Background.

In March 1884, following their victory at Sơn Tây in December 1883, the French renewed their offensive in Tonkin under the command of General Charles-Théodore Millot, who took over responsibility for the land campaign from Admiral Amédée Courbet in February 1884. Reinforcements from France and the African colonies had now raised the strength of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps to over 10,000 men, and Millot organised this force into two brigades. The 1st Brigade was commanded by General Louis Brière de l'Isle, who had earlier made his reputation as governor of Senegal, and the 2nd Brigade was commanded by the charismatic young Foreign Legion general François de Négrier, who had recently quelled a serious Arab rebellion in Algeria.  The French target was Bắc Ninh, garrisoned by a strong force of regular Chinese troops of the Guangxi Army. The commander-in-chief of the Chinese forces at Bắc Ninh was Xu Yanxu (徐延旭), governor of Guangxi. Elderly and in poor health, Xu remained at Lạng Sơn and delegated the operational command of the Chinese army to his subordinates, Huang Guilan (黃桂蘭) and Zhaowo (趙沃). Huang and Zhao, veterans of the Anhui and Hunan armies respectively, were disinclined to cooperate. The Chinese had about 20,000 troops around Bắc Ninh. Half of the Chinese army was deployed astride the Mandarin Road southwest of Bắc Ninh. The other half was deployed east of Bắc Ninh on the Trung Sơn and Đáp Cầu heights, protecting the southern approaches to Bắc Ninh and covering the vital river crossings to Thái Nguyên and Lạng Sơn at Phú Cẩm and Đáp Cầu.

French order of battle.

The French expeditionary column that marched on Bắc Ninh was the largest French military concentration of the Tonkin campaign. After making troop deductions for garrison duty, Millot was able to give each of his brigade commanders two marching regiments ("régiments de marche"), each containing the equivalent of three infantry battalions. Professional protocol prevented him from mixing the battalions of the marine infantry, the "armée d'Afrique" and the metropolitan army ("armée de terre"), and he was obliged to create one regiment of marine infantry, two 'Algerian' regiments of troops from the "armée d'Afrique", and one French regiment. One of the 'Algerian' regiments contained the three Turco battalions then in Tonkin, the other the white formations of the Foreign Legion and African Light Infantry. These four marching regiments were commanded respectively by Lieutenant-Colonels Bertaux-Levillain, Belin, Duchesne and Defoy. Each brigade also contained a battalion of armed sailors ("fusiliers-marins"), commanded respectively by "capitaines de frégate" Laguerre and de Beaumont.

The campaign.

The campaign was a walkover for the French. Morale in the Chinese army was low, and Liu Yongfu was careful to keep his experienced Black Flags out of danger. The French assaulted Bắc Ninh on 12 March from the southeast, with complete success. In the first week of March, Millot concentrated Brière de l'Isle's 1st Brigade at Hanoi and de Négrier's 2nd Brigade at Hải Dương. The two brigades would both make independent approach marches to Bắc Ninh, and would meet up only on the battlefield. Millot was hoping not only to capture Bắc Ninh but also to annihilate the Guangxi Army. His plan was to bypass the Chinese defences along the Mandarin Road and assault the Chinese left wing southeast of Bắc Ninh. A crucial element in this plan was the seizure of the river crossings to the north of Bắc Ninh at Đáp Cầu and Phú Cẩm by a flotilla of gunboats under the command of "capitaine de vaisseau" de Beaumont, to cut the Guangxi Army's line of retreat to Lạng Sơn and Thái Nguyên.  On 6 March, the 1st Brigade assembled north of Hanoi on the western bank of the Red River, and, on the next day (7 March), its 5,000 combatants and 4,500 Vietnamese porters were ferried across the Red River. Marching along the southern bank of the 80-metre-wide Canal des Rapides, where the Chinese could not attack it, the brigade outflanked the Chinese defences along the Mandarin Road. On 9 March it reached the village of Xam. On the same day it was joined by the gunboats "Éclair" and "Trombe", which had sailed up from Hải Dương with the materials needed to construct a bridge of boats across the canal. On 10 March the brigade bridged the Canal des Rapides and on 11 March crossed to its northern bank, bivouacking 20 kilometres to the southeast of Bắc Ninh in the village of Chi.  While the 1st Brigade was outflanking the Chinese defences to the southwest of Bắc Ninh, de Négrier's 2nd Brigade advanced from Hải Dương to Sept Pagodes, at the junction of the Thái Bình and Sông Cầu rivers. On 8 March the brigade advanced along the southern bank of the Sông Cầu, attacking the Chinese advanced positions at Ne Ou and Do Son. Part of the brigade pinned the Chinese frontally, while a strong force was put ashore by the gunboats behind the Chinese positions at Phủ Lạng. Seeing their line of retreat threatened, the Chinese abandoned the Ne Ou and Do Son forts and fell back to Bắc Ninh. The 2nd Brigade occupied the Chinese forts and extended its line to the southwest to join hands with the 1st Brigade at Chi.

The battle for Bắc Ninh.

The united French column attacked the Guangxi Army's positions to the southeast of Bắc Ninh on 12 March. On the left, Godon's Turcos and Coronnat's marine infantry of Brière de l'Isle's 1st Brigade drove the Chinese from the Trung Sơn heights. On the right, the legionnaires and line infantry of de Négrier's 2nd Brigade captured the Chinese positions around the Christian village of Keroi, also known as Xuan Hoa. The Chinese at Trung Sơn made little attempt to stand up to the French, abandoning their positions before Brière de l'Isle's troops could reach them. The Chinese facing the 2nd Brigade put up a stiffer fight, forcing the French to storm Keroi with the bayonet. De Négrier attacked Keroi with the 143rd Line Battalion and the 2nd Legion Battalion. The French troops had been ordered not to fire until they approached within 250 metres of the enemy positions, and the two attacking battalions waded through the waist-high water of the paddy fields in front of the village under Chinese fire until they reached the prescribed distance. They then delivered several disciplined volleys which beat down the enemy fire. Colonel Jacques Duchesne, the future conqueror of Madagascar, then led them in a charge against the Chinese positions. The French broke into the village after a short hand-to-hand struggle, and the Chinese fell back in disorder.  While de Négrier's infantry were engaged around Keroi, de Beaumont's gunboats forced the Lạng Bưởi barrage on the Sông Cầu River and sailed upriver towards Đáp Cầu and Phú Cẩm. Just before 16:00 the infantry of the 2nd Brigade and the "fusiliers-marins" of the flotilla arrived almost simultaneously at Đáp Cầu, just east of Bắc Ninh. De Négrier ordered the 2nd Legion Battalion and the 23rd Line Battalion to storm an important Chinese fort on the Đáp Cầu heights, but de Beaumont's "fusiliers-marins" arrived first and captured the fort. The appearance of the French on the Đáp Cầu heights demoralised the Guangxi Army's left wing. Its line of retreat to Lạng Sơn was threatened, its positions at Keroi, Lạng Bưởi, and Đáp Cầu had been taken with ease, and it was under accurate artillery fire. The only concern now for most of the Chinese troops facing the 2nd Brigade was to escape along the road to Lạng Sơn before the French cut it off. Chinese resistance on this part of the battlefield collapsed completely. Meanwhile, the disorderly retreat of the Guangxi Army's left wing placed the army's right wing to the south of Bắc Ninh, already demoralised by the drubbing it had received from Brière de l'Isle, in extreme jeopardy. The generals commanding the right wing saw the Chinese front break on their left and realised that they would be surrounded if they stayed any longer in their present positions. They immediately decamped and headed for Bắc Ninh and the road north to safety. At 17:00 a remarkable sight greeted the French troops on the Đáp Cầu heights. The Chinese flag was still flying from an octagonal tower inside the citadel of Bắc Ninh, but between the city and the Đáp Cầu and Trung Sơn heights, the Bắc Ninh plain was filled with fleeing Chinese milling in panic towards Bắc Ninh, desperate to escape before their line of retreat was cut off completely.  De Négrier's troops took Bắc Ninh in the early evening, capturing large quantities of ammunition and a number of brand new Krupp cannon that hadn't fired a shot during the battle. Without waiting for Millot to come up from Trung Sơn with Brière de l'Isle's 1st Brigade, de Négrier entered Bắc Ninh and secured the town. However, Millot's hopes for a complete encirclement of the Chinese army were not realised. A Chinese rearguard at Đáp Cầu fought de Négrier's infantry just long enough to allow the bulk of the Chinese army to stream northwards through Bắc Ninh and escape to the northern bank of the Sông Cầu river. Meanwhile, although de Beaumont's flotilla had forced the Làng Bưởi barrage and ascended the Sông Cầu as far as Đáp Cầu, other Chinese barrages slowed its progress upriver to Phú Cẩm. As a result, the French were unable to cut the routes to Thái Nguyên and Lạng Sơn and prevent the escape of the Chinese army.

The pursuit.

Nevertheless, Millot had won a remarkable victory, and the Tonkin expeditionary corps pursued the Chinese vigorously. Brière de l'Isle advanced as far as Thái Nguyên, where he defeated a mixed force of Chinese, Vietnamese and Black Flags on 19 March. On 15 March de Négrier defeated Huang Guilan's rearguard at Phủ Lạng Thương and chased his wing of the Guangxi Army up to Kép. In accordance with Millot's orders, both brigade commanders returned to Bắc Ninh shortly afterwards, de Négrier on 20 March and Brière de l'Isle on 24 March.  As far as the soldiers of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps were concerned, de Négrier was the hero of the Bắc Ninh campaign. They were amused that he had entered Bắc Ninh on the evening of 12 March without waiting for General Millot's permission to do so. After the Bắc Ninh campaign the soldiers devised sardonic Vietnamese nicknames for Millot and his two brigade commanders. De Négrier, admired for his driving energy, became "Maolen" ("Quick!"). Brière de l'Isle, whose troops had been beaten to the punch at Bắc Ninh by de Négrier, was "Mann Mann" ("Slow!"). Millot, who had halted de Négrier's pursuit of the beaten Chinese army at Kép and, in the eyes of the soldiers, prevented him from going all the way to Lạng Sơn, became "Toi Toi" ('Stop!').

Casualties.

French casualties in the Bắc Ninh campaign were 9 dead and 39 wounded. Chinese casualties may have amounted to around 100 dead and 400 wounded.

Significance.

The defeat of the Guangxi Army at Bắc Ninh was a considerable embarrassment to the Empress Dowager Cixi and a severe shock to the war party in China. Three months earlier, at Sơn Tây, Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army had fought bitterly and inflicted heavy casualties on the French. At Bắc Ninh, most of the Chinese troops had fled. The empress dowager, furious at the miserable performance of her generals, punished several senior Chinese officials. Xu Yanxu and Tang Qiong (唐炯), the governors of Guangxi and Yunnan, were dismissed from their posts, Xu for losing the battle at Bắc Ninh, and Tang for not coming to his aid with the Yunnan Army, then occupying Hưng Hóa. The field commanders Huang Guilan and Zhao Wo were also disgraced. Huang, anticipating his disgrace, committed suicide at Lạng Sơn on 14 March. Two more junior commanders, Chen Degui (陳得貴) and Dang Minxuan (黨敏宣), were beheaded in front of their troops at Lạng Sơn on 26 May.  The defeat at Bắc Ninh, coming close on the heels of the fall of Sơn Tây, strengthened the hand of the moderate element in the Chinese government and temporarily discredited the extremist 'Purist' party led by Zhang Zhidong, which was agitating for a full-scale war against France. Further French successes in the spring of 1884, including the capture of Hưng Hóa and Thái Nguyên, convinced the empress dowager that China should come to terms, and an accord was reached between France and China in May. The negotiations took place in Tientsin. Li Hongzhang, the leader of the Chinese moderates, represented China; and Captain François-Ernest Fournier, commander of the French warship "Volta", represented France. The Tientsin Accord, concluded on 11 May 1884, provided for a Chinese troop withdrawal from Tonkin in return for a comprehensive treaty that would settle details of trade and commerce between France and China and provide for the demarcation of its disputed border with Vietnam.

The Bắc Ninh Campaign (6–24 March 1884) was one of a series of clashes between French and Chinese forces in northern Vietnam during the Tonkin campaign (1883–86). The campaign, fought during the period of undeclared hostilities that preceded the Sino-French War (August 1884 – April 1885), resulted in the French capture of Bắc Ninh and the complete defeat of China's Guangxi Army.

La campagne de Bắc Ninh, qui se déroula du 6 mars au 24 mars 1884, est une offensive terrestre française contre les troupes chinoises de l'armée du Kouang-Si au nord du Viêt Nam pendant la campagne du Tonkin (1883–86). Bac Ninh a été prise le 12 mars, la victoire française déboucha sur la signature de l'accord de Tientsin en mai et du traité de Hué en juin.


History.

There are mentions of blocks or "dice" with alphabets inscribed on them used as entertaining educational tools in the works of English writer and inventor Hugh Plat (his 1594 book The "Jewel House of Art and Nature") and English philosopher John Locke (his 1693 essay "Thoughts Concerning Education"). Plat described them as "the child using to play much with them, and being always told what letter chanceth, will soon gain his Alphabet" and Locke noted "Thus Children may be cozen’d into a Knowledge of the Letters; be taught to read, without perceiving it to be anything but a Sport".  University of Pennsylvania professor of Urbanism Witold Rybczynski has found that the earliest mention of building bricks for children appears in Maria and R.L. Edgeworth's "Practical Education" (1798). Called "rational toys", blocks were intended to teach children about gravity and physics, as well as spatial relationships that allow them to see how many different parts become a whole. In 1837 Friedrich Fröbel invented a preschool educational institution Kindergarten. For that, he designed ten Froebel Gifts based on building blocks principles. During the mid-nineteenth century, Henry Cole (under the pseudonym of Felix Summerly) wrote a series of children’s books. Cole's "A book of stories from The Home Treasury" included a box of terracotta toy blocks and, in the accompanying pamphlet "Architectural Pastime", actual blueprints.  In 2003 the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong museum in Rochester, New York inducted ABC blocks into their collection, granting it the title of one of America's toys of national significance.

Toy blocks (also building bricks, building blocks, or simply blocks) are wooden, plastic, or foam pieces of various shapes (cube, cylinder, arch etc.) and colors that are used as construction toys. Sometimes toy blocks depict letters of the alphabet.

Les blocs sont des jouets de différentes formes (cube, cylindre, arche, prisme, etc.) et couleurs en bois, plastique ou mousse utilisés comme jeu de construction. Parfois ces blocs représentent les lettres de l’alphabet, ou les éléments d'un puzzle.


Biography.

The band released its first album "Meanwhile" in 1989. Their debut single "Ordinary Town" became a minor hit. However, their second single "Will You Be There" reached number five on the Billboard Dance Play Charts on June 23, 1990. Their third single "She's a Secretary" peaked at number twelve on December 8 on the same chart. Slin Tompson left the band in 1990 to start a solo project. In 1991, the band released its second album "Continuous", but this was less successful due to a decline in the popularity of synthpop. Because of this, the group disbanded in 1992. Soon afterwards, H.P. Baxxter and Rick J. Jordan teamed up with Baxxter's cousin Ferris Bueller to form Scooter. They had asked Britt to join the band as female vocalist, but she declined due to wanting to take a break from music. This would fall to Rick's wife Nikki instead. Scooter had originally been envisioned as a short-term project but when their second single "Hyper Hyper" became a hit, it was decided that they would be a full-time band.  In 1998, Slin Tompson "reformed" the group as Celebrate the None with Phoen X and Skye Burns. He also teaches drums at the music school Fit in Music in Garbsen.  Out of print for years, Celebrate the Nun's entire discography was made available on iTunes in 2009. This includes all remixes that had previously appeared on singles. In addition, Slin Tompson made two of his private recordings available on his website, these being the band's early demo tape, and a live show from 1987.  Baxxter and Jordan have occasionally been asked about their new wave past in interviews. Baxxter in particular remembers this period fondly, but acknowledges that the band needed to pursue more modern dance music in order to remain relevant. Scooter have occasionally done songs in a similar style to Celebrate the Nun, an example being their cover of The Chameleons' "Second Skin", from their album "Under the Radar Over the Top". The "Dark Side" bonus disc that appears with the limited edition of that album was also acknowledged as a reference to this period.

Bibliography.

Matthias Blazek: "Das niedersächsische Bandkompendium 1963–2003 – Daten und Fakten von 100 Rockgruppen aus Niedersachsen". Celle 2006, pp. 34–35

Celebrate the Nun was a German synthpop band founded by H. P. Baxxter, Rick J. Jordan, Britt Maxime (Britt Geerdes, sister of H.P.) and Slin Tompson (Nils Enghusen, formerly with The P.O.X.) in 1985.

Celebrate the Nun est un groupe de synthpop et new beat allemand, originaire de Hanovre. Il est formé en 1987 par H.P. Baxxter (chant), Rick J. Jordan (synthétiseur), Britt Maxime (batterie électronique) et Slin Tompson (synthétiseur, batterie).


Élections nationales monégasques de 2013

Electoral system.

Voters can either choose a party list or choose candidates from various lists ("panachage") for the 24 seats. The 16 candidates with the most votes are elected (with the older candidate breaking possible ties in votes). The eight other seats are chosen from lists in accordance with the proportional representation system for parties that have at least five percent of votes.

Parties.

The election was contested by two alliances, Horizon Monaco and Union Monégasque, as well as Renaissance, a party whose candidates were all employees of SBM. Horizon Monaco was an alliance of Rassemblement et Enjeux, the Union for the Principality and Synergie Monegasque, whilst Union Monégasque consisted of the Union de Monégasques and the National Union for the Future of Monaco. A total of 72 candidates contested the election.

Campaign.

An unnamed official of the administration team said: "We have had three lists before, as in 2008, but they were never full. We must therefore revise certain aspects, such as the voting cards, where the 72 names must be listed." Renaissance said that it seeks achievable goals instead of new policies. The party said that is sought representation in parliament "to defend the interests of the SBM workers in Monaco." Horizon Monaco's leader Laurent Nouvion told "Monaco Matin": "I am very calm. I am more determined than ever to secure the future of Monaco and its compatriots. I believe that our campaign has been clean and honest. We tried as hard as possible to connect to the Monegasque people and to respond to their concerns. This is the heart of our commitment. For me and my fellow candidates, this campaign has brought us even closer together and given us the sense of being a real team, just like a sports team...Adversity has strengethened our relationship." Union Monégasque's leader Jean-François Robillon said: "We have worked hard at this long campaign. We are here to make plans for the future, not to abuse our adversaries, frighten the population and create an atmosphere of hatred... This has been our goal throughout the campaign: we have sought to promote our programme while avoiding aggressive confrontation."

Conduct.

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe was invited by Monaco's ambassador to OSCE and sent a team of four observers from four countries led by Poland's Konrad Olszewski. They arrived on 30 January and will depart on 13 February.  Buses and car parks were free of charge in order to encourage voter turnout.

Results.

An 18-metre screen broadcast the result at the only voting centre at Salle du Canto from 08:00 to 19:00, with the result expected between 4:00-4:30 the following day.

General elections were held in Monaco on 10 February 2013. The result was a victory for the Horizon Monaco alliance, which won 20 of the 24 seats in the National Council.

Les élections nationales se sont tenues à Monaco le 10 février 2013 afin de renouveler le Conseil national, qui constitue l'unique chambre parlementaire de la principauté. Il s'agit d'un scrutin plurinominal ; les 24 conseillers sont élus pour cinq ans au suffrage universel. sont élus au scrutin majoritaire et huit au scrutin proportionnel.


Orbit and classification.

"Gotho" orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,987 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as at Heidelberg in February 1906, the body's observation arc begins much later at Johannesburg in 1952, or 27 years after its official discovery observation.

Physical characteristics.

"Gotho" has been characterized as a C-type asteroid.

Lightcurves.

In April 2010, a rotational lightcurve of "Gotho" was obtained by astronomer Kenda Albers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.470 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Gotho" measures between 53.56 and 56.296 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.008 and 0.045 (without preliminary results). The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.0469 and a diameter of 51.05 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.4.

Naming.

For this minor planet, any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.

Unknown meaning.

Among the many thousands of named minor planets, "Gotho" is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between and and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth "(also see )".

1049 Gotho, provisional designation, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 53 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Although the name of the asteroid is a masculine German name, it is not known to refer to a particular individual.

(1049) Gotho est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale découvert le par l'astronome allemand Karl Reinmuth à l'Observatoire du Königstuhl près de Heidelberg. Sa désignation provisoire était 1925 RB. L'origine de son appellation est inconnue.


Early years.

He was born at Sem in Vestfold, Norway. He was the son of Jacob Liv Borch Sverdrup (1775–1841) and Gundelle Birgitte Siang (1780–1820). His father was a pioneer in scientific agriculture in Norway. He finished his law studies in 1841. He worked as a lawyer in Larvik, a small town on the west coast of the Oslofjord. In 1851 he was for the first time elected to the Storting, and from then until his appointment as Prime Minister in 1884, he was one of the leaders of parliament. In Norway, political parties were considered inappropriate and unwanted. Sverdrup tried from his earliest days in the Storting to form a radical party consisting of the large group of peasants and the radical elements among the representatives from the cities. His first attempt was named the "lawyers' party" after the profession of the leaders of the group. It soon became evident that the times were not ripe for such a radical novelty, and for the next years Sverdrup knit a loose alliance with the peasant leader, Ole Gabriel Ueland (1799–1870).

Forming the alliance.

In 1870 Ueland died, and the loose leadership of the alliance of peasants went over to Søren Jaabæk (1814–1894), an economically extremely conservative politician, whose views hardly exceeded the most primitive cutting of every part of the budget, even if the money in question would be used to the furthering of democracy and education, two of his most important topics. Such negative policy-making (Jaabæk's name was changed by the ministerial adherents and press to "Neibæk" after the Norwegian word "nei" 'no' contrasting with "ja" 'yes') would never produce great results, which Sverdrup clearly foresaw. He did not hesitate to acknowledge Jaabæk as the formal leader and organizer of this budding party, based on the "Bondevenforeninger" (peasant friend associations) that Jaabæk managed to spread throughout most of the country. However, in parliament Jaabæk often bowed to Sverdrup's more advanced political strategies, when they were not too expensive.  In 1869 a political reform of the greatest importance was introduced, yearly parliamentary sessions instead of the earlier triannual sessions. This definitely tipped the scale of political influence in favor of the Storting, and it is not easy to see the reasons for the King's acceptance of this reform. The major reason was probably the growing necessity to get updated budgets, which was naturally the Storting's task to provide.  During the 1860s, the views towards the ministers' participation in the parliamentary sessions had changed totally. The ministerials, as they were called, were now unanimously against, because they had seen the formation of the peasants' friends as a threat to what they deemed to be the ideal, the totally independent representative. The peasants and the radicals on the other hand, had drawn the obviously correct conclusion that this reform would further the influence of the elected towards the appointed ministers.  In 1870, the Storting passed a change in the constitution which granted the ministers admission to Parliament when asked, but the King refused to sanction the law, stating that it was premature so few years after the yearly sessions reform. In 1872 the new king, Oscar II, decided that Norway, in its precarious situation with the Council mostly convening in the capital, Christiania (now Oslo), while the king mostly lived in Sweden's capital Stockholm needed two Prime Ministers, one in each capital. Until then there had only been one in Stockholm, because the Council in Christiania was supposed to be led by an appointed governor, a position which had been vacant for 15 years because no Swedish king had dared or wished to appoint a new governor.  This made an extremely minor change in the suggested change in the constitution, when it was passed in 1873, necessary, namely that there were now two Prime Ministers, while there was only one in the previous law text. The changed constitution was not sanctioned this time either. The same happened in 1876 and 1879, and now a major problem had occurred, which made Norwegian politics extremely difficult for several years. The Constitution explicitly stated that the king had a veto three times in law and budget matters, but there was no mention of any kind of veto concerning constitutional matters.  This omission gave way to three possibilities:  The opposition which made up a vast majority, had practically rejected the first possibility and decided upon the third, whereas the Council and the minority of the Storting was certain of the king's absolute veto.

The strife hardens.

The strife which had started as a practical political reform had now turned into a political debacle which would have to change the checks and balances between the legislative and the executive branch. This had definitely become Sverdrup's goal. "All power must be gathered in the halls of the Storting" became his political program. In 1879 his party in the making made a coup by promulgating the new change in the constitution. This took the Council by surprise that the grand old man of the Council, Prime Minister Frederik Stang, resigned. The new Prime Minister, Christian Selmer, was not such a leader and force in the Council, and Sverdrup was ready for the next move, which should constitutionally have been taken in 1881. But Sverdrup's majority was not great enough to be certain of a victory in the forthcoming impeachment of the Council.  In the 1882 general elections Sverdrup's party won a convincing majority. They were able to fill the 25% of the Storting who were, together with the Supreme Court, the judges of the court, with only members of the leftist party in formation. Venstre (from the Norwegian word for left) was Sverdrup's and Jaabæk's liberal and radical party but definitely a party with no socialist affiliations. Høyre (from the Norwegian word for 'right') was the Council's and the minority party which was considered to be conservative.  In the fall 1883 the judges convened, and the trials took several months and resulted in loss of position without honor for most of the ministers and huge fines. The king appointed a new Council led by Christian Schweigaard, but was a rather lame move, since Sverdrup immediately threatened with a new impeachment trial. The new Council was named the April Ministry, which says something about how long the king's struggle to find a solution to the total crisis that had occurred, which he could deem acceptable.  It turned out there was no other choice than to appoint Johan Sverdrup as Prime Minister. In Norwegian tradition the transition from Montesquieu's ideal of checks and balances to a parliamentary system took place when he became Prime Minister. There is evidence that Sverdrup himself never really understood the consequences of a parliamentary system. Hence his five years in power with a vast majority in support, was no triumph march, but a row of defeats in Parliament. It is not far from a personal tragedy, and his resignation in 1889 was the only possible finale to a rather unworthy drama that took place within the Venstre.

Sverdrup's government.

It turned out from the first day that Sverdrup as a Prime Minister was not the competent strategist that most Norwegians had either learned to fear or admire. He expected his adherents to follow him as they had done for almost 30 years. It also turns out that Venstre was a more loosely knit coalition than Sverdrup and the other leaders had expected. The fight against the powerful executive branch had created alliances that broke very quickly afterwards. Sverdrup and all his ministers belonged to the conservative faction of the party. They had strong support what the leading Norwegian sociologist, Stein Rokkan, labeled the periphery, adherents of lay Christianity in opposition to the clergy, adherents of the so-called New Norwegian in opposition to the Norwegian spoken in the cities, adherents of totalitarianism.  His great mistake was to refuse to include anyone from the radical faction and to further alienate them by not accepting their advice in any of the difficult political situations that arose in those years. In the 1885 general election the party's slogan was "Have confidence in Johan Sverdrup" which later has been deemed one of the most ridiculous slogans ever created. A party without ability to find anything to unite about will have no long life, and the breach in the party became evident throughout the three years before the next general elections.  Sverdrup and his colleagues and diminishing group in the Storting were more or less expelled from the party and had to start their own Venstre. The original party, now led by Sverdrup's leading opponents, Ullmann and Steen, voted against him and mocked the elder statesman for clinging to the "Chair", but he was saved by Høyre which had no intentions to diminish the strife within the Venstre, and believed that their best hope was to leave the Sverdrup ministry in peace until the general elections in 1888. After those elections, which proved fully that Høyre strategy had been a sound one, Sverdrup's ministry was quickly ousted.

Father of Parliamentarism.

The views towards this controversial political leader will differ greatly with the political and historical affiliation of those expressing a view. It can not be denied that Sverdrup was an extremely skilled and able opposition leader and strategist whose influence of domestic politics was enormous for about 30 years. What can be said against such a viewpoint, is that most of the results of his opposition was destructive because he sold his radical and social liberal political views in order to gain influence in Jaabæk's loosely knit alliance of peasants. On the other hand one tends to forget that there was a class struggle between the peasants and the public servant and tradesmen classes, which in Norway with no nobility, were the most influential, and that Sverdrup, a public servant, joined the vast and less influential group of peasants in order to transform the society.  His weakness was his inability to bury hatchets and his apparent lack of flexibility in older age. His inability to understand the concept of parliamentarism, which seemed to be the ultimate goal of his policies. His clinging to the symbols of power can be ascribed to his age, but he was only about 70. Most historians would conclude that his fight against the king's appointed Council lasted too long. He was too old to harvest the fruits, but he paved the way for a new political situation in Norway.

Johan Sverdrup (30 July 1816 – 17 February 1892) was a Norwegian politician from the Liberal Party. He was the first prime minister of Norway after the introduction of parliamentarism. Sverdrup was prime minister from 1884 to 1889.

Johan Sverdrup, né le à Tønsberg et mort le à Christiania (Oslo), est un homme d'État norvégien du Venstre (parti libéral norvégien). Il a été le premier Premier ministre de la Norvège de 1884 à 1889, soit après l'introduction du régime parlementaire.


Authorship.

The sole authorship of "Sixteen Tons" is attributed to Merle Travis on all recordings beginning with Travis's own 1946 record and is registered with BMI as a Merle Travis composition. George S. Davis, a folk singer and songwriter who had been a Kentucky coal miner, claimed on a 1966 recording for Folkways Records to have written the song as "Nine-to-ten tons" in the 1930s; he also at different times claimed to have written the song as "Twenty-One Tons". There is no supporting evidence for Davis's claim. Davis's 1966 recording of his version of the song (with some slightly different lyrics and tune, but titled "Sixteen Tons") appears on the albums "George Davis: When Kentucky Had No Union Men" and "Classic Mountain Songs from Smithsonian".  According to Travis, the line "another day older and deeper in debt" from the chorus was a phrase often used by his father, a coal miner himself. This and the line "I owe my soul to the company store" are a reference to the truck system and to debt bondage. Under this scrip system, workers were not paid cash; rather they were paid with non-transferable credit vouchers that could be exchanged only for goods sold at the company store. This made it impossible for workers to store up cash savings. Workers also usually lived in company-owned dormitories or houses, the rent for which was automatically deducted from their pay. In the United States the truck system and associated debt bondage persisted until the strikes of the newly formed United Mine Workers and affiliated unions forced an end to such practices.

Other versions.

Tennessee Ernie Ford recorded "Sixteen Tons" in 1955 as the B-side of his cover of the Moon Mullican standard "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry". With Ford's snapping fingers and a unique clarinet-driven pop arrangement, it quickly became a million seller. It hit "Billboard"'s country music chart in November and held the No. 1 position for ten weeks, then crossed over and held the number 1 position on the pop music chart for eight weeks, besting the competing version by Johnny Desmond. In the United Kingdom, Ford's version competed with versions by Edmund Hockridge and Frankie Laine. Nevertheless, Ford's version was the most successful, spending four weeks at number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in January and February 1956.  Laine's version was not released in the United States but sold well in the UK. Ford's version was released on 17 October, and by 28 October had sold 400,000 copies. On 10 November, a million copies had been sold; two million were sold by 15 December.  The song has been recorded or performed in concert by a wide variety of musicians:

References.

Notes Bibliography

"Sixteen Tons" is a song written by Merle Travis about a coal miner, based on life in mines in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. Travis first recorded the song at the Radio Recorders Studio B in Hollywood, California, on August 8, 1946. Cliffie Stone played bass on the recording. It was first released in July 1947 by Capitol on Travis's album "Folk Songs of the Hills". The song became a gold record.

Le thème de la chanson est la vie d'un mineur dans une mine de charbon. En 1955, Tennessee Ernie Ford en fit une version qui atteignit le numéro un au hit-parade du magazine "Billboard", tandis qu'une version par Frankie Laine obtenait un succès en Europe de l'Ouest.


Maori legend.

In the ancient times of the Maori people there lived a nameless hill. He sat alone in a discarded inland area and was slave to Otanewainuku, the most prestigious mountain of Tauranga Moana. Nearby there lived a captivating hill whose name was Puwhenua; she was adorned with the beauty of Tanemahuta (God of the Forest). The nameless one desired the affection of Puwhenua, but her heart had already been won by Otanewainuku. This resulted in disparity which led the nameless one to decide to take his life by drowning in Te Moananui-a-Kiwa (Pacific Ocean). So he called upon his companions the patupaiarehe (fairy people) who dwelt in the dark recesses of the forest. The patupaiarehe were people of the night and possessed magical powers. The nameless one knew that with their help his ambition to end his life will be accomplished. When night fell, they laced the nameless one with dozens of ropes and began to heave and pull. The land rumbled as the patupaiarehe forced the nameless one from his position. A valley was gouged as they heaved him along, which is where the Waimapu river now flows. They continued along the Tauranga Moana channels where Hairini, Maungatapu and Matapihi reside. Upon their arrival near the great ocean of Kiwa, daybreak was fast approaching. Unfortunately for the nameless one this was proving to be quite a complex and problematic task. The rays of Tama nui te ra (Sun) began to light up the summit of the nameless hill and before they knew it, the patupaiarehe were exposed to the rays of light, so they retreated back to the depths of the forests.  The patupaiarehe decided to give the name "Mauao" to this mountain, which now marks the entrance into Tauranga Harbour. The literal translation of "Mauao" is "caught by the dawn". In time this mountain assumed its own great prestige and mana even over his once rival Otanewainuku and now stands as the symbol of all tribes of Tauranga Moana.

Early history of Tauranga and Mauao.

The name Tauranga can be translated as meaning 'place of rest' or 'anchorage'. The earliest people known to have resided in the Tauranga area are the Purukupenga, whose name alone survives, and the Ngamarama, who inhabited all the land from the Waimapu Stream to the Kaimai Ranges.  Many people of different waka passed through and some stayed. This included those of the Tainui canoe, which made only a brief stay, although evidence of their visit can be linked to “nga pehi o Tainui”, the ballast of Tainui, now known as Ratahi Rock.  Another was the Te Arawa canoe which made landfall at Maketu, with some of her crew occupying the land between the Tauranga harbour and the Kaituna River. After the departure of Tainui the Takitimu canoe then entered the Tauranga harbour. Its captain, Tamatea Arikinui, climbed to the summit of Mauao (Mount Maunganui) to offer karakia (prayers) and to bury there the "mauri" (life force) of his people.  Tamatea built a pa (stockaded village) on the hill known as Maungatawa, where his people settled. Ngati Ranginui all descended from Tamatea’s grandson, Ranginui. In later years Ngaiterangi after many failed attempts of looking to settle themselves in a permanent area led a massive raid on the Ngati Ranginui pa site on top of Mauao (around 1700). This attack resulted in the pa falling to Ngaiterangi, and is known as the 'Battle of the Kokowai'.  According to archaeologist there has been evidence of three pa sites recorded on top of and around Mauao. The final encounter of warfare ended at the cliffs of Mauao between Ngaiterangi and Ngapuhi. Armed with muskets Ngapuhi decided to intimidate and force their way through under the command of Te Morenga in 1820, the large pa site was not re-occupied after this battle. A peace was made with Ngapuhi shortly afterwards by Te Waru of Ngaiterangi.

MV Ranui.

At about 5pm on 28 December 1950, 23 people were drowned (3 crew and 20 passengers) when the 6 ton 45 foot passenger launch "Ranui" was driven on to North West Rock at the base of the mountain by an exceptionally high wave. The launch was capsized and was smashed to pieces. The only survivor was a 19-year-old youth, Phillip "Bluey" Smith. A Marine Court found no fault with the boat's master or owners.  The vessel's engine was wedged between rocks on the seaward edge of the base track above North West Rock. A brass plaque was installed in memory of those who died.

Ownership.

On 14 May 2008, New Zealand's Parliament adopted legislation whereby ownership of Mount Maunganui was transferred from the Crown to the Ngāi Te Rangi, Ngati Ranginui and Ngati Pukenga iwi. The land had been alienated following the 1863 land wars.

Mount Maunganui, or Mauao, commonly known by locals as The Mount, is an extinct volcanic cone at the end of a peninsula and the town of Mount Maunganui, by the eastern entrance to the Tauranga Harbour in New Zealand. It is considered very important and tapu (sacred) by the local Māori iwi, featuring extensively in local mythology. It is also of significant historical value. The summit is 232 metres above sea level.

Le Mauao, ou mont Maunganui, "Mount Maunganui" en anglais, est un cône volcanique côtier de l'Île du Nord, en Nouvelle-Zélande. Il est situé à Mount Maunganui, dans la Baie de l'Abondance.


History.

The Red Line was the first line of the Delhi Metro to be constructed and opened. The first Segment was constructed from Tis Hazari to Shahdara and opened on 25 December 2002. The Strategy worked in favor of DMRC. Many foreign investors, specifically from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation invested in the project, they were really impressed with the attempt, especially by the corruption-free model. The money invested was utilized to complete the rest of the segments in phase-I and then in the construction of the phase-II. Subsequently, other stations were opened in phases, initially between Tis Hazari to Inderlok in 2003, then from Inderlok to Rithala in 2004 and a final eastern extension from Shahdara to Dilshad Garden in 2008.  As part of the Phase III plan, an eastward extension of 9.5 km from Dilshad Garden to Ghaziabad ISBT (New Bus Stand) which was approved by the DMRC and the government in January 2014. Construction began in early 2015 and commercial operations started on 8 March 2019, thereby providing commuters another link to travel to Ghaziabad, as opposed to the Blue Line branch, that connects to Vaishali in Ghaziabad.

Future extensions.

Toward Narela.

Under the Phase IV of the Delhi Metro Red Line will extended towards Narela (21.73 km) with the proposed following stations: Rohini Sector 26, Rohini Sector 31, Rohini Sector 32, Rohini Sector 36, Rohini Sector 37, Barwala, Pooth Khurd, Bawana Industrial Area – 1, Bawana Industrial Area – 2, Bawana, Bawana JJ Colony, Sanoth, New Sanoth Colony, Anaj Mandi and Narela.

List of stations (East to North).

Delhi Metro currently have parking facilities at 20 metro stations of the Red line.

Towards → Shaheed Sthal.

The First Car In The Moving Direction Of Train Is Reserved For Ladies.

Towards ← Rithala.

The Red Line (Line 1) is a metro rail line of the Delhi Metro, a rapid transit system in Delhi, India. It consists of the first stretch of the Delhi Metro that was constructed and commissioned in Delhi and has of 29 stations that runs from Rithala to Shaheed Sthal (Ghaziabad ISBT) with a total distance of 34.4 km. The entire line is elevated. The line connects the areas of North East Delhi, North Delhi, and North West Delhi. The DMRC was incorporated in 1995 and construction for the Shahdara to Tis Hazari section began in October 1998, and opened in December 2002. As part of the Phase III plan, an eastward extension of 9.5 km from Dilshad Garden to Ghaziabad ISBT (New Bus Stand) commenced commercial operations on 8 March 2019.

La ligne rouge du métro de Delhi est une ligne de métropolitain du métro de Delhi. Elle est chronologiquement la première ligne du réseau, inaugurée le. Ayant connu trois extensions, la ligne comporte aujourd'hui 21 stations et totalise. À l'exception de la station Shastri Park au niveau du sol, la ligne est entièrement aérienne et traverse la rivière Yamunâ sur un viaduc.


Enregistreur de conversations téléphoniques

History.

"Law enforcement" professionals began using hardware to record telephone calls in the 1890s. This required physical access to the lines over which calls were carried.  PBX based call-recording hardware is sold by PBX vendors and third parties. This hardware is attached to the PBX. It can be configured to record all calls or some calls, either randomly or on demand. "Businesses", particularly call centers, use call recording for training, quality management, and legal compliance.  "Consumer" call-recording hardware was introduced in the 1970s, along with the first consumer-grade answering machines. These devices were connected to the same physical line as one of the telephones involved in the conversation. While the more sophisticated devices were automatically activated when a call was made, most were manual.  Modern Call recorders are usually Windows Server 2003 / 2008 based servers utilizing specific Dialogic (Intel) cards that are designed for TDM T1 and ISDN-PRI trunks for trunk side recording, and analog and digital station side cards for recording from stations. Often client software is required by the user computer for both screen recording and to trigger voice recording. You can Also record SIP trunks using port spans installed on specially configured network ports that do not have IP addresses and are used as sniffers for SIP traffic, and can be configured to record all or only specific calls. Most use informix and SQL databases and may use Integration Servers and IP Analyzers as well, sometimes clustered on one machine.  Modern recorders include Digital Loggers, Verint, Witness, NICE, Call Copy, VersaDial, SIP Print, OrecX and many others. Securelogix voice firewalls can function as recorders too

Uses.

Law enforcement.

Law enforcement use of call recording hardware is concentrated in two areas: 1. Homeland Security Homeland security recording involves interception of domestic and international calls. The US government records calls in several agencies as legally permitted. Hardware used in this application generally consists of large banks of servers and disk arrays. 2. E-911 call centers and Public Service Access Points (PSAPs) With the advent of E-911 and P.25 projects, PSAPs are upgrading their recording hardware. Newer systems include hardware interfaces to improve inter-operability and compatibility with radio systems outside the PSAP (i.e. military radios). Newer law-enforcement recording systems include hardware interfaces to these radios.

Types.

Cassette tape.

Cassette tape recorders, like answering machines, are installed between the telephone wall socket and the telephone itself. Telephone calls flow through the recorder. If the recorder is "on", the call is recorded. Recordings are made to magnetic tape and can be replayed on other compatible devices.

Digital.

Digital recorders have largely replaced tape recorders. They work exactly the same way, but, instead of recording onto a magnetic tape, they record onto digital media. Digital recorders are capable of recording call metadata such as, call time, call length, and caller ID.  Advanced features include:

PC.

The need to transfer call files from a recorder to a PC for review and analysis is completely eliminated if a PC is used instead of specialized hardware. This is possible if a PC is equipped with a sound board through which calls can be run. Calls can be terminated on a standard telephone or the PC itself. Calls and call metadata are store on the PC's hard drive.  PC-based call-recording usually includes software to retrieve and review recorded calls.

Recent developments.

Call-recording services now make it possible for consumers and businesses to record their telephone calls without any hardware. These services are available on demand. They centralize recordings, usually making them available through a web portal, facilitating retrieval and review.

Call recording hardware, or a telephone recorder, is hardware that can be used to record telephone conversations. Call recording hardware is most often used by law enforcement, lawyers, journalist, and call centers to record phone transaction with customers.

Un enregistreur de conversations téléphoniques est un appareil qui se place sur la ligne téléphonique analogique filaire fixe afin d'enregistrer toutes les conversations téléphoniques sur le disque dur de l'ordinateur, une carte mémoire ou une cassette audio.


Plot.

Andy is an extremely compulsive Mahjong player. Thrown out of the house by his mother and ignored by his more academically gifted and successful younger brother, Louis, he had a hard time running away from debt collectors. One day he met a woman named Gigi after a run-in with some of the debt collectors' men. Gigi started out as a thief, but because she fell for him and gave him immense luck, Andy gained great success with his extreme good luck in mahjong games and became very rich.  However, he refused to marry Gigi because she, though a nice woman when with him, was a sore loser who threw temper tantrums when on the verge of losing mahjong games. She could not understand that he couldn't stand the way she behaved. As Andy said, her behaviour could be revealed by just playing a game of mahjong where when she lost: She would throw the tables. He promised her that he would marry her if she could play a game of mahjong without such a bad temper. She couldn't and so he couldn't marry her though he loved her.  In the meantime, Andy found his mother who was now suffering from Alzheimer's disease. His brother faced bankruptcy and moved in with Andy, who lived in a bungalow. Not wanting to lose out in finding a job, Louis who had excellent luck in mahjong but zero skill, was conned out of all his money and even his clothes by a skilled, devious mahjong player, Sean (portrayed by Lau Ching-wan). A kind-hearted simpleton, a woman on the con team, (Cherrie) fell for him and decided to mend her ways.  Gigi, who was very disappointed with Andy's refusal to marry her, went with the bad crowd, in the form of the mahjong con men led by Sean. Andy who was cursed by Gigi lost his winning streak and instead found a living as a taxi driver; he moved into public housing. Being ever optimistic, he did not complain. However, not wanting Gigi to fall into the con men's trap, he played a game of mahjong with Sean and lost terribly. Gigi was touched by his actions and went back to him, promising she will return a better woman. Before she left, she gave Andy a blessing and, from there on, Andy's winning streak came back.  Louis, who had created a mahjong computer game with his new girlfriend (Cherrie), received word that there would be a mahjong tournament sponsored by his game. The ever optimistic Andy decided to join the contest which saw him competing against Sean. Before the tournament began, he discovered that Gigi had returned to her old job as a flight attendant and gave him good fortune items from around the world. During the tournament, Andy was able to secure a seat in the final match which included Sean, Sean's father, and a henchman. Andy easily won the match but was confronted by Sean to have a rematch. Andy agreed and the two squared off. Before the match could end, Andy gave the prize to Sean. Sean, surprised, looked at Andy's hand, which was a major breakthrough set. Sean realized all his mistakes and decided to learn from Andy. Andy regained all his money and started a mahjong school by the sea. He eventually married Gigi.

Fat Choi Spirit () is a 2002 Hong Kong comedy film produced and directed by Johnnie To and Wai Ka-fai, and starring Andy Lau, Lau Ching-wan, Louis Koo, Gigi Leung and Cherrie In.

Fat Choi Spirit ( 嚦咕嚦咕新年財) est une comédie hongkongaise sorti en 2002, produit et réalisé par Johnnie To et Wai Ka-fai.


Places of interest.

Leighlinbridge Castle, also called Black Castle, was one of Ireland’s earliest Norman castles. A 50 ft tall broken castle tower and bawn wall are all that can be seen today. Below the castle lies the ruin of the first Carmelite priory in Ireland which was built by the Norman, Carew in 1270.  At the northern entrance to the village is a sculpture by Michael Warren, depicting the thrones of the ancient seat of the Kings of South Leinster at Dinn Righ (The hill of the Kings). The Kings of Leinster lived near the village.

Leighlinbridge meteorite.

On the night of 28 November 1999, a brilliant exploding fireball was observed over Carlow town, which lasted for several seconds before fading and was accompanied by a loud detonation. An elderly lady in Leighlinbridge recovered a fusion crusted individual meteoritic rock on 12 December 1999, and later two more specimens were found. It is now officially called the "Leighlinbridge" by the International Meteorite Nomenclature Committee. The meteorites, totalling 271.4 grams in weight, were at the time the first recovered in Ireland since 1865 and are the first fallen rocks found anywhere in Ireland or Britain since 1991. The previous find in Ireland was the Dundrum meteorite which was found near Dundrum, County Tipperary.

Sports.

Gaelic games.

In Leighlinbridge there are three GAA clubs, Naomh Bríd, Leighlinbridge and Micheal Davitts. Naomh Bríd are a hurling club who compete in both the Carlow Senior Hurling Championship and the Carlow Intermediate Hurling Championship and all underage hurling competitions. Leighlinbridge are a football club who compete in the Carlow Intermediate Football Championship. Micheal Davitts are a football club who compete at underage level in Carlow. Players from neighbouring villages Old Leighlin and Ballinabranna combine with Leighlinbridge to play for Micheal Davits.

Soccer.

Vale Wanderers is the local soccer club in Leighlinbridge. They are represented at both underage and senior levels.

Education.

The local primary school is Leighlinbridge N.S. The most recent report by Department of Education inspectors noted the "welcoming, supportive and inclusive school atmosphere", and the "high quality teaching, as well as the openness and reflectivity that exists amongst the teaching staff".

Leighlinbridge (; ) is a small town on the River Barrow in County Carlow, Ireland. The N9 National primary route once passed through the village, which was by-passed in the 1980s. It now lies on the R705 regional road.

Leighlinbridge (en gaélique "Leithghlinn an Droichid") est un bourg au bord de la Barrow dans le comté de Carlow, en Irlande. Il était traversé par la N9 qui ne fait que le contourner depuis les années 1980, et reste desservi par la R705.


Description.

Both the Zhongguo (stable) and Griqua asteroids (marginally stable) are also described as the "long-lived" group with lifetimes over 70 million years in order to distinct them from the "short-lived" population. The division between the Griquas and Zhongguo into clearly distinct groups in terms of lifetime has also been questioned and follow-up studies have moved the threshold lifetime between the two long-lived groups from 500 million to 1 billion years.

Griqua asteroids.

The Griqua asteroids (also known as the "Griquas") are a dynamical group of asteroids with marginally unstable orbits. The group derives its name from the asteroid 1362 Griqua. The Griquas are located in the Hecuba gap – one of the largest Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt at 3.27 AU – and stay in a 2:1 mean motion resonance with the gas giant Jupiter, which gradually perturbes their orbits over a long period until they either intersect with the orbit of Mars or Jupiter itself. The group has an estimated lifetime of 100 to (at least) 500 million years. Known members of the Griqua group include "(articles in boldface)":

Zhongguo asteroids.

While the Griquas are asteroids in a marginally unstable orbit, the Zhongguo asteroids (or "Zhongguos"; named after 3789 Zhongguo) are in a rather stable 1:2 resonance with Jupiter. The group of 26 identified members, with a lifetime of more than 530 million (or even 1 billion) years, can be further divided into two clusters in the pseudo-proper element space:

Strongly unstable group.

Related but distinct from the "long-lived" Griquas and Zhongguos, is the group of "unstable" Hecuba-gap asteroids:  In 2005, further research expanded this group of 16 bodies with an additional 31 multi-opposition asteroids, that show life-times of less than 70 million years. It is also thought that approximately 25% of the short-lived population are "extremely unstable" with lifetimes of less than 2 million years.  Among the unstable population, some asteroids have such a high eccentricity with a perihelion of less than 1.3 AU, that qualifies them as a near-Earth object. These five bodies (with their current eccentricity taken from the JPL SBDB in parenthesis) are 5370 Taranis (0.64), (0.65), (0.70), (0.66), (0.72).

A Hecuba-gap asteroid is a member of a dynamical group of resonant asteroids located in the Hecuba gap at 3.27 AU – one of the largest Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt, which is considered the borderline separating the outer main belt asteroids from the Cybeles. A Hecuba-gap asteroid stays in a 2:1 mean motion resonance with the gas giant Jupiter, which may gradually perturbe its orbits over a long period until it either intersect with the orbit of Mars or Jupiter itself. Depending on the dynamical stability of an asteroid's orbit in the Hecuba gap, three subgroups have been proposed. These are the marginally unstable Griqua asteroids, with an estimated lifetime of more than 100 million years, the stable Zhongguo asteroids (more than 500 million or even 1 billion years), and an unnamed, strongly unstable population of asteroids with a dynamical lifetime of less than 70 million years.

Le groupe de Griqua est un groupe d'astéroïdes orbitant le Soleil à une distance entre 3,1 et 3,27 UA. Les membres de ce groupe ont des excentricités plus grande que 0,35. Le groupe est nommé d'après (1362) Griqua.


History.

Initially this territory of modern Zaqatala was a province of Caucasian Albania. After that, the region was a separate kingdom within Georgian cultural and political influence. During the medieval era what later became known as Saingilo was mostly controlled by the kingdom of Georgia and Shirvan.  In the Middle Ages seven Georgian schools operated in Saingilo which included the courses of theology, philosophy, orthography, church history, and the history of Georgia and for the students. These schools played an essential cultural and educational role. They put a vital contribution in establishing cultural relations among the peoples of the Caucasus.  Zaqatala has several sites of historic significance, most of which are centered on its 19th-century town centre. The main square, formerly called Lenin Square, features a pair of 700-year-old plane trees.  The city's most prominent feature is a ruined fortress, built in the 1830s by occupying Russian forces during the Caucasian War to defend the city from rebels (See Djaro-Belokani league). In the 1850s, the town was the site of battles between Russians and Dagestani leader Imam Shamil. It was center of Zakatala okrug (district) of Tiflis Governorate between 1860 and 1917. It was part of Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic between 1917 and 1918 and Georgian Democratic Republic between 1918 and 1921 before passing to Azerbaijan in March 1922.  In the 20th century the town and its fortress became more famous when the fortress was used as one of the prisons for the mutinous crew of the battleship "Potëmkin", whose actions in the failed 1905 Revolution were a precursor to the eventual 1917 revolution. The statue of one of the mutineers erected in the Soviet era still decorates Heydar Aliyev park not far from the fortress. Currently, the fortress still houses a military garrison as well as several Soviet-style apartment buildings. Near the northern part of the ramparts and off of the main square is a beautiful, but abandoned, Georgian church. The town now sports a sizable new mosque.

Overview.

It is served by the A315 road coming from Mingachevir and leading to the Georgian border at Lagodekhi as well as by a small airfield. North of the town there is an important wildlife and nature preserve. The Caucasus Mountains provide it with natural protection from the north winds. The wooded mountainsides, with frequent waterfalls offer great hiking opportunities. Due to its climate the town became a mountain health resort.  There are several hotels in both Zaqatala and surrounding villages including Ashaghi Tala and Jar (also spelled "Car/Djari"), both about from Zaqatala.  The city has a professional football team, Simurg. Zaqatala city stadium located in Galaduzu area was inaugurated in 2008 within the Zaqatala Olimpic Sports Complex. It has a capacity of 3500.

Demographics.

Azerbaijanis, Avars, Lezgins, Tsakhurs and Georgians known as Ingiloy inhabit Zaqatala and the surrounding rayon. In addition to the Azeri population, which is the majority here and in most of the rest of Azerbaijan, communities of Dagestani peoples, including the Avars, Tsakhurs, and Lezgins, live in the area. The majority of population are Sunni Muslim (predominantly among Dagestani peoples) and Orthodox Christians (among the Ingiloys (Georgians) and Russians) minorities.

Transportation.

Air.

Zaqatala International Airport serves the city. The airport is connected by bus to the city center. There are domestic flights to Baku, however currently it is unavailable.  Zaqatala Bus station- There are two bus stations in Zaqatala. One is in the center, nearby the Farmer's Market. This bus station serves for only to the villages of Zaqatala.  The second bus station is out of center, and this station serves for the other cities and capital. Customers can buy the tickets directly in the bus station. Reaching this Bus station passengers can either take public transports or taxi.  Zaqatala Railway station- There is a railway station to Zaqatala and it connects Baku (the capital) to Zaqatala with 12 hour ride.

Climate.

Zaqatala has a humid subtropical climate.

Zaqatala (; ) is a city in northwest Azerbaijan. With a municipal population of 31,300 inhabitants, it is located northwest of Sheki, by the Tala River and is the main municipality of the Zaqatala rayon. The municipality consists of the city of Zaqatala and the nearby village of Qazangül. The city is populated by a variety of ethnic groups, each speaking their own (linguistically unrelated) languages, including Azerbaijani and Tsakhur. The postal codes are AZ6200-AZ6205.

Zaqatala (en, autrefois en, "Zaqatala"; puis en, "Zakataly" ; en avar : Зактала, " Zaktala") est une ville d'Azerbaïdjan et le chef-lieu administratif du raïon du même nom situé entre la Géorgie et le Daghestan.


Description.

"Beit Yosef" is a comprehensive commentary on the "Arba'ah Turim", citing and analyzing the Talmudic, Geonic, and major subsequent halachic authorities. It analyzes the theories and conclusions of those authorities cited by the "Tur", and also examines the opinions of authorities not mentioned by him. Karo began the "Beit Yosef" in 1522 at Adrianople, finished it in 1542 at Safed in the Land of Israel; he published it in 1550–59.  Thirty-two authorities, beginning with the Talmud and ending with the works of Rabbi Israel Isserlein (1390–1460 and known as the "Terumath ha-Deshen"), are summarized and critically discussed in "Beit Yosef". No other rabbinical work compares with it in wealth of material. Karo evidences not only an astonishing range of reading, covering almost the entire rabbinic literature up to his time, but also remarkable powers of critical investigation. In the introduction, Karo clearly states the necessity of, and his reasons for undertaking such a work. The expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian peninsula and the invention of printing had endangered the stability of religious observances on their legal and ritual sides. By the 15th century, the Jews in Spain and the Jews of Portugal followed two main traditions: the older tradition of Maimonides, whose school of thought is heir to the Talmudic academies of Babylonia via the scholars of North Africa; and the Ashkenazi school of the Tosafists whose tradition is based on analytical thinking (related to pilpul), a methodology that was developed in the yeshivot of France and Germany that taught the importance of the minhagim or "customs" of the country. Jews then living in the different kingdoms of Spain had their standard authorities to which they appealed. The most prominent of these were Maimonides, whose opinions were accepted in Andalusia, Valencia, Israel and the Near East; Nahmanides and Solomon ben Adret, whose opinions were accepted in Catalonia; and Asher ben Jehiel and his family, of German origin, whose opinions were accepted in Castile. When the Spanish-Portuguese exiles came to the various communities in the East and West, where usages entirely different from those to which they had been accustomed prevailed, the question naturally arose whether the newcomers, some of whom were men of greater learning than the members of the host communities in Europe, should be ruled by the latter, or vice versa.  The proliferation of printed books, moreover, dramatically increased the availability of halakhic literature; so that many half-educated persons, finding themselves in possession of legal treatises, felt justified in following any ancient authority at will. Karo undertook his "Beit Yosef" to remedy this problem, quoting and critically examining in his book the opinions of all the major authorities then known.

Beit Yosef () (also transliterated Beth Yosef), written by Rabbi Joseph Caro, is a long and detailed commentary on the Arba'ah Turim (""Tur"") by Jacob ben Asher. It served as a precursor to the "Shulchan Aruch", which Rabbi Caro wrote later in his life.

Le Beit Yossef (hébreu : בית יוסף « Maison de Joseph ») est un code de Loi juive compilé par Joseph Caro au. Conçu comme un commentaire de l’"Arbaa Tourim" de Jacob ben Asher, il ne traite que les aspects pratiques de la vie juive mais couvre la quasi-totalité de la littérature rabbinique en existence à l’époque de sa rédaction. Élaboré sur plus de vingt ans, il est complété et amendé par le "Bedek Habayit" du même auteur qui en produit ultérieurement une version abrégée, le "Choulhan Aroukh", considéré jusqu’à nos jours comme la principale référence en matière de Loi juive.


Geography.

While the city takes up almost all of the municipality, Ciudad López Mateos has governing jurisdiction over: Campos los Cedros, El Pedregal, Presa las Ruinas, Presa San Juan, Valle de Paz, Viejo Madín and Rancho Blanco Ejido de Espíritu Santo, the only one with any significant population at 501 people.  The municipality has an area of 89.9 km2 (34.71 sq mi) and reported a population of 472,526. It lies in the northeastern part of the state, just northwest of the Federal District (Mexico City). This municipality is in the northwestern part of the state (in the metropolitan area of Mexico City). The municipality borders Naucalpan, Tlalnepantla de Baz, and Cuautitlán Izcalli.  In 1984, the city hall was transferred from downtown Atizapán, to a new building near the municipal limit with the municipality of Tlalnepantla de Baz.  From 1997 to 2009, Atizapán was under the government of the National Action Party.  Atizapán has several golf courses such as La Hacienda, Chiluca, Bellavista and Valle Escondido.

History.

In 2000, Antonio Domínguez Zambrano was elected as the President of Atizapán, representing the National Action Party. After taking possession of the government was discovered that he was the head of many corruption and fraud events and also bullying rivals and fraud.  But the main charge was the murder of fellow party partner María de los Ángeles Tamez Reyes, which at the time was working as part of his government.  As a result, Antonio Domínguez was found guilty on all accounts and sent to prison with his secretary Daniel García.

Politics.

Atizapán de Zaragoza municipality has a town hall. The administration is headed by a municipal president or mayor and includes a treasurer, a municipal secretary and councilors; the municipal seat is Ciudad López Mateos town. This municipality has a Municipal public announcement of police side and good governance ("Bando municipal de policía y buen gobierno"), are local laws, this is issued each year and published every February 5, the national Constitution Day.

Atizapán de Zaragoza is a municipality, in State of Mexico in Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 91.07 km2. In 2010, the municipality had a total population of 489,937. At the west side of the city is the Zona Esmeralda district (the Lomas de Valle Escondido and surrounding neighborhoods), considered one of the wealthiest in the State of Mexico and Greater Mexico City. The Valle Escondido and Chiluca country clubs are located here.

Atizapán de Zaragoza est une commune ("municipio") mexicaine de l'État de Mexico, État voisin de la capitale qui n'inclut pas la ville de Mexico constituant le District fédéral (DF).


Information.

Early Malays literature was mainly influenced by Indian epics, such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, which later included other traditions that now form the Malay literary heritage prose which were delivered through generations by oral, such as the Hikayat Mara Karma, Hikayat Panca Tanderan and Hikayat Gul Bakawali. Much of the stories were recompiled and republished into books, driven by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, the national language society. Malay romantic tales were also sourced from the Panji cycle of Hindu Java. There were also several forms of Malay poetry, which are either in the form of pantun (poems that rhymed with each other and are didactic in its every sense), syair (a long narrative poem, that is made up of four stanzas and recited with a tone akin to singing), gurindam and seloka and are still remain popular until today.  For the Orang Asli, literature was and still is constituted by accounts of actual events. Different ethnic groups have different versions of the same story, although there are several recurring themes and elements in every tale.  The cultural practices of the indigenous people in Sarawak are shaped in part by oral traditions. Themes like the relationship of the people to their past, particularly their ancestry, and the spirit world, including its influence on the production of food and health are the primary themes of the oral literature of various ethnic groups in Sarawak. The recitation of oral literature is often accompanied by rituals.  The oral traditions of Sabah encompass folk tales and legends, such as creation myths, that have been preserved by the ethnic groups in the state. This oral literature is recited during ceremonies conducted by priestesses, who serve as ritual specialists, faith healers and spirit mediums.  By the 19th century, oral literature on the Malay peninsula was superseded by written literature. This was attributed largely in part to the introduction of Islam to the Peninsula by the 15th century and the adoption of the Jawi script as well as their surging fervor of nationalism that had seeped through the intellectuals, educated in Turkey or in Al-Azhar University, in Egypt. This tradition was influenced both by earlier oral traditions and Islamic literature from the Middle East. Works during this time ranged from theological literature that discusses religion as the crucial solution towards social problems as well as colonialism (Melati Kota Bharu by Abdul Kadir Adabi) and legal digests, to romances (Nasib Hasnah by Abdullah Sidek; discusses of the principles of romance and long-lasting relationship within the husband and the wife, moral anecdotes (commonly seen in short stories throughout 1920s and the 1930s), popular tales of Islamic prophets and even animal tales, which were written in a number of styles ranging from religious to the "Hikayat" form.  The literary traditions of the Malay sultanates were distinct in that scribes were hired to record the significant events of the time. One important work of this period was "Sejarah Melayu" (The Malay Annals), which was written during the era of the Malacca Sultanate, rewritten in 1536 and revised in 1612.  A surge of new, modern writers gave the birth of what considered as a novelty then, in the form of novel and short story. The colonialism and the increasing numbers of intellectuals mainly educated in MPSI (Maktab Perguruan Sultan Idris) or MCKK (Malay College Kuala Kangsar) had such profound impact throughout the development of the two forms. First developed by Abdullah Munshi in his Hikayat Pelayaran, it is developed more by the end of the 1920s and throughout the 1930s. Much of the works were didactic in every sense, implementing elements of religion and theology, and a critique of the social problems that surfaced and deemed to halt such progresses of economic prosperity as well as independence. In every sense, their novels often melancholic and portrayed the Malay proletariat class in an idealistic manner, much driven with realism as well as romanticism. Writers during this period were Abdul Rahim Kajai, Harun Aminurrashid and to a lesser extent, Abdullah Sidek.  During the Japanese Occupation, literature were mainly driven with such fervor of the Emperor of Japan and were published in magazines (Fajar Asia as such). Most of the works centered about the strength of the Japanese Army and their successes, and Japanese-induced nationalistic fervor. Not much of the novel, short story nor poetry were written during this period, only a few remained from the 1930s such as Ishak Haji Muhammad and Abdul Rahim Kajai.

Poetry.

Traditional Malay poetry was used for entertainment and the recording of history and laws. There are three forms of traditional Malay poetry: the "mantera", the "pantun" and the "syair". Modern Malay poetry consists of the "sajak".

Malaysian literature is the collection of literary works produced in the Malay peninsula until 1963 and in Malaysia thereafter. Malaysian literature is typically written in any of the country's four main languages: Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil. It portrays various aspects of Malaysian life and comprises an important part of the culture of Malaysia.

La littérature dite malaisienne fait référence aux œuvres littéraires produites depuis la formation définitive de l'État malaisien en 1963, avec le rattachement à la péninsule Malaise des territoires britanniques de Bornéo (Sabah et Sarawak). Fruit de plusieurs cultures entremêlées, elle est majoritairement écrite dans l'une des quatre langues principales du pays : le malais — seule langue nationale depuis 1967 — de manière prédominante, l'anglais, le chinois et le tamoul. Elle dépeint les différentes facettes de la vie malaisienne et constitue un pan important de la culture populaire locale.