Description.

The houbara bustard is a small to mid-sized bustard. It measures in length and spans across the wings. It is brown above and white below, with a black stripe down the sides of its neck. In flight, the long wings show large areas of black and brown on the flight feathers. It is slightly smaller and darker than MacQueen's bustard. The sexes are similar, but the female, at tall, is rather smaller and greyer above than the male, at tall. The body mass is in males and in females.

Taxonomy.

"Psophia undulata" was the scientific name proposed by Joseph Franz von Jacquin in 1784 who described a houbara brought from Tripoli to Vienna's Tiergarten Schönbrunn. "Otis macqueenii" was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1832 for a bustard from India drawn by Thomas Hardwicke.  The African houbara was subordinated to the genus "Chlamydotis" by René Lesson in 1839. MacQueen's bustard was long regarded a subspecies of the African houbara. It was classified as a distinct species in 2003.  The Canarian houbara is the subspecies "Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae". The dividing line between the two "Chlamydotis" species is the Sinai peninsula. Based on the rates of divergence of mitochondrial DNA sequences, the two subspecies are thought to have separated from a common ancestor around 20 to 25 thousand years ago. The separation from MacQueen's bustard is older at 430,000 years.  The British Ornithologists' Union's Taxonomic Records Committee's decision to accept this split has been questioned on the grounds that the differences in the male courtship displays may be functionally trivial, and would not prevent interbreeding, whereas a difference in a pre-copulation display "would" indicate that the two are separate species. The committee responded to this scepticism, by explaining that there are differences in both courtship and pre-copulation displays.

Distribution and habitat.

The houbara bustard is found in North Africa west of the Nile, mainly in the western part of the Sahara desert region in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. Some old records exist from Sudan as well. A small population is found in the Canary Islands. The Asian houbara or MacQueen's bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the Sinai Peninsula. The North African species is sedentary unlike the migratory northern populations of MacQueen's bustards.  The subspecies "fuertaventurae" of the Canary Islands is highly restricted and endangered. A 1997 survey found a total population of about 500 birds.

Behaviour and ecology.

Breeding.

Like other bustards, this species has a flamboyant display raising the white feathers of the head and neck and withdrawing the head. Two to four eggs are laid on the ground. It hardly ever uses its voice.

Feeding.

This species is omnivorous, taking seeds, insects and other small creatures.

Threats.

Threats to Houbara bustards include hunting it for food. The North African houbara bustard populations declined in the two decades before 2004, but unlike its near relative, the MacQueen's bustard, has been increasing since. Although hunted both by falconers and by hunters with guns, the extent is much less than that faced by MacQueen's bustard in the Middle East.  In 2014, a Saudi prince created an international uproar after shooting more than 2,000 houbaras while only having a permit to kill 100.

Conservation.

The International Fund for Houbara Conservation is the global leader in Houbara bustard conservation. A global conservation strategy was developed and implemented over the past forty years with the objective of ensuring the species has a sustainable future in the wild through effective and appropriate conservation programmes and management plans.  Since 1995, the conservation strategy adopted consists of an integrated approach combining sound ecology, protection measures in the wild, conservation breeding, and effective reinforcement programmes.  The IHFC was created in 2006 to further the original programme by managing international assets and securing partnerships across the range of the houbara, which encourage sustainable practices to ensure the species’ conservation.  The Houbara conservation programme is supported by the government of Abu Dhabi. A multi-faceted Houbara conservation strategy has established breeding centers in the UAE (The National Avian Research Center and The Sheik Khalifa Houbara Breeding Center), Morocco (Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation) and Kazakhstan (The Sheik Khalifa Houbara Breeding Center) to captive-breed Houbara and increase wild populations of the bird in its natural habitat across entire species range. In 2019, the International Fund for Houbara Conservation bred 484,351 Houbara and released more than 343,428 Houbara into the wild.  The International Foundation for Conservation and Development of Wildlife (IFCDW) is a major conservation and breeding project established with funds from Prince Sultan Bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud and based near Agadir, Morocco. The centre releases captive bred populations to boost wild populations.

The houbara bustard ("Chlamydotis undulata"), also known as African houbara, is a large bustard native to North Africa and southwestern Asia, where it lives in arid habitats. The global population is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2014. The European population is restricted to the Canary Islands and has been assessed as Near Threatened in 2015.

L'Outarde houbara ou Outarde houbara d'Afrique ("Chlamydotis undulata") est un grand oiseau de la famille des Otididae (outardes). Il vit dans les Îles Canaries, en Afrique du Nord et au Moyen-Orient. La race asiatique a été récemment reconnue comme une espèce à part : l'Outarde houbara d'Asie, ou Outarde de Macqueen, ("Chlamydotis maqueenii"). Il est le symbole animal de l'île de Fuerteventura.


Description.

A separating funnel takes the shape of a cone with a hemispherical end. It has a stopper at the top and stopcock (tap), at the bottom. Separating funnels used in laboratories are typically made from borosilicate glass and their stopcocks are made from glass or PTFE. Typical sizes are between 30 mL and 3 L. In industrial chemistry they can be much larger and for much larger volumes centrifuges are used. The sloping sides are designed to facilitate the identification of the layers. The stopcock-controlled outlet is designed to drain the liquid out of the funnel. On top of the funnel there is a standard taper joint which fits with a ground glass or Teflon stopper.  To use a separatory funnel, the two phases and the mixture to be separated in solution are added through the top with the stopcock at the bottom closed. The funnel is then closed and shaken gently by inverting the funnel multiple times; if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions will form. The funnel is then inverted and the tap carefully opened to release excess vapor pressure. The separating funnel is set aside to allow for the complete separation of the phases. The top and the bottom tap are then opened and the lower phase is released by gravitation. The top must be opened while releasing the lower phase to allow pressure equalization between the inside of the funnel and the atmosphere. When the bottom layer has been removed, the stopcock is closed and the upper layer is poured out through the top into another container.

Theory.

The separatory funnel relies on the concept of "like dissolves like", which describes the ability of polar solvents to dissolve polar solutes and non-polar solvents to dissolve non-polar solutes. When the separatory funnel is agitated, each solute migrates to the solvent (also referred to as "phase") in which it is more soluble.  The solvents normally do not form a unified solution together because they are immiscible. When the funnel is kept stationary after agitation, the liquids form distinct physical layers - lower density liquids will stay above higher density liquids. A mixture of solutes is thus separated into two physically separate solutions, each enriched in different solutes.  The valve may be opened after the two phases separate to allow the bottom layer to escape the separator funnel. The top layer may be retained in the separatory funnel for further extractions with additional batches of solvent or drained out into a separate vessel for other uses. If it is desired to retain the bottom layer in the separatory funnel for further extractions, both layers are taken out separately, and then the former bottom layer is returned to the separatory funnel.  Each independent solution can then be extracted again with additional batches of solvent, used for other physical or chemical processes. If the goal was to separate a soluble material from mixture, the solution containing that desired product can sometimes simply be evaporated to leave behind the purified solute. For this reason, it is a practical benefit to use volatile solvents for extracting the desired material from the mixture.

Emulsions.

One of the drawbacks of using a separatory funnel is emulsions can form easily, and can take a long time to separate once formed. They are often formed while liquids are being mixed in the separatory funnel. This can occur when small droplets are suspended in an aqueous solution. If an emulsion is formed, one technique used to separate the liquids is to slowly swirl the solution in the separatory funnel. If the emulsion is not separated by this process, a small amount of saturated saline solution is added ("salting out").  Research is being done on alternative, more efficient techniques, mostly utilizing stir bars to decrease or even eliminate the chance of emulsification, thus decreasing the amount of waiting time.

Safety concerns.

The largest risk when using a separatory funnel is that of pressure build-up. Pressure accumulates during mixing if a gas evolving reaction or physical change occurs. This problem can be easily handled by simply opening the stopper at the top of the funnel routinely while mixing. More standard procedure is to invert the separatory funnel upside down, and open the tap to release the pressure. This should be done with the tip of the funnel pointed away from the body.

A separatory funnel, also known as a separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate ("partition") the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous, and the other a lipophilic organic solvent such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl acetate. All of these solvents form a clear delineation between the two liquids. The more dense liquid, typically the aqueous phase unless the organic phase is halogenated, sinks and can be drained out through a valve away from the less dense liquid, which remains in the separatory funnel.

L'ampoule à décanter est un élément de verrerie de laboratoire, utilisé pour séparer par décantation deux liquides non-miscibles pour effectuer une extraction liquide-liquide. Les deux phases sont en général l'une aqueuse et l'autre organique (éther, cyclohexane, chloroforme...).


Early life.

Roberts Scott Blossom was born on March 25, 1924, in New Haven, Connecticut, to John Blossom, an athletic director at Yale University. He was raised in Cleveland but later moved to Shaker Heights, Ohio. He attended Hawken School and graduated from Asheville School in 1941 and attended Harvard University for a year until he joined the United States Army and served in World War II in Europe. He trained as a therapist and later decided to be an actor. He began directing and acting in productions at Karamu House and the Candlelight Theater in Cleveland and later moved to New York City, where he supported himself by bundling feathers for hats and he practiced a disputed therapy called Dianetics. He also waited tables until he became a full-time actor.

Career.

Blossom began acting on stage during the 1950s. He won three Obie Awards for his performances in the off-Broadway plays "Village Wooing" (1955), which was his debut, "Do Not Pass Go" (1965) and "The Ice Age" (1976). During the 1960s, he formed Filmstage, a multimedia "avant garde" theatrical troupe. His Broadway credits include "Ballad of the Sad Cafe" and "Operation Sidewinder" and in 1988 he appeared in Peter Brook's production of "The Cherry Orchard".  Blossom began appearing on screen in 1958. His first appearance in a feature film was in 1971's "The Hospital" starring George C. Scott. During the 1970s he had roles in films including "The Great Gatsby" (1974) starring Robert Redford and Mia Farrow, "Slaughterhouse-Five" (1972), Steven Spielberg's "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (1977), and "Escape from Alcatraz" (1979) starring Clint Eastwood. "Escape from Alcatraz" is perhaps Blossom's best known supporting role for the scene where he chopped off his fingers with an axe.  Blossom is remembered for his role as Ezra Cobb in the 1974 horror film "Deranged" based on American murderer Ed Gein. According to the 2014 book "Mad as Hell: The Making of Network and the Fateful Vision of the Angriest Man in Movies" by David Itzkoff, the cast of the Oscar-winning film "Network" originally included Blossom as media mogul Arthur Jensen, but he was replaced in pre-production by Ned Beatty.  Blossom is also known for starring in the 1983 horror film "Christine", a film directed by John Carpenter which is an adaptation of the book by Stephen King. He is best known for his role in the 1990 film "Home Alone", in which he played Old Man Marley alongside Macaulay Culkin. He appeared in his final film role in 1995 alongside Sharon Stone and Leonardo DiCaprio in "The Quick and The Dead" (1995). Blossom's other film credits include "Doc Hollywood" (1991) starring Michael J. Fox; "Reuben, Reuben" (1983); "Resurrection" (1980) starring Ellen Burstyn; "Flashpoint" (1984); "Vision Quest" (1985) starring Matthew Modine and Linda Fiorentino; and "Always" (1989).  Blossom made his first television appearance in 1958 in the television series "Naked City". From 1976 to 1978, he starred on the television soap opera "Another World", in which his role on the show won him a Soapy Award for Best Villain. His other television credits include "Moonlighting", with Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis, "Tales from the Darkside", "The Equalizer", the revived 1980s version of "The Twilight Zone" and "Chicago Hope". His television films include "John Brown's Raid", "Family Reunion", with Bette Davis, the 1985 version of "Noon Wine", "Murder in the Heartland" and Disney's "Balloon Farm", which was his final role as an actor.  In 2000, Blossom appeared in the biography documentary "Full Blossom: The Life of Poet/Actor Roberts Blossom", in which he talked about his life as an actor and poet. The documentary also featured his children Debbie and Michael, his first wife Beverly, and Ed Asner, Peter Brook and Robert Frank.

Personal life.

Blossom was formerly married to Beverly Schmidt Blossom, with whom he had a son, Michael, and who died on November 1, 2014 of cancer. He was later married to Marylin Orshan Blossom until her death in 1982, with whom he had a daughter, Deborah Blossom.  After Blossom retired from acting in the late 1990s, he moved to Berkeley, California, and spent his time writing poetry. He later moved to Santa Monica, where he died in 2011.

Death.

Blossom died on July 8, 2011 at the age of 87 from natural causes. He was residing in a nursing home at the time of his death.

Roberts Scott Blossom (March 25, 1924July 8, 2011) was an American theatre, film and television character actor, and poet. He was best known for his roles as Old Man Marley in "Home Alone" (1990) and as Ezra Cobb in the horror film "Deranged" (1974). He is also remembered for his supporting roles in films such as "The Great Gatsby" (1974), "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (1977), "Escape from Alcatraz" (1979), "Christine" (1983), and "The Last Temptation of Christ" (1988).

Roberts Blossom est un acteur américain, né le à New Haven, dans le Connecticut (États-Unis), et mort le à Santa Monica (Californie).


Varieties.

Yu (2012) lists three varieties of Ersu, all of which are spoken in southern Sichuan.

Classification.

Ersu is currently categorized as a member of the southern subgroup of the Qiangic branch within the Sino-Tibetan language family, though there is debate over the classification due to the lack of information about the language history and the precise criteria underlying the grouping not being specified.

History.

There is generally few written records available in Ersu, therefore not much is known about the history of the people who spoke it. While it has been theorized that the Ersu people moved from Tibet, or were from neighbouring ethnic groups such as the Yi, there is some evidence that the Ersu predated even the Yi in settlement in that area. The Yi people who moved during the Tang Dynasty to the regions near where the Ersu resided documented the Ersu as "the aboriginals". Therefore, it is argued that the Ersu people's settlement in the place they can be found now must be no later than the beginning of the Tang Dynasty.

Orthography.

Most of the early Ersu people could not read or write since there are no written scripts to represent their vernacular language. The only ones who were literate were the religious practitioners called "Shaba".  Shaba were believed to "know everything in the sky above and the earth underneath", and possessed magical powers that allowed them to chant scriptures to call for rain or curse the enemies of the Ersu. They are still active in the Ersu communities to the present day. They are always present at important events such as festivals, weddings, and funerals.  They are also important most likely because they were the only group of people who were able to read the only form of written script found in Ersu history. It is currently known as Shaba pictographic script. The not much is known about the script, only that it used to be only taught from father to son ( not daughter) in a Shaba family. Now, there are less than 10 people who can read the script and much fewer who can understand it in the region.  There are about 200 independent Shaba characters which are not directly linked to the Ersu people's spoken language, and one character may correspond with one or more syllables. Often it may take several lines of words to explain one character. Each aspect of the "picture" would convey a meaning. Different animals would usually indicate different months or dates. Colors also conveyed meaning. They often matched the "five elements" as follows: metal is dark, wood is green, water is dark grey, fire is red, and earth is yellow.

Phonology.

Consonants.

Ersu has 37 simple initial consonants and 22 cluster initial consonants. Besides the ones found in Mandarin loanwords, there are no syllabic final consonants.  The following table shows the phonological system of speakers of about age 50 and younger. All the sounds represented below are word initial except the nasals, which can also occasionally be used as an independent syllable. There are 22 cluster initials, eighteen of which are composed of two consonants and four are composed of 3 consonants. They are as follows: There is also some restrictions on what vowels the cluster initials can precede and are generally more limited than the number of vowels that the simple consonants can precede. More on allophones of these consonants can be found in Zhang, S.'s 2013 dissertation.

Vowels.

Their vowel system includes seven basic vowels, three rhotic vowels, six diphthongs, and one triphthong. Ersu does not have nasalized vowels, however, there are nasalized vowels in loan words from Chinese. There are no long vowels.  The seven basic vowels are: /i/, /y/, /u/, /ɛ/, /ə/, /ɑ/ and /o/. The three rhotic vowels are: /ɑ/, /ə/, and /o/.  There are also six diphthongs, three rising and three falling. The three rising diphthongs are /iɛ/, /iɑ/ and /uɑ/. The three falling diphthongs end with a less prominent front vowel /i/, but begin with a more prominent vowel. They are: /ui/, /ɛi/, and /ɑi/. All of the diphthongs besides /uɑ/ are not frequently found in Ersu, only in a few individual words. /uɑ/ is found in a large number of words, following a variety of consonant initials such as /k/, /k/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /ts/, /ʂ/, and /x/.  /uɑo/ is the only triphthong found in Ersu, and only to exist in one word [zuɑo] 'bowl'.

Syllable Structure and Types.

The basic syllable pattern is CV. C can be a single consonant or consonant cluster. V can be a single vowel, diphthong, or triphthong. Native words of Ersu do not contain coda consonants. Each syllable will have a nucleus that is a vowel, diphthong, or triphthong, and very rarely a syllabic nasal.  Often a syllable can be simply V or C. The vowels /ɑ/, /ɑ/ and /ə/ can function as a syllable V. Nasals /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ can also form independent syllables as C, however they are much rarer.  Lastly, there is the NCV pattern, which refers to nasalized syllables, where the N stands for a nasal /n/ or /m/. The rest of the structure is the same as the basic CV structure above.

Tones.

The tone bearing unit is a syllable, and each syllable is obligatorily assigned a tone. There are two tones with contrastive minimal pairs found in Ersu; high level, and mid level. The assignment of the tones in a particular morpheme or word is unpredictable, though data suggests that the high level tone is much more frequent than the mid level tone. The pitch contour of the Ersu tones is also much less stable/consistent compared to Mandarin Chinese, and often have contextual variation.  Below is an example of the contrastive minimal pairs of words with tonal differences. [`] marks the mid level tone, and nothing marks the high level tone.

Loanword Phonology.

There is strong evidence that Tibetan and Yi words have been borrowed into Ersu without adaptation. Some of the words have exactly the same pronunciation as the Tibetan or Yi words. There is some contention as to whether or not this is good enough evidence to say that Ersu people belong to the Tibetan nationality.  There is also a large amount of Mandarin words borrowed into the Ersu language. These words mainly come from the dialect in Mandarin that carries the tone systems of Southwestern Mandarin varieties, henceforth referred to as "Mandarin". According to Zhang, the majority of Mandarin loanwords occur in the texts relevant to modern times such as long conversations, procedural and autobiographical narratives. In a historical context, Mandarin is hardly seen, even as late as the 1980s.  Ersu generally utilize Mandarin words in two different ways:

Nouns.

Nouns in Ersu are either monomorphemic or compounded and can be derived from verbs or verb phrases through nominialization. Nominalizers come in the form of markers on words such as the agentive marker "su", purposive marker "li", temporal/locative marker "ʂə`", and the instrumental/locative marker "ta". Many kinship terms and directional terms take an "ɑ"-prefix. They may also bear case markers such as the gentative marker "yɪ", accusative marker "vɑ", comitative marker "pɛ", etc. Finally there are six relator nouns found in Ersu that follow a head noun and denote either locative or temporal concepts.

Numeral System.

There are ten cardinal numerals 1-10 and the remainder being compound numerals. Unlike many other languages, Ersu does not have a "zero".  Compound numerals are formed for those numbers larger than ten. However, it is not just the sum of the cardinal numbers together to form the larger numbers.

References.

3. Zhang, S. (2013). "A reference grammar of Ersu: a Tibeto-Burman language of China" (Doctoral dissertation, James Cook University).  4. Chirkova, K. (2014). The Duoxu language and the Ersu-Lizu-Duoxu relationship. "Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area", "3"(1), 104-146.  5. Da, Wu (2005). Ersu Writing System and Ersu Ethnic Identity. "Journal of The Central University For Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)", "6", 024.  6. Liu, H. (1982). An outline of the Ersu language. In "15th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics".  7. Namkung, J. (1996). Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages. "STEDT Monograph Series 3, xxvii+50."

The Ersu language proper ( "Ěrsū") is a Qiangic language spoken in western Sichuan, China. It is the most widely spoken of the three Ersu languages. There are 13,000 speakers according to Sun (1982).

L'ersu (ou lüsu, duoxu, erhsu) est une langue tibéto-birmane parlée dans le centre-sud de la province du Sichuan, près de la rivière Dadu, dans le district de Ya'an, en Chine.


Gameplay.

"SimTower" allows the player to build and manage the operations of a modern, multi-use skyscraper. They must plan where to place facilities in the tower that include restaurants, condominiums, offices, hotel rooms, retail stores and elevators. To prevent tenants from vacating their properties, the player must keep their stress low by fulfilling their demands for medical centers, parking lots, recycling facilities, clean hotel rooms with the help of housekeepers, and an efficient transportation system, which involves managing elevator traffic. "SimTower", which was built around an elevator simulation program, places a strong emphasis on good elevator management.  The game begins with a one-star tower with limited building options. To increase the tower's star rating, it must attract more tenants by providing more living space (or office space, and later in the game, hotel and various commercial space). New facilities are made available while the tower progresses from a one-star rating to a five-star rating. The highest achievable rating is the designation of "Tower" which can only be awarded by building a cathedral at the very top of a five-star building with all possible tower levels above ground developed. The tower is limited to a maximum of 100 floors above ground and nine stories below ground. Standard elevators, which can span a maximum of 30 floors, and express elevators, which can span the entire height of the building, must be used efficiently to decrease tenant stress.  Certain events can take place while managing the tower. For example, terrorists may phone the player to let them know that they have hidden a bomb in the building, and that they demand a ransom. If the ransom is not paid, then security services must find the bomb before it detonates, or else the tower will incur significant damages. If the player builds facilities underground, the game may notify them that their workers have discovered gold treasure, which gives the player a significant amount of funds. At random intervals during the game, there are notifications that state that a VIP will be visiting the tower soon, so the player must prepare for their visit. If the VIP enjoys their visit because of variables such as a comfortable hotel suite and efficient navigation, the VIP will give the tower a favorable rating. A favorable rating would then allow the tower to advance to the next star level, assuming the other qualifications are met. Although it does not have any impact on the tower, at the end of the fourth quarter every year in the game, Santa Claus and his reindeer fly across the tower.

Development.

Developed by Yoot Saito of OpenBook, "SimTower" was originally titled "The Tower". It works on computers that can run the Microsoft Windows or Macintosh System 7 operating systems; the game will operate on 68k-based Macs at the minimum. It requires 8-bit colors and four megabytes of random-access memory. Graphics and sounds used in "SimTower" are similar to previous "Sim" games, and high resolution graphics are also used. The sound effects are kept to a minimum; noises that are played in the background include office "buzz" and elevator bells.  While attending Waseda University, Saito played "SimCity" on the Macintosh, which prompted him to pursue video game creation after graduating. His first game was a simulation title that was part of a future media project for a publishing house. When Saito asked to develop a second, the business refused because it was not a video game company. He left the company to personally produce the second game, which built on ideas he conceived while working on his first: elevators and towers. Saito teamed up with freelance programmer Takumi Abe to complete the project. To research the gameplay, Saito contacted an elevator company to learn about elevator scheduling and management. However, the company declined to provide the information. Saito handled the graphic design, and started with a monochromatic scaled tower created in HyperCard. The designer added color to differentiate between office- and hotel-type buildings. As development neared completion, Saito noticed that the Mac's performance had improved and decided to increase the color palette size from 16 to 256 colors. Saito enlisted a second designer to produce animation for the graphics and improve the details for the color increase.

Release and reception.

"SimTower" was successful in Japan, earning the developers a profit. The "Nihon Keizai Shimbun" awarded Saito the "Best Young Manager/Venture of the Year" for his work on the game. After the initial Japanese release, Maxis president Jeff Braun contacted Saito regarding a worldwide release; "SimCity" creator Will Wright informed Braun of the game. The company localized the game for sale in the United States, and changed the name to capitalize on the popularity of the "Sim" franchise and increase sales figures. Maxis published "SimTower" for the Windows and Macintosh System 7 operating systems in November 1994 in the United States. In 1996, it was ported to the Sega Saturn and 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in Japan.  The "South China Morning Post" praised the game's formula, noting that it followed in the footsteps of previous open-ended Maxis games. Comparing to "SimCity 2000", the review remarked that it was more interesting to watch people live out their lives in a tower rather than to observe cars moving around. They also appreciated the "homely" feeling of "SimTower", in contrast with other "Sim" games such as "SimEarth" and "SimLife", which they felt were too universal to take on a personal identity. Benjamin Svetkey of "Entertainment Weekly" praised the game and commented that it is "more fun than [the concept] sounds". However, he stated that the gameplay may be too much for fans of the series. A reviewer for "Next Generation" panned the game, saying it lacks the bustling interactivity of previous games in the Sim franchise: "There are bug infestations and the occasional fire with which to deal, but most of the time, "SimTower" sees you standing around waiting for cash reserves to grow in order to add more floors. Not much fun at all." Australia's "The Age" found "SimTower" a pleasing return to form for Maxis, after the release of the disappointing "SimFarm". Lisa Karen Savignano of Allgame stated that the game had decent graphics and sound. However, she also felt that "SimTower" had good replay value due to the non-linear gameplay, giving the game four stars out of five.  The game was criticized by the "South China Morning Post" for lacking documentation, making it more difficult to learn how to play the game. They also predicted that players would be unhappy with the game's speed, as time plays an important role in earning money from tenants. Before the player can purchase new facilities, a long period of time must pass before income is earned from tenants. The newspaper was also unhappy with complaints from tenants; specific reasons for their dissatisfaction are never given. "The Age" was disappointed by the lack of pre-built towers and scenarios, suggesting that one along the lines of "The Towering Inferno"s plot could have been included. "Game Informer" referred to "SimTower" as a "lesser-known" simulation game, and described it as "fun and addictive". Writing for the "San Diego Union-Tribune", Matt Miller felt that, when compared to "SimCity 2000" (1993), gameplay in "SimTower" moved slowly. He also disliked the moments when he had to wait several minutes to pass by before he could make enough money to purchase new additions for his building. "Dragon" magazine's reviewers Jay and Dee praised the visuals and gameplay. However, the two commented that the game can feel slow because it lacks gameplay elements and options present in other strategy games. In 1995, the Software and Information Industry Association listed "SimTower" as the "Best Simulation Program" in the Consumer software category of their annual Codie awards.  The game was followed by "Yoot Tower" (called "The Tower II" in Japan), also designed by Yoot Saito, which was initially released on November 24, 1998 for the Macintosh. It was later made available for the Windows operating systems in January 1999. "Yoot Tower"s gameplay is similar to that of "SimTower"—players build hotels, resorts, and office buildings, and work towards building a five-star tower. Vivarium launched a version of "SimTower" for the Game Boy Advance, called "The Tower SP", published by Nintendo in Japan on April 28, 2005, and by Sega in the United States on March 15, 2006. A version of "SimTower" called "The Tower DS" was published by DigiToys in Japan on June 26, 2008. "Yoot Tower" was also released for iPad devices via the online iOS App Store.

SimTower: The Vertical Empire (known as in Japan) is a construction and management simulation video game developed by OpenBook Co., Ltd. and published by Maxis for the Microsoft Windows and Macintosh System 7 operating systems in November 1994. In Japan, it was published by OpenBook that same year and was later released for the Sega Saturn and 3DO in 1996. The game allows players to build and manage a tower and decide what facilities to place in it, in order to ultimately build a five-star tower. Random events take place during play, such as terrorist acts that the player must respond to immediately.

SimTower (ou SimTower: The Vertical Empire) est un jeu de gestion publié par Maxis. Il fait partie de la série des jeux Sims.


Early life.

Turner was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi, on November 5, 1931, to Beatrice Cushenberry, a seamstress, and Izear Luster Turner a Baptist minister. His parents were Creole. Turner was the younger of their two children, his sister Lee Ethel Knight was "some ten years" his senior. When Turner applied for his first passport in the 1960s, he discovered that his name was registered as Ike Wister Turner. By then both of his parents were deceased, so he could not verify the origin of his name.  According to Turner, he witnessed his father beaten and left for dead by a white mob. He was later told it was an act of retaliation over a woman his father was having an affair with. His father lived for two or three years as an invalid in a tent in the family's yard before succumbing to his injuries when Turner was about five years old. Journalist and blues historian Ted Drozdowski claimed that Turner's father died in an industrial accident. His mother remarried a man named Philip Reese. Turner described his stepfather, a painter, as a violent alcoholic. One day after Reese gave him a whipping, Turner knocked him out with a length of lumber and ran away to Memphis for a few days before returning home. Despite their troubled relationship, Turner moved his stepfather into one of his homes in St. Louis after his mother died in 1959

Career.

1946–1950: Formation of the Kings of Rhythm.

As a teenager, Turner joined a local rhythm ensemble called the Tophatters who played around Clarksdale, Mississippi. Members of the band were Clarksdale musicians and included Turner's school friends Raymond Hill, Eugene Fox and Clayton Love. The Tophatters played big band arrangements from sheet music. Turner, who was trained by ear and could not sight read, would learn the pieces by listening to a version on record at home, pretending to be reading the music during rehearsals. At one point, the Tophatters had over 30 members and eventually split into two. One group wanted to carry on playing swing music and called themselves the Dukes of Swing, and the other led by Turner became the Kings of Rhythm. Turner said, "we wanted to play blues,

1951: "Rocket 88".

In March 1951, Turner and his band recorded the song "Rocket 88" at Memphis Recording Service. Turner's vocalist Johnny O'Neal had left to sign a solo contract with King Records, so Jackie Brenston, a saxophonist in the Kings of Rhythm, sang lead vocals while Turner was on piano. Little Richard stated he was inspired to play the piano after he heard Turner's piano intro, and later used it note for note on "Good Golly, Miss Molly". Phillips licensed the recording to Chess Records in Chicago. Chess released it under the name "Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats"

1951–1954: Session musician and talent scout.

Soon after the release of "Rocket 88", Turner moved to West Memphis, Arkansas and played with various local bands. Turner stayed in touch with his friend B.B. King who was recording for Joe Bihari of Modern Records at the Memphis Recording Service. He played piano on B.B. King's record, "You Know I Love You" and Bihari requested Turner's services on another track, "3 O'Clock Blues", which became King's first hit. According to Bihari, Turner had brought King to his attention years prior. He said, "Ike wasn't more than sixteen then. He would send dubs of things he cut to us, and if we'd like them we'd make a seal or sign the artist. That's how

1954–1959: St. Louis.

In 1954, Turner visited his sister Lee Ethel Knight in St. Louis, Missouri. During his stay, he went clubbing at Ned Love's in East St. Louis, Illinois. Love invited Turner and his band to play at his club. Eventually, Turner returned with his reformed version of the Kings of Rhythm. The band consisted of Willie Kizart on guitar, Willie "Bad Boy" Sims on drums, vocalist Johnny O'Neal, Turner's nephew Jessie Knight Jr. on bass, and Turner's wife Annie Mae Wilson on piano and vocals. In order to accommodate Wilson, Turner moved over to playing guitar; taking lessons from Kizart to improve.  Turner maintained strict discipline and the band lived at his home on Virginia Place in East St. Louis which dubbed as a studio. A teetotaler at the time, he avoided drugs and insisted all band members also adopt this policy, firing anyone he even suspected of breaking the rules. Turner established his group as one of the most highly rated on the St. Louis club circuit, vying for popularity with their main competition, Sir John's Trio featuring Chuck Berry. The bands would play all-nighters in St. Louis, then cross the river to the clubs of East St. Louis,

1960–1976: The Ike and Tina Turner Revue.

In 1957, Ann Bullock accompanied her sister Alline Bullock to watch Turner and the Kings of Rhythm at the Manhattan Club in East St. Louis. Her sister was a barmaid at the club and was dating Turner's drummer Eugene Washington. After watching them perform, Bullock asked Turner to sing with his band. Turner said he'd call her but never did. On night during an intermission, Bullock got hold of the microphone from Washington and sang "You Know I Love You" by B.B. King. Impressed by her voice, Turner invited her to join the band and gave her the stage name "Little Ann". She made her recording debut on Turner's song "Boxtop", released on Tune Town Records in 1958.  In March 1960, Turner allowed her to record a demo of his self-penned song "A Fool in Love". He intended to use the demo as guide track for Art Lassiter who did not attend the scheduled recording session at Technisonic Studios. A local DJ suggested he send the record to Sue Records in New York, where label owner Juggy Murray insisted on releasing the track with Bullock's vocal. Murray offered a $20,000 (over $174,000 is 2020 dollars) advance for the song and suggested Turner "make her the star"

1977–2007: Later solo career.

After his breakup with Tina, Ike struggled to find success as a solo artist due to his cocaine addiction and run-ins with the law. Holly Maxwell replaced Tina from 1977 to 1985 and again for eight months in 1992. Maxwell reported a positive working relationship with Turner. In 1988, Turner attempted an ill-fated return to the stage with Marcy Thomas, Bonnie Johnson, and Jeanette Bazzell as his Ikettes.  In 1991, while Turner was in prison following a drug conviction, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Tina did not attend,

Artistry and legacy.

Musical style.

Turner grew up playing boogie woogie piano, which he learned from Pinetop Perkins. His early influences included Amos Milburn and Louis Jordan, as well as country music artists such as Hank Williams Sr. and Merle Travis. In his career, Turner originally worked in the style of 1950s R&B, or post-jump blues. Though primarily known as a guitarist, Turner began his career playing piano and personally considered it his main instrument. He decided he was not meant to be a frontman when at 12 he was

Influence.

Turner was praised by his contemporaries for his influence. Johnny Otis said: "Ike Turner is a very important man in American music. The texture and flavor of R&B owe a lot to him. He defined how to put the Fender bass into that music. He was a great innovator." B.B. King was a great admirer of Turner, describing him as "The best bandleader I've ever seen." Turner was also a big influence on contemporary Little Richard, who wrote the introduction to Turner's autobiography.  Phil Alexander,

Accolades.

Turner won two competitive Grammy Awards. Ike & Tina Turner won Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group for "Proud Mary" in 1972. In 2007, he won Best Traditional Blues Album for "Risin' with the Blues". Turner also has three songs inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame: "Rocket 88", "River Deep – Mountain High", and "Proud Mary".  Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. Turner is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame. He is also inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. He was honored with a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 2001.  Turner won Comeback Album of The Year for "Here and Now" at the W.C. Handy Blues Awards in 2002. In 2004, he was awarded

Portrayal in popular culture.

In Tina's autobiography, "I, Tina", she described Ike's volatile behavior. He received intense negative publicity that was exacerbated in 1993 by the release of the film adaptation "What's Love Got to Do with It". The film rights to the book were acquired by Disney's Touchstone Pictures. Turner stated he had mistakenly signed papers waiving the right to sue Touchstone Pictures for his depiction after accepting a $50,000 payment.<ref name="houston-09/21/1993"></ref> He was played by Laurence Fishburne, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance. "Vibe" magazine named the character of Ike Turner from "What's Love Got to Do with It" at No. 4 in their list of the 20 best movie "bad guys". Commenting on the historical accuracy of the film, Tina told Larry King in 1997: "I would

Books.

In 1999, Turner published his autobiography "Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner". It was written with Nigel Cawthorne and Little Richard wrote the

Material loss.

On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed

Personal life.

Marriages.

Turner was married at least ten times. He sometimes claimed to have been married fourteen times. During his life, Turner often married another woman before divorcing his previous wife. Speaking on his early marriages, he said: "You gave a preacher $2, the papers cost $3, that was it. In those days blacks didn't bother with divorces."

Early marriages.

Turner was first married at 16 years of age to Edna Dean Stewart of Ruleville, Mississippi. The couple first married on April 10, 1948. Records show that Turner added four years to his age. Edna did not want to stay in Clarksdale, so she left Turner and returned to Ruleville.  Turner's second wife, Velma Davis, (née Dishman) is the elder sister of former Ikette Joshie Armstead. Turner met her at the Cotton Club on Camplin Avenue in Yazoo City, Mississippi in 1948. Velma claimed that Turner is the father of her daughter Linda Turner Bullock, born in 1949. However, Turner asserted in his book that he is not the biological father. The couple married on September 19, 1950. Velma and Linda attended Turner's Mississippi Blues Trail marker unveiling in 2010.  Turner then married Rosa Lee Sane in West Memphis, Arkansas. Rosa had mental issues, so her family put her in an insane asylum. Turner tried to get Rosa out, but he never saw her again.  Turner married Marion Louis Lee (Bonnie

Tina Turner.

In 1957, Turner met Ann Bullock (Tina Turner) at Club Manhattan in East St. Louis. They became close friends and she began dating his saxophonist Raymond Hill. When Bullock became pregnant by Hill, they lived with Turner and his common-law wife Lorraine Taylor. Hill injured his ankle and left Bullock before their son Craig was born in August 1958. During Bullock's pregnancy, Taylor became suspicious that Bullock was pregnant by Turner and threatened her with a gun before shooting herself; her injuries were nonfatal. However, Turner and

Ann Thomas.

Turner married Margaret Ann Thomas in Las Vegas on April 11, 1981; they divorced in 1989. They had met in the mid-1960s at a concert in Bakersfield, California. According to Turner, Tina suggested Ann fill in as an

Jeanette Bazzell Turner.

Turner was introduced to St. Louis native singer Jeanette Bazzell by his son Ike Turner Jr. in 1988. She became his lead vocalist and they married in a private ceremony at Circus Circus Hotel & Resort in Las Vegas in 1995. They divorced in 2000, but later rekindled their friendship. According to Jeanette, he called her his "backbone". In 2019,

Audrey Madison Turner.

Turner met Audrey Madison in 1993; she also started as an Ikette before also becoming his lead singer. They married on October 8, 2006 in Las Vegas at A Special Memory Wedding Chapel, but he filed for divorce two months later on December 22, 2006. After the divorce was granted they reconciled before his death. In 2011, Audrey appeared as a contestant on "The X Factor". In 2016, she released a memoir titled "Love Had Everything to Do with It", which details her volatile relationship with Turner due to his bipolar disorder. She told "The Afro": "I decided to write it because it was like a cleansing and it released all of the trauma. Also, I wanted the general public to have a better outlook and perspective on where Ike was mentally and emotionally, because so often, as a nation, we turn on people who have mental health issues and define them by their behaviors rather than their condition."

Children.

Turner had six children: sons Ike Turner Jr. born in 1958 and Michael Turner born in 1960 (with Lorraine Taylor), Ronald "Ronnie" Turner born in 1960 (with Tina Turner), daughters Mia Turner born in 1969 (with Ann Thomas), and Twanna Melby Turner (with Pat Richard). Tina's son Craig Turner born in 1958 (fathered by Raymond Hill) was adopted by Turner and therefore carried his surname. Craig died in an apparent suicide in 2018.  Turner's second wife Velma Davis (née Dishman) claimed that Turner fathered her daughter, Linda Turner Bullock, who was born in 1949. Turner denied that assertion in his autobiography (in which Velma is mistakenly referred to as Thelma): "I met Thelma Dishman, who, at that time, I thought was a pretty girl. Thelma was pregnant, not by

Legal difficulties and drug addiction.

In 1959, Turner was charged with what he described as "interstate transportation of forged checks and conspiracy" and was forced to stand trial in St. Louis. At the first trial, the jury failed to reach a verdict, and at the retrial a year later he was found not guilty.  In 1974, Turner was arrested for using illegal blue boxes at Bolic Sound studio to make long-distance phone calls. He was cleared of the charges.  Before the age of 30, Turner did not use drugs or drink alcohol. He was noted for firing anyone in his band who used substances. Turner claimed that he was first introduced to cocaine by "two very famous people I'd been working with in Las Vegas at the same hotel," later alleged by producer D'Angela Proctor in Turner's 2015 "Unsung" documentary to be singer Elvis Presley and comedian Redd Foxx. He

Health problems.

In 2005, Turner revealed he had been diagnosed with emphysema which required him to use an oxygen tank. His daughter Mia Turner said, "He was too weak from the emphysema to do anything. He'd go in the studio for a couple of minutes and play a couple of bars and say he had to go lay down." Despite his ill health, he collaborated with the Gorillaz on their album "Demon Days" and performed the track with them at the Manchester Opera House in November 2005.  After his death in 2007, Turner's autopsy and toxicology report showed he

Death.

In the weeks leading up to his death, Turner became reclusive. On December 10, 2007, he told Falina Rasool that he believed he was dying and would not live until Christmas. As he predicted, Turner died two days later, on December 12, at the age of 76, at his home in San Marcos, California, near San Diego. He was found dead by his former wife Ann Thomas. Rasool was also in the house and administered CPR. Turner was pronounced dead at 11:38 am.  The funeral was held on December 22, 2007, at the City of Refuge Church in Gardena, California. Among those who spoke at the

Awards and nominations.

Turner has received various awards in recognition

Selected discography.

Recordings as a sideman.

Howlin' Wolf

Izear Luster "Ike" Turner Jr. (November 5, 1931 – December 12, 2007) was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, arranger, talent scout, and record producer. An early pioneer of fifties rock and roll, he is best known for his work in the 1960s and 1970s with his then-wife Tina Turner in the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.

Izear Luster Turner, Jr., dit Ike Turner, né le à Clarksdale (Mississippi) et mort le à San Marcos (Californie), est un chanteur, guitariste - et, à ses débuts, pianiste - de blues, de rhythm and blues et de rock américain.


Foundation of industry.

First Compagnie des Forges.

François Poulin de Francheville was the Seigneur of Saint-Maurice, involved in the fur trade, and rather successful as an entrepreneur when he attempted to expand to heavy industry, and to develop ironworks in his seigneury. In 1729, Francheville requested a 20-year monopoly on the mining of the iron deposits in his Seigneury of Saint Maurice. The King granted this monopoly in a generous fashion, along with an exemption from indemnities or tithes. He also permitted Francheville to make use of the surrounding lands which he did not own, assuming the Seigneur would reimburse the owners for the seizing of cultivated lands.  Before starting the enterprise, Francheville also requested and received a 10,000 livre cash advance from the King with which to build the industry. As the Seigneur realized the cost such an industry could have on one man, he formed a company with three partners, while still retaining majority control of the new "Compagnie des Forges du Saint-Maurice." Those partners included his brother, another merchant, the secretary of the intendant, and a member of the Conseil Supérieur, which was the sovereign council of New France. In early 1733, the company hired Christophe Janson to go to New England to study the ironworks that were in operation there.  While Francheville did construct a few roads, he tried to bypass the lack of infrastructure by conducting the smelting in the middle of winter, so that he could transport tonnes of ore from the mines to the forge over the smooth snow using sleds. The Compagnie des Forges attempted to use a method called direct ore reduction to turn ore to iron with a high yield. Unfortunately, Francheville and his ironworkers did not have the expertise to properly and consistently utilize these techniques, which were nevertheless working successfully in the British colonies to the south. In November 1733, Francheville passed away from an illness, leaving most of his property to his wife, including his share in the company. Practical control of the forges went in the hands of the three remaining partners and in those of the intendant Hocquart. Although Francheville’s wife took over his responsibilities in the company, the reality became more obvious as they started proper production and smelting ore. The numbers the company had promised were far beyond what could now be reasonably expected, the yield being consistently uneven and of low quality. In 1735, Hocquart sent bars of iron and a model of the forges to France so that the more experienced ironworkers of the metropole could evaluate the samples and provide advice to make the forges produce more efficiently. The same year, Cugnet, the aforementioned member of the Conseil Supérieur, was left in control of the company with a heavy debt to deal with. He thus decided to hire a French skilled worker to come and inspect the forges.

Vézin era.

Second Company.

In September 1735, the master ironworker François Vézin arrived in New France to inspect the ironworks and the land surrounding them. He believed that a few changes would be enough to achieve significant production output and to create approximately 120 jobs, an outcome the Colonial authorities desired. For instance, the land for the forges would have to be cleared since it had not been previously cultivated. Vézin and previous investors in Francheville’s company agreed to take over the forges and all their debt, and to begin anew with Vézin’s vision, as long as they received the same monopoly terms as Francheville. The new company was officially formed in 1737. It involved Cugnet and Gamelin, who were previous investors in the forges, along with Tascherueau who was a high-ranking individual within the Marine, Vézin, and another skilled ironworker from France.Ibid, 300. As local experts claimed that Vézin overestimated the amount of energy the creek could produce for the forges, the master ironworker modified his plans and finally created a smaller forge that would not be sufficient to produce the variety of ironwork initially hoped for. Work began in earnest after the change of plans with the aid of another master ironworker sent by the intendant. Pressed by the authorities, Vézin finished the construction quickly, thereby making a low quality building. Many skilled workers from France kept arriving to assist at the Forges du Saint Maurice, but due to the rushed timeline and poor craftsmanship, certain parts of the forges were not producing any output and the skilled workers could not ply their trade. The poor construction led to sections of the forges requiring reconstruction, which raised the operating costs and limited the profits. All these setbacks continued weighing upon the production of the forges, slowing it quite dramatically, even halving it during certain periods. The constant setbacks drove the ironworks deeper into debt to the French Crown, which continuously gave loans in the thousands of livres at the request of various colonial ministers, most notably the intendant Hocquart. Vézin’s estimates of the cost of the forges were low, and production predictions were drastically higher than what could actually be produced. In 1741, the Vézin era of the Forges du Saint Maurice came to an end. The forges had been struggling financially for many years when the company finally declared bankruptcy.

From private to public property.

State rule.

In 1741, the associates of the Compagnie des Forges announced their intention to resign. The Intendant Hocquart described two possible solutions to save the forges: either a new company would keep the private corporation running, or the State would have to take over. As everyone waited for the Crown to make a decision, Hocquart named Guillaume Estèbe director of the forges on behalf of the State. This storekeeper from Quebec was asked to make up an inventory of the enterprise and to temporarily direct it. Hocquart could not think of abandoning the forges, especially since the King had advanced a lot of money for the project. The intendant was still convinced that iron-exploitation would benefit the colony and that previous failures were entirely due to bad management and lack of money. If a new company with sufficient resources were to take over, Hocquart believed that minor repairs would be enough to ensure a great success. Despite this optimistic view, the estimated profit was not high enough to attract French investors. Furthermore, the required investment was too heavy for anyone in the colony to afford it. On May 1, 1743, the forges officially became Crown property as compensation for unrepaid loans on Vézin’s company. The former associates were thus discharged of their debt. However, some private creditors still had to be paid back and, from 1743 until 1750, the State consecrated a part of the profit of the forges to finally move on from the economic legacy of the previous owners. Even though they had taken over, official authorities still hoped to find a private company to buy the forges back. As a result, the State administered the forges on an interim basis, refusing to invest any more than the required minimum. No major change was thus implemented until 1747, when a fire destroyed the lower forge, forcing the government to pay for its reconstruction. On this occasion, a martinet was added to the infrastructure. French authorities also sent two French molders who knew how to cast artillery to Saint Maurice. This new technology and those skilled men enabled the diversification of the production. Manufactured domestic goods could now be produced and were sold on the colonial market. The forges were reoriented toward military production but never succeeded in casting good pieces of heavy artillery.  Until 1749, the forges made good profit. This success might have been the result of a cautious management; government officials did not have to worry about paying back loans to the State like previous owners did, and thus could take wiser decisions. Furthermore, more than half of the products were exported to France at high prices with the government imposing beneficial tariffs. By 1749, this prosperity reversed and the forges experienced years of deficit. Expensive repairs could not be delayed any longer and French imports increased competition on the market, causing a drop in iron prices. Furthermore, epidemics among workers spread and prevented them from working as efficiently as they did before. "Labour at St. Maurice was in general dissatisfied, incompetent or insubordinate." By 1752, labor issues caused multiple interruptions in the work. As workers grew older, no young generation wanted to replace them. Men had enough work on their farm or on the fur trade to be interested by industrial employment. This shortage compelled the State to pay high wages for bad quality work to the few remaining employees. To try to manage the situation, the State hired soldiers to work in the forges. Even though the solution was not perfect, it contributed to a notable peak in the production in 1752, which became the most fructuous year of the exploitation. Despite a sharp economic decline caused by the Seven Years' War, the forges remained interesting enough for the British to take over when they gained control of the colony in 1760. Therefore, under State direction the forges made better progress but did not reach total success because of multiple disruptive wars, and because of the lack of interests from colonial labor forces as well as deceived governmental hopes of finding private associates to take over.

British rule.

The "Forges" continued under British rule, as a leased concession. From 1800 to 1845, they were the concern of Matthew Bell. In 1806, controversy erupted when the firm of Monro and Bell was re-awarded the lease for 790 pounds less than the expired lease, because the Executive Council under the stewardship of Thomas Dunn had failed to set a reserve price. In 1810 the plant contributed all of the ironwork to John Molson's "Accommodation" ferryboat, which was the first steamship to ply the waters of the St. Lawrence river.  The "Forges" had become obsolete long since when they were decommissioned in 1883.

As historical site.

In 1973, Forges du Saint-Maurice became a National Historic Park, until that category of national park unit was retired in favour of "National Historic Site". Archaeological research there continues.

The Forges du Saint-Maurice "("St. Maurice Ironworks")" was the first successful ironworking industry in New France. At the time of the initial formation of the forges in 1730, the Saint Maurice region near Trois-Rivières had long been known for its iron resources. Although the forges went through multiple managements, they were unable to turn a profit on their own and owners had to deal with heavy debts. The French colonial state finally took direct control of the forges after the second private company went bankrupt, and managed it until the British arrival in the 1760s. In 1973 the forges were converted into a national historical site. The plant produced such staple items as pots, pans and stoves.

Les Forges Saint-Maurice furent le premier établissement industriel au Canada. On y fabriquait de la fonte et du fer pour tous les usages du temps. Elles étaient situées sur la rive sud-ouest de la rivière Saint-Maurice, au nord de la ville de Trois-Rivières. Établies en 1730, ces forges ont fonctionné durant plus de au cours du et du. Elles furent reconnues comme lieu historique national le.


History.

Antoine de Pluvinel was born in the town of Crest, then in the province of the Dauphiné in France. His date of birth is given as 1552 by Terrebasse, where it is based on the "Mémoire" of Pluvinel's son-in-law. It is given as 1555 by several other authors including Saurel, Christian, Mennessier, and Monteilhet, which according to Tucker does not coincide with other known details of his life. Antoine de Pluvinel left for Italy at the age of 10 or seventeen to begin studying horsemanship under Giovanni Battista Pignatelli, and trained under him until 1571 or 1572. He then returned to France to study under M. de Sourdis, before becoming the premier ecuyer to the Duc d'Anjou (who would later become Henri III) and accompanying him to his new throne in Poland. After the death of King Charles IX, Henri returned to France, taking Pluvinel with him.  He gave several honors to Pluvinel, continued by his brother-in-law, Henri IV, from 1589, including chamberlain, tutor to the Duc de Vendôme, governor of Grosse Tour de Bourges, and sub-governor to the dauphin Louis (the future Louis XIII) to whom he taught horse-riding. The diary of Jean Héroard (main witness of the childhood of Louis XIII) describes the relationships between the King and his sub-governor.  In 1594, Pluvinel founded the "Academie d'Equitation" near what is now Place des Pyramides, a long-time dream. There, the French nobility was trained not only in horsemanship, but also in all the accomplishments (dancing, fashionable dressing, etc.) It can be said that Pluvinel's influence on the aristocracy lasted from the late 16th century to the 17th century. Richelieu, the future Prime minister of King Louis XIII attended the Academie; so did William, duke of Cavendish.  Pluvinel died on 24 August 1620, leaving no male heir. His name passed on his nephews La Baume, who were authorized to add Pluvinel to their own name and later became marquesses of la Baume de Pluvinel (1693).  Pluvinel's book was published posthumously by the Dutch engraver Crispijn van de Passe the Younger and the royal valet de chambre J.D. Peyrol, first in 1623 under the name "Le Maneige Royal", with magnificent engravings, but having never been edited. In 1625 the book was published in its complete form, having been edited by Pluvinel's friend Menou de Charnizay, under its definitive name "L'Instruction du Roy en l'exercice de monter à cheval" ("Instruction of the King in the exercise of horse riding"). It has since been re-printed several times, and translated into many languages.

Riding theories.

Pluvinel is perhaps most well known for his kind, humane training methods. Unlike his Italian teacher Pignatelli, who often used harsh methods to gain obedience from the horse, Pluvinel used praise, careful use of aids, and softer bits (simple curb bits) to get the horse to work with him.  He is also credited with the use of the pillars (wrongly, for La Noue also has record of using them, as does the Greek Eumenes), and he used them extensively in his training of collection and levade. Additionally, he employed the three-track movement, such as shoulder-in, and voltes to supple the horse.  His theories include that the horse must take pleasure in work, due to gentle, understanding riding, and that such a horse will move much more gracefully if he enjoys being ridden.

Antoine de Pluvinel (1552, Crest, Dauphiné - 24 August 1620) was the first of the French riding masters, and has had great influence on modern dressage. He wrote "L’Instruction du Roy en l’exercice de monter à cheval" ("instruction of the King in the art of riding"), was tutor to King Louis XIII, and is credited with the invention of using two pillars, as well as using shoulder-in to increase suppleness.

Antoine de Pluvinel, né en 1552 à Crest et mort le 22 ou à Paris, est l'un des précurseurs de l'école d'équitation française, avec Salomon de La Broue, il a fait évoluer les techniques équestres utilisées en Italie à la fin du. Auteur d'un célèbre manuel d’équitation, "L'Instruction du Roy en l'Exercice de Monter à Cheval", il forma Louis XIII et eut également comme élève Richelieu.


List of countries where Arabic is an official language

Liste des pays ayant l'arabe pour langue officielle

Sovereign states with Arabic as an official language.

As of 2018, there are 22 independent nations where Modern Standard Arabic is an official language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is an official language.

Semi-autonomus regions where Arabic is an official language.

The following is a list of semi-autonomus entities as well as territories where Arabic is an official or "de facto" official language.

Countries with Arabic as a national language or a recognized minority language.

As of 2016, there are 7 independent nations where Arabic is a national language or a recognized minority language, but not primary language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is a national language or a recognized minority language.

Cyprus.

Cypriot Arabic (alongside Armenian) is one of the two recognized minority languages of Cyprus, since 2008. It is spoken by the Maronite community, which is a minority in Cyprus especially in the cities Nicosia, Limassol and Larnaca.  Cypriot Arabic (also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic) is taught at the Elementary School of St. Maron, which is located in Anthoupolis southern of Nicosia, Cyprus.

Eritrea.

Eritrea no longer has official languages, but now instead has recognised national/working languages. Tigrinya, English and Arabic are the three most well known throughout the country and were the three former official languages. Eritrea is also an observe state for the Arab League due to their close relationship with Arabic and the Arab world.

Iran.

Arabic is a recognized minority language of Iran. In addition, the constitution recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Arabic (as the language of Quran) became mandatory for pupils in Iran. Arabic courses are mandatory starting from 6th year of schooling (1st year of Middle School) until the 11th year (penultimate year of High School).  The local dialects of Arabic spoken by Arab minorities in Iran (like Ahwazi Arabs, Khamseh Arabs, Marsh Arabs as well as Arabs in Khorasan) are Khuzestani Arabic and Mesopotamian Arabic, (also known as Iraqi Arabic) mainly in Khuzestan Province as well as Khorasani Arabic especially in Khorasan Province.  There are several TV channels in Arabic language broadcasting from Iran, namely, Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar TV as well as IFilm. Currently, the sole newspaper in Arabic language published in Iran is Kayhan Al Arabi out of 23 Persian dailies and three English dailies newspapers in Iran.  In 2008, the public university Payame Noor University declared that Arabic will be the "second language" of the university, and that all its services will be offered in Arabic, concurrent with Persian.

Mali.

Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Mali. Hassaniya Arabic (a variety of Maghrebi Arabic) is spoken by a minority in Mali especially by the Azawagh Arabs (also known as nomadic Moors) nomadic ethnic Arab-ancestry tribes who are settling mainly in the area of Azawagh which is a dry basin covering what is today northwestern Niger, as well as parts of northeastern Mali and southern Algeria.

Niger.

Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Niger. Arabic is spoken by a minority in Niger especially by the Diffa Arabs (also known as Mahamid Arabs) an Arab nomadic tribespeople who is living in eastern Niger, mostly in the Diffa Region.

Senegal.

Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Senegal. Hassaniya Arabic is spoken by a minority in Senegal.

Turkey.

There is an Arab minority in Turkey who speak Arabic as their native language. Therefore, Arabic is a recognized minority language in Turkey.  Historically Arabic was the official language (in the territory which form nowadays the state of Turkey) during the time when this region was a part of the Umayyad Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later when it belonged to the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).  The national public broadcaster of Turkey the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (also known as TRT) broadcasts TRT Al Arabiya a 24 hours a day TV channel in Arabic language (launched in April 2010).  The Arab Christian (Antiochian Greek Christians) minority has the right to teach Arabic under the Treaty of Lausanne, however they tend to refrain from doing so in order to avoid sectarian tensions as the treaty does not apply to the Muslim majority.  In 2015, the Turkey’s Ministry of Education announced that as of the 2016-17 academic year, Arabic language courses (as a second language) will be offered to students in elementary school starting in second grade. The Arabic courses will be offered as an elective language course like German, French and English which are already being offered to elementary school students for a long time. According to a prepared curriculum, second and third graders will start learning the Arabic language by listening-comprehension and speaking, while introduction to writing will join these skills in fourth grade and after fifth grade students will start learning the language in all its four basic skills.

Countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution.

As of 2018, there are 4 independent countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution.

Iran.

The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script, Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 ""Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic,..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study.""

Israel.

Arabic was an official language of Mandatory Palestine and was retained as an official language when the State of Israel was founded in 1948. In 2018, the Knesset upgraded the status of Hebrew from official to State language of Israel, and gave Arabic a special status in the State by adopting the relevant Basic Law. The (an Israeli Basic Law which specifies the nature of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish People) states in No. 4 (B) that ""The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law."" The law declares in No. 4 (C): ""This clause does not harm the status given to the Arabic language before this law came into effect."" The law was adopted by the Knesset 62 in favor, 55 against and two abstentions on 19 July 2018.  Arabic is an indigenous language in the territory which form nowadays the state of Israel and which is still the lingua franca of Arab citizens of Israel as well as of Arab foreigners (especially Palestinians who have only a Palestinian Authority passport, not recognized by many countries. Thus, they consider Palestinians stateless). In addition, Arabic is spoken by Arab Jews in Israel who immigrated from different Arab countries to Israel (as Aliyah) and got the Israeli citizenship according to the Israeli Nationality Law of 1952.  Arabic name is shown on some Arabic majority cities seal.  It is semi-official and used in Jerusalem.

Pakistan.

Historically Arabic was the official language (in the territory which form nowadays the state Islamic Republic of Pakistan) during the time when this region was a part of the Umayyad Caliphate between 651 and 750.  According to the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 the two languages Urdu (which is very close to Hindi, both also called Hindustani language which were two of the "lingua franca" of North India and Pakistan that time) as well as Bengali (at that time the lingua franca in the territory which is today the independent state Bangladesh) became the national languages in the new founded state Islamic Republic of Pakistan. General Ayub Khan the second President of Pakistan advocated the institution of Arabic language teaching a spart of national planning. "Ayub`s educational plan emphasized Urdu and English as the primary language of Pakistan, but additionally recommended that Arabic be a secondary language of instruction along with English."  The Arabic language is mentioned in the constitution of Pakistan. It declares in article 31 No. 2 that ""The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language...""  There is also an Arab minority in Pakistan. In addition, a remarkable number of Pakistanis are able to speak Arabic as they were living in the rich GCC Countries for working reasons (in Saudi Arabia around 2.5 million; in UAE around 1.5 million; in Qatar around 650,000; in Kuwait around 430,000; in Oman around 300,000; in Bahrain around 180,000) for a very long time. These overseas Pakistanis who are living in countries of the Arab world are also named Arab Pakistanis or Pakistani Arabs.  The National Education Policy 2017 declares in article 3.7.4 that: “"Arabic as compulsory part will be integrated in Islamiyat from Middle to Higher Secondary level to enable the students to understand the Holy Quran."“ Furthermore, it specifies in article 3.7.6: “"Arabic as elective subject shall be offered properly at Secondary and Higher Secondary level with Arabic literature and grammar in its course to enable the learners to have command in the language."“ This law is also valid for private schools as it defines in article 3.7.12: “"The curriculum in Islamiyat, Arabic and Moral Education of public sector will be adopted by the private institutions to make uniformity in the society."“

Philippines.

The Arabic language is mentioned in the Philippine constitution of 1986. It specifies that ""Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.""  Arabic is mainly used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates (like Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Ranaw) in the present-day state Philippines. Along with Malay, Arabic was the "lingua franca" of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy in the history. Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines.

Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language.

The following is a list of non-sovereign entities and autonomous regions as well as territories where Arabic is an official or "de facto" official language.

History.

Umayyad Caliphate.

The Muslim conquests (, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) and the following Expansion of Islam (, Intishar al-Islām) led to the expansion of the Arabic language in Northern Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Caucasus, Western Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Along with the religion of Islam, the Arabic language, Arabic number system and Arab customs spread throughout the entire Arab caliphate. The caliphs of the Arab dynasty established the first schools inside the empire which taught Arabic language and Islamic studies for all pupils in all areas within the caliphate. The result was (in those areas which belonged to the Arab empire) the creation of the society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants.  During the period of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the 5th Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (646–705) established Arabic instead of the local languages as the sole official state language of government across the entire caliphate.

Abbasid Caliphate.

While the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire, during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly was Arabized. As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire, people of different nationalities and religions began gradually to speak Arabic in their everyday lives. Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic, and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture, creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe and the Western world.

Fatimid Caliphate.

The Arabic language remained the lingua franca of high culture under the Fatimids (909–1171), Spanish Umayyads (856–1031) in the Iberian Peninsula, and later Muslim dynasties in North Africa and Spain and of the Mamluks (1250–1517) in Egypt and Syria-Palestine.

Al-Andalus.

In the history, Andalusian Arabic was the official language in Spain and Portugal, formerly Al-Andalus for more than 700 years until the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada in 1492.

Italy and Malta.

Siculo-Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) was a spoken language on the islands of Sicily and neighbouring Malta (at that time Emirate of Sicily (831–1091)) between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century.

Greece.

A form of Arabic was spoken on the Mediterranean island of Crete (Emirate of Crete) from the late 820s (c. 824 or 827/828) until the Byzantine reconquest in 961.

South Sudan.

Arabic (alongside English) was an official language in South Sudan from 1863 (these days a part of Egypt Eyalet (1517–1867)) until 2011 (that time the independent state Republic of South Sudan), when the former government canceled Arabic as an official language. Since 2011 English is the sole official language of South Sudan. The Arabic dialect Juba Arabic is still the lingua franca of the people in South Sudan.

The Gambia.

In 2014, Gambian president Yahya Jammeh announced that The Gambia would drop English as the official language because it is a "colonial relic". He replaced Gambia’s official language English with Arabic in 2014. However, such change was not enacted.

Israel.

The Arabic language (alongside Hebrew) also remained as an official language in the State of Israel for the first 70 years after the proclamation in 1948 until 2018. The Knesset canceled the status of Arabic as an official language by adopting the relevant on 19 July 2018. This Israeli Basic Law states in No. 4 (A) that ""The state’s language is Hebrew.""

Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and later replaced or repealed.

There were several territories (which later became independent states) where Arabic was an official or "de facto" official language and where it has been replaced by other languages or repealed. The following is a list of territories (which later became independent states) where Arabic was an official or "de facto" official language in the history.

Arabic and its different dialects are spoken by around 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world as well as in the Arab diaspora making it one of the five most spoken languages in the world. Currently, 22 countries are member states of the Arab League (as well as 5 countries were granted an observer status) which was founded in Cairo in 1945. Arabic is a language cluster comprising 30 or so modern varieties.

L’arabe est la langue officielle (seule ou avec d'autres) dans 25 États, à savoir dans les vingt-deux États membres de plein droit de la Ligue arabe, ainsi qu'en Érythrée (membre observateur de la Ligue arabe), en Palestine, au Tchad, mais également au Somaliland, reconnus par certains États.


Geography.

Topography.

Matour is a village with a medium and low altitude. The highest point is located to the north-west in the mountain range of the Mont Saint-Cyr and reaches 769 meters of altitude, the lowest point being 328 meters. Very rugged, the village is dominated by multiple rounded mountains and capped with forests as:  - The highest point of the commune is 769 meters;  - La Grand Roche in the forest of Botte, 669 meters;  - The Roche de Chaud on the top of Auveau and Etiveau, 665 meters;  - The Roche de la Naude in the north, 614 meters;  - The Signal d'Argaud in the south-east, 559 meters;  - The Montillet, 587 meters;  - The Roche de Trécourt, 511 meters;  Most of the rivers, such as the Baize, Petit Moulin and Trécourt streams, feed the Grosne valley to the east, which is part of the Rhône river. However, to the west, the col de la Croix d'Auterre (557 m) is the line of separation of the waters between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean.

Geology.

The main part of the municipality of Matour rests on an ancient granite basement dating from the Paleozoic era (Tournaisian, Viséen) similar to the geology of a part of the Morvan massif and that of Forez. The local geology is closely related to that of the Massif Central of which it forms the north-eastern edge. To the east of the commune, there are allochthonous sedimentary deposits at the level of the forest of Botte and certain sectors of the mounts Saint Cyr. In the south, the summit of the hills is made up of peralkaline tholeiitic magmatic rocks linked to an older (Devonian) volcanism and raised by the folding of the eastern part of the Massif Central during the formation of the Alps.

Sector.

Distribution of population.

The commune of Matour has a human occupation similar to all this part of Burgundy. It is a dispersed and even very dispersed habitat with a borough that concentrates most of the activities despite the decline of the commune. The majority of the hamlets are groups of farms.  The municipality also has a more urban habitat with the construction of subdivisions and housing complexes as in Trécourt or in the southern part of the center.  In addition, the municipality has launched a demolition operation, in order to demolish some buildings of the center, very dilapidated.

Education.

The village has a nursery school, a primary school, and a college.

Population.

In 2014, the commune had 1,043 inhabitants, a decrease of -4.75% compared with 2009 (Saône-et-Loire: 0.19%, France excluding Mayotte: 2.49%).

Tourism.

One of the offices of the Office du Tourisme du Haut-Clunisois is located in the center of the village on the square of the church.  Matour is the second tourist hostel in the community of communes, so it has reception facilities: guest rooms, group lodgings, and campground.  A swimming pool was opened in the late 1960s and, during its modernization phase, was equipped with a solar heating system.

Matour is a commune in the department of Saône-et-Loire in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France. Its territory is classified Natura 2000. The commune is located in a "zone de revitalisation rurale" (fragile municipality with some tax assistance).

Matour ("Matô" en patois charolais) est une commune française située dans le département de Saône-et-Loire en région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Elle est située dans une zone de revitalisation rurale.


History.

As a colony, Prince Edward Island originally had a bicameral legislature founded in 1773 with the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island serving as the upper house and the House of Assembly as the lower house. Together they composed the 1st General Assembly of the Island of Saint John. After the name of the colony changed in 1798, the body became known as the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island.  In 1769, a British Order in Council established a new government on the British colony of St. John's Island (present day P.E.I.). In 1770, Lieutenant Governor Walter Patterson (the island's first Governor) arrived and appointed a Council to assist him in the administration of the island. By 1773, at the insistence of the British government, Governor Patterson summoned the island's first assembly.  Elections for the island's first House of Assembly were held on July 4, 1773, with 18 members being elected. Tradition has it that the first session of the island's new assembly was held in the Crossed Keys Tavern on the corner of Queen and Dorchester Streets in Charlottetown; however, a journal entry contradicts this and indicates that it was actually held in the home of James Richardson.  In 1839, an important distinction was drawn between the executive and legislative capacities of the Legislative Council. This distinction proved to be an important step on the road to responsible government which was finally implemented in 1851.  Prior to 1893, Prince Edward Island had a bicameral system of government, consisting of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. These two bodies were amalgamated in 1893 to create one Legislative Assembly consisting of 30 members elected from 15 different constituencies. Each constituency returned a Councillor and an Assemblyman to the Assembly. The only change to this system of returning members to the assembly was the addition of two Members resulting from the creation of 6th Queens in 1966. In 1996, the system and the electoral map were restructured, and the province now has twenty-seven Members of the Legislative Assembly, each elected from a different constituency.  In 2015, Province House was closed for repairs and conservation work. The legislature moved to the adjacent Hon. George Coles Building, where it is expected to remain for several years.

Composition.

The Legislative Assembly currently has 27 single-member districts and is currently the smallest provincial assembly in Canada.  Prior to the 1996 provincial election, the province was divided into 16 dual-member districts, each of which was represented by one member who held the title Assemblyman and one member who held the title Councillor. This was a holdover from the legislature's historic bicameral structure; instead of simply abolishing its upper house as most Canadian provinces with historically bicameral legislatures did, Prince Edward Island merged the two houses in 1893. Although both members sat in the same legislative house, all voters in a district voted for the assemblyman while only landowners could vote for the councillor. Excepting the division of 5th Queens, the district that contained the capital city of Charlottetown, into two districts in 1966, these district boundaries were never adjusted for demographic or population changes.  The property qualification was discontinued in 1963, largely eliminating any practical distinction between the two roles, although the nominal titles continued to be used until the current single-member districts were introduced in 1996.

Members of the 66th General Assembly.

Cabinet ministers are in bold, party leaders are in italic, and the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly is designated by a cross (†).

Officers.

The legislature Black Rod has been carried by the Sergeant-at-Arms since 2000.

The Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island () is the deliberative assembly of the government of the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada. The General Assembly meets at Province House, which is located at the intersection of Richmond and Great George Streets in Charlottetown. Bills passed by the Assembly are given royal assent by the Queen of Canada in Right of Prince Edward Island, represented by the Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island.

L'Assemblée législative de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard est l'organe législatif du gouvernement de la province canadienne de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard. Elle siège dans la "Province House", qui se trouve à l'intersection des rues Richmond et Great George à Charlottetown.


Stations.

All five stations used on-air branding CKOI despite their different call letters.

History.

Corus Québec first attempt to create a CKOI network back in 2001 when Corus brought Métromédia CMR Inc. which, among its stations, owned CKOI-FM, CJDM-FM Drummondville and CIKI-FM Rimouski—the latter two were Radio Énergie affiliates at the time. CJDM and CIKI adopted the CKOI logo style, but kept their call signs and local programming. Some special shows, like visiting artists at the CKOI studio, were broadcast on all three stations.  In June 2005, CJDM-FM and CIKI-FM were sold to Astral Media and re-established their Énergie branding. CKOI-FM again became a standalone station.  In January 2008, Corus Québec brought the station CIGR-FM Génération Rock, changed its call letters to CKOY-FM and adopt a modified CKOI logo (with the Y), but kept the modern rock sound.  In 2000, Corus Québec acquired Montmagny-based CFEL-FM, moving its transmitter and studio to Quebec City by the end of 2008. On November 6, 2009, Corus added CFEL-FM to the CKOI network. Unlike the NRJ or RockDétente (now Rouge FM) groups, CKOI stations keep the majority of their local programming.  On April 30, 2010, Cogeco announced the buyout of Corus Québec for $80 million; the transaction was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on December 17, 2010. Cogeco took over control of the Corus Québec stations, including CKOI-FM and its sisters, on February 1, 2011. However, as a condition of the purchases, Cogeco must sell CFEL-FM 102.1 and CKOY-FM 104.5 to a third party; as a result, these stations (along with legacy Cogeco station CJEC-FM Quebec City, which must also be sold) were placed in a blind trust in the interim. On November 9, 2011, it was announced that Cogeco would sell CFEL-FM and CJEC-FM to Leclerc Communication Inc., a company owned by Quebec City businessman Jacques Leclerc, owner of Laura Secord Chocolates and Biscuits Leclerc.  On February 1, 2011, Sherbrooke stations CHLT-FM 107.7 (Souvenirs Garantis) and CKOY-FM 104.5 swapped affiliation, with 104.5 becoming CJTS-FM and 107.7 became CKOY-FM; the latter kept the morning and evening talk shows which were aired under its Souvenirs Garantis affiliation, but the remaining of the programming (9am to 4pm and overnight) was replaced by programming from the CKOI network. Outside of the talk programming for the new affiliates, all stations in the CKOI network carried a hot adult contemporary format.  Also that day, the CKOI network adopted a new logo, slogan and image for the network; however, CFEL-FM retained the old branding and slogan. Following its transfer to Leclerc Communication, the station switched to an all-locally originated schedule, continuing to carry the CKOI name and Corus-era logo under license from Cogeco. (They would adopt the current logo and slogan by Summer 2012.) CKOI-FM remained a standalone station, with the Sherbrooke, Gatineau and Trois-Rivières stations sharing programming as part of the network.  On February 21, 2011, CJRC-FM Gatineau and CHLN-FM Trois-Rivières also switched from Souvenirs Garantis to the CKOI network; all stations retained their local morning show, but carried CKOI programming at other hours. Both these stations would soon change their calls to CKOF-FM and CKOB-FM, respectively.  By January 2012, CKOI-FM returned to their Top 40 format; however, the Gatineau, Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières stations retained their hybrid talk / Hot AC format.  On June 20, 2012, Cogeco announced that CKOF-FM, CKOY-FM and CKOB-FM will revert to their talk formats on August 20, 2012, all but dismantling the CKOI network. Apart from an expansion of talk programming, no changes in current talk and sports programming are expected for these stations.  On September 2, 2015, Leclerc rebranded CFEL-FM as "blvd 102.1", continuing its contemporary hit radio format, but with more emphasis on francophone music. This all but ended the use of CKOI as a brand outside of Montreal, where only CKOI-FM continues to brand as "CKOI".

CKOI was a network of French-language adult top 40 outlets broadcasting throughout the province of Quebec. Created by Corus Québec on November 6, 2009, the network and its stations are currently owned and operated by Cogeco.

CKOI est la marque d'un ancien réseau québécois de stations de radio commerciales. Elle identifie une station opérée par Cogeco Média et un affilié, depuis le et qui se désaffiliera en.


Family.

Asa Griggs Candler was born on December 30, 1851 in Villa Rica, Georgia. His parents were Martha and Samuel Charles Candler, a merchant and property owner. His parents raised eleven children, including Asa and his brother Warren Akin Candler. Samuel Charles Candler was a member of the legislature of South Carolina, and fought in the Creek War of 1836.

Biography.

Founder of Coca-Cola.

A druggist in 1888, Asa Griggs Candler met John Stith Pemberton and was intrigued by a sweet, carbonated drink he had developed. Candler bought the Coca-Cola recipe from Pemberton, for an amount rumored to be $2,300. The drink was derived from brewed coca leaves, as well as caffeine, carbonated water, and sugar. In 1892, he founded the Coca-Cola Company. The following year, he trademarked the brand and distributed the first dividends to the company's shareholders.  By 1895, the company was distributing Coca-Cola nationwide in the United States. It first started exporting in 1899, to Cuba. Exports to Europe started two years later. He also developed the famous "$1 contract" where he sold the rights to bottle Coca-Cola in the US for only one dollar. At first, the company advertised Coca-Cola as a drink that relieved mental and physical fatigue, and cured headaches.  In 1903, Candler decided to remove the cocaine component from the coca leaves before mixing them with the drink, and to sell the extracted cocaine to pharmaceutical companies. In 1911, the company reached an annual advertising budget of $1 million. In 1915, the bottling company Root Glass Co. created the iconic Coca-Cola bottle.  In 1916, after Candler was elected mayor of Atlanta, he ended his day-to-day management of the Coca-Cola Company. In 1917, the Coca-Cola company agreed to reduce by 50% the amount of caffeine in the drink. In 1919 Candler gave most of the stock in The Coca-Cola Company to his children. They sold their shares to a consortium of investors led by Ernest Woodruff.

Atlanta builder and mayor.

In 1906 Candler completed what was then Atlanta's tallest building, the Candler Building. It had intricately carved decorations and was 17 stories tall. It still stands at Peachtree and Auburn streets and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, significant for its architectural detail and role as a company symbol. In 1912 the Candler Building in New York opened.  In 1916, Candler was elected mayor of Atlanta (taking office in 1917). As mayor he balanced the city budget and coordinated rebuilding efforts after the Great Atlanta fire of 1917 destroyed 1,500 homes. He also made large personal loans in order to develop the water and sewage facilities of the city of Atlanta, in order to provide the infrastructure necessary to a modern city.  Candler was also a philanthropist, endowing numerous schools and universities (he gave a total of $7 million to Emory University,) and the Candler Hospital in Savannah, Georgia. Candler had paid to relocate Emory University from Oxford, Georgia to Atlanta.  Asa Candler suffered a stroke in 1926 and never recovered. He died on March 12, 1929 at Wesley Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. He is buried at Westview Cemetery on the west side of Atlanta.

Legacy.

Atlanta.

The Candler Field Museum in Williamson, Georgia, has been established to commemorate the original Candler Field, the first Atlanta airport.  Callan Castle, the Candler home in Inman Park, built from 1902 to 1904, still stands as a private home.  Candler's later mansion, built in 1916 at 1500 Ponce de Leon Avenue, Druid Hills, was later adapted for use as the John Chrysostom Melkite Greek Catholic Church.  In 1922, he donated over of his Druid Hills holdings to the City of Atlanta for what became Candler Park. That year he also sold the Central Bank and Trust.  Several Candler buildings were constructed as the Coca-Cola Company expanded in the early 20th century:

Asa Griggs Candler (December 30, 1851 – March 12, 1929) was an American business tycoon who in 1888 purchased the Coca-Cola recipe for US$1,750 from chemist John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. Candler founded The Coca-Cola Company in 1892 and developed it as a major company.

Asa Griggs Candler (30 décembre 1851 - 12 mars 1929) est un homme d'affaires américain qui a fait fortune après avoir acheté et développé Coca-Cola en 1887. Il a été maire d'Atlanta de 1916 à 1919. Le site de l'aéroport international d'Atlanta, dont il était propriétaire avant la construction de l'aéroport, porte son nom, "Candler Field".