History.

Affiliation.

Photographers joined together to form photographic clubs and societies from the early-1840s onwards. The Leeds Photographic Society was established in 1852, and the London Photographic Society (which became the Royal Photographic Society) in 1853.  The Royal Photographic Society, then known as the Photographic Society of Great Britain, became central in acting as a coordinating body for camera clubs and photographic societies in Britain, and the Society was frequently referred to as the 'parent body' in its relationship to other British photographic organisations. The strengthening of links between clubs and societies was started in 1890 when the Society considered a proposal to establish a photographic institute which it circulated to all societies. This scheme failed to gain momentum and an affiliation committee was established which reported back to The Society's Council in April 1891. An alternative affiliation scheme promoted by The Camera Club in London failed to gain any significant support.  The 1891 committee noted that 'it would be desirable if the majority of local Photographic Societies could be affiliated to the Parent Society...such a scheme ought to be practical and useful'. The scheme would: An alternative independent scheme of affiliation was proposed and sent to the various London societies but there seemed to be a consensus that the Photographic Society's scheme was preferred and in July 1891 a formal affiliation scheme was adopted which adopted some of the six points outlined in April and some of the aims of the institute scheme proposed the previous November. The first meeting of delegates took place on 1 February 1892 which dealt with minor revision of the rules and negotiating the relationship ship between the societies and the Parent society. Further meetings took place in March. The published list of affiliated societies in February 1892 contained twenty-four societies, including the Photographic Society of India. From 1892 reports dealing with affiliated societies and activities began to appear regularly in "The Photographic Journal" and an annual list of affiliated Societies was published.

Early federations.

During the period from 1892 to 1930 various photographic unions of individual photographic clubs were formed, the first of which was the Yorkshire Photographic Union formed in 1899 as a regional grouping of photographic clubs and societies. This was followed by the Northern Counties Photographic Federation in 1901, the Scottish Photographic Federation in 1903, the Lancashire and Cheshire Photographic Union in 1905, the Midland Counties Photographic Federation in 1907, and the East Anglian Federation in 1910.  By the late 1920s there was increasing pressure from other photographic societies and camera club to distance themselves from the Royal Photographic Society. The Society was less concerned with competition than local groups. Larger alliances were formed, for example, The Council of Photographic Federations in 1926.

The formation of the PAGB.

Mr. J. S. Lancaster of the Midland Counties Photographic Federation proposed the formation of an Inter-Federation national body in a letter to the Royal Photographic Society in 1929, and The Society's affiliation scheme partly gave way to the formation of the Photographic Alliance, to act as an umbrella organisation for federations of societies, in 1930. The individual groupings retained their own identities and organisation within the PAGB, which provided a national body to give a structure to club photography: coordinating activities, competitions, and standards.  The RPS fully supported the formation of the Photographic Alliance. Those societies which were territorially in a federation became affiliated to the Society through their federation, and those societies which were not federated were formed into The Central Association of Photographic Societies and were directly affiliated to the Society. The negotiations with the RPS were led by Thomas H B Scott (the Society's President 1925-27), F F Renwick and Alexander Keighley in 1927 and Scott did much to promote the idea. The RPS made available the whole of its Affiliation lecture, portfolios and funds unreservedly at the disposal of the Alliance.  The Photographic Alliance was established by Articles of Association of the Royal Photographic Society and comprised the RPS; Northern Counties, Midland Counties and East Anglian Federations; the Yorkshire and the Lancashire and Cheshire Photographic Unions; and the Central Association of Photographic Societies. A meeting of the provisional executive committee was held on 8 March 1930, the Council of the RPS agreed that the Chairman of the Alliance need not be a member of the RPS, so reinforcing its status as a body semi-independent of the RPS. The constitution of the Alliance noted 'The business of the Alliance shall be conducted consistently with the Articles of Association of The Royal Photographic Society, and shall not interfere with the complete self-government of the constituent associations'. The Scottish Photographic Federation declined to join. The Alliance was formally launched at Leicester on 24 May 1930.  The details of these regional federations were not fixed. At first, all clubs that were not members of a regional grouping became members of the Central Association of Photographic Societies (CAPS), affiliated to PAGB. Eventually CAPS was replaced by other regional federations. Boundary changes have continued since then. But the overall structure, with the Photographic Alliance of Great Britain as the national body, has been stable for decades.  By 1936 the Alliance consisted of the six English Federations and Unions and the Central Association, totalling 310 individual societies. The Alliance published its own "Year Book" from 1933-34 of which 1800 copies were distributed in 1936, and the "Photographic Red Book" which had been originally published by Affiliation from 1900 with a total of 6981 being sold in 1936.  Over time the PAGB gradually moved away from the Royal Photographic Society and is now a wholly independent body. The PAGB appoints a member of The Society's Advisory Board meetings and a Society Council member attends PAGB Executive Committee meetings as a full voting member, reporting on matters of interest to the Society's Council.

PAGB Archive.

The Archive of photographs and documents of the PAGB were passed to Birmingham Central Library in 2011.

Relationships.

The Photographic Alliance of Great Britain comprises 15 federations based on geographical regions. The total number of clubs within all of these is over 1000, hence there are tens of thousands of photographers indirectly affiliated to the PAGB.  This hierarchy with the PAGB at the top is not one of control. The PAGB is not a governing body for federations, and neither are federations governing bodies for clubs. The hierarchy is one of service. Federations exist to serve the needs of clubs and their members, and the PAGB exists to serve the needs of all of those. These organisations are typically run by volunteers who are also club photographers.  The PAGB is a member of Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique (FIAP). So too are two of the federations of the PAGB, whose membership of FIAP pre-dated that of the PAGB, the Scottish Photographic Federation and the Welsh Photographic Federation.

Awards.

Awards are of two sorts: for photographic merit, and for outstanding services to the PAGB and/or its federations and their clubs, for example CPAGB (Credit PAGB), DPAGB (Distinction PAGB), MPAGB (Master PAGB), APAGB (Associate of PAGB) and the J.S. Lancaster Medal (HonPAGB)

Competitions and events.

The PAGB organises a number of national events and services. These include:  Competitions where club photographers make individual decisions to enter, yet do so via their clubs on behalf of their federations: Inter-club competitions where the entrants are two clubs chosen by each federation to represent them (plus the previous year's finalists): An inter-club PDI competition (with 3 sections) where clubs make individual decisions to enter: A bi-annual Slide Sound sequences weekend run in conjunction with the Royal Photographic Society:

The Photographic Alliance of Great Britain (known as the PAGB) is the umbrella organisation that provides benefits and co-ordinates specific events for the majority of photographic clubs and societies in England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland. (Hence its scope is in fact not merely Great Britain, but rather the United Kingdom.)

La Photographic Alliance of Great Britain (PAGB) est l'organisation qui réunit la majorité des clubs photographiques d'Angleterre, d'Écosse, du Pays de Galles et d'Irlande du Nord.


Plot.

In Santiago, 10 years after her divorce and with her children grown up, 58 year-old Gloria decides she does not want to spend her days alone. She starts going to singles discos, where she meets and immediately starts an affair with Rodolfo, who operates an adventure centre in the hills that includes a paintball zone. Seven years older and divorced only a year ago, he is still very close to his two grown-up daughters. They do not work, relying on his financial support, and Rodolfo never switches off his mobile phone, answering it immediately if a daughter calls regardless of where he is.  Gloria introduces Rodolfo to her family at a birthday dinner for her son, attended also by her ex-husband, with whom she gets far too friendly after a few glasses of wine. When people ask Rodolfo about his career, he says he was in the Chilean Navy and a silence falls over the party. He leaves the room to answer a daughter's call and does not return. Furious at this, Gloria breaks off the relationship with him.  After many efforts, Rodolfo succeeds in getting Gloria to accompany him to a luxury hotel beside the sea at Viña del Mar. On arriving at their room, one of Rodolfo's daughters rings to say that her mother has had an accident and Rodolfo must come straight away. To stop him, Gloria strips and makes love to him. The two then go down to dinner, where she asks to see his mobile phone and drops it into his soup. Rodolfo leaves the table, which Gloria assumes for the men's room, and never returns. An upset Gloria heads for the bar, then for a wild night at the casino, then the disco, through the city streets, and wakes up with a terrible hangover on the beach the next morning. When the hotel receptionist tells her that Rodolfo has checked out with her things and the room is no longer available, she rings her cleaning lady to come and fetch her, many hours later, by bus.  Back home, Rodolfo makes numerous attempts to call Gloria at her home without success. Gloria retrieves one of Rodolfo's paintball guns from her trash bin and puts it back in her car and, driving to his house, splatters the front of his house with green paintballs as he happens to be entering. When he protests, she splatters him as well, sending him slumped to the ground as his family runs out in horror. Later headed to a wedding she is invited to, she turns down invitations to dance at the reception. Then the DJ puts on her theme tune, "Gloria" by Umberto Tozzi, and she takes the dance floor, allowing herself to dance away.

Reception.

The film received excellent reviews when it premiered at the 2013 Berlin International Film Festival, topping both "Screen International"s Screen jury poll of international critics, and IndieWire's critics poll of the best films screened at Berlin in 2013. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a "Certified Fresh" approval rating of 99% based on 128 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's consensus is "Marvelously directed by Sebastian Lelio and beautifully led by a powerful performance from Paulina Garcia, "Gloria" takes an honest, sweetly poignant look at a type of character that's all too often neglected in Hollywood." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 83 out of 100, based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".  David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" writes "it’s hard to imagine anyone with a heart and a brain not responding to the quiet delights and stunning intimacy of Chilean director Sebastian Lelio’s account of the personal evolution of a 58-year-old divorcee, played with scrupulous honesty and intelligence by the wonderful Paulina Garcia" and "Funny, melancholy and ultimately uplifting, Sebastian Lelio's enormously satisfying spell inside the head and heart of a middle-aged woman never puts a foot wrong".  "Variety" writes "Perceptive and unerringly sympathetic, 'Gloria' has the makings of an arthouse sleeper".  Mark Adams of "Screen International" writes "A delightfully astute and compassionate delve into the life of a 58 year-old divorcee looking for company, romance and perhaps even love, director Sebastián Lelio’s engaging, amusing and oddly uplifting "Gloria" is a film that will strike a chord with audiences of a certain age. It is driven by a quite wonderful performance from Paulina Garcia, who should snag best actress awards at every festival the film plays at."  Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film an A and describes it as a "breakthrough" for actress Paulina Garcia.

Gloria is a 2013 Chilean-Spanish drama film directed by Sebastián Lelio. The film premiered in competition at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival, where Paulina García won the Silver Bear for Best Actress. It was shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was selected as the Chilean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. It won Best Ibero-American Film at the 1st Platino Awards. Sebastián Lelio remade "Gloria" in 2018 as "Gloria Bell", starring Julianne Moore and John Turturro.

Gloria est un film dramatique chilien coécrit et réalisé par Sebastian Lelio et sorti en 2013. Il est présenté au Festival international du film de Berlin 2013, où Paulina García a remporté l'Ours d'argent de la meilleure actrice. Il est également sélectionné pour représenter le Chili aux Oscars du cinéma 2014 dans la catégorie meilleur film en langue étrangère.


Early life and career.

General Pang was born in a rural household in Hebei Province and joined the newly formed modern army under the Qing dynasty. After graduating from the Manchurian Surveying Academy, he was given a rank equivalent to that of a captain. When the Xinhai Revolution broke out in 1911 his superiors suspected him of being a revolutionary sympathizer and forced him to resign. After he returned home, Pang started several small businesses in order to make a living. In 1920, when a bad drought hit his hometown and a famine broke out, he decided to take up military service again at the age of 41. So he entered the Northwestern Army and served under a number of local warlords, and eventually became one of the best known military commanders in the North China Region. When Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek launched the Northern Expedition in 1926, Pang was serving under General Wu Peifu, one of the most powerful warlords who had control over Central and Northern China. Pang demonstrated his political shrewdness when he announced his support for the nationalist revolution and joined with General Tang Shengzhi. After Chiang Kai-shek purged the communists in the Shanghai massacre, the Wuhan Nationalist Government ordered Pang Bingxun to attack Nanjing. Pang instead joined General Feng Yuxiang's Second Army Group and became a division commander in Feng's units. He fought with courage and distinction for Feng Yuxiang in the Central Plains War, but when General Zhang Xueliang, Commander-in-chief of the Northeastern Border Defense Army, formerly known as the Fengtian clique declared himself for Chiang Kai-shek, the anti-Chaing forces were quickly defeated. Pang again switched sides and once again declared support for the Nationalist Government who appointed him as commander of the 40th corps. He participated in a number of actions against the Chinese Communist forces in Shaanxi province and defended North China against the Imperial Japanese Army invasion led by Field Marshal Baron Nobuyoshi Mutō in the Defense of the Great Wall. In 1935, General Feng Yuxiang and a number of his old colleagues were involved in the Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936) against Japanese penetration of the region. Because President Chiang Kai-shek still held out hopes for a peaceful settlement with Japan. President Chiang sent War minister General He Yingqin to disband Feng Yuxiang's Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army and named Pang Bingxun as Chairman of Chahar Province in order to appease the Japanese military leaders. The Nationalist Government made him a lieutenant general in 1936 and General Pang once again showed support for Chiang Kai-shek during the Xi'an Incident and subsequently joined the Second Sino-Japanese War next year.

Second Sino-Japanese War.

In July 1937, General Pang Bingxun joined the Second Sino-Japanese War in North China. When Japanese forces struck in the Battle of Beiping–Tianjin, he covered the retreat of General Song Zheyuan's 29th Army into Shandong Province. In December 1937 his unit became part of the 5th war zone under General Li Zongren, and from March 16 to April 17, 1938 he and General Zhang Zizhong fought a bloody defensive action against General Seishirō Itagaki which contributed to the Chinese victory in the Battle of Taierzhuang. After the Battle of Xuzhou he was transferred again to North China, and engaged heavily against the Japanese forces in the region. He was promoted as commander-in-chief of the 24th Army Group and became provincial governor of Hebei province. During his tenure as governor, his forces was clashed with the communist Eighth Route Army which led the two sides to work out a political settlement which led to the easing of armed conflicts soon afterwards. In 1941, the Japanese Northern China Area Army under General Hayao Tada launched Battle of South Shanxi which resulted in a defeat of the Nationalist forces. General Pang was already over 60 years old and asked to resign, but President Chiang Kai-shek turned down his request because experienced commanders were hard to find at the time. General Pang continued to harass and was frustrated with the continued Japanese military presence in North China. In April 1943, 50,000 Japanese soldiers under General Yasuji Okamura stepped up their military offensives against Chinese resistance in the region and achieved a decisive breakthrough against General Pang's defensive perimeter, resulting in most of his units fleeing southward. During the breakout from the Japanese attack, he lost touch with his Army headquarters and was forced to hide in a cave. General Sun Dianying, commander of 5th corps of Chinese puppet forces and a Japanese lieutenant captured him and forced him to surrender to Japan. General Pang was taken to the Japanese corps headquarters and on May 23, 1943, President Wang Jingwei of the Nanjing regime appointed him as commander-in-chief of the 24th Army Group. After he surrendered to Japan, the KMT government tried to win him back, and Pang agreed to rejoin the national resistance. But the Japanese command learned of his plans and disbanded his units. In 1944 he was reassigned as to Hennan as pacification director of Kaifeng and he again contacted Chongqing through the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics under Lieutenant General Dai Li. So when the Japanese forces in China surrendered the next year President Chiang Kai-shek again appointed him as commander-in-chief of the vanguard forces, commissioning him to prevent the region from falling into the hands of Chinese communists.

Chinese Civil War and retirement.

In 1946 the Chinese Civil War resumed, and General Pang handed his unit to the Nationalist government in Nanjing. General Sun Dianying was made commander of the 40th corps, while also concurrently serving as commander-in-chief of the 24th Army Group. But the People's Liberation Army under Marshal Liu Bocheng defeated Pang and Sun's Nationalist troops in the Handan Campaign. General Pang was tasked to reorganize these broken units, and named a military advisor to the Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China), after which he went into retirement. Before the Chinese Communist forces under Marshal Lin Biao took over North China he left Henan for Nanjing in 1948. After the Huaihai campaign he followed President Chiang Kai-shek and other nationalist leaders to Taiwan. Unable to make ends meet with his meager salary, he opened up a restaurant in Taipei with his old friend General Sun Lianzhong. He died in Taiwan on January 12, 1963.

Pang Bingxun (; October 25, 1879- January 12, 1963) was a high-ranking nationalist military commander who fought against the Imperial Japanese Army and Chinese Communist Army. He stopped the IJA 5th Division led by General Seishirō Itagaki, one of the principal architects of the 1931 Manchurian incident, from capturing Linyi and converging with General Rensuke Isogai's IJA 10th Division at Tai'erzhuang District, foiling their plan to assault Xuzhou.

Pang Bingxun (chinois simplifié : 庞炳勋, chinois traditionnel : 龐炳勳, pinyin : "Pang Bingxun", Wade-Giles : "Pang Ping-hsun") (– ) est un chef militaire du Kuomintang qui lutta à la fois contre l'armée impériale japonaise et le Parti communiste chinois. Il stoppe la japonaise du général Seishirō Itagaki, l'un des principaux instigateurs de l'incident de Mukden de 1931, capture Linyi et converge vers la de Rensuke Isogai, déjouant leur projet d'attaquer Xuzhou.


Life.

Carr was born in Nottingham, England to a Polish mother and a Scottish-English father, but until she was five lived in Poland where her parents met and her father worked. Her English grandmother's stories about the 1930s and 40s stirred an interest in the era, as did photographs of the clothing and hairstyles. She admired Édith Piaf and female pilots Amy Johnson and Amelia Earhart. An undisciplined girl, she joined the Air Cadets, a youth group affiliated with the Royal Air Force, and learned to fly.

Career.

2009: "Kommander's Car".

The single "Kommander's Car" was inspired by Kazimierz Piechowski's escape from an Auschwitz concentration camp. Piechowski was sent to Auschwitz in 1940. Two years later a fellow prisoner who repaired the cars of SS officers suggested they steal a car. Carr's song is about their escape.

"Kazik and the Kommander's Car" documentary.

"Kazik and the Kommander's Car" is a documentary produced by Carr and directed by British film maker Hannah Lovell. It documents Carr's first visit to meet and present her tribute song, "Kommander's Car", to Polish World War II veteran Kazimierz Piechowski. Piechowski was present for the debut of the documentary, which included a concert on 27 January 2010 in Warsaw, Poland to mark the 65th anniversary of liberation of Auschwitz. Two years later a DVD of the film was released. The film was shown in museums and festivals in England and Poland.

Touring and humanitarian work.

In March 2011, Katy Carr and the Aviators embarked on The Escapologist Tour. Kazimierz Piechowski was present for the first two London performances. The aim of the Escapologist Tour was, in Carr's words, "to help unite both British and Polish communities throughout the UK through film, music and the sharing of stories." Events included concerts and screenings of "Kazik and the Kommander's Car", as well as outreach with Polish retirement and care homes. Carr sang Polish folk songs to World War II veterans. In 2012, the tour was nominated for the National Lottery Good Causes Awards. She embarked on a US Polish diaspora tour and performed in Chicago, and New York City. Short films about Polish history from the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum archives were shown by Hannah Lovell, director of "Kazik and the Kommander's Car". Carr studied Polish at Jagiellonian University so she could communicate better with the Polish media during her tour and also to "help to share the joys of learning the Polish language".

2012: "Paszport".

Carr's fourth album, "Paszport", contains lyrics in English and Polish. She worked with British producer Nigel of Bermondsey and with musicians from Klezmer, Gypsy jazz and Folk music to create a sound that would be both traditional and contemporary. The album was released in Poland on 17 September 2012 to mark the anniversary of the Soviet invasion, National Independence Day in Poland and Remembrance Day (also known as "Poppy Day" or Armistice Day). "Paszport" was released in the UK on 11 November 2012 to positive reviews, some considering it one of the best albums of the year.  Aside from the single about Piechowski, the album's subjects include the Soviet invasion of Poland, the Polish resistance and the repression of Polish people by the Soviets. Regarding the title of the album, Carr cited a poem by Jerzy Harasymowicz: "it's not a very well known poem, but I think it says everything about my album, 'Masz paszport, więc jesteś' – "You have a passport, therefore you exist".  In 2013, Carr was given the Polish Daily Award for Culture.

Katy Carr is a British singer-songwriter and musician known for her songs about Polish history. A fan of the 1930s and 1940s, she plays vintage instruments and wears clothing and hairstyles from the period. Although she was born in England, she lived in Poland for the first five years of her life. Her album "Paszport", a tribute to those who fought in World War II, won Best Concept Album from the "Independent Music Awards" in 2014. In 2016 she was given Poland's Pro Patria Medal.

Katy Carr est une chanteuse, musicienne, compositrice et aviatrice britannique, d'origine polonaise par sa mère. Elle a sorti quatre albums "Screwing Lies" (2001), "Passion Play" (2003), "Coquette" (2009) et "Paszport" (2012) sous label Madame Deluce Recordings.


Background.

The stadium was built in 1955, as a gift from the Italian Labour Union. It seats 14,002 among its 14 gates. Ownership of the stadium belonged to the Municipality of Haifa, though it was managed by a suborganization called ETHOS. The stadium was officially opened on 14 September 1955, with a match between Haifa XI and Tel Aviv XI. On 24 September 1955 the first Haifa derby was played at the stadium, with Maccabi beating Hapoel 4-1. Both clubs had previously played at Kiryat Haim Stadium in the Kerayot area of Haifa. The first match played at the stadium, while it was being built, was held during the 1953 Maccabiah Games, between Israel and Finland.  The stadium did not meet UEFA's highest standards forcing the clubs in Haifa to host their European matches in the Tel Aviv area. At certain times, UEFA also has limited clubs from outside the Tel Aviv area from hosting even low level European qualifiers citing security concerns.  Kiryat Eliezer was the only stadium in Israel equipped with electronic gates in an effort to curb scalping and the sale of counterfeit tickets. Regulars to the stadium could have purchased a card for 10 shekels, which can be refilled for specific matches held at the stadium.  There was one scoreboard in the stadium, which did not had a replay screen. The only television in the stadium, outside of the television broadcast booth, was in front of the seat of Ya'akov Shahar, the owner of Maccabi Haifa. Only the A section of the stadium was covered by a roof.  The last game in the stadium was played on 14 May 2014, with Maccabi Haifa hosting Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Israeli Premier League.

Transportation.

The stadium was located in the Kiryat Eliezer neighborhood of Haifa. Adjacent to the stadium is Beit Egged. Thus the stadium was easily served by all Egged bus lines running into and out of Haifa as well as the Bat Galim Railway Station, which is a central stop for all train lines running up the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

The Haifa Municipal Stadium (, "Etztadion HaIroni Haifa"), more commonly known as Kiryat Eliezer (), was a multi-use stadium in the Kiryat Eliezer neighborhood of Haifa, Israel. It was mostly used for football matches and as the home stadium of Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Haifa. It was replaced by the new Sammy Ofer Stadium at the southern entrance to the city in 2014.

Le stade Kiriat Eliezer, aussi nommé stade municipal d'Haïfa, est un ancien stade de football israélien situé dans le quartier de Kiriat Eliezer à Haïfa. C'était le stade des clubs du Maccabi Haïfa et de l'Hapoël Haïfa. Depuis 2014, il est remplacé par le stade Sammy Ofer.


Defense of Shanghai.

He became a bodyguard to Sun Yat-sen and, in 1932, was promoted to general and Commander in Chief of the 19th Route Army, leading it in the successful defense of Shanghai against Japanese invasion in the January 28 incident.

Fujian Incident.

After the cease-fire was brokered, the 19th Army was reassigned by Chiang Kai-shek to suppress Chinese Communist insurrection in Fujian. It won some battles against the Communists but then negotiated peace with them. Jiang Guangnai joined an insurrection that, on 22 November 1933, established a new People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (), free from the control of Chiang's Nanjing government. The new Fujian government was not supported by other warlords or by all elements of the communists and was quickly crushed by Chiang's armies in January 1934. Jiang escaped with his family to Hong Kong and the rest of the army was disbanded and reassigned into other units of the National Revolutionary Army.

World War II.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1939 to 1944 he returned to become Deputy Commander in Chief of the 4th War Area and in 1945 Deputy Commander in Chief of the 7th War Area.

Later years.

After the Chinese Civil War, Mao assigned Jiang to be Minister of Textiles of the new People's Republic of China from 1950.  Most high-ranking officials struggled with the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution. Jiang, however, was saved by Zhou Enlai. Zhou carefully and cleverly arranged for Jiang to join him and Mao Zedong on Tiananmen to inspect the Red Guards, some of whom had just stormed Jiang's home the previous day. During the inspection Jiang was positioned almost next to Mao. Zhou personally walked over to Jiang in front of the Red Guards, asking him how he was doing after the "visit" by the Red Guards the day before. In front of Mao, Jiang was quick to reply that the Red Guards were still relatively civilized. After that, they did not bother Jiang again. He died in 1967 in Beijing.

Legacy.

Zhang Guangnai's residence in Dongguan is now a museum. After his death, his daughter, Jiang Dinggui 蒋定桂 (b. 1947) became a worker in a textile factory, and features on the 5-jiao renminbi note issued in 1972. KTLA television reporter Liberté Chan is a descendant of Jiang Guangnai.

Jiang Guangnai (; 17 December 1888 – 8 June 1967) was a general and statesman in the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China, and was born in Dongguan, Guangdong.

Jiang Guangnai (蔣光鼐, –) est un général et homme politique de la république de Chine puis de la république populaire de Chine originaire du Guangdong.


Education and early life.

Heughan was born on 30 April 1980 in Balmaclellan, in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. At the age of five, he moved to nearby New Galloway where he attended Kells Primary School. During this time, he lived in converted stables in the grounds of Kenmure Castle. Moving to Edinburgh at the age of twelve, he attended James Gillespie's High School for a year and then moved to the Edinburgh Rudolf Steiner School until the end of the sixth year. He subsequently spent two years working and travelling, before enrolling at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (now the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) in Glasgow, graduating in 2003. During his schooling, he performed in numerous plays, including "The Twits" at Citizens Theatre, an adaptation of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's "Crime and Punishment", Anton Chekhov's "The Seagull", Aeschylus's Greek tragedy "Prometheus Bound," and Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet." Prior to his graduation, in 2002 Heughan was one of four students chosen to represent RSAMD at the BBC Carlton Hobbs radio talent competition.

Career.

While he was still a student, Heughan appeared in "Outlying Islands", a play by Scottish playwright David Grieg. The play premiered in Edinburgh, Scotland, at the Traverse Theatre before moving to the Royal Court Theatre in London. Heughan was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Performer for his performance.  In 2004, Heughan appeared in his first professional television role in the miniseries "Island at War," a WWII drama about the German occupation of the Channel Islands. The following year, he appeared in several episodes of the Scottish soap opera "River City" and portrayed adulterous husband Pony William in David Harrower's play "Knives in Hens" at the Tron Theatre in Glasgow, Scotland. Between 2006 and 2009, Heughan appeared in a number of made-for-television films and miniseries, including BBC and PBS's collaborative miniseries "The Wild West" (2006), Channel 4's docudrama "A Very British Sex Scandal" (2007), and BBC Four's "Breaking the Mould" (2009). During that time he also made appearances in a number of television series, including an episode of ITV's "Midsomer Murders," ITV's crime drama "Rebus," and two episodes of BBC's political drama "Party Animals". Between 2007 and 2009, Heughan made appearances in several live productions, including Noël Coward's "The Vortex" at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Shakespeare's "Hamlet" at the Citizen's Theatre, Iain F. MacLeod's "The Pearlfishers" at the Traverse Theatre, Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" at the Dundee Repertory Theatre, "Macbeth" at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, and Nicholas de Jongh's "Plague Over England" at the Duchess Theatre.  Heughan landed a recurring role as Scott Nielson in 2009 as Nurse Cherry Malone's boyfriend and a secret drug dealer in the BBC soap opera "Doctors". He was nominated for a British Soap Award, in the category Villain of the Year, for his twenty-one episode stint on the series. The following year, Heughan starred as the title character in the direct to video feature "Young Alexander The Great", which was filmed in Egypt and explored the life of the teenager who would become Alexander the Great. He went on to star in BBC's television film "First Light," the story of RAF pilot Geoffrey Wellum's experiences flying a Spitfire in the Battle of Britain, as documented in his WWII memoir of the same name. From there he featured in PBS's BAFTA winning mini-series "Any Human Heart", the story of author Logan Mountstuart's life in the context of historical events surrounding him, based upon William Boyd's novel of the same name. Heughan returned to theatre later that year in dramatist Phyllis Nagy's adaptation of Patricia Highsmith's novel "The Talented Mr. Ripley" at the Royal & Derngate. Throughout that same year, Heughan portrayed Hugh Tennent, founder of Tennent's Lager, in a series of comical commercials, which won a number of accolades at the Scottish Advertising Awards.  Hallmark Channel's original film "A Princess for Christmas" starred Heughan as Prince Ashton in 2011, a role which saw him appear opposite Roger Moore and secure a nomination for Most Inspiring Performance in Television at the 20th Annual Grace Awards. That same year, he featured in Steve Waters' sold-out play "Amphibians", a dual story of Olympic swimmers Max and Elsa, at the Bridewell Theatre. For the next two years he starred as Batman in the touring stage show "Batman Live". During this time he made the news for his assistance in a real-life citizen's arrest. In 2012, he performed the title role in Shakepeare's "King John" at the Òran Mór Theatre.  The year 2013 saw Heughan cast as Jamie Fraser in the Starz time-travel drama series "Outlander". He was the first cast member officially announced, to great praise by the author of the series, Diana Gabaldon, who said, "That man is a Scot to the bone and Jamie Fraser to the heart. Having seen Sam Heughan not just act, but be Jamie, I feel immensely grateful to the production team for their painstaking attention to the soul of the story and characters." The role is recurring, with Heughan reprising the character of Jamie Fraser in seasons one (which premiered in 2014) through four and the upcoming seasons five and six. He and co-star Caitriona Balfe assumed the additional role of producers on the series in 2019.  Turning to independent films in 2014, Heughan appeared in the psychological thriller "Emulsion", the story of a man haunted by the disappearance of his wife. He also starred in the comedy "Heart of Lightness", in which Heughan appeared with two of his future "Outlander" co-stars: Laura Donnelly, who plays Jamie's sister Jenny Murray, and Rosie Day, who played Mary Hawkins in the second season. He went on to portray Jacob in the 2016 independent film "When the Starlight Ends", which premiered at the Other Venice Film Festival.  In 2018, Heughan co-starred as MI-6 agent Sebastian in Lionsgate's comedy "The Spy Who Dumped Me", opposite Mila Kunis and Kate McKinnon, which he filmed during an "Outlander" hiatus. That same year, in his first voice-acting project, Heughan appeared in the Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment video game "Lego DC Super-Villains" as the Mirror Master. In May of that year, Heughan was a guest on BBC Two Scotland's special "The Adventure Show", alongside Cameron Mceish, in an episode titled "Take A Hike" that focused on Scotland's passion for walking. It was also announced that Heughan would portray Corporal Jimmy Dalton in "Bloodshot", an adaptation of the best-selling comic book from the Valiant universe, opposite Vin Diesel and Michael Sheen. In November 2018, Heughan was cast as Tom Buckingham, the lead role in "", a film based on the novel of the same name by Andy McNab.  In addition to acting, English clothing label Barbour named Heughan their first Global Brand Ambassador in 2016. He has released several collections since his initial autumn/winter line in 2017, all of which he co-designed.

Charity and politics.

Heughan was a vocal supporter of Scottish independence from Great Britain during the 2014 independence referendum, going on record as saying "I was a no and thought independence wasn't a good idea initially, but then I did a 180 and towards the end became quite vocal in the Yes campaign. I thought that ultimately it was a move towards more democracy for the people of Scotland.”  Heughan attributed much of his early success to his participation in youth theatre and, in August 2014, became a patron for Youth Theatre Arts Scotland. Of his position as patron, he has said, "I think that what I'd like to instill is that if you join the youth theatre, it's a gateway into greater career prospects." He supports the charitable organisation's mission 'to transform lives through youth theatre by providing inspiring participatory opportunities for young people in Scotland.'  In 2015, Heughan started the charitable foundation My Peak Challenge, a training, nutrition and support program that provides participants with a sense of community as they work toward personal goals, while concurrently raising money for charity. The foundation has partnered with Leukemia Lymphoma Research, Bear Strength Clothing and Fight Camp Glasgow to raise funds for cancer research. In 2019, Heughan teamed up with Omaze, raffling off a date to the 2019 MPC Gala, which raised $2,892,080 for Bloodwise UK.  In September 2016, Heughan took part in the Great North Run to raise funds for Bloodwise, which he has supported since 2011, and became president of Scotland Bloodwise.  In 2018, he ran both the Stirling and EMF Edinburgh Marathons in the space of a month to raise money for Cahonas Scotland and their Testicular Cancer Education and Awareness Programme. He raised £38,224 for the charity.

Sam Roland Heughan (; born 30 April 1980) is a Scottish actor, best known for his acclaimed role as Jamie Fraser in the Starz series "Outlander", for which he has received a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor. A Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television out of five nominations, and a nomination for the Critics Choice Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series. He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Performer in 2003, for his performance in the play "Outlying Islands", performed at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs. Heughan received an honorary doctorate "in recognition for his outstanding contribution to acting and charitable endeavours" from the University of Stirling in June 2019. His second honorary doctorate in recognition of his artistic success and his charitable work was bestowed by the University of Glasgow in July 2019.

Sam Heughan, né le à Dumfriesshire en Écosse est un acteur britannique. Il est surtout connu pour jouer le rôle de Jamie Fraser dans la série télévisée "Outlander" depuis 2014.


Professional wrestling career.

Woltz's ring name, Adam Page, came from the combination of the first name of a childhood friend, and the last name of Led Zeppelin member, Jimmy Page.

Ring of Honor (2011–2018).

Page made his ROH debut on January 14, 2011, at "ROH Champions vs. All Stars" in the dark match. In 2013, Page participated in the ROH Top Prospect Tournament, but was defeated on January 5 by Silas Young. Page made his pay-per-view debut at ROH's 11th Anniversary Show, where he participated in a Six Man Mayhem Match won by ACH. At "Manhattan Mayhem", Page was defeated by Young in a singles match. At Death Before Dishonor XI, Page defeated RD Evans. At Glory by Honor XII, Page was defeated by Jimmy Jacobs. At "Golden Dream", Page had his first title match, but he was defeated by the ROH World Television Champion Matt Taven. At Final Battle 2013, Page was defeated by Matt Hardy.  In 2014, Page feuded with The Decade, a stable formed by ROH veterans. At ROH's 12th Anniversary Show, The Decade (B.J. Whitmer, Jimmy Jacobs, and Roderick Strong) defeated Page, Cedric Alexander, and Mark Briscoe. On March 7, Page joined The Decade, as the first of the group's recruits, or "young boys." At "Supercard of Honor VIII", Page, Jacobs, and Whitmer defeated Andrew Everett and Adrenaline Rush (ACH and TaDarious Thomas). In October 2014, Page became a full-fledged member of The Decade.  After Jacobs left the stable and Colby Corino joined, Page started a feud with ACH. At Best in the World, The Decade (Whitmer and Page) defeated ACH and Matt Sydal when Page pinned Sydal after a Rite of Passage. At Death Before Dishonor XIII, Page defeated ACH; however, Page subsequently left The Decade and feuded with BJ Whitmer, turning face in the process. Page faced Whitmer at ROH 14th Anniversary Show, but was defeated.  On May 9, 2016, during the first night of the War of the Worlds tour, Page became a villain once again when he joined Bullet Club by turning on Colt Cabana, The Briscoes, and The Motor City Machine Guns during a ten-man tag team main event. Page hanged Chris Sabin with a hangman's noose which gave Page his "Hangman" nickname. At Death Before Dishonor XIV Page defeated Jay Briscoe. On November 16, 2016 Page was unsuccessful in winning the ROH World Television Championship where he was defeated by Bobby Fish. On April 1, 2017 Page teamed with Guerrillas of Destiny (Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa) as they were unsuccessful against Bully Ray and The Briscoes (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe) this was for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. Page got involved in a ROH World Television Championship match, helping Marty Scurll defeat Frankie Kazarian by hitting him with a chair. Kazarian and Page then battled in a strap match at Best in the World ending with Page submitting while being hanged via leather strap.  On August 20, 2017, Page won his first title in ROH, when he and his Bullet Club stablemates The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson), billed collectively as "The Hung Bucks", defeated Dalton Castle and The Boys for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. While Page and The Young Bucks' Bullet Club stablemates Cody, Kenny Omega and Marty Scurll were later allowed to defend the title under "Bullet Club Rules", only Page and The Young Bucks were recognized as official champions. At ROH 16th Anniversary Show, The Hung Bucks lost the ROH World Six Man Tag Team Championships against SoCal Uncensored (Christopher Daniels, Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky). Page fought Kota Ibushi at Supercard of Honor XII in a losing effort. Page began feuding with Punishment Martinez when Martinez attacked Page with a chair before a match. Page then attacked Martinez later on, putting him through a table, these two traded attacks until Page challenged Martinez for the ROH World Television Championship in a Baltimore Street Fight at Best in the World 2018 in a losing effort. Page entered ROH's International Cup tournament on the 2018 Honor Re-United Tour defeating Joe Hendry and Jimmy Havoc before losing to Mark Haskins in the finals. Page's final match in ROH was at Final Battle 2018 where Page was defeated by defending ROH World Television Champion, Jeff Cobb. During the December 15 TV tapings, Page and The Elite left ROH.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2019).

In June 2016, New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) announced Page would debut for the promotion at Dominion 6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall under the ring name Hangman Page in a six-man tag team match where he teamed up with Yujiro Takahashi and Bad Luck Fale to defeat Captain New Japan, Yoshi Tatsu, and Togi Makabe. Page scored the win after pinning Captain New Japan. Afterwards, Page also began using the name in ROH. On July 3, 2016, Page competed in a tag team match where he teamed up with Yujiro to defeat the team of Captain New Japan and Yoshi Tatsu at Kizuna Road 2016 event. On G1 Climax 26 Finals Page and Yujiro unsuccessfully challenged for IWGP Tag Team Championship against The Briscoe Brothers. From November 18 to December 10, 2016, Page and Yujiro participated in World Tag League 2016 where they finished second in A Block with record of four wins and three losses, thus failing to advance to the final. On July 1, 2017, at G1 Special in USA, Page took part in a tournament to determine the inaugural IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion, but was eliminated in his first round match by Jay Lethal. On August 13, Page and Bullet Club stablemate Cody unsuccessfully challenged War Machine (Hanson and Raymond Rowe) for the IWGP Tag Team Championship. From November 18 through December 11, Page once again teamed with Yujiro Takahashi (somewhat-jokingly now called "Dick and Balls") for World Tag League 2017. They placed third in A Block with 8 points.  At the New Beginning in Sapporo, after Jay White defeated Kenny Omega for the IWGP Unites States Championship, Page went to challenge White for the title, but was interrupted by Omega, after which Cody attacked Omega. Page challenged White for the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship at Strong Style Evolved, but was defeated. Throughout Bullet Club's Civil War, Page was the only member fully supporting Cody and his coup to become leader. Page's first main event singles match in NJPW came against Kenny Omega at Wrestling Dontaku 2018 where he lost to Omega. At Dominion 2018, Page, along with Cody and Marty Scurll, defeated the trio of Jushin Thunder Liger, Hiroshi Tanahashi, and Rey Mysterio Jr.. Page and Scurll defeated Tanahashi and Kushida at the G1 Special in San Francisco. After Tama Tonga, Tonga Loa, and King Haku attacked Omega and the Young Bucks at the G1 Special in San Francisco, Page (along with Scurll, Chase Owens, Yujiro, and Cody) attempted to save The Elite only to be beaten down by the Tongans as well. Page participated in his first G1 Climax, G1 Climax 28, from July 14, 2018 through August 12, 2018. He placed second to last (ninth) in the A Block with 6 points. At King of Pro-Wrestling 2018 Page, along with Chase Owens and the Young Bucks, lost to the team of Bad Luck Fale, Tama Tonga, Tonga Loa and Taiji Ishimori. Page and Yujiro Takahashi (no longer called "Dick and Balls") placed tenth in World Tag League 2018 with 10 points. Page's last appearance in NJPW was on the Wrestle Kingdom 13 pre-show where Page, Scurll and Takahashi were the first team eliminated from the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship number one contender gauntlet match. After their elimination, an argument broke out between Page & Scurll, and Takahashi & Chase Owens leading to Owens and Takahashi leaving The Elite.

Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2018).

In April 2018, Page made his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) at the first night of All-Star Weekend 14. Page fought then PWG World Champion, Keith Lee in a losing effort.

All In (2018).

On September 1, Page appeared at All In, where he defeated Joey Janela in a Chicago Street Fight.

All Elite Wrestling (2019–present).

In January 2019, Adam Page signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Page was scheduled to face Pac at Double or Nothing after a confrontation between the two at an AEW press conference in January. However, in May the match was cancelled due to "creative differences". A week before Double or Nothing at Wrestle Gate Pro, Page made a surprise appearance and answered an open challenge from Pac that ended in disqualification with Page winning. After the match, Pac attacked Page's knee. Despite his knee injury, Page was a surprise entrant in the pre-show Casino Battle Royale at Double or Nothing, where he last eliminated MJF to win and get an AEW World Championship opportunity. On August 31 at All Out, Page faced Chris Jericho for the AEW World Championship; Jericho defeated him to become the inaugural champion. On the inaugural episode of "AEW Dynamite" on October 2, Page was defeated by Pac. At Full Gear on November 9, Page would defeat Pac via pinfall to end the feud. On the November 20 episode of "Dynamite", Page competed in the inaugural Dynamite Dozen Battle Royale, where he and MJF were the final two competitors remaining in the match. However, the following week on "Dynamite", Page was defeated by MJF in a match where the winner would receive the Dynamite Diamond Ring.  At Bash at the Beach on January 15, 2020, Page teamed with Kenny Omega to win a four-way tag team match to become the number one contenders for the AEW World Tag Team Championship. On the January 22 episode of "Dynamite", Page and Omega defeated SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) to win the tag team championship, marking the first ever title change in AEW history. At Revolution on February 29, 2020, Page and Omega retained their title against The Young Bucks.

Personal life.

Woltz has been married to his wife Amanda since 2016. He is a graduate of Virginia Tech, where he earned a bachelor's degree in communications in two years. Woltz was a full-time high school teacher, teaching journalism and graphic design, for five years while also wrestling. This was until his first tour with New Japan Pro-Wrestling in May 2016.

Stephen Blake Woltz (born July 27, 1991) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name "Hangman" Adam Page, where he is one-half of the current AEW World Tag Team Champions with The Elite stablemate Kenny Omega in his first reign. He is best known for his work in Ring of Honor (ROH) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he used the ring name. Page is a former ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champion.

Stevie Woltz (né le à Aaron's Creek, Virginie) est un catcheur américain. Il travaille actuellement à la ', sous le nom d'Hangman Page, où il est l'actuel champion du monde par équipe de la AEW avec Kenny Omega.


Geography.

The municipality covers an area of around the towns of Stellenbosch and Franschhoek. To the west and southwest it extends as far as the urban edge of the Cape Town metropolitan area, while to the east and southeast it is bounded by mountain ranges. The western part of the municipality around Stellenbosch and the eastern part in the Franschhoek valley are separated by mountains through which the Helshoogte Pass travels. The Stellenbosch Municipality abuts on the Drakenstein Municipality to the north, the Breede Valley Municipality to the northeast, the Theewaterskloof Municipality to the southeast and the City of Cape Town to the west and southwest.  About half of the residents of the municipality live in Stellenbosch and its suburbs, which have a total population of 77,476. The second-largest town is Franschhoek with 15,616 residents. Klapmuts (pop. 7,703) is situated on the northern edge of the municipality next to the N1 national road. In the Helshoogte Pass between Stellenbosch and Franschhoek are the villages of Pniel (pop. 1,975), Kylemore (pop. 4,328) and Languedoc (pop. 4,289). Other rural settlements in the municipality are Jamestown (pop. 2,840), Koelenhof (pop. 302), Lynedoch (pop. 108), Raithby (pop. 908) and Wiesiesdraai (pop. 1,727).

Demographics.

According to the South African National Census of 2011, the population of the Stellenbosch Municipality is 155,733 people. This represents an annual growth rate of 2.7% compared to the result of the previous census in 2001 which found a population of 118,709 people. The sex ratio is 96, meaning that there are slightly more women than men. 52.2% of the population described themselves as "Coloured", 28.1% as "Black African", 18.5% as "White", and 0.4% as "Indian or Asian". Of those residents who were asked about their first language, 67.7% spoke Afrikaans, 20.8% spoke Xhosa and 7.2% spoke English. 22.8% of the population is under the age of 15, while 4.9% is 65 or older.  Of those residents aged 20 or older, 3.2% have no schooling, 13.0% have some schooling but did not finish primary school, 6.2% finished primary school but have no secondary schooling, 35.0% have some secondary schooling but did not finish Grade 12, 25.3% finished Grade 12 but have no higher education, and 17.4% have higher education. Overall, 42.7% have at least a Grade 12 education. Of those aged between 5 and 25, 70.0% are attending an educational institution. Amongst those aged between 15 and 65 the unemployment rate is 15.1%. The average annual household income is R154,617.  There are 43,420 households in the municipality, giving an average household size of 3.3 people. Of those households, 75.1% are in formal structures (houses or flats), while 22.9% are in informal structures (shacks). 92.9% of households use electricity for lighting. 80.5% of households have piped water to the dwelling, while 18.6% have piped water through a communal tap. 89.4% of households have regular refuse collection service. 91.7% of households have a flush toilet or chemical toilet, while 2.6% still use a bucket toilet. 81.1% of households have a refrigerator, 83.0% have a television and 67.6% have a radio. Only 25.9% have a landline telephone, but 89.2% have a cellphone. 37.7% have a computer, and 45.3% have access to the Internet (either through a computer or a cellphone).

Politics.

The municipal council consists of forty-three members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Twenty-two councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in twenty-two wards, while the remaining twenty-one are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the 2016 local government elections, the Democratic Alliance (DA) received a majority of thirty seats on the council.  The following table shows the results of the 2016 election.  The local council sends five representatives to the council of the Cape Winelands District Municipality: four from the Democratic Alliance and one from the African National Congress

Political history.

In the local government elections of 2000, the Democratic Alliance came to power in Stellenbosch. The administration was short-lived, however, and in October 2002, an African National Congress (ANC) and New National Party (NNP) coalition took over the council when four councillors defected from the DA and a local community party during a floor-crossing period. Willie Ortell (NNP) was elected mayor and GW Adonis (ANC) was chosen as deputy mayor.  After the next local government elections in 2006, a coalition was formed by the DA and several smaller parties, and Lauretta Maree of the DA was elected as executive mayor and Khulile Shubani of the United Democratic Movement (UDM) as deputy-mayor. In February 2008 councillor Myra Linders left the DA and stood as an independent candidate in the resulting by-election, and won. Her shift in allegiance allowed an ANC-led coalition, with the swing votes of the two councillors from the Kayamandi Community Alliance (KCA) to take control of the council in April 2008. Patrick Swartz of the KCA was elected mayor while Cameron Mcako of the ANC became deputy mayor. After serious allegations of fraud by councillors surfaced, Myra Linders once again used her swing vote to topple the administration in December 2009 by supporting a DA-led motion of no-confidence in the mayor, deputy mayor and speaker Gordon Pheiffer of the ANC. Cyril Jooste of the DA became the new mayor, and Mcako and Pheiffer both resigned.  In the 2011 local government elections voters handed the DA an outright majority of twenty-five seats on the council, resulting in the first stable municipal council in more than a decade. Conrad Sidego of the DA was appointed the new mayor.  In the 2016 local government elections, the DA increased their majority in the council to thirty seats. Gesie van Deventer of the DA was elected as the new mayor.

Stellenbosch Local Municipality (also known as Stellenbosch Municipality) is the local municipality that governs the towns of Stellenbosch, Franschhoek and Pniel, and the surrounding rural areas, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It covers an area of and,, had a population of 155,733 people in 43,420 households. It falls within the Cape Winelands District Municipality.

La municipalité de Stellenbosch ("Stellenbosch Local Municipality" en anglais, "Stellenbosch Plaaslike Munisipaliteit" en Afrikaans) est une municipalité locale du district de Cape Winelands dans la province du Cap-Occidental en Afrique du Sud. Le siège de la municipalité est situé à Stellenbosch.


Life and career.

Burgee graduated from the School of Architecture at the University of Notre Dame in 1956, and served on the university's Board of Trustees from 1988 until 2006, when he was named trustee emeritus, and on the School of Architecture's Advisory Council from 1982. He also served on the boards of the Architectural League of New York, Lenox Hill Hospital, Columbia University's Master of Sciences Program in Real Estate Development, the Parsons School of Design, and the Friends of the Upper East Side Historic District, and was the co-chairman of the Architectural Committee of the Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Centennial Commission. For the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, Burgee was president and chairman.

Johnson/Burgee Architects.

John Burgee and Philip Johnson established Johnson/Burgee in Manhattan in 1968, with Burgee as the firm's CEO, and they collaborated on many designs. In 1984, Raj Ahuja, who had been an associate with the firm for 15 years, was made a full partner. Two years later, they moved into the Lipstick Building at 885 Third Avenue, between 53rd and 54th Streets, which the firm had designed. That same year, Burgee negotiated a lesser role in the partnership for Johnson, as a design consultant, and in 1988 he asked Ahuja to leave. Completing the transformation of the firm, in 1991 Johnson left altogether, at Burgee's behest. Shortly thereafter, the firm went into bankruptcy because of an arbitration connected to Ahuja's leaving, and Burgee's career was dealt a serious blow.  Their collaborations include:

References.

Notes Bibliography

John Burgee (born August 28, 1933) is an American architect noted for his contributions to Postmodern architecture. He was a partner of Philip Johnson from 1967 to 1991, creating together the partnership firm Johnson/Burgee Architects. Their landmark collaborations included Pennzoil Place in Houston and the AT&T World Headquarters in New York. Burgee eased Johnson out of the firm in 1991, and when it subsequently went bankrupt, Burgee's design career was essentially over. Burgee is retired, and resides in California.

John Burgee, né le à Chicago, est un architecte américain connu pour sa contribution à l'architecture postmoderne. Il a été le partenaire de Philip Johnson de 1967 à 1991, créant ensemble la société en nom collectif Johnson/Burgee Architects. Leurs collaborations historiques inclus le Pennzoil Place à Houston et le bâtiment Sony de New York. La société tombe en faillite en 1991, mettant prématurément un terme à la carrière de Burgee. Il est désormais à la retraite, et réside en Californie.


Early life.

Massey was born near Tring, Hertfordshire in England to poor parents. When little more than a child, he was made to work hard in a silk factory, which he afterward deserted for the equally laborious occupation of straw plaiting. These early years were rendered gloomy by much distress and deprivation, against which the young man strove with increasing spirit and virility, educating himself in his spare time, and gradually cultivating his innate taste for literary work. He was attracted by the movement known as Christian socialism, into which he threw himself with whole-hearted vigour, and so became associated with Frederick Denison Maurice and Charles Kingsley.

Later life.

From about 1870 onwards, Massey became increasingly interested in Egyptology and the similarities that exist between ancient Egyptian mythology and the Gospel stories. He studied the extensive Egyptian records housed in the Assyrian and Egyptology section of the British Museum in London where he worked closely with the curator, Dr. Samuel Birch, and other leading Egyptologists of his day, even learning hieroglyphics at the time the Temple of Horus at Edfu was first being excavated.

Writing career.

Massey's first public appearance as a writer was in connection with a journal called the "Spirit of Freedom", of which he became editor, and he was only twenty-two when he published his first volume of poems, "Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love" (1850). These he followed in rapid succession with "The Ballad of Babe Christabel" (1854), "War Waits" (1855), "Havelock's March" (1860), and "A Tale of Eternity" (1869).  In 1889, Massey published a two-volume collection of his poems called "My Lyrical Life". He also published works dealing with Spiritualism, the study of Shakespeare's sonnets (1872 and 1890), and theological speculation. It is generally understood that he was the original of George Eliot's Felix Holt.  Massey's poetry has a certain rough and vigorous element of sincerity and strength which easily accounts for its popularity at the time of its production. He treated the theme of Sir Richard Grenville before Tennyson thought of using it, with much force and vitality. Indeed, Tennyson's own praise of Massey's work is still its best eulogy, for the Laureate found in him a poet of fine lyrical impulse, and of a rich half-Oriental imagination. The inspiration of his poetry is a combination of his vast knowledge based on travels, research and experiences; he was a patriotic humanist to the core. His poem "The Merry, Merry May" was set to music in 1894 by the composer Cyril Rootham and then in a popular song by composer Christabel Baxendale.  Massey was a believer in spiritual evolution; he opined that Darwin's theory of evolution was incomplete without spiritualism:The theory contains only one half the explanation of man's origins and needs spiritualism to carry it through and complete it. For while this ascent on the physical side has been progressing through myriads of ages, the Divine descent has also been going on – man being spiritually an incarnation from the Divine as well as a human development from the animal creation. The cause of the development is spiritual. Mr. Darwin's theory does not in the least militate against ours – we think it necessitates it; he simply does not deal with our side of the subject. He can not go lower than the dust of the earth for the matter of life; and for us, the main interest of our origin must lie in the spiritual domain.  In regard to Ancient Egypt, Massey first published "The Book of the Beginnings", followed by "The Natural Genesis". His most important work is "Ancient Egypt: The Light of the World", published shortly before his death.  Like Godfrey Higgins a half-century earlier, Massey believed that Western religions had Egyptian roots. Massey wrote,The human mind has long suffered an eclipse and been darkened and dwarfed in the shadow of ideas the real meaning of which has been lost to moderns. Myths and allegories whose significance was once unfolded in the Mysteries have been adopted in ignorance and reissued as real truths directly and divinely vouchsafed to humanity for the first and only time! The early religions had their myths interpreted. We have ours misinterpreted. And a great deal of what has been imposed on us as God’s own true and sole revelation to us is a mass of inverted myths.  One of the more important aspects of Massey's writings were his assertions that there were parallels between Jesus and the Egyptian god Horus, primarily contained in the book "The Natural Genesis" first published in 1883. Massey, for example, argued in the book his belief that: both Horus and Jesus were born of virgins on 25 December, raised men from the dead (Massey speculates that the biblical Lazarus, raised from the dead by Jesus, has a parallel in "El-Asar-Us", a title of Osiris), died by crucifixion and were resurrected three days later. These assertions have influenced various later writers such as Alvin Boyd Kuhn, Tom Harpur, Yosef Ben-Jochannan, and Dorothy M. Murdock. Christian ignorance notwithstanding, the Gnostic Jesus is the Egyptian Horus who was continued by the various sects of gnostics under both the names of Horus and of Jesus. In the gnostic iconography of the Roman Catacombs child-Horus reappears as the mummy-babe who wears the solar disc. The royal Horus is represented in the cloak of royalty, and the phallic emblem found there witnesses to Jesus being Horus of the resurrection.

Criticism.

Christian theologian W. Ward Gasque, a Ph.D. from Harvard and Manchester University, sent emails to twenty Egyptologists that he considered leaders of the field – including Kenneth Kitchen of the University of Liverpool and Ron Leprohon of the University of Toronto – in Canada, the United States, Britain, Australia, Germany and Austria to verify academic support for some of these assertions. His primary targets were Tom Harpur, Alvin Boyd Kuhn and the Christ myth theory, and only indirectly Massey. Ten out of twenty responded, but most were not named. According to Gasque, Massey's work, which draws comparisons between the Judeo-Christian religion and the Egyptian religion, is not considered significant in the field of modern Egyptology and is not mentioned in the "Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt" or similar reference works of modern Egyptology. Gasque reports that those who responded were unanimous in dismissing the proposed etymologies for Jesus and Christ, and one unspecified Egyptologist referred to Alvin Boyd Kuhn's comparison as "fringe nonsense." However, Harpur's response to Gasque quotes leading contemporary Egyptologist Erik Hornung that there are parallels between Christianity and ancient Egypt, as do the writings of biblical expert Thomas L. Thompson.  Theologian Stanley E. Porter has pointed out that Massey's analogies include a number of errors. For example, Massey stated that 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus was selected based on the birth of Horus, but the New Testament does not include any reference to the date or season of the birth of Jesus. The earliest known source recognizing 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus is by Hippolytus of Rome, written around the beginning of the 3rd century, based on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the Spring equinox. Hippolytus placed the equinox on 25 March and then added 9 months to get 25 December, thus establishing the date for festivals. The Roman Chronography of 354 then included an early reference to the celebration of a Nativity feast in December, as of the fourth century. Porter states that Massey's serious historical errors often render his works nonsensical. For example, Massey states that the biblical references to Herod the Great were based on the myth of "Herrut" the evil hydra serpent, while the existence of Herod the Great can be well established without reliance on Christian sources.

Gerald Massey (; 29 May 1828 – 29 October 1907) was an English poet and writer on Spiritualism and Ancient Egypt.

Gerald Massey, né le à Tring et mort le, était un poète et écrivain anglais. Il a notamment écrit sur le spiritualisme moderne anglo-saxon et l'Égypte antique.


Early life and career.

Thérèse Peltier was born the daughter of a liquor distiller on September 26, 1873 in Orléans Loiret, France. In 1893, she married Marine doctor Alfred Peltier of Paris, where she would reside for most of her life. Peltier began to take sculpture lessons and exhibit in numerous salons. In 1908 she received the sculpture prize from the Union of Women Painters and Sculptors, which was the first society of female artists in France. Peltier specialized in wax sculpture and was included along with Delagrange and a group of other wax sculptors in a 1902 profile in The Literary Digest.

Aviation.

On 8 July 1908 in Turin, Peltier flew as a passenger with Delagrange for a distance of 200 metres (656 feet). She is widely believed to have been the first female passenger on an airplane; however Henri Farman is reported to have flown or tried to fly with a Mlle P. Van Pottelsberghe in Ghent, Belgium in late May. Delagrange taught Peltier how to fly his Voisin 1907 biplane and she completed a number of solo flights, although she never earned her pilot's license. After a few training sessions, she flew alone for the first time in Issy-le-Moulineaux. The feat was recounted in "L’Aérophile":  Also in 1908, Peltier accompanied Delagrange on his successful record attempt for flight duration, during which he flew 30 minutes and 28 seconds. She also joined him on a series of Italian flight exhibitions in Turin and Rome, which she reported on for the French newspapers. During this tour, she made a solo flight of 200 metres at a height of 2.5 metres (7 feet) at the Military Square in Turin. The date of this flight is unknown, but it was reported in the weekly Italian magazine "L'Illustrazione Italiana" as 27 September 1908.  In late 1908, Delagrange offered a prize of 100 francs for the first woman aviator to pilot a plane for one kilometer. Peltier reportedly began training to compete for the prize, but when Delagrange died in an airplane accident, on 4 January 1910 at Bordeaux, she left aviation forever. She wrote to Henri Deutsch-de-la Meurthe:

Death.

Peltier died in Paris on February 18, 1926.

Thérèse Peltier (1873 – 1926), born Thérèse Juliette Cochet, was a French sculptor and early aviation pioneer. Popularly believed to have been the first ever female passenger in an airplane, she may also have been the first woman to pilot an aircraft. A friend of fellow sculptor Leon Delagrange, when he became interested in aviation Peltier soon followed.

Thérèse Peltier, née Marie Thérèse Juliette Cochet le à Orléans et morte le dans le de Paris, est une aviatrice et sculptrice française.


Club career.

Club Atlas.

Hugo Ayala started his professional career with Atlas. He made his official debut in 2006 as a starter against C.D. Guadalajara. Although Atlas lost 3–1 he became an often used substitute ending the season. In the next season he starting showing great talent in defending and became a starter in Atlas's defensive line up, leading Atlas all the way to the quarter finals to face Club América, but lost to them in an aggregate score of (7–4). Throughout his career with Atlas he was mostly used as a substitute until the manager, Ricardo La Volpe, took his place as manager of Atlas. La Volpe then started having confidence in Ayala, and made Ayala a starter and captain for Atlas. Then after Tigres saw great interest in Ayala his new club was Tigres

Tigres UANL.

On 2010, he arrived to Tigres UANL and by 2011 he already was the starter centre-back along with Juninho, both key players for the Apertura 2011 championship. Ayala was named best defender of the Apertura 2011 season alongside teammate Jorge Torres Nilo. Ayala, a starter in Tigres since 2011, later would become champion with the team in the Apertura 2015, Apertura 2016 and Apertura 2017 seasons besides runner-up of the 2015 Copa Libertadores.

International career.

Under José Manuel de la Torre, Miguel Herrera and Juan Carlos Osorio, Ayala has been a regular call-up for Mexico.  In May 2018 he was named in Mexico’s preliminary 28-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, and was ultimately included in the final 23-man roster revealed on 4 June. He would go on to appear in the opening group stage match against Germany, where Mexico won 1–0 and the round-of-16 loss against Brazil.

Hugo Ayala Castro (born 31 March 1987) is a Mexican professional footballer who currently plays as a centre back for Tigres UANL and the Mexico national team.

Hugo Ayala, né le à Morelia, est un footballeur international mexicain qui évolue au poste de défenseur central au Tigres UANL.


United Kingdom.

A Chartered surveyor in the United Kingdom is a surveyor who is a member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors ("RICS"). Until the end of the 20th century, some members were members of the ISVA ("Incorporated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers"), but this organisation merged into the RICS in 1999.  In the reforms of the RICS in the 1990s, the former divisional structure of the institution was abolished and the use of the alternative designations retained solely for the use of members to retain clarification when informing clients of specialist areas of expertise. Despite the attempt to unify the profession under one title chartered surveyor there is very little in common across the whole range of disciplines that are within the grasp of all members. The core membership is based in the construction profession, and another large sector deal with property ownership and management. Beyond these cores there are marine, land, rural and antiques specialists.  Chartered surveyors in the core of the profession may offer mortgage valuations, homebuyer's survey and valuations, full building surveys, building surveyors' services, quantity surveying, land surveying, auctioneering, estate management and other forms of survey and building-related advice. It is not usual for an individual member to have expertise in several areas, and hence partnerships or companies are established to create general practices able to offer a wider spectrum of surveying services.

Real Estate Valuation in the UK.

The common public experience of chartered surveyors is in the process of obtaining a mortgage loan. A mortgage valuation will be required by any mortgage lender as a condition of obtaining a mortgage loan. The homebuyer may take the option to instruct the same surveyor to carry out a "RICS HomeBuyer Report" or a "RICS Building Survey" (sometimes called a "Structural Survey"), usually at additional cost. When the surveyor is instructed in this combined role, the mortgage valuation is still produced for the lender, and the HomeBuyer Report or Building Survey is additionally prepared for the borrower. This arrangement can avoid the potential conflict of interest where the surveyor has as client both the lender and the borrower in the transaction. Because of the ethics and professional liability aspect, borrowers should note that the lender's survey is produced solely for the lender and the surveyor will not be liabile for loss or omission to the borrower. Since reform of the RICS Red Book of valuation practice in recent years, the definition of a mortgage valuation has been deleted. It is now a market valuation which is the same definition given to the valuation in the RICS HomeBuyer Report.  The Council of Mortgage Lenders recommends that buyers should not rely only on the mortgage valuation, but obtain a fuller survey for their own purposes. Various mortgage-related sources endorse this advice. However, a fuller survey is rarely a condition of the loan.

Mortgage valuation report.

A mortgage valuation is for the benefit of the lender. Its purpose is merely to confirm the property is worth the price paid, in order to protect the lender's interests. Invariably there is a disclaimer on the report that confirms that the surveyor has no responsibility to the borrower. This is a legally valid exclusion.

RICS Home Surveys.

Under the reforms undertaken by RICS in the early 21st century to better regulate the provision of professional products to the general public, a sector that is usually unable to fully appreciate the consequences of inadequate specification of the required items to be surveyed and how they are reported, RICS produced a new range of consumer products with RICS branding. Three consumer products are now available - 1. RICS Condition Report 2. RICS HomeBuyer Report 3. RICS Building Survey These products have a consistent appearance over the range, with common typefaces and general format. The distinctions come in the detail that is subsequently provided. These are discussed below.

RICS Condition Report.

This is short report that looks briefly at the property to report on the visual condition of nine external elements of construction, nine internal elements of construction, seven services supplied to the building, and three key components of the grounds in which the property is sited. The reports rates conditions from 1 - good, 2, - needing attention in the near future, 3 - needing attention now using a traffic light system to draw attention to things that matter.  In practice this report is of little value to the buyer unless the surveyor attends at the same time as the buyer is carrying out a viewing and wants an early indication of general condition, making the most of the surveyor's expert knowledge about how buildings can fail that are not obvious to the average buyer. Some surveyors agree to carry out these surveys as a precursor to then extending the service with a more detailed report in either of the other two types in the RICS Home Surveys suite. Usually, the fee for the first report is discounted in the fee for the detailed follow up report, since when the surveyor returns to the property, there is already an understanding of what problems are in the property.

RICS HomeBuyer Report.

This document format has been revised in 2010 to include an easy to assimilate format for the reader. The problem with the earlier format often reported to RICS by clients in receipt of the previous 'Homebuyer's Survey and Valuation' was that the structure did not easily distinguish the faults from the main description. A traffic light system was introduced and surveyors have to rate each element of the inspection according to priority. In this way, serious impediments are identified easily, and less critical defects commented upon to give the reader advice on what will need attention in the near future. It does not comment on the maintenance requirements for items found to be in satisfactory condition, only confirming that there is no cause for concern at this time. This format is suitable for a wide range of properties, but is best suited to traditionally built houses that are not subject to very serious distress or previous major alterations or extensions. This report is much longer than the condition report and looks in more detail at the property to report on the visual condition and maintenance needs of nine external elements of construction, nine internal elements of construction, seven services supplied to the building, and three key components of the grounds in which the property is sited. The reports rates conditions from 1 - good, 2, - needing attention in the near future, 3 - needing attention now using a traffic light system to draw attention to things that matter. The report also includes commentary to advise your solicitor on issues that need addressing in the conveyance, and any risks that affect the building, grounds and people of a more general nature. There is also a market valuation of the property and an assessment of rebuilding costs for insurance purposes.  Not all chartered surveyors are permitted to undertake providing the RICS HomeBuyer Report as it contains a market valuation. Under rules of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, any surveyor undertaking these surveys must also be an RICS Registered Valuer and carry professional indemnity insurance for this task. This is an attempt by RICS to provide consumer confidence after the older valuation reports came into disrepute.

RICS Building Survey.

There are a number of variations to a residential building survey which offers the home purchaser a choice of products. The two main variants are the RICS Guidance note version stemming from the earlier RICS guidance note 2004 (more recently updated by the "Surveys of residential property RICS guidance note 3rd edition" which was introduced in December 2013). The primary difference between guidance note and the practice note for the consumer is the format of the reports. A bespoke style or a framework (traffic light signal) style. For surveyors guidance is "best practice" and practice note is "mandatory".  The guidance note version can be provided in an agreed word document style format with an appendix for photographs etc. There is also a choice (at extra commissioning cost) to add a market valuation and other services such as costing for repairs and project management / further investigation services by agreement as cited at the end of this description. In effect, is a fully bespoke report.  The alternative is the practice note version (introduced to the market in November 2012). It is a similar traffic light signal format as the other RICS survey products such as the RICS condition report and the RICS homebuyer reports.  Both report formats (guidance note and practice note versions) are appropriate for virtually all properties, including but not limited to listed buildings, thatched cottages, timber frame homes and so on.  The building survey is the most detailed survey available from most firms of Chartered Surveyors. Thorough though it is, it may still lead to recommendations for further investigation from other specialists; see below. The building survey report is much longer than the condition report but may not be much longer than the homebuyer report as its content depends on the condition observed in each individual case. The practice note version building survey looks in more detail at the property to report on the visual condition and maintenance needs of nine external elements of construction, with scope for sub-division into individual features, with the nine internal elements of construction and the seven services supplied to the building examined in a similar manner. Also the three key components of the grounds in which the property is sited can be subdivided as necessary.  The practice note version of the report also rates conditions from 1 - good, 2, - needing attention in the near future, 3 - needing attention now using a traffic light system to draw attention to things that matter. In this format, if there is a defect, not only will it be identified but its causes analyzed and methods of repair and elimination of the cause discussed in some detail. The report also includes commentary to advise your solicitor on issues that need addressing in the conveyance, and any risks that affect the building, grounds and people of a more general nature. There is also discussion on the means of escape in case of fire, which in older houses in particular can be compromised by poor design and alterations. There is no market valuation or an assessment of rebuilding costs for insurance purposes in the document. These can be added, along with cost estimates for the repairs by a separate agreement as discussed in the helpful RICS explanatory notes to clients.  Collectively, a key feature of RICS building surveys are that they provide an opportunity for clients and surveyors to strike up a detailed dialogue about the property they are intending to purchase. Purchasers find a building survey useful in allowing for further negotiations on price or for providing a clients briefing document for extensions or repairs. The building survey is a very interactive process.

Energy performance certificate.

Chartered surveyors can also provide an energy performance certificate.

Limits.

Chartered Surveyors are not necessarily specialists in other fields, and may recommend further investigations by an electrician, a gas engineer, a structural engineer or expert of another kind, depending on what they find during their inspection. They may also recommend work by the buyer's solicitor to confirm matters which might affect their valuation, such as (with leasehold properties), the unexpired term of the lease, who is responsible for the boundaries, and so forth.  The Chartered Surveyor's inspection is typically non-intrusive. They do not have the authority to lift floorboards, drill holes, or perform excavations at a property which the prospective buyer does not, at this stage, own, which means that certain defects or problems may not be apparent from their inspection.  Their fees are a component of the Cost of moving house in the United Kingdom.

Building surveying.

As well as surveying, building surveyors in the UK give advice on design, construction, maintenance and repair. They may also assess damage or dilapidations on behalf of an insurance company.  Fully qualified building surveyors in the UK are frequently, but not always members of the RICS.

Quantity surveying.

Quantity surveyors work for private and commercial clients, main contractors and subcontractors in the construction industry. Their function is management of the commercial interfaces of construction: writing, negotiating, awarding and administering contracts, including variations and claims arising during the performance of a contract; cost control and cost engineering, i.e. to document and estimate costs, progress, and risks. In the UK, not all quantity surveyors are necessarily chartered surveyors; some may be chartered through the Chartered Institute of Building ("CIOB"). Albeit, the title of 'Chartered Quantity Surveyor' can only be used by Members of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.  Additional duties may include performing feasibility studies, preparing tenders, procuring materials, managing subcontractors, and even advice on taxation or building management. Surveyors may also be involved in dispute resolution.  Quantity surveyors sometimes act as project managers of a construction site.

Land surveying.

Essentially, land surveying is making accurate maps and plans. Land surveying encompasses cadastral surveying, cartography, engineering surveying, hydrographic surveying and oceanographic surveying. Land surveyors may be accredited by the RICS, Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB), or the Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (ICES), but only RICS members can call themselves "chartered land surveyors".

Auctioneering.

Firms of chartered surveyors sometimes act in property auctions.

Other aspects of surveying practice.

As well as the services mentioned above, UK chartered surveyors may offer advice in boundary disputes, business rates, compulsory purchase matters and party walls. ("Party walls" in the UK are walls on your property shared with your neighbours.)

Employers.

The largest employer of Chartered Surveyors is Turner & Townsend.

Becoming a Chartered Surveyor.

In order to become a Chartered Surveyor, trainees must undertake a degree accredited by the RICS and pass the Assessment of Professional Competence. Occasionally RICS withdraws accreditation of degree courses.

Chartered Surveyor is the description (protected by law in many countries) of Professional "Members" and "Fellows" of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) entitled to use the designation (and a number of variations such as "Chartered Building Surveyor" or "Chartered Quantity Surveyor" or "Chartered Civil Engineering Surveyor" depending on their field of expertise) in Commonwealth countries and Ireland. "Chartered" originates from the Royal Charter granted to the world's first professional body of surveyors. Chartered Surveyors are entitled to use "MRICS" or "FRICS" after their names as appropriate.

Un Chartered Surveyor (CS) est une certification professionnelle anglaise qui atteste des compétences dans les domaines du foncier, de l'immobilier et de la construction. Les sont membres de la Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors et sont reconnaissables au titre qui suit leur nom - FRICS (Fellow of RICS) ou MRICS (Member of RICS). Le terme Chartered Surveyor n’a pas d’équivalent dans autres langues.


Early years.

Smith was born in Jefferson City, Missouri. He attended Jefferson City High School, where he played high school football for the Jefferson City Jays.

College career.

Smith played for the Missouri Tigers football team while majoring in general studies at the University of Missouri. In his junior season at Missouri he logged 11 sacks, 24 tackles-for-loss and 97 total tackles. His sacks and tackles-for-loss set school season records, and he set the school's sacks record two years in a row, having logged eight as a sophomore. As a junior, he earned first-team All-America honors from the Football Writers Association of America and was a first-team All-Big 12 selection. As a sophomore, he also earned first-team All-Big 12 honors. In 1998, he became the first true freshman since 1986 to start every game for Missouri. He entered the 2001 NFL Draft following his junior year.

Professional career.

Cincinnati Bengals.

Justin was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in first round (fourth overall) of the 2001 NFL Draft. He signed with the team on September 8, following protracted contract negotiations, and had roster exemption for the September 9 season opener vs. New England. He signed a six-year, $10 million contract that included a $1.25 million signing bonus. Despite missing all of the preseason plus the first regular-season game, Smith logged a Bengals rookie-record 8.5 sacks, breaking the mark of 8.0 set by James Francis in 1990. He finished second on the line in total tackles (53) and first in solos (41) and had the second-most sacks by an NFL rookie in 2001, topped only by the 9.0 of Pittsburgh’s Kendrell Bell.  In his second season with the Bengals, he started every game at RDE and led team in sacks (6.5), led defensive line in tackles (59) and also led the team in sack yardage (56). He played 95.5 percent of the defensive snaps (934 of 978), second on team. He ended the season with 6.5 sacks, giving him a total of 15 for his first two seasons, most by a Cincinnati Bengal in his first two seasons since 1976-77.  In his third season with the Bengals, he recorded 60 tackles of which 41 were solo. He also added another 5.0 sacks. Where he also played as an outside linebacker.  His fourth season saw him lead the team in sacks (8.0) and sack yardage (70.5). He also led the defense in snaps played (94.4 percent), and he recorded 70 tackles.  In 2005, Smith led the team once again in sacks (6.0), making it his third time to lead the team in his five seasons. In his other two seasons, he finished one sack or less behind the team leader. By the end of his fifth year, he had moved into fifth place on Bengals all-time sacks list with a total of 34.  On February 15, 2007, the Bengals designated the franchise tag on him. He signed the one-year franchise contract that earned him $8.64 million in 2007. He led the league in assisted tackles in 2007 with 29.

San Francisco 49ers.

On March 1, 2008, he signed a six-year, $45 million deal with the San Francisco 49ers. The deal included an $11 million signing bonus. In his first season with San Francisco, Smith registered 7 sacks, 73 tackles and one interception.  Smith was selected for five consecutive Pro Bowls from 2009 to 2013. In 2011 and 2012, he was named to the Associated Press All-Pro team both as a Defensive End and as a Defensive Tackle. He was eligible for the honor at both positions because the 49ers used him as a defensive end in their 3-4 base defense, while frequently moving him inside to DT for their 4-2 nickel defense. He had been mentioned by many pundits as a candidate to win the 2011 NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award, and finished third with 6 out of 50 votes.  At the end of the 2012 season, Smith and the 49ers appeared in Super Bowl XLVII. In the game, he had three combined tackles as the 49ers fell to the Baltimore Ravens by a score of 34–31.  Smith appeared on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012, and was projected by his peers to be the 17th best player coming into the 2012 season.  On May 18, 2015, Smith announced that he had decided to retire after 14 seasons in the NFL.

Personal life.

Smith is originally from the town of Holts Summit, Missouri, which is near Jefferson City, the state capital. He earned All-State honors and was two-time all-district football choice at Jefferson City High School. While at JCHS, he was selected to SuperPrep's All-American and Top 50 teams as a senior. He is the owner of Railwood Golf Club in central Missouri.

Justin Smith (born September 30, 1979), nicknamed "The Cowboy", is a former American football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Missouri, where he was an All-American, and was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals fourth overall in the 2001 NFL Draft. Smith also played for the San Francisco 49ers.

Justin Smith, né le à Jefferson City, est un joueur américain de football américain. Il joue defensive end pour les 49ers de San Francisco en National Football League (NFL) après avoir joué pour les Bengals de Cincinnati.


Qualifications de la zone Asie pour la Coupe du monde de rugby à XV 2015

Format.

Asia provided one direct qualifier for the 2015 Rugby World Cup (Asia 1), and one repechage play-off position. The Asian qualification process used the Asian Five Nations, using the top three divisions in the second tier of Asian teams, and the top tier competition Asian Five Nations.  The 2012 Asian Five Nations Divisions 1 through Division 3 were the first stage of qualifying. The winners of Divisions 2 and 3, Thailand and India, faced each other for the right to be promoted to Division 1 in 2013, Thailand winning. The last place team in Division 1, Singapore, was relegated to Division 2. As only teams in the top tier Asian Five Nations and Division 1 in 2013 could qualify for the top tier in 2014, all the remaining teams were therefore eliminated.  The second phase included the top tier of the 2013 Asian Five Nations, as well as Division 1. The winner of Division 1, Sri Lanka, earned promotion to the top tier for 2014, which served as the qualification final. United Arab Emirates finished in last place in the top tier, thus earning them relegation and elimination from the qualification process.  The final phase was the top tier of the 2014 Asian Five Nations. Japan won, thus qualifying for Pool B of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, along with Samoa, Scotland, South Africa, and USA. Hong Kong finished in second place to qualify for the repechage playoff against Uruguay.

Entrants.

The 2015 Rugby World Cup qualifying teams that competed for the 2015 Rugby World Cup – Asia qualification. (World rankings, shown in brackets, are those immediately prior to first Asia qualification match on 30 May 2012)

2012.

2012 Asian Five Nations Division 3.

The winner, India, advanced to the Division 2/3 playoff match against Thailand for the right to compete in 2013 Asian Five Nations Division 1.

2012 Asian Five Nations Division 2.

The winners, Thailand, advanced to the Division 2/3 playoff match against India for the right to compete in 2013 Asian Five Nations Division 1.

Division 2/3 Promotion.

Thailand defeated India for promotion to the 2013 Asian Five Nations Division 1 and to remain in contention for Rugby World Cup qualifying. Thailand therefore advanced in and India was eliminated from the Rugby World Cup Qualification process.

2012 Asian Five Nations Division 1.

The top three teams remained in 2015 Rugby World Cup qualifying, with Philippines advancing to the 2013 Asian Five Nations, and Sri Lanka and Chinese Taipei advancing to the 2013 Asian Five Nations Division 1. The last placed team, Singapore, was eliminated from 2015 Rugby World Cup qualifying.  All the games were played in Manila, Philippines at the Rizal Memorial Stadium.

2013.

2013 Asian Five Nations Division 1.

The tournament was played in Sri Lanka from 31 March to 6 April 2013. The winner of this division and this stage of qualification, Sri Lanka, earned promotion to the main division for 2014, which will be the final stage of Asian Rugby World Cup qualifying. The remaining three teams were eliminated from World Cup qualifying.

2013 Asian Five Nations.

The top four teams advanced to the final stage of Rugby World Cup qualifying, while the last placed team, United Arab Emirates, was relegated to Division 1 and eliminated from qualifying for the Rugby World Cup.

2014 Asian Five Nations.

The winner the 2014 Asian Five Nations tournament, Japan, qualified for the 2015 Rugby World Cup as Asia 1 in Pool B. The runner-up in the tournament, Hong Kong, advanced to the repechage playoffs to play Uruguay.

In the Asian Region for 2015 Rugby World Cup qualifying, Japan took the sole qualification spot, Asia 1 by winning Round 3: 2014 Asian Five Nations, while second placed Hong Kong qualified for the repechage playoff.

Les qualifications de la zone Asie pour la Coupe du monde de rugby à XV 2015 opposent différentes nations sur plusieurs tours de compétition du au. Le vainqueur du tour 4 participe directement à la compétition finale au titre d"'Asie 1", tandis que le deuxième de ce tour joue un barrage contre une équipe américaine.