Hosts.

"Pythium aphanidermatum" has a wide host range, and can have an economic impact on the cultivation of soybeans, beets, peppers, chrysanthemum, cucurbits, cotton and turf-grasses, however, because "P. aphanidermatum" requires warmer temperatures, it is often seen in greenhouses and has a large impact in poinsettia production. It is a major cause of root rot in papaya production in subtropical areas. While this is almost exclusively a plant pathogen, there is one documented case of "P. aphanidermatum" infecting a human being injured in the Afghanistan conflict.

Symptoms.

"Pythium aphanidermatum" is responsible for pre- and post-emergence damping off. Pre-emergence damping off is when the seed is infected prior to germination. This can result in poor or no germination, and is observable as a browning or rotting of the seed. Post-emergence damping off takes place after germination and results in a thinning, water-soaked stem near the plant collar, which eventually causes the collapse of the plant. "P. aphanidermatum" can also cause root rot. Symptoms of root rot include stunted growth, chlorotic leaves, leaf drop, and wilting. The infection begins at the root tip, and can cause the infected region to lose its protective outer layer, exposing the inner root to other pathogens

Disease Cycle.

"Pythium aphanidermatum" overwinters in the soil as oospores, hyphae and/or sporangia. Oospores can produce a germ tube and infect the plant directly, or, if the environment is favorable (that is an adequate amount of water is present), the oospore may produce sporangia, which in turn produce motile, biflagallete zoospores that swim to the host plant, encyst, and germinate. This infection can occur on seeds, which can rot, or produce a weak seedling. If it infects the roots of a seedling, the mycelium will grow throughout the plant tissue, releasing digestive enzymes which break down plant cell walls allowing the pathogen to absorb the nutrients, effectively killing the plant over time. "P. aphanidermatum" is a polycyclic disease A polycyclic plant pathogen has several life cycles during a season, meaning it can reinfect the host plant, or travel to another plant. After infection, several things can happen that spreads the infection: 1)More asexual structures form, including sporangiophores and sporangia, which release more zoospores which can reinfect the host plant, or move to other plants. 2)There can also be sexual reproduction when two different mating hyphal types meet, creating an oogonium (female structure), and an antheridium (male structure). This results in genetic recombination and exists as an oospore-the original overwintering stage of the pathogen.

Environment.

"Pythium aphanidermatum" infects plants via motile zoospores, and because zoospores need to swim in order to infect the host, moist conditions facilitate the most rapid spread of the disease. Temperature also has an effect on the rate of pathogen propagation. The pathogen can cause disease in cool temperatures (55-64 °F) but ideal conditions are between 86 °F and 95 °F, a characteristic which distinguishes it from other "Pythium" species. Potential host plants that are stressed are more susceptible to infection. Factors that may cause stress in plants and therefore increase the likelihood of infection include high saline conditions, drought, nutrient deficiencies, and excessive moisture around the plant. High saline content in the soil can promote infection at lower temperature and humidity that is ideal for the pathogen. Excessive nitrogen fertilization will also increase the chance of infection because the nitrogen decreases the function of the plant’s innate defense response, and it also damages the ends of the roots, which are the primary mode of infection. Furthermore, the medium in which plants are grown dictates affects the severity of Pythium infection. Sterile soil-less cultures are the most susceptible, while increasing soil content inhibits disease progression due to bacteria present in the soil. Finally, seedlings and plants that are germinating have greater susceptibility to the pathogen, and often experience damping off.

Management.

Several cultural management methods can be effective in avoiding disease caused by "Pythium aphanidermatum". The pathogen thrives in a moist environment, so it is important to prevent an excessive amount of moisture from building up in the plant media Irrigation that is too frequent and usage of soil that has poor drainage are common mistakes that result in inoculation. In addition, poor ventilation and insufficient exposure to sunlight can cause the plants themselves to accumulate moisture, potentially spreading disease. Sanitation of the soil using chemical treatment and minimizing the amount of plant debris in which the pathogen can survive is also an effective cultural practice. Fungicides are also effective control methods. Systemic and contact fungicides can be used, but in order to prevent the pathogen from becoming resistant to the treatment it is best to alternate between systemic and contact substances. Several chemical types can be used to manage the pathogen including acylalanines, thiadiazoles, carbamates, cinnamic acid derivatives, phosphonates, and phosphites. In general, these fungicides yield best results when used for preventative purposes. Biological control of the pathogen has also been successful. Bacteria and fungi can be used to treat "Pythium aphanidermatum" in turf, crops, and flowering greenhouse plants. Bacteria species include "Bacillus subtilis", "Candida oleophila", "Enterobacter cloaceae", and "Pseudomonas" species. Fungi include many "Trichoderma" species, namely "T. harziamum", "T. virens", and "T. hamatum".

Importance.

Damage caused by "Pythium aphanidermatum" is difficult to measure because it has such a wide host range and infection results in a variety of symptoms, all of which are detrimental in different ways. Damage is important and most prevalent in warm and humid regions where soils are particularly wet. Valley areas and river bottom fields are particularly susceptible to infection. In general, the pathogen is especially important in crops such as corn, cotton, cereal crops, and high value horticultural crops. The pathogen is also economically important in crops that are produced both in greenhouses and by soil-less culture. Root infection and seedling damping off are responsible for a decrease in plant health and reduction in yield for economic crops. Tomato is one of the most popular vegetable crops throughout the world and it is also widely cultivated. In tomatoes, "P. aphanidermatum" causes significant losses in nurseries where young suspectible transplants are produced.

Pythium aphanidermatum is a soil borne plant pathogen. "Pythium" is a genus in the class Oomycetes, which are also known as water molds. Oomycetes are not true fungi, as their cell walls are made of cellulose instead of chitin, they are diploid in their vegetative state, and they contain coenocytic hyphae (lacking crosswalls), called a protist. Also, they reproduce asexually with motile biflagelette zoospores that require water to move towards and infect a host. Sexually, they reproduce with structures called antheridia, oogonia, and oospores.

Pythium aphanidermatum est une espèce de pseudochampignons oomycètes de la famille des "Pythiaceae". C'est un micro-organisme tellurique phytopathogène qui attaque une vaste gamme de plantes-hôtes. Comme tous les Oomycètes, ce n'est pas un vrai champignon mais un protiste, car cet organisme a des parois cellulaires faites de cellulose et non de chitine, il est diploïde au stade végétatif et a des hyphes à structure cœnocytique (sans parois transversales). En outre, la reproduction asexuée se fait par des zoospores biflagellées mobiles qui ont besoin d'eau pour se déplacer vers les hôtes et les infecter. La reproduction sexuée passe par des structures appelées anthéridie, ovogonies et oospores.


Early life and education.

Grace Alele-Williams Born in Warri, Delta state. She attended Government School, Warri, and Queen's College, Lagos. She attended the University College of Ibadan (now University of Ibadan). She obtained a master's degree in Mathematics while teaching at Queen's School, Ede in Osun State in 1957 and her Ph.D in Mathematics Education at the University of Chicago (U.S.) in 1963. She made history as the first Nigerian woman to be awarded a doctorate degree. She returned to Nigeria for a couple of years' postdoctoral work at the University of Ibadan before joining the University of Lagos in 1965.

Academic career.

Her teaching career started at Queen's School, Ede Osun State, where she was mathematics teacher from 1954 until 1957. She left for the University of Vermont to become a graduate assistant and later assistant professor. Between 1963 and '65, Alele-Williams was a postdoctoral research fellow, department (and institute) of Education, University of Ibadan from where she was appointed a professor of mathematics at the University of Lagos in 1976. She was the first female Vice Chancellor in Nigeria.  She has held and served in various capacities. By serving in various committees and boards, Alele-Williams had made useful contributions in the development of education in Nigeria. She was chairman of the curriculum review committee, former Bendel State 1973–1979. From 1979 to 1985, she served as chairman of the Lagos State Curriculum Review Committee and Lagos State Examinations Boards.  Alele-Williams was a member of governing council, UNESCO Institute of Education. She is also a consultant to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Institute of International Education Planning. For a decade (1963–73) she was a member of the African Mathematics Programme, located in Newton, Massachusetts, United States. She was also vice-president of the World Organisation for Early Childhood Education and later president of the Nigeria chapter. Alele-Williams has published a book titled "Modern Mathematics Handbook for Teachers". After serving as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Benin, she joined the board of directors of Chevron-Texaco Nigeria. She is also on the board of HIP Asset Management Company Ltd, an Asset Management Company in Lagos, Nigeria. Professor Grace Awani Alele-Williams was a force to reckon with in the dark period for Nigeria's higher education. Then, the activities of secret cults, confraternities and societies had spread within the Nigerian Universities especially in University of Benin. She made valuable impacts, with combination of courage, ingenuity and strategy that the growing tide of cultism was stemmed in the university. A task which many men had failed, she was able to make notable contributions.  She has a special interest in women education. While spending a decade directing the Institute of Education, she introduced innovative non degree programmes, allowing older women working as elementary school teachers to receive certificates. Alele-Williams has always demonstrated concern for the access of female African students to scientific and technological subjects.

Grace Alele-Williams (born December 16, 1932) is an educator who made history as the First Nigerian Female Vice-Chancellor at the University of Benin. She was also the first Nigerian woman to receive a doctorate degree. She is a professor of mathematics education.

Grace Alele-Williams est une mathématicienne nigériane née le à Warri. Elle est connue pour être la première femme du Nigeria d'une part à obtenir un doctorat et d'autre part à diriger une université nigériane, l'Université du Bénin.


Host selection.

On 14 June 2012, the then-Brazilian Minister of Sports, Aldo Rebelo, and the president of CBDU ("Confederação Brasileira do Desporto Universitário"), Luciano Cabral, announced that after the failed bid by Brazil for the 2017 Summer Universiade, they would bid again for the 2019 Summer Universiade. Brazil's capital Brasília was appointed as the bid city again after it lost in 2017 to Taipei. Brazil previously hosted the Summer Universiade once in 1963 in Porto Alegre.  On 11 December 2012, Azad Rahimov, the Youth and Sports Minister of Azerbaijan, announced that after the country won the rights to host the first European Games in 2015, they would bid to host the 2019 Summer Universiade. The attempt was the first time that Azerbaijan placed a bid for the Universiade. Baku would represent the country as the bid city.  On 31 January 2013, Miklós Tóth, the vice-chairman of the Hungarian Olympic Committee, announced that Hungary would make a bid for the 2019 or 2021 Summer Universiade with the aid of Alfréd Hajós' Plan ("Hajós Alfréd Terv"). Budapest previously hosted the 1965 Summer Universiade and was confirmed as the bid city on 19 February 2013.  On 3 April 2013, FISU officially confirmed three candidate cities:  On 31 October 2013, Baku officially withdrew from the bidding process for the 2019 Summer Universiade, citing that the city will be busy with other sporting events in the period of 2015–2017 with the 2015 European Games and the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games. On 8 November 2013, Budapest withdrew because the city could not afford the costs of the event, leaving Brasilia as the only bidding city. On 9 November 2013, FISU nominated Brasilia as host city of the 2019 Summer Universiade. On 5 March 2016, FISU reattributed the 2019 Universiade to Naples, Italy.

Venues.

The Organising committee plans to involve already existed sports facilities after their renovation.

Opening ceremony.

The opening ceremony was held at Stadio San Paolo and ran from 21:00 to 00:20 Central European Summer Time including a special performance by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli.

Marketing.

Logo.

The logo of the games was an image of Mount Vesuvius, a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples which was remodeled into five chromatic trails of both the Olympics and Universiade that resembles a race track. The lines meeting at the top and ending with a puff of multicoloured smoke symbolise different people’s involvement with a unique objective of sharing and contributing to development, progress, solidarity, and coexistence.

Mascot.

The mascot of the games was a Siren named "Partenope", which was designed by Melania Acanfora, young Neapolitan student of the “Accademia delle Belle Arti” (Academy of Fine Arts). The Mascot is described as a gymnast with her fish tail that could be transformed into scaly legs which allow her to run, jump, dance, just as a real athlete. In the opening ceremony, Mariafelicia Carraturo interpreted the mascot.

Participants.

"in order of appearance, Parade of Nations":

Closing ceremony.

The closing ceremony was held on 14 July 2019 at the Stadio San Paolo and ran from 21:00 to 23:20 Central European Summer Time. The closing ceremony featuring the handover of the FISU flag to the Chinese city of Chengdu as the host city of the 2021 Summer Universiade. Along with the FISU, protocol the ceremony had the performances by rapper Clementino, singer and Eurovision Song Contest 2019 runner-up Mahmood and Austrian DJ Sonic Snares.

The 2019 Summer Universiade, the XXX Summer Universiade (Italian: Universiadi estive 2019) was held in Naples, Italy, between 3 and 14 July 2019.

L'Universiade d'été de 2019,, se déroule à Naples et en Campanie en. Le à Bruxelles, après le retrait de Brasilia en raison de difficultés financières, la FISU a réattribué cette édition à Naples. 60 ans après la édition des Universiades à Turin, c’est la fois qu’une édition de ces jeux universitaires, réservée aux étudiants ayant au moins et au plus, se déroule en Italie (la en été).


Biography.

Born at Ecatepec de Morelos in Mexico State, Eruviel Ávila Villegas has a Law bachelor's degree from the "Universidad Tecnológica de México" (UNITEC), and a Master's and Doctor's degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).  Ávila Villegas has been a teacher at UNITEC. He is author of the book ""The Creation of the Constitutional Court in the State of Mexico"" (""La Creación de la Corte Constitucional del Estado de México"") published in 2003, a joint publication of the Legislative Investigations Institute of the State of Mexico Congress and the State of Mexico's Public Administration Institute.  From 1994 to 1996 he became secretary of the municipality of Ecatepec de Morelos, he has been elected deputy of the State of Mexico Congress twice, from 1997 to 2000 in the LIII Legislature and from 2006 to 2009 in the LVI Legislature, where he was also named Coordinator of the PRI's Parliamentary Group and chairman of the board of Political Coordination.  He was Subsecretary of the State of Mexico's municipal government in Nezahualcóyotl from 2001 to 2002 and PRI's President of the Directive State Council in 2006. He has been elected Mayor of Ecatepec de Morelos for two periods, from 2003 to 2006 and from 2009 to 2012. In 2010 he was elected President of the National Federation of Municipalities "(FENAMM)", where1,510 of the country's municipalities are grouped.  On March 26, 2011 he requested license to be excused as Mayor of Ecatepec, and the next day he registered as PRI's candidate for Governor of the State of Mexico.

Trajectory and formation.

Eruviel Ávila Villegas is a graduated lawyer from the Universidad Tecnológica de México (Unitec) has a master's degree and a doctorate, both in law, from the Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), he's the author from the book "La creación de la Corte Constitucional del Estado de México" a co-publication between the Instituto de Investigaciones Legislativas del Congreso del Estado de México and the Instituto de Administración Pública from the State of Mexico.  He started his political career as Secretary from the local government of Ecatepec Morelos from 1994 to 1996, in two occasions was elected as a congressman for the State of Mexico congress between the years 1997 to 200, and for a second time from 2006 to 2009, where he served as coordinator of the parliamentary group from the Institutional Revolutionary Party and as a president of the Political Coordination Assembly.  Elected as a municipal mayor from Ecatepec twise, from 2003 to 2006, then from 2009 to 2012. Was an undersecretary from the state of Mexico government in Nezahualcoyotl region from 2001 to 2002 and the president of the Comite Direcitvo Estatal from the PRI in 2006.  On March 26, 2011 he requested permission to leave his charge as a municipal mayor from Ecatepec for start a registration as a candidate as governor of the State of Mexico on March 27.

Governor of State of Mexico.

Health.

On November 18, 2014, as governor of the State of Mexico, he opened the center "Ciudad de la Salud para la Mujer" in Cautitlan city. This center brings specialized attention to women, offering special attention on geriatrics and maternity, a specialized area on detection and prevention on breast cancer, and psychological help on addiction treatments are given in the center too. Months after it was opened and thanks to the good results, a second center was opened in Huixquilucan on May 11, 2015. The president of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto gave instructions to copy this kind of center for another cities around the country.  On child health, he opened a lactaction bank in different zones around the State of Mexico. The first was the Hospital Materno-Infantil "Mónica Pretelini", opened on January 15, 2013 in Toluca city, the second bank was opened in Chalco called Hospital Materno-Infantil "Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez", it attends more than 9 thousand mothers. After it another one was opened in Naucalpan on August 9, 2013 and after a month 3 more banks were opened in Atlacomulco, Tenancingo and Ecatepec. On June 19, 2013 Eruviel Avila received the award from the International Union against Cancer for the best governmental organization, thanks to his actions on prevention and attention on this decease. By June 2013, the first robotized pharmacy was opened in Cuautitlán city, built to provide exactly dosage and prevent auto medication, after that the Specialized on VIH Center started operations in Ixtapaluca, the first of its kind in the country.  Meanwhile, his administration, the Instituto Materno Infantil del Estado de México gave for the first time an electronic vaccination booklet. In November 2014, the Health Secretary gave to the State of Mexico a certification as the first entity in Mexico free from malaria since the past 25 years.  On June 3, 2015 the first Regional Blood Bank was opened at the Valle de México, where urgencies from west zone and all the Valle de México are attended. Eruviel Ávila was the first blood donor for the bank. A specialized in addictions center (Centro Especializado de Prevención y Rehabilitación de Adicciones) in Metepec city started operating on a July 29, 2015 where they give special treatments for addictions.

Social development.

On August 12, 2012 with the help from the Health Secretary, started the Caravana de la Salud, an initiative where mobile units bring medical attention to the different Estado de Mexico zones in need from health.  Thanks to the "Sistema para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia" (DIFEM) and the Secretaria de Desarrollo Agropecuario started an initiative called Canastas Alimentarias Hortofruticolas, which was designed to improve the nutrition from poor families and to contribute in the consume of agricultural products, fruits and vegetables of the region.  During Eruviel Avila administration was implemented the "needed divorce", a legal term that facilitated the process of divorce in child abuse inside the family cases, reducing prices for these cases. Centers for Raped Women were implemented for victims of these social problem. For families with just one parent a program called "De la mano con Papá" was developed to bring capacitation, alimentation programs, medical attention and other things.  By the year 2013, a translation in different dialects about the kids and teenager's rights was made with the purpose to expand these rights to natives Mexicans. That same year, was opened the "Procuraduria para la Defensa del Contribuyente" a mechanism in charged to defend and promote the citizen who pay their taxes.  By the end of 2015, the Sistema para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia from State of Mexico (DIF) inaugurated a special clinic for nutrition called NutriDIF, this center as equipped with the needed technology to optimize different nutrition programs for poor families.

Education.

With the purpose of generate more opportunities for students who try to get into the productive sector; the Estado de Mexico government established in 2011 a dual education model, this kind of educational model is currently used in countries as Germany, Denmark and France among others, all this in order to link students of high school and bachelor's degree with work field via internships in the productive industry.  During the second year of Eruviel Avila's public management was started the program called " 10 Actions for Education" which is targeted to students of all educational levels. All the students who meet all the requirements of this program will qualify to benefits as economic support through the card "La Efectiva", school accident insurance, student exchange scholarships, computers, special education support, scholar kits, among others benefits; Another programs have been developed within this actions, for example "Left-handed Students Program" and "Digital Skills for Everyone".  Regarding to educational infrastructure, in 2012 the "Digital University of Estado de Mexico" was inaugurated, this educational center has an educational offer of 26 professional careers, besides the opportunity of study a high school, bachelor or master's degree in prestige educational centers; in May 2015 the "Unidad de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec (school belonging to Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario) opened its doors, nowadays this center has an enrollment of 500 students in careers like Business Management Engineering, Logistics and Distribution Engineering among others. On the other hand, until 2015 were inaugurated 164 of the called "Digital Libraries" in collaboration with "Fundacion Proacceso", "Enova" and State government, this kind of places offers availability of ebooks, audiobooks and internet for free. In 2012 was signed the ‘Acuerdo Estratégico por la Educación Media Superior y Superior’ en el Edoméx que cuentan con servicio de libros electrónicos, audiolibros e internet de forma gratuita y, hasta 2015, suman 164., which was countersigned in 2015, due to the high number of people who applied and don't achieve enter to Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, this agreement allows to nine thousand students to enter to high school education and four thousand students to University education in one of the more of 400 educational centers along the state.  Also, the program "Apoyo a la Gestion Escolar", which began in May 2013, gives funds to obtain equipment and furniture to kindergarten, elementary and middle schools and grant optimal conditions for students in more of two thousand school along the state.  Few months later, the first stage of "Programa de Infraestructura Prefabricados" started, in this program were invested more of 16 million Mexican pesos to improve infrastructure as toilets, cafeterias, classrooms computing and classrooms in general with prefabricated materials which allow a quick installation besides of been double resistant.  In August 2013 the pilot program "Red Escolar de Colaboración y Reforzamiento Educativo Oportuno (RECREO)" was implemented, with this program more of four thousand electronic tablets were delivered to students of elementary schools; the main goal of this program is to monitor the improvement of the students at the same time that technology is been introducing to students and teachers of fifth and sixth grade.  In both to strengthen the improvement of children, in November 2013, the Estado de Mexico government launched the program called "Programa por una cultura de vida saludable", through which information about hygiene, nutrition and health is offered by different talks to students of elementary, in addition to this, another goal is to encourage them to play sports with which their quality of life is improved.  In order to identify and combat the scholar bullying in state schools the program "Programa de VAlores por una Convivencia Escolar Armonica" was started, which developed an Anti-bullying training workshop called ZERO, this program was a recommendation for Latin-American countries by the European Union, likewise were developed the "Comites de Convivencia Escolar Armonica de Educacion Media Superior", which are committees specialized with the main objective of generate actions to contribute to change the social environment in the educational centers.  Also the Education Ministry of the state in addition with International Affairs Ministry made available to all Mexican citizens who live in the US the program "Programa de Atencion a Migrantes en Servicios de Control Escolar" in order to make easier via web the process to obtain official documents which support their educational training conducted in any of the Estado de Mexico's schools.  In 2015 with the firm intention of reduce waiting times, procedures and costs, the program "Titulacion Simplificada" was implemented, this program gives the students the opportunity to obtain their high school or university certification in a very quick and simple way; this allows to more of 66 thousand students to obtain their certification with a low cost of time and money.

Tourism.

In 2011 was signed the agreement with federal authorities for the improvement and development of Teotihuacán Tourism Corridors and East Zone. In September 2012 in coordination with the federation, held the Amendment Agreement Reallocation of Resources, which had the perform work to perfect the urban image, train and certify personnel to ensure quality service in the Magic Towns and the State of Mexico. An example of the work done was the changes in the distribution network of overhead power lines to underground in Metepec, these works allowed removing power poles and thereby improve the image of the Magic Town. About tourism security, in 2013 the Tourist Police was established in Tepotzotlán, this corporation has bilingual element as their preparation is focused on providing the foreign and domestic tourists needed care. To promote the crafts of the entity, in May 2013 he made an agreement with the Vatican State to commercialize the works of Mexican artisans in the showcases of museums in the city, that became the State of Mexico in the first entity in exporting to the Vatican.  In gastronomic tourism, Eruviel Ávila run the Dinner in The Sky Experience in Teotihuacán. This food experience is about enjoying food cooked with typical ingredients and prepared by renowned chefs in a 147.5 ft platform.  Cultural festivals have been a resource to stimulate the tourism in Estado de México. A good example is the Cultural Festival of Malinalco; this festival started in April 2014 to promote culture and tourism in the local town. In the other hand, the government have created public spaces that promote ecotourism, like the ecotouristic park Corral de Piedra in Amanalco.  In July 2014, Eruviel Ávila and Secretaría de Turismo Federal presented a touristic space for the monarch butterfly. In October 2015, the UNESCO gave Teotihuacán a special protection against any situation to preserve the archeological zone.  By the end of 2015, Eruviel Ávila gave five towns the nomination of Pueblo mágico. Estado de México is the state with more towns in this category and have implemented diverse programs to stimulate tourism.

CONAGO.

During his position as president of the CONAGO (Conferencia Nacional de Gobernadores), Eruviel Ávila treated different subjects related to transparency, formality on jobs, an only police power, between others.  Speaking of transparency, some agreements were promoted with the Public Funsion Secretary, SFP (Secretaria de la Función Publica) and the Nacional System of Transparency (SNT) to consolidate responsible and transparent governments, thanks to the right of free access to information and the fight to corruption inside the public politics.  By October 2015, the federal government and the CONAGO made an agreement called CIEN (Certificación de Infraestructura en Educación) with the purpose of attend and improve the infrastructure of the school buildings.  In the labor trade, the CONAGO pushed some politics for the inclusion of people with disabilities to the labor market. By November 2015, in association with the CONASETRA (Conferencia Nacional de Secretarios del Trabajo) a trade of labor politics was made, where the priority to include the young people in the labor market was exposed, increasing the job opportunities and the diffusion of those, reducing the difficulties to find a first job and creating innovating micro business programs.  In December 2015, a trade in collaboration with the CONAGO and SCHP, the use for an electronic signature called FIEL was stablished, this mechanism was created to speed up and make clear all the fiscal procedures.  In equality and genre discrimination, the CONAGO made a deal with the secretary of external relationships, Claudia Ruiz Massieu, who claimed the different international agreements that Mexico has with the Convencion sobre la Eliminiación de todas las Formas de discriminación contra la Mujer, a convention for women discriminated.  Trying to create secure corporations for citizens, Eruviel Ávila stablished the process of ratify profiles and attitudes before designate a function to people in charge from the institutions of social security. In January 2016, an initiative about the implementation of a Unic State Police was presented to the Congress searching for a better police in the state.  In economy of the state, some proposals and agreements were exposed to promote the exports, bring external investment and help Mexican companies at the exterior; an example for this was the creation of an agreement between the CONAGO and ProMexico.

Eruviel Ávila Villegas (born May 1, 1969) is a Mexican politician, member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI), and the Governor of the State of Mexico from 2011 to 2017. Before that, he was Mayor of Ecatepec de Morelos twice, from 2003 to 2006 and from 2009 to 2012, and deputy of the State of Mexico's Congress.

Eruviel Ávila Villegas, né le à Ecatepec de Morelos, est un avocat et homme politique mexicain, membre du Parti révolutionnaire institutionnel (PRI).


Conflict.

The Marxist government of South Yemen was alleged to be supplying aid to rebels in the north through the National Democratic Front and crossing the border.  On 24 February, forces from North and South Yemen began firing at each other across the border. Force from North Yemen, led by some radical army officers, crossed the border into South Yemen and attacked a number of villages. The PDRY, with support from the Soviet Union, Cuba, and East Germany, responded by invading the north using 3 regular divisions and a Tactical Air Force regiment. The PDRY was also supported by the NDF, who were in the midst of fighting their own rebellion against the government of North Yemen. Within 3 days of the invasion, the numerically smaller South Yemeni forces had established complete air superiority over the theater, thus forcing the North Yemeni Ground Forces on the back foot for the rest of the War.  The South Yemeni attack carried the advantage of surprise and was spearheaded by the an Artillery barrage and groups of Sappers, who were effectively able to blow up the early warning air defences and radars and thus help the Air Force establish air superiority within days over much of Taizz and Dhale Governorates and parts of Al Bayda Governorate, after getting the better off the weak resistance put up by a North Yemeni Air Force squadron in a dogfight that saw most of the North Yemeni planes being downed. After the initial Air Force attack, a South Yemeni Armoured Division composed of T-55 and T-62 Tanks spearheaded the ground assault on a Yemeni Armoured Division stationed near Taizz city, followed by an Infantry Division covered by an Artillery Brigade providing fire support with BM-21 Grad rockets and M-46 field howitzers. This was soon followed by the South Yemeni Air Force further destroying several North Yemeni MiG-21 fighter jets and helicopters on the ground in airfields and airbases in Dhamar, thus preventing any chance of a Northern aerial counter-attack. The war dragged on for nearly a month, with North Yemen being unable to send reinforcement units from Sana'a down to Taizz due to the constant Southern airstrikes and aggressive air patrolling hitting reinforcement convoys on difficult and winding mountain roads as far north as Dhamar. Although Northern forces vastly outnumbered Southern forces overall, they were outnumbered and overwhelmed within the theater of operations in and around Taizz and Dhale, since a single Division had to face an attack from three enemy Divisions without any reinforcement or close air support due to the Southern air patrolling and airstrikes on Northern roads throughout the month. On 8 March, the South Yemeni Air Force managed to carry out an attack on Sana'a City, with 3 Su-22 bombers with 5 MiG-21 fighters flying top cover, dropping 500-pound bombs on a Mechanized Infantry base and strafing the Judges' Court and Central Prison, causing mass panic among civilians. North Yemeni Air Defences operating the SA-3 engaged and managed to shoot down one of the bombers and one MiG-21, capturing the pilots. Another deep raid on 10th March saw 4 South Yemeni MiG-21s strafe an Airbase and the Sea port near Hodeidah, sinking a civilian Egyptian cargo ship, but being met with sudden interception from a squadron of North Yemeni MiG-21s with the result that one of the South Yemeni MiGs were shot down and crashed into the Sea, killing the Pilot. With losses escalating, Northern forces appearing on the verge of exhaustion, and Southern forces capturing a wide range of Northern territory and besieging the cities of Taizz and Al Bayda within two weeks, and a South Yemeni Infantry Brigade maanging to capture some suburbs of Taizz, Saudi Arabia and the United States rushed arms to bolster the government of North Yemen by 9-10 March. Citing the alleged Soviet-backed PDRY aggression against the YAR, and the threat this could pose to U.S. ally Saudi Arabia, the United States greatly stepped up military assistance to the YAR government.  As part of this the U.S. shipped 18 F-5E planes to the YAR in order to strengthen the government. However, there were no YAR pilots trained in flying the F-5E, and as a result the U.S. and Saudi Arabia arranged to have 80 Taiwanese pilots plus ground crew and Iraqi anti-air defense units sent to North Yemen. A U.S. Navy task force was also sent to the Arabian Sea in response to the escalating violence. The War showed the weakness and lacunae in the North Yemeni Military training and equipment, and soon its allies started an aggressive re-armament and training programme for the YAR Army to enable it to regain strategic balance and parity against superior trained PDRY forces. The North Yemen allies, led by Egypt, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, soon provided lots of military aid, equipment and training in order to plug the shortage caused due to the losses in the War, and by 1983-84, the North had regained its strength

Aftermath.

Kuwait Agreement of 1979.

On 20 March the leaders of North and South Yemen called a bilateral ceasefire met in Kuwait for a reconciliation summit, in part at the strong insistence of Iraq. The talks were mediated by the Arab League. Under the Kuwait Agreement, both parties reaffirmed their commitment to the goal and process of Yemeni Unification, as had been spelled out in the Cairo Agreement of 1972. This agreement to unify was particularly the result of pressure from Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, all of whom advocated for a unified Arab world in order to best respond to the issues arising from the Camp David accords, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the Iranian Revolution. POWs were exchanged within the next two months, and work for a draft constitution for a united Yemen proceeded over the next two years, however most attempts to implement the spirit and letter of the agreement were put on hold until 1982, and the end of the rebellion by the South Yemen supported National Democratic Front.

The Yemenite War of 1979 was a short military conflict between the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR; North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY; South Yemen). The war developed out of a breakdown in relations between the two countries after the president of North Yemen, Ahmad al-Ghashmi, was killed on 24 June 1978 and Salim Rubai Ali, a moderate Marxist who had been working on a proposed merger between the two Yemens, was murdered two days later. The hostility of the rhetoric from the new leadership of both countries escalated, leading to small scale border fighting, which then in turn escalated into a full blown war in February 1979. North Yemen appeared on the edge of a decisive defeat after a three-front invasion by South Yemeni combined arms formation, however this was prevented by a successful mediation in the form of the Kuwait Agreement of 1979, which resulted in Arab League forces being deployed to patrol the North-South border. An agreement to unite both countries was also signed, although was not implemented.

Le conflit inter-yéménite de 1979 est un conflit qui a lieu entre la République arabe du Yémen et la République démocratique populaire du Yémen. Il fait suite au conflit inter-yéménite de 1972.


Overview.

Unlike more traditional techniques of quantum field theory, conformal bootstrap does not use the Lagrangian of the theory. Instead, it operates with the general axiomatic parameters, such as the scaling dimensions of the local operators and their operator product expansion coefficients. A key axiom is that the product of local operators must be expressible as a sum over local operators (thus turning the product into an algebra); the sum must have a non-zero radius of convergence. This leads to decompositions of correlation functions into structure constants and conformal blocks.  The main ideas of the conformal bootstrap were formulated in the 1970s by the Soviet physicist Alexander Polyakov and the Italian physicists Sergio Ferrara, and Aurelio Grillo. Other early pioneers of this idea were and.  In two dimensions, the conformal bootstrap was demonstrated to work in 1983 by Alexander Belavin, Alexander Polyakov and Alexander Zamolodchikov. Many two-dimensional conformal field theories were solved using this method, notably the minimal models and the Liouville field theory.  In higher dimensions, the conformal bootstrap started to develop following the 2008 paper by Riccardo Rattazzi,, Erik Tonni and Alessandro Vichi. The method was since used to obtain many general results about conformal and superconformal field theories in three, four, five and six dimensions. Applied to the conformal field theory describing the critical point of the three-dimensional Ising model, it produced the world's most precise predictions for its critical exponents.

Current research.

The international Simons Collaboration on the Nonperturbative Bootstrap unites researchers devoted to developing and applying the conformal bootstrap and other related techniques in quantum field theory.

History of the name.

The modern usage of the term "conformal bootstrap" was introduced in 1984 by Belavin et al. In the earlier literature, the name was sometimes used to denote a different approach to conformal field theories, nowadays referred to as the skeleton expansion or the "old bootstrap". This older method is perturbative in nature, and is not directly related to the conformal bootstrap in the modern sense of the term.

The conformal bootstrap is a non-perturbative mathematical method to constrain and solve conformal field theories, i.e. models of particle physics or statistical physics that exhibit similar properties at different levels of resolution.

Le bootstrap conforme est une méthode non-perturbative pour résoudre des théories conformes des champs. Contrairement à des techniques traditionnelles de la théorie quantique des champs, le bootstrap n'utilise pas le Lagrangien de la théorie, et il s'applique également à des théories non-lagrangiennes. En revanche, le bootstrap ne fait que référence à des paramètres observables de la théorie, comme les dimensions d'échelle des opérateurs locaux et leurs fonctions à trois points. Le bootstrap a son origine dans le développement de courte distance dans les théories conformes, qui les munit d'une structure algébrique, et le fait que ce développement a un rayon de convergence non nul.


Function.

Transcriptional regulation.

KMT2A gene encodes a transcriptional coactivator that plays an essential role in regulating gene expression during early development and hematopoiesis. The encoded protein contains multiple conserved functional domains. One of these domains, the SET domain, is responsible for its histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase activity which mediates chromatin modifications associated with epigenetic transcriptional activation. Enriched in the nucleus, the MLL1 enzyme trimethylates H3K4 (H3K4me3). It also upregulates mono- and dimethylation of H3K4. This protein is processed by the enzyme Taspase 1 into two fragments, MLL-C (~180 kDa) and MLL-N (~320 kDa). These fragments then assemble into different multi-protein complexes that regulate the transcription of specific target genes, including many of the HOX genes.  Transcriptome profiling after deletion of MLL1 in cortical neurons revealed decreased promoter-bound H3K4me3 peaks at 318 genes, with 31 of these having significantly decreased expression and promoter binding. Among them were "Meis2", a homeobox transcription factor critical for development of forebrain neurons and "Satb2", a protein involved in neuronal differentiation.  Multiple chromosomal translocations involving this gene are the cause of certain acute lymphoid leukemias and acute myeloid leukemias. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Cognition and emotion.

MLL1 has been shown to be an important epigenetic regulator of complex behaviors. Rodent models of MLL1 dysfunction in forebrain neurons showed that conditional deletion results in elevated anxiety and defective cognition. Prefrontal cortex-specific knockout of MLL1 results in the same phenotypes, as well as working memory deficits.

Stem cells.

MLL1 has been found to be an important regulator of epiblast-derived stem cells, post-implantation epiblast derived stem cells which display pluripotency yet many recognizable differences from the traditional embryonic stem cells derived from inner cell mass prior to implantation. Suppression of MLL1 expression was shown to be adequate for inducing ESC-like morphology and behavior within 72 hours of treatment. It has been proposed that the small molecule inhibitor MM-401, which was used to inhibit MLL1, changes the distribution of H3K4me1, the single methylation of the histone H3 lysine 4, to be significantly downregulated at MLL1 targets thus leading to decreased expression of MLL1 targets, rather than a direct regulation of pluripotency core markers.

Structure.

Gene.

KMT2A gene has 37 exons and resides on chromosome 11 at q23.

Protein.

KMT2A has over a dozen of binding partners and is cleaved into two pieces, a larger N-terminal fragment, involved in gene repression, and a smaller C-terminal fragment, which is a transcriptional activator. The cleavage, followed by the association of the two fragments, is necessary for KMT2A to be fully active. Like many other methyltransferases, the KMT2 family members exist in multisubunit nuclear complexes (human COMPASS), where other subunits also mediate the enzymatic activity.

Clinical significance.

Abnormal H3K4 trimethylation has been implicated in several neurological disorders such as autism. Humans with cognitive and neurodevelopmental disease often have dysregulation of H3K4 methylation in prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons. It also may participate in the process of GAD67 downregulation in schizophrenia.  Rearrangements of the MLL1 gene are associated with aggressive acute leukemias, both lymphoblastic and myeloid. Despite being an aggressive leukemia, the MLL1 rearranged sub-type had the lowest mutation rates reported for any cancer.  Mutations in MLL1 cause Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome and Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The leukemia cells of up to 80 percent of infants with ALL-1 have a chromosomal rearrangement that fuses the MLL1 gene to a gene on a different chromosome.

Interactions.

MLL (gene) has been shown to interact with:

Histone-lysine "N"-methyltransferase 2A also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1 (ALL-1), myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), or zinc finger protein HRX (HRX) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KMT2A gene.

Le KMT2A (pour « lysine N-méthyltransférase 2A », la lettre K symbolisant la lysine) est une protéine de type méthyltransférase dont le gène est "KMT2A" situé sur le chromosome 11 humain. Ses autres noms sont ALLL-1 (pour "acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1"), MLL (pour "myeloid/lymphoid" ou "mixed-lineage leukemia" (MLL), ou HRX (pour "zinc finger protein HRX").


Timeworks Desktop Publisher.

The TOS version of Timeworks relied on the GDOS software components, which were available from Atari but were often distributed with applications that required them. GDOS provided TOS/GEM with a standardized method for installing printer drivers and additional fonts, although these were limited to bitmapped fonts in all but the later releases. GDOS had a reputation for being difficult to configure, used a lot of system resources and was fairly buggy, meaning that Timeworks could struggle to run on systems without a hard disk and less than 2 MB of memory - but it was possible, and for many users Timeworks was an inexpensive introduction to desktop publishing.  For the IBM PC, Timeworks Publisher ran on Digital Research's GEM Desktop (supplied with the program) as a runtime system. Later versions ran on Microsoft Windows.  Version 2 of Timeworks Publisher included full WYSIWYG, paragraph tagging, manual control of kerning, text and graphics imports and more fonts. Timeworks Publisher 2.1 with GEM/5 is known to have supported Bézier curves already.

Publish-It!

In the US, Timeworks Inc. marketed the program as Publish-It!. Released in 1988, there were versions available for IBM PC (running over the GEM environment), Apple Macintosh, and Apple II (Enhanced IIe or better) computers.

KeyPublisher.

SoftKey KeyPublisher 1.0 (versions 1.19 and 1.21) was a version of Publish-It! 1.0 for PCs with GEM produced by Softkey Software Products Inc. in 1991.

DESKpress.

DESKpress was a version aimed at the business market, and Press International was a later CD-based multilingual version for Windows.

Other names.

The product was also sold under other names including NEBS PageMagic (changed after objections from Adobe), Macmillan Publisher, Canon Publisher, and many other brands, distinguished by use of the.DTP file extension. The latest version was sold as Greenstreet Publisher 4 and is downwards file compatible with earlier versions.

Timeworks Publisher was a desktop publishing (DTP) program produced by GST Software in the United Kingdom. It is notable as the first affordable DTP program for the IBM PC. In appearance and operation, it was a Ventura Publisher clone, but it was possible to run it on a computer without a hard disk.

Timeworks Publisher était un logiciel de publication assistée par ordinateur (PAO) produit par au Royaume-Uni. Il fut le premier logiciel de PAO abordable. Il était un clone de Ventura, mais il était possible de le faire tourner sur un ordinateur sans disque dur.


Early life.

Johnson was born in Belmont County, Ohio. He was raised as a Quaker and, before moving to the South, worked on the Underground Railroad with his uncle. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1840 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Infantry. He fought in the Seminole War in Florida and the Mexican–American War. He was forced to resign from the Army in October 1847 after being accused of selling contraband goods. He worked as a professor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the Western Military Institute, Georgetown, Kentucky (1848–1849), and professor of mathematics and engineering at the University of Nashville (1849–1861). During this period he was active in the state militias of Kentucky and Tennessee, rising to the rank of colonel. His wife Mary died prior to the war of natural causes, leaving him with a disabled son.

Civil War.

After the start of the Civil War, Johnson entered the service June 28, 1861, as a colonel of engineers in the Tennessee Militia, and a week later this commission was changed to be in the Confederate States Army. Before his wartime service he went north and left his developmentally disabled son in the care of relatives; his son grew up believing that he was fighting for the Union. He approved the locations of two new river-defenses, Fort Donelson on the west bank of the Cumberland River in Tennessee and Fort Henry on the low and flood-prone east bank of the Tennessee River, just 12 miles west of Fort Donelson and also located in Tennessee. Johnson was promoted to brigadier general on January 24, 1862. Fort Henry would turn out to be a disastrous location on swampy ground, often flooded, and easily captured by U.S. Grant. In approving the proposed site for Fort Henry, Johnson overruled vigorous objections to the proposed site from the two members of the Confederate survey team, Adna Anderson, a civil engineer, and Maj. William Foster of the Tennessee 1st Infantry. Just days before the Battle of Fort Donelson he was placed in command of the fort but served in that capacity only briefly as the higher ranking Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow arrived only hours after Johnson assumed command. He commanded a division of the army at Donelson, but was effectively overshadowed by the more politically astute Pillow, who led the wing in a fierce assault in an attempt to break out and escape from the encircled fort. The fort and its army surrendered to Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on February 16, 1862, but two days later Johnson was able to walk unimpeded out through the porous Union Army lines and escaped capture.  Johnson commanded a brigade of the Army of Mississippi at the Battle of Shiloh, and on the second day of battle, April 7, 1862, he became the division commander, but was severely wounded by the concussion of an artillery shell. For the next year in Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee, Johnson's brigade served under a number of divisional commanders of William Hardee's corps: (1) Simon Bolivar Buckner during Bragg's Invasion of Kentucky and its culminating Battle of Perryville; (2) Patrick Cleburne after Bragg's withdrawal back into Tennessee and the Battle of Stones River; and (3) A.P. Stewart during the Battle of Hoover's Gap of the 1863 Tullahoma Campaign.  Thereafter, Bragg withdrew into Georgia. At the Battle of Chickamauga, Johnson's brigade spent September 18 on the Confederate right, assigned to the command of John Bell Hood's division of James Longstreet's corps, then just arriving from Virginia. There, Johnson's men secured Reed's Bridge. On September 19, Longstreet's forces were shifted to the Confederate left and Johnson's men saw minor action against Union forces coming north from the vicinity of Crawfish Springs. The following day, Johnson's men were part of the Confederate push across the Brotherton Field, but were not able to overtake the Union right on Snodgrass Hill. Bragg followed up with a siege of Chattanooga, while Johnson, now commanding a division, accompanied Longstreet's force north for the Siege of Knoxville.  After spending the winter of 1863-64 in northeastern Tennessee, Longstreet's force was transported by rail back to Virginia to reinforce Robert E. Lee for the Overland Campaign. En route, Johnson alone was diverted to Petersburg, to command a division in the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia under P. G. T. Beauregard. During the ensuing Bermuda Hundred Campaign, Johnson's division blocked the Union advance toward Petersburg at Swift Creek on May 9. Beauregard defeated the larger Union offensive, and Johnson was promoted to major general on May 21.  During the Siege of Petersburg, the section of the defenses held by Johnson's division was attacked in the Battle of the Crater on July 30. The mine was set off under part of Elliott's South Carolina Brigade, which rallied and captured three stands of colors and 130 prisoners that day. When Beauregard was transferred to the western theater in October, Johnson's division was assigned to Anderson's Fourth Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee.  Johnson's division spent the next seven months of the siege in the trenches. In late March 1865, Johnson's division was withdrawn from the trench line to meet the Union drive around the Confederate right flank, and fought at Lewis's Farm on March 29. On March 31, Johnson led them in a counterattack at White Oak Road. They drove back two Union divisions, but were halted and driven back themselves by Union reinforcements. Two brigades of the division were detached to Pickett at Five Forks, and largely destroyed in that battle on April 1. Johnson led the rest of the division in the retreat toward Appomattox. At Sailor's Creek on April 6, the division was shattered, although Johnson escaped capture. Lee relieved Johnson of command on April 8. He accompanied the army without a command until the surrender at Appomattox Court House, when he was paroled.

Postbellum life and death.

Johnson returned to teaching to become a professor and co-chancellor (1870) of the University of Nashville with former Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith. His health failing, he retired in 1875 to a farm in Brighton, Illinois, where he died in 1880. He was originally buried in Miles Station, near Brighton, but was reinterred in 1975 to Old City Cemetery, Nashville, Tennessee, to be next to the grave of his wife, Mary.

Bushrod Rust Johnson (October 7, 1817 – September 12, 1880) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War and an officer in the United States Army. As a university professor he had been active in the state militias of Kentucky and Tennessee and on the outbreak of hostilities he sided with the South, despite having been born in the North in a family of abolitionist quakers. As a divisional commander he managed to evade capture at the Battle of Fort Donelson, but was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh. He served under Robert E. Lee throughout the 10-month Siege of Petersburg, and surrendered with him at Appomattox.

Bushrod Rust Johnson ( - ) est l'un des quelques généraux confédérés nés dans le nord de la guerre de Sécession. Professeur d'université, il est actif dans les milices du Kentucky et du Tennessee, et au déclenchement des hostilités, il se range du côté du Sud. En tant que commandant divisionnaire, il réussit à éviter la capture à fort Donelson, mais est blessé à Shiloh. Il sert sous le commandement de Lee pendant les 10 mois du siège de Petersburg, se rendant avec lui à Appomattox.


Description.

Dentition.

The teeth of "Stenaulorhynchus" were conical, pointed, and composed mostly of dentine, although new unworn teeth may have had a thin layer of enamel. They were set deeply into and fused with the jaw bones. They are arranged with two-to-several rows of teeth on top and only a few on bottom. The middle row of maxillary teeth only occupied the posterior third of the jaw while the other rows extended all the way forwards and sometimes down the crest of the jaw. The teeth at the front of the mouth, by the beak, were smaller with larger teeth in the middle portion of the jaw. The lower teeth included one raised row of buccal teeth and several rows running diagonally on the medial and lingual portions. The teeth continued to grow throughout the animals life but, unlike with reptiles, the new teeth formed at the back of the tooth row. That happened within the groove on the surface of the lower jaw and three grooves on the maxilla. The lateral As they grew in, the teeth moved forward in the jaw through a combination of growth and remodeling. Instead of occluding their teeth together, "Stenaulorhynchus" had teeth that occluded against bone, which would wear the teeth down. Over time, the surfaces of the jaw bones would erode as well, causing the maxillary grooves to become shallower and more rounded.

Cranial.

Some of the cranial features of "Stenaulorhynchus" include afrontal bone that is broader than it is long, the presence of a pineal foramen and a lack of ornamention on the jugal bone. Their postorbital The occipital condyles are significantly anterior to the quadrates and the quadrate and articular fit tightly together to form a jaw joint that wouldn't have allowed for much rotation. They area also known for their beak, formed at the front of their upper and lower jaws.

Postcranial.

The dorsal vertebrae have a centrum that is taller than it is wide and slightly amphicoelous in shape. The parapophyses and prezygapophyses are distinct that have articular surfaces about 30 degrees above horizontal. The caudal vertebrae have tall neural spines and the second cervical rib has a backwards pointing spine. Their ischium fans out towards the rear of the animal.  The humerus is robust. At the proximal end, the shaft is bent backwards and expanded along the coronal plane. The distal humerus has a flat posterior surface and a curved ectepicondylar groove. The radius and ulna are the same length.  The femur is circular in cross-section and, as with the humerus, the proximal end is bent backwards. Both ends of the femur are expanded and the proximal end has no neck and a prominent greater trochanter. The distal end has thickened condyles with a groove on the lateral side.

Paleobiology.

Microscopic analysis of thin-sections of bone have shown that "Stenaulorhynchus" had an determinant growth pattern, reaching 2/3 of their adult size within one year. The rate of bone deposition in the tibia and femur were 7-10 times higher within that year than in years 2-5. After 5 years of age, less than 1 micron of bone a day was deposited. It would have grown slower than archosauriformes, the South American rhynchosaur species, saurischian dinosaurs, and birds. "Stenaulorhynchus" continued to grow teeth throughout its life.Juveniles started out with three rows of upper teeth, with only one lateral to the main groove running along the upper surface of the maxilla. By the time they were adults, "Stenaulorhynchus" had several rows of maxillary teeth, one or more of which were lateral to the main maxillary groove. Older teeth would wear down with use and be resorbed where they contacted other teeth.  "Stenaulorhynchus" may have been adapted for scratch-digging.

Discovery.

The fossils were collected in 1930 by the British geologist G. M. Stockley during a survey commissioned by the Tanganyika Geological Survey Department. The goal was to better understand the “economic possibilities” of the Ruhaha Basin within Tanganyika Territory. He primarily collected fossils that had weathered out of the rock on the surface. The fossil collection was then described by Sidney Henry Haughton. While "Stenaulorhynchus" is the dominant vertebrate in the Manda beds, they also included a Dicynodont and vertebrae from an unidentified Theropod.  The specimens weren’t all correctly labeled since bones from different localities fit together. More surprisingly, a coprolite was mislabeled as a maxillary fragment. Haughton also described a species which he named "Stenaulorhynchus major," which he said differed primarily in size, based on a distal left and right humerus fragments. Those specimens were later identified as "Stagonosuchus nyassicus", a suchian archosaur from the same locality and horizon.

Classification.

"Stenaulorhynchus" shares characteristics with other early rhynchosaurs, including their ankylothecodont dentition (teeth within deep sockets and fused to the bone) and precision-shear bite. They also have double-bladed dentaries and grooves on the upper surface of the maxilla. One of the differences between them is that "Stenaulorhynchus" had smaller maxillary teeth with a larger gap between the tooth rows. "Stenaulorhynchus" is differentiated from the later "Hyperadapedon" by its more lateral eyes, more forward braincase, and longer lower jaw with the teeth located more anteriorly. Hyperadapedons also lack the double-bladed dentary that the early genera have. The only absolute synapomorphy between all the rhynchosaurs is that the dentary is at least half the total length of the jaw.  Stenaulorhynchinae, a subfamily of rhynchosaurs including "Stenaulorhhynchus", has been proposed. Based on an analysis of morphological characteristics, one study defines it as including all taxa that are more closely related to "Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi" than "Hyperodapedon gordoni". The defining traits include having many teeth on the tongue side of the maxilla and a reduced size of the maxillary occlusal teeth allowing more teeth per row.  "Stenaulorhynchus" has also been labeled as a sister-taxa to the Brazilian genus "Brasinorhynchus" which also has three or more tooth rows medial to the main maxillary groove but lacks the centrum contribution to the parapophyses and diaphophyses.

Geology.

"Stenaulorhynchus" is found in the Upper Bone Bed in the Njalili locality, part of the Lifua Member of the Manda Formation. It is composed of proximal floodplain paleosol deposits. Articulated specimens of "Stenaulorhynchus" have been found, suggesting that they may have mummified before burial. The surface of the bed has been exposed by tributaries eroding away the rock. During the Triassic, the floodplain would have been covered by springs and ponds. Rises in precipitation and mean annual temperature may have led to an increase in perennial vegetation, as well.

Stenaulorhynchus (possibly meaning "narrow tube beak") is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontid rhynchosaur known from the Middle Triassic (late Anisian stage) deposits of Tanganyika Territory, Tanzania. It was found in the Lifua Member of the Manda Formation in the Karoo Supergroup. It was named and first described by Sidney Henry Haughton in 1932. The type species is "Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi", a beaked herbivore measuring 1-6 meters in length.

Stenaulorhynchus est un genre éteint de reptiles herbivores rhynchosaures ayant vécu à l'Anisien, durant le Trias moyen, il y a environ entre (millions d'années). Ses fossiles ont été retrouvés uniquement en Tanzanie où de nombreux Spécimens ont été retrouvés.


Private life.

Yasemin Adar was born to Naim Adar, a baker, and Ayşegül in Balıkesir, Turkey on 6 December 1991. She has an elder sister, Yıldız. Her mother died in 2013. After finishing Gaziosmanpaşa High School, she studied physical education and sports in Balıkesir University. Currently, she works as a teacher in Niğde.

Sports career.

Adar was discovered by former Turkish champion sport wrestler Aslan Seyhanlı while she was performing shot put during her high school and university years. She then switched over to wrestling in her hometown. She competes for Trakya Birlik SK.  Adar took part in the freestyle −72 kg event at the 2012 World Championships in Strathcona County, Alberta, Canada, gaining no success.  She participated at the 2013 European Championships in Tbilisi, Georgia, without having success. At the 2013 Mediterranean Games in Mersin, Turkey, she became gold medalist in the −72 kg division. She placed fifth at the 2013 World Championships held in Budapest, Hungary, after losing to Chinese Zhang Fengliu in the semifinals and to American Adeline Gray in the third place match.  Adar reached the round of 16 at the 2014 World Championships in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.  She failed to advance to the finals after losing to Russian Ekaterina Bukina in the −75 kg event at the 2015 European Games in Baku, Azerbaijan. She then lost to Moldavian Svetlana Saenko in the bronze medal match. At the 2015 World Championships in Las Vegas, United States, Adar lost in the quarter finals to Colombian Andrea Olaya by fall.  Competing in the −75 kg event at the 2016 European Championships held in Riga, Latvia, she won her country's first-ever women's wrestling gold medal at this championship, defeating Russian Alena Storodubtseva.

Yasemin Adar (born December 6, 1991) is a Turkish freestyle wrestler competing in the 75 kg division. She is a World champion and four-time European champion.

Yasemin Adar, née le à Balıkesir, est une lutteuse turque. En 2017, elle devient la première femme turque à remporter le titre de championne du monde de lutte.


History.

The museum was founded in 1897 by art historian George Fisk Comfort (who also helped found the Metropolitan Museum of Art); at that time, it was called the Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts. In 1911, it announced that it would seek to collect only American art.  Over time the museum occupied several different buildings, including the Onondaga Savings Bank and the Syracuse Public Library, but it outgrew each facility.  In 1941, Helen Everson made a gift to the city of Syracuse for the purpose of erecting an art museum. A groundbreaking took place in 1965, and in 1968 the new Everson Museum of Art opened. The new building was designed by internationally acclaimed architect I. M. Pei, and is regarded as a work of art in its own right.  The Everson Museum collaborates with Light Work and the Urban Video Project (UVP) to exhibit video art on the facade of the building, including important works by Bill Viola, Jenny Holzer, William Wegman, among others. In the summer, they host a film series which is very popular for residents of Syracuse.

Skateboarding.

Skateboarders started skating at the Everson Museum of Art in the mid-1980s. The museum is a famous location for skateboarders, considered by some an “East Coast skate mecca". Filmmaker Bill Strobeck grew up outside of Syracuse and often came to Everson to skate with friends in the 1990s. In the plaza outside of the museum, Strobeck first started filming his friends skating. At that time, the museum welcomed the skaters to skate the plaza. In 2007, it was illegal to skate the plaza; however, on June 21, on National Go Skateboarding Day, skateboarders were allowed to skate at the museum. As of 2007, Central New York skateboarders have a campaign to re-open the plaza to skateboarding, using the saying "FREE eVe" meaning free the Everson Museum of Art. The current status of skateboarding at the museum is unknown.

Collection.

The Everson houses roughly 11,000 pieces of art, including paintings, sculpture, ceramics, and video.  Paintings include one of Gilbert Stuart's portraits of George Washington, Edward Hicks's "The Peaceable Kingdom", and works by Eastman Johnson, Charles Burchfield, Helen Frankenthaler, Jackson Pollock and others as well as outdoors sculptures (Marja Vallila). In 1980 the Everson introduced Ching Ho Cheng's "Intimate Illuminations", the first Chinese-American contemporary painter to exhibit a one-man show nationally.  The Syracuse China Center for the Study of Ceramics is one of the largest ceramics collections in the nation, with pieces ranging from ancient sculpture and Ming dynasty porcelain up to contemporary works.  The museum established one of the first video art collections in the United States; its video collection is the largest in the world. Nam June Paik exhibited early works at the Everson, including his United States retrospective in 1974. Bill Viola's first job was as a video technician at the Everson; his works are now in the collection.  The museum also has a collection of Arts and Crafts Movement furniture, featuring a number of works of Gustav Stickley.

Location and opening hours.

The museum is located in the southeast corner of Downtown Syracuse, at 401 Harrison Street, near the Oncenter complex. It is directly accessible from Interstate 81 Exit 18 (Adams Street / Harrison Street).  Currently, the museum is open the following hours:

Notable traveling exhibitions.

The Everson has presented a number of exhibitions that are available for loan, either in entirety or broken down as individual artworks, including:

The Everson Museum of Art ( ) in Downtown Syracuse, New York is a major Central New York museum focusing on American art.

LEverson Museum of Art est un musée d'art situé à Syracuse, aux États-Unis. Une partie du musée est l'œuvre de l'architecte Ieoh Ming Pei.


Creation.

Robert Kirkman conceptualized the character after scrapping the idea of

Appearances.

Comic book series.

Here's Negan.

Prior to the outbreak, Negan was the coach of a local high school, keeping his players in line through intimidation and bullying. He is happily married to his wife, Lucille, but nonetheless has a mistress on the side who doesn't know he is married. During an argument, Lucille collapses and he rushes her to the hospital, where she is diagnosed with cancer. As his

A Larger World.

At some point after the outbreak, Negan is found by a group led by a man named Dwight. He slowly takes control over this group from Dwight, renaming them the Saviors and ruling them with an iron fist. Negan, along with his team (which includes at least 50 or more

Something To Fear.

Later, Negan, along with 50 other Saviors, snuck up on Rick's group and subdued Rick by surprise. They lined up all of the survivors from the van (Rick, Carl, Glenn, Maggie, Michonne, and Heath), telling them that Negan wanted revenge for the Saviors who were killed. Without Rick's consent, Negan imposed a binding deal: everything that belonged to the Alexandria Safe-Zone now belonged to the Saviors. Negan

What Comes After.

Negan and the Saviors later arrived at the Alexandria Safe-Zone for their first offering. Negan and the Saviors begin killing the roamers in the surrounding area and scavenge each of the houses for supplies. Negan and his men depart from the Safe-Zone with supplies, but, unbeknownst to them, Carl is hiding in the truck with an assault rifle. Once the Saviors get back to their base, Negan is amazed to see that Dwight is still alive. A Savior finds Carl, and Carl uses the rifle to kill

March to War.

Several days later, Negan arrives at the Alexandria Safe-Zone a few days ahead of schedule; he's informed that the community is "practically" out of supplies, and Rick went out looking for more. Negan decides that he will stay in Alexandria until Rick returns from the supply run. Negan is later approached by Spencer Monroe who tells Negan that Rick is not a suitable leader for the community and asks that once Negan assassinates Rick, he be given control over the Safe-Zone. He responds by telling Spencer that Rick may hate him, but, he has guts, unlike Spencer, who acted like a coward. Negan then slashes Spencer's stomach, killing him almost instantly.

All Out War.

Several days later, Rick's army arrives at the Saviors' base and demands that Negan come out. Rick offers him a chance to surrender and spare the women and children in his community. " Negan refuses Rick's offer, and reveals that Gregory has defected to the Saviors, meaning that Hilltop is now under Negan’s control. He calls Dwight, ordering him to bring the men from the outposts back to help drive off Rick's army. Dwight agrees but due to the commotion, Negan doesn't notice the former's hesitation to act immediately. As more men rush outside, Negan orders them to start shooting the army before all their snipers are killed. He suddenly notices that all their snipers are taking cover and is initially confused as to why Rick's militia are shooting not the snipers, but the windows. He then notices the large herd of zombies that are rapidly approaching the Sanctuary walls. Suddenly, Holly drives through the fence, destroying a portion of it and letting the herd inside. Negan frantically orders his men back inside the foundry but notices that Holly is still alive. He sees a zombie about to kill her and dispatches it. As she looks up, Negan smiles and says that she wasn't "going to get off THAT fucking easy." As the zombies converge on the courtyard area, the Saviors retreat inside the foundry to develop a new strategy.  Negan delivers an analogy to a group of Saviors about how you can destroy a man

A New Beginning.

Two years after the war, Carl goes to the basement of an unknown house and talks to a figure in the shadows. He then says to Carl that he enjoys their talks and that it is good for him to keep track of the time and days passed. Carl says he is leaving, but before he leaves, the figure asks him if, after all this time, all the things they have shared and the talks they have had, Carl still wants to kill him. He turns around and faces the person behind bars, simply saying: "Yes, Negan. You know I do." Negan asks how he was supposed to know that Carl wanted to kill him and tells him not to insult his intelligence. Negan says that he thought the two of them were friends

Life and Death.

Some time later, Negan is bathing and having his hair cut by Olivia outside his cell door. After finishing, Negan walks back to his cell at gunpoint from Andrea, who calls him a 'fucking monster,' much to Negan's amusement. Olivia then proceeds to lock the door, and they both leave Negan alone. However, it turns out Olivia didn't lock Negan's cell properly as the door swings open, which

No Turning Back.

After a tumultuous community meeting regarding Rick's proposed plan regarding the Whisperers, Rick goes to Negan's cell and asks for his help. He fills him in on everything that has happened since they've come into conflict with this

Call to Arms.

While in his cell, Negan is approached by Brandon Rose, a young Hilltop resident who bears a grudge against Rick, Carl, Sophia, and the Whisperers; Rick killed his father as an act of self-defense, Carl beat him up after he had attacked Sophia who beat him up, and Alpha beheaded his mother. He proposes to help Negan escape, and Negan says he will think about it. Later on, Rick and Michonne discover Negan's empty cell. After his escape, Negan and Brandon enter Whisperer terrain. Here Brandon tells Negan that he wants Negan to pit Rick and the Whisperers against one another. In response, Negan stabs Brandon in the chest and enters the Whisperer zone

The Whisperer War.

A week after disappearing, Negan turns up with Alpha's severed head and shows it to Rick and Andrea, who are very hesitant to believe and trust him. Negan reassures them that he only wants trust. He says Rick's way of thinking is inspiring and tries to convince them that his time in prison has rehabilitated him. He says he could've taken several chances and attacked Rick, but he didn't. He wants to fight with him, not against him. Rick finally agrees to let Negan out of the cell, but not in a community. He will live in an outpost, alone, with only enough food and weaponry

Rest in Peace.

In the final issue, 20 years later, it is revealed that Negan is still alive. He avoids all contact with the other survivors, living on food parcels left by Carl and maintaining a state of mourning for his wife Lucille.

Television series.

Backstory.

In season 8, Negan vaguely states that he helped young people improve upon their weaknesses and molded them into stronger individuals. Negan later met a woman named Lucille and the pair fell in love and married. Over time however, Negan gradually became unfaithful towards her as he constantly lied and even engaged in an affair. In the onset of the outbreak, Negan was present alongside Lucille who had succumbed to an unknown illness and eventually perished. When she became a walker, Negan was unable to bring himself to put his wife down; this act of weakness would continue to haunt him and thus Negan strived to become a much stronger person.  Sometime after the outbreak, Negan established himself as the tyrannical dictator of a community of survivors

Season 6.

The Saviors become the main antagonists during the second half of season 6 and with their mysterious leader known as Negan being mentioned several times prior to his appearance in the season finale. His name is first heard in "No Way Out" when a group of bikers, led by a man named Bud, accost Daryl Dixon, Abraham Ford and Sasha Williams and attempt to steal their weapons, but Daryl kills them with a rocket launcher. In the season finale, "Last Day on Earth", while driving the ailing Maggie Greene to the Hilltop, Rick and his group run into multiple roadblocks set by the Saviors, which eventually causes Rick's group to travel by foot. While walking through the woods, the group is ambushed

Season 7.

Negan's chosen victim is Abraham, whom he bludgeons to death with "Lucille". Enraged, Daryl rushes Negan and punches him in the face, only to be stopped by three Saviors directly. As a reprisal for Daryl's attack, Negan beats Glenn to death in front of Maggie, his wife. Negan then presents Rick with an ultimatum: pledge total loyalty, or the rest of the group will die. When Rick remains defiant, Negan threatens to kill Rick's son Carl and the rest of the group unless Rick cuts the boy's arm off. After some hesitation, Rick raises the axe; Negan stops him, knowing that he has broken the elder Grimes's will. Negan then allows the surviving members of the group to depart with the warning that the Saviors will return in a week to collect their supplies. As insurance against further retaliation, Negan takes Daryl with him. Negan is shown to rule the Sanctuary (the main Savior stronghold) through fear and rewarding his personal army of enforcers (who identify themselves as "Negan" in a show of loyalty). He keeps Daryl locked in a cell and hopes to break his will and mold him into one of his Saviors, but Daryl refuses to submit. Negan

Season 8.

Negan appears in the season premiere, "Mercy," when Rick leads an army of assembled survivors outside the Sanctuary. More amused than worried, Negan refuses to march his people out to fight Rick just to prove "that my dick is bigger than yours". Rick offers Negan's lieutenants and the Saviors inside the chance to surrender, but states that Negan still has to die. Negan attempts to divide them by bringing out Gregory to order the Hilltoppers to retreat, but this tactic fails. They open fire, decimating the Sanctuary walls, but Negan and his people take cover. They are then surprised by a massive herd of walkers led by Daryl before the gates are blown open and the herd funnels inside. Negan becomes trapped in a trailer with Gabriel. "The Big Scary U" opens in the Sanctuary prior to Rick's attack with

Season 9.

Rick goes down a basement to talk to a locked up Negan. He mentions that it's been 35 days since Gregory's execution. He talks about how everything has changed after the war and how the communities are working together on fixing a bridge, which will be the link to their future. “We’re making a new beginning,” Rick says smiling with hope. After Rick finishes narrating his story, Negan, sporting a much larger beard than normal, questions when he will be able to have a look at the thriving communities but Rick tells him never and tells him he will die in his cell. Rick claims they are thriving without him to build a future and Negan taunts him about Carl but an angry Rick shuts him up and forbids him from mentioning Carl. Negan responds with a grin: "You're not saving this world, Rick. You just get it ready for me," warning him that the peace between the communities won't last too long and that he will not be locked up forever. Negan is visited by Michonne after he refuses to eat. He says he’ll only eat if she

Season 10.

Following the storm, Negan is allowed some leeway and works in Alexandria as a gardner and maintenance man under guard until Father Gabriel pairs him up with Aaron to protect Alexandria from repeated walker attacks. After being attacked by Walkers while on patrol, Aaron is temporarily blinded and struggles his way to a cabin where he finds Negan who helps him. The two then return to Alexandria. While defending Lydia from an attack, Negan accidentally kills Margo in self-defense and faces possible execution. He inexplicably escapes, chased by a former Savior named Brandon who is a fan of his. After attempting to get a mother and son to

Others.

Negan appears as a playable character in the fighting video game "Tekken 7", added as the sixth

Development.

Jeffrey Dean Morgan was cast as Negan

Reception.

The character of Negan has been praised by both fans and critics as an antagonist of the series.  IGN on their review of Negan's first appearance, the 100th issue said: "The new villain already looks to be worthy addition to the book's cast. I didn't realize how much I missed having a truly awful antagonist like The Governor in this series until now. The villain's voice is very distinct, allowing Kirkman to toy with a very different approach to dialogue. For a series where the characters sometimes ramble on too much without making a clear point, this character is very much appreciated." On their review for Issue #103, IGN felt Negan was "quickly giving the Governor a run for his money in the villainy department". When Negan's community was explored as well as his relationship with Carl Grimes, it was said that "There's a palpable tension as we wonder what fate Negan has in mind for his young enemy. But even at his most sinister, Negan remains strangely charismatic. It's not difficult to understand how he managed to build such a lofty position for himself, complete with multiple wives and the total devotion of an entire town."  On the "Talking Dead", for the sixth-season finale, Morgan stated that soon after Issue #100 was released, he had many fans approach him and told him that he was right for the role of Negan in the show.  The confrontation between Negan and Rick Grimes has been compared to the enduring rivalry between DC Comics characters Joker and Batman.  Noel Murray of "Rolling Stone" ranked Negan 10th in a list of 30 best "Walking Dead" characters, saying, "it would've been hard for any villain to live up to the hype, but thanks to Jeffrey Dean Morgan's grinning, relaxed performance and some genuinely shocking acts of violence, Negan has been firmly established as a formidable enemy. The alarming ease of his cruelty and the rigors of his organization represent a worldview that's been both fascinating and frightening to explore."

Negan is a fictional character in the comic book series "The Walking Dead" and in the television series of the same name. He is the leader of a group of survivors in the Sanctuary, called the Saviors, a group that oppresses other survivor communities and forces them to pay tribute to him. In the comics, the character's appearance is based on Henry Rollins, as confirmed by Charlie Adlard; Robert Kirkman worked in his excessive use of profanity, derived from other people he knew. Jeffrey Dean Morgan portrays Negan in the television series of the same name and first appeared in the series' sixth-season finale.

Negan est un personnage de fiction dans la série de comics "The Walking Dead". Il est le chef d'un groupe d'environ une centaine de survivants (principalement des hommes) établi à Washington, DC et appelé les Sauveurs ("" en VO). L’apparence de ce personnage est fondée sur Henry Rollins, comme cela a été confirmé par Charlie Adlard lui-même et son utilisation excessive de jurons lui vient de Robert Kirkman et des personnes connues par l'auteur. Jeffrey Dean Morgan interprète le rôle de Negan dans la série télévisée du même nom et apparaît pour la première fois à la fin de la sixième saison.


Biography.

Ubashi Khan was the great-grandson of Ayuka Khan. When he decided to return his people to Dzungaria, the Dalai Lama was contacted to request his blessing and to set the date of departure. After consulting the astrological chart, the Dalai Lama set the return date, but at the moment of departure, the weakening of the ice on the Volga River permitted only those Kalmyks who roamed on the left or eastern bank to leave. Those on the right bank were forced to stay behind.  Under Ubashi Khan's leadership, approximately 200,000 Kalmyks began the journey from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to Dzungaria. Approximately five-sixths of the Torghut tribe followed Ubashi Khan. Most of the Khoshuts, Choros and Khoits also accompanied the Torghuts on their journey to Dzungaria. The Dörbet tribe, by contrast, elected not to go at all. The Kalmyks who resettled in Qing territory became known as Torghuts. While the first phase of their movement became the Old Torghuts, the Qing called the later Torghut immigrants "New Torghut". The size of the departing group has been variously estimated between 150,000 and 400,000 people, with perhaps as many as six million animals (cattle, sheep, horses, camels and dogs). Beset by raids, thirst and starvation, approximately 85,000 survivors made it to Dzungaria, where they settled near the Ejin River with the permission of the Qing Manchu Emperor. The Torghuts were coerced by the Qing into giving up their nomadic lifestyle and to take up sedentary agriculture instead as part of a deliberate policy by the Qing to enfeeble them. They proved to be incompetent farmers and they became destitute, selling their children into slavery, engaging in prostitution, and stealing, according to the Manchu Qi-yi-shi. Child slaves were in demand on the Central Asian slave market, and Torghut children were sold into this slave trade.  After failing to stop the flight, Catherine the Great abolished the Kalmyk Khanate, and the title of Khan, making Ubashi Khan the last to hold this title.

Ubashi Khan (Mongolian: ;Chinese: ; 1744~1774) was a Torghut-Kalmyk prince and the last Khan of the Kalmyk Khanate. In January 1771, he led the return migration of the majority of the Kalmyk people from the Kalmyk steppe to Dzungaria, their ancestral homeland, then under the control of the Qing Dynasty.

Ubashi Khan (, ) également transcrit en Oubashi Khan est le dernier khagan du Khanat kalmouk de basse Volga (1630 – 1771). Le, en raison de l'oppression de l'Empire russe, il dirigea son peuple, les kalmouks, des Mongols oïrats, vers le retour dans une région située dans l'actuelle Ili, région autonome du Xinjiang, en République populaire de Chine. Après un retour difficile au travers des déserts, et de maladies, seules arrivent à leur destination.


History.

The village was first mentioned in a written document in 1430 as "Nidek". Politically the village belonged then to the Duchy of Teschen, formed in 1290 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by a local branch of Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg Monarchy.  After 1540s Protestant Reformation prevailed in the Duchy of Teschen and later local Lutherans built a wooden church here (it was not built earlier by Catholics). It was taken from them (as one from around fifty buildings) in the region by a special commission and given back to the Roman Catholic Church on 21 March 1654.  The village with Lyžbice was bought from Joseph Freyherrn von Beess by Teschener Kammer in 1792 for 46,000 florins.  After Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political district of Teschen and the legal district of Jablunkau. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 1,567 in 1880 to 1,747 in 1910 with a majority being native Polish-speakers (between 94.7% and 97.7%) accompanied by German-speaking (at most 74 or 4% in 1900) and Czech-speaking people (at most 17 or 0.9% in 1880). In terms of religion in 1910 the majority were Protestants (93.6%), followed by Roman Catholics (86 or 4.9%), Jews (7 or 0.4%) and 19 "others". The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.  After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement, in October 1938 together with the Zaolzie region it was annexed by Poland, administratively adjoined to Cieszyn County of Silesian Voivodeship. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Czechoslovakia.

Notable people.

The poet, Aniela Kupiec, lived her whole life is a simple wooden home in Nýdek. She is known for her poetry and short stories written in the local dialect.

It lies on the slopes of the Silesian Beskids mountain range, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Hluchová River flows through the village.

Nýdek (en ; en ) est une commune du district de Frýdek-Místek, dans la région de Moravie-Silésie, en République tchèque. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2018.


History.

Plans for the party began, after Ahn Cheol-soo, who established the Democratic Party of Korea with Kim Han-gil, quit the party in mid-December 2015, after a power struggle with Moon Jae-in. At the time, Ahn vowed to create a political group that can effect government change.  Ahn unveiled the party's name in January 2016. Kim, who co-founded the Democratic Party with Ahn, joined the party a day before the name's unveiling.  The party officially launched on 2 February 2016, with 17 lawmakers in the National Assembly. In March 2016, the party gained its 20th member, a defector from the Democratic Party, which gave the party rights to form a negotiation bloc, along with higher state subsidies.  During the 2016 legislative election, the party aimed to pick up 20 seats. The party, however, ended up garnering 38 seats, including 23 of the 28 contested seats in South Korea's southwest, which is seen as a Democratic Party stronghold. Following the election, the party was seen as having a potentially deciding vote on legislation.  Ahn, however, resigned his chairmanship along with co-leader Chun Jung-bae in June of the same year, following a corruption scandal involving certain party members (see below). Ahn, however, was elected to a second stint as party chairman in August 2017, after an extended vacancy caused by Park Jie-won's resignation in May that year, following Ahn's defeat in the 2017 presidential election.

Merger.

On January 18, 2018, Ahn, along with the leader of the Bareun Party, Yoo Seong-min, announced their plans to merge the two parties, in an effort to form a centrist bloc and consolidate their parliamentary standings before local elections. The announcement was noted as being "hasty", having come before the two respective parties underwent due process to confirm the union, and was seen an attempt to consolidate the plan amidst oppositions.  Within the People's Party, the plan faced opposition, especially with lawmakers from the provinces of North and South Jeolla, both of which are noted to be liberal-leaning provinces.  On January 28, 16 of the party's lawmakers, including Park Jie-won and Chung Dong-young, announced plans to start a new party. The lawmakers were noted to have belonged to a faction that was closely associated with late former President Kim Dae-jung. The new party, named Party for Democracy and Peace, was launched on February 6.  The plan was approved by the Bareun Party on 5 February 2018, and was finalized by the People's Party six days later.

Controversies.

Corruption allegation.

In early June 2016, three members of the party, including two lawmakers, were accused by the National Election Commission of receiving kickbacks from the party's PR agencies, prior to elections that year. One lawmaker, Kim Su-min, was accused by prosecutors of possibly receiving ₩178 million from advertisement firms, via forged contracts. One of the members, a party official, was arrested for alleged violation of the country's Political Fund Law.  The party, however, has denied that the party itself received any of the kickbacks.

False accusations against Moon Jae-in.

In July 2017, the party asked for a special prosecutor to look into allegations that the party's leadership was involved in making up evidence, as part of allegations that Moon Jae-in's son, Moon Joon-yong, received special treatment during the hiring process at a public agency. An arrest warrant was also issued against a former member of the party's Supreme Council, which was denounced by the party as being unfair.  Ahn, who ran in the presidential election that year and was noted by "The Korea Herald" as having stood to benefit directly from the tip-off (although he lost the election), was questioned by the party's internal investigators.

The People's Party () was a political party in South Korea established on 10 January 2016. The party was established by Ahn Cheol-soo.

Le Parti du peuple (en coréen, hangeul : 국민의당; hanja: 國民의黨; RR: Gukmin-eui dang) est un ancien parti politique sud-coréen fondé en 2016.