Washington vs. St. Louis.

Game 1, October 7.

3:07 p.m. (EDT) at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri The series opened on a sunny afternoon in St. Louis, before 47,078 fans watching the Nationals' first playoff game since October 19, 1981, when they were the Montreal Expos. It was the first time a team from Washington D.C. played in a postseason contest since the 1933 World Series, when the Washington Senators lost to the Giants.  The Nationals struck first on an RBI single by Kurt Suzuki in the second inning with two on off of Adam Wainwright, but the Cardinals responded with two of their own, as 21-game winner Gio González walked three to load the bases, then threw a wild pitch, before walking another to load the bases and allowing a sacrifice fly to Jon Jay, helping St. Louis score without the benefit of a hit.  The score stayed 2–1 until the top of the eighth, when Tyler Moore delivered a two-out, pinch-hit single off of Marc Rzepczynski to give the Nationals a 3–2 lead they would not relinquish, both runs charged to Mitchell Boggs, as Tyler Clippard and Drew Storen sealed the deal out of the bullpen for the first playoff win for the franchise in 31 years.

Game 2, October 8.

4:37 p.m. (EDT) at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri In Game 2, the Nationals struck first in the top of the second on Ryan Zimmerman's RBI single off of Jaime Garcia, but after back-to-back leadoff singles in the bottom of the inning off of him, David Freese's double and Daniel Descalso's single scored a run each. After a strikeout, Skip Schumaker's groundout and Jon Jay's RBI single made it 4–1 Cardinals. Allen Craig and Descalso hit home runs in the third and fourth off of Jordan Zimmermann. Pete Kozma walked in the fourth, moved to third on a sacrifice bunt and scored on an error on Jay's ground ball. Back-to-back home runs by Ryan Zimmerman and Adam LaRoche in the fourth off of Lance Lynn made it 7–3 Cardinals. Carlos Beltran's home run in the sixth off of Mike Gonzalez made it 8–3. The Nationals scored their last run of the game in the seventh on Zimmernan's sacrifice fly with runners on second and third off of Edward Mujica. In the eighth, Komza doubled with one out off of Sean Burnett and scored on Jay's two-out triple, then Beltran's second home run of the game made it 11–4. After walking Matt Holliday, Burnett was relieved by Tom Gorzelanny, who allowed an RBI double to Craig. Trevor Rosenthal struck out three of the four batters he faced in the ninth as the Cardinals tied the series with a 12–4 win. Both teams combined to use 13 pitchers, with Lance Lynn working three relief innings to get the win.

Game 3, October 10.

1:07 p.m. (EDT) at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. Washington D.C.'s first playoff game in 79 years was not a pleasant one for the home team. The Nationals were blown out for the second straight game and left 10 men on base—including the bases loaded in the fifth inning—and didn't even get anyone on in the last three innings. Chris Carpenter ran his postseason record to 10–2 (2.88 ERA) in 16 postseason starts in 100.0 innings, in seventh place for wins, only one behind Curt Schilling (11–2, 2.23 ERA) and Greg Maddux (11–14, 3.27 ERA) for fifth place. He is now tied for fourth place in postseason winning percentage (.833). The Cardinals have won 13 of his 16 starts. He pitched extremely well for St. Louis in only his fourth start since recovering from transplanted nerve surgery on July 19, not starting a game until September 21. He pitched innings without allowing a run in 106 pitches, his season high.  The Nationals' pitching was shaky. Edwin Jackson surrendered four runs and eight hits in five innings, allowing a two-out single to Matt Holliday in the first and subsequent RBI double to Allen Craig, then a three-run home run to Pete Kozma in the second. The Cardinals added to their lead on Daniel Descalso's sacrifice fly after a hit-by-pitch and double off of Craig Stammen, who increased his ERA in the series to 11.57. Christian Garcia walked Yadier Molina with the bases loaded in the seventh to force in another run, and Ryan Mattheus got two outs in the eighth before allowing a single, double, and two-run single to Holliday to give the Cardinals an 8–0 lead. Fernando Salas and Joe Kelly pitched a scoreless eighth and ninth respectively to put the Cardinals one win from the NLCS.

Game 4, October 11.

4:07 p.m. (EDT) at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. The Nationals had their backs against the wall in this must-win game. Adam LaRoche provided the first offense of the game with a homer for Washington in the bottom of the second off of Kyle Lohse, but the Cardinals manufactured a run in the third inning through a walk, a sacrifice bunt, an error, and a sacrifice fly by Carlos Beltran off of Ross Detwiler.  It was 1–1 for the majority of the rest of the game, as both pitching staffs refused to blink. Ross Detwiler pitched very well for the Nationals, tossing six innings while giving up just three hits and one run. The bullpen, in three innings, combined for eight strikeouts—after Detwiler had fanned just three—and did not give up a hit. St. Louis turned in a similar performance, with Kyle Lohse pitching seven strong innings.  In the bottom of the ninth, Jayson Werth, on the 13th pitch of a lead off at-bat against Lance Lynn, lined a homer into left field, giving the Nationals a 2–1 win and forcing a Game 5.

Game 5, October 12.

8:37 p.m. (EDT) at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. In the deciding Game 5, St. Louis clinched a trip to the NLCS for the second straight year.  The Nationals jumped out early on off of Adam Wainwright. In the first, Jayson Werth hit a leadoff double and scored on Bryce Harper's triple before Ryan Zimmerman's home run put them up 3–0. Bryce Harper's leadoff home run in the third made it 4–0, then Zimmerman doubled before Michael Morse's home run extended the Nationals' lead to 6–0. With their ace Gio González on the mound, the Nationals appeared headed towards the NLCS.  In the fourth inning, Matt Holliday hit an RBI double after a walk to get the Cardinals on the board. In the fifth, St. Louis scored two more runs on a wild pitch and walk to Allen Craig, but wound up stranding the bases loaded. In the seventh, the Cardinals tacked on another run off Edwin Jackson appearing in relief on two days' rest on Holliday's RBI groundout. The Cardinals continued to chip away at the Nationals' lead when Daniel Descalso homered off Tyler Clippard to make it 6–5 Washington. The Nationals got a much-needed insurance run in the bottom of the eighth on Kurt Suzuki's RBI single off of Jason Motte, and sent out Drew Storen, who had recently replaced Clippard as the team's closer, in the hopes of getting three outs while stifling the Cardinals' comeback.  Storen gave up a leadoff double to Carlos Beltrán, who then advanced to third on a Matt Holliday groundout. Allen Craig then struck out, putting the Nationals one out away from going to the NLCS for the first time in 31 years and give Washington, D.C. its first postseason victory since 1924. Yadier Molina, who had had postseason heroics in the past, walked, sending up David Freese as the go-ahead run. Freese, also known for clutch performance in the postseason, also walked. Descalso then hit a two-run single, scoring Beltrán and pinch-runner Adron Chambers which tied the game at seven. After Descalso stole second, Pete Kozma hit a two-run single, which scored Freese and Descalso making it 9–7 St. Louis. Washington went down in order in the bottom of the ninth against Jason Motte, sending the Cardinals to the NLCS for the second year in a row.

Composite line score.

2012 NLDS (3–2): St. Louis Cardinals over Washington Nationals

Cincinnati vs. San Francisco.

The San Francisco Giants upset the heavily favored Cincinnati Reds to advance to the 2012 National League Championship Series. The Reds won the first 2 games at San Francisco, but the Giants won the remaining 3 games in Cincinnati to pull off the stunning upset.

Game 1, October 6.

9:37 p.m. (EDT) at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California  Matt Cain and Johnny Cueto faced off against each other for the first time in 2012. Everyone expected a pitchers' duel from the two right-handed aces. In the top of the first, Brandon Belt made an amazing catch, leaping over the fence in foul territory and into the crowd, but holding on for the second out to help Cain pitch a 1–2–3 inning. In the bottom of the first, however, after Cueto struck out Ángel Pagán and then got ahead in the count 0–2 on Marco Scutaro, Cueto left the game with back spasms. Sam LeCure replaced him. LeCure got out of a bases-loaded jam in the second inning by getting Cain to line out to deep right. In the top of the third, Brandon Phillips put the Reds up 2–0 with a two-run home run. After a Jay Bruce home run in the fourth, Buster Posey's home run leading off the sixth off Mat Latos put the Giants on the board. Then, Gregor Blanco bunted with two out. Scott Rolen picked up the ball and threw it away, but Phillips made a great diving stop to keep Blanco off second and the Giants from scoring anymore. In the ninth, the Reds added two runs off of Santiago Casilla with two on via an RBI single from Phillips and a passed ball by Posey. In the bottom of the inning, Aroldis Chapman allowed the Giants to load the bases on a single and two walks and threw a two-out wild pitch that allowed a run to score, but struck out Posey to end the game and seal the Reds' 5–2 win to take a 1–0 series lead. This was the first Reds postseason win since 1995, breaking an eight-game losing streak in the postseason.

Game 2, October 7.

9:37 p.m. (EDT) at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California Game 2 was a blowout. Reds starter Bronson Arroyo gave up just two hits in seven innings, while walking one and striking out four. J. J. Hoover and José Arredondo combined for two scoreless innings out of the bullpen.  In contrast, the Giants' pitching was disappointing, as Madison Bumgarner surrendered seven hits and four runs while working just four innings, including a home run by Ryan Ludwick in the second. In the fourth, Bumgarner allowed two leadoff singles, then one out later, an RBI single to Scott Rolen and two-run single to Ryan Hanigan.  Six relievers followed Bumgarner, including Tim Lincecum, who worked two scoreless innings after being demoted to the bullpen, and Guillermo Mota, who surrendered three hits and two runs in just of an inning. The Reds put the game out of reach in the eighth when a leadoff single and subsequent walk was followed by Jay Bruce's two-run double off of Jose Mijares. After Santiago Casilla got one out, Hanigan's single, Drew Stubbs's triple, and Brandon Phillips's double off of Mota scored a run each.  The Giants were now in a two-games-to-none hole, while Cincinnati was just one win away from going to the NLCS for the first time in 17 years, with three chances to clinch the series at home.

Game 3, October 9.

5:37 p.m. (EDT) at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio In contrast to Game 2's blowout, Game 3 was a tightly contested affair that came down right to the wire.  Cincinnati attacked first on Jay Bruce's RBI single in the first inning off Ryan Vogelsong, scoring Zack Cozart. That would be practically it for the Reds' offense, as the Giants' pitching composed themselves to give up just one hit the rest of the way.  Homer Bailey, who had pitched a no-hitter just two starts before, was flirting with another one, not giving up a hit through innings before Marco Scutaro broke it up with a two-strike single. That was the only hit the Giants would get in regulation, as Bailey was brilliant, pitching seven innings while striking out ten. However, the Giants still managed to score a run in the third inning with a hit by pitch, a walk, a sacrifice bunt, and a sacrifice fly.  Neither team came close to scoring after that until the 10th inning, when Buster Posey and Hunter Pence got back to back singles to kick off the inning. Jonathan Broxton settled down after that to strike out the next two hitters. After the runners advanced on a passed ball, the usually sure-handed Scott Rolen bobbled a ground ball hit by Joaquín Árias, allowing Posey to score. The Reds went down quietly in the 10th inning as the Giants avoided the sweep.

Game 4, October 10.

4:07 p.m. (EDT) at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio In Game 4, needing another win to keep their season alive, the Giants' offense finally came to life. Ángel Pagán hit the second pitch of the night, from emergency starter Mike Leake, over the right field wall for a lead-off home run, the first in Giants postseason history. Pitching for the Giants, Barry Zito struggled early, allowing a two-out single to Joey Votto, then walking three consecutive Reds hitters in the bottom of the first to force in a run. In the second inning, Gregor Blanco hit a two-run home run to give the Giants a 3–1 lead. Zito continued to struggle, needing 76 pitches to complete just under three innings of work and allowing a home run to Ryan Ludwick in the third that made it 3–2 Giants. George Kontos relieved Zito that inning. In the fifth, Back-to-back doubles by Joaquín Árias and Pagán off of Leake, followed by a Pablo Sandoval sacrifice fly off of Sam LeCure gave the Giants a 5–2 lead. Tim Lincecum struck out six batters in innings for the Giants, ultimately getting the win. In the bottom of the sixth, Drew Stubbs hit a leadoff double off of Lincecum, moved to third on a groundout and scored on Brandon Phillips's sacrifice fly, but in the seventh, Arias hit a leadoff double off of Jose Arredondo, then scored on Marco Scutaro's double before Sandoval's two-run home run made it 8–3 Giants. Santiago Casilla closed out the game, and the Giants avoided elimination for the second straight night, setting up a decisive Game 5.

Game 5, October 11.

1:07 p.m. (EDT) at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio  The Reds' Mat Latos and the Giants' Matt Cain were locked in a pitchers duel for four innings. In the top of the fifth, Brandon Crawford tripled home Gregor Blanco, who singled to lead off, to open the scoring. Angel Pagan then reached on an error by Zack Cozart, allowing Crawford to score the second run of the inning. After a walk to Scutaro, Sandoval singled to load the bases. Buster Posey then crushed a 2-2 pitch from Latos off the facing of the second deck for a grand slam and a 6–0 lead. The Reds slowly chipped away the lead. In the bottom of the fifth, a hit-by-pitch and single was followed by Brandon Phillips's two-run double. Next inning, Ryan Ludwick's leadoff home run made it 6–3. In the ninth, a one-out walk and single was followed by Ludwik's RBI single. The Reds brought the tying run to the plate in the sixth, seventh, and eighth innings, and the winning run to the plate in the ninth inning. With two men on and the Giants clinging to a two-run lead, Sergio Romo retired Jay Bruce on a harmless fly ball to left after a 12-pitch duel. Romo then settled down and struck out Scott Rolen to give the Giants the victory. The Giants became the second National League team to rally from an 0–2 Division Series deficit to advance to the Championship Series (the other being the 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers) and first in Major League Baseball to advance by winning three games on the road. Cincinnati joins the 1984 Chicago Cubs and 1981 Houston Astros as the only National League teams to blow a 2–0 lead in a best–of–five series. This series also joins the 2010 ALDS matchup between the Texas Rangers and the Tampa Bay Rays as the second MLB postseason series in which the road team won every game. The Reds to date have yet to win a postseason game at Great American Ball Park (0-4) and have a seven-game home losing streak in the postseason, losing their last three postseason games at Riverfront Stadium/Cinergy Field, including the 1999 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game to the New York Mets.

Composite line score.

2012 NLDS (3–2): San Francisco Giants over Cincinnati Reds

The 2012 National League Division Series were two best-of-five game series to determine the participating teams in the 2012 National League Championship Series. The three divisional winners and a fourth team—the winner of a one-game Wild Card playoff—played in two separate series.

Les Séries de divisions de la Ligue nationale de baseball 2012 sont deux séries éliminatoires dans les Ligues majeures de baseball. Elles sont disputées du 6 au.


New York vs. Baltimore.

Game 1, October 7.

6:07 p.m. (EDT) at Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore, Maryland (moved to 8:47 p.m. EDT due to rain delay) The Yankees struck first in the first inning off of Jason Hammel when Derek Jeter singled and Ichiro Suzuki doubled to score Jeter for the game's first run, giving the Yankees a 1–0 lead. In the bottom of the third inning, Orioles outfielder Chris Davis singled, followed by a Lew Ford single, a Robert Andino sacrifice bunt, and a single by Nate McLouth, to give the O's a 2–1 lead. Then in the top of the fourth, the Yankees tied the game at two with a Mark Teixeira single with two men on. The game remained tied going into the ninth inning, until a lead-off home run by Russell Martin off of Jim Johnson pushed the Yankees ahead 3–2. Consecutive singles by Raúl Ibañez, Derek Jeter, and Ichiro Suzuki scored Ibanez, giving the Yankees a 4–2 lead. Robinson Canó doubled to score Jeter and Ichiro. Tommy Hunter relieved Johnson and Nick Swisher hit a sacrifice fly to score Canó, making the score 7–2. The Yankees' C.C. Sabathia pitched 8 2/3 innings and after allowing a two-out double to Lew Ford, David Robertson came in to get the final out of the game, giving the Yankees the win and a one-game-to-nothing lead.

Game 2, October 8.

8:07 p.m. (EDT) at Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore, Maryland (moved to 8:47 p.m. EDT due to rain delay) The Game 2 pitching matchup was a sharp contrast, pitting postseason veteran Andy Pettitte against rookie Wei-Yin Chen. Similar to the first game, both Jeter and Ichiro would reach base. With two men on and nobody out, Alex Rodriguez hit a sinking line drive which was speared in the air by Robert Andino, who then doubled up Derek Jeter off second. Later in the inning, Robinson Canó ripped a double down the right field line, and Ichiro Suzuki masterfully avoided the tag of Matt Wieters to score, giving the Yankees an early 1–0 lead.  It was all for naught, however, as Pettitte allowed the Orioles to load the bases with two outs on two singles and a walk, then gave up a two-run single to Chris Davis in the third inning. Baltimore tacked on some insurance in the sixth on a Mark Reynolds single. The Yankees threatened in the seventh when Jeter hit a single to make it 3–2. New York had players on second and third with two out in that inning, but Nick Swisher flied out to end the inning. Jim Johnson got the save to send the series to the Bronx tied at one game apiece.

Game 3, October 10.

7:37 p.m. (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York Baltimore had a 2–1 lead going into the ninth inning behind a strong performance by Miguel González. Rookies Ryan Flaherty and Manny Machado became the first pair of rookies to ever homer for the same team in the same game. Machado's blast ranked him as the second youngest player in postseason history, behind the Yankees' own Andruw Jones who had done so against the Yankees while with the Atlanta Braves in the 1996 World Series. Machado also became the youngest nine-hole hitter to homer in a postseason game at 20 years, 96 days. Flaherty's home run in the third off of Hiroki Kuroda put the Orioles up 1–0 before the Yankees tied the score in the bottom half when Russell Martin doubled with one out and scored on Derek Jeter's triple. Machado's home run in the fifth put Baltimore up 2–1. Heading to the ninth inning and three outs away from a 2–1 series deficit, the Yankees sent up Raúl Ibañez to pinch-hit for a struggling Alex Rodriguez with one out. Ibañez then lined a home run into the right field seats off Orioles closer Jim Johnson to tie the game in the ninth inning. Then in the 12th inning, Ibañez crushed the first pitch of the inning into the second deck of Yankee Stadium to win the game and take a series lead in walk-off fashion. Ibanez’s heroics in this game marked the second time in eight days that he provided the game tying and walk-off hits for the Yankees. During a game against the Red Sox on October 2, 2012, Ibanez hit a game tying 2 run home run off Andrew Bailey in the 9th inning, and then hit a walk-off single off of Andrew Miller in the 12th.  At age 40, Ibañez set at least four MLB postseason records with his two HRs.

Game 4, October 11.

7:37 p.m. (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York Game 4 was another marathon affair. Joe Saunders and Phil Hughes matched zeroes for four innings, before Nate McLouth led off the fifth for Baltimore with a home run. The Yankees responded in the sixth when Robinson Canó had an RBI groundout, but they left a runner in scoring position in that inning when Alex Rodriguez struck out. Rodriguez also left men on second and third with one out in the bottom of the eighth, dropping his batting average for the series down to.125 and continuing to draw the scorn of Yankees fans.  The game remained tied until the 13th inning, when Manny Machado hit a leadoff double off of David Phelps, then scored on an RBI double to J. J. Hardy. Jim Johnson got his second save of the series, ensuring a deciding Game 5 the next day.  This was the third time a postseason series had back-to-back games going at least 12 innings, joining the 1986 NLCS and the 2004 ALCS.

Game 5, October 12.

5:07 p.m. (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York The Yankees clinched a trip to the ALCS for the third time in four years with a 3–1 win. CC Sabathia gave the Yankees his second big performance of the series, pitching a complete game, giving up one run on four hits while striking out nine. The only nervous moments came in the sixth, when a long fly ball by Nate McLouth was ruled foul and the eighth, when the Orioles loaded the bases with one out, but Sabathia got out of the jam by striking out McLouth and getting J. J. Hardy to ground out.  The Yankees scored first in the fifth, when Game 3 hero Raúl Ibañez singled to score Mark Teixeira, who singled and stole second off of Jason Hammel. The Yankees tacked on some insurance in the sixth, when Derek Jeter walked with an out and scored on an Ichiro Suzuki double, and followed up in the seventh with a Curtis Granderson home run. It proved enough, as the Orioles only scored one run in the eighth on a Lew Ford single with two on. Sabathia got Matt Wieters to ground out for the final out, sending the Yankees to play for the pennant versus the Detroit Tigers. Sabathia was the first Yankee pitcher to pitch a complete game in the postseason since Roger Clemens pitched one against the Seattle Mariners in Game 4 of the 2000 ALCS.

Composite line score.

2012 ALDS (3–2): New York Yankees over Baltimore Orioles

Oakland vs. Detroit.

Game 1, October 6.

6:07 p.m. (EDT) at Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan Coco Crisp led off the game with a home run on Justin Verlander's fourth pitch, a 1–2 fastball. Verlander threw 26 pitches in the first inning, but he managed to only allow one run. The lead did not last long, as Austin Jackson doubled to lead off the bottom of the first, and moved to third on an infield hit by Quintin Berry. Miguel Cabrera followed with a double play grounder, with Jackson scoring on the play. In the bottom of the third, with the game tied at one, Quintin Berry hit a slow ground ball up the first-base line. A's starter Jarrod Parker fielded the ball, but it rolled out of his glove for an error. That allowed Omar Infante, who doubled earlier in the inning, to score from second base and give the Tigers a 2–1 lead. Alex Avila led off the fifth inning with a first-pitch homer to extend the Detroit lead to 3–1. In the top of the seventh, Verlander struck out Derek Norris to tie a playoff career-high in strikeouts with 11, which he set the prior year in Game 3 of the ALDS against the Yankees, which he won. In the bottom of the seventh, with two runners on, Pat Neshek, pitching for the first time since the death of his one-day-old son, got out of the jam by getting Infante to ground into a force out and striking out Austin Jackson. In the top of the eighth, Brandon Moss came close to a game-tying two-run home run off Joaquín Benoit, but fell just short when the ball held up at the right-field wall for Andy Dirks, who made the catch. José Valverde pitched a scoreless ninth inning for his first save of the 2012 postseason. He struck out two and got George Kottaras to pop up to end the game.

Game 2, October 7.

12:07 p.m. (EDT) at Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan Oakland took a 1–0 lead in the top of the third inning when they put together three singles off Tiger starter Doug Fister, with Yoenis Céspedes' base hit driving in the game's first run. Brandon Moss followed with another single, but Tiger right fielder Avisaíl García threw out Coco Crisp at home plate as Crisp was attempting to score from second base. The Tigers tied the score at one in the bottom of the third. Miguel Cabrera hit his second double of the game, moved to third on a single by Prince Fielder, and scored on a slow roller to first off the bat of Delmon Young. Oakland retook the lead in the seventh inning when an RBI single by Cliff Pennington plated Seth Smith, but the lead was short-lived. In the bottom of the frame, Austin Jackson and Omar Infante each hit two-out singles. Miguel Cabrera followed with a short fly ball to center field, which a hard-charging Coco Crisp bobbled and dropped. Jackson and Infante both scored on the error, and the Tigers had their first lead of the game, 3–2. Detroit reliever Joaquín Benoit, however, failed to hold the lead in the next inning. Yoenis Cespedes singled and stole both second and third. With one out and the infield in, Benoit threw a wild pitch that scored Cespedes to tie the game at three. Josh Reddick then quickly untied it one batter later, with a home run to right. For the third time in the game, and fourth time in the series, the A's failed to hold a lead in the bottom of an inning that they had gained in the top of the same inning. Delmon Young greeted reliever Ryan Cook with a single, and was lifted for pinch runner Don Kelly. Jhonny Peralta followed with a single, sending Kelly to second. Kelly and pinch runner Danny Worth then moved up 90 feet on a sacrifice bunt by Andy Dirks. Kelly scored on a Cook wild pitch, knotting the game at four. A's closer Grant Balfour was called upon in the ninth to keep the game tied, but could not succeed. After back-to-back one-out singles by Omar Infante and Miguel Cabrera, Prince Fielder was intentionally walked, bringing Don Kelly to the plate. Kelly, a.186 hitter during the regular season, delighted the home crowd by hitting a walk-off sacrifice fly to right that plated Infante with the winning run. Al Alburquerque got the win in relief, while Balfour took the loss.

Game 3, October 9.

9:07 p.m. (EDT) at O.co Coliseum in Oakland, California Returning home to Oakland, the A's took a 1–0 lead for the third time in the series, but this time it would not be relinquished. Coco Crisp led off the first inning with a single, and moved to second on a walk to Stephen Drew. Yoenis Céspedes followed with an RBI single to center that scored Crisp. Tiger starter Aníbal Sánchez avoided further damage by striking out Brandon Moss and getting Josh Reddick to ground into an inning-ending double play. The A's scored one more time off Sánchez when Seth Smith hit a homer in the fifth, giving the A's a 2–0 lead. That was all the scoring in this game, as the Tiger hitters could manage only four hits and no runs off starter Brett Anderson and three relievers. Grant Balfour redeemed himself from Game 2 by closing the door on the Tigers in the ninth for his first save of the series. The A's turned in several fine defensive plays as well, highlighted by Coco Crisp's over-the-wall catch in center field on a potential home run off the bat of Prince Fielder. Fielder was victimized later by Yoenis Céspedes, who robbed the Tiger first baseman of extra bases with a diving catch of a line drive in left-center.

Game 4, October 10.

9:37 p.m. (EDT) at O.co Coliseum in Oakland, California For the first time in the series, the Tigers took the first lead of the game. In the top of the third inning, Alex Avila doubled off A's starter A. J. Griffin, took third on a sacrifice bunt by Omar Infante, and scored on a single by Austin Jackson. Prince Fielder made it 2–0 in the fourth with a home run. The A's got one run back in the bottom of the sixth, scoring an unearned run off Tiger starter Max Scherzer. Coco Crisp, who had reached on a Prince Fielder error and advanced to second on a wild pitch, scored on a double by Stephen Drew. Drew, however, was thrown out trying to stretch the hit into a triple. The Tigers got the run back in the top of the eighth. Omar Infante singled, advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt by Austin Jackson, and scored on a single by Avisaíl García. Tiger closer José Valverde was called upon in the ninth to protect the 3–1 lead, the same lead he had when earning the save in Game 1. But the A's greeted Valverde with three straight hits. A single by Josh Reddick and a double by Josh Donaldson were followed by a two-run double off the bat of Seth Smith that tied the game at three. It looked like the game might go into extra innings after Valverde got a pop out and a strikeout, but the A's—who had a league-leading 14 walk-off wins during the regular season—were not done. Coco Crisp hit a two-out, game-winning single to score Smith, sending the home crowd into a wild victory celebration.

Game 5, October 11.

9:37 p.m. (EDT) at O.co Coliseum in Oakland, California With the series on the line, the teams turned to their Game 1 starters—Justin Verlander for the Tigers and Jarrod Parker for the A's. As he had done so many times after a Tiger loss over the last few seasons, Verlander was the Tigers' stopper. The 2011 Cy Young and MVP winner allowed just four hits and a walk in a complete-game shutout, and only one Oakland baserunner made it as far as second base (Josh Donaldson in the eighth). Verlander also struck out 11 batters for the second time in the series, giving him an ALDS record of 22 K's. The Tiger batters did all of their scoring in just two innings. Omar Infante led off the third inning with a single, advanced to second on a wild pitch, and scored on an Austin Jackson double. Jackson advanced to third on a sacrifice bunt by Quintin Berry and scored on Parker's second wild pitch of the inning. In the top of the seventh, Jhonny Peralta led off with a single and stole second. One out later, Omar Infante singled to send Peralta to third, and Austin Jackson knocked in Peralta with a single off A's reliever Ryan Cook. Quintin Berry drew a walk to load the bases before Cook hit Miguel Cabrera with an 0–2 pitch to force in the Tigers' fourth run of the game. Prince Fielder followed with a run-scoring single off reliever Jerry Blevins, and Stephen Drew's error on a hard grounder by Delmon Young allowed Berry to score the sixth and final run of the game. The Tigers would move on to the ALCS for the second straight season.  This series was an inversion of the 1972 American League Championship Series between the same clubs. In that series. the Athletics won the first two games at Oakland, the Tigers won the next two at Detroit, but the Athletics won the deciding Game 5 2-1 at Tiger Stadium.

Composite line score.

2012 ALDS (3–2): Detroit Tigers over Oakland Athletics

The 2012 American League Division Series were two best-of-five-game series to determine the participating teams in the 2012 American League Championship Series. The three divisional winners and a fourth team—the winner of a one-game Wild Card playoff— played in two series. TBS carried most of the games, with some on MLB Network or TNT.

Les Séries de divisions de la Ligue américaine de baseball 2012 sont deux séries éliminatoires dans les Ligues majeures de baseball. Elles sont disputées du 6 au.


Principal research results.

In his research activity Dr. Martynenko has sought to:

Principal scientific publications.

In his books “"The Sociology of Monetary Relations"” (2004) and “"The Unknown Policy of the Bank of Russia"” (2004) Dr. Martynenko was the first to present an entirely new approach to an analysis of virtual money characteristics and evolution of money forms, offer a new socially conditioned concept of monetary policy and secure a stable monetary-and-credit system. He formulated and theoretically substantiated some concrete measures aimed at transforming the role and place of monetary authorities in a common system for dividing them as a prerequisite for developing a civil society and overcoming internal contradictions of a democratic state system.  In his book “"The Unknown Policy of the Bank of Russia"” (2004), Dr. Martynenko made an overall analysis of the aims and methods used by Russia in a monetary policy in the early 1990s and of its socio-economic and political aftermath. He criticized the activity and ideology of the Central Bank of Russia and the Russian Government in a monetary sphere including the formation of an effective banking system and interaction of the Central Bank of Russia with commercial banks. The author suggests an entirely new concept for carrying out a currency issue which supposes a refusal of any provision for a currency issue by the Central Bank of Russia. On the contrary, the volumes of currency issue released by the Central Bank of Russia must themselves serve as a provision (through refunding and deposit insurance) for credit-and-monetary issues of commercial banks. The currency issue of the Central Bank of Russia must be used to meet the current monetary liabilities of commercial banks before creditors and depositors.  The results of developing the methodology for exposing social indicators which characterize the transformation of the policy pursued by the authorities out of the socially claimed indicators into the economically unjustified ones published in the book “"Ideology vs. Economics"” (2005) is an important stage in scientific and research activity. This process leads to the loss of inner resources and its renewal by the political system.  His book “"The Caldera of State Power"” (2005) offers an insight into the essence and a dual role of the state and inner peculiarities and contradictions of the given category and is an important scientific work. Therein, Dr. Martynenko also presents some methods for evaluating socially significant decisions adopted by the state power and their conformity to the objective needs and opportunities offered by the balanced socio-economic development. This book is a fundamental investigation of the theoretical and practical interaction of political and civil societies including the political, economic, and social aspects of financial and monetary relations. Martyenko offers some concepts and practical recommendations for optimizing the functions of executive, legislative, legal and also of “monetary” authorities. Pride of place in this book is assigned to the analysis of inner contradictions of the Marxist theory.  The afore-mentioned concepts and substantiation of the given recommendations have been developed further by the author in his subsequent scientific papers and books such as “"The Social Epistemology and Politics"” (2008), “"The Social Matrix of a Political Knowledge"” (2008) and “"A Civil Society: From Political Speculations and Ideological Mist to a Social Knowledge and Deliberate Option"” (2008). These books detail the contents of some new interdisciplinary trends in social research and substantiate the necessity for their profound scientific development. Dr. Martynenko exposes the theory of credit nature for forming socials rights and social insurance system and a social meaning of monetary authorities and currency issue. He also presents a new socially conditioned reading of money as a category for the formation of social subjects’ rights and obligations in a society. The author reveals the socio-political significance of a historic evolution of monetary forms, clarifies its contents, specifies the aims and methods for pursuing a social politics and strategy of social insurance, their role in a systematic guarantee of the balanced socio-economic development and prevention of the risk of social disintegration. This book also explains the reasons for socio-political transformations and concepts of a civil society, outlines the circumstances which helped stimulate a scientific and practical interest in the problems of the present-day civil society.  The book “"The Offensive Polytology. The Fundamentals and Peculiarities of a Political Science"” (2010) is noted for its special scientific significance in the solution of conceptual problems in polytology and sociology. This book assesses the theoretical legacy in political philosophy, political sociology, political economy and sociology and outlines the key trends and methodology for interdisciplinary political research.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Martynenko (, born March 24, 1957, Kiev, Ukraine) is a Russian sociologist, economist, and political scientist; Doctor of political sciences, Professor, Chief Scientific Officer, Institute of Socio-Political Studies under the Russian Academy of Sciences ("ISPI RAN").

Vladimir Vladimirovitch Маrtynenko (en ), né le à Kiev en Ukraine, est un sociologue, pоlitologue, économiste, docteur en sciences politiques et universitaire russe.Il est actuellement chercheur senior à l’Institut de recherches sociales et politiques, établissement de recherche relevant de l’Académie des sciences de Russie (ISPI RAN).


History.

The group, which originally formed in East Harlem, New York, in 1955, was first known as "The Harlem Queens". The girls first met while singing at the Glee Club at P.S. 109 in Spanish Harlem. They were soon discovered by James Dailey, a record producer, who also became their manager, while playing a concert at the Apollo Theater's amateur night, and were signed to a recording contract on the Atlantic label. The girls lived in the housing projects of 1905 Second Ave and 99th Street and sang in the hallways of the building and downstairs in the playground.  In 1957, the girls released their first hit single, "Mr. Lee", an uptempo song in which the narrator proclaims her devotion to her crush - her school teacher. The girls actually disliked the real-life Mr. Lee and the original lyrics to the song were something of a put-down, but Atlantic insisted the group revise the lyrics before recording the song. The single, backed by "Look at the Stars," became their biggest hit recording, peaking at #6 on the "Billboard" Pop singles chart and spending four weeks at #1 on the R&B chart. This made the Bobbettes the first girl group to release a #1 R&B hit that also made the pop top 10. The song would later be covered by Diana Ross on the European version of her 1987 album "Red Hot Rhythm & Blues". The personnel on "Mr. Lee" included Jesse Powell on tenor sax, Allan Hanlon and Al Caiola on guitar, Ray Ellis on piano, Milt Hinton on bass, and Joe Marshall on drums. "Billboard" named the song #79 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.  After a series of novelty songs for Atlantic that were unsuccessful, they recorded the original recording of "I Shot Mr. Lee". Atlantic refused the song and the group left the label and signed with Teddy Vann and a new version was issued on the small Triple-X label. It started to climb the charts rapidly, eventually reaching #52 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, whereupon Atlantic released their own version of the song.  Over the next few years they followed up that single with such other recordings as "Have Mercy Baby," "You Are My Sweetheart," "You Belong to Me," and "Dance with Me Georgie." They then signed with End Records and released the songs "Teach Me Tonight" and "I Don't Like It Like That" (answer to Chris Kenner's "I Like It Like That".) Although the recording of "I Don't Like It Like That" was the girls' last chart record, they continued to record for a series of record labels, including Diamond, RCA Victor and Mayhew, before disbanding in 1974. They also toured the oldies circuits for many years having reformed after their initial breakup. Other recordings by the Bobbettes include, "Oh My Pa-Pa," "Speedy," "Zoomy," and "Rock and Ree-ah-Zole (The Teenage Talk)." Their single of "I've Gotta Face The World" on RCA Victor is a Northern soul single.  In 1980, Jannie Pought was stabbed to death at age 34 by a stranger in New Jersey.  The Bobbettes were nominated for induction in the Vocal Group Hall of Fame.

The Bobbettes were an American R&B girl group who had a 1957 top 10 hit song called "Mr. Lee". The group initially existed from 1955 to 1974 and included Jannie Pought (1945–1980), Emma Pought (born 1942), Reather Dixon (1945–2014), Laura Webb (1941–2001), and Helen Gathers (1942–2011).

The Bobbettes est un groupe américain de R&B formé en 1956 à New York. Le groupe est connu pour être un des premiers groupes vocaux féminins à rencontrer le succès, avec "Mr. Lee" en 1957, ce qui est d'autant plus remarquable que ses membres étaient alors âgées de 11 à 14 ans et qu'elles avaient également écrit et composé la chanson.


Background.

Hugo Claus was born in Bruges, West Flanders in 1929. He grew up in a Catholic milieu and was educated at a boarding school. He was eleven at the time of the German invasion of Belgium. Under the German occupation, many of Claus' teachers and his own father were sympathetic to collaborationism and fascism. Claus himself was briefly a member of a Flemish nationalist youth organisation.

Synopsis.

Belgium, 1939. Louis Seynaeve, who becomes eleven in April, goes to a boarding school led by nuns in Haarbeke, a fictitious town close to Kortrijk. Louis has a lot of fantasies. He and his friends call themselves the Four Apostles and they possess seven forbidden books. His father comes to tell him that his mother fell down the stairs, which actually means that she is pregnant. Several months later the baby is stillborn.  His family members are Flemish nationalists. Louis' father buys a printing press in Germany and a Hitler Youth doll. During the German occupation of Belgium in the Second World War his family sympathises with the Germans. Louis attends meetings of the Hitler Youth in Mecklenburg.  Louis discovers more "forbidden books" and becomes interested in Entartete Kunst. Gradually he becomes aware of the narrow-mindedness of his family and his education. He ends up being a writer. He's the author of "The Sorrow", the first part of the novel.

Reception.

Wim Hazeu in "Hervormd Nederland": "After Claus probably no one in our Sprachraum will be able to write such a big and in many views great book about Belgium in wartime. He's the only one who could handle such a subject and he did it."  Suzanne Ruta in "The New York Times Book Review": "Mr. Claus' wonderful novel is a chronicle of war in a small corner of one small country and a painstaking portrait of the artist as an obnoxious young man.

The Sorrow of Belgium () is a 1983 novel by the Belgian author Hugo Claus (1929–2008). The book, widely considered Claus's most important work and "the most important Dutch-language novel of the twentieth century", is a "bildungsroman" which explores themes around politics and growing up in Flanders around World War II. It has been described as "one of the great novels of postwar Europe".

Le Chagrin des Belges (titre original en néerlandais "") est un roman de l'écrivain belge Hugo Claus, publié en 1983. Il s'agit de son œuvre la plus connue et adaptée en 1994 en mini-série télévisée, sur un scénario d'Hugo Claus lui-même par le réalisateur genevois Claude Goretta.


History.

Village Roadshow originally started operations as Village Drive-Ins (later known as "Village Drive-ins and Cinemas" before becoming today's "Village Cinemas" brand), in 1954, when founder Roc Kirby began running one of Australia's first drive-in cinemas in the Melbourne suburb of Croydon. The drive-in was adjacent to a shopping strip called "Croydon Village"; hence the company adopted the "Village" name. The company later expanded into traditional cinemas in major areas, though it still operates the "Coburg Drive-In" in Coburg, Melbourne.  In the 1960s, the company expanded to start its film distribution business (once a 50-50 joint venture with Greater Union) and moved into film production in the 1970s. The original cinema chain now became one of several businesses the company was involved in.  In the 1980s, Village Roadshow was one of the leading forces in creating state of the art multiplex cinema complexes. Innovations brought in during this period included using stadium-style seating, sophisticated sound systems and the latest in projection technologies. The cinemas of that era were the forerunners to the multiplexes of today.  In 1988, Village Roadshow took over De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, which brought on a change of name: Village Roadshow Limited. This allowed the company to raise more capital to fund further expansion.  In the 1990s, the company diversified into complementary media and entertainment businesses. This included the purchase and development of theme parks, the purchase and integration of the Triple M and Today radio networks to create Austereo Group Limited, the creation of Roadshow Music, the creation of Village Roadshow Pictures, and the commencement of a co-production deal with Warner Bros.  Village Roadshow has scaled back its international cinema markets to Australia and Singapore. The company merged its Village Roadshow Pictures arm with Concord Music Group to form a Los Angeles-based diversified entertainment division, Village Roadshow Entertainment Group.  In 2003, the company formed a joint venture, Australian Theatres, with Amalgamated Holdings Limited, owners of Greater Union and several other cinema brands. The original founding business, Village Cinemas, is part of the joint venture.  In 2008, Village Roadshow and Concord Music Group, co-owned by television producer Norman Lear, said they had completed a merger forming a new company to exploit their film and music assets. Investors in the new company include Lambert Entertainment and private equity firms Tailwind Capital Partners and Clarity Partners. However, on 25 March 2013, Wood Creek Capital led investor group purchased Concord Music Group from Village Roadshow Entertainment Group.  In late 2019, company veteran Graham Burke stepped down as CEO and became a non-executive director, with Clark Kirby his successor as CEO. In 2020, Village Roadshow was in talks with private equity firm BGH Capital about a takeover offer. The offer was lowered after the COVID-19 pandemic closed theme parks and cinemas.

Village Roadshow Limited (doing business as Village Roadshow), is an Australian company which operates cinemas and theme parks, and produces and distributes films. It is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and majority owned by Village Roadshow Corporation, with members of the Kirby family in the top roles.

Village Roadshow Limited est une multinationale australienne principalement active dans le secteur des médias, de la production et de la distribution cinématographique, ainsi que des parcs à thèmes.


Life and career.

Born in Ossu in 1954, Guterres has described himself as “the son of a poor family, of humble people”. He is a Roman Catholic and a former guerrilla fighter. At an Extraordinary Conference of Fretilin in Sydney, Australia in 1998, Guterres was named General Coordinator of the Council of Armed Resistance. In July 2001, he was elected President of Fretilin. Guterres was elected to the Constituent Assembly in the August 2001 parliamentary election, and he was subsequently elected by the Constituent Assembly as its president; when East Timor gained its independence in May 2002, the Constituent Assembly was transformed into the National Parliament, with Guterres as its president.  In the 2007 presidential election, Guterres ran as Fretilin's candidate and campaigned on a populist platform. However, some members of Fretilin blamed him for the 2006 East Timorese crisis and instead supported Prime Minister José Ramos-Horta, who was running as an independent candidate. In the first round of the election, held on 9 April, Guterres took first place with 27.89% of the vote. He and Ramos-Horta participated in the second round in May, and Guterres lost with 31% of the vote against 69% for Ramos-Horta. He accepted the result and congratulated Ramos-Horta.  Guterres was re-elected to parliament in the June 2007 parliamentary election as the first name on Fretilin's candidate list.  In the 2017 presidential election, Guterres ran again as the Fretilin candidate, with the support of former Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão and his party, National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT). Early results indicated that he won more than 50% of votes in the first round. Guterres took office on 20 May 2017 as the first elected partisan President of East Timor.

Francisco Guterres, popularly known as Lú-Olo (born 7 September 1954), is an East Timorese politician who has been President of East Timor since 2017. He is also the President of Fretilin, and he was President of the National Parliament of East Timor from 2002 to 2007. As the Fretilin candidate, he stood in the 2007 presidential election and 2012 presidential election, but was defeated in the second round by independent candidates on both occasions. He also contested the 2017 presidential election, and with the support of former Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão and his party, National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT), he was elected as President.

Francisco Guterres, né le à Ossu, est un homme d'État est-timorais, président du Front révolutionnaire pour l'indépendance du Timor oriental (Fretilin) depuis 2001. Surnommé « Lu-Olo », il est le quatrième président de la République depuis le.


Plot.

The plot follows Medaka Kurokami, a charismatic and attractive first-year Hakoniwa Academy student who is elected Student Council President with 98% of the vote. She institutes a suggestion box, and with the help with her childhood friend Zenkichi Hitoyoshi, addresses these requests in an unconventional manner. Over the course of the story, she distributes the student council leadership positions to other students such as Kouki Akune and Mogana Kikaijima.  The Student Council learns that the academy chairman intends to initiate the Flask Plan, a project to forcefully experiment on regular students, called Normals, in order to turn them into humans with superhuman abilities called Abnormals. The Student Council infiltrates the academy's secret lab and battles other students that are involved with the project.  Shortly after, the Student Council are challenged to a tournament by Misogi Kumagawa who wishes to replace Medaka's Student Council with one of his own. After Kumagawa's defeat, two students are unsealed from his powers and complete their transfer to Hakoniwa Academy. The two are more powerful than Abnormals and are dubbed "Not Equals". Their leader, Anshin'in, threatens to restart the Flask Plan once Medaka graduates, forcing the Student Council to train their successors. However, Anshin'in's true plan is to have Zenkichi usurp Medaka's position as Student Council President. Zenkichi does so on the pretense of improving the student life and succeeds. He convinces Medaka to allow the Flask Plan for those who are willing.  Relieved from her duties as president of the Student Council, Medaka soon becomes involved in a tournament to decide her husband. Medaka enters herself and becomes the victor, choosing to marry Zenkichi once they both graduate. Soon after, Zenkichi's close friend Hansode Shiranui leaves the academy. Medaka and Zenkichi discover she is to become the next host for Iihiko Shishime, a 5000-year-old being. Medaka defeats him and disappears after stopping the moon from crashing towards the Earth, just to reappear in time for the year-end ceremony. Following her return, Medaka decides to leave the academy and assume her father's place ahead of her family's business conglomerate, the Kurokami Group, just to later return as the new chairwoman. Ten years later, Zenkichi, has worked his way up the Kurokami Group, becoming a high-level employee before reuniting with her, with both promising to get married after another fight.

Media.

Manga.

The manga series "Medaka Box" is written by Nisio Isin and illustrated by Akira Akatsuki. "Medaka Box" was serialized in the Japanese magazine "Weekly Shōnen Jump", published by Shueisha between May 11, 2009 and April 27, 2013. By September 4, 2013, Shueisha has compiled its chapters into 22 bound volumes.

Anime.

An anime adaptation of the manga produced by Gainax was announced by the series' creator in late 2011, and premiered on April 5, 2012. The anime has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks, who released the anime in both digital and home video formats on September 2013. A second season, titled, aired between October 11 and December 27, 2012. Sentai Filmworks has also licensed the second season for digital and home video, which was released on January 21, 2014.

Light Novel.

In May 2012, a spin-off light novel called Shousetsu Ban Medaka Box was released by Shueisha under the imprint Jump J-Books with Nisio Isin as the author and Akira Akatsuki as the illustrator, with the novel ending in june of the same year with two volumes. In October 2012 under the same publisher, imprint and creative team, a prequel called Medaka Box Gaiden: Good Loser Kumagawa was launched, with the second and last volume launching in november. Lastly, another prequel called Medaka Box: Juvenile - Shousetsu-ban launched with the same publisher, imprint and creative team in October 2013 but this time with a unique volume.

Other.

Medaka Kurokami appears as a playable character in the "Jump" crossover fighting game "J-Stars Victory VS", with Kumagawa appearing as a support character.

Reception.

As of 2013 the series has reached a total of 5 million copies sold.

"Medaka Box" was serialized in the Japanese magazine "Weekly Shōnen Jump", published by Shueisha between May 2009 and April 2013. As of February 2013, Shueisha has compiled its chapters into 22 bound volumes. It received three light novel series, with two with two volumes and one with one volume between 2012 and 2013. It was adapted into an anime television series that aired between April 5 and June 21, 2012. A second season aired between October 11 and December 27, 2012.

Une adaptation en anime de deux saisons de douze épisodes par les studios Gainax a vu le jour entre et puis entre et.


Route description.

I-215 begins at an interchange at the mouth of Parley's Canyon in Millcreek near the southeast corner of Salt Lake City that connects I-80, Foothill Drive (State Route 186, or SR-186) and Parleys Way. At this point, I-215 splits into three legs, connecting I-80 toward Salt Lake City, Foothill Drive and Parleys Way, and I-80 through Parley's Canyon. From here, the freeway travels southeast along the Salt Lake Valley's east bench with three lanes in each direction. The route enters a residential area of East Millcreek and turns south. Then, the first exit appears, an incomplete diamond interchange with 3300 South (SR-171) that lacks an off-ramp from northbound I-215. Past this interchange, an on-ramp connects 3800 South to northbound I-215. A block further south is a partial interchange lacking an off-ramp from northbound I-215 onto 3900 South. Entering Holladay, I-215 is heading south but soon turns southwest. An off-ramp here allows northbound motorists to connect to Wasatch Boulevard. However, this exit is signed as 3900 South and 3300 South because of the incomplete interchanges on both roads. Past an interchange at 4500 South (SR-266) that serves southbound I-215, the road turns south again and begins descending toward Knudsen's Corner and Cottonwood Heights. At this point, the southbound lanes are lower than the parallel northbound lanes. The belt route flattens out upon reaching an interchange at 6200 South at Knudsen's Corner.  As the freeway enters Cottonwood Heights, it turns west and becomes a sunken freeway. Then it reaches an interchange at Highland Drive, signed as 2000 East (SR-152). This interchange features a grade-separated ramp from northbound 2000 East to eastbound I-215. Past this junction, another interchange at Union Park Avenue appears. Another grade-separated ramp from Union Park Avenue is present. The freeway enters Murray as an interchange serving westbound motorists connects to 280 East and State Street (U.S. Route 89, or US-89). Eastbound travelers connect to State Street further west at a separate exit. The road turns northwest for a short time to approach a junction at I-15 (often called the South Interchange). Approaching the interchange, the route gains two lanes and reverts to a ground-level freeway. The freeway crosses I-15 and loses one lane as it enters Taylorsville and curves to the northwest, crossing the Jordan River in the process. Right before a partial cloverleaf interchange at Redwood Road (SR-68) the route turns west one final time before turning north after the interchange. The freeway continues north and has another partial cloverleaf interchange at 4700 South (SR-266). The route enters West Valley City and encounters 3500 South (SR-171), where its eastbound lanes have a grade-separated ramp to northbound I-215. The road turns northeast and enters an industrial area of western Salt Lake City. After reaching a cloverleaf interchange at SR-201, the route turns north again. Beyond a single-point urban interchange at California Avenue, the freeway continues north. A partial stack interchange involving I-80, Redwood Road, and the access road to Salt Lake City International Airport is next. The freeway loses one lane in each direction as the interstate passes the airport to the east. Two diamond interchanges at 700 North and 2100 North occur as the freeway approaches Davis County. Past 2100 North, the freeway enters rural Salt Lake County, and the road curves to the northwest. An interchange at Legacy Parkway gives northbound I-215 motorists and southbound Legacy Parkway motorists their respective connections. The road turns east and loses one lane in each direction. There is a diamond interchange at SR-68 before the highway merges into northbound I-15 in North Salt Lake.

History.

A belt route around Salt Lake City was first proposed in 1955, with the Utah Highway Department (the predecessor to the present-day Utah Department of Transportation) holding hearings concerning construction beginning in early 1958. The southeast quadrant of the route was originally placed from a junction at proposed I-15 in Murray northeasterly through Murray and Holladay, eventually reaching the east bench at 3900 South. From there, it would have run north toward the mouth of Parley's Canyon at proposed I-80 (at the time US-40). Almost immediately, this plan was met with opposition among local residents in the area. The proposed route would have bisected the primarily residential Holladay suburb, as well as the southern portion of Murray. After more than two years of hearings and widespread opposition from residents, the Highway Department released their proposed routing in June 1960, which placed the southeast quadrant where it runs today. While quelling criticism from some, others remained in opposition, saying the route was still too intrusive along residential areas. The western quadrant was also admonished for being placed to close to other major arterials. In November 1963, a small, two-lane portion of the northwest quadrant of the belt route opened from Redwood Road (SR-68) in Davis County west and south to 2100 North, north of the Salt Lake City International Airport. This portion of road was extended east to I-15 in North Salt Lake and upgraded to freeway standards by 1969.  Construction of the southeast quadrant from I-80 (at the time replacing US-40) at Parley's Canyon to 4600 South in Holladay began in mid-1965. This involved realigning Wasatch Boulevard to parallel the route and truncating that road at 3300 South. Prior to this, Wasatch Boulevard connected to US-40. The section from I-80 to 3300 South opened by January 1967, with the portion of roadway from 3300 South to 4500 South opening in November 1969.  By 1973, construction was progressing on the western quadrant between I-15 in Murray and SR-201 (at the time US-40A/US-50A). Land acquisition was also taking place for the rest of the southeastern quadrant between 300 East in Murray and 4600 South in Holladay. However, a citizens' group named Cottonwood Inc. halted right-of-way acquirements due to the lack of an environmental impact statement (EIS). Also controversial was a proposed cloverleaf interchange at 2000 East. By mid-1975, an EIS was released with four main alternatives: a no-build alternative which would leave a gap in the southeast quadrant, building the road along the modern-day path (at about 6400 South), moving the southern portion southwest through Fort Union and Midvale to 7200 South, or extending the eastern portion further south to Sandy and then west along 9000 South. Cottonwood Inc. filed a lawsuit challenging the EIS. Meanwhile, I-215 from SR-201 in the western quadrant to 280 East in Murray opened in November 1976.  After 1976, gaps in the belt route were present from 2100 North near the airport to SR-201 and from State Street in Murray to 4600 South in Holladay. The first step in completing the gap was taken in June 1979, when construction of the interstate from State Street to 700 East began. This was followed by the Cottonwood Inc. lawsuit being awarded in favor of UDOT in November 1979. In July 1985, the route from 280 East to Union Park Avenue was completed. At the time, this portion of road was the most expensive in the state in terms of cost per mile, due to the road being depressed below surrounding neighborhoods. The next section to open was from 2100 North south to I-80 in 1987. This was followed by a section between Union Park Avenue and 2000 East, opened in November 1987, which was also built as a sunken freeway. The western quadrant of the freeway was completed in October 1988, closing the gap between SR-201 and I-80 (however, the California Avenue interchange wasn't opened until mid-1989). In August 1989, the road from 2000 East to 6200 South was finished, and the belt route was completed with the opening of freeway between 4500 South and 6200 South in October 1989.  Since 1989, major modifications have occurred on the belt route consisting of the rebuilding of the southern I-15 interchange in 2001, widening the freeway from six to eight lanes from 4700 South in Taylorsville to I-15 in Murray in 2004, and the addition of an interchange at Legacy Parkway in 2008. The 3300 South and 4500 South overpasses were rebuilt as well, in 2008 and 2007 respectively. In November 2017, a complete rebuild of the southwest quadrant from SR-201 to 4700 South in Taylorsville was completed. The $105 Million project replaced the concrete road surface, added auxiliary lanes between exits, resurfaced and widened several bridge decks, and replaced two major bridges over SR-201.  As part of the original proposal of a belt route through Salt Lake City, the southeastern quadrant received the designation of I-415. To maintain continuity in the belt route, the 415 number was replaced in favor of the I-215 designation covering the entire route in 1969.

Interstate 215 (I-215), also known locally as the "belt route" or "I two-fifteen", is an auxiliary interstate in the U.S. state of Utah that forms a 270-degree loop around Salt Lake City and many of its suburbs. The route begins at the mouth of Parley's Canyon at a junction with I-80 east of the city center, and heads south through the edge of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area's eastern suburbs of Millcreek, Holladay, and Cottonwood Heights. It continues west through Murray before turning north again, passing through the city's first-ring western suburbs of Taylorsville and West Valley City. It then enters North Salt Lake and Davis County for a short distance before reaching I-15 northwest of the city center.

L'interstate 215 est une autoroute inter-États contournant la capitale de l'Utah, Salt Lake City aux États-Unis. Elle a une longueur totale de 28.2 miles et a été ouverte en 1963.


Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom

England.

The London boroughs, the metropolitan boroughs and the non-metropolitan districts (including most unitary authorities) are divided into wards for local elections. However, county council elections (as well as those for several unitary councils which were formerly county councils, such as the Isle of Wight Council and Shropshire Council) instead use the term "electoral division". In shire county areas with both wards (used for district council elections) and electoral divisions (used for county council elections), the boundaries of the two types of divisions may sometimes not coincide, but more often the county electoral divisions will be made up of one or more complete wards.  In urban areas the wards within a local authority area typically each contain roughly the same number of electors, and each elect three councillors. In local authorities with mixed urban and rural areas the number of councillors may vary from one to three depending on the size of the electorate. Where civil parishes exist, a ward can be coterminous with a civil parish or consist of groups of civil parishes. Larger civil parishes (such as Shrewsbury) can be divided into two or more wards.

City of London.

The City of London has its own "sui generis" form of local government and is divided into wards, which are ancient and very long-standing sub-divisions of the City.

Isles of Scilly.

The Council of the Isles of Scilly, is also a "sui generis" unitary authority, has five wards, each returning either 2 or (in the case of St Mary's) 13 councillors to the Council of the Isles of Scilly.

Civil parishes.

Civil parishes in England are sometimes divided into wards for elections to the parish council (or town/city council). They need not bear any relation to wards or electoral divisions at district level.

Historic use.

The four most northerly ancient counties of England – Cumberland, Westmorland, County Durham and Northumberland – were historically divided into administrative units called wards instead of hundreds or wapentakes, as in other counties. Wards were areas originally organised for military purposes, each centred on a castle.

Wales.

In Wales the term "electoral ward" is used for elections to principal councils (county council or county borough council). This change replaced the term "electoral division".  Communities in Wales (the equivalent to the civil parish in England) are sometimes divided into wards for elections to the community council.

Scotland.

All of Scotland is divided into wards for local government elections; each ward elects three or four councillors by Single Transferable Vote.  See also: Local government in Scotland, Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland, Wards of Glasgow.

Northern Ireland.

Districts in Northern Ireland are divided into electoral areas, with each electing between five and seven councillors by Single Transferable Vote. These are themselves sub-divided into wards, but these wards have no official function.

The wards and electoral divisions in the United Kingdom are electoral districts at sub-national level represented by one or more councillors. The ward is the primary unit of English electoral geography for civil parishes and borough and district councils, electoral ward is the unit used by Welsh principal councils, while the electoral division is the unit used by English county councils and some unitary authorities. Each ward/division has an average electorate of about 5,500 people, but ward-population counts can vary substantially. As at the end of 2014 there were 9,456 electoral wards/divisions in the UK.

Un ward désigne, au Royaume-Uni, un district électoral de niveau sous-national représenté par un ou plusieurs conseillers. C'est l'unité de base de la géographie électorale et administrative britannique (à l'exception des Sorlingues).


Handshaking lemma.

The degree sum formula states that, given a graph formula_10,  The formula implies that in any undirected graph, the number of vertices with odd degree is even. This statement (as well as the degree sum formula) is known as the handshaking lemma. The latter name comes from a popular mathematical problem, to prove that in any group of people the number of people who have shaken hands with an odd number of other people from the group is even.

Degree sequence.

The degree sequence of an undirected graph is the non-increasing sequence of its vertex degrees; for the above graph it is (5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0). The degree sequence is a graph invariant so isomorphic graphs have the same degree sequence. However, the degree sequence does not, in general, uniquely identify a graph; in some cases, non-isomorphic graphs have the same degree sequence.  The degree sequence problem is the problem of finding some or all graphs with the degree sequence being a given non-increasing sequence of positive integers. (Trailing zeroes may be ignored since they are trivially realized by adding an appropriate number of isolated vertices to the graph.) A sequence which is the degree sequence of some graph, i.e. for which the degree sequence problem has a solution, is called a graphic or graphical sequence. As a consequence of the degree sum formula, any sequence with an odd sum, such as (3, 3, 1), cannot be realized as the degree sequence of a graph. The converse is also true: if a sequence has an even sum, it is the degree sequence of a multigraph. The construction of such a graph is straightforward: connect vertices with odd degrees in pairs by a matching, and fill out the remaining even degree counts by self-loops. The question of whether a given degree sequence can be realized by a simple graph is more challenging. This problem is also called graph realization problem and can either be solved by the Erdős–Gallai theorem or the Havel–Hakimi algorithm. The problem of finding or estimating the number of graphs with a given degree sequence is a problem from the field of graph enumeration.  More generally, the degree sequence of a hypergraph is the non-increasing sequence of its vertex degrees. A sequence is formula_12-graphic if it is the degree sequence of some formula_12-uniform hypergraph. In particular, a formula_14-graphic sequence is graphic. Deciding if a given sequence is formula_12-graphic is doable in polynomial time for formula_16 via the Erdős–Gallai theorem but is NP-complete for all formula_17 (Deza et al., 2018 ).

In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex, and in a multigraph, loops are counted twice. The degree of a vertex formula_1 is denoted formula_2 or formula_3. The maximum degree of a graph formula_4, denoted by formula_5, and the minimum degree of a graph, denoted by formula_6, are the maximum and minimum degree of its vertices. In the multigraph on the right, the maximum degree is 5 and the minimum degree is 0.

En mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en théorie des graphes, le degré (ou valence) d'un sommet d'un graphe est le nombre de liens (arêtes ou arcs) reliant ce sommet, avec les boucles comptées deux fois. Le degré d'un sommet formula_1 est noté formula_2.


History.

1940.

The "Höheres Kommando z. b. V. LIX" was formed on 10 October 1940 in Lübeck. It was part of the 1st Army (Johannes Blaskowitz) under Army Group D (Erwin von Witzleben) between November 1940 and February 1941. The command served as part of the 7th Army (Friedrich Dollmann), still under Army Group D, between March 1941 and January 1942. The initial commander of the "Höheres Kommando" was Maximilian Schwandner. The corps was on occupation duty in occupied France for the three months of 1940 during which it existed.

1941.

Throughout the year 1941, the LIX Army Corps continued to serve as an occupation force in France.  The command came under the leadership of Kurt von der Chevallerie on 28 December 1941.

1942.

The "Höheres Kommando" was renamed "LIX. Armeekorps" on 20 January 1942, and transferred to the Eastern Front. The corps joined the Velikiye Luki and Velizh sectors.  The corps was moved to the 3rd Panzer Army (Georg-Hans Reinhardt) under Army Group Centre (Günther von Kluge) in February 1942, where it stayed until April. Between May 1942 and January 1943, the LIX Army Corps served directly under Army Group Centre. The corps was briefly under the command of Carl Hilpert between 22 June and 25 July, before Chevallerie returned to the command post of LIX Army Corps for a second term. Hilpert, after his tenure as acting commander of LIX Army Corps, would go on to command XXIII Army Corps and LIV Army Corps. The LIX Army Corps was known as "Gruppe v. d. Chevallerie" between November 1942 and January 1943.  In late November 1942, the Soviet 3rd Shock Army advanced towards and encircled Velikiye Luki and cut the LIX Army Corps into several parts during the Battle for Velikiye Luki. Hitler initially intended for the encircled city to be held and recaptured, but a counterattack by German forces failed by mid December.

1943.

Velikiye Luki was captured by Soviet forces by 16 January 1943.  Between 17 January and 15 March 1943, the LIX Army Corps was under command of Erich Brandenberger, before Chevallerie returned to the command post for a third and final term. Between February and September 1943, the LIX Army Corps was once again part of 3rd Panzer Army. It was then moved to the 4th Panzer Army under Army Group South, where it remained between October 1943 and February 1944.  During the defensive battles of late 1943, the LIX Army Corps stood at the southern end of Army Group Centre (just north of Army Group South) and had to give way when the Soviet 13th Army and 60th Army broke through over Chernobyl, Korosten and Ovruch. The other corps that fought alongside LIX Army Corps as part of Hoth's 4th Panzer Army were the VII Army Corps and the XIII Army Corps. As VII Army Corps was forced back after Soviet victory at the Second Battle of Kiev on 13 November, LIX Army Corps was unable to stop the Soviet 60th Army from recapturing Korosten on 17 November. North of Korosten, a gap subsequently opened between the 4th Panzer Army and Army Group Centre, as the 2nd Army had retreated following the evacuation of Chernobyl.  The German forces attempted a counterattack to retake Kiev under the leadership of the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps (Hermann Balck). While the Germans were unable to retake the city itself due to the autumn mud, the front sector was temporarily stabilized. On 27 November, the LIX Army Corps led a successful attack on Korosten, the city which it had given up to the 60th Army ten days earlier.

1944.

Starting in the end of January 1944, the 4th Panzer Army undertook a fighting retreat westwards through northern Ukraine. The gap that had opened between the 4th Panzer Army and Army Group Centre in November 1943 had now grown to over a hundred kilometers, a situation exacerbated by extensive partisan activity in the Pinsk Marshes. On 9 March 1944, some 18 Soviet Rifle Divisions, as well as 5 Armored/Mechanized Corps and a Cavalry Corps stood opposite to the 4th Panzer Army.  Between 8 February and 22 March 1944, the LIX Army Corps was under the command of Friedrich Schulz. After his tenure as acting commander of LIX Army Corps, Schulz would assume command of the XXXXVI Panzer Corps on 22 March 1944. The LIX Army Corps was moved to the 1st Panzer Army in March 1944, where it remained until July 1944. The 1st Panzer Army was part of Army Group South until March and was subsequently moved to Army Group North Ukraine in April.  The LIX Army Corps, under command of Edgar Röhricht between 22 March and 2 June, stayed under Army Group North Ukraine when it was moved from the 1st Panzer Army to the 17th Army in August 1944. The 17th Army, commanded by former LIX Army Corps commander Friedrich Schulz, was inserted by Army Group North Ukraine commander Josef Harpe on 23 July between the 1st and 4th Panzer Armies in a desperate attempt to prevent the army group's collapse. Between 2 June and 10 June, the corps was briefly commanded by Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller, before Röhricht returned to his post. On 15 July 1944, the LIX Army Corps consisted of the 1st and 208th Infantry Divisions and the 20th Hungarian Division. The LIX Army Corps stayed with the 17th Army until January 1945.

1945.

Röhricht left his post, this time for good, on 29 January 1945. While Georg Ritter von Hengl was initially supposed to replace him, Joachim von Tresckow assumed command starting on 7 February 1945. He held that command until 10 April 1945, when he was replaced by Ernst Sieler. This would be the last transfer of command, as Sieler remained in office until German surrender on 8 May 1945.  In February 1945, the LIX Army Corps was moved a final time to the 1st Panzer Army and once again returned to the Army Group Centre.

The LIX Army Corps (), initially known as the Higher Command for Special Deployment LIX () was an army corps of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. The formation was active between 1940 and 1945.

Le d'armée (en allemand : LIX. Armeekorps) était un corps d'armée de l'armée de terre allemande: la Heer au sein de la Wehrmacht pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


Background.

Born in Seoul, South Korea in 1959, Jim Yong Kim immigrated with his family to the U.S. at the age of five and grew up in Muscatine, Iowa. His father taught dentistry at the University of Iowa, while his mother received her PhD in philosophy. Kim attended Muscatine High School, where he was valedictorian, class president, and played both quarterback for the football team and point guard on the basketball team. After a year and a half at the University of Iowa, he transferred to Brown University, where he graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in human biology in 1982. He was awarded an M.D. at Harvard Medical School in 1991, and a PhD in anthropology at Harvard University in 1993. He was among the first enrollees of Harvard's experimental MD/PhD program in the social sciences.

Career.

Partners in Health (1987–2003).

Jim Yong Kim, along with Paul Farmer, Todd McCormack, Thomas J. White, and Ophelia Dahl, co-founded Partners In Health (PIH) in 1987. The organization began with radical new, community-focused health care programs in Haiti, which provided treatments based on local needs and trained community members to implement them. By the early 1990s, the program in Haiti was serving more than 100,000 people. It achieved success treating infectious diseases at low cost, spending $150 to $200 to cure tuberculosis patients in their homes, treatment that would have cost $15,000 to $20,000 in a U.S. hospital. Kim was instrumental in designing treatment protocols and making deals for cheaper, more effective drugs.  The PIH model was expanded to Peru in 1994. By 1998, successful results curing both common and serious ailments prompted the World Health Organization to embrace the model and support the adaptation of community-based care for impoverished communities around the world. Particular success in treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) prompted international organizations to rededicate efforts to the eradication of the disease, and in June 2002, the World Health Organization adopted prescriptions for dealing with the disease that were virtually the same as PIH had used in Peru. Kim's work with PIH to treat MDR-TB was the first large-scale attempt to treat the disease in a poor country, and the efforts have now been replicated in more than 40 countries around the world.  PIH now employs more than 13,000 people in 12 countries. Kim left the organization as Executive Director in 2003.  Kim's work with Partners in Health is documented in the 2017 film, "Bending the Arc".

World Health Organization (2003–2006).

Kim left PIH in 2003 to join the World Health Organization (WHO) as an adviser to the director-general. In March 2004, he was appointed as director of WHO's HIV/AIDS department, after having success creating programs to fight the disease at PIH. Kim oversaw all of WHO's work related to HIV/AIDS, focusing on initiatives to help developing countries scale up their treatment, prevention, and care programs. This included an ambitious "3x5 initiative" that was designed to put three million people in developing countries on AIDS treatment by the end of 2005. The goal was not met until 2007, but according to the WHO, served to push the treatment strategy for AIDS in Africa further and faster than could have otherwise been hoped. As of 2012, the program has treated more than 7 million Africans with HIV.

Harvard University (1993–2009).

Beginning in 1993, Kim served as a lecturer at Harvard Medical School, eventually holding professorships in medicine, social medicine and human rights. At the time of his departure in 2009, Kim held positions as Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Chief of the Division of Global Health Equity at Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Director of the François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights at the Harvard School of Public Health, known internally as "The Four Pillars", a term and concept taken from his earlier WHO work with HIV/AIDS (the 3x5 program).  During his time at Harvard, Kim published numerous articles for leading academic and scientific journals, including the "New England Journal of Medicine", "The Lancet", "Science", and others; and contributed to several books. An expert in tuberculosis, Kim also chaired or served on a number of committees on international TB policy.

Dartmouth College (2009–2012).

In March 2009, Kim was named the 17th President of Dartmouth College, becoming the first Asian-American to assume the post of president at an Ivy League institution. He oversaw the development of several innovative programs at Dartmouth, utilizing his past experience in health care and international affairs. In January 2010, Kim helped partner Dartmouth students and faculty with the organization he co-founded, Partners In Health, and other organizations, to respond to the devastating earthquake in Haiti, forming the Dartmouth Haiti Response. The initiative resulted in over $1 million in donations, the delivery of 18 tons of medical supplies and 25 volunteer medical professionals to Haiti, as well as hundreds of student volunteers contributing on campus. In April 2010, Kim launched the National College Health Improvement Project (NCHIP), which convenes a number of expert institutions to develop quantitative methods to address student health issues. The project launched its inaugural program, an effort to address binge drinking, in April 2011. In May 2010, Kim helped secure a $35 million anonymous grant to establish the Dartmouth Center for Health Care Delivery Science. The Center creates a groundbreaking new field of graduate study, fostering international collaboration between researchers and medical practitioners to design, implement, and scale new models of high-quality low-cost care. In 2012, following considerable concern and an extended effort by Kim to address sexual violence on campus, Dartmouth adopted a new campus-wide initiative to educate students on the importance of bystander intervention in sexual assault cases as part of a larger Sexual Assault Awareness Program.

Controversies during tenure.

In 2011, Kim was criticized for refusing to release the college's budget, prompting the passage of a resolution by faculty demanding more details. Kim answered this criticism by releasing a large supplementary report on the budget and holding a public meeting with faculty who afterward expressed satisfaction with the response. However, Kim did not address a request by the Student Assembly asking for access to information about all budget items exceeding $10,000. In 2011, a handful of editorials appeared in Dartmouth's student newspaper expressing dissatisfaction with Kim's presidency, with one describing Kim as "unpopular among many students these days." His leadership was also criticized in the wake of a hazing scandal, which resulted in charges against the fraternity and the creation of a task force to address hazing; and amidst comments from some that Kim did not spend enough time on campus. Subsequent to Kim's announcement that he would leave Dartmouth for the World Bank if elected, Kim's presidency was scrutinized by the student body president as an "aberration" and a failure. Forbes also chastised Kim's presidency at Dartmouth, describing it as "disappointing" and a "cautionary tale" to other narcissistic leaders.

World Bank presidency (2012–2019).

On March 23, 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama announced his nomination of Jim Yong Kim to become the next president of the World Bank. That same day Kim sent a letter addressed to the Dartmouth community stating that the position was "one of the most critical institutions fighting poverty and providing assistance to developing countries in the world today. After much reflection, I have accepted this nomination to national and global service" and that "if I am elected, our Board will take appropriate steps to ensure continuity of leadership and determine the timing of a search. For now, I remain president of Dartmouth."  On April 16, 2012, the World Bank officially elected Kim as its next president. He is the first Bank leader whose professional background is not in the political or financial sectors, and the first to have previous experience personally tackling health issues in developing countries.  In a statement from Kim regarding his selection as the president, he said that the World Bank would deliver more powerful results to support sustained growth, prioritize evidence-based solutions over ideology, and amplify the voices of developing countries. He stated upon assuming office that he was "honored to assume the Presidency of the World Bank Group. I do so at a moment that is pivotal for the global economy, and defining for the World Bank as an institution."  On September 27, 2016, Kim was re-appointed as the World Bank president, for a five-year term beginning July 1, 2017. On January 7, 2019, Kim announced that he would be stepping down from his current role as President, effective February 1, 2019. It was announced that he would be joining Global Infrastructure Partners after departing the World Bank presidency.

Personal life.

Kim is married to Younsook Lim, a pediatrician at Boston Children's Hospital, and has two children: a son, Thomas, born in 2000, and a second son, Nico, born in 2009. Kim is actively involved in a variety of sports, including basketball, volleyball, tennis, and golf. He was the quarterback for his school's football team and point guard for his school's basketball team. He has a golf handicap of 5 (as of 2012). He speaks Korean which he learned at the age of 24 when he moved to Korea for his dissertation. He also has learned to speak Spanish.

Board memberships and honors.

Kim received a MacArthur Fellowship in 2003, was named one of America's 25 Best Leaders by "US News & World Report" in 2005, and in 2006 was listed as one of the top 100 most influential people in the world by "Time Magazine". He serves on the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, the NGO formed to develop the Health Impact Fund proposal. He is also a member of the Institute of Medicine of the United States National Academies. Kim was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.

Jim Yong Kim (; born December 8, 1959), also known as Kim Yong (/金墉), is a Korean-American physician and anthropologist who served as the 12th President of the World Bank from 2012 to 2019. On January 7, 2019, he announced that he would be stepping down, effective February 1, 2019.

Jim Yong Kim (hangeul : 김용, hanja : 金墉), né le à Séoul, est un médecin américain d'origine sud-coréenne, président de la Banque mondiale du au.


Career.

Rosen originally worked as a theater agent and talent scout, before he moved with his wife to the United Kingdom.  He first produced the Canadian feature "A Great Big Thing" (1968) and later co-produced Ken Russell's film version of "Women in Love" (1969), which won Academy Awards for Glenda Jackson and Billy Williams (cinematography).  Rosen was originally the producer of "Watership Down" but took over as director after John Hubley, the original director, left after disagreements with Rosen. He also wrote the screenplay for it. This was the first of two novels by Richard Adams he adapted. In 1982 he also produced, directed and wrote the screenplay for another animated feature based on an Adams novel, "The Plague Dogs" (1982). Rosen produced "Smooth Talk" (1986), which won the Sundance Grand Prize. His last film as director was "Stacking" (1987). His last project as producer was the animated ""Watership Down" TV series in 1999.  Rosen has also worked in theater production. He was the originating producer of Michael Weller's "Moonchildren", first presented at London's Royal Court Theater before transferring to the US. He was the originating producer of Maxine Hong Kingston's "The Woman Warrior", presented in association with The Berkeley Rep, Boston's Huntington Theater, and the Doolittle Theater in Los Angeles.

Watership Down Ownership Controversy.

On 27 May 2020, the high court in London ruled that Martin Rosen, the director of the 1978 Watership Down film adaptation, had wrongly claimed that he owned all rights to the Watership Down book, as well as terminating his contract for rights to the film. Rosen had entered into adaptation contracts worth more than $500,000 (£400,000), including licenses for an audiobook adaptation and the 2018 television adaptation.  In his ruling, Judge Richard Hacon ordered Rosen to pay over $100,000 in damages for copyright infringement, unauthorised license deals, and denying royalty payments to the Adams estate. Rosen was also directed to provide a record of all license agreements involving Watership Down, and pay court costs and the Adams estate's legal fees totalling £28,000.

Personal life.

Rosen is married to Elisabeth Payne Rosen, an author and ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church. They reside in California.

Martin Rosen (born August 31, 1936) is an American filmmaker and theater producer. Rosen is known for having directed the animated film adaptations of "Watership Down" (1978) and "The Plague Dogs" (1982), both from the Richard Adams novels.

Martin Rosen est un cinéaste et un dramaturge américain. Il a été réalisateur et producteur de plusieurs films pour le cinéma et la télévision. Son œuvre cinématographique la plus connue est son long métrage d'animation "La Folle Escapade" ("Watership Down"), sorti en 1978. Il est le fondateur d'une compagnie de cinéma et de théâtre, Nepenthe Productions.


Statement.

Let "A" be a Lebesgue-measurable set on the real line such that the Lebesgue measure of "A" is not zero. Then the "difference set"  contains an open neighbourhood of the origin.  More generally, if "G" is a locally compact group, and "A" ⊂ "G" is a subset of positive (left) Haar measure, then  contains an open neighbourhood of unity.  The theorem can also be extended to nonmeagre sets with the Baire property. The proof of these extensions, sometimes also called Steinhaus theorem, is almost identical to the one below.

Proof.

The following is a simple proof due to Karl Stromberg. If "μ" is the Lebesgue measure and "A" is a measurable set with positive finite measure  then for every "ε" > 0 there are a compact set "K" and an open set "U" such that  For our purpose it is enough to choose "K" and "U" such that  Since "K" ⊂ "U", for each formula_6, there is a neighborhood formula_7 of 0 such that formula_8, and, further, there is a neighborhood formula_9 of 0 such that formula_10. For example, if formula_7 contains formula_12, we can take formula_13. The family formula_14 is an open cover of "K". Since "K" is compact, one can choose a finite subcover formula_15. Let formula_16. Then,  Let "v" ∈ "V", and suppose  Then,  contradicting our choice of "K" and "U". Hence for all "v" ∈ "V" there exist  such that  which means that "V" ⊂ "A" − "A". Q.E.D.

Corollary.

A corollary of this theorem is that any measurable proper subgroup of formula_22 is of measure zero.

In the mathematical field of real analysis, the Steinhaus theorem states that the difference set of a set of positive measure contains an open neighbourhood of zero. It was first proved by Hugo Steinhaus.

Le théorème de Steinhaus est un résultat mathématique d'analyse réelle selon lequel si une partie formula_1 de l'espace euclidien formula_2 est mesurable et de mesure strictement positive, alors l'ensemble formula_3 des différences d'éléments de formula_1 contient une boule de centre 0 et de rayon non nul. Il se généralise aux groupes localement compacts et aux différences de deux parties non nécessairement égales.