Plot.

The story of "No More Heroes 2" is told through cutscenes following Travis' journey, interspersed with scenes of a woman at a peep show dictating the story's events to an unknown observer.  Three years have passed since Travis Touchdown became the top assassin in the United Assassins Association (UAA) and walked away. He has returned to Santa Destroy and fights Skelter Helter, who seeks revenge on Travis for killing his older brother Helter Skelter prior to the first game. After winning the battle, he meets Sylvia Christel, who informs him he is ranked as the 51st best assassin. The nearly-dead Skelter Helter interrupts them and warns Travis that he and his co-conspirators will still have their revenge.  The same night, a group of criminals kill Travis's best friend, Bishop, and throw his head through Travis's window in a paper bag. Travis, seeking revenge, asks Sylvia to set up the next fight. Sylvia tells him that the one who ordered the killing was Jasper Batt, Jr., the CEO of Pizza Bat and first-ranked assassin. In the first game, Travis stopped three different attempts by Pizza Bat to expand into Santa Destroy by assassinating the CEOs. In the three years since, with Travis out of the picture, Pizza Bat successfully opened a headquarters in Santa Destroy and bought out practically every business in town. Travis resolves to climb to the ranks to get a chance for revenge on Jasper.  Travis fights and defeats rap star Nathan Copeland. He meets football star Charlie MacDonald and his cheerleaders, who transform into a giant mech called the Santa Death Parade. Travis defeats them in his own mech, the Glastonbury, built by Dr. Naomi and based on a mech from his favorite anime. He feels remorse for the cheerleaders, explaining that they were harmless, but backpedals after Sylvia offers to nullify his victory. He also spares the optional challenger (the only way to fight her is by going back to the motel after beating Charlie) Kimmy Howell, commenting that he "can't kill a co-ed". He also begins to fight the supernatural, facing Matt Helms and Cloe Walsh.  Sylvia organizes a battle royale with twelve assassins, including Travis. Dr. Letz Shake (destroyed by Henry in the first game) kills all of the other assassins and when Travis enters the arena, Letz Shake reveals to him that he has frozen Henry in carbonite. After Travis rescues Henry, he meets Shinobu, who now idolizes him and calls him "Master". At Sylvia's request, she fought and defeated Million Gunman and New Destroy Man for Travis. Shinobu advances on Travis, but he turns her away because he feels "like the pervy teacher in a porno". Rejected, she steps out and does not return afterwards.  Travis fights a grueling battle against Ryuji. Travis crows triumphantly after Ryuji concedes, but Sylvia kills him in cold blood, criticizing Travis for showing mercy. Henry, suffering from hibernation sickness, fights Mimmy (a mixture of the anime girls and robots Travis watches) in a nightmare before awakening. He reconciles with Travis and kills the next three assassins for him. Travis fights Margaret Moonlight, a gothic Lolita, and Captain Vladimir, a cosmonaut, and convinces Sylvia not to destroy the latter's body. After defeating ascetic Alice Twilight, the penultimate assassin, he decides he is fed up with the ranked battles and the UAA. He berates Sylvia, insisting that assassins are human and that they should not have to die for entertainment like its some kind of video game. He promises to tear down the UAA after defeating Jasper. Sylvia arrives at Travis's motel room and sleeps with him, finally fulfilling her promise (to have sex with him) from the first game.  Travis fights his way through the Pizza Bat headquarters to meet Jasper in his office. Jasper reveals that he was seeking revenge for his father and two brothers, the previous Pizza Bat CEOs Travis killed in the first game. Henry enters and helps Travis defeat him. After defeating his second form, Jasper becomes a giant parade balloon, which Henry refuses to fight and destroys the roof with one swipe. This final form is destroyed after Travis leaps out the office and slices it in half. Sylvia, riding Travis's motorcycle, catches him and drops him off at his motel.  A scene after the credits reveals that the woman at the peep show is Sylvia, who took the job after the UAA's collapse, and that Travis himself has been listening to Sylvia's story about his exploits. The two have a tearful reunion as Travis informs her that they need to return to Santa Destroy for an unknown purpose.

Gameplay.

The combat is similar to that of "No More Heroes", with mechanics such as wrestling moves and deathblows returning. There are four beam katanas, which Travis can freely switch between in the middle of battle, each with different properties. For example, the Peony is a large and heavy sword with a wide range, and the Rose Nasty consists of two beam katanas which Travis dual-wields. There are two sections in which Shinobu and Henry are playable, both of whom have different capabilities from Travis. Shinobu can jump, and her section contains some platforming elements, while Henry has the ability of making a quick dash in all directions by using the B button on the Wii-remote.  The overworld from the first game is gone, and Travis no longer has to pay an entry fee to enter ranked battles, allowing the player to progress through the game more quickly. The minigames that Travis can do to gain money and become stronger are 8-bit style games, in genres including action, puzzle, and racing. Another feature is a "Deathmatch" mode, allowing the player to replay any of the bosses once the game has been completed.

Development.

"Desperate Struggle" was announced on October 8, 2008, where a teaser trailer for the game was shown at the Tokyo Game Show in Chiba, Japan. The trailer provides little insight to the premise of the game, other than that the player will once again take control of Travis Touchdown. Following "No More Heroes"' suit of pitting Travis against unique adversaries, the trailer sees Travis preparing to battle a woman fitted with a six-limbed jet pack. Travis would be fighting for revenge, and that he had also become more serious about fighting than he was in the first title. Also, similar to the first game's numerous references to popular culture, in the trailer Travis says the "Terminator" series' catch phrase "I'll be back!" before initiating a sequence with music similar to that of the "Terminator" series' scores.  Plans for a "No More Heroes" sequel were revealed shortly after the release of the first game, in a March 15, 2008 interview with "Computer and Video Games", where Suda revealed he would be interested in producing a "No More Heroes 2" for the Wii, on the condition that the game sold well enough to convince its publishers. With "No More Heroes"' positive reception in North America, and Martin Defries, manager of Rising Star Games who were responsible for publishing "No More Heroes" in Europe, raving about the sales of the first game, not only was it unlikely that Suda's intention to direct a follow-up would go unsupported, but this meant it was likely that the sequel would not be published exclusively in Japan. It was announced at TGS 2008 that Xseed Games would publish the game in North America, taking over from Ubisoft which had published the North American release of "No More Heroes", while Rising Star Games would again handle the European release. Ubisoft, however, announced at E3 2009 that they would be publishing the game in North America.  Suda has stated that the game incorporates a strong theme of revenge. While he suggested the game would be more serious, he still wanted to maintain the game's sense of humor. He has also acknowledged the criticism that was made that the open world in the first game was less than satisfying, and hopes to add more detail this time around.

Hoppers Edition.

"Desperate Struggle" was to be released in Europe in both "extreme" and mild formats, to appeal to European fans who were disappointed by the bloodless version of "No More Heroes" that was published in their region. However, the mild version was skipped in favor of the original edition. In 2010, Marvelous, the Japanese publisher for "Desperate Struggle", also released a special "Hoppers Edition" in Japan. It included the game, a DVD movie titled "No More Heroes 1.5" (which bridges the gap between the two games), a CD soundtrack, and a fan book. An erotica comic was also included when preordering this edition. The porno comic contained pictures of the female characters of the first "No More Heroes". Characters included: Shinobu, Holly Summers, Bad Girl, etc.

Reception.

"No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle" received generally favourable reviews, receiving a score of 84/100 on Metacritic and GameRankings.  IGN praised the game for its quirky sense of humor, stream-lined design of the play experience, numerous pop-culture references, humorous sexual innuendo, 8-bit minigames and impressive graphics. Game Informer praised the new side-jobs and action while criticizing the repetitive voice work and occasionally rough graphics. X-Play stated that, while the navigation and minigames have improved, the story can be inconsistent in later missions and some bosses are frustrating. GameSpot called the combat system "remarkably fun and interactive" and commended the game's "excellent use of motion controls." Jonathan Holmes of Destructoid stated "It's extremely well crafted from beginning to end, and rarely (if ever) sacrifices fun for delivering a message." GameZone's Caleb Newby stated that "Desperate Struggle is so unpredictable it’s like the punch line to a parody of Japanese pop culture. Frantic and all over the map, it somehow makes it all work and gives Wii owners an amazing game for an older audience – a rare treat to find on Nintendo’s console."  Sales of "No More Heroes 2" have been relatively poor. According to Electronic Entertainment Design and Research (EEDAR), the game sold less than 30,000 units in its first week of release in North America. "Desperate Struggle" debuted on the UK charts at number five during its release week in that region. The game was the thirteenth best-selling game in Japan during its release week at 11,373 copies sold. According to "Famitsu" sales data, the game sold just 16,838 copies by the end of 2010. This total was less than that of either the PlayStation 3 or Xbox 360 versions of "", a remake of the original "No More Heroes".

Future.

In a 2009 interview with Kotaku, Suda51 stated he had no intentions of doing a sequel, but he had a change of heart due to the strong sales of the original. "I originally didn't want to make another "No More Heroes"," he said, "The game was supposed to be a one off dealio, but when the title did well, sequels do happen." Suda51 announced that "No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle" would be the last "No More Heroes" game on the Wii. He was quoted as saying "I think this is the last ["No More Heroes"] that is going to be developed on Wii. To expand ["No More Heroes"] to new possibilities, we need a new platform. Wii is a great platform, but we've done everything we can with it now." He has since clarified this statement, stating that he intends to continue "No More Heroes" on the Wii U, probably with a different protagonist. "I've finished the story for Travis [Touchdown]. It's completely finished in "No More Heroes 2"." Anything developed will involve "a different character, or something like that within the series."  In March 2011, Suda51 expressed his desire to create a third game in the series. After the reveal of the Wii U in June of that year, Suda51 stated that he has all sorts of ideas for a third "No More Heroes" for the new platform. In July 2011, Suda51 announced a new "No More Heroes" game exclusively for mobile phones on the DeNA service. He promises to make the game extremely violent and hopes the game will be released in the West. He also states that he hopes the game is successful since he has "over 100 concepts for mobile games." In January 2017, a new "No More Heroes" title was confirmed to be in development for Nintendo Switch. On August 30 during Nindies Spotlight presentation the title was announced as "". A sequel to "No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle", titled "No More Heroes III", was announced at E3 2019 to be released in 2020 for the Nintendo Switch.

Goichi Suda is apparently in talks with Marvelous Entertainment about bringing "No More Heroes" and "No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle" to the Nintendo Switch, but there has not been any official confirmation just yet.

No More Heroes: Desperate Struggle (No More Heroes 2) constitue la suite du jeu vidéo "No More Heroes", sorti en sur la console Wii. Cette suite a été officiellement annoncée lors du Tokyo Game Show 2008 sous la forme d'un trailer d'une trentaine de secondes. Toujours développé par le studio japonais indépendant Grasshopper Manufacture, sous l'égide de Suda 51, et de nouveau édité par Marvelous Entertainment, le jeu est sorti le en Europe.


History.

The earliest report of a Benedictine abbey at this site dates from 874, by which time Pomposa was already a center of sophisticated Carolingian art The settlement was probably two centuries earlier, founded at some point following the devastation of Classe, the port of Ravenna (574) during the Lombard epoch of northern Italy by monks of the Irish missionary, Columbanus. A letter of c. 1093 mentions among classical texts acquired or copied for the library by the abbot Girolamo alludes to Horace ("Carmen Saeculare", "Satires", "Epistles"), Virgil's "Georgics", Juvenal, Persius, Quintilian, Terence's "Andria", Jerome's preface to the history of Eusebius, Cicero's "De officiis" and "De oratore", the abridgement of Livy called "Periochae" and the "Mathematica" of Julius Firmicus Maternus.  Until the 14th century the abbey had possessions in the whole of Italy, making its cartulary of more than local importance, but later declined due to impoverishment of the neighbouring area owing to the retreat of the sea front and the increasing presence of malaria of the lower Po valley. It played an important role in the culture of Italy thanks to the work of its scribe monks and in part to the sojourn at Pomposa of Peter Damian. In this abbey Guido d'Arezzo invented the modern musical notation in the early 11th century.  The monks of Pomposa migrated to San Benedetto, Ferrara, 1650, leaving the abbey unoccupied. In the 19th century the abbey was acquired by the Italian government. The church of Santa Maria is an example of a triple-nave Ravennan Romanesque-style basilica with arcaded aisles and carpentry rafters, originating in the 7th-9th century, and sequentially enlarged as the abbey grew in power and prestige, attaining its present aspect, with a segmental apse, in the 11th century. The interior contains a 12th-century Cosmatesque and mosaic inlaid stone pavement, and frescoes in the apse by Vitale da Bologna and his assistants; and there are also paintings in the refectory by a Riminese master. The chapter hall has early 14th-century frescoes by a pupil of Giotto.  The free-standing "campanile" (begun in 1063 and completed within several decades), standing at 48 m, is one of the finest surviving belltowers from the Romanesque period, together with the campanile of Abbey of San Mercuriale (75 m), in Forlì.  Notable also is the mid-11th century "Palazzo della Ragione" facing the abbey church in the forecourt or "atrium" that was built before the abbey church was consecrated in 1026, by an architect trained at Ravenna, Mazulo.

External links.

<BR

Pomposa Abbey is a Benedictine monastery in the "comune" of Codigoro near Ferrara, Italy. It was one of the most important in northern Italy, famous for the Carolingian manuscripts preserved in its rich library, one of the wealthiest of Carolingian repositories, and for the Romanesque buildings.

L'abbaye de Pomposa est une abbaye bénédictine, fondée au, située sur le territoire de la commune de Codigoro, dans la province de Ferrare, en Émilie-Romagne. C'est l'une des plus importantes du nord de l'Italie. Elle est bâtie dans le style roman.


Description.

Pelican eel specimens can be hard to describe, as they are so fragile that they become damaged when recovered from the immense pressure of the deep sea. The pelican eel's most notable feature is its large mouth, which is much larger than its body. The mouth is loosely hinged, and can be opened wide enough to swallow a fish much larger than the eel itself. The pouch-like lower jaw resembles that of a pelican, hence its name. The lower jaw is hinged at the base of the head, with no body mass behind it, making the head look disproportionately large. Its jaw is so large that it is estimated to be about a quarter of the total length of the eel itself. When it feeds on prey, water that is ingested is expelled via the gills.  Pelican eels are black or olive and some subspecies may have a thin lateral white stripe. They are ray-finned fish, and only resemble eels in appearance.  The pelican eel is very different in appearance from typical eels. It lacks pelvic fins, swim bladders, and scales. Its muscle segments have a “V-shape”, while other fish have “W-shaped” muscle segments. The pelican eel has an aglomerular kidney that is thought to have a role in maintaining the gelatinous substance filling the "lymphatic spaces" that are found around the vertebrae. It has been hypothesized that these gelatinous substance filled "lymphatic spaces" could function in a similar way to a swim bladder. Unlike many other deep sea creatures, it has very small eyes. It is believed that the eyes evolved to detect faint traces of light rather than form images. The pelican eel also has a very long, whip-like tail. Specimens that have been brought to the surface in fishing nets have been known to have their long tails tied into several knots.  The pelican eel uses a whip-like tail for movement. The end of the tail bears a complex organ with numerous tentacles, which glows pink and gives off occasional bright-red flashes. The colors on its tail are displayed through its light-emitting photophores. This is presumably a lure to attract prey, although its presence at the far end of the body from the mouth suggests the eel may have to adopt an unusual posture to use it effectively. Pelican eels are also unusual that the ampullae of the lateral line system projects from the body, rather than being contained in a narrow groove; this may increase its sensitivity.  The pelican eel grows to about in length. Another interesting fact is that the pelican eel does not appear to display sexual dimorphism.

Diet.

The stomach can stretch and expand to accommodate large meals, although analysis of stomach contents suggests they primarily eat small crustaceans. Despite the great size of the jaws, which occupy about a quarter of the animal's total length, it has only tiny teeth, which would not be consistent with a regular diet of large fish. The large mouth may be an adaptation to allow the eel to eat a wider variety of prey when food is scarce. It can also be used like a large net. The eel can swim into large groups of shrimp or other crustaceans with its mouth closed, opening wide as it closely approaches prey, scooping them up to be swallowed. The pelican eel is also known to feed on cephalopods (squid) and other small invertebrates. When the eel gulps its prey into its massive jaws, it also takes in a large amount of water, which is then slowly expelled through its gill slits. Pelican eels themselves are preyed upon by lancetfish and other deep sea predators. Recent studies have showed that pelican eels are active participants in their pursuit of food, rather than passively waiting for prey to fall into their large mouths. The pelican eel is not known to undergo vertical diurnal migration like other eels.

Reproduction and life cycle.

Not much is known about the reproductive habits of the pelican eel. Similar to other eels, when pelican eels are first born, they start in the leptocephalus stage, meaning that they are extremely thin and transparent. Until they reach their juvenile stage, they interestingly have very small body organs and do not contain any red blood cells. As they mature, the males undergo a change that causes enlargement of the olfactory organs, responsible for the sense of smell, and degeneration of the teeth and jaws. The females, on the other hand, remain relatively unchanged as they mature. The large olfactory organs in the males indicates that they may locate their mates through pheromones released by the females. Many researchers believe that the eels die shortly after reproduction.

Distribution and habitat.

The pelican eel has been found in the temperate and tropical areas of all oceans. In the North Atlantic, it seems to have a range in depth from. One Canadian-arctic specimen was found in Davis Strait at a depth of 1,136-1,154 meters, and also across the coasts of Greenland. More recently, pelican eels have been spotted off the coast of Portugal, as well as near Hawaiian islands.

Interactions with humans.

Because of the extreme depths at which it lives, most of what is known about the pelican eel comes from specimens that are inadvertently caught in deep sea fishing nets. Although once regarded as a purely deep-sea species, since 1970, hundreds of specimens have been caught by fishermen, mostly in the Atlantic Ocean. In October of 2018, the first direct observation of a gulper eel was made by a group of researchers about 1500 kilometers off the coast of Portugal near the islands called the Azores. The team witnessed the aggressive nature of the eel's hunting process, as it was constantly moving around in the water column to attempt to find prey. In September of 2018, the E/V "Nautilus" team also witnessed a juvenile gulper eel inflating its mouth in attempt to catch prey in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM). Until these recent explorations, not much has been analyzed by researchers of the behavior of gulper eels.

Phylogenetic relationship to other species.

In 2003, researchers from the University of Tokyo sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from specimens of Eurypharynx pelicanoides and Saccopharynx lavenbergi. After comparing the sequences from the specimens with other known sequences, they found that Eurypharynx pelicanoides and Saccopharynx lavenbergi were closely related and genetically distinct from anguilliformes.

The pelican eel ("Eurypharynx pelecanoides") is a deep-sea eel rarely seen by humans, though it is occasionally caught in fishing nets. It is the only known member of the genus Eurypharynx and the family Eurypharyngidae. It belongs to the "saccopharyngiforms", members of which were historically placed in their own order, but are now considered true eels in the order Anguilliformes. The pelican eel has been described by many synonyms, yet nobody has been able to demonstrate that more than one species of pelican eel exists. It is also referred to as the gulper eel (which can also refer to members of the related genus "Saccopharynx"), pelican gulper, and umbrella-mouth gulper. The specific epithet "pelecanoides" refers to the pelican, as the fish's large mouth is reminiscent of that of the pelican.

Le grandgousier-pélican ou grandgésier-pédifion au Québec (Eurypharynx pelecanoides) est une espèce de poissons de l'ordre des Saccopharyngiformes. Il est peu connu car il vit dans la zone bathyale et la zone abyssale.


Biography.

Early life and education.

He was the eldest son of James Beatty, an officer in the Irish Revenue Service, and Ann Smyth. No records survive of his education, though he attended a local school, most likely Foyle College, before beginning his medical studies. He may have been apprenticed to his uncle George Smyth, a half-pay naval surgeon in nearby Buncrana, before studying at either the University of Glasgow or at "The United Hospitals of the Borough" - the joint medical school of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals in London. What is known is that on 5 May 1791, the 18-year-old Beatty was examined before the London Company of Surgeons, and found qualified for employment by the Navy.

Surgeon's mate.

Beatty was promptly appointed Second surgeon's mate aboard the 64-gun third-rate ship, but was soon reassigned, moving to the 32-gun frigate in September 1791. He was promoted to First surgeon's mate of the 32-gun frigate on 1 February 1793, the same day that Revolutionary France declared war on Britain.  The ship sailed for the Caribbean, where on 5 December 1793, he was appointed acting-surgeon of the schooner. On 25 June 1794 he was appointed acting-surgeon of the 28-gun frigate at Port-au-Prince, where he was immediately confronted with an epidemic of yellow fever in which fifty men, one-quarter of the crew, died. "Alligator" returned to England, where on 19 February 1795 Beatty was once again examined by the Company of Surgeons, and was judged qualified to serve as a ship's surgeon.

Ship's surgeon.

Beatty was appointed to the 28-gun frigate on 8 March 1795, but soon fell foul of his captain the Hon. Augustus Fitzroy. On 19 July, a discussion over the status of two men that Beatty had placed on the Sick List quickly became acrimonious, with Fitzroy accusing Beatty of incompetence and contempt, before ordering him to be arrested. Beatty's court martial was convened aboard at the Nore on 4 August. After hearing the witnesses, which included the first and second lieutenants, a panel of twelve senior captains exonerated Beatty of all charges.  In September 1795, Beatty was posted to the 38-gun frigate, but on 29 December, after barely three months, "Amethyst" was wrecked, having run aground near Guernsey in a heavy gale at night. The ship was forced to beach at Alderney. Beatty was more fortunate in his next posting, the 32-gun frigate, which he joined on 26 March 1796. The ship saw action on the coast of Portugal and Spain, and in the Mediterranean, taking many prizes. On 17 October 1799, while cruising off Spain, "Alcmene", along with the frigates,, and, fought and captured the Spanish frigates "Thetis" and "Santa Brigida". The British were delighted to discover that the ships were loaded with gold bullion and other valuable cargoes, realizing prize money totalling £652,000. Beatty's share came to £2,468, equal to forty times his annual pay.  Beatty left the "Alcmene" in March 1801, to serve aboard the 36-gun frigate until January 1802, when the Peace of Amiens having been signed, the war between France and England came an end. Beatty became a half-pay surgeon, receiving 2s. 6d a day.  The peace was short-lived however, and the Britain declared war in May 1803. In July Beatty was warranted surgeon of the 74-gun ship of the line, which was deployed in the blockade of Brest throughout the stormy winter months, and into the next year. In June 1804 "Spencer", while blockading the north-western Spanish port of Ferrol, struck rocks and was forced to return to Plymouth for repairs, after which she was sent to the Mediterranean, arriving in August 1804 to join Nelson's blockade of the French fleet at Toulon. In December 1804 Beatty was appointed surgeon of the flagship, succeeding fellow Ulsterman George Magrath, whom Nelson had appointed surgeon of the naval hospital at Gibraltar.

Battle of Trafalgar.

On the day of the battle, 21 October 1805, "Victory" had 821 crewmen aboard, 62 of whom would be killed and 109 wounded. Beatty was personally called upon to undertake 11 amputations, mostly legs, actions that saved many lives. Only six wounded men subsequently died. However, when Nelson was himself wounded, Beatty did not administer treatment, claiming that he believed that the Admiral was beyond treatment.  The Admiral had expressed the wish to be buried in his native soil, rather than simply being thrown in the sea like other mariners of the time. Beatty had to preserve the Admiral's body for the voyage back to Britain, and decided to place it in a barrel of brandy. Beatty relates how gases from the corpse caused the barrel lid to open on 28 October 1805, alarming the posted marine guard. On arrival at Gibraltar, the barrel had to be topped up with spirits of wine because it had filled the cavities in the body. This incident may have led to the legend that British seamen had drunk the brandy surrounding the body. As "Victory" approached the Nore, Beatty performed an autopsy, removing the fatal musket ball (now at Windsor Castle), and later writing a report "A Concise History of the Wound". Beatty then attended Nelson's state funeral in London. "Victory" was decommissioned in January 1806 and Beatty was posted as surgeon-in-charge of "Sussex", the former and now a hospital ship at Sheerness. There he wrote his "Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson", which was eventually published in early 1807.

Physician of the Fleet.

Beatty was appointed Physician of the Channel Fleet on 25 September 1806, having received the necessary medical degree from the University of Aberdeen on 28 February 1806. His duties were shore-based and mostly administrative, though in 1807 he and number of other naval surgeons were active in promoting the new practice of vaccination against smallpox. Beatty served in this capacity until August 1815 and the end of the war.

Later career.

Beatty returned to his medical studies in Edinburgh between 1815–17, gaining a second medical degree from the University of St Andrews on 14 October 1817 and becoming a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London on 22 December 1817. He then served in civilian practice in Plymouth for the next five years. In April 1818 he was elected a member of the Linnean Society of London and was accepted as a Fellow of the Royal Society.  In September 1822, Beatty was appointed Physician at Greenwich Hospital, London, remaining there for the next 17 years, while also being appointed Physician Extraordinary to King George IV in Scotland, and in 1827 Physician Extraordinary to the Duke of Clarence, soon to become William IV, who presented him with a knighthood in 1831.  Beatty also became prominent figure in London's business and scientific community, becoming a director of the Clerical and Medical Insurance Company and of the London and Greenwich Railway, using his accumulated wealth to create a large collection of books and manuscripts.

Retirement and death.

Beatty retired in July 1839, at the age of 66, and in recognition of his forty-one years in service was awarded a pension of £200 per annum. He settled at 43 York Street, Paddington, London, and served as a member of the organizing committee for the building of Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square.  Beatty died in York Street on 25 March 1842 of acute bronchitis. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery in an unmarked vault, at his own request. A memorial plaque identifying his grave was erected in the 1990s by the 1805 Club, a society dedicated to maintaining the memory of the men of Trafalgar.

Media.

Beatty was portrayed by Francis Magee in the 2005 Channel 4 documentary "Trafalgar: Battle Surgeon", which focused on his actions during that battle.  Beatty's instrument case can be seen at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.

Sir William Beatty (April 1773 – 25 March 1842) was an Irish surgeon who served in the Royal Navy. Born in Derry, Ireland, he joined as a surgeon's mate in 1791 at the age of 18. He is best known as the Ship's Surgeon aboard during the Battle of Trafalgar, at which he witnessed the death of Admiral Horatio Nelson, and for authoring an account of that battle – "".

William Beatty (1773, Derry - 1842) est un chirurgien irlandais qui a servi dans la Royal Navy. Né en Irlande, il rejoint la marine en tant que chirurgien en 1791 à l'âge de 18 ans. Il est mieux connu comme le chirurgien du à la bataille de Trafalgar, au cours de laquelle il est témoin de la mort de l'amiral Horatio Nelson. Il en publiera le livre "The Death of Lord Nelson".


Historical use.

Armies of the ancient Roman-Germanic wars made use of light cavalry as patrolling squads, or armed scouts, and often had them in the front lines during regional battles.  During the Punic Wars, one of Carthage's main advantages over Roman armies was its extensive use of Numidian light cavalry. Partly because of this, the Roman general Scipio Africanus recruited his own cavalry from Sicily before his invasion of Tunisia during the Second Punic War.

Middle Ages.

Types of light cavalry that were developed and used in medieval armies.

Napoleonic era.

Light cavalry played a key role in mounted scouting, escorting and skirmishing during the Napoleonic era. Light horse also served a function in major set-piece battles. While lacking the sheer offensive power of heavy cavalry, light cavalry were still extremely effective against unprepared infantry and artillery. All infantry commanders were forced to respect the danger any cavalry presented to their forces, and light cavalry were effective at changing the movement of enemy forces simply through their presence. In the aftermath of battles, light cavalry were used to press a victor's advantage or to screen retreating forces from further attack.

Early 20th century.

As late as the early 1900s, most European armies still retained a nominal division of mounted troops according to the size and weight of the men, into "light cavalry" (raiding, reconnaissance, and screening), "medium cavalry" (offense or defense), and "heavy cavalry" (direct shock). While colonial warfare had led to a blurring of these distinctions in the British army, tradition remained strong in the cavalry arm of some other nations. As an example, the Imperial German army maintained a marked difference between the sizes and weights of the men and horses allocated to the hussar regiments that made up its light cavalry and those of the other two categories. The early weeks of World War I saw light cavalry attempting to continue its long established function of being the "eyes and ears" of the respective main armies. However, despite some early success, the advent of trench warfare and aircraft observation quickly rendered this role obsolete, except to an extent in the Middle East in 1917, and in Eastern Europe where light cavalry mounted actions on a diminishing scale continued to occur until the revolution of 1917 took Russia out of the war.

Light cavalry comprises lightly armed and lightly armoured troops mounted on horses, as opposed to heavy cavalry, where the riders (and sometimes the warhorses) are heavily armored. The missions of the light cavalry were primarily raiding, reconnaissance, screening, skirmishing, patrolling, and tactical communications. They were usually armed with swords, spears, or bows, and later on with pistols or carbines.

La cavalerie légère désigne des troupes militaires montées équipées d'armures et armes légères. Elle se distinguait ainsi de la cavalerie lourde, dont les hommes (et parfois les chevaux) étaient protégés d'armures épaisses.


History.

Bolloré Bluecar concept.

The Bolloré Group, through its subsidiary BatScap, presented the Bluecar EV, a road-ready prototype, at the 2005 Geneva Auto Show. The company intended to showcase the potential of the company's lithium-ion battery technology. The BlueCar concept car used a 30 kW electric motor powered by a 28 kWh lithium-ion battery pack positioned at the centre of the car under the seats and in front of the rear axle.

Pininfarina B0 concept.

The Pininfarina B0 (B Zero) is a concept electric car designed by Pininfarina in collaboration with Bolloré, which was introduced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show.  The car incorporates a lithium metal polymer battery matched up with a supercapacitor developed by Bolloré's subsidiary Batscap in the original 2005 concept Bluecar. The energy storage component not only allows for high regenerative braking and acceleration capabilities but also extends the life of the battery. A range of 250 km and a top speed of 130 km/h have been announced for the vehicle, as well as 0–60 km/h acceleration time of 6.3 seconds.

Production version.

Following the 2005 version of the Bluecar, the new Bluecar project was developed by the Pininfarina Design department, led by the Flemish designer Lowie Vermeersch, who had previously coordinated other projects such as the Pininfarina Sintesi and the Ferrari California. The car was dedicated to the memory of Andrea Pininfarina, who died two months before its unveiling and who was a firm believer in the project.  The main differences between the production Bluecar and the B0 concept car is in the detail design. The production version is launched as a three-door compared to the B0's five-door design. The photovoltaic roof was omitted and the front and rear lights and interior dashboard are simplified. A total of 399 Bluecars were registered in France in 2011, 1,543 during 2012. The Bolloré Bluecar was the top selling highway-capable electric car in the French market in 2012, and represented 27% of electric cars registered in the country during that year. Cumulative sales in France totaled 5,689 units by the end of September 2016, with over 2,000 units deployed in the Autolib' carsharing program.

Specifications.

The Bluecar is a three-door hatchback electric car with four seats. Both the retail and Autolib' versions share the same drivetrain specification. The electric car has a 30 kWh lithium metal polymer battery located under the passenger seats, coupled to a supercapacitor, that provides an electric range of in the city and on the highway at a maximum power of 50 kW. The maximum speed is and the battery weighs. The batteries are made in Bolloré owned facilities in two locations, one in Brittany, France and the other in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.  Bolloré is unique in integrating solid-state batteries into production vehicles. The LMP batteries consist of a laminate of four ultra-thin materials: (1) metallic lithium foil anode that acts as both a lithium source and a current collector; (2) solid polymeric electrolyte created by dissolving a lithium salt in a solvating co-polymer (polyoxyethylene); (3) cathode composed of vanadium oxide, carbon, and polymer to form a plastic composite; and (4) aluminium foil current collector.

Markets and sales.

Car sharing programs.

The first Bluecar electric cars were delivered for the Autolib' carsharing program. Bolloré won the contract to deploy these electric cars together with 1,120 stations with parking and charging stations. A total of 66 Bluecars were deployed for the two-month trial period that began in October 2011, and service began on December 5, 2011, with 250 Bluecars available to the public, and rising to 1,000 cars by early March 2012, and about 2,000 units by September 2013.  By early 2013 in France, the Bolloré Group announced plans to launch a similar carsharing service in Lyon, and Bordeaux, but under a different brand name (Bluely in Lyon and Bluecub in Bordeaux) with no cost to the cities. Bolloré's proposal is to fund the entire infrastructure, install and provide the vehicles, and cover the costs of maintenance and repairs. After these two schemes are implemented, the company plans to launch similar systems abroad beginning with a city in Asia. The Bluely began service in October 2013 with an initial fleet of 130 vehicles and 51 parking and charging stations. The BlueCub, began operating in January 2014 with an initial fleet of 90 vehicles, 40 parking stations and 180 charging stations.  In May 2014 in the US, the Bluecars were showcased to the public in Indianapolis for a public car-sharing program called BlueIndy. The carsharing service was opened to the public in September 2015. BlueIndy began with 25 charging stations and 50 all-electric Bluecars around the city at launch. The Bluecars operated by the BlueIndy service were adapted to meet American regulations from the French version. In addition, the models used in the U.S. have air conditioning and more airbags, also size is slightly bigger and have more weight. The U.S. models have a range of about and a top speed of. Over 500 members signed up for annual subscriptions during the first month of operation. By the end of June 2016 there were 230 Bluecars in operation with 74 pick-up/drop off sites, each with five charging stations. The membership totaled 2,100 registered members, and never exceeded 3,000, despite $7 million in subsidies from Indianapolis and from Indianapolis Power & Light.  In 2017, Bluecity, BlueLA and BlueSG began operations in London, Los Angeles and Singapore respectively. The service in Los Angeles started as a program targetted at low-income people and achieved relative success in their pilot program. In 2019, BlueLA secured US$3 million to expand their services within the city. In Singapore, under a agreement with Singapore's Land Transport Authority (LTA) and the Economic Development Board, the aim of introducing the electric car program was to reduce the car population and also carbon emissions in the city-state. Within the first 3 weeks of operations, over 3000 members signed up for the BlueSG, with 5000 rentals completed.  Autolib', BlueIndy and BlueCity ceased operations in 2018, 2019 and 2020 respectively, citing failure to achieve scalability in the respective cities that they operated in.

Retail version.

Leasing to individual and corporate customers began in October 2012 and is limited to the Île-de-France area. The Bluecar is available at a rate of () per month, with a minimum contract for 3 months and a maximum of 20 months. The pricing includes insurance, charging in the Autolib' stations and parking. The retail version shares the same design and specification but has several differences with the vehicles deployed for Autolib, particularly its blue exterior color, unlike the Autolib' version's silver unpainted aluminum exterior.  In February 2013, Bolloré announced it was discontinuing the leasing program and began retail sales of the Bluecar starting at a price of () before the value added tax and the government bonus, plus a monthly fee of () for the batteries. Bolloré also offers an optional package for the installation of a wall-box home charging station for (, and for an optional monthly fee of (), owners can have access to the Autolib' network of charging stations around Paris.

Atos MyCar.

Atos and Bolloré Group launched the MyCar corporate carsharing pilot program in December 2012. The service is dedicated to Atos employees for their business travel needs at the company's headquarters in Bezons, France. Atos employees can book a car on the Atos intranet, pick it up and drive away. Besides promoting a more sustainable way to travel for business, Atos also expects that the MyCar service will reduce time spent booking travel and taxis, as well as the need for expense claims for business kilometers traveled, taxis and parking.  A fleet of ten Atos branded Bolloré Bluecars were initially deployed, and photovoltaic panels covering 60m provide a power of 12 kW to charge the vehicles at the Bezons site. In addition, during their trips users can also access the 3,500 Autolib' charging stations available in Paris and its surrounding area. The carsharing service is part of Atos "Zero carbon" initiative that aims to reduce by 50% Atos carbon footprint by 2015.

Fire incidents.

On October 14, 2013, a Bluecar burned down while parked and charging at an Autolib' carsharing kiosk in Paris and the fire then spread to a second Bluecar. A police investigation is looking into the cause of the fire. According to Bolloré, the real-time telemetric monitoring system did not register a thermal runaway problem with the battery of the car where the fire started. The company is attributing the origin of the fire to an external cause, probably vandalism. Bolloré reported that a total of 25 Bluecars in service for Autolib' have burnt during the previous two years, most of them certified as attributed to vandals.

The Bolloré Bluecar is a small four-seat, three-door electric car supplied by Bolloré, designed by Pininfarina and manufactured by Cecomp in Bairo, Italy, under a joint venture owned by Bolloré and Pininfarina called Véhicule Électriques Pininfarina Bolloré (VEPB). The car has a 30kWh lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery, coupled to a supercapacitor, that provides an electric range of in urban use, and a maximum speed of.

La Bolloré Bluecar est une petite voiture électrique de ville conçue par le fabricant de batterie Batscap (Bolloré 80 % et EDF 20 %) installé à Ergué-Gabéric, commune périphérique de Quimper, en Bretagne, et à Shawinigan près de Montréal au Canada, modèle dérivé de la Bluecar du groupe Bolloré. Sa commercialisation a démarré en février 2013.


Career.

Hyvärinen started his career in Varkaus. When he was Sixteen years old, he moved to Kuortane and attended to a high school specialised to sports. That year he also started to train with Finnish national juniors. He only lived and played in Kuortane for one year, before moving back to Varkaus where he started to play in Keski-Savon Pateri. Hyvärinen played two seasons for Pateri. After these two seasons he signed a contract with Muuramen Lentopallo. He play for Muurle in seasons 2008–2010.  After season 2010 Hyvärinen said that he does not want anymore play in Muurle, because he did not like the clubs acting. Many fans were afraid of that Hyvärinen ends his career and it was close. Hyvärinen started play badminton and he joiden in the few tournaments. Likely he got contract from France and played great season in France league.  Season 2011–12 Hyvärinen did not get a contract to foreign team. He did not play in open season but after many months he made contract in 1. division team Kyyjärven Kyky which is playing the second highest level in Finnish league. Hyvärinen plays as wing spiker in KyKy.

National team.

Hyvärinen plays also for Finland national team. His rise to the national team was a sum of many things. Team Finlands coach Mauro Berruto did not invite him to the camp of the National team in Kuortane. When national team was training in Kuortane, Hyvärinen was also in there because he was in search for sport director school in Kuortane. Hyvärinen heard that the national team was training there, so he decide to call coach Berruto and asked from him is it was possible to start training with the team. Berruto accepted the proposition and Hyvärinen came to trainings. After the first time he attended in the team training, Berruto was really excited about his natural talent. He wanted him to the team full-time, and that was how his National career started.  Hyvärinen's first appearance in a Finnish national team was against Bulgaria World League 2008. He was the best player of the game. After that media was highly excited about him and praised Hyvärinen to be a sensation. Pasi played for the team last six World League games, and Finland won four from those. He had the best reception in the whole World League.

Beach volley.

Pasi Hyvärinen has also played actively beach volley for many years. His best result in beach volley is U-19 European Championships 5th place. His other achievements are 9th place in U-21 European Championships and 9th place in U-23 European Championships. In those competitions Hyvärinen was a few years younger than most other players. He has also won silver and bronze in Finnish Championships respectively in 2007 and 2006.

Pasi Hyvärinen (born 22 November 1987) is a volleyball player from Finland. He has played for Muuramen Lentopallo and Keski-Savon Pateri in the Finnish Championship league. For Season 2010–2011 he joined the GFCO Ajaccio team in French Ligue A. Hyvärinen is a member of Finland men's national volleyball team.

Pasi Hyvärinen est un joueur finlandais de volley-ball né le à Varkaus (Finlande orientale). Il mesure 1,83 m et joue Libero. Hyvärinen a commencé sa carrière à Varkaus au Keski-Savon Pateri puis il a signé un contrat de 2 ans au Muuramen Lentopallo Hyvärinen a joué de nombreuses années au beach volley.


History.

The modern town of Levuka was founded around 1820 by European settlers and traders as the first modern town in the Fiji Islands, and became an important port and trading post. A disparate band of settlers made up Levuka's population – traders, missionaries, shipwrights, speculators, and vagabonds, as well as respectable businessmen.  The US Exploring Expedition visited in 1840.  Marist priests, led by Father Breheret, established a mission in Levuka in 1858. By 1870, the town had a population of more than 800. When the first modern nation state of Fiji was founded in 1871, Seru Epenisa Cakobau was crowned King at Levuka. After Fiji was annexed as a British colony in 1874, Levuka remained the capital until 1877, when the administration was moved to Suva, although the move was not made official until 1882. The move was prompted by concerns that the 600-meter high hills, many with cliffs, surrounding Levuka gave it no room for expansion.  Levuka is famous for many of Fiji's "firsts." It was the site of Fiji's first bank, post office, school, private members club, hospital, town hall, and municipal government. Fiji's first newspaper, the Fiji Times, which is still in operation today, was founded in Levuka in 1869. Levuka's Royal Hotel is the oldest hotel in the South Pacific still operating. Historians have not ascertained its exact age, but records show that it was in existence by the early 1860s. Levuka Public School, opened in 1879, was the first public school in Fiji and many of Fiji's leaders in the years leading up to and following independence in 1970 were educated there. The oldest Masonic lodge in the South Pacific, Lodge Polynesia 562 SC, is also to be found in Levuka. It was established in 1875. Levuka was also the site of Fiji's first public electricity system, which began in 1927, three days before the capital Suva was electrified.

Arson.

Much of Levuka's heritage is in its wooden architecture which is highly vulnerable to fire. The Masonic Lodge, Levuka's only Romanesque building was set on fire during the period of lawlessness and unrest following Fiji's 2000 coup. There is much controversy about the Masonic fraternity in Fiji, the dominant traditional Christian faiths consider Masons to be devil-worshipers. The Lodge contained priceless historical artefacts and records of Levuka's history dating back to 1875. The arsonists have yet to be identified and prosecuted.  In 2008, Levuka's PAFCO Cold Storage Plant which was located next the town's main road was destroyed by a fire caused during welding maintenance works. In more recent years, the old Mavida Guest house and the old General Store on Levuka's main street have also burnt down. The General Store Building housed the Westpac Bank, Air Fiji and a Supermarket and, being over 100 years old, was part of the then proposed (now established) UNESCO National Heritage Site. Rumors of arson abound in relation to the fires but no prosecutions have been made. In April 2010, Levuka's Chief Fire Authority Officer was quoted in the national paper as saying that Levuka is: ‘...a fire hazard waiting to happen...’, he points out in the article that there are no fire hydrants in the town and that virtually no buildings have fire extinguishers or fire alarm systems.

Economic activities.

Levuka's status as a stopover port for ocean vessels crossing the Pacific came to an end in the 1950s, threatening the town with economic extinction. In 1964, however, the Pacific Fishing Company (PAFCO) was founded by a Japanese firm, specialising in freezing and shipping canned tuna, mostly to markets in Europe and Canada. A cannery, a joint PAFCO-government venture, was opened in 1976, and is the largest private employer on the island of Ovalau. Owing largely to Levuka's isolation, tourism plays only a minor role in the Levuka/Ovalau economy.

Governance and politics.

Levuka has been incorporated as a Town since 1877, and is governed by a Town Council of 8 members, elected for 3-year terms. The municipal elections of 22 October 2005 resulted in a defeat for the SDL of outgoing Mayor Taniela Bulivou, with the Balance Party taking 6 of the 8 seats. The new council elected George Gibson to succeed Bulivou; the Mayoral term is for one year, but may be extended any number of times. The council has recently been suspended by the interim government of Fiji and a local administrator (Napolionio Masirewa) has been named.

Landmarks.

At the northern end of Levuka is the traditional Fijian village of Levuka. The village chief, who bears the title of "Tui Levuka", is a direct descendant of the chief who welcomed the first European settlers. In memory of his ancestor, he is also known as ""Tamana na vavalagi"" (Father of the Europeans). At the southern end of the town lies the village of Nasova, where the King Seru Epenisa Cakobau signed the Deed of Cession, ceding the islands to Great Britain on 10 October 1874.  The Levuka Community Centre, which houses a branch of the Fiji Museum, a public library, crafts centre, kindergarten, squash court and meeting hall, occupies a renovated store built in 1878 by Morris Hedstrom, a trading company established in Levuka's early days and still in business in Fiji. Morris Hedstrom gave the building to the National Trust of Fiji in 1980. Adjacent to the Levuka Community Centre stands Queens Wharf, with a maximum depth of eight meters. Upgraded in the 1990s, it is used mostly by local craft, though foreign vessels sometimes dock, Levuka being one of three official ports of entry to Fiji (Suva and Lautoka being the other two).  Other well-known landmarks include Sacred Heart Church, a legacy of the Marist Fathers, who arrived in 1858, the Ovalau Club, one of the oldest social organisations in the Pacific, and Levuka Town Hall, which houses the Levuka Town Council. It was built in 1898 in honour of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

Levuka is a town on the eastern coast of the Fijian island of Ovalau, in Lomaiviti Province, in the Eastern Division of Fiji. It was formerly the capital of Fiji. At the census in 2007, the last to date, Levuka town had a population of 1,131 (plus 3,266 living in the peri-urban area as defined by the Bureau of Statistics), about half of Ovalau's 8,360 inhabitants. It is the economic hub and the largest of 24 settlements on the island. Levuka and the island of Ovalau had been seeking recognition from UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for decades, finally being designated in June 2013.

Levuka est une ville située sur la côte est de l'île d'Ovalau, aux Îles Fidji. Elle est la capitale de la province de Lomaiviti, et fut la capitale des Îles Fidji de 1874 à 1882.


Origins.

The mortarboard is generally believed by scholars to have developed from the biretta, a similar-looking hat worn by Roman Catholic (and High Church Anglican) clergy. The biretta itself may have been a development of the Roman "pileus quadratus", a type of skullcap with superposed square and tump (meaning small mound). A reinvention of this type of cap is known as the Bishop Andrewes cap. The Italian "biretta" is a word derived from the Medieval Latin "birretum" from the Late Latin "birrus" "large hooded cloak", which is perhaps of Gaulish origin, or from Ancient Greek πυρρός "pyrrhos" "flame-colored, yellow".  The cone-shaped red (seldom in black) biretta, related to the ancient Etruscan "tutulus" and the Roman "pileus", was used in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to identify humanists, students, artists, and learned and blooming youth in general. The shape and the colour conveyed meaning: Red was considered for a long time the royal power, whether because it was difficult to afford vestments of such solid and brilliant dye or because the high symbolic meaning of blood and life, thus the power over life and death.  It is not casual that the "capo" (captain) headwear is found with such frequency in Renaissance paintings as the highly famous one by Piero della Francesca of Federico da Montefeltro with his red cap. Campano wrote about these hats in his "Life of Niccolò Fortebraccio", "he used to wear a red and high hat, the higher from the head the wider it became." Federico and Niccolò were Condottieri. The same cap is seen on Bartolomeo Colleoni, commander of the Venetian Armies in 1454, on the Duke Ludovico III Gonzaga and on John Hawkwood in his equestrian monument by Paolo Uccello. This cap as worn by the leading Italian nobles at the end of the fifteenth century became a symbol of their military and civil powers over Italian cities at a time when the whole of Europe was going to be deeply transformed by Italian influences.  It was originally reserved for holders of master's degrees (the highest qualification in mediæval academia) but was later adopted by bachelors and undergraduates. In the 16th and 17th centuries "corner-cap" ("catercap" in the Marprelate tracts) was the term used ("OED").  Origins of the most commonly found mortarboard in the United States can be traced to a patent that was filed by an inventor Edward O'Reilly and Catholic priest Joseph Durham who filed their patent in 1950. Their invention and subsequent patent was the result of his idea to incorporate a fiberglass stiffener into the mortarboard thus making it more sturdy. Such mortarboards are very commonplace throughout the world today.

Variants.

Doctorate holders of some universities wear the mortarboard, although the round Tudor bonnet is more common in Britain. The 4, 6, or 8 cornered "tam" is gaining popularity in the US, and in general a soft square tam has some acceptance for women as a substitute for the hard'square'.  Sometimes the mortarboard is customized with inspirational quotes or decorations referring to the field of study. At some European universities, the mortarboard is made by the postdocs of the research group, and traditionally has some funny references to the person or their project.  In the US, the mortarboard is also worn by high school pupils during the presentation of their diplomas.

Tassel.

United Kingdom.

In the UK, the tassel is shorter and is gathered at the button at the centre of the board. The U.S. style is slightly longer, gathered at a cord attached to the button.  At the University of Cambridge, undergraduates by ancient convention used to cut their tassels very short so that the tassel does not extend beyond the edge of the board. After they graduated, they wore the square cap with the tassel at the normal length. This convention has now fallen into disuse; few people now wear headgear with academic dress at any time and undergraduates in particular have no need to wear the cap.

United States.

In US graduation ceremonies, the side on which the tassel hangs can be important. Sometimes it is consistent among all students throughout the ceremony, in other cases it differs based on level of study with undergraduate students wearing the tassel on the right, and graduate student wearing them on the left. In some ceremonies, the student wears the tassel on one side until reception of the diploma; then it is switched to the other.  At the secondary school level, the tassel is usually either the school's primary colour or a mix of the school's colours with as many as three colors in a tassel. Sometimes a tassel of a distinctive colour, such as gold, is worn by those graduating with Latin Honours (i.e. "cum laude") or on the "honour roll".  Universities in the United States might use tassels in black or the school's colors, usually for higher degrees.  For bachelor's degrees the tassel may be colored differently from the traditional black or school colors to represent the field (or one as closely related as possible) in which the wearer obtained his or her education. In 1896 most colleges and universities in the United States adopted a uniform code governing academic dress. The tassel may be adorned with a charm in the shape of the digits of the year.  The American Council on Education (ACE) code states that "The tassel should be black or the colour appropriate to the subject," and only makes an exception for the gold tassel. The gold metallic tassel is reserved for those entitled to wear the doctoral gown, as is the use of velvet for headwear. Only one tassel is worn at a time.  For schools where the graduation regalia is rented or borrowed by the student, the tassel might be a part of the rental or provided separately. Some schools that do not provide a tassel for graduates to keep may offer a souvenir tassel that is not worn with the regalia.

Traditional wear.

As with other forms of headdress, academic caps are not generally worn indoors by men (other than by the Chancellor or other high officials), but are usually carried. At the University of Oxford, caps are mandatory dress for matriculation events and for all examinations. It is a commonly repeated myth at Oxford that the cap must be held and may not be worn at all except at the student's graduation; however, there is no rule in the University to this effect, and undergraduates wearing formal academic dress may either carry the cap or wear it. In particular, women undergraduates who exercise the right to wear a soft "Canterbury" cap must wear it on their head, rather than carrying it.  In some graduation ceremonies caps have been dispensed with for men, being issued only to women, who do wear them indoors, or have been abandoned altogether. This has led to urban legends in a number of universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland which have as a common theme that idea that the wearing of the cap was abandoned in protest at the admission of women to the university. This story is told at the Universities of Cambridge, Dublin, Durham, Bristol, St Andrews, and the Queen's University, Belfast among others. In Ireland, a common belief, holds that only women wear the mortarboard because a bachelor's degree was thought to be the maximum education they could attain and thus represented the 'capping' of their education, however there is little evidence for this. Dr. David Fleming of the History Department at the University of Limerick called this reason 'complete nonsense and an urban myth', while the University's gown partner, Phelan Nolan said 'Women used to wear hats in Church and that is where the tradition has come from'.  There are several types of mortarboard that are usually made. The most common in the UK is the 'folding skull' in which the skull part can be folded for ease of storing and carrying. Traditionally, the mortarboard had a 'rigid skull' which is considered more aesthetically pleasing and better fitting than a folding-skull one. In addition, the rigid skull type has the advantage of being easier to doff than the folding skull version, as there is no possibility of the skull collapsing in on itself. Many degree ceremonies in British universities include the ritual doffing of caps. Both types require the wearer to wear the appropriate size to fit. In the US, an 'elasticated skull' is mostly used which eliminates the need to make many mortarboards in different hat sizes. Some mortarboards, especially those in east Asia are laced-up at the back of the skull cap.  The correct way to wear a mortarboard is to have the larger part of the skull of the mortarboard at the back of the head with the top board parallel to the ground. A proper fitting mortarboard should not fall off easily.  Until the second half of the twentieth century, mortarboards were often worn by schoolteachers, and the hat remains an icon of the teaching profession.  Mortarboards are often seen in party supply shops in the United States in May and June, when they appear in the form of party decorations, on commemorative gifts such as teddy bears, and on congratulatory greeting cards.

Mourning cap.

There is a version of the mortarboard that is worn during mourning. Instead of a tassel and button on top of the board there are two black ribbons that are attached from corner to corner of the board forming a cross. At the centre where the two ribbons intersect a black ribbon rosette is attached. The ribbon for the wide ribbons is grosgrain ribbon whilst the rosette can be made of either the same grosgrain or satin. This mourning cap can be worn when mourning a personal friend or a family relative.  Another version has nine ribbon bows called "butterflies" attached to the back of the skull cap (three running vertically down the back seam, two vertically eitherside further towards the sides and one eitherside at the sides of the skull) in addition to the above. This cap is worn during the mourning of the monarch, a member of the royal family or the university chancellor.  The mourning cap is worn with mourning bands (normal bands but with a pleat running down each band) and a mourning gown which is either a Cambridge DD undress gown with "pudding-sleeves" but in black stuff rather than silk as worn in the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries or a plain black stuff gown. Hoods are not worn, as they are considered festal items. However, Cambridge proctors in the past wore their MA hoods squared, so as to conceal the lining; since the lining was white it did not clash with the black and white color scheme of mourning.

The square academic cap, graduate cap, cap, mortarboard (because of its similarity in appearance to the mortarboard used by brickmasons to hold mortar) or Oxford cap, is an item of academic dress consisting of a horizontal square board fixed upon a skull-cap, with a tassel attached to the centre. In the UK and the US, it is commonly referred to informally in conjunction with an academic gown as a "cap and gown". It is also sometimes termed a square, trencher, or corner-cap. The adjective academical is also used.

Le mortier, appelé aussi « toque », est le couvre-chef des magistrats dans les pays de tradition germano-canonique. Les couleurs de la (ou des) bande(s) change(nt) en fonction du degré de juridiction ou du type de juridiction. Un mortier de juge sera orné d'argenté, un mortier de Président, de rouge


History.

Some of the hundreds of superstars that appeared over the years were Frank Sinatra, The Beach Boys, The Doobie Brothers, Carole King, George Burns, Chicago, REO Speedwagon, Willie Nelson with Waylon Jennings, The Blues Brothers, Bobby Vinton, Journey, The Commodores, Kool and The Gang, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Charlie Daniels Band, Alice Cooper, Cheap Trick, Aretha Franklin, Ben Vereen, Dick Clark and Muddy Waters and a live TV broadcast of Bozo's Circus and productions for HBO and PBS.  In addition to its 30,000 seat Main Stage, ChicagoFest featured 16 other stage areas that seated 2,500 to 5,000, that presenting nationally known recording artists. Iron Maiden, Spyro Gyra, Chick Corea and Gary Burton - Jazz, Joan Jett,.38 Special and Point Blank, The Joe Perry Project, The Scorpions, Krokus, Wet Willie, and many more on the Rocks, Asleep at the Wheel, Carl Perkins, and Bullseye on the Country Stage. The Buckinghams and Jan & Dean were among oldies stage headliners. In 1979, when Germany's Scorpions played one of their first American live Concerts on the floating stage at Chicagofest, the Chicago Police Department furnished over one hundred patrol men for show security. Admission to the fest was $5 General admission per day. The Web site https://web.archive.org/web/20070928070804/http://www.outernetweb.com/chicagofest/ includes an image of a rock stage schedule, along with other ChicagoFest memories.  In addition to music, ChicagoFest also featured a cinema at which the premier of The Buddy Holly story attracted Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel, The Premier of MTV was mounted at ChicagoFest, A Laser Light Show, The Mike Douglas Show originated at ChicagoFest, 100 local food vendors sales grossing ten million dollars annually. As the festival grew over the years, it attracted roughly 100,000 visitors per day, and approximately 1,000,000 people attended Navy Pier for the fest. The idea for ChicagoFest was taken from Milwaukee's Summerfest. by the special events office of Mayor Bilandic who hired the staff from Milwaukee. That staff - formed as Festivals Inc. included food managers Tom and Bill Drilias, entertainment producers Jerry Weintraub Jr and Lou Volpano, and public relations maestro Joseph Pecor. The success of the festival led to the creation of the Taste of Chicago, Loop Alive's restoration of the Chicago Theatre, and other event at Navy Pier such as Art Expo Chicago.

Politics.

Jane Byrne became mayor in 1979 and attempted to cancel ChicagoFest. However, a public relations campaign mounted by the Chicago Tribune and Labor Unions gained enough support to convince Byrne to reverse her decision. In 1982, after black Chicago residents were angered by Mayor Byrne's nomination of three white board members to new positions in the Chicago Housing Authority, Jesse Jackson and other civil rights leaders called for a boycott of ChicagoFest. Stevie Wonder and over one hundred other local black entertainers cancelled their scheduled appearances, and a picket line was set up outside the festival. The city reported the boycott was ineffective, but it came out later they had lost millions of dollars. ChicagoFest was cancelled by Byrne's successor, Mayor Harold Washington.

ChicagoFest was a Chicago music festival established in 1978 by Mayor Michael Bilandic. It was a two-week event held annually at Navy Pier that featured sixteen separate stages, each sponsored by a national retail brand and a media sponsor compatible to the stage's format, e.g. Rock WLUP, Chicago Tribune Jazz, Miller Brewing Company Blues and WXRT, that broadcast live from the festival. The stages were: Rock, Classic Rock, Country, Blues, Comedy, Roller Disco, Pin Ball Arcade, Jazz, Children's, Variety, Ethnic, as well as a Main stage seating 30,000. There were approximately 600 concert performances by headline artists produced each year.

Le ChicagoFest est un festival de musique qui se tint chaque été, pendant une quinzaine de jours sur la jetée Navy à Chicago, entre 1978 et 1982. Il attira de prestigieux artistes comme Alice Cooper, Cheap Trick, Arlo Guthrie, Eddy Clearwater, Willie Nelson ou Muddy Waters. Le public se pressa en nombre pour y assister, on compta jusqu'à spectateurs par jour dans ses meilleures années. En 1982, des leaders du mouvement des droits civiques, dont Jesse Jackson, appelèrent à son boycott, afin de protester contre la nomination de seuls Blancs, au sein de l'administration de la cité. Stevie Wonder annonça qu'il annulait son concert et des manifestants se tenaient devant l'entrée du festival, qui perdit cette année-là des millions de dollars.


Geography.

The town is located within the historic Lower Silesia region, approximately north-west of the regional capital Wrocław. As at 2019, it has a population of 11,797.

History.

The settlement in the Duchy of Silesia of fragmented Poland was first mentioned as "Gora" in an 1155 deed by Pope Adrian IV conveying the property to the Diocese of Wrocław. The name of the town means "hill" or "mountain" in Old Polish. In 1256 the bishop of Wrocław Tomasz I gave the village to the Polish knight Gosław. In 1288 it became part of the Duchy of Głogów and was granted Magdeburg town rights by the Piast duke Henry III. In 1300, Henry III sold the local mint to the city council of Góra. Henry III, as well as the succeeding dukes Henry IV the Faithful and Konrad I granted new privileges to the town in 1306 and 1310. From the 14th century onwards, the town developed to a centre of cloth manufacturing, specific privileges were granted to the clothiers of Góra in 1304. The Germanized name "Guhrau" is first documented in 1336. In 1343, an annual fair was established. Also from that year comes the first mention of the existence of a parish school in Góra. The town remained under the rule of the Polish houses of Piast and Jagiellon as part of the duchies of Głogów, Ścinawa and Cieszyn. until the 16th century.  The town, as "Guhrau", was annexed by Prussia upon the First Silesian War in 1742 and from 1816 was the administrative seat of "Landkreis Guhrau" within the Province of Silesia, which from 1871 to 1945 was also part of Germany. In World War II it was occupied by the Red Army during the 1945 Vistula–Oder Offensive. According to the Potsdam Agreement, the town passed to the People's Republic of Poland, while the remaining German population was expelled. The historic name "Góra" was restored and the town was repopulated by Poles, expelled from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. Again a county seat from 1946, from 1975 to 1998 Góra belonged to Leszno Voivodeship. In 1999 Góra's town limits were expanded by including the settlement of as its eastern district.

Twin towns – sister cities.

See twin towns of Gmina Góra.

Góra () is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the administrative seat both of Góra County and of the smaller district (gmina) called Gmina Góra.

Góra est une ville polonaise de la région (ou voïvodie) de Basse-Silésie. Elle fait partie de la commune (ou gmina) de Góra, dans le district (ou powiat) de Górowski. Elle est située à une trentaine de kilomètres à l'est de Głogów et à environ au nord-ouest de Wroclaw (Breslau), la capitale de la Basse-Silésie. Elle compte une population d'environ. L'aéroport le plus proche se trouve à Wrocław (Breslau en allemand).