Geography.

Geographical location.

Altbach lies on the southern slope of the Schurwald into the valley of the Neckar between Plochingen upstream and Esslingen am Neckar downstream. The old Neckar runs through the municipal area, which reaches to the right bank of the present course of the river, in an arc on the right bank, above which lie the residential areas crossed by the Altbach towards the Old arm, while on the flat river island between the runs there are mostly industrial areas of the Neckar valley.  The district is rich in springs, and so the community can cover 45% of its drinking water needs from its own wells.

Municipal division.

No other places belong to the community of Altbach except the village of Altbach.

Neighbouring communities.

Adjacent communities are in turn the cities Esslingen am Neckar in the west and north, Plochingen in the east and the community Deizisau in the south. All towns belong to the district of Esslingen.

Area distribution.

According to data from Statistical State Office, status 2014.

History.

Until the 19th century.

Finds of row cemeteries and the early documentary mention indicate an early medieval foundation of the settlement. Altbach was first mentioned 783 in the Lorsch Codex. In the 13th century the Counts of Aichelberg acquired the village, but sold it piece by piece to the Kloster Adelberg. With the Reformation (1535), the state sovereignty arrived Württemberg, Altbach remained part of the Monastery Office Adelberg.. From 1806 Altbach belonged to the Oberamt Eßlingen in the Kingdom of Württemberg. In 1819 Altbach was separated from the neighbouring Zell, today a district of Esslingen, and has existed as an independent community since then. In 1846 Altbach was connected to the railway network of the Württemberg Railway with its own railway station, thus creating the conditions for the industrialisation.

From the 20th century.

In 1904 Altbach was connected to the electricity grid, followed one year later by the construction of a water pipeline. Between 1922 and 1923 the parish separated ecclesiastically from its mother village Zell and had a parish vestry until 1931. During World War II about 10 to 12 houses were damaged and two civilians were killed. In 1984 Altbach celebrated its 1200th anniversary. From 1999 to 15 December 2000 the new development area "Egertenäcker" was built.

Population development.

The population figures are census results (1) or official updates of the Land Statistical Office (only main residences).

Politics.

City council.

The municipal council in Altbach has 18 members. The municipal elections on 26 May 2019 led to the following final result. The local council consists of the elected honorary local councillors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.

Mayors.

In December 2017 the mayor of Ohmden, Martin Funk, was elected to succeed Wolfgang Benignus, who is retiring due to age. Funk received 38.08 % of the votes in the second ballot.

Crest.

Blazoning: in red an upwardly curved silver (white) diagonal bar  The coat of arms was originally held by the local nobility of Altbach. The flag colours are white-red. The coat of arms and flag colours were awarded to the municipality by the state government in 1954.

Economy and Infrastructure.

Traffic.

Altbach is connected to the B 10 (Stuttgart-Ulm) and in rail transport with the Filstalbahn and the S-Bahn line S1 to the VVS.  On December 19, 2006, the world's first people mover that crosses railway tracks was put into operation in Altbach.

Education.

Altbach has a primary school, four kindergartens and a local library.

Altbach/Deizisau power station.

The Altbach/Deizisau power plant is operated by EnBW and is considered one of the most modern German coal-fired power plants. It is located on an island in the Neckar river and half of it is in the neighbouring municipality of Deizisau, which is why the full name is also "Kraftwerk Altbach/Deizisau". The two chimneys are higher than the "Schurwaldhöhen" and the Filder and therefore visible from afar.  Since 1899, the Neckar has been used for energy generation by one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in Württemberg at that time. The buildings were demolished in 1998 and converted into a park.

Waste disposal.

The waste management company of the district of Esslingen is responsible for waste disposal. There are separate collections for organic waste, household waste and paper. Packaging is collected within the framework of the Green Dot in so-called Yellow Sacks. Bulky waste will be collected free of charge against submission of one of two vouchers per year or can be taken to a disposal station. Waste electrical and metal scrap and other recyclable materials can also be handed in at the disposal stations. For hazardous waste such as fluorescent lamps and paints there are special collections of problematic materials.

Culture and sightseeing.

Community hall.

Altbach has a community hall in which theatres, concerts, honours, festivals and other events of the Altbach cultural series are regularly held. The hall is not only made available to Altbach residents.

Old town hall.

The Old Town Hall was originally a hunting lodge in the former game park of Hohengehren. The hunting lodge was acquired by Altbach in 1839, dismantled and rebuilt as a town hall in the same year.

Christ Church.

The "Christuskirche" was built between 1959 and 1960 according to plans by Hans Seytter and was consecrated on 24 July 1960. The church was decorated with works of art by Helmuth Uhrig. The Christ figure on the wall, the baptismal font and the window of St. Michael are by his hand.

Ulrich Church.

1353 an Ulrich chapel is documented in Altbach, it got its name from the patron saint Ulrich of the monastery Adelberg. In 1514, 1599 and 1748 it was extended and rebuilt, in 1736 it received a new tower. In 1817 a sacristy was added, in the 1920s the interior was thoroughly renovated twice; the church, located on the market place, was leased to the bourgeois community, underwent an interior and exterior renovation in 1978-1980 and now offers space for cultural purposes.

Sports and recreation.

In Altbach are over 20 clubs with a wide range of activities, including the gymnastics club, the cycling club, the sports club, the tennis club (together with Esslingen-Zell) and the table tennis club. The clubs work together to organise a varied children's holiday programme with the support of the municipality and the parishes.

Altbach is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg. It belongs to the Stuttgart Region. (until 1992 "Region Mittlerer Neckar") and the European Metropolitan Region Stuttgart.

Altbach est une commune de Bade-Wurtemberg (Allemagne), située dans l'arrondissement d'Esslingen, dans la région de Stuttgart, dans le district de Stuttgart.


History.

During the last years of Francoist Spain there were some controversial legal decisions that shocked the painter. Miró painted this triptych in reference to the "hope of grace" as he prayed for the life of the young anarchist Salvador Puig Antich finally executed by garotte.  This series directly recalls another 1968 painting titled "Painting on white background for the cell of a recluse".  The works are the result of a two-year process during which Miró made several preparatory drawings with various ideas to approach the challenge. These drawings are preserved at the Miró Foundation.  In February 1974 he painted these ideas, but he didn't finish the artwork until a month later, coinciding with the execution of another anarchist.

Description.

Successive representations show a patch that changes color according to the transformation of a flowing black line with splashes of paint. The line tries to describe a form that can not be completed as it is unexpectedly interrupted. This parallels the tragic cut our of the life of the young garroted activist.  This work was created in 1974. The line comes fast, secure, multiple, from underground, reality, to take off on the horizon, the future. Miró knows that each line presents an enigma, his work as an artist has always been the same: on paper, on canvas, in cardboard, wood sculpture... filling the space of signs that give meaning to the work and his medium.  Miró in his maturity flight away from the formulas of vocabulary to achieve expression. The paintings are characterized by heavy graphics, drawn with a single breath, without rejecting Miró traditional forms, but simplifying the gesture. Imposed increasingly growing the importance of the empty space. Miró reaches maximum difficulty arises when suggesting a poetic image, creating tension, expressing a certain mood with minimal resources. This is the reason why he use every time larger formats, despite the static, they seem to create dynamism.

Context and influences.

Miró painted these large scale works (as well as "Bleu II") influenced under the impression that he got on his stay in the United States. The action painting by Jackson Pollock and the abstract expressionism by Robert Motherwell and Mark Rothko clearly influenced Miró, although that the forms of Miró are not abstract figures, but remain true to the nature, source of inspiration  In the art world there was a big disappointment as a result of the catastrophe of the World War and the atrocities that occurred, which left a society that had placed science and its progress to the development of the atomic bomb and had ended up being ruled again by the conservative classes. The art was going to be worth enjoyment become consumer value. In response to this position wealthy, many artists are inclined to experiment with forms of expression. One of the great figures of expressionism was Motherwell (1915–1991), who painted one of his most famous works with a long series "Elegy to the Spanish Republic" (1955–1960). The choice of the theme suggests painting a "subjective" reality of the (much more indirect than the "Guernica" on Picasso). Great artists appeared at the United States, like Pollock, Franz Kline or de Kooning with an energetic and gestural painting, and Rothko who didn't used figurative painting. The painting becomes a meditation on the screen to the viewer.  Miró's fascination for Japanese art and master SengaiGibon influenced many European and American abstract artists of the moment. The simplicity of the work of Sengai intriguing, combining geometric shapes with vertical texts caused a strong impact on Miró, who began a vocabulary of signs themselves, which Miró visual color experience the great power that supposed to make the spectator in front of three formats, a combination not only works separately, but to offer a completely new visual field that fills the viewer (TATE) There is a strong relationship between scarce resources and the dramatic impact TAT)  At the time Miró painted "The Hope of a Condemned Man", we find a Europe post-May 68, Protestant and unhappy, and also find that Spain looks like the dying dictatorship of General Franco. At the same time there is a Joan Miró fully recognized and also is filled with skills to find creative new ways. Miró had visited the Japan, where there had been several exhibitions. Orientalism always represented by a spring of Miró received influences.  Miró has been defined as an "international Catalan", which had an internal exile because of Franco, a political artist, surrealist avant-garde and modernist.  Miró himself says that the artist is a "person with a special civic responsibility, your voice must speak for the silent, and his work for the emancipation", understood that his work had the obligation to promote, to claim, talk, to serve man.

The Hope of a Condemned Man is a series of three paintings by Joan Miró in 1974 which are now part of the permanent collection of the Joan Miró Foundation in Barcelona.

L'Espoir du condamné à mort est un ensemble de trois toiles de Joan Miró, terminé le. C'est le dernier triptyque d'une série commencée par le peintre en 1961 avec le "Triptyque Bleu I, Bleu II, Bleu III".


The town.

In the Middle Kingdom the town was called "Dja", but not much is known about the town in this period apart from the well preserved temple. The temple still functioned in the New Kingdom. King Merenptah placed a statue of himself into the temple. After the New Kingdom the place was abandoned. People settled here again in Ptolemaic times. The Ptolemaic town was laid out on a grid pattern and is about 1000 × 600 m big. The main temples are in the Western part of the town. There is a long processional way going north to South. The town never had walls. However under emperor Diocletian there was built a castrum north east of the town. The fortress (50 × 50 m) is square with the main entrance in the South. At each corner there was a tower. Here was stationed the "Cohors IV Numidarum". In Byzantine Times the population moved to the southern part of the town. Several churches were erected. The town was still occupied after the Arab conquest of Egypt, but was abandoned after the ninth century.

The Renenutet temple (temple A).

The dark sandstone inner part of the temple consists of a small papyrus-columned hall leading to a sanctuary comprising three chapels, each containing statues of deities. One column bears the name of Amenemhat III, the other with the name of Amenemhat IV. Both naming also Renenutet. The central chapel incorporated a large statue of Renenutet, with Amenemhat III and Amenemhat IV standing on either side of her. In the inscriptions, the temple is simply called "temple of Renenutet". Renenutet is called "The living Renenutet of Dja". The reliefs in the first hall are not well preserved, but they include a scene showing a king and the goddess Seshat, founding the temple. Behind the entrance room there follows another one, that is also all around decorated with reliefs. On the South side there is a scene showing Amenemhat III in front of Renenutet. The latter is depicted as standing women with a snake head. Between both is shown in a much smaller scale the "king's daughter" Neferuptah. At the back of this room, on the North side, there are the three chapels. The first one, on the West side, is dedicated to Renenutet. She appears as the main deity at the back of the chapel. On the side walls are shown on the West side Sobek, and on the East side Renenutet. The second chapel was dedicated to Renenutet and Sobek. Renenutet appears on the West wall and on the back (North) wall, standing behind king Amenemhat III. The king is standing in front of Sobek, who also appears on the East wall in front of the same king. On the East wall appears Sobek again. The last chapel was again mainly dedicated to Renenutet. She appears on the West and on the back wall in front of Amenemhat III, while on the East wall Sobek is standing in front of a king.  The Ptolemaic parts of the temple comprise a paved processional way passing through an eight-columned kiosk leading to a portico and transverse vestibule. It has been suggested that the unusually good preservation of this temple complex, excavated by a team of archaeologists from the University of Milan in the 1930s, may have been due simply to its relative seclusion.

Temple B.

Temple B was built at the back of temple A with the main entrance facing to the North. The plan of this building is similar to that of temple A. There is an open broad courtyard at the front. There follows a hall and at the back there are three chapels. The central chapel has a niche at the back. The temple was dedicated to Isis-Thermouthis (Thermouthis is the Greek name for Renenutet). The temple's decoration is unfinished. There are some figures carved as reliefs on the temple walls. Two badly preserved figures flanking the entrance. On the leftside of the facade was carved a sitting figure, that was never finished.

Temple C.

Temple C was so called by the excavators. It was dedicated to the cult of two crocodile mummies. The temple complex was excavated from 1995 to 1999. The temple lies east of the Renenutet temple with the main entrance facing the latter temple complex. It dates to the Ptolemaic Period and was found well preserved. The walls are still up to four meters high. The temple proper consists of a small courtyard with a chapel behind it. The chapel contains two naoi. In each of them was found the mummy of a crocodile. In front of the temple is a bigger courtyard and there are on both sides buildings. They were perhaps for economical use. North of the temple was excavated a vaulted chamber. The interior is divided into two parts by a stone wall. Attached to the wall there is a basin. In the basin where found more than thirty crocodile eggs. This might indicate that this vaulted room was once a nursery for crocodiles. The temple complex was in use till the Fourth century AD and then abounded.

2006 excavations.

Medinet Madi is "the only intact temple still existing from the Middle Kingdom" according to Zahi Hawass, a former Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). The temple's foundations, administrative buildings, granaries and residences were recently uncovered by an Egyptian archaeological expedition in early 2006.

Coptic texts.

Coptic texts were uncovered near Medinet Maadi in 1928. Among them was the Manichaean Psalm-book that includes the Psalms of Thomas.

Medinet Madi is a site in the southwestern Faiyum region of Egypt with the remains of a Greco-Roman town where a temple of the cobra-goddess Renenutet (a harvest deity) was founded during the reigns of Amenemhat III and Amenemhat IV (1855–1799 BC). It was later expanded and embellished during the Greco-Roman period. In the Middle Kingdom the town was called Dja, in the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods it was called Narmuthis.

Le temple de Rénénoutet à Médinet Mâdi est un temple égyptien dédié au culte de la déesse Rénénoutet. La construction de ce temple remonte à la et a été achevé pendant le règne du pharaon. Il est le seul temple encore intact du Moyen Empire.


Career.

Marrufo was 2008 MLS Referee of the Year.  Marrufo was suspended by MLS for the remainder of the 2009 MLS season as of September 1, 2009, for poor performances over the course of the season, and subsequently on February 5, 2010, Marrufo was removed from the 2010 World Cup referee list.  It was announced in 2013 that Marrufo would be a member of the newly formed Professional Referee Organization, the body responsible for refereeing appointments among the United States and Canada's top soccer leagues.  On July 8, 2014, Marrufo was assigned to the 2014 MLS All-Star Game, to be played on August 6 at Providence Park between an MLS All-Star team and Bayern Munich.  He also officiated a 2017 International Champions Cup match between FC Barcelona and Real Madrid on 29 July 2017, after which he was accused by Barcelona midfielder Ivan Rakitić of insulting him.  Marrufo was selected to officiate in the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and his first appointment was the Group G match between Belgium & Tunisia.  Marrufo refereed the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup Final between Real Madrid and Al Ain FC.  He refereed the second leg of the 2019 Concacaf Champions League Final between C.F. Monterrey and Tigres UANL on May 1, 2019.  On May 17, 2019, Marrufo was appointed to be a referee for the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup in the United States.

Personal life.

His father, Antonio Marrufo, was a FIFA referee from Mexico and served on the Mexican Referee Commission. Jair Marrufo speaks fluent English and Spanish. He is the husband of teacher and UTEP graduate Zinnia Mares Marrufo and they have two children together. He is of Mexican descent.

Jair Marrufo (born June 7, 1977) is an American soccer referee. He has been a referee in Major League Soccer since 2002 and a FIFA referee since 2007.

Jair Antonio Marrufo (né le à El Paso au Texas) est un arbitre américain de soccer. Il est arbitre en MLS depuis 2002 et international depuis 2007. Son père, Antonio Marrufo Mendoza, est un ancien arbitre mexicain de football, qui fut international.


Geographical location.

Sonnenbühl lies on the northern edge of the Swabian Jura. The district Genkingen (771 m above sea level. NN) extends up to the escarpment. West of Willmandingen (751 m above sea level. NN) originates the Lauchert. In the district Erpfingen (731 m above sea level. NN) originates the Erpf which opens south of the village into the Lauchert. The district Undingen is located 775 m above sea level. NN.

Geology.

The near-surface geological bedrock Sonnenbühls is dominated by the rocks of the White Jura. The limestones of the White Jura are heavily karstified and characterized by karst formations such as caves, sinkholes and dry valleys.

Neighboring communities.

The following cities and towns are bordering to the municipality of Sonnenbühl, they are starting called clockwise in the north and part of the district of Reutlingen or to Zollernalbkreis1 and district Tübingen.2 Pfullingen, Lichtenstein, Engstingen, Trochtelfingen, Burladingen1, Mössingen2 and Reutlingen.

Municipality arrangement.

The municipality Sonnenbühl was created on 1 January 1975 under the municipal reform in Baden-Württemberg, initially under the name Undingen, from the four previously independent municipalities Erpfingen, Genkingen, Undingen and Willmandingen.

Climate.

In February 1978, the district Erpfingen was officially recognized as air spa.

History.

The name Erphinga (Erpfingen) appears on November, 16, 777, for the first time in a deed of the Lorsch codex. Genkingen belongs since 1506 to the nunnery Pfullingen and became part of Württemberg after the Thirty Years' War. Already 806 Undinga was owned by the Abbey of St. Gall. 1098 it donated Graf Luithold Achalm the monastery Zwiefalten and 1454 Undingen came to Württemberg. The name Willmandingen stands on a charter of 10 July, 772, of the monastery of St. Gallen. 1474 bought Count Eberhard von Württemberg the place, so it came to Oberamt Urach, in 1808 to district Reutlingen.

Politics.

The district Undingen is the administrative headquarter of the total community.

Council.

The council Sonnenbühl has after the last election 21 members (2009: 18). The municipal election held on 25 May 2014 led to the following official results. The turnout was 54.3% (2009: 57.1%). The council consists of the elected honorary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.

Mayor.

The mayor is elected for a term of eight years. On July 12, 2009, the incumbent mayor Gerrit Elser was elected mayor of Giengen. Therefore, a mayoral election was held in Sonnenbühl on October 11, 2009. Uwe Morgenstern was voted with a majority of 58.9%.

Arms of Sonnenbühl.

The former autonomous districts had very different own crest. Therefore, it was agreed to the merger on designing a brand new coat of arms. This is formed from the two components of the community name. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is ". In blue over golden (yellow) hills (Buhl) a golden (yellow) sun with 16 alternating consecutive straight and S-shaped curved golden (yellow) rays"

Coat of subsites.

Erpfingen Erpfingen Genkingen Genkingen Undingen Undingen Willmandingen Willmandingen

Twinning.

Since 1987, there is a partnership of Sonnenbühl with the municipality of Corseul in France.

Museums.

In the district Erpfingen the first Easter Egg Museum [5] of Germany was established and inaugurated in February 1993. It shows more than a thousand exhibits from all over Europe.

Sports.

In the district Erpfingen is located since 1992 a spa garden and a 1300 meters long summer bobsleigh track. For golf players there is in Undingen an 18-hole golf course. In winter, there are a variety of trails for cross country skiers, in the summer, these are walking trails.

Tourism.

The amusement park Dreamland on the Bear Cave (Bärenhöhle) is a real attraction, especially for families with small children.

Economy.

The area is used both for agriculture and forestry. Sonnenbühl is a year-round holiday destination. These include Sonnenmatte, swimming and camping at Erpfingen, cycling, hiking and ski trails and touristically developed attractions such as the caves. A ski lift at Genkingen allows downhill. In quarries on the northern edge of Willmandingen and Genkingen limestone is broken. In Willmandingen formerly Bohnerz was recovered.

Transport.

The municipality is connected in north-south direction through the provincial road 382 and east-west direction through the provincial road 230. The public transport is ensured by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 223.

Conservation.

The area between Schloss Lichtenstein and Nebelhöhle is a nature reserve.

Natural monuments.

The major attractions in Sonnenbühl are probably the two large caves "Bärenhöhle" and "Nebelhöhle". The Bärenhöhle is part of the district Erpfingen and is accessible to 271 meters in length. It was discovered in 1949. The first part of the Nebelhöhle was discovered in 1517. The visitable part is 450 meters long.

Sonnenbühl is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen, state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Sonnenbühl is a municipality on the plateau of the Swabian Alb, just south of Reutlingen. The seat of the municipality is in the district Undingen.

Sonnenbühl est une commune de Bade-Wurtemberg (Allemagne), située dans l'arrondissement de Reutlingen, dans la région Neckar-Alb, dans le district de Tübingen.


History.

On 9 June 2008 the "Kernkraftwerk Niederamt AG", a project company of Atel Holding AG, which now goes by the name of Alpiq Holding, submitted the general licence application to the Swiss Federal Office of Energy.  This is the first stage of the licensing procedure for a new nuclear power plant in Switzerland. The general licence application consists of six documents: the safety report; the environmental impact report; the security report on protection from external hazards; the demonstration of disposal feasibility; the concept for decommissioning, and the report on conformity with the land-use planning.  The general licence is issued by the Swiss Federal Council. Following the natural disasters in Japan, which resulted in the reactor accidents at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, on 14 March 2011 Federal Councillor Doris Leuthard suspended the general licensing procedures for the replacement of existing nuclear power plants. The project was not further pursued; the project company " Kernkraftwerk Niederamt AG" was formally dissolved in 2017. On January 1, 2018 an amendment (article 12a) to the Swiss Nuclear Energy Act ("Kernenergiegesetz") came into effect, prohibiting the issuing of new general licences for nuclear power plants.

Project information.

The general licence application did not refer to any specific plant. It was based on a generic nuclear power plant of the third-generation designs available today with light water reactors (pressurised or boiling water reactors) but stopped short of specifying the actual make or manufacturer. The application was based on two output categories, 1100 megawatt and 1600 megawatt.

The Niederamt Nuclear Power Plant (in German Kernkraftwerk Niederamt, abbreviated to "KKN" and not to be confused with the similarly abbreviated ) was the name for a planned nuclear power plant near the existing Gösgen Nuclear Power Plant in Niederamt in the Canton of Solothurn between Olten and Aarau in Switzerland. The land earmarked for the project would have taken in some of the residential areas of Niedergösgen, Gretzenbach and Däniken.

La centrale nucléaire dans le Niederamt (appelée en allemand'et abrégée "KKN", qu’il ne faut pas confondre avec la'(Centrale nucléaire de Niederaichbach), qui porte le même acronyme), est un projet de centrale nucléaire en Suisse.


Early history.

The "Ann Alexander" was a ship-rigged wooden-hulled trading vessel. She was built in 1805 by Joel Packard and Deliverance Smith at Russells Mills Village in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, and registered at New Bedford on 29 January 1806. Her first documented voyages were with American export goods from New York to Leghorn, Italy and to Liverpool, England after her registration.  It is claimed that the "Ann Alexander", with Capt. Loammi (Loum) Snow of Rochester, Massachusetts, in command, encountered the British fleet a few days after its victory at the battle of Trafalgar in October 1805. This first appears in print 87 years later, in a history of New Bedford, based on an interview with a 96-year-old former crew member of the ship. According to a later account of 1912, the ship was on a voyage from New York to Leghorn with a cargo of general merchandise, and a deck cargo of lumber that was Snow's personal property, when they met the warships off Spain. Informed that Lord Nelson had died aboard and that the new commander, Admiral Collingwood, was attempting to repair the damage done to numerous ships during the naval action, Snow sold lumber, flour and apples on the spot to the British Navy. Ruth Ekstrom of New Bedford Whaling Museum Research Library considers that there was no 1805 voyage, which would have taken place before the "Ann Alexander" was registered and without the knowledge of the principal owner, but that the ship may have come across remnants of the British fleet repairing at Gibraltar on the voyage to Leghorn in early 1806 and sold goods and timber on that occasion.  According to the same 1912 account, in February 1807, with Snow still in command, the "Ann Alexander" was captured off Rock of Lisbon on a voyage from St. Ives, England to Leghorn by a Spanish privateer, who replaced all but Snow and a mate with a prize crew, and set a course for Spain. She was immediately captured the next day by a British man-of-war, who replaced the Spanish prize crew with one of their own, and turned their prize toward Gibraltar. Just short of landfall, they were captured again by another Spanish privateer and taken to Algiers. Upon landing, Snow immediately reported the previous British prize captain for piracy, preventing the authorities from knowing the ship's latest seizure was by Spain. The Algerian authorities allowed him to take possession of his ship and proceed to Leghorn. It was later reported in June 1807 that the "Ann Alexander", coming from Leghorn, was detained by the British at Portsmouth.

Sunk by a sperm whale.

Under the command of Captain John Deblois, the "Ann Alexander" left New Bedford on June 1, 1850, for the whaling grounds in the Pacific. After taking on about 500 barrels of oil, she rounded Cape Horn in January, 1851. After taking on provisions in Chile and dropping a sailor at Paita, Peru, she headed west to the "Offshore Ground" in August, about 2,000–3,000 miles off the South American coast where more whales are likely to be located. In the "Ann Alexander"'s case, she resumed the hunt at the latitude of 5° 50′ south, and longitude 102° west.  On August 20, the ship dropped two whaleboats; the one commanded by the first mate harpooned a whale. After hauling the tethered boat on a Nantucket sleighride, the whale turned, opened its jaws, and attacked and destroyed it. The second boat, captained by Deblois, rowed to the site and saved all six crewmen.  At this point, as there were 12 men in a single boat, the waist boat was launched from the ship, which was now some six miles off. The crewmen were divided between the two boats, and it was decided to attack the whale again with the waist boat, under the first mate's command, in the advance. When the whale saw the boats returning, he attacked again, this time destroying the waist boat. Deblois rescued the crew for a second time and attempted to return to the "Ann Alexander" in the last remaining boat. The wounded whale again rushed the boat and passed within a few cables of it, but did not directly attack it.  Once the whalers were aboard the "Ann Alexander", a smaller boat was launched to retrieve the whaleboat oars, and Deblois decided to hunt the whale from the safety of the ship. Another harpoon was sunk into its head, and after a feint towards the ship, the whale seemed to disappear under the surface. At this point it was nearly sundown, so Deblois decided to abandon the pursuit. Moments later, the whale reappeared, moving at a speed of about 15 knots (a little over 17 mph), towards the ship, which was making only five knots. The whale rammed the slower-moving ship, which was unable to outrun or avoid it, and put a hole in the hull of the ship, below the waterline some two feet from the keel. Like most ships of that time, the "Ann Alexander" carried a large amount of pig iron as ballast, so in an attempt to keep her from sinking immediately, Deblois ordered the crew to cut away the anchors and throw all heavy metal cables overboard. The crew only succeeded in cutting away one anchor and cable, and the ship began to sink rapidly. Deblois made his way to the cabin, where he seized a sextant, chronometer and chart. A second attempt to obtain anything beyond the provisions and water that were being loaded into the remaining boats was fruitless, as the ship was almost completely heeled over and flooded. The 22 crewmen had no choice but to abandon ship, with Deblois, the last to leave, being forced to swim to the closest boat.

Retrieval and rescue.

It was soon discovered that they possessed only twelve gallons of water and no food at all, and the boats, containing eleven men each, leaked and had to be bailed out throughout the night. The next day, seeing that the "Ann Alexander" had not yet sunk but was on her beam ends, Deblois went on board to cut away the masts with a hatchet, in the hope this would lessen the drag. The ship partially righted itself, and the crew, using spades, were able to cut the foremast anchor chain, which helped bring her onto a more even keel. Using ropes tied around their waists, the whalers then lowered themselves over the side and cut holes through the decks to get to the food stores, but obtained only five gallons of vinegar and twenty pounds of waterlogged bread. The ship became unstable, so they returned to their boats and rowed away.  They had water rations for only a few days, but Deblois reckoned that if they headed for a northerly latitude with more rainfall they might survive. Two days later, at around 5 p.m. on August 22, they sighted and were rescued by the Nantucket whaler "Nantucket" under the command of Captain Gibbs. A last attempt to retrieve anything from the "Ann Alexander" was abandoned due to rough seas, and the crew was eventually landed in Paita on September 15, 1851. They all returned to New York via the schooner "Providence" on October 12.

Melville and "Moby-Dick".

Just a few months later, October 18, 1851, and November 14, 1851, the first editions of Hermann Melville's great whaling novel "Moby-Dick", inspired by the "Essex" attack, were published in London and New York City, respectively.  Melville commented, "Ye Gods! What a commentator is this "Ann Alexander" whale. What he has to say is short & pithy & very much to the point. I wonder if my evil art has raised this monster."

Aftermath.

Weak with infection from the two harpoons and pieces of timber from the attack embedded in its head, the whale was caught and killed five months later by the crew of the "Rebecca Simms", and yielded 70 or 80 barrels of oil.  While an accidental collision with a sperm whale at night accounted for sinking of the "Union" in 1807, the "Essex" incident some 30 years beforehand was the only other documented case of a whale deliberately attacking, holing, and sinking a ship. However, these two incidents are probably not as much of a freak occurrence as they appear to be. Observations of aggression in males of the cetacean species suggest that head-butting during male–male aggression is a basal behavior, and that the enlarged melon or spermaceti organ is a direct product of sexual dimorphism, having evolved as a battering ram to injure an opponent in such attacks.  The ability of the sperm whale to aggressively attack and destroy ships some 3–5 times its body mass in this manner is therefore hardly surprising. The 5-month period that elapsed between the sinking of the "Ann Alexander" and the killing of the whale involved demonstrates that long-term survival was possible after combat with a much larger ship and so, presumably, with another whale as well.

The Ann Alexander was a whaling ship from New Bedford, Massachusetts. She is notable for having been rammed and sunk by a wounded sperm whale in the South Pacific on August 20, 1851, some 30 years after the famous incident in which the "Essex" was stove in and sunk by a whale in the same area.

L’Ann Alexander était un baleinier de New Bedford (Massachusetts) qui a été défoncé et coulé par un cachalot blessé le près des îles Galápagos, une trentaine d'années après l'incident notable dans lequel l'"Essex" avait été coulé par un animal de la même espèce.


Description.

In the wild "Rhipsalis pilocarpa" is an epiphyte, using a host tree for support but not parasitising or otherwise harming its host. Growing to tall and broad, its slim cylindrical stems are at first erect, becoming pendent with short straight branches arranged in whorls. The stems are crassulent, segmented and potentially dividing after each segment. It is one of the Rhipsalis in which the spines are still visible, especially on the young stems.  It grows as a small epiphytic shrub with initially upright and later hanging shoots. The dirty gray-green shoots are slender cylindrical, completely turning, up to 4 inches long and 0.6 inches in diameter. At the top, they branch into whorls. The 8 to 10 almost always pronounced ribs are finely striped in the longitudinal and transverse direction. The green, somewhat woolly areoles are occasionally purplish. From them arise 3 to 10 gray to white, bristle-like thorns.  The fragrant, white, terminal flowers appear alone or in pairs and reach a diameter of 2.5 to 4 centimeters. The pericarp is covered with bristle-like spines. The wine-red, berry-shaped fruits are spherical and studded with bristle-like spines. They have a length and a diameter of about 12 millimeters. The fruits contain quite large, black seeds. It has been shown that viviparity exists in this species, that is, the seed can germinate very early, while it is still in the fruit attached to the mother plant.

Cultivation.

Relatively easy to cultivate, "R. pilocarpa" grows best in partial shade, imitating its natural environment. It is particularly suitable as a hanging plant. With a minimum temperature of it requires the protection of glass in temperate locations, at least during the winter months. The plant thrives acidic soil, good light and well drained (e.g. 2 part peat moss, 2 for 1 part of sand, with small bark chips added to increase the drainage and as a carbon source in a period of growth). These plants have low nutrient requirements in nature, so balanced commercial fertilizers should be diluted to half the recommended concentration on the label.  In winter, a night temperature of 9/10 °C and a low watering (without fertilizer) will favor the spring bloom. When the flower buds appear, normal watering can resume, as well as fertilization.  Propagation is done from cuttings or plants, and from the wild from fruits, whose seeds are carried by the animals that ate them.

Range.

This epiphyte is native to Brazil, where it lives in tropical subtropical or tropical forests, hanging or hanging on branches or growing in the hollow of old trees. The main threat to the species is the rapid decline of the primary tropical forest (destruction and fragmentation of habitats, deforestation, etc.). Therefore, the species is classified as vulnerable.

Rhipsalis pilocarpa, the hairy-fruited wickerware cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family that is endemic to Brazil. Scarce in the wild, it is known only in a small number of isolated locations. Its status is listed as “vulnerable” by the IUCN Red List. However, it is cultivated as an ornamental houseplant and as such has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.

Rhipsalis pilocarpa est le nom d'une espèce de plante épiphyte et succulente, endémique du Brésil, et appartenant à la famille des "cactus" et du genre "Rhipsalis" (qui comprend environ 60 espèces et de nombreuses sous-espèces)


History.

Founding.

The English College, Douai was founded in 1568 but was forced to leave France in 1795 following the French Revolution. Part of the college settled temporarily at Crook Hall northwest of Durham. In 1804 Bishop William Gibson began to build at Ushaw Moor, four miles west of Durham. These buildings, designed by James Taylor, were opened as "St Cuthbert's College" in 1808. There was a steady expansion during the nineteenth century with new buildings put up to cater for the expanding number of clerical and secular students. In 1847, the newly built chapel, designed by Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin was opened. This was followed by the Big Library and Exhibition Hall designed by Joseph Hansom, 1849–1851. The Junior House, designed by Peter Paul Pugin, was added in 1859. St Cuthbert’s Chapel, designed by Dunn and Hansom, was opened in 1884, replacing the one noted above, which the seminary had outgrown. The Refectory was designed and built by E. W. Pugin. The final development came in the early 1960s with the opening of a new East wing, providing additional classrooms and single bedrooms for 75 students. The main college buildings are Grade II listed, the College Chapel is Grade II* and the Chapel of St Michael is Grade I.

University of Durham.

Although independent, Ushaw College had a close working relationship with Durham University. The college became a Licensed Hall of Residence of the University of Durham in 1968. It was independent of the university but offered courses validated by the university, and both Church and lay students studied at the college. The Junior House closed in 1972, its younger students being transferred to St Joseph's College, Up Holland in Lancashire.

21st Century.

In 2002, the college rejected a report from the Roman Catholic hierarchy that it should merge with St Mary's College, Oscott, near Birmingham. However, in October 2010 it was announced that the college would close in 2011 due to the shortage of vocations in the Roman Catholic Church, and that the site might be sold. Following a detailed feasibility study by the college's Trustees and Durham University, and with support from Durham County Council and English Heritage, it was announced in January 2012 that Durham Business School would temporarily relocate to the college during rebuilding of the School’s buildings in Durham. This was seen as the first step in a long-term education-based vision for the site.  The university also agreed to catalogue and archive the Ushaw library and inventory the other collections to ensure their preservation and specialist conservation, with a view to creating a proposed Ushaw Centre for Catholic Scholarship and Heritage. In March 2019, an uncatalogued early charter of King John was found in the library manuscript collection.  In 2017, Durham University announced plans to develop an international residential research library at Ushaw College, with the aim of attracting scholars from around the world to work on the collections of Ushaw, Durham University and Durham Cathedral. The university has also confirmed that it has extended the agreement to lease the east wing of the college (used by the Business School) to 2027. The college is also used for numerous musical events and for the Ushaw Lecture Series, organised by the university's Centre for Catholic Studies.  In 2018, Durham University's Centre for Evaluation and Monitoring (CEM) moved into the east wing of the college, previously used by the Business School.

Heraldry.

The college armorial bearings are "Per pale dexter Argent a Cross Gules on a Canton Azure a Cross of St Cuthbert proper sinister impaling Allen Argent three Rabbits couchant in pale Sable."  Various emblems on shield represent the college's history and foundation, for example:-

Alumni.

Clergy  Lay

Ushaw College (formally St Cuthbert's College, Ushaw), also now known as Ushaw Historic House, Chapels & Gardens, is a former Catholic seminary near the village of Ushaw Moor, County Durham, England. It was founded in 1808 by scholars from the English College, Douai, who had fled France after the French Revolution. Ushaw College was affiliated with Durham University from 1968 and was the principal Roman Catholic seminary for the training of Catholic priests in the north of England until it closed as a seminary in 2011 due to the shortage of vocations. It reopened as a visitor attraction in late 2014 and, as of 2019, receives around 50,000 visitors a year. The County Durham Music Service and Durham University spin-off the Centre for Evaluation and Monitoring are based at the college and buildings at the college are also used by Durham University Business School.

Ushaw College est un ancien séminaire catholique fondé en 1808 par des universitaires du collège anglais de Douai qui avaient fui la France après sa fermeture sous la Révolution et fermé en 2011 en raison d’un manque de vocations dans l’Église catholique. Les bâtiments et les terrains d’Ushaw College, qui était affilié depuis 1968 à l’université de Durham couvrent 400 hectares dans le village de Ushaw Moor dans le Royaume-Uni. Aujourd’hui occupés et entretenus par le Ushaw Charitable Trust, les bâtiments et les terrains sont occupés depuis pour une durée de deux ans par la Durham University Business School, dont le propre site est en cours de réaménagement.


History.

The manor of Donnington had been owned by the Adderbury family since 1292, Donnington Castle was built by its original owner, Sir Richard Abberbury the Elder, under a licence granted by Richard II in 1386. The surviving castle gatehouse dates from this time. In 1398, the castle was sold to Thomas Chaucer, son of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, as a residence for his daughter Alice, who later became Duchess of Suffolk. The Duke of Suffolk William De La Pole made Donnington his occasional residence, and considerably enlarged the buildings.  This family later fell out with the Tudor monarchs, and the castle became a royal property. In 1514 it was given to Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Though Brandon appears to have stayed at the Donnington Castle in 1516, by the time the castle and manor returned to the Crown in 1535 the structure was in a state of decay. Both King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I visited Donnington Castle, in 1539 and 1568 respectively.  In 1590 Elizabeth I granted keepership to Elizabeth Cooke (Lady Russell), the first woman to hold such a title in England. In 1600, Elizabeth I gave the castle and surrounding manor to Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham. By the time the English Civil War broke out in 1643, the castle was owned by the Parliamentarian John Packer family but after the First Battle of Newbury it was taken for the King, Charles I, and held by Sir John Boys. They quickly enhanced the castle's defences by adding earthworks in a star shape to provide gun emplacements. Parliamentarians laid siege to the castle in October 1644 and the garrison held out for 18 months. With permission from the king, Boys surrendered the castle in April 1646 and was allowed to leave with all his men.  In 1646 Parliament voted to demolish the castle; only the gatehouse was left standing though the 17th-century earthworks can still be seen. The castle is now in the care of English Heritage and is a scheduled ancient monument number 233041.  The castle stayed in the Packer family until the mid 18th century, when Robert Packer married Mary Winchcombe, and the property passed into the Winchcombe family tree. From 1833-1881 the manor and castle was owned by Winchcombe Henry Howard Hartley,

Layout.

Donnington Castle was originally built in a roughly rectangular form, though the west facade projected outwards irregularly. It was enclosed by a curtain wall, with a round tower at each of the four corners. Roughly halfway along the two walls running from west to east were two square towers. The courtyard enclosed by the curtain walls would probably have contained a hall, kitchens, and accommodation for guests. Measured from the inner sides of the curtain walls, the courtyard measured north to south and east to west.  During the Civil War star-shaped defences were built around the castle to facilitate gun emplacements. Only the gatehouse, crested by battlements, survived the castle's destruction in 1646; standing three storeys high, it measures internally. Modern walls standing high outline the original layout of the demolished castle. The star-shaped earthworks added during the Civil War are still visible, surviving to a height of.

Donnington Castle is a ruined medieval castle, situated in the small village of Donnington, just north of the town of Newbury in the English county of Berkshire. It was founded by Sir Richard Abberbury the Elder in 1386 and was bought by Thomas Chaucer before the castle was taken under royal control during the Tudor period. During the First English Civil War the castle was held by the royalist Sir John Boys and withstood an 18-month siege; after the garrison eventually surrendered, Parliament voted to demolish Donnington Castle in 1646. Only the gatehouse survives. The site is under the care of English Heritage and is protected from unauthorised change as a scheduled ancient monument.

Le château de Donnington est un château médiéval en ruines, situé dans le village britannique de, à l’extrême nord de Newbury, dans le comté anglais du Berkshire. Il fait aujourd’hui partie des propriétés de l’".


Early life.

Henrique was born in Brantford, Ontario, to Joe and Teresa Henrique, the second-oldest of four brothers. His father is Portuguese and his mother is Polish. His paternal grandparents speak Portuguese; his father also speaks some Portuguese, while his mother speaks Polish.  Joe Henrique farms 50 acres of tobacco and ginseng in Burford, Ontario, about 90 minutes southwest of Toronto.

Playing career.

Junior.

Henrique grew up in the small rural town of Burford, Ontario playing minor ice hockey for the Burford Coyotes of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA) Southern Counties League. He played in the 2003 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Brantford 99ers. He then graduated to the AAA Brantford 99ers of the Pavilion League where he played until Minor Midget in the 2005–06 season.  In May 2006, Henrique was selected in the second round, 24th overall, in the 2006 OHL Priority Selection by the Windsor Spitfires. He then went on to win the Memorial Cup with Windsor in both 2009 and in 2010. In 2014, his jersey number 14 was retired by the Spitfires.  Henrique was a member of the Gold Medal Team Ontario U-17 team at the Canada Winter Games in Whitehorse, Yukon, in February 2007. On the team, he was a teammate of eventual NHL first round draft selections Steven Stamkos, Alex Pietrangelo, Michael Del Zotto and Cody Hodgson. Henrique joined the 2008 NHL Entry Draft after graduating from Assumption College School in Brantford.

Professional.

New Jersey Devils.

On April 11, 2011, Henrique made his NHL debut for the Devils in a game against the Boston Bruins. He scored his first career NHL goal on November 3, 2011, against Sergei Bobrovsky of the Philadelphia Flyers. Two nights later, Henrique scored two breakaway goals against the Winnipeg Jets, the second goal being the game winner in overtime. With the absence of centre Travis Zajac due to injury, Henrique was matched up with wingers Zach Parise and Ilya Kovalchuk on the team's first line for a short time.  Henrique recorded his first career NHL fight on January 10, 2012, against the Calgary Flames. The same night, he also secured his first Gordie Howe hat trick (a goal, an assist and a fight in the same game). He fought Flames' captain Jarome Iginla in the first period and went on to record an assist and score a shorthanded goal in the second period. Iginla also recorded a Gordie Howe hat-trick in the game, with a goal and two assists in addition to his fight against Henrique.  Henrique was selected to compete in the NHL All-Star Rookie SuperSkills Competition in Ottawa on January 28, 2012. However, he did not participate due to a groin injury he received in a game against the Edmonton Oilers on January 11. He missed two games due to the injury and returned in a game against the Buffalo Sabres; he "tweaked" his groin again that night, initially causing him to withdraw from the competition. Rookie teammate Adam Larsson also pulled out of the Game due to wrist soreness. Henrique was replaced by New York Rangers left winger Carl Hagelin, while Larsson with Montreal Canadiens defenceman Raphael Diaz.  In the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals of the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs, in Game 7 against the Florida Panthers, Henrique scored two goals, the latter being the double-overtime winner sending the Devils to the Conference Semifinals. In doing so, he became just the second rookie in League history to score an overtime-winning goal in a Game 7. On May 25, Henrique scored 1:03 into overtime to eliminate the New York Rangers and send the Devils to the 2012 Stanley Cup Finals. This made him the first rookie to score two series-clinching overtime goals in the same playoffs. At the end of the season, Henrique was one of the final three nominees for the Calder Memorial Trophy, awarded to the NHL's top rookie. The award, however, ultimately went to Gabriel Landeskog of the Colorado Avalanche.  On August 26, 2013, Henrique, as a restricted free agent, signed a six-year, $24 million contract with New Jersey.  During the 2015-16 season, Henrique scored a career-high 30 goals, almost doubling his previous season's total of 16. He also recorded a career-high 50 points, finishing second in team scoring only behind Kyle Palmieri.  On October 29, 2016, Henrique scored his 100th career goal in a home game against the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Anaheim Ducks.

During the 2017–18 season, on November 30, 2017, Henrique was traded by the Devils, alongside Joseph Blandisi and a 2018 third-round pick to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Sami Vatanen and a conditional draft pick in 2019 or 2020. When Henrique faced his former team for the first time on December 18, 2017, he was given a tribute video and a tremendous ovation from Devils fans. Despite a Devils 5-3 win, Henrique managed to net a superb goal by lifting the puck past Devils (and former Ducks) defender Sami Vatanen.

International play.

Henrique first played at the International stage for Canada at the 2010 World Junior Championships, in Saskatchewan, Canada. He helped the hosts claim the silver medal, registering 1 goal in 6 games.  On April 29, 2019, Henrique was named to the Team Canada roster to make his full international debut at the 2019 IIHF World Championship held in Slovakia. Henrique helped Canada progress through to the playoff rounds before losing the final to Finland to finish with the Silver Medal on May 26, 2019. He finished the tournament posting 2 assists in 10 appearances.

Adam Henrique (born February 6, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected 82nd overall at the 2008 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils.

<dfn>Adam Henrique</dfn> (né le à Brantford dans la province de l'Ontario au Canada) est un joueur professionnel canadien de hockey sur glace. Il commence sa carrière en jouant avec les Spitfires de Windsor dans la Ligue de hockey de l'Ontario en saison 2006-2007 ; il remporte avec eux la Coupe J. Ross Robertson en tant que champion des séries de 2009 et de 2010. Suite aux deux titres de la LHO, il gagne également la Coupe Memorial 2009 et 2010.


Background.

The initiators and theorists of NRR, sometimes known as the "New Rural Reconstruction school" (), felt that the reforms begun by Deng Xiaoping and other CCP leaders in the late 1970s were no longer benefiting rural communities, especially in central and western China, and in some ways hurting them. While most of the NRR school rarely use the term "New Left" to describe themselves, they are generally considered to be an important part of that critical tradition. Like the Chinese New Left in general, the NRR school is critical of the dominant current of utopian marketization, in which the market is seen as a solution to all problems. Instead, NRR supports the creation of rural cooperatives and other forms of cooperative social organization.  NRR grew out of a loosely parallel set of academics, students, state development workers, and grassroots activists. In the early 1990s, a debate grew up over neo-liberal policies, such as those advocated by the World Bank. These critics charged that the success of free market and globalization policies in the short term threatened the long term viability of China's farm families and villages by eroding the remnants of the Mao-era communes, which had provided health, education, and welfare, leaving individual families to fend for themselves in these areas. In addition, urban expansion drove up land prices and local officials confiscated land in order to build factories and housing for the newly affluent. By the middle of the 1990s, in addition to demonstrations against traditional targets such as taxes, there were widespread protests against the corruption of local officials, pollution from the factories (many of which were owned by outside interests), and the gap between the newly rich and the still poor rural areas.  In the late 1980s, Wen Tiejun (then state development worker, now dean of the School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development at Renmin University) began to theorize and popularize the phrase "sannong wenti" (three rural problems), that is, nongmin (rural people or peasants), nongcun (rural society or villages), and nongye (rural production or agriculture). According to Wen's theory, Mao-era policies such as economic independence from the world capitalist system had been necessary for China to industrialize, but these policies had left the rural population in a weak position. The breakup of the commune system had produced individual plots too small to use technology efficiently and farmers were now at the mercy of market forces and an economic policy which favored exports and the cities over the countryside. To solve these contradictions, further market reforms were not the right strategy. Rural life had to be reconstructed.  Wen Tiejun's influential essay "Deconstructing Modernization" challenged the West's industry-based modernization as an "unreproducible experiment". The West, charged Wen, financed its development with capital from colonies and by controlling global resources, a strategy which was not open to China. Wen's research and travels in developing countries convinced him that China was not alone in facing "three disparities", that is, in rich vs. poor, city vs. countryside, and region vs. region. Wen hoped China's "people-centered scientific approach" and sustainable development would replace the earlier "vulgar growth" and "blind advocacy of consumerism".  Although NRR is mainly conceived as a distinctively Chinese response to the problems of modernization under particular historical conditions, experiences outside of China have also influenced NRR. Negatively, the NRR school aims to avoid the social problems many developing countries have faced due to market-centered development and rapid urbanization – especially rural landlessness, the formation of large sub-proletarian slums, and social unrest. Positively, some members of the NRR school looks to positive lessons from other developing countries that have mitigated these trends through various "alternative development" experiences. Most commonly discussed of these lessons is that of Kerala, India (see the Kerala model). Mainland Chinese NRR advocates learned about Kerala and other foreign experiences mainly through the introduction of Hong Kong scholars and activists, especially Lau Kin Chi and ARENA (Asian Regional Exchange for New Alternatives). In 2001, Lau arranged for Wen Tiejun and other mainland activists to visit the People's Science Movement in Kerala. This movement, they found, took inspiration not only from Gandhi but also from Mao Zedong. Kerala's high life expectancy, literacy, and social equality came not only from party politics and government policies, but also from such popular movements and the mobilization of many trained organizers working from the bottom up and organizing on a community level.

History.

Around 2002, some Chinese advocates of rural cooperative experimentation began adopting the term "Rural Reconstruction" from China's 1920s–1930s Rural Reconstruction Movement. The term "NRR" was first publicly used in January 2003, when CSER (China Society of Economic Reform, the think-tank/ publishing house where Wen Tiejun was based at the time) sponsored a national workshop on NRR in Beijing, attended by dozens of grassroots activists as well as supporters from Hong Kong. In July 2003, grassroots activist Qiu Jiansheng founded the James Yen Institute for Rural Reconstruction near the site of James Yen's 1930s Rural Reconstruction center in Dingzhou, along with the support of the local government, CSER, and Lau Kin Chi's China Social Services and Development Research Centre. This became one of two national centers for NRR activities – mainly training student volunteers and grassroots activists on how to set up, run and support projects such as cooperatives – until it closed in 2007. In 2004 the other, still active national center – the Liang Shuming Center for Rural Reconstruction – was founded in Beijing by grassroots activist Liu Xiangbo, also with the support of Wen Tiejun. After Wen left CSER and founded the Rural Reconstruction Center at Renmin University in 2005, the latter replaced CSER as an important institutional and economic base for the Liang Shuming Center and other NRR organizations and activities, such as the Guoren Green Alliance (a marketing network for environmentally-friendly farming cooperatives) and the Little Donkey Farm (one of China's first experiments with community supported agriculture).  Other academic institutions, such as the Center for Rural Governance Studies at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and other NGOs and networks, such as the Guizhou Association for Community Building and Rural Governance, identify with NRR, although some emphasize their differences from the current of NRR centered on Wen Tiejun and the Liang Shuming Center. Others, and an uncertain but certainly large number of grassroots experiments, have been influenced by NRR without using this term. To complicate matters, since the Chinese government began promoting the policy of "Constructing a New Socialist Countryside" (NSC, ) in 2006, many NRR advocates made a subtle switch to the state's term "NSC" instead of "NRR", presenting their views and experiments as "peasant-centered" or "village-community-centered" approaches to NSC. (While this new CCP policy is influenced in part by NRR, it should be primarily understood as an attempt to build the conditions for developing the rural consumer market.)

Present situation.

After 2006, therefore, it became more difficult to identify a coherent NRR current or movement because, (1) the original NRR advocates generally stopped using the term, (2) some NRR advocates emphasized their differences from other NRR advocates, and (3) many more activists and experiments were (and continue to be) influenced by one or another strand of NRR without using or even necessarily knowing this term. In order to avoid the political sensitiveness of social movement, the NRR advocates started to call themselves a "network" () instead of a "movement" (). Yet, the NRR has been leading various initiatives in sustainable agriculture and alternative food networks such as community-supported agriculture have become a key instrument for the NRR to promote their ideas and philosophy. In the words of Wen Tiejun, NRR has "gone to the grassroots". The popular movements emerging from NRR are still in the process of formation and have yet to be documented.

New Rural Reconstruction (NRR, ) is an intellectual current and social movement initiated by Wen Tiejun and other activists to address the crisis they saw in the Chinese countryside at the start of the 21st century. As of 2009, at its core there are several NGOs and academic institutions, dozens of rural cooperatives and associations, and hundreds of self-conscious participants (including academics, social workers, student volunteers, and grassroots activists). More broadly, the ideas and spirit of NRR have influenced a growing movement of rural experimentation, including many activists who do not use the term "NRR".New

Le Nouveau mouvement de reconstruction rurale (新 建设 乡村; pinyin: "Xin jianshè xiangcun") est un mouvement social et intellectuel en cours lancé en partie par Wen Tiejun, He Xuefeng et d'autres militants ou universitaires engagés à résoudre la crise qu'ils ont pu observer dans les zones rurales chinoises depuis la fin des années 1990 et le début du.


Term usage.

As of 2009, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. The term is used primarily with regard to college and, occasionally, to high school players.  Note that similar terms exist for non-amateur athletes: outstanding professional players usually are referred to as "All-Stars", or, in the case of professional American football, "All-Pros": (as opposed to Pro Bowlers, who are selected by players, coaches, and fans to compete in Pro Bowl games).  Selection to an All-America team for collegiate (or high-school) players, however, is honorary in nature. "All-America teams" do not typically play any games as a unit, unlike many of the all-star teams.  The original use of the term "All-America" seems to have been in reference to a list of college football players who were regarded as the best at their respective positions. The first "All-America" team was the 1889 College Football All-America Team selected by Caspar Whitney and published in "This Week's Sports" in association with Walter Camp.  In triathlons, USA Triathlon bestows the All America status on the top 10% within their age group.  The term has also been used in athletics in new ways to recognize the academic achievements of student-athletes as "Academic All-America" teams are named. The term "Academic All-America" is a registered trademark of the College Sports Information Directors of America, which began the program in 1952 to recognize college athletes at all levels of competition and in all collegiate sports.  The term "All-American" is colloquially used to describe stereotypically clean-cut, mainstream or conventional American middle class people, particularly teenagers and young adults. Phenotypically, the stereotype suggests a blond-haired, light-eyed, WASP, Northern European, or "nordic" appearance. This usage was popularized by the radio series "Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy", which ran from 1933 to 1951. The "mainstream" culture was dominated by white Americans, but this connotation is changing along with demographics and acceptance of a multiracial society.  The United States Army 82nd Airborne Division was given the nickname "All-American" because its members came from all 48 U.S. states which, at that time, constituted the United States (Hawaii and Alaska did not enter the union until 1959).

Collegiate sports.

Each year different sets of All-American teams are recognized toward consensus and unanimous selection recognition. A "unanimous selection" is a player who is listed as a first team All-American by all recognized lists. A "consensus All-American" is a player who is listed as a first team All-American by at least half of the recognized lists. All-America teams are selected annually in various collegiate sports.

Archery.

In collegiate archery competitions All-America selections are determined by the US Collegiate Archery (USCA) association. All-American honors are awarded for Olympic Recurve, Compound Target, and Bowhunter divisions. All-American honors are awarded to the top 10 archers in each division based on aggregate scores from the National Indoor and Intercollegiate Championships each year.

Baseball.

In baseball, All-America teams are selected annually by the American Baseball Coaches Association and "Collegiate Baseball".

Basketball.

In Division I men's basketball, the National Collegiate Athletic Association recognizes consensus All-America teams via a points system, currently based on teams chosen by four entities: the Associated Press, the National Association of Basketball Coaches, "Sporting News", and the United States Basketball Writers Association. Many other bodies and publications select their own All-America teams. However, the NCAA has never recognized a consensus All-America team in women's basketball.

Cross country running.

Selections are administered by the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association (USTFCCCA). In Division I, the top 40 overall finishers at the national meet are all named to the All-America team. In Division III, as of 2017, the top 40 finishers garner All-American distinction (previously top 35). The student-athlete's team must be a member of the USTFCCCA.

Fencing.

Based on the NCAA Fencing Championships, the U.S. Fencing Coaches Association annually selects athletes for All-American first team, second team, third team, and honorable mention titles.

Football.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association currently recognizes College Football All-America Teams selected by the Associated Press, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, "Sporting News", and the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF) to determine consensus All-Americans.

Golf.

All-American honors are awarded by the GCAA for men's golf.

Gymnastics.

In NCAA men's gymnastics, all American status is awarded to the top 8 finishers in the national championship.

Ice hockey.

The American Hockey Coaches Association (AHCA) selects All-Americans at the Division I and Division III levels, for both men and women. For Division I men, they select a first- and a second-team for East and for West; for Division I women, they select national first- and second-teams. For Division III men, they select a first- and a second-team for East and for West; for Division III women, they select a first and second team for both East and West.

Lacrosse.

The United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA) annually selects men's lacrosse All-Americans, distinguished by first team, second team, third team, and honorable mention.  The Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse Coaches Association (IWLCA) annually selects women's lacrosse All-Americans, distinguished by first team, second team, third team, and honorable mention.  US Lacrosse, the national governing body for men's and women's lacrosse, annually selects national boys' and girls' high school All-Americans.

Rowing.

The American Collegiate Rowing Association (ACRA) and Collegiate Rowing Coaches of America (CRCA) name All-American teams for men and women respectively.

Rugby union.

The term "All-America" was used for the student rugby teams that toured Australia in 1912 and New Zealand in 1913, see Rugby union in the United States.

Soccer.

In soccer, the National Soccer Coaches Association of America annually names an eleven-member All-America team, as well as Division I women, and Division II and III teams.

Swimming and diving.

In NCAA swimming and diving, athletes and relay teams who make the championship final (top eight) are considered First-Team All-Americans. Athletes and relay teams that qualify for the consolation final (determines places 9–16) are considered Honorable Mention All-Americans. All-American teams are selected by the College Swimming Coaches Association of America (CSCAA).

Tennis.

The Intercollegiate Tennis Association annually selects men's and women's D-1 players with the following criteria SINGLES (denoted by 'S') 1.) Top 16 seed in NCAA Singles Championships, or 2.) Reach round of 16 in NCAA Singles Championships, or 3.) Finish in the Top 20 of the final ITA Rankings. DOUBLES (denoted by 'D') 1.) Top eight seed in NCAA Doubles Championships, or 2.) Reach quarterfinals of NCAA Doubles Championship, or 3.) Finish in Top 10 of final ITA Rankings.

Track and field.

Also administered by the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association, the selection rules are that the top eight finishers in each individual event, as well as American competitors who finish outside the top eight in their event but are among the top eight of the American finishers in an event, earn All-America designation. Relays are judged strictly on a top-eight basis. The cutoff of eight places is the same for both indoor and outdoor competition. The student-athlete's team must be a member of the USTFCCCA. Eligible students from all three divisions and the NAIA are chosen.

Volleyball.

The American Volleyball Coaches Association (AVCA) selects five NCAA All-America teams. In women's volleyball, it selects teams for all three NCAA divisions. In the men's game, teams are chosen in the National Collegiate division (which includes members of Division I and Division II) and in Division III. The AVCA also selects teams for the NAIA, USCAA and NCCAA.

Wrestling.

In all NCAA, NJCAA, NAIA, NCWA, and CCCAA divisions, the top 6 or 8 placers at the national championship tournament are considered All-Americans.

High school sports.

At the high school level, noted All-America teams are selected by "Parade" magazine in football, and from 1957 to 2015 in basketball. Also in basketball, the McDonald's restaurant chain selects players annually for its McDonald's All-American Game, and there is also a Ballislife All-American Game. In football, there is the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and the Under Armour All-America Game. Since 2000, the United States Army has sponsored its own annual All-American high school football competition, the U.S. Army All-American Bowl, which includes an All-American football team, split East and West, and an All-American marching band.  In 2005, Offense-Defense Sports began publishing a Top 100 ranking for nation's the top high school football athletes. The Offense-Defense All-American Bowl is held every January, featuring the 88 top-ranked high school seniors.  Athletes who place in the top 15 of each gender division at the Foot Locker Cross Country Championships, a series of annual cross country running races which are held in various regions of the US, are awarded All-American honors.  The National Interscholastic Swim Coaches Association publishes an Academic All America Awards list for graduating seniors that have maintained a minimum GPA of 3.750, and have lettered in their high school programs in swimming, diving, or water polo.  The National High School Coaches Association also honors the nation's top student athletes on a yearly basis, as "High School Academic All-Americans".

An All-America team is a hypothetical American sports team composed of outstanding amateur players. These players are broadly considered by media and other relevant commentators as the best players in a particular sport, of a specific 2 season, for each team position.

Une équipe est une équipe sportive virtuelle et honorifique composées de joueurs amateurs désignés par certains média en vertu de leurs performances. Ces joueurs sont considérés comme les meilleurs à leur poste pour une saison donnée. L'invention originelle du terme « » semble naître avec une liste des meilleurs joueurs de football américain universitaire établie en 1889 par Caspar Whitney et publiée dans " en collaboration avec Walter Camp.