have a primitive culture. Their only purpose is to be impregnated by a gender bent Keeper in order to repopulate the planet.

Gameplay.

The game is divided into three difficulty levels. Higher difficulties have more puzzles and more death encounters. The left mouse button is used for selecting options and performing actions and the right mouse button is used to look at things (an alternative to selecting the 'look' option and selecting where). Some actions like sitting on a chair are automatically performed with just a left click. To get from one room to another the mouse pointer changes to a 'GO' icon where travel is possible. To get from one place to another, Rex will need to make use of teleporters correctly entering the code.  There are 10 different options, two of which are used to interact with people and seven of which are used to interact with objects. Items that are picked up have their own sub-options, most of which the protagonist Rex would not actually do (such as disassembling his binoculars). The player must also take care to prevent Rex getting killed which can happen in many places. Although Rex can die, the game has unlimited chances and the Rex's last safe position will be restored after death.  For the artwork, MicroProse customised their own image processing tools for 3D-rendering allowing for smooth animation with lossless quality and minimal disk space usage.

Reception.

"Computer Gaming World" opined that "Rex Nebular" had "impressive" sound, graphics, and rotoscoped animation. While the magazine called the plot "nothing new", it described the game as "a solid move into the adventure gaming genre [with] the same attention to detail that has won MicroProse raves in other products", and a good first attempt at competing with LucasArts and Sierra On-Line.

Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender is a point-and-click graphic adventure game developed and published by MicroProse in November of 1992. The game is the first graphical adventure game developed by MicroProse. It was developed using the "MicroProse Adventure Development" system, and made use of 256-colour graphics. Tommo purchased the rights to this game and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015.

Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender est un jeu vidéo d'aventure de type pointer-et-cliquer produit et réalisé par Microprose et sorti en novembre 1992. C'est le premier et l'un des trois seuls jeux de ce style réalisés par le studio Microprose, jusque-là plutôt spécialisé dans les simulations. "Rex Nebular" est sorti sur DOS et Macintosh, en version anglaise uniquement.