Amateur career.

In 2009, Spence won the U.S. National Golden Gloves, and also won three consecutive national amateur welterweight championships from 2009 to 2011, all in the welterweight division. Spence reached the quarter-finals at the 2011 World Championships, losing to Serik Sapiyev.  Spence lost in the quarter finals of the 2012 London Olympics to Andrey Zamkovoy and turned professional shortly afterwards.

Professional career.

Early career.

On 9 November 2012, a 22 year old Spence made his professional debut at the Fantasy Springs Casino in Indio, California in a scheduled 4 round bout against 19 year old Jonathan Garcia. Spence knocked Garcia down and out in the 3rd round. In December 2012, Spence knocked out Richard Andrews at the Sports Arena in Los Angeles, California, which was part of undercard for Amir Khan's comeback fight against Carlos Molina.  Spence fought eight times in 2013, being victorious in all of them, winning six inside the distance. He was taken the distance in an eight-round bout in October by Emmanuel Lartei Lartey. The fight was rather one-sided, with all judges scoring the fight 79-73 in favor of Spence. By the end of 2013, Spence had won all of his 10 professional fights, 8 of them by way of knockout.  Spence made his Showtime television debut on 27 June 2014 at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas in a 10-round fight against Ronald Cruz. Spence was taken the distance and won a shutout unanimous decision.  On 13 December 2014, Spence beat Javier Castro by TKO in the 5th round at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

Rising up the ranks.

On 11 April 2015, Spence defeated Samuel Vargas by TKO in Round 4 of 10 in a "Premier Boxing Champions" fight card at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, bringing his record to 16-0. On May 16, it was announced that Spence would feature on the undercard of Shawn Porter vs. Adrien Broner on June 20 at the MGM Grand Arena. Spence defeated Phil Lo Greco (26-1, 14 KOs) via 3rd-round TKO. Spence was originally scheduled to fight Roberto García. García backed out of the fight three days before the card due to weight issues. Spence landed 73 of 142 punched thrown (51%) and Lo Greco landed 19 of 132 (14%).  Spence next fought on the undercard of Stevenson-Karpency against Chris van Heerden at the Ricoh Coliseum. The referee stopped the fight in round 8, after Spence knocked down van Heerden twice in round 7.  In October 2015 it was announced that Spence would fight at The Bomb Factory in Dallas on November 28 against Mexican boxer Alejandro Barrera (28-2, 18 KOs). Spence defeated Barrera via 5th-round TKO. This was an IBF eliminator for the number 2 spot in their welterweight contender rankings. Spence was ahead on all three judges scorecards (40-36, 3 times).  Spence was named 2015 ESPN.com prospect of the year.

Spence vs. Algieri.

On 10 March 2016, it was announced that Spence would fight former light welterweight titlist Chris Algieri at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn on 16 April, his biggest fight to date. The fight was scheduled for 10 rounds. In front of a pro-Algieri 7,628 crowd, Spence became the first boxer to stop Algieri. This was Spence's seventh straight knockout. The end came when Spence delivered a left hook to Algieri’s face. The hard shot sent Algieri straight to the canvas and referee Benjy Esteves waived the count. After the bout, Spence said "Kell Brook knows what time it is. We got to get in the ring and fight.". IBF later stated that Spence must have a final eliminator before he is declared mandatory challenger.. For the fight, Spence earned $225,000 whilst Algieri earned $325,000. CompuBox punch statistics showed that Spence landed 96 of 311 punches (31%), whereas Algieri landed 36 of 114 thrown (32%). The fight averaged 1.482 million viewers on NBC.

Spence vs. Bundu.

On 16 May 2016, Spence denied that his team turned down a fight against Brook, which had been previously insinuated by Eddie Hearn, Brook's promoter. Spence said that the IBF had ordered him to fight their #3 contender Konstantin Ponomarev in order to become the mandatory challenger to Brook. Although there were no agreements to fight, on June 9, Ponomarev injured his hand, forcing him out of the eliminator. Instead, it was confirmed that Spence Jr. would fight IBF #7 Leonard Bundu (33-1-2, 12 KOs) in the eliminator on August 21 at the Ford Amphitheater. The fight would be aired on a Sunday night edition of "Premier Boxing Champions" on NBC.  Spence focused on breaking down Bundu from the start. After five one-sided rounds, Spence backed Bundu against the ropes and connected with an uppercut that dropped Bundu. Referee Johnny Callas waved off the fight without starting a count. After the fight, Spence Jr. reiterated his desire of becoming IBF World champion stating, "I definitely want my shot at Kell Brook and his title, I want him next. If he vacates or gets stripped, then I'll fight for his vacant title. I've paid my dues." For the fight, Spence received $250,000 compared to Bundu's $30,000 purse. The fight drew 4.8 million viewers on NBC and peaked at 6.34 million. This was the highest TV audience for boxing in over 10 years in the United States.

IBF welterweight champion.

Spence vs. Brook.

In January 2017, IBF welterweight champion Kell Brook and his team were in talks with Amir Khan over a potential fight, whilst also keeping the mandatory fight with Spence as second choice. During negotiations, Khan urged Brook to fight Spence first and eventually talks broke down between Brook and Khan. Brook's promoter Eddie Hearn mentioned talks were already ongoing with Spence's manager Al Haymon for a fight to take place possibly in the UK in May. Hearn received an extension from the IBF for negotiations between himself and TGB Promotions boss Tom Brown, as they were progressing. The purse bids for the fight was set for 7 February by the IBF. On February 1, Hearn claimed that Brook will be keeping his title and make the defense against Spence and that he had reached out to Spence's team, to no reply. He assumed that they wanted the fight to go to purse bids. Spence said that he had no problem travelling to the UK for the fight, regardless of negotiations. With a deal close to being reached a day before the purse bids, the IBF granted a week extension, pushing the purse bid back 7 days. On February 13, a deal was reached for the fight to take place in Sheffield on 20 May 2017. At a press conference at Bramall Lane, Sheffield on March 22, the fight was officially announced to take place on May 27, 2017 live on Sky Box Office in the UK and Showtime in the US.  In front of 27,000 fans, Spence dropped and eventually stopped Brook to win the IBF welterweight title after 11 rounds. In a fight where mostly power shots were landed, Spence threw combinations to the head and to the body, gradually wearing down Brook. Brook did well working the counter, and landed his own shots to the body. In round 10, Spence cornered Brook against the ropes and unloaded some heavy power shots, which caused Brook to take a knee. In round 11, Brook motioned many times that he couldn't see through his left eye and voluntarily took a knee. The referee started the 10 count, which Brook was unable to beat, giving him back to back defeats and his first as a welterweight. At the time of stoppage, all three judges had Spence ahead on their scorecards (97-92, 96-93, 95-94). Although he won the fight, Spence admitted it was not his best performance, "I give myself a B-. I was a little bit off with my offense and defense, but I give Kell a lot of credit. This is what true champions do. You go anywhere to fight." Spence landed 246 of 633 punches thrown (39%) while Brook landed 136 of 442 (31%). The fight was shown in the afternoon in the US on Showtime and averaged 291,000 viewers, peaking at 337,000 viewers. These was considered low numbers, even for an afternoon showing, possibly due to it being a holiday weekend. For the fight, Spence earned around £1 million and Brook earned a guaranteed £3 million.

Spence vs. Peterson.

On 3 October 2017, Lamont Peterson (35-3-1, 17 KOs) vacated his WBA (Regular) title in hopes of challenging Spence for the latter's IBF title. Dan Rafael revealed that Spence was promised a $3.5 million purse from his manager Al Haymon for his next fight. On October 13, it was reported that terms would be finalised within a week. The fight was tentatively scheduled for Spence's 28th birthday, 13 January 2018 against Peterson. The event would be aired on Showtime. Peterson last saw action when he dethroned David Avanesyan in February 2017. The fight was confirmed on 14 October, with Barclays Center the front-runner to land the fight. At a presser, Spence spoke fondly of Peterson, "He's somebody I looked up to in the amateurs and I learned a lot from. I had a training camp with him at the Olympic training center. So he's a guy I really look up to. He's one of my favorite fighters. He'll fight anybody. I've never known him to say no to a fight. I'm looking forward to it. He's got true grit. He's a real fighter. He's a guy who gives it his all and has a big heart." On November 5, it was reported the fight was confirmed to take place at the Barclays Center in Brookyn on January 20, 2018.  On fight night, in front of 12,107, Spence broke Peterson down mentally and physically eventually forcing Peterson's trainer Barry Hunter to stop the fight a second into round 8. Peterson was dropped in round 5 from a left hand by Spence. Peterson beat the count and looked unsteady, surviving the round. Peterson took a lot of punishment, but managed to fire back some offence of his own before the round ended. Peterson’s face looked swollen and his eyes were puffy from Spence’s hard shots. Spence also worked the body from the opening bell. After round 6, Peterson knew he was behind on the scorecards and indicated to his trainer, who said he would give him a few more rounds. In the post-fight interviews, Spence said, "I want to thank Lamont. A lot guys turned down the fight, and he took like a real warrior, and I commend him for that. My coach [Derrick James] came with a great game plan, and I just followed through with it. Keep my range, keep my composure." Spence admitted he would need to work on his defence a little. When interviewer Jim Gray asked Hunter about the stoppage, he replied, "It was really hard [to stop the fight], but if you know Lamont, you know he was not going to give up. So I had to stop it. At the end of the day this is my son right here. And there's nothing more valuable than his well being. If it comes to him or winning, I pick him. I care about him." After the fight, Spence called out unified champion Keith Thurman, referring him to'sometime'. At the time of stoppage, all three judges had their scorecards at 70-62 for Spence.  According to CompuBox stats, Spence landed 161 of 526 punches thrown (30%), and Peterson landed only 45 of his 158 thrown (28%). For the fight, Spence had an official purse of $1.2 million and Peterson's purse was $600,000. The fight averaged 637,000 viewers and peaked at 695,000 viewers on Showtime.

Spence vs. Ocampo.

On January 23, 2018 the IBF sent a letter to TGB Promotions ordering Spence to make a mandatory defence against unbeaten prospect Carlos Ocampo (22-0, 13 KOs) next. Zanfer Promotions, who promote Ocampo were also notified and were given until February 22 to reach a deal before purse bids take place. Because Ocampo was not rated in the top 2 in the IBF rankings at the time, at purse bids, he would be entitled to 15% rather than the 25% that a mandatory challenger receives. On January 24, Showtime announced that Spence would next fight on June 16 in Dallas, Texas. On February 24, according to ESPN, the IBF ordered purse bids to take place on March 6. Four days later, it was revealed that both sides had reached a deal. On April 30, an official press release confirmed the bout would take place at the Ford Center at The Star in Frisco. In front of a sellout crowd of 12,604, Spence knocked Ocampo out in round 1 to retain his IBF title. In response to some body shots from Ocampo, Spence hit back with a hard left to the body that sent Ocampo to the canvas. Referee Lawrence Cole made the 10 count as Ocampo tried to get up, but was in too much pain. The time of the stoppage was at 3:00 of round 1. The knockout for Spence was his 11th consecutive stoppage since 2014. Spence stated he wanted to unify the division by going after the winner of the Shawn Porter vs. Danny Garcia, Keith Thurman and Terence Crawford. After the bout, Spence said, "I was a little disappointed. I wanted to give the crowd their money's worth. I wanted him to sustain a bit and give him some punishment, but the body shot got him and I dropped him." Spence wanted to go at least 5 rounds. According to Ocampo, it was overconfidence that caught up to him and ended his world title challenge. For the fight, Spence made $1.2 million and Ocampo was given a $75,000 purse. Numerous Cowboys players were in attendance, including quarterback Dak Prescott. The fight averaged 683,000 viewers and peaked at 726,000 viewers on Showtime, an increase from his previous bout.

Spence vs. Garcia.

On October 25, 2018 BoxingScene.com reported that negotiations between Spence and Mikey Garcia (39-1, 30 KOs) were progressing, with the fight likely to take place in February 2019 on Showtime PPV. Garcia first began to call out Spence for a fight before he defeated and unified the lightweight division in July. On October 30, Garcia vacated his IBF lightweight title and the purse bid for the potential Richard Commey fight was cancelled. On November 13, PBC made an official announcement for their 2019 schedule. It was announced the fight between Garcia and Spence would take place at the welterweight limit at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on March 16, 2019 exclusively on FOX PPV. Many fans reacted to fight being announced. Some welcoming the fight and praising Garcia for 'daring to be great' and some fans believed the size difference would be too much as Spence is considered a big welterweight..  On the night though, Spence completely outclassed Garcia, using his superior reach to constantly land jabs to the head and body from distance, landing 108 over the course of the fight. Garcia tried to close the distance, but with Spence's weight and height advantage, he was able to outclass Garcia even in the pocket. In rounds 8 and 9, Spence landed over 100 punches in two rounds, with the majority being power shots, constantly using lead hooks and uppercuts on the increasing backing up Garcia. In total Spence landed 345 punches to Garcia's 75. Garcia was unable to land double digit punches in any of the twelve rounds. The scorecards on the night read 120-107 and 120-108, twice, to give Spence a perfect 12 round shutout victory.  After the fight, Spence was joined in the ring by eight-division world champion Manny Pacquiao and they both stated they would love to fight each other next.

Spence vs. Porter.

Spence fought Shawn Porter on September 28, 2019 with the IBF and WBC welterweight titles on the line. Spence won by split decision with the judges scoring it 116–111, 116–111, 112–115. It was arguably a fight of the year candidate.

Personal life.

Errol Spence Jr. is of Jamaican descent through his father and African American descent through his mother. He was born on Long Island, NY. He is the father of two daughters.

Drunk-driving car crash.

Spence was involved in a single-vehicle accident at 2:53 AM on October 10, 2019, and was hospitalized in the intensive care unit. According to Dallas police, Spence's Ferrari 488 Spider was "traveling at a high rate of speed" and then "veered left over the center median onto the southbound lanes and flipped multiple times, ejecting the driver, who was not wearing a seatbelt." Spence sustained facial lacerations, but no broken bones. Earlier in the night, he had been drinking alcohol. He was released from hospital 6 days later and was charged with a DWI, a class-B misdemeanor by the Dallas Police Department. Spence posted on Instagram "No broken bones I'm a savage!!" but deleted this post after receiving backlash, as fans stated he was lucky to be alive and noted that he could have seriously hurt others due to his drunk driving.

Errol Spence Jr. (born March 3, 1990) is an American professional boxer who is a unified welterweight champion, having held the IBF title since 2017 and the WBC title since 2019. As an amateur in the welterweight division, he won three consecutive United States national championships and represented the U.S. at the 2012 Olympics, where he reached the quarter-finals. In 2015, Spence was named Prospect of the Year by ESPN.

Errol Spence Jr. est un boxeur américain qui détient le titre des poids welters IBF depuis 2017 né le à Long Island.


Etymology.

The name "Kakazai" means "descendants/offspring/children of "Kaka" (کاکا / ککا)" (in Pashto, "Kaka" literally means Uncle and used to address an elderly person as well as Paternal Uncle whereas "Kakae" = a contemporary but obsolete Afghan name for a male. "Zai" (, ) = "descendants/offspring/children of", a root also used in other Pashtun tribes such as Yousafzai). Given that Mamund, the father of Kakazai, had two sons: Kakazai and Wur or Wara (), meaning small, little or minor, also known as Wur Mamund or Wara Mamund (), meaning small, little or minor Mamund or descendants/offspring/children of small, little, minor Mamund, thus, in this particular case "Kakazai" means "descendants/offspring/children of the elder person/brother" hence also known as Loi Mamund (; ), meaning great, large, huge, big Mamund or descendants/offspring/children of great, large, huge, big Mamund. Spelling variants include: Kakizi, Kakaezai, Kakezai, Kakaizai, Kakay Zai, Kakayzai, Kakeyzai, Kaka Zai and Kakkayzai.

History.

Early history.

The Kakazai, along-with other Pashtun tribes, came to South Asia during invasions such as those of Mahmud of Ghazni and Bahlul Lodi, settling in various regions.  Noting the martial legacy of the Kakazai Pashtuns, Pir Moazzam Shah in his book "‘Tawareekh-e-Hafiz Rahmat Khani’" (Page 89-91 - Originally Published in 1624 AD) and Olaf Caroe in his book "‘The Pathans 550 BC-AD 1957’" (Page 184-185 - First published in 1958), wrote about a battle between the Yousafzais and the Dilazaks in which Malik Haibu (Dilazak) was given the first sword blow by Payenda Kakazai Tarklanri but eventually got beheaded by Burhan Kakazai Tarklanri sword blow while fighting on the side of the Yousafzais in order to aid them to conquer Bajour from the Dilazaks.  For the invading armies, much of Punjab and other areas became a repository with rest houses, cantonments and border posts established to keep an eye on things in the region as well as to keep abreast of any new information (such as the possible weakening of another empire etc.), and many officers along with their families would settle there. As is still very true in large areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan's Pashtun belt, the land is often quite barren and hostile only capable of hosting a limited population. Once the population or a tribe's numbers exceeded a certain threshold, they would often travel East to more settled areas (Sindh, Punjab, Kashmir etc.) or would be pushed out by other tribes in the search of productive agricultural land. The area of Sialkot principally, as well as Faisalabad, Wazirabad and parts of Lahore, had much productive agricultural lands and were ruled by a series of Pashtun families many of whom were Kakazai but also Burki and Niazi Pashtuns.

British-Raj era.

Many Kakazai, Burki and other notable Pashtun families had previously settled in Jalandhar and Gurdaspur districts of Pre-independent British India where they had set up colonies. A major Kakazai group from Gurdaspur, East Punjab, India settled in twelve villages, including Babal Chak, Faizullah Chak, Sut Kohiah (Satkoha), and Wazir Chak, near Dhariwal. At the independence in August 1947, having been initially told they (being Muslim) would be in Pakistan, they were caught up in the ensuing violence and the survivors displaced when their area became part of India.

Modern era.

Today, the majority of the Kakazai reside in Pakistan and Afghanistan.  In Afghanistan, they reside in Marawara District, and the Barkanai and Shortan areas of Kunar as well as some areas of Laghman.  In Pakistan, they reside in all provinces, particularly in the areas of Dara Kakazai (Valley of Watelai, also known as Mamund Valley), Bajaur Agency (Lagharai, Kalozai, Kaga, Mukha, Maina and Ghakhi areas of Mamund Tehsil), Peshawar, Lahore, Abbottabad, Sialkot (The Kakazai are still among the dominant tribes in Sialkot despite city's cosmopolitan flavor, and are still the original owners of vast swathes of prime land in this district.), Dera Ghazi Khan, Quetta, Karachi, Kashmir, Jehlum, Bhalwal, Sargodha, Chakwal, Gujrat, Chak Karal, Isa Khel, Musa Khel, and Killi Kakazai (Pishin, Baluchistan).  Consequently, the Kakazai Pashtuns not residing in Pashto-speaking areas, despite practicing Pashtunwali and maintaining dress, cuisine and martial legacy as per their Pashtun traditions, do not exclusively speak Pashto but may speak other languages indigenous to Pakistan such as Urdu, Punjabi, Siraiki, Hindko and Balochi.

The Kakazai (, Urdu, ), also known as Loi or Loye Mamund (; ), a division of the Mamund clan, are part of the larger Tarkani () tribe who are primarily settled in Bajaur Agency, Pakistan, but originally hailed from the Laghman province of Afghanistan. However, it has grown and scattered around to such an extent that it is recognized as tribe of its own.

Kakazai, également connu sous le nom de Loi ou Loye Mamund, est une tribu pachtoune. C'est à la base une division du clan Mamund qui fait partie de la grande tribu Tarkani qui sont principalement installées dans l'agence de Bajaur, au Pakistan, mais provenaient originellement de la province de Laghman en Afghanistan. Cependant, elle s'est développée et dispersée à tel point qu'elle est reconnu comme une tribu propre.


Biography.

His father was a chemist who taught pharmacology at the Veterinary Institute. He displayed artistic talent at an early age and took lessons from Konstantin von Kügelgen. After completing his primary education, was enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts where, at his father's insistence, he studied architecture. After a short time, however, he began to take landscape painting classes; first with Sokrat Vorobiev, then Mikhail Clodt.  In 1870, he was apparently expelled from the Academy, for unknown reasons. Undeterred, he started exhibiting his works. In 1871, one was purchased by Count and, the following year, his painting. "Sunset", was acquired by Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna. In 1874, he had his first solo exhibition at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. After Tsar Alexander II expressed interest in his work, he was named an "Artist" by the Academy, despite having not graduated. In 1878, he became an "Academician".  In 1879, he and the actor Vasily Samoylov (who was an amateur painter) spent some time working on Nargen island. The resulting works were purchased by Pavel Tretyakov and the Imperial Family, including Tsar Alexander III. Following this, the Academy named him a Professor. In 1885, he helped organize the Russian exhibit at the Exposition Universelle d'Anvers.  During this time, he was overwhelmed with orders and often completed a painting in a single day. He sometimes employed assistants to do the underpainting. Their identities and the extent of their contributions has not been fully established.  In the late 1890s, a friend of his from the Academy was implicated in a scandal involving gambling and embezzlement. He was drawn into it and suffered a nervous breakdown that forced him to give up painting temporarily. In 1908, he went to Germany with his family to avoid the situation and lived in Neustrelitz until 1915, when the war forced him to return home.  After the Revolution, he began receiving support from the "". For the rest of his life, he taught at the Academy (under its successive new Soviet names) and at the Art and Industry Academy, where he headed the department of "monumental" painting.  Three of his four children became painters; Maria (1878-1967) a theater artist, Julius (1882-1942) who taught at the Art and Industry Academy, and Oscar (1887-1975) a theater artist who also designed costumes.  • Alfried Nehring: JULIUS VON KLEVER Maler am Mare Baltikum [Bildbiografie] 2019(deutsch), Selbstverlag, in Leinen gebunden mit farbigem Schutzumschlag, 88 S., 112 farbige Abb., Format A4,

Julius Sergius von Klever (Russian: Юлий Юльевич Клевер; 31 January 1850, Tartu - 24 December 1924, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian landscape painter of Baltic-German ancestry.

Julius von Klever () (1850-1924) est un peintre russe d'origine allemande. Il est connu comme paysagiste, de style académique. Il a été peintre émérite de première classe (1876), membre de l'Académie impériale des beaux-arts (1878), et professeur (1881).


Awards.

Chile's main award in letters, the Premio Nacional de Literatura, was given to Marcela Paz in 1982, a few years before her death in 1985. In 1968, "Papelucho the Missionary" was a candidate for the Hans Christian Andersen Award from the International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY) in Amrisville, Switzerland.  There are adaptations for the theater and as comics (2011).

Translations.

A French edition of the first book in the series came out in 1951 in the collection "Rouge et Bleu" (GP publishers,translated and adapted by G. Tyl-Cambier). The text was adapted and published with coloured illustrations as a large format book, which was very successful, 25,000 copies being rapidly sold and a second edition appearing two years later. In 1980 a new French edition appeared and survived several changes in the editing house: Bordas being succeeded by Pocket, then Havas Poche, until the end of the nineties.  The Japanese publishing house Kodansha published in 1972 a Japanese translation with drawings by Marcela Claro Huneeus, the author's daughter. A Greek edition was published by Kedros, Athens, 1984. And recently Anicia in Rome has published an Italian translation of four of the books.  There is also a bilingual Spanish-English edition, which was available in Chile at the end of 2006. The English translation was made by Lina Craddock, Ailsa Shaw and Jean Paul Beuchat,

Movie.

Cine Animadores and Canal 13 Films released in 2007 the film "Papelucho and the Martian", loosely based on the book of the same name.

Comic book.

"Papelucho" was also adapted into a comics series, drawn by Walter Carzon.

Bibliography.

The Papelucho series consists of 12 books:

Papelucho is the main character in a series of children's books created by Chilean writer Marcela Paz. Twelve books were published between 1947 and 1974. The series became a classic among books for children in Chile.

Papelucho est un personnage de fiction de la littérature jeunesse créé par l'auteur chilienne Marcela Paz. Il apparait dans une douzaine d'albums narrant sous la forme d'un journal les aventures d'un enfant chilien âgé de huit ans, inspirées de la propre enfance de l'auteur. Extrêmement populaires au Chili, certains livres de la série sont devenus des lectures quasiment obligatoires dans les écoles.


Life.

He was the youngest of the three sons of Sir Edward Palmer, by his wife, the sister and coheiress of Sir Richard Clement, of Ightham Mote, Kent. He was early attached to the court, and in 1515 he was serving at Tournai. On 28 April 1517 he was one of the feodaries of the honour of Richmond. The same year he became bailiff of the lordship of Barton-on-Humber, Lincolnshire. He was a gentleman-usher to King Henry VIII in 1519, and at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. On 22 August 1519 he was made overseer of petty customs, of the subsidy of tonnage and poundage, and regulator of the custom-house wherries; in 1521 he became surveyor of the lordship of Henley-in-Arden.  He served in the military expedition of 1523, and the same year had a grant of the manor of Pollicot, Buckinghamshire. The next year he had a further grant of ground in the parish of St Thomas the Apostle, London. On 10 November 1532 he was knighted at Calais, where he had become captain of Newenham Bridge. He was favourably noticed by Henry VIII, who played dice with him, and in 1533 he became knight-porter of Calais. He was taken prisoner by the French in an expedition from Guisnes, and had to ransom himself. He gave an account of this and other services to Thomas Cromwell in a letter of 1534. He acted as commissioner for Calais and its marches in 1535 in the collection of the tenths of spiritualities. Palmer was at the affair of the Bridge of Arde in 1540.  In July 1543, when treasurer of Guisnes, he went with the force under Sir John Wallop against the French, and in August 1545 William Grey, 13th Baron Grey de Wilton sent him as a messenger to the King. In this year he was captain of the ‘Old Man’ at Boulogne, presumably resigning it to his brother. When Henry VIII died, Palmer had secured a reputation for courage. Though the Protector Somerset was a personal enemy, he was at first a member of his party, and was sent for service on the border with Scotland during the war of the Rough Wooing. In 1548 he several times distinguished himself by bringing provisions into Haddington; but, having command of the lances in an expedition from Berwick, suffered a bad defeat. He continued to hold his appointments at Calais. On 11 June 1550 he was sent with Sir Richard Lee to view the forts on the Scottish border, and provide for their repair.  Palmer, on 7 October 1551, was the first to disclose Somerset's treason, the declaration being made in the Earl of Warwick's garden. He had evidently hoped to rise with Warwick, shortly known as John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland. Having secured several monastic grants, he was building himself a house in the Strand. On 18 February 1552 he had a pardon for all treasons, clearing him from suspicion as a former follower of Somerset; and on 3 March following he was appointed a commissioner for the division of the debatable land on the borders.  He was an adherent of Lady Jane Grey, and had been too prominent to escape when Northumberland fell. He was sent to the Tower of London on 25 July 1553, arraigned and condemned on 19 August 1553. Palmer was the only accused man on that day to protest and he shouted that the judges themselves had formed Jane's council and they deserved as much or more punishment than him, and the trial was unlawful. He was brought out for execution on 22 August, with Sir John Gates and the Duke of Northumberland. He had heard mass before execution, and taken the sacrament in one kind; but when he came on the scaffold, covered with the blood of those who had just been beheaded, he made a speech in which he said that he died a Protestant.

Family.

Of Sir Thomas's two elder brothers, the first, Sir John, known as ‘Buskin Palmer’ or ‘Long Palmer,’ was sheriff of Surrey and Sussex successively in 1533 and 1543. Palmer [John] was a sick man when he made his will on 7 January 1563 and he died before the day was out. His second brother was Sir Henry Palmer (d. 1559), of Wingham in Kent. Sir Henry married Jane, daughter of Sir Richard Windebank of Guisnes, and left three sons—Sir Thomas Palmer ‘the Travailer,’ Arnold, and Edward.

Sir Thomas Palmer (died 1553) was an English soldier and courtier. His testimony was crucial in the final downfall of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset in 1551–1552. Palmer was executed for his support of Lady Jane Grey in the succession crisis of 1553.

Thomas Palmer (mort en 1553) était un soldat et courtisan anglais. Son témoignage fut crucial lors de la chute du duc of Somerset en 1551–1552.


Football career.

Taylor was born in Sheffield and as a youth played for various works teams in the area, including Atlas & Norfolk Works and Silverwood Colliery. During the First World War, he played as a guest for Rotherham County and Bradford Park Avenue.  In May 1919, he signed for Huddersfield Town of the Football League Second Division. In his first season, he was ever-present scoring 35 goals from 42 league appearances as Huddersfield finished as runners-up and were promoted to the First Division for the first time. This made Taylor the top scorer in the Second Division for 1919–20. Taylor also held the record for the highest number of goals scored in one season by a Huddersfield player (later equalled by George Brown) until this was beaten by Jordan Rhodes in April 2012.  Taylor also scored six goals in Huddersfield's run to the 1921 FA Cup Final, during which they defeated First Division sides Newcastle United and Liverpool. In the final, they met another First Division side, Aston Villa; Villa's "form and pedigree" were too much for Huddersfield who, despite dogged defending, were beaten in extra time by a header from Billy Kirton.  Taylor was unable to reproduce his form in the First Division, managing only four goals in 1920–21 and he returned to the Second Division when he was transferred to Sheffield Wednesday in January 1921. He made his debut for Wednesday on 15 January 1921 away to Port Vale and remained in Sheffield for four full seasons until May 1925, making a total of 128 appearances, scoring 39 goals.  Taylor spent the 1925–26 season in the Midland League with Mansfield Town before returning to the Second Division with Southampton in June 1926. The Saints paid a fee of £300, which was paid to Sheffield Wednesday, who still retained his registration. He made his debut at inside-right in the opening game of the season, a local derby at Portsmouth, when he scored in a 3–1 defeat. He retained his place for a further five games without scoring and was replaced by Alf Bishop before being recalled, this time at inside-left on 9 October. Taylor then scored in three consecutive matches and retained his place for the rest of the season. Described as "a thoughtful and intelligent inside-forward", Taylor developed a good relationship on the left-wing with Billy "Spud" Murphy and Stan Woodhouse with "simple, planned moves" allowing Taylor a free run at goal. Alternatively, his "decoy" moves would allow Murphy the room to run down the flank.  In 1927–28, Taylor rarely missed a match, occasionally alongside his namesake Tommy Taylor, until mid-March when he lost his place to his former Sheffield Wednesday colleague, Charlie Petrie. At the end of the season, he was released and moved back to the north of England to join Halifax Town.  He then wound down his career with spells at Grantham, Chesterfield and Llanelli.

Honours.

Huddersfield Town

Samuel James T. "Sam" Taylor (17 September 1893 – 1973) was an English professional footballer, who played at inside forward for various clubs in the 1920s, including Huddersfield Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Southampton.

Samuel James T. Taylor, plus connu sous le nom de Sam Taylor ou encore de Sammy Taylor (né le à Sheffield dans le Yorkshire du Sud et mort en janvier 1973 dans la même ville), est un joueur de football anglais qui évoluait au poste d'attaquant.


History.

The requirements and main use cases of HEIF were defined in 2013. The technical development of the specification took about one and a half years and was finalized in the middle of 2015.  Apple was the first major adopter of the format in 2017 with the introduction of iOS 11 using HEIC variant.  On some systems, pictures stored in the HEIC format are converted automatically to the older JPEG format when they are sent outside of the system.

Features.

HEIF files can store the following types of data:

Variants.

As HEIF is a container format, it can contain still images and image sequences that are coded in different formats. The main filename extensions are ".heif" for still images and ".heifs" for sequences, which can both be used with any codec.  Apple supports playback of ".heif" for still image files and ".heifs" for image sequence files created on other devices that are encoded using any codec, provided that codec is supported by the operating system.  Generic HEIF image files are typically stored with filename extensions ".heif", but they may use a different extension to indicate the specific codec used.

MIAF.

The Multi-Image Application Format (MIAF) is a restricted subset of HEIF specified as part of MPEG-A. It defines a set of additional constraints to simplify format options, specific alpha plane formats, profiles and levels as well as metadata formats and brands, and rules for how to extend the format.

HEIC: HEVC in HEIF.

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, ITU-T H.265) is an encoding format for graphic data, first standardized in 2013. It is the primarily used and implied default codec for HEIF as specified in the normative Annex B to ISO/IEC 23008-12 "HEVC Image File Format".  While not introduced formally in the standard, the acronym HEIC is used as a "brand" and in the MIME subtypes codice_1 and codice_2. If the content conforms to certain HEVC profiles, more specific brands can be used: HEIX for Main 10 of HEVC, HEIM for (Multiview) Main profile and HEIS for (Scalable) Main (10) profile of L-HEVC.  The variation of HEIF used in Apple products exclusively uses HEVC compression technology and is known as HEIC. A HEIC photo takes up about half the space of an equivalent quality JPEG file, and meets many next-generation photographic needs. The initial HEIF specification already defined the means of storing HEVC-encoded intra images ("i-frames") and HEVC-encoded image sequences in which inter prediction is applied in a constrained manner.  HEVC image players are required to support rectangular cropping and rotation by one, two and three quarter-turns. The primary use case for the mandatory support for rotation by 90 degrees is for images where the camera orientation is incorrectly detected or inferred. The rotation requirement makes it possible to manually adjust the orientation of a still image or an image sequence without needing to re-encode it. Cropping enables the image to be re-framed without re-encoding. The HEVC file format also includes the option to store pre-derived images.)  Samples in image sequence tracks must be either intra-coded images or inter-picture predicted images with reference to only intra-coded images. These constraints of inter-picture prediction reduce the decoding latency for accessing any particular image within an HEVC image sequence track.  The ".heic" and ".heics" file name extensions are conventionally used for HEVC-coded HEIF files. Apple products, for instance, will only produce files with these extensions, which indicate clearly that the data went through HEVC encoding.

AVCI: AVC in HEIF.

Advanced Video Coding (AVC, ITU-T H.264) is an older encoding format for video and images, first standardized in 2003. It is also specified as a codec to be supported in HEIF in normative Annex 5 to ISO/IEC 23008-12. The registered MIME types are codice_3 for still images and codice_4 for sequences. The format is simply known as AVCI.  Apple products support playback of AVC-encoded ".avci" still image files and ".avcs" image sequence files, but will only generate ".heic(s)" files.

AVIF: AV1 in HEIF.

AV1 is a video encoding format that is intended to be royalty free developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia). AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) is an image format based on this codec.  The registered MIME types are codice_5 for still images which usually carry an ".avif" file name extension and codice_6 for sequences which use ".avifs" file name extension. This may be confusable with the classic AVI Windows multimedia format which typically uses ".avi".

JPEG and HEIF.

JPEG is the most commonly used and best supported lossy image format, first released in 1992 by ITU-T and ISO/IEC. Although Annex H to ISO/IEC 23008-12 specifies JPEG (and indirectly Motion JPEG) as a possible format for HEIF image data, it is only ever used for thumbnails and other secondary images. Therefore neither a dedicated MIME subtype nor a special file extension is available.  JPEG 2000 also uses ISOBMFF, but in a way incompatible with HEIF, while JPEG XR uses a TIFF-based container format. Neither of them is currently formally specified as an image codec for use within HEIF.  In 2017, Apple announced that it would adopt HEIC as the default image format in its new operating systems, gradually replacing JPEG.  Both AVIF and HEIC are currently being considered as possible replacements for the universal JPEG format because, among other technical contributions, both can reduce file size by about 50% while maintaining equivalent quality. However as of May 2020, there's no native browser support planned for HEIC, while both Google's Chromium and Mozilla's Firefox have experimental AVIF support.

Support.

Web browsers.

, no browser supports HEIC natively. Both Chromium and Firefox have merged experimental support for AVIF in their source code.

Patent licensing.

HEIF itself is a container that may not be subject to additional royalty fees for commercial ISOBMFF licensees. Note however that Nokia also grants its patents on a royalty-free basis for non-commercial purposes. When containing images and image sequences encoded in a particular format (e.g. HEVC or AVC) its use becomes subject to the licensing of patents on the coding format.

High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF) is a container format for individual images and image sequences. It was developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and is defined as Part 12 within the MPEG-H media suite (ISO/IEC 23008-12). MPEG claims that a HEIF image using HEVC requires about half the storage space as the equivalent quality JPEG. HEIF also supports animation, and is capable of storing more information than an animated GIF or APNG at a small fraction of the size.

' (HEIF) est un format de fichier pour les images et les séquences d’images. Ce format a été développé par le'et est défini par le standard Part 12 (ISO/IEC 23008-12).


Development.

HOIC was developed during the conclusion of Operation Payback by the hacktivist collective Anonymous. As Operation Payback concluded there was massive pressure on the group from law enforcement agencies, which captured and prosecuted more than 13 individuals connected with the group. This forced many members of the group to rethink their strategies and subsequently this part of the group launched Operation Leakspin. However a large part of Anonymous remained focused on launching opt-in DDoS attacks. However the Low Orbit Ion Cannon was not powerful enough to launch attacks with such a limited number of users. HOIC was designed to remedy this with the ability to cause an HTTP Flood with as few as 50 user agents being required to successfully launch an attack, and co-ordination between multiple users leading to an exponential increase in the damage. HOIC was the first tool of its kind to have support for the so-called "booster files", configurable VBscript modules that randomize the HTTP headers of attacking computers, allowing thousands upon thousands of highly randomized combinations for user agents. Apart from allowing user agents to implement some form of randomization countermeasures the booster files can and have been used to increase the magnitude of the attack.

Nomenclature.

HOIC and its predecessor, the LOIC, are named after an ion cannon, a fictional directed-energy weapon described as firing beams of ions from a space-based platform onto Earth-based targets. Although ion cannons appear in many movies, television shows, and video games that have a science fiction-based setting, the ones depicted in the "Command & Conquer" series of video games are considered to be the inspiration for the graphics on the software's GUI and website.

Use.

Simply described, HOIC is a program for sending HTTP POST and GET requests at a computer under attack, that uses a lulz-inspired graphical interface. HOIC primarily performs a denial-of-service (DoS) attack and a DDoS attack when co-ordinated by multiple individuals. The denial-of-service (DoS) attack on the target URL is accomplished by sending excessive traffic in an attempt to overload the site and bring it down. This basic version of the attack can be customized by using the booster files which follow the VB 6 mixed with VB.NET syntax. In addition, HOIC can simultaneously attack up to 256 domains, making it one of the most versatile tools for hackers who are attempting to co-ordinate DDoS attacks as a group.  The minimalist GUI of the tool makes it user friendly and easy to control. The basic routine of an attack is to input the URL of the website which is to be attacked, and set the power option on low, medium or high. The power option sets the request velocity with low at two requests per second, medium at four and high at eight requests per second. Then a booster file is added which uses.hoic extension to define dynamic request attributes, launch attacks on multiple pages within the same website and help evade some defense filters. The attack is then launched by pressing the red button in the GUI labelled as "Fire Teh Lazer".

Limitations.

The basic limitation of HOIC is that it requires a coordinated group of users to ensure that the attacks are successful. Even though it has allowed attacks to be launched by far fewer users than the older Low Orbit Ion Cannon, HOIC still requires a minimum of 50 users to launch an effective attack and more are required to sustain it if the target website has protection. Another limiting factor is the lack of anonymizing and randomizing capability. Even though HOIC should, in theory, offer anonymizing through the use of booster files, the actual protection provided is not enough. Furthermore, anonymizing networks such as TOR are not capable of handling the bandwidth of attacks generated by HOIC. Any attempt to launch an attack using the TOR network will actually harm the network itself. However, Anonymous members routinely use proxy servers based in Sweden to launch their attacks. It has been speculated that this is due to the notion that Sweden may have stricter internet privacy laws than the rest of the world.

Legality.

Primarily, HOIC has been designed as a stress testing tool and can be lawfully used as such to stress test local networks and servers provided the person initiating the test has authorization to test and as long as no other networks, servers, clients, networking equipment or URLs are disrupted.  HOIC can also be used to perform distributed denial-of-service attacks, which are illegal under various statutes. The Police and Justice Act 2006 of the United Kingdom amended the Computer Misuse Act 1990, and specifically outlawed denial-of-service attacks and set a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison. In the United States, denial-of-service attacks may be considered a federal crime under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act with penalties that include up to ten years of imprisonment. In 2013 criminal charges were brought against 13 members of Anonymous for participating in a DDoS attack against various websites of organizations including the Recording Industry Association of America, the Motion Picture Association of America, the United States Copyright Office of the Library of Congress, Visa, MasterCard, and Bank of America. They were charged with one count of "conspiracy to intentionally cause damage to a protected computer" for the events that occurred between September 16, 2010 and January 2, 2011. DDoS attacks are federal offenses in the United States and are prosecuted by the Department of Justice under USC Title 18, Section 1030.  In 2013, Anonymous petitioned the United States government via We the People, demanding that DDoS attacks be recognized as a form of virtual protest similar to Occupy protests.

Countermeasures.

DDoS mitigation usually works on the principle of distribution, which is basically intelligent routing of traffic to avoid congestion and prevent overload at a single URL. Other methods to counter DDoS include installation of intrusion prevention system (IPS) and intrusion detection system (IDS) devices and application software.

First use in attacks.

Anonymous were the first group to utilize High Orbit Ion Cannon publicly. After Megaupload, a file-sharing website, was shut down after federal agents raided their premises, Anonymous launched an attack against the website of the US Department of Justice. As the DOJ website went offline Anonymous claimed success via twitter, saying "One thing is certain: EXPECT US! #Megaupload". Over the course of the next few hours, several other websites were knocked offline and kept offline. These included websites belonging to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the BMI. Finally, as the day drew to a close, the website belonging to the FBI was hit repeatedly before it ultimately succumbed to attacks and acquired a “Tango Down” status. Anonymous claimed that it was "the single largest Internet attack in its history", while it was reported that as many as 27,000 user agents were taking part in the attack.

High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC) is an open-source network stress testing and denial-of-service attack application designed to attack as many as 256 URLs at the same time. It was designed to replace the Low Orbit Ion Cannon which was developed by Praetox Technologies and later released into the public domain. The security advisory for HOIC was released by Prolexic Technologies in February 2012.

HOIC, pour High Orbit Ion Cannon (qui peut être traduit par « canon à ion de haute orbite ») est une application de test de réseau et d’attaque par déni-de-service, liée à LOIC, écrite en BASIC et développée par Praetox Technologies. L’application tente une attaque par déni-de-service par HTTP Flood et peut cibler jusqu’à 256 adresses URL en même temps, grâce à des scripts « booster ». Le nom s’inspire d’une arme fictive de la série de jeux vidéo "Command and Conquer".


Plot.

The film begins in an theater when a group of animals are preparing a show. The Fox, the host of the show, tells the audience they will tell three different stories. The place that most of the stories are take place is on a French farm led by the own animals. After speaking with the audience, the play begins after they tell the Fox they're ready.

A Baby to Deliver.

On the farm, A Stork claims to have a broken wing and leaves a baby that he was to deliver to Avignon, with the name of Pauline, in the hands of a trio of farm animals: a Pig, a Rabbit and a Duck. These last two being immature and clumsy, therefore potentially dangerous for the baby, the Pig tries to compensate for their mistakes so that the little Pauline finds her parents, even if he refuses initially to take care of it. After several clumsy and misunderstanding events, the trio manages to leave Pauline with her family, emotionally saying goodbye to her. Once they get back to the farm, the Pig discovers the Stork was lying to the trio because he's too lazy to do his job. The Pig takes this calmly, just so he can put the stork in a catapult and ejecting him away.

The Big Bad Fox.

A Fox who lives in the forest, has a failure time by trying to eat the chickens of the farm, one of them can easily protect herself in a violent way, and he always ended up eating radishes that the Pig always lefts to him. He later takes the advice of the Wolf, of stealing 3 chicken eggs, which he does in the night, and then eat them once they're fat. But the Chicks take him as their mother and he gradually gets attaches to them, to the point of deciding to protect them from the Wolf. The Fox decides to run away to the farm with the Chicks, once he fools the Wolf by eating radishes instead of the Chicks, and takes shelter on the farm by disguising himself as a Chicken. He discovers with horror that the Lead Chicken, whose eggs he stole, has sworn revenge and created a fox extermination club where she trains the other chickens for self-defense. The Fox manages to hide for some time, but he is betrayed by the behavior of his chicks who, persuaded to be foxes, bite their little friends at school and even bring him one (still alive) for dinner. The Fox tries to scold them, but the Chicks, disappointed by his fearful behavior, decide to return to the forest and make the Wolf their new mother. Discovered, the Fox is martyred by the Chickens, as he tries in vain to prevent the danger that runs the Chicks. Thrown out of the farm by explosives, while the Dog tries to convince with the Lead Chicken to help him, the Fox landed in the forest exactly in the arms of the Wolf that was about to eat the chicks. He helps them best and manages to hold the Wolf to the chicks run away. The Lead Chicken, who is the biological mother of the chicks, finally finds them, and after hearing the Wolf's plan, that he told the Fox should had done, she and a group of chickens manages to defeat the Wolf aggressively. The Lead Chicken wants the Chicks to return leaving the Fox heartbroken, but the Chicks, moved, rush to him not to see him leave. The Lead Chicken decides to go in an agreement with the Fox: The Fox continues to see the Chicks regularly and, in exchange, he helps the chickens to train themselves to self-defense against other predators.

We Must Save Christmas.

In the farm, the animals prepare for the Christmas festivities. By multiplying nonsense and disasters, the Rabbit and the Duck destroy a plastic Santa, that was hang one in the barn, and they're convinced to have killed the true one. Despite the Pig's explanation, they are thinking of replacing Santa to deliver the gifts to children around the world at night. The Pig tries to stop them but is dragged along with them to the city, then to the pound where the three animals are locked up in the company of a pack of dog-dogs. The cunning and resourcefulness of the three companions, fortunately, allows them to always barely get off the hook, and after some clumsy events, the Rabbit and the Duck see again a Santa clinging to a window sill, but this time it is the real Santa Claus that is in the window sill. They manage to save him, as a reward, Santa takes the trio back in the farm. The next morning, they wake up with presents.

Epilogue.

After the three stories, the end credits begin with a return to the stage of all the characters of the film come to greet as in the theater. Various characters appear during the rest of the credits, including a frog sweeper to clean up the scene.

Reception.

The film received largely positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 96% score based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 7.47/10. The site's consensus states: ""The Big Bad Fox and Other Tales" uses its simple, classic animation style to tell a series of equally undemanding - yet utterly beguiling - stories the whole family can enjoy." Metacritic reports a 73 out of 100 rating, based on 4 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Big Bad Fox and Other Tales... () is a 2017 French/Belgian animated anthology comedy film directed by Benjamin Renner and Patrick Imbert, adapted from Renner's own comic books "The Big Bad Fox" and "Un bébé à livrer". Originally conceived as half-hour TV specials, the three segments are linked together by a frame narrative.

Le Grand Méchant Renard et autres contes... est un film d'animation franco-belge réalisé par Benjamin Renner et Patrick Imbert et sorti en 2017. Le film est constitué de trois histoires comiques courtes mettant en scène les animaux d'une ferme ainsi qu'un renard et un loup et quelques humains.


Gameplay.

Similar to previous games in the series, "Pokémon Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" are role-playing video games with adventure elements. While set in an alternate version of the Alola region, the mechanics and graphics remain largely the same as "Pokémon Sun" and "Moon", with the primary differences being its modified storyline now including the Ultra Recon Squad. The player character designs are also different, though they remain customizable. "Global Missions", where players across the world work towards a collective goal, also make a return.

New features.

"Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" introduce new Ultra Beasts: Stakataka, Blacephalon, Poipole and its evolution, Naganadel. In addition, there are new forms for the legendary Pokémon Necrozma, dubbed "Dusk Mane" and "Dawn Wings" forms, which are achieved by absorbing the legendary Pokémon Solgaleo and Lunala, respectively; it is conceptually similar to Black and White Kyurem from "Black 2" and "White 2" and Lusamine's mutated form from the original "Sun" and "Moon". Also, a new Lycanroc form was added, Dusk Lycanroc. Players can now travel around the Alola region to collect Totem Stickers, which allow the player to receive a Totem-sized variant of a Pokémon. Three new activities have been added: Mantine Surf, which allows the player to surf across the region's seas—it also serves as an alternate way of earning Battle Points; Alola Photo Club, which allows players to take pictures of their player character with Pokémon in various poses; and Ultra Warp Ride, which allows the player to travel through varying Ultra Wormholes and encounter Ultra Beasts in their own worlds—in addition to finding legendary Pokémon from every game in the series, up to three times, and an increased chance for shiny Pokémon to appear. New Z-Moves are available for multiple Pokémon, including Solgaleo, Lunala, Lycanroc, Mimikyu and Necrozma. An upgrade to the Rotom Pokédex adds Roto-Loto, which allows the player to use boosts, akin to O-Powers from the previous generation; and Z-Rotom Power, which allows players to use up to two Z-Moves per battle.

Plot.

Setting.

The games put an emphasis on the legendary Pokémon Necrozma which, in these versions, takes Lusamine's place as the primary antagonist of the games. As with "Sun" and "Moon", the games are set in the Alola region which is based on Hawaii. Although largely the same, the new games feature additional buildings and locations in comparison to the first installments. Multiple main characters featured in "Sun" and "Moon", such as Lusamine and her children, return in the game with significant changes. A new group, the Ultra Recon Squad, is introduced with differing characters in the two games. Ultra Megalopolis, a vast city where Necrozma has robbed all of its light sources, is located within Ultra Space and is accessible through the Ultra Wormholes.  Another antagonist group, Team Rainbow Rocket, is featured in a post-game story and includes all of the previous antagonist group leaders featured throughout the series, ranging from Giovanni from "Pokémon Red", "Blue" and "Yellow" to Lysandre from "Pokémon X" and "Y". Legendary Pokémon from previous generations are also included.

Story.

Similar to "Sun" and "Moon", the player character is an eleven-year-old moving to Melemele Island in Alola with their mother. As is tradition, the player has rivals on their journey: Hau, a friendly boy who accompanies the player throughout the story, and Gladion, the estranged son of Lusamine. During their travels in Alola following the region's traditional island challenges, they complete trials which involve battles with powerful Pokémon known as Totem Pokémon, and encounter numerous groups — a villainous one known as Team Skull, led by a man named Guzma; a more charitable one known as the Aether Foundation, led by a woman named Lusamine; and another called the Ultra Recon Squad, who came from a different dimension, the Ultra Megalopolis, where Necrozma has stolen its light. Much of the story revolves around multiple legendary Pokémon: a Cosmog, nicknamed Nebby, who eventually evolves into a Solgaleo in "Ultra Sun", or Lunala in "Ultra Moon"; and a Necrozma, who attempts to seize the light from Alola.  During the climax, Lusamine uses Nebby to create a wormhole to the Ultra Megalopolis, where she and Guzma attempt to fight Necrozma for the sake of the Ultra Recon Squad. However, they fail and are thrown back into their dimension later on in the story, with Necrozma following them. Necrozma fights Nebby, now a Solgaleo or Lunala, and prevails. Necrozma then absorbs the legendary Pokémon, gaining its Dusk Mane or Dawn Wings form in the respective version, and unleashes the Ultra Beasts upon Alola before fighting the player. After the player defeats it, Necrozma escapes into the Ultra Megalopolis, taking the world's light with it while the player, with the help of the Ultra Recon Squad, travels on the opposite legendary featured in each game—Lunala in "Ultra Sun" or Solgaleo in "Ultra Moon"—, through Ultra Space to reach the Ultra Megalopolis. There, the player battles Necrozma, this time in its true form, as Ultra Necrozma, for the fate of the world and to rescue Nebby. The player defeats it once more, bringing light back to Alola. After completing these trials, the player proceeds to battle a newly established Elite Four and later defeats Hau to become Alola's first true Pokémon League Champion.  In the post-game, the player encounters Team Rainbow Rocket, a dimensionally displaced group based on Team Rocket from "Red", "Blue", and "Yellow". The aforementioned group seizes control of the Aether Foundation's headquarters and takes Lusamine hostage. The player stages a counterattack alongside a reformed Guzma, Lillie, and former Team Plasma leader Colress. Battling through villainous team leaders from the past games—Maxie and Archie from "Ruby", "Sapphire", and "Emerald"; Cyrus from "Diamond", "Pearl", and "Platinum", Lysandre from "X" and "Y", and Ghetsis from "Black", "White", "Black 2", and "White 2"—the player finally encounters Giovanni, who leads Team Rainbow Rocket and has a Mewtwo at his disposal. After the player's victory, Giovanni vanishes, wondering "what new world shall [he] unleash [his] evil schemes upon". The player can then explore the Ultra Wormholes, the worlds of the Ultra Beasts, and catch them with the Beast Balls they have acquired. After catching Necrozma at Mount Lanakila, Colress will appear and give the player the N-Solarizer or N-Lunarizer, allowing Necrozma to fuse or separate from Solgaleo or Lunala respectively. Once the player has caught the Ultra Beasts, the Ultra Recon Squad will tell them to defeat or catch Stakataka in "Ultra Moon" or Blacephalon in "Ultra Sun".

Development.

Shigeru Ohmori, one of the game's producers, stated that "Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" were worked on by younger staff members while veterans worked on the upcoming "Pokémon" games for the Nintendo Switch, although some more experienced members, such as Shigeki Morimoto were assigned to it. He also stated that Game Freak was treating "Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" as the "culmination of our work with the 3DS system". The development team of 80 was approximately half that of "Pokémon Sun" and "Moon" despite "Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" having a script twice as long as "Sun" and "Moon". In a separate interview, Ohmori also described an idea to develop the "Ultra" installments formed late during the development of "Sun" and "Moon", with the titles intended to take advantage of the momentum gained by the "Pokémon" series following the massively successful release of the mobile game "Pokémon Go". Game director Kazumasa Iwao was previously in charge of the battle systems in "Sun" and "Moon".  In the post-game, the games include a tribute to former Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata, mentioning his role in the development of "Pokémon Gold" and "Silver". The games received their first patch in December 2017, fixing several bugs.

Promotion and release.

"Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" were revealed in a Pokémon Direct on 6 June 2017. Initial clerical errors in the "Pokémon" website showed that the games' release date for the Nintendo Switch were "TBA", although The Pokémon Company later clarified that the games were exclusive to the Nintendo 3DS.  Similar with its predecessor, the game's files were leaked on to the Internet before their official release, allowing software pirates to play the full game and data miners to find previously unannounced information including a new form for Necrozma, a new Ultra Beast, a new mythical Pokémon and more.  Less than a week before the game's release, the mobile game "Pokémon Go" released an update which enabled its players to customize their in-game avatars in the style of player characters from "Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon", marking the first time the app had been used to promote a main series game.

Reception.

Prior to release, both games were among the most highly anticipated titles for the Nintendo 3DS in 2017, according to Nielsen.

Critical reception.

"Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" received "generally favorable" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. Casey Defreitas in her review for "IGN" remarked that the games were "full of smart improvements". Other reviewers made similar points, with Kallie Plagge at "GameSpot" noting that despite similarities with "Sun" and "Moon", ""Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" make enough changes to stand apart as the definitive version of the seventh generation games". On the other hand, Allegra Frank of "Polygon" criticized that the aforementioned changes were only present at the end, with the bulk of the gameplay being the same as its predecessor.

Sales.

Following release, the two games sold 1.2 million physical copies—excluding digital copies purchased from the Nintendo eShop—within the first three days on sale in Japan. By the end of the year, the two games had sold over 2 million copies in Japan alone, making it the best-selling video game in the country for 2017. Sales from "Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" pushed the cumulative sales of the franchise to exceed the 300 million copies sold milestone. According to Amazon, "Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" were their seventh-best selling video games in 2017—however, they drop to 25th for "Ultra Sun" and 28th for "Ultra Moon" if other video game-related products and console variations are accounted for. As of March 31, 2020, the games have sold 8.77 million copies, ranking them as the ninth–best selling Nintendo 3DS titles of all time.

Awards.

The games were nominated for "People's Choice" at the Italian Video Game Awards, and won the "Excellence Prize" at the Famitsu Awards.

As with previous installments, the games follow the journey of a young Pokémon trainer, taking place in the Alola region—based on Hawaii. Differences from "Sun" and "Moon" include an alternate storyline and new gameplay features, characters, Pokémon, and Pokémon forms, including new forms of the legendary Pokémon Necrozma as version mascots.

Les jeux sont des versions améliorées de "Pokémon Soleil" et "Lune", proposant de nouveaux éléments de scénarios. À la différence des versions "Émeraude" ou "Platine", cinq nouveaux Pokémon sont rajoutés dans la région d'Alola (plus quatre nouvelles formes).


History.

Dr. Rudolph Nissen (1896–1981) first performed the procedure in 1955 and published the results of two cases in a 1956 "Swiss Medical Weekly". In 1961 he published a more detailed overview of the procedure. Nissen originally called the surgery "gastroplication". The procedure has borne his name since it gained popularity in the 1970s.

Technique.

In a "fundoplication", the gastric fundus (upper part) of the stomach is wrapped, or plicated, around the lower end of the esophagus and stitched in place, reinforcing the closing function of the lower esophageal sphincter. The esophageal hiatus is also narrowed down by sutures to prevent or treat concurrent hiatal hernia, in which the fundus slides up through the enlarged esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The surgeon should begin with ligating and dividing the short gastric arteries.  In a Nissen fundoplication, also called a complete fundoplication, the fundus is wrapped the entire 360 degrees around the esophagus. In contrast, surgery for achalasia is generally accompanied by either a "Dor" or "Toupet" partial fundoplication, which is less likely than a Nissen wrap to aggravate the dysphagia that characterizes achalasia. In a Dor (anterior) fundoplication, the fundus is laid over the top of the esophagus; while in a Toupet (posterior) fundoplication, the fundus is wrapped around the back of the esophagus.  The procedure is now routinely performed laparoscopically. When used to alleviate gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with delayed gastric emptying, it is frequently combined with modification of the pylorus via pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty.

Mechanism of relief.

Whenever the stomach contracts, it also closes off the esophagus instead of squeezing stomach acids into it. This prevents the reflux of gastric acid (in GERD). Although antacids and PPI drug therapy can reduce the effects of reflux acid, successful surgical treatment has the advantage of eliminating drug side-effects and damaging effects from other components of reflux such as bile or gastric contents.

Effectiveness.

Nissen (complete) fundoplication is generally considered to be safe and effective, with a mortality rate of less than 1% and many of the most common post-operative complications minimized or eliminated by the partial fundoplication procedures now more commonly used. Studies have shown that after 10 years, 89.5% of patients are still symptom-free.

Complications.

Complications include "gas bloat syndrome", dysphagia (trouble swallowing), dumping syndrome, excessive scarring, vagus nerve injury and, rarely, achalasia. The fundoplication can also come undone over time in about 5–10% of cases, leading to recurrence of symptoms. If the symptoms warrant a repeat surgery, the surgeon may use Marlex or another form of artificial mesh to strengthen the connection. Postoperative irritable bowel syndrome, which lasts for roughly 2 weeks, is possible.  In "gas bloat syndrome", fundoplication can alter the mechanical ability of the stomach to eliminate swallowed air by belching, leading to an accumulation of gas in the stomach or small intestine. Data varies, but some degree of gas-bloat may occur in as many as 41% of Nissen patients, whereas the occurrence is less with patients undergoing partial anterior fundoplication. Gas bloat syndrome is usually self-limiting within 2 to 4 weeks, but in some it may persist. The offending gas may also come from dietary sources (especially carbonated beverages), or involuntary swallowing of air (aerophagia). If postoperative gas-bloat syndrome does not resolve with time, dietary restrictions, counselling regarding aerophagia, and correction – either by endoscopic balloon dilatation or repeat surgery to revise the Nissen fundoplication to a partial fundoplication – may be necessary.  Vomiting is sometimes impossible or, if not, very painful after a fundoplication, with the likelihood of this complication typically decreasing in the months after surgery. In some cases, the purpose of this operation is to correct excessive vomiting. Initially, vomiting is impossible; however, small amounts of vomit may be produced after the wrap settles over time, and in extreme cases such as alcohol poisoning or food poisoning, the patient may be able to vomit freely with some amount of pain.

A Nissen fundoplication, or laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication when performed via laparoscopic surgery, is a surgical procedure to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia. In GERD, it is usually performed when medical therapy has failed; but, with a Type II (paraesophageal) hiatus hernia, it is the first-line procedure. The Nissen fundoplication is total (360°), but partial fundoplications known as Thal (270° anterior), Belsey (270° anterior transthoracic), Dor (anterior 180–200°), Lind (300° posterior), and Toupet fundoplications (posterior 270°) are alternative procedures with somewhat different indications and outcomes.

Une fundoplicature de Nissen, est une procédure chirurgicale pour traiter le reflux gastro-œsophagien (RGO) ou la hernie hiatale. Dans le RGO, cette opération est habituellement effectuée en cas d'échec du traitement médical, mais dans la hernie hiatale, c'est le traitement de première intention. La fundoplicature de Nissen est totale (360°); si elle est partielle, elle porte le nom de Thal (270° antérieure), Belsey (270° antérieure transthoracique), Dor (180-200° antérieure), Lind (300° postérieure) ou de Toupet (270° postérieure). Les indications et résultats sont un peu différents.


History.

The palatial residence was erected by a Dutch landlord named Van Heuts in 1740 during the rule of Governor General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff. The area's reputation was for clean, fresh and cool mountain air and the building was made into a resort for Dutch Governor Generals.  The Cipanas villa (before it became "Palace") was also the place where van Imhoff died in 1750, after being sick for two months. His body was buried in Tanah Abang, Jakarta, with a full Military rites. Besides being known as a builder of Buitenzorg Palace, Cisarua hospitals, and villas in Cipanas, Van Imhoff also known for establishing services in "Academie de Marine" at West Kalibesar, where the building was later named "the Red Store".  Commissioner General Leonard du Bus de Gisignies also loved to visit the palace for sulfur bathing and brought his secretary Sirardus Willem Carel graaf van Hogendorp (1820-1841). During their administration, Herman Willem Daendels (1808-1811) and Stamford Raffles (1811-1816) employed a few hundred people assigned to work in apple farms, flower gardens or in rice mills, as well as to take care of cows, sheep, and horses.  Cipanas Presidential Palace also functioned as family residence of several Governors-General of the Netherlands East-Indies and their families. Among them were Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff and family (1926-1931), Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge (1931), and the last was Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer shortly before the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies occurred in 1942, where he and his family were then taken as Japanese prisoners and transferred to the Manchurian camp at Hsien in China.  Sukarno visited the Cipanas Palace frequently, mainly as a place to find inspiration for his speeches, especially to alert independence on 17 August. The peaceful Cipanas and cool atmosphere was like a magnet that attracted all the ideas stored in the minds of Sukarno to paper. The Cipanas Palace was also the place where Sukarno held his wedding ceremony with Hartini in 1953.  In 1954, Sukarno ordered the development of a remote studio in one of the top of the hill nearby the Cipanas Palace as a place to contemplate. Hilltop was chosen because it is a point where people can view Mount Gede in the morning clearly, before the fog then covered the peak.  Cipanas Presidential Palace has also been used for important events in the history of Republik Indonesia. On 13 December 1965, the dining Room in main Building was used by Sukarno's cabinet to have a meeting in making decision to change Indonesian money value from 1,000 to Rp 1.00 (Redenomination) during economic administration position held by Finance Minister Frans Seda.  In accordance with its function, the palace is not used to receive guests except for certain occasions, such as during the visit of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to Indonesia in 1971, where she took the time to stop at the palace when visiting Indonesia. On April 14–17, 1993, Cipanas Palace was also used as a meeting place for Philippine's warring factions on the initiative of President Suharto. Foreign Minister Ali Alatas led negotiations between the Philippine government and the MNLF group (Moro National Liberation Front) led by Nur Misuari. All delegates were staying at Cipanas palace complex.

Construction.

The palace was built originally as a resort place and a stopover during Dutch ruling. The yard is divided into two areas, namely the palace garden area and forest area of the palace. Until 2001, In the palace's forest areas there were 1,334 specimens, 171 species, 132 genus (out of it only 14 are known), and 61 families of flora and fauna identified.  Presidential Palace consists of a main building, six pavilions, a special building, and two other buildings, one is as a reservoir of hot spring water and another one as a mosque.  Parent building, which is officially called "Gedung Induk Istana Kepresidenan Cipanas", stands on an area of. As the name implies, this building is the biggest building when compared to other buildings in the palace complex. The main Building is used by Indonesian President or Vice President and their families for retreat and relaxing. The original structure of the main building was built using Teak wood and enforced with cast iron. In later development, some of the floors and walls renovated with brick and mortar materials, although the renovation of the building's original design eliminates the original "stage house" concept.  The main Building, in accordance with its function, consisting of living room, bedroom, den, powder room, dining room, and back porch. In particular, the living room is on a stage with wooden floor. One of the main building's main hallway wall decorated with a painting by Soejono DS, which painted in 1958. This painting is known by the name "Jalanan Seribu Pandang". The name of the painting was perpetuated itself because of its merits, namely that from whichever direction the painting is seen at, the painted eyes appear to see directly to the viewer.  Although built gradually, the palace's six pavilions were finally built around the Main Building, precisely in the backyard of the building. These six pavilions named after Wayang characters in Hindu epic Mahabharata: "Yudhishthira Pavilion", "Bhima Pavilion", "Arjuna Pavilion", "Nakula Pavilion", "Sahadeva Pavilion", and "Abhimanyu Pavilion". The first three pavilions were built during Dutch ruling in 1916, while the later three were built in around 1983 during Suharto's presidency. In addition, there are also two other buildings that are named "Tumaritis I Pavilion" and "Tumaritis II Pavilion", which is located slightly apart from the Main Building and the sixth around the pavilion.  "Bentol" building is a unique building located behind the Main Building and much smaller than the Main Building and six pavilions. However, this building stands taller than the other buildings, including the Main Building. This is due to the fact that this building is located on the slope of mountain. The building is a product of two Indonesian architects, R.M. Soedarsono and F. Silaban.  At the rear of the Main Building, there are some other buildings. However, the most substantial role to the existence of the Presidential Palace in Cipanas is its mineral hot springs. Therefore, to accommodate the overflow of water from natural sources, two buildings as Bath houses were built. One bath house is devoted for president or vice President and their families, while another larger bath house reserved for other people that accompanied the President or Vice President. Both first and the second bath house are furnished with bath furniture and amenities.  Not far from the bath house, there is an open fishing pond. In addition, on the left backyard of main Building there is a mosque named "Masjid Baiturrahim" as well as several other series of small buildings as office spaces. On the left side of the Main Building there is a Plant nursery used to maintain and develop gardens around the place.

Cipanas Palace ( Istana Cipanas) is one of the six presidential palaces of Republic of Indonesia. It is located in Cipanas, West Java, Indonesia near a highway connecting Jakarta and Bandung through Puncak. Located approximately from Jakarta, or about from the city of Cianjur. Cipanas Palace is located in the village of Cipanas in Cianjur Regency, at the foot of Mount Gede and at an altitude of above sea level. The building stands on an area of approximately, with the area of the building approximately.

Le palais de Cipanas, en indonésien "Istana Cipanas", est un palais à Cipanas, dans la province de Java occidental en Indonésie. C'est l'un des six palais présidentiels indonésiens.


Antebellum Kentucky.

Kentucky's citizens were split regarding the issues central to the Civil War. In 1860, slaves composed 19.5% of the Commonwealth's population, and many Unionist Kentuckians saw nothing wrong with the "peculiar institution". The Commonwealth was further bound to the South by the Mississippi River and its tributaries, which were the main commercial outlet for her surplus produce, although railroad connections to the North were beginning to diminish the importance of this tie. The ancestors of many Kentuckians hailed from Southern states like Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, but many Kentucky children were beginning to migrate toward the North.  Kentucky, along with North Carolina, also boasted the best educational systems in the South. Transylvania University had long been one of the most respected institutions of higher learning in the nation, and while its reputation had begun to fade by 1860, other Kentucky schools like Centre College and Georgetown College were gaining prominence.  Politically, the Commonwealth had produced some of the country's best known leaders. Former Vice-Presidents John C. Breckinridge and Richard M. Johnson both hailed from the state, as did Henry Clay, John J. Crittenden, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, and Confederate President Jefferson Davis. However, by the time of the Civil War, Kentucky was in a politically confused state. The decline of the Whig Party, which Clay had founded, had left many politicians looking for an identity. Many joined the Democratic Party, a few joined the newly formed Republican Party, while still others associated with one of numerous minor parties such as the Know Nothing Party. In the 1860 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party, with Tennessee-native John Bell as its presidential candidate and Massachusetts-native Edward Everett as its

War breaks out.

On April 15, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln sent a telegram to Kentucky governor Beriah Magoffin requesting that the Commonwealth supply part of the initial 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion. Magoffin, a Southern sympathizer, replied "President Lincoln, Washington, D.C. I will send not a man nor a dollar for the wicked purpose of subduing my sister Southern states. B. Magoffin" Instead, most Kentuckians favored John J. Crittenden's position that the Commonwealth should act as a mediator between the two sides. To that end, both houses of the General Assembly passed declarations of neutrality, a position officially declared by Governor Magoffin on May 20, 1861.  Both sides respected the Commonwealth's neutrality, but positioned themselves strategically to take advantage of any change in the situation. Union forces established Camp Clay in Ohio just north of the city of Newport, Kentucky and Camp Joe Holt in Indiana opposite Louisville, Kentucky. Meanwhile, Confederate troops constructed Forts Donelson and Henry just across Kentucky's southern border in Tennessee, and stationed troops fewer than 50 yards from Cumberland Gap. Volunteers from the Commonwealth left the state to join up with whichever side they favored. Some covert recruiting also took place. Nearly 60 infantry regiments served in the Union armies versus just 9 in the Confederate. However, a rather large number of cavalry outfits joined the latter. John Breckenridge originally commanded the "Orphan Brigade" of the Army of Tennessee, consisting of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 9th Kentucky Infantry. The brigade's nickname came about allegedly because the soldiers' home counties were occupied by Union troops for most of the war and they couldn't go home to them.  Realizing that neutrality was becoming less and less feasible, six prominent Kentuckians met to find some solution for a state caught in the middle of a conflict. Governor Magoffin, John C. Breckinridge, and Richard Hawes represented the secessionists' position, while Crittenden, Archibald Dixon, and S. S. Nicholas advocated the Northern cause. The sextet agreed only to continue the doctrine of neutrality, however, and called for the formation of a five-member board to coordinate the Commonwealth's defense. The General Assembly created the board on May 24 and vested in it supervision of the state's military, a power reserved in the Kentucky Constitution for the governor.  The Commonwealth's military forces, however, proved to be just as divided as the general populace. The State Guard, under the command of Simon B. Buckner, largely favored the Confederate cause, while the newly formed Home Guard were mostly Unionists. Several close calls almost started a conflict within the state, but Buckner successfully negotiated with Union general George B. McClellan and Tennessee governor Isham Harris to maintain the Commonwealth's neutrality through the summer.

Neutrality violated.

On September 4, 1861, Confederate Major General Leonidas Polk violated the Commonwealth's neutrality by ordering Brigadier General Gideon Johnson Pillow to occupy Columbus. Columbus was of strategic importance both because it was the terminus of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and because of its position along the Mississippi River. Polk constructed Fort DuRussey in the high bluffs of Columbus, and equipped it with 143 cannons. Polk called the fort "The Gibraltar of the West." To control traffic along the river, Polk stretched an anchor chain across the river from the bank in Columbus to the opposite bank in Belmont, Missouri. Each link of the chain measured eleven inches long by eight inches wide and weighed twenty pounds. The chain soon broke under its own weight, but Union forces did not learn of this fact until early 1862.  In response to the Confederate invasion, Union Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant left Cairo, Illinois and

Confederate state government.

The elected government of Kentucky being decidedly Union, a group of Southern sympathizers began formulating a plan to create a Confederate shadow government for the Commonwealth. Following a preliminary meeting on October 29, 1861, delegates from 68 of Kentucky's 110 counties met at the Clark House in Russellville on November 18. The convention passed an ordinance of secession, adopted a new state seal, and elected Scott County native George W. Johnson as governor. Bowling Green, now occupied by General Johnston himself, was designated as the state capital, though the delegates provided that the government could meet anywhere deemed appropriate by the provisional legislative council and governor. Being unable to flesh out a complete constitution and system of laws, the delegates

Confederate line broken.

Many small skirmishes occurred in Kentucky in 1861, including "Forrest's First Fight" at Sacramento, but battles of great military significance did not begin in earnest until 1862.

Battle of Mill Springs.

In January 1862, Union General George H. Thomas began to advance on George B. Crittenden's position at Mill Springs. In rainy conditions, Thomas' army moved slowly, and Crittenden advanced to meet them before they could be reinforced by forces from nearby Somerset. The battle commenced on January 19, 1862, and favored Crittenden's forces early on. However, in the

Forts Henry and Donelson.

General Johnston learned of Crittenden's defeat at Mill Springs through an account of the battle printed in a Louisville newspaper. However, he had larger concerns, as Ulysses S. Grant was advancing down the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers toward Forts Henry and Donelson. Union ironclads routed the Confederate river gunboats on the Mississippi River during the Battle of Lucas Bend on January 11, forcing them back to Columbus. Following Grant's victory at the Battle of Belmont, General Polk had anticipated that Union forces would target the Mississippi River and attack Columbus, and had withdrawn most of his forces to that location. Lloyd Tilghman was left to defend Fort Henry with fewer

Confederate withdrawal.

The collapse of Forts Henry and Donelson made Polk's position at Columbus untenable; the Confederates were forced to abandon "The Gibraltar of the West." His line shattered, Johnston

Morgan's first raids.

Almost immediately following the Confederate withdrawal from Kentucky, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan began the first of his raids into the state. In May 1862, Morgan's riders captured two Union trains at Cave City, but his apparent goal was to agitate Union forces; he paroled everyone aboard, returned one of the trains, and sent the occupants back to Louisville. This move accomplished little except to embolden Morgan for a more extensive raid in July.  On July 4, 1862, Morgan and his men left Knoxville, Tennessee and captured Tompkinsville five days later. After a brief stop in Glasgow, where many

Smith and Bragg advance.

Morgan's exploits encouraged Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith to move on Kentucky. After conferring with General Braxton Bragg at Chattanooga, Smith moved to drive George W. Morgan from Cumberland Gap in August 1862. Both generals understood that Smith would capture Cumberland Gap, then join Bragg in Middle Tennessee. When the two armies met, Bragg would command the combined force against Don Carlos Buell in Nashville. Once Nashville was captured, Bragg and Smith would commence an invasion of Kentucky.  As the battle at Cumberland Gap wore on, Morgan refused to retreat or surrender his position. Thinking an invasion of Kentucky was preferable to a long siege on the Gap, Smith left a detachment to handle Morgan and proceeded toward Lexington, abandoning the plan to join Bragg and capture Nashville. The move forced Bragg's hand, and he too entered Kentucky on August 28. As Smith progressed toward Lexington, Indiana governor Oliver P. Morton decided that Governor Robinson was doing too little to support the Union cause. He dispatched regiments across the Ohio into Louisville, and considered himself governor of both Indiana and Kentucky.

Battle of Richmond.

Upon learning of Smith's advance into Kentucky, General "Bull" Nelson prepared to engage the invading army at the Kentucky River to take advantage of the better terrain, but delayed the engagement so that more reinforcements could arrive. He ordered the brigades under Mahlon Manson and Charles Cruft not to attack Smith, but to withdraw to Lexington, but the orders either were not delivered in time, or they were ignored.  After some preliminary skirmishes, Smith's army met Mahlon's brigade at Richmond,

Battle of Munfordville.

While Smith was continuing on to Lexington, Bragg was just entering Kentucky, having delayed at Chattanooga until August 28. Bragg was told that there were ample supplies in the Glasgow area, but upon learning that Bragg had entered Kentucky, Buell left George Thomas to guard Nashville and moved the rest of his army to heavily fortified Bowling Green.  Meanwhile, Smith had dispatched Colonel John Scott to look for Bragg. On the night of September 13, Scott encountered John T. Wilder at Munfordville, and demanded his surrender. Scott requested the aid of James Chalmers' Mississippi brigade, which moved to support Scott throughout the night. The assault commenced the next morning, and though outnumbered, Scott's forces inflicted more than 200 casualties in the early fighting. At 9:30 AM, Chalmers tried to intimidate Wilder into surrender, sending a flag of truce with the message, "You have made a gallant defense of your position, and to avoid

Inauguration of Governor Hawes.

While Bragg rested his troops and planned his next move, Buell marched north from Bowling Green and arrived in Louisville on September 25. Seeing his primary objective fallen into Union hands, Bragg turned to Bardstown, where he had expected to meet Smith. Smith was actually operating independently near Frankfort, and Bragg, now painfully aware that the lack of cooperation with Smith might prove the Confederates' undoing in Kentucky, began to disperse his troops into defensive postures at Bardstown, Shelbyville, and Danville.  Both Bragg and Smith had been disappointed with the number of volunteers from Kentucky. Wagonloads of rifles had been sent to the Commonwealth to equip the anticipated recruits, but although Confederate sympathies were high, willing volunteers were not, and many of the rifles remained on the wagons. Bragg hoped to rally potential recruits by installing Richard Hawes, governor of Kentucky's Confederate shadow government, in an inauguration

Battle of Perryville.

By October 7, Polk's forces had fallen back to the town of Perryville. The dry summer of 1862 had left water in short supply, and when the Union troops learned of water in Perryville's Doctor's Creek, they began to move on the Confederate position. Bragg shared Smith's assumption that the bulk of the Union attack would be directed at Lexington and Frankfort, and ordered Polk's forces to attack and destroy the approaching Union force before proceeding to Versailles to meet Smith. The Confederate soldiers in Perryville, however, realized that a much larger force was approaching, and assumed a defensive posture. In fact, Buell, Charles Champion Gilbert, Alexander McCook, and Thomas Crittenden were all approaching Perryville.  The Confederates were not the only ones to misjudge the situation, however. When Bragg learned that his men had not attacked as ordered, he came to Perryville himself to lead the attack. In realigning to an attack posture,

Morgan strikes again.

His inability to engage Bragg and Smith on their retreat from Kentucky led to Buell being replaced by General William Rosecrans. Rosecrans encamped at Nashville during the fall and early winter of 1862. Believing that Rosecrans would begin a campaign as soon as sufficient supplies were accumulated, Bragg dispatched John Hunt Morgan back into Kentucky in December 1862 to cut the supply line afforded Rosecrans by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Morgan's raid was part of a plan to disrupt Union supply lines. While Morgan was moving into Kentucky, Nathan Bedford Forrest was mounting a raid through West Tennessee into the Kentucky Purchase while Earl Van Dorn raided into southern West Tennessee.

The Christmas Raid.

Morgan's men crossed into Kentucky on December 22 and captured a Union supply wagon bound for Glasgow. On Christmas Day, Morgan's men rode through Glasgow, bound for Bacon Creek Station and the L&N bridge span. After quelling the stiff Union resistance, Morgan's men destroyed the bridge and several miles of railroad track. Whatever else might happen, they had succeeded in disrupting Rosecrans' supply line.  From Bacon Creek, Morgan rode to Elizabethtown, arriving on December 27. The Union commander, Colonel H. S. Smith, demanded Morgan's surrender, but Morgan turned the tables, surrounded Smith, and, after a short skirmish, accepted his surrender. Again, Morgan destroyed the L&N infrastructure in the area, then began planning an escape back to Tennessee.  Colonel

Morgan crosses the Ohio.

Following the Christmas Raid, there were only minor incursions into Kentucky by various units under Roy Cluke, John Pegram, Humphrey Marshall, among others. Frustrated Union commanders could only react to these unpredictable raids. Morgan would soon do them a favor, however, by raising the visibility of his next raid.  It was widely reported that since his December 1862 marriage, Morgan had lost some of his bravado. Morgan, eager to dispel such rumors and weary of guarding Bragg's left flank, proposed a raid through Kentucky and across the Ohio River. Bragg, fearing an attack from Rosecrans, welcomed the idea of a distraction that would take the pressure off his Army of Tennessee. Morgan gathered his men to an area between Liberty and Alexandria, Tennessee. On June 10, he addressed his unit, telling them that Bragg had sanctioned a raid to Louisville, and if conditions permitted, across the Ohio River into Indiana and possibly Ohio. He confided Bragg's true orders– to halt at the Ohio River– only to trusted confidant Basil Duke.  The raid was delayed by orders to intercept a Union raiding party moving on Knoxville, Tennessee, but after three miserable weeks of floundering through

Forrest raids Paducah.

Following Morgan's capture in the summer of 1863, there were no major engagements fought in Kentucky until spring of 1864. Portions of three infantry regiments from Bragg's army had requested to reorganize as a mounted infantry under Abraham Buford, but the Confederacy had no horses to supply them. In response, Nathan Bedford Forrest, who had been operating in Mississippi, began to organize a raid on western Tennessee and Kentucky. Besides obtaining mounts for the mounted-infantry-to-be, Forrest intended to disrupt Union supply lines, obtain general provisions for Confederate forces, and discourage enlistment of blacks in Kentucky into the Union army.  On March 25, 1864, Forrest commenced his attack. He met Colonel Stephen G. Hicks at Fort Anderson and demanded an unconditional surrender. Knowing that Forrest's main objectives were to obtain supplies and horses, Hicks declined. For

1864–1865: Military rule.

In response to the growing problem of guerrilla campaigns throughout 1863 and 1864, in June 1864, Maj. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge was given command over the commonwealth of Kentucky. This began an extended period of military control that would last through early 1865, beginning with martial law authorized by President Abraham Lincoln. To pacify Kentucky, Burbridge rigorously suppressed disloyalty and used economic pressure as coercion. His guerrilla policy, which included public execution of four guerrillas for the death of each unarmed Union citizen, caused the most controversy. After a falling out with Governor Thomas E. Bramlette, Burbridge was dismissed in February 1865. Confederates remembered him as the "Butcher of Kentucky".

Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War. It officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war, but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy, the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance. After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control.

Le Kentucky est un État-frontière d'une importance clé dans la guerre de Sécession. Le président Abraham Lincoln reconnaît l'importance du commonwealth quand, dans une lettre de à Orville Browning,, il écrit : Kentucky, étant un État-frontière, est l'un des principaux lieux où le scénario du est répandu. Le Kentucky déclare officiellement sa neutralité au début de la guerre, mais après l'échec d'une tentative du général confédéré Leonidas Polk de prendre l'État du Kentucky pour la Confédération, la législature demande l'aide de l'armée de l'Union. Après le début de 1862, le Kentucky est en grande partie sous le contrôle de l'Union.