History.

Early years.

In 2003, three Waikato businessmen, Michael Redman, Dallas Fisher and Keith Ward, were persuaded to start the Breakers franchise.  After a 111–110 victory over the Adelaide 36ers in the first ever regular season match, the Breakers went on to lose ten of their next eleven games to languish near the bottom of the NBL ladder. The inaugural coach, Jeff Green, was subsequently fired and succeeded by Frank Arsego, who was initially an assistant coach. The addition of Mike Chappell breathed new life into the Breakers season. After languishing with a 2–10 record, the Breakers experienced a mid-season resurgence, capped off by a five-match winning streak towards the end of the season which gave them a realistic shot of qualifying for the playoffs. Needing to win both of their final games in the final week of the regular season to claim a playoff berth, the Breakers lost both to finished 10th with a 12–21 record.  In 2004–05, the Breakers finished in last place in the eleven-team league with a 9–23 record. In the 2005 off-season, the Breakers appointed Andrej Lemanis as coach and signed import Rich Melzer. Lemanis' first season in charge was not particularly memorable, with the Breakers finishing the regular season in tenth place out of 11 teams, once again with a 9–23 record. During the season, the Breakers endured a team-worst eleven straight losses. However, Melzer and centre Ben Pepper turned the season around as steady contributions from import Brian Green and Kiwi Aaron Olson helped the Breakers split their final twelve games of the season.  The Breakers struggled in the 2006–07 season, finishing with an 11–22 record after a ten-game losing streak halted the Breakers chances of qualifying for the playoffs. American import Carlos Powell was a bright spot on the season, averaging a league-high 28.2 points per game. His 50-point haul against the Melbourne Tigers was the best individual points haul of the season and he also claimed the Slam Dunk crown at the NBL All-Star weekend. He also snared two NBL Player of the Month Awards and was in the running for league MVP honors with Sam Mackinnon (winner) and Martin Cattalini.  With Kirk Penney on board for the 2007–08 season, the Breakers looked to make the playoffs for the first time. Despite season-ending injuries to imports Rick Rickert and Wayne Turner, their replacements Derrick Alston and Orien Greene helped the Breakers seal their maiden NBL playoff berth with a 16–14 record. In their first playoff match, they defeated the Cairns Taipans in Cairns 100–78 to set up another elimination final against the defending champion Brisbane Bullets. However, this proved a bridge too far for the Breakers, defeated in Brisbane to bring the curtain down on their season.  Prior to the 2008–09 season, the collapse of the Brisbane Bullets saw the Breakers nab C. J. Bruton and Dillon Boucher. The Breakers started the 2008–09 season with a roar, sitting atop the NBL ladder with a 15–4 record heading into 2009. Bruton and Penney were a dominant backcourt duo, however, after Bruton suffered a high ankle sprain in late December, the Breakers stumbled through January to lose eight of their next nine games. After a successful last week of the regular season, the Breakers finished with an 18–12 record, setting the team up with their first ever home playoff game. The Breakers went on to win their elimination playoff, routing the Adelaide 36ers 131–101 to set up a best-of-three semi-final series with the defending champion Melbourne Tigers. In their first ever semi-finals appearance, the Breakers were beaten 2–0.  The Breakers were dealt a blow early on in the 2009–10 season with Penney suffering a back injury that sidelined him for nine games. The mid-season addition of import Kevin Braswell sparked a late-season flurry, with the Breakers winning their last six matches to finish with a 15–13 record. But the late-season winning run proved to be in vain, as the Breakers missed the playoffs despite finishing just two wins off minor premiers and eventual champions, the Perth Wildcats.

Championship dynasty.

Three-peat (2010–2013).

In 2010, the Breakers re-added Mika Vukona to their ranks, whilst adding former Utah State standout Gary Wilkinson to the mix alongside the returning Kevin Braswell. However, Penney was missing during pre-season and early on the regular season as he attempted to re-enter the NBA. The Breakers won their first five games of the season before losing 114–74 to the Wildcats in Perth. The Breakers finished the regular season with a 22–6 record, qualifying for the playoffs as the first seed. In the semi-finals, the Breakers lost Game 1 to the Perth Wildcats at home, before recovering to win the series 2–1, qualifying for their first ever NBL Grand Final. The Breakers met the Cairns Taipans in the championship round and coasted to an 85–67 win in Game 1 after leading by as much as 31 in the third-quarter. The teams then fought out a gripping Game 2 in Cairns. Tied 60–60 at the end of regulation and 73–73 at the end of the first overtime, it was Cairns who prevailed 85–81 to send the series to a third and deciding game. Back at home for Game 3 on 29 April 2011, the Breakers recorded a comfortable 71–53 win to claim their maiden NBL Championship, becoming the first New Zealand side to win a major Australian championship.  With Penney departing in 2011, the Breakers signed former NBA player Cedric Jackson and picked up Daryl Corletto for the 2011–12 season. Behind the likes of Jackson, Wilkinson, Abercrombie, Vukona, Bruton and Corletto, the Breakers clinched the minor premiership for the second year in a row with a 21–7 record and reached their second consecutive NBL Grand Final, where they faced the Perth Wildcats. They went on to clinch back-to-back titles with a 79–73 win in Game 3 of the championship round.  The 2012 off-season saw the departure of Gary Wilkinson and the elevation of promising New Zealand centre Alex Pledger to the starting line-up, while guard Corey Webster returned to the squad after a 12-month ban for the use of banned substances. In February 2013, the Breakers extend their club-best winning streak to 11, a record that by mid-March had been extended to fifteen straight games and coincided with the Breakers winning their third straight minor premiership. The Breakers completed an historic title three-peat in the NBL in April, making a clean sweep of the post-season with a dramatic 70–66 victory over the Wildcats in Game 2 of the 2013 NBL Grand Final series.

Fall from grace (2013–14).

With Lemanis' departure following the 2012–13 season, Dean Vickerman was appointed coach of the Breakers for the 2013–14 season. Further losses in 2013 included Cedric Jackson's departure and Dillon Boucher's retirement. The Breakers moved quickly to make changes to their roster after a start to the season that saw them win one and lose three games, announcing the return of club favourite and two-time championship winner Gary Wilkinson in late October. By January, the Breakers brought in Casey Frank to replace the injured Alex Pledger, who had multiple stints on the sidelines in 2013–14.  American guard Kerron Johnson struggled to fill the large gap left by Jackson, and Thomas Abercrombie had to shoulder the load for much of the season, finding himself with a lack of space due to Johnson's lack-luster range. After not being able to put more than two consecutive wins together all year, they ended their season in seventh place with an 11–17 record.

Fourth championship (2014–15).

With the return of Cedric Jackson and the signing of Ekene Ibekwe came the turn around the Breakers needed following the 2013–14 season. Following an impressive showing at the NBL Pre-season Blitz, the Breakers went on to fight for top spot all season alongside Perth and Cairns as they eventually finished second with a record of 19–9. With third place falling to the Adelaide 36ers (who won the final 10 regular season games and came into the playoffs as the hottest team), the Breakers faced off against them in a best-of-three semi-final series. Despite the 36ers' form, the Breakers easily handled them in Game 1 as they won 111–82 in convincing fashion at Vector Arena. Game 2 then moved to Adelaide where they again had the upper hand the entire game, defeating the 36ers 94–83 to book themselves a place in the 2015 NBL Grand Final. Despite their opponent, the Cairns Taipans, holding home court advantage, the Breakers easily took Game 1 in Cairns with an 86–71 win led by Jackson's 22 points. Game 2 then shifted to Auckland, where after a tight contest the entire game, Taipans guard Scottie Wilbekin tied the game with two free throws with 1.2 seconds left in regulation. Coming out of a timeout, Ibekwe caught an inbounds pass, turned and hit a game-winning fade-away shot to lift the Breakers over the Taipans 83–81 to clinch the team's fourth title in five seasons. Jackson was subsequently named Grand Final MVP for the second time in his career after adding to his 22 points in Game 1 with 15 points in Game 2.

Fifth grand final in six years (2015–16).

The Breakers retained every player from their 2014–15 championship-winning roster minus Ekene Ibekwe and Rhys Carter. To replace the pair, the club picked up Australian point guard Shane McDonald and rookie American big man Charles Jackson. The Breakers' pre-season preparation was rocked in September with the departure of Webster and an injury to Abercrombie. Webster left the team to chase his NBA dream with the New Orleans Pelicans, while Abercrombie was forced to the sidelines to nurse a nagging hamstring strain. Big man Alex Pledger was also another notable absentee from pre-season training as he recovered from off-season foot surgery. To counter their losses, the team signed Everard Bartlett and elevated development players Shea Ili and Tai Wynyard, as the Breakers brought an undermanned side to the 2015 NBL Pre-season Blitz.  The Breakers were handed a shock loss in their season opener, going down 90–71 to the Adelaide 36ers in Adelaide. At half-time, the score was 51–26 in the 36ers favour. 26 points marked the second lowest first-half score in the team's history, and the second biggest half-time deficit. Still without Webster, Abercrombie and Pledger, the Breakers had limited scoring options, with the highest scorer being Cedric Jackson with 14 points. After winning their second game of the season against the Townsville Crocodiles 89–81 at home, their following game should have been a celebration of Cedric Jackson's fantastic career with his 100th NBL game being played at the WIN Entertainment Centre against the Illawarra Hawks. However, the Breakers were blown out 96–75 thanks to former club champion Kirk Penney scoring 36 points for the Hawks. Jackson's performance in his 100th game was indicative to the score, as he went 0-of-7 from the field, 0-of-3 from three-point range, and 1-of-5 from the free throw line. The Breakers also committed 25 turnovers, a club record in a 40-minute game. Their following game against the Perth Wildcats also turned in another loss, dropping them to a record of 1–3 over the first two rounds, having lost all three road games. With a dwindling record, the Breakers were happy to welcome back NBA prospect Corey Webster. The high scoring guard returned to Auckland on 17 October after failing to secure a roster spot with the Pelicans. As a result of Webster returning, forward Duane Bailey was released by the club, while guard replacement Everard Bartlett was retained for the rest of the season. With Webster back in the line-up, the Breakers went on a three-game winning streak to head into Round 5 with a 4–3 record. On 8 November, the Breakers were defeated by Melbourne United in a controversial final quarter which saw an unsportsmanlike foul call on Webster in the closing seconds, denying the Breakers a chance at stopping United's unbeaten record.  After starting the season 1–3, the Breakers won nine of their next 11 games to breeze back into the championship mix with a 10–5 record after Round 10. However, the Breakers went on to lose five of their next six games to slip behind the fourth-placed Adelaide 36ers (11–9) at the conclusion of Round 15 with an 11–10 record. On 21 January, the Breakers lost their fifth straight game, the team's worst losing streak since the 2008–09 season. Despite the mid-season turmoil, the Breakers managed to fight back and win five straight to edge out the 36ers for the No. 4 seed in the playoffs. In the playoffs, the Breakers defeated first-placed Melbourne United in the semi-finals with a 2–0 sweep, moving on to their fifth NBL Grand Final appearance in six years. There they faced their archrivals the Perth Wildcats, but after losing Game 1, the Breakers fought out a Game 2 win in Auckland to level the series. They went on to lose Game 3 in Perth, earning their first grand final series loss and losing a series to the Wildcats for the first time in their playoff history.  Following the 2015–16 season, chief executive Richard Clarke and coach Dean Vickerman parted ways with the organisation, with Paul Henare stepping up from assistant to take the reins as head coach, while Dillon Boucher took control of the front office as general manager.

End of an era.

2016–17 season.

The Breakers went through many off-season changes in 2016. Joining Dean Vickerman in departure was Cedric Jackson and Tai Wesley, both of whom moved across the Tasman and joined Melbourne United. While retaining Abercrombie, Webster, Pledger and Vukona, the Breakers acquired the services of club legend Kirk Penney. With two vacant import spots, the Breakers signed Ben Woodside and Akil Mitchell. A strong New Zealand NBL contingent also stepped up from development player roles for the 2016–17 season, with Finn Delany, Shea Ili and Jordan Ngatai joining the club on full-time contracts.  Pre-season was anything but a breeze for the Breakers, as they lost Ili to a stress fracture in his back and had multiple players sit out games due to injury, including Penney (calf) and Webster (hip and back). As a result, the Breakers went 0–6 in the pre-season.  Over the first 20 games of the season, the Breakers went 8–12 while dealing with numerous injuries to Abercrombie, Webster and Woodside. As a result, Webster was placed on the long-term injury list and replaced in the line-up by import forward Paul Carter, while Woodside was replaced by David Stockton before he too succumbed to injury and was replaced by Kevin Dillard. Dillard helped salvage the Breakers' season by guiding them to four-straight wins, but after two Round 17 losses dropped them to 12–14, the Breakers' playoff hopes were shattered. Despite winning their last two games of the regular season, they fell short of a playoff spot, with their 14–14 record earning them fifth place.

2017–18 season.

In March 2017, the Breakers severed ties with long-time guard Corey Webster. They subsequently signed import guard combo D. J. Newbill and Édgar Sosa for the 2017–18 season. The Breakers started the season in hot form, going 6–1 after five rounds thanks to the selflessness of Newbill and Sosa. Back-up guard Shea Ili also impressed early, as he cemented his place as a contender for most improved honours. With a win over the Perth Wildcats on 9 November, the Breakers moved to a 7–1 record, tying their best start in franchise history. They went on to defeat Perth again three days later, moving them to an 8–1 record. They moved to 9–1 with a win over the Brisbane Bullets on 19 November, as they headed into the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification league-wide break atop the NBL ladder behind a nine-game win streak. However, the Breakers lost four out of their first five games following the break to drop to 10–5 following Round 10. After dropping to 11–6 heading into the new year, the Breakers signed former NBA player Rakeem Christmas in early January to bolster their squad. Despite this, they rounded out the month with a 13–9 record to sit in fourth place on the standings. They went on to finish the regular season with two defeats in the final round, earning them fourth place with a 15–13 record. They faced Melbourne United in the semi-finals, where they were defeated 2–0 following an 88–86 overtime loss in Game 2. Club legend Kirk Penney played his final NBL game in the Game 2 loss, finishing with a 17-point effort.

New era.

2018–19 season.

In 2018, a new regime was brought about at the Breakers organisation. In February, a consortium headed by former NBA player Matt Walsh became the majority shareholders via a newly-formed company called Breakers Basketball Ltd, thus ending the 13-year Liz and Paul Blackwell ownership team. Next came the exodus of four of the franchise's most long-serving figures during the off-season: Alex Pledger and Mika Vukona departed for Melbourne and Brisbane respectively, Kirk Penney retired, and Paul Henare's 15 years as player and coach came to an end. In a total remake of their big man contingent, the Breakers also parted ways with Robert Loe. To coincide with the appointment of new head coach Kevin Braswell, the Breakers reacquired the services of Tai Wesley, a Guam-qualified American on the final year of his status as an unrestricted player. Braswell also lured back Tall Blacks star Corey Webster, and signed Jarrad Weeks and Majok Majok. The Breakers started the season with a 4–8 record following a five-game losing streak in late November and early December. As the season continued, Webster presented as a shadow of the figure who was once a premier scorer in the league, Abercrombie and Ili struggled with scoring, and Patrick Richard failed to live up to expectations. By mid-January, the Breakers had an 8–12 record following three consecutive losses, including losing to the last-placed Cairns Taipans. They went on to miss the finals with a sixth-place finish and a 12–16 record.

2019–20 season.

For the 2019–20 season, the Breakers acquired the services of coach Dan Shamir, who in-turn recruited seven new players, including US teen sensation R. J. Hampton as part of the NBL Next Stars program. As a result, long-time guard Shea Ili parted ways with the club. Along with the departure of Braswell as coach, general manager and long-time Breaker Dillon Boucher left the club, as did assistant coach Michael Fitchett.  The regular season began with just two wins from their first nine games. The club endured a number of injuries with four starting players (Finn Delany, Rob Loe, Scotty Hopson and Corey Webster) all having extended time on the sidelines during the first half of the season. The club's attempt to cover for the injuries saw the signing of former NBA player Glen Rice Jr.. However, Rice was suspended indefinitely by the club after just three games for off-court misdemeanors. Despite the controversy surrounding the club, the Breakers were playing to record home crowds and the 24 October encounter against the Illawarra Hawks—which saw Hampton matched-up with LaMelo Ball—was the most-watched game in NBL history with nearly two million views globally on Facebook. There were an estimated five million views on highlights from the game shared on social media platforms including Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. The club's playoff hopes looked dashed after first dropping to a 2–8 record and later a 4–10 record at the end of round 12. A remarkable turn around occurred from round 13 onwards with the Breakers reaching 8–10 by the end of December following a four-game winning streak, and then winning 11 of their last 14 games to finish the season 15–13, only missing the playoffs on points differential. The late-season push saw the Breakers being dubbed "the team no one wants to play in the playoffs".

Players.

Current roster.

<section end=roster /

The New Zealand Breakers are a New Zealand professional basketball team based in Auckland. The Breakers compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at Spark Arena. The team was founded in 2003 by three Waikato businessmen, Dallas Fisher, Michael Redman and Keith Ward, and remains the only team in the league to compete from New Zealand. The team was bought by Liz and Paul Blackwell in 2005. The couple owned the team until February 2018, when a consortium headed by former NBA player Matt Walsh became the majority shareholders via a newly-formed company called Breakers Basketball Ltd.

Les New Zealand Breakers sont un club néo-zélandais de basket-ball basé à Auckland. C'est le premier club non australien à avoir été convié a disputer la National Basketball League, le plus haut niveau en Australie. Ils sont, avec les Hunter Pirates, l'un des deux clubs à avoir profité de l'extension de la ligue en 2003.


Origins and history.

Early mentions of pig Latin or hog Latin describe what we would today call dog Latin, a type of parody Latin. Examples of this predate even Shakespeare, whose 1598 play, "Love's Labour's Lost", includes a reference to dog Latin:  An 1866 article describes a "hog latin" that has some similarities to current Pig Latin. The article says, "He adds as many new letters as the boys in their 'hog latin,' which is made use of to mystify eavesdroppers. A boy asking a friend to go with him says, 'Wig-ge you-ge go-ge wig-ge me-ge?' The other, replying in the negative, says, 'No-ge, I-ge wo-ge.' ". This is similar to Língua do Pê.  Another early mention of the name was in "Putnam's Magazine" in May 1869 "I had plenty of ammunition in reserve, to say nothing, Tom, of our pig Latin. 'Hoggibus, Piggibus et shotam damnabile grunto,' and all that sort of thing," although the jargon is dog Latin.  "The Atlantic" January 1895 also included a mention of the subject: "They all spoke a queer jargon which they themselves had invented. It was something like the well-known 'pig Latin' that all sorts of children like to play with."  The modern version of Pig Latin appears in a 1919 Columbia Records album containing what sounds like the modern variation, by a singer named Arthur Fields. The song, called Pig Latin Love, is followed by the subtitle "I-Yay Ove-Lay oo-yay earie-day". The Three Stooges used it on multiple occasions, most notably "Tassels in the Air", a 1938 short where Moe Howard attempts to teach Curley Howard how to use it, thereby conveying the rules to the audience. In an earlier (1934) episode, "Three Little Pigskins", Larry Fine attempts to impress a woman with his skill in Pig Latin, but it turns out that she knows it, too. No explanation of the rules is given. A few months prior in 1934, in the "Our Gang" short film "Washee Ironee", Spanky tries to speak to an Asian boy by using Pig Latin. Ginger Rogers sang a verse of We're in the Money in pig Latin in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number in the film Gold Diggers of 1933, (). The film, the third highest grossing of that year, was inducted into the National Film Registry and that song included in the all-time top 100 movie songs by the American Film Institute. Merle Travis ends his song "When My Baby Double Talks To Me" with the phrase, "What a aybybay", where the last word is Pig Latin for "baby".  A 1947 newspaper question and answer column describes the pig Latin as we understand it today. It describes moving the first letter to the end of a word and then adding "ay".  Two Pig Latin words that have entered into mainstream American English are "" or "icksnay", the Pig Latin version of "" (itself a borrowing of German "nichts"), which is used as a general negative; and "", Pig Latin for "", meaning "go away" or "get out of here".

Rules.

For words that begin with consonant sounds, all letters before the initial vowel are placed at the end of the word sequence. Then, "ay" is added, as in the following examples:  When words begin with consonant clusters (multiple consonants that form one sound), the whole sound is added to the end when speaking or writing.  For words that begin with vowel sounds, the vowel is left alone, and most commonly 'yay' is added to the end. But in different parts of the world, there are different 'dialects' of sorts. Some people may add 'way' or just 'ay' or other endings. Examples are:  An alternative convention for words beginning with vowel sounds, one removes the initial vowel(s) along with the first consonant or consonant cluster. This usually only works for words with more than one syllable and offers a variant of the words in keeping with the mysterious, unrecognizable sounds of the converted words. Examples are:  Sentence structure remains the same as it would in English. Pronunciation of some words may be a little difficult for beginners, but people can easily understand Pig Latin with practice.

In other languages.

In the German-speaking area, varieties of Pig Latin include Kedelkloppersprook, which originated around Hamburg harbour, and Mattenenglisch that was used in the "Matte", the traditional working-class neighborhood of Bern. Though Mattenenglisch has fallen out of use since the mid-20th century, it is still cultivated by voluntary associations. A characteristic of the Mattenenglisch Pig Latin is the complete substitution of the first vowel by "i", in addition to the usual moving of the initial consonant cluster and the adding of "ee".  The Greek equivalent of Pig Latin is Korakistika (which can be translated as the ‘Language of Blackbirds.’) and involves the insertion of the syllable /ka/ and less frequently of other syllables between word syllables. In Cyprus, there was a similar language game that involved the pattern verevereve, varavarava vuruvuruvu, etc; the vowel depends on the vowel that precedes the pattern.  The Swedish equivalent of Pig Latin is Fikonspråket ("Fig language" – see Language game § List of common language games).  The Finnish Pig Latin is called Kontinkieli ("container language"). After each word you add the word kontti "container", then switch the first syllables, So every sentence is converted to twice as many pseudo-words. For example,"wikipedia" --> "wikipedia kontti" --> "kokipedia wintti". So converting the sentence "I love you" ("Minä rakastan sinua") would result in "konä mintti kokastan rantti konua sintti".  Another equivalent of Pig Latin is used throughout the Serbo-Croatian-speaking parts of the Balkans. It is called "Šatra" () or "Šatrovački" () and was used in crime-related and street language. For instance, the slang name for marijuana ("trava", meaning "grass" — accusative case "travu") becomes "vutra"; the slang name for cocaine ("belo" — meaning "white") turns to "lobe", a pistol ("pištolj") turns to "štoljpi", bro (vocative case "brate") becomes "tebra". In the past few years it has become widely used among teenage immigrants in former Yugoslavian countries.  In Italian, the "alfabeto farfallino" uses a similar encoding.  In Spanish language, Jeringonza (or Jeringoso) is a language game used in Spain and all over Hispanic America. It consists of adding the letter "p" after each vowel of a word, and repeating the vowel. For example, "Carlos" turns into "Cápar-lopos". Variants of this language game add other syllables instead of p+vowel, such as adding "ti", "cuti" or "chi" before each syllable (thus giving "ticar-tilos" for the previous example).  French has the "loucherbem" (or "louchébem", or "largonji") coded language, which supposedly was originally used by butchers ("boucher" in French). In "loucherbem", the leading consonant cluster is moved to the end of the word (as in Pig Latin) and replaced by an "L", and then a suffix is added at the end of the word (-"oche", -"em", -"oque", etc., depending on the word). Example: "combien" (how much) = "lombienquès". Similar coded languages are "verlan" and "langue de feu" (see. A few louchébem words have become usual French words: "fou" (crazy) = "loufoque", "portefeuille" (wallet) = "larfeuille", "en douce" (on the quiet) = "en loucedé". Also similar is the widely used French argot "verlan", in which the syllables of words are transposed. Verlan is a French slang that is quite similar to English pig Latin. It is spoken by separating a word into syllables and reversing the syllables.  Verlan was first documented as being used as far back as the 19th century. Back in the 19th century it was spoken as code by criminals in effort to conceal illicit activities within conversations around other people, even the police. Currently, Verlan has been increasingly used in areas just outside major cities mainly populated by migrant workers. This language has served as a language bridge between many of these migrant workers from multiple countries and origins and has been so widely and readily used that it has spread into advertising, film scripts, French rap and hip-hop music, media, in some French dictionaries and in some cases, words that have been Verlanned have actually replaced their original words. The new uses of Verlan and how it has become incorporated into the French culture has all happened within just a few decades.  Here is an example of some French words that have been Verlanned and their English meaning:

Pig Latin is a language game or argot in which words in English are altered, usually by adding a fabricated suffix or by moving the onset or initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word to the end of the word and adding a vocalic syllable to create such a suffix. For example, "Wikipedia" would become "Ikipediaway" (the "W" is moved from the beginning and has "ay" appended to create a suffix). The objective is to conceal the words from others not familiar with the rules. The reference to Latin is a deliberate misnomer; Pig Latin is simply a form of argot or jargon unrelated to Latin, and the name is used for its English connotations as a strange and foreign-sounding language. It is most often used by young children as a fun way to confuse people unfamiliar with Pig Latin.

Le pig latin est un argot principalement utilisé en anglais, équivalent au louchébem ("largonji") en français : un mélange de verlan (pour le renversement des syllabes) et de javanais (pour l'ajout systématique d'une syllabe). Une autre dénomination employée par les Britanniques pour "pig latin" est backslang (à ne pas confondre avec le "backslang" utilisé par les criminels londoniens du ).


Culture.

The town has a culture centre which consists of the town library and space for various cultural activities which can be rented for a nominal fee. The culture centre also has a movie theater.

Languages.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Transport.

Road.

The Finnish national road 22 between Oulu and Kajaani passes through the municipal center. There are several daily local bus connections to Oulu, and several long-distance connections to Kajaani and points east.

Rail.

Oulu–Kontiomäki railway line runs through the municipal center. There are eight daily passenger trains, four each way, serving the community at Muhos railway station. The trains are operated by the national railway operator, VR Group.

Air.

The closest commercial airport is Oulu Airport in Oulunsalo, west.

Persons and details.

Miss Universe.

Armi Kuusela, winner of Miss Finland in 1952 and Miss Universe 1952 beauty contest was born, raised and lived in Muhos. Muhos county has a village named Kylmälänkylä, which is thought to be the longest village in Finland.

Parliamentarians.

The members of the parliament elected from Muhos have been Pirkko Mattila (True Finns 2011-), Ester Häikiö (Finnish People's Democratic League 1951-1954) and Aaro Kauppi (Agrarian League 1951–1954, 1956–1958 and 1963–1966, renamed as Centre Party 1965-1966) and Yrjö Kesti (Small Farmers' Party of Finland 1930–1936). Juhana Petter Valkola was a peasant deputy during the diet session 1877–1878.  During the great depression of the 1930s Muhos was one of the municipalities where the "deficiency movements" (pulaliikkeet, signular "pulaliike") started to organise as critique to the cabibet parties. After the municipal elections of the year 1933, the biggest political group in the municipal council of Muhos was "Muhoksen pulatoimikunta" which was an elemental part of the movement in the southern regions of Oulu. In 1933 they had seven members of the council. In the northern Finland as the "deficit movement" was based on the small peasants' and was a critique for the Agrarian League and Kyösti Kallio, but in some cases it was a critique to the Social Democratic Party of Finland as well. Some parts of the "deficiency movement" was financed moderately by the Communist Party of Finland as its activities were forbidden by law in (1930–1944) to the end of the continuation war. In the 1930s the Communistic movement of Finland tried to go on its work in the Social Democratic organisations, which were not banned in Finland and less also in the deficiency movement.  The "deficiency movements" demanded the state take more effective measures to help the small peasants to avoid the compulsory auctions of the debt-driven small farms. Many of the farmsteads were bought in the auctions by the state and later returned to their former owners.

Muhos is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the province of Oulu half an hour's drive (35 km) on route 22 from the city of Oulu, the capital of Northern Finland, and is part of the Northern Ostrobothnia region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is. The river Oulujoki flows through the town and its countryside with the wide open plains of Pohjanmaa on the south side of the river and the forested hills of Kainuu on the northern side. Located in Muhos is the Pyhäkoski hydro-electric power plant which was commissioned in 1949 and has the highest fall in Finland (32.4 m). The power station has been designed by renowned Finnish architect Aarne Ervi.

Muhos est une municipalité du Nord-Ouest de la Finlande, dans la région d'Ostrobotnie du Nord. On y trouve l'église de Muhos, la seconde plus vieille église en bois encore en service du pays (1634).


History.

In May 1995, several Texas sports teams, including the Houston Rockets, proposed legislation that would dedicate state tax revenue to build new arenas. Although the bill was failed in the Texas House of Representatives, Rockets owner Leslie Alexander announced he would continue to study the possibility of constructing a new arena in downtown Houston, saying the 20-year-old Summit arena was too outdated to be profitable. Although the Summit's management said they could renovate the building for a small part of the cost of a new arena, the Rockets began talks with the city of Houston on a possible location for an arena, They also negotiated with Houston Aeros and Summit owner, Chuck Watson, to release them from their contract with the Summit, which ran until 2003.  As the negotiations continued into 1996, a panel appointed by Houston mayor Bob Lanier reported that building a new arena was "essential to keep pro sports in Houston". After Watson rejected a contract buyout proposal of $30 million, the Rockets filed a legal challenge against their lease, stating the "need to be able to buy out" of the lease. However, the city of Houston filed a counterclaim to force the Rockets to stay at the Summit, saying that if the Rockets did not honor their contract, then they might "have no incentive to honor any new agreement with the city of Houston to play in a new downtown sports arena". The validity of the lease was eventually upheld, and in April 1997, Lanier announced that the Rockets and Watson would have to agree to share control of the new arena equally, or lose access to it altogether. After both parties agreed to the terms, a bill that authorized increased taxes to pay for a new arena was signed into law in July, by then-Governor George W. Bush.  However, after the NHL decided not to consider Houston as a location for an expansion team because of the indecision over the new arena, Lanier said that he would not have a referendum in November. The Rockets began an appeal in January 1998 against the court order to stay at the Summit, but then dropped it in May, because they felt that a new arena would be ready by the time they finished their lease. In January 1999, recently elected mayor Lee Brown guaranteed a referendum on the issue before the end of the year. After several months negotiating with the Harris County-Houston Sports Authority, the Rockets finalized a deal to pay half of the constructions costs, and a referendum was set for November 2. The deal was approved by Brown and the Houston City Council, but Watson started an opposition group against the referendum, saying the arena was "not in Houston's interest". On November 3, the results of the referendum were announced, and the arena proposal was rejected by 54% of voters. Alexander said "we never thought we would lose" and that they were "devastated by the loss".  After the vote, NBA commissioner David Stern said "if there's not a new building...I think it's certain that the team will be relocated." The Houston Sports Authority had not planned to meet with the Rockets until after the NBA season ended, but after the Rockets began to talk to other cities about relocation, they resumed talks in February 2000. Although the Rockets continued to negotiate with Louisville, Kentucky, a funding plan for the arena in Houston was released in June. A final agreement was proposed on July 6, and both the Rockets and mayor Brown agreed to the terms. After the city council approved the deal, the proposal was placed on the November referendum ballot. Leading up to the vote, the Rockets stressed that there would be "no new taxes of any kind", although opponents said the new arena would raise energy consumption, and also contended that the public would pay for too much of the costs of the arena. Contributions for the campaign for the arena included donations of US$400,000 from Reliant Energy, and a total of $590,000 in loans and contributions from Enron and Ken Lay, who the Rockets said was a "tireless" force in the campaign. On November 8, the arena was approved by 66% of voters.

Construction.

According to the agreement signed, the city of Houston bought the land for the arena and an adjoining parking garage, which was near the George R. Brown Convention Center, and paid for it by selling bonds and borrowing $30 million. Morris Architects, designed the building, and Hunt Construction was contracted to build the arena. A building formerly owned by Houston Lighting and Power Company was demolished to make way for the arena, and two streets were closed for the duration of the construction. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on July 31, 2001, and construction continued for 26 months.  At the request of Alexander, the arena was built below street level, so fans would not have to walk up stairs to reach their seats. To sink the arena, $12 million was spent to excavate of dirt over four months, which was the largest excavation in Houston history. Concrete was poured for the foundation throughout the summer of 2002, and structural work began in October. The roof was set on in December, as work continued inside, with a peak workforce of 650. In September 2003, a ribbon-cutting ceremony was held to mark the official opening of the arena. The total cost of construction was $235 million, with the city paying $182 million, and the Rockets adding $43 million for additions and enhancements.

Arena interior.

The arena can seat 18,104 for a basketball game, 17,800 for ice hockey games, and 19,300 for concerts. The prices for courtside seats to a Rockets game in the new arena were raised by as much as 50% compared to prices in the team's old home, while upper-deck seat prices were lowered.  It has 103 luxury suites and 2,900 club seats (Sections 105–109, Frost Bank West Club; Sections 118–122, Frost Bank East Club). The Rockets East & West Clubs feature upscale concessions, extra wide seats, full private bar featuring premium wine and beverage selections and concierge service. The adjacent 2,500-space Toyota Tundra garage is connected to the arena by a private skybridge that can be accessed by Suite, Court-side and Club Seat holders.  Additionally, the floor level features three separate private club lounges for access from court-side seat holders and floor seat concert goers. Lexus Lounge and Golden Nugget Club are on the west side of the floor level and the Bogarts Platinum Lounge is located on the east side of the floor level. All feature upscale amenities including multiple flat screen televisions, private bar, restrooms, and plush seating. The Lexus Lounge has its own pool tables and all three court-side lounges feature numerous private court-side suites.  Toyota Center also features the Sterling Vineyards Red & White Wine Bistro, located on the lower suites level on the south side of the arena. The restaurant features a huge dining room, private bar, two twin 1,500 bottle wine towers and views of the arena floor.  Levy Restaurants manages concession services at the arena, and offers fast food on the main concourses, while also catering a VIP restaurant for Suite and Club Seat holders. Alexander personally chose colors for the restaurant to help customers feel "warm and comfortable", and Rockets president George Postolos said that the Rockets looked "for a relationship with the people that attend events in our venue". Originally, a by centerhung video system from Daktronics, which has four main replay screens and eight other full-color displays, hung from the ceiling of the arena, and had the highest-resolution display of any North American sports facility. In 2012, the Toyota Center installed a larger, 4 panel scoreboard, similar to the one installed at AT&T Stadium, measuring by on the sidelines, and by on the ends, making it the largest such video board in an indoor arena. This larger scoreboard was installed by Panasonic and made its debut during the Houston Rockets 2012–13 season opener. The arena has two additional displays located at each end of the court, and a "state-of-the-art" audio system.  Another amenity new to the Toyota Center in the 2012–2013 season is Wi-Fi. Designed by SignalShare and implemented by OfficeConnect.net, the Wi-Fi network is deployed throughout the arena and allows high-speed internet access during events. Its implementation was timed to be ready for the NBA All-Star Game.

Sponsorship.

In July 2003, the arena was named the Toyota Center. The logo of the company was placed on the roof of the building, as well in other prominent places inside the arena, and the company was given "a dominant presence" in commercials shown during broadcasts of games played in the arena. Toyota USA has satellite offices in Houston.

Seating capacity.

The seating capacity for basketball games has been as follows:

Events.

The arena's first event was a Fleetwood Mac concert on October 6, 2003, and the first Rockets game at the Toyota Center was against the Denver Nuggets on October 30.

Concerts.

Many concerts have also taken place in the Toyota Center, like Prince, Tool, Duran Duran on their Astronaut tour, Janet Jackson, Madonna, Tina Turner, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Gloria Estefan, Shakira, Selena Gomez, Demi Lovato, Rihanna, Miley Cyrus, Bruno Mars, Christina Aguilera, P!nk, Andrea Bocelli, Muse, High School Musical The Concert, Aerosmith, Guns N' Roses, Coldplay, RBD, Laura Pausini, Alanis Morissette, Matchbox Twenty, Fiona Apple, Nickelback, Depeche Mode, Bon Jovi, Enrique Iglesias, Katy Perry, Drake, Cher, Britney Spears, Kanye West and Jay-Z, Justin Bieber, Taylor Swift, The Rolling Stones, One Direction, Ariana Grande, Carrie Underwood, Rammstein, Adele, Lana Del Rey, G-Dragon, Panic! At The Disco, Garth Brooks with Trisha Yearwood, and many more.  On July 23, 2016, Hillsong UNITED performed in the arena to record their live album recording of Empires.

Other sports.

In 2007, 2011, 2013, and 2015, it played host to a UFC event.  On August 21, 2010, it played host to.  On February 19, 2016, it played host to Bellator MMA event Bellator 149: Shamrock vs. Gracie III. The event featured a double main event featuring heavyweights Kimbo Slice vs. Dada 5000, and light heavyweights Ken Shamrock vs. Royce Gracie. Bellator 149 had a live attendance record of 14,209 and a near $1.4 million gate at the Toyota Center, thus making Bellator 149 the largest attended show in Bellator MMA history.  WWE hosted their annual pay-per-view event Elimination Chamber on February 17, 2019, in Toyota Center. and Survivor Series on November 19, 2017.

Other events.

The arena hosted the 9th Annual Latin Grammy Awards on November 13, 2008.  Passion Conferences has been held in the Toyota Center since 2014. The conference draws around 20,000 people with multiple other gatherings held in Atlanta.  On September 30, 2016, the arena hosted the Kellogg's Tour of Gymnastics Champions.  Gabriel Iglesias' Netflix special "One Show Fits All" was filmed in the Toyota Center in 2019.

Attendance records.

In its first year, the total attendance for events at the arena exceeded 1.5 million. The current attendance for a concert held at the arena was set on November 20, 2008, when Metallica played to a sold-out crowd of 17,962 during the Death Magnetic tour. The record for a basketball game is 18,583, set on March 26, 2010, when the Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Rockets 109–101.

Awards and recognitions.

The arena was the winner of the Allen Award for Civic Enhancement by Central Houston, the "Rookie of the Year" award by the Harlem Globetrotters, and a finalist for Pollstar Magazine's "Best New Concert Venue" award.

Toyota Center is an indoor arena located in downtown Houston, Texas. It is named after the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. The arena is home to the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association, and it was once the home of the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League.

Le Toyota Center est une salle omnisports située au 1510 Polk Street dans le centre-ville de Houston, au Texas. Nommé d'après le nom du fabricant automobile japonais Toyota, il est depuis son ouverture le parquet des Rockets de Houston de la National Basketball Association et la patinoire des Aeros de Houston de la Ligue américaine de hockey. Les Comets de Houston de la Women's National Basketball Association ont quitté la salle en 2007 pour jouer leur matchs à domicile dans la plus petite mais confortable Reliant Arena. Le Toyota Center a une capacité de places pour le basket-ball, pour le hockey sur glace et plus de pour les concerts, puis il dispose de 103 suites de luxe et sièges de club.


Early life and ordination.

Ketteler was born in Münster in Westphalia. In 1828 he finished the Matura in Brig, Switzerland far away from his home. He studied theology at Göttingen, Berlin, Heidelberg and Munich, and was ordained priest in 1844. He resolved to consecrate his life to maintaining the cause of the freedom of the Church from the control of the State. This brought him into collision with the civil power, an attitude which he maintained throughout a stormy and eventful life.

Scholar and politician.

Ketteler was rather a man of action than a scholar, and he first distinguished himself as the deputy for District of Tecklenburg and Warendorf at the Frankfurt National Assembly, a position to which he was elected in 1848, and in which he soon became noted for his decision, foresight, energy and eloquence.

Bishop.

In 1850 he was made bishop of Mainz, by order of the Vatican, in preference to the celebrated Professor Leopold Schmidt, of Gießen, whose Liberal sentiments were not agreeable to the Papal party. When elected, Ketteler refused to allow the students of theology in his diocese to attend lectures at Giessen, and ultimately founded an opposition seminary in the diocese of Mainz itself.

Educator.

He also founded religious institutes of School Brothers and School Sisters, to work in the various educational agencies he had called into existence, and he labored to institute orphanages and rescue homes. In 1851, he founded the congregation of the Sisters of Divine Providence, with Stephanie Amelia Starkenfels de la Roche.

Death and legacy.

He died at Burghausen, Upper Bavaria in 1877.  In Mainz, "Workers' Day" is celebrated in honor of the Bishop. The Herz-Jesu-Kirche, Mainz was built in the honour of Ketteler. The fuchsia cultivar "Baron de Ketteler" is named after him. Ketteler's nephew, Klemens von Ketteler, was Germany's envoy in China and was murdered during the Boxer Rebellion.  He is cited in Pope Benedict's encyclical "Deus caritas est" for his role in the Catholic social tradition.

Views.

Protestantism.

In 1861, Ketteler published a book on reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants in Germany, "Freiheit, Autorität, und Kirche"; in it, he proposed the founding of a prayer society "for the Reunion of Christendom". Ketteler was friends with Julie von Massow, a Lutheran woman from Prussian nobility, who indeed founded such a prayer society.

Church rights.

In 1858, Ketteler threw down the gauntlet against the State in his pamphlet on the rights of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany. In 1863 he adopted Ferdinand Lassalle's views and published his "Die Arbeitfrage und das Christenthum".

Papal infallibility.

When the question of papal infallibility arose, he opposed the promulgation of the dogma on the ground that such promulgation was inopportune. But after the dogma was defined, he submitted to the decrees (in August 1870).

Kulturkampf.

He was the warmest opponent of the State in the Kulturkampf provoked by Prince Otto von Bismarck after the publication of the Vatican decrees, and was largely instrumental in compelling that statesman to retract the pledge he had rashly given, never to "go to Canossa."

Battle of Sedan.

To such an extent did Bishop von Ketteler carry his opposition, that in 1874 he forbade his clergy to take part in celebrating the anniversary of the Battle of Sedan, and declared the Rhine to be a "Catholic river."

Freiherr Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler (25 December 181113 July 1877) was a German theologian and politician who served as Bishop of Mainz. His social teachings became influential during the papacy of Leo XIII and his encyclical "Rerum novarum".

Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, né le à Münster (Westphalie) et mort le à Burghausen évêque de Mayence, est un théologien et homme politique (Zentrum) allemand. Il développera les grands thèmes du christianisme social et sera surnommé l'Évêque social.


Form.

The work is composed of four movements and a typical performance of the work takes around 36–38 minutes. Beethoven initially planned two additional movements: one between the first and second, and another between the third and fourth.  In the first, Schott, edition of 1826, the finale had no initial tempo marking (other than "Finale") (and the third movement's opening indication was "Scherzo: Vivace", not "Scherzando vivace").

Music.

The first movement is twice interrupted – just before the development of the sonata form begins, and when that section is almost but not quite over – by recurrences of the opening's "maestoso" music.  The immense second movement is in the subdominant key of A major. It consists of a set of six variations and a coda.  The penultimate variation recapitulates the theme after a contrasting section in the submediant, while the final variation restores the tonic and basic thematic material after an episode in the subdominant. Beethoven based this tonal progression on the finale of the Ninth Symphony (Op. 125) where the orchestral double fugue episode in B is followed by the "grand" variation for full orchestra and choir in D major, followed by the "" episode in G major, which moves into the choral double fugue in the tonic D major.  The scherzo's trio is a "Presto" of a kind Beethoven did not use very often, though it is similar in sound and phrasing to some of his bagatelles from the contemporary Op. 126 set.

The String Quartet No. 12 in E major, Op. 127, by Ludwig van Beethoven, was completed in 1825. It is the first of Beethoven's late quartets.

Le Quatuor à cordes en mi bémol majeur, op. 127, de Ludwig van Beethoven, fut composé entre 1823 et octobre 1824 et publié en 1826 avec une dédicace au prince Galitzine. Il est le premier des cinq derniers quatuors de Beethoven.


Career.

Maurin was born in Montpellier, France on 19 December 1771. He joined the 20th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment as a trooper in 1792. He served in a number of actions during the War of the First Coalition rising to the rank of officer. He was wounded in the shoulder by a saber cut at Biberach in 1796. The following year he fought at Valvasone and received a battlefield promotion to captain from Napoleon Bonaparte. That year he was an aide-de-camp to Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, then a division commander. Believing he was about to be replaced, Bernadotte wrote a letter to Napoleon Bonaparte asking that he find employment for his aides Maurin and Eugène-Casimir Villatte.  On 24 April 1802 he was named to lead the 24th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment as Chef de Brigade (colonel). While still a colonel, he led a brigade consisting of the 15th and 24th Chasseurs à Cheval at the Battle of Caldiero on 29–31 October 1805. Transferred to Poland, he fought at Guttstadt and Friedland in 1807 and was promoted to general of brigade on 25 June 1807.  Maurin led a cavalry brigade in Andoche Junot's army during the 1807 Invasion of Portugal. He was named Baron of the Empire on 17 March 1808. He reported to François Étienne de Kellermann who commanded a cavalry division that included one squadron each of the 26th Chasseurs à Cheval, 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 9th, and 15th Dragoons. He was appointed governor of Algarve province in the south of Portugal. When the revolt against the French occupation broke out, he was in his sickbed in Faro. He and 70 other French soldiers were captured by Portuguese partisans on 16 June 1808 and handed over to the captain of a British vessel as prisoners.  He remained a prisoner until September 1812. On his return he fought at the Battle of Dresden on 26–27 August 1813. He received the Commander's Cross of the Légion d'Honneur on 28 September 1813. Maurin commanded the 9th Light Cavalry Brigade in Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans' division of the II Cavalry Corps at the Battle of Leipzig on 16–19 October.  The following year he was named to command the 2nd Light Cavalry Division and led this unit at the Battle of Laubressel on 3–4 March 1814. After Napoleon's abdication he submitted to King Louis XVIII of France. He later rejoined the emperor during the Hundred Days and was appointed to command the 7th Cavalry Division in the 1815 campaign. The division's 1st Brigade was led by Louis Vallin and consisted of the 6th Hussars and 8th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiments. The 2nd Brigade was under Pierre Marie Auguste Berruyer and comprised the 6th, 11th, and 18th Dragoon Regiments. At the Battle of Ligny on 16 June 1815, he was wounded in the chest by a bullet. Maurin retired in 1823. After the July Revolution of 1830 he returned to active service but died on 4 October 1830. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on the west pillar.

Antoine Maurin (19 December 1771 – 4 October 1830) commanded a French cavalry division in 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars and in 1815 led his troops against the Prussians at Ligny where he was wounded. His army service began in 1792 during the French Revolution when he enlisted in a cavalry regiment as a trooper. He spent his entire military career as a cavalryman. During the French Revolutionary Wars he advanced through the ranks and became commander of a light cavalry regiment in 1802. While only a colonel, he commanded a brigade at Caldiero in October 1805. He fought in the Friedland campaign in 1807 and attained the rank of general officer that year. As a cavalry brigadier, he participated in the 1807 Invasion of Portugal but was captured in 1808 and held until 1812. He led a brigade in 1813 and a division 1814 during the War of the Sixth Coalition. After fighting for Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he retired in 1823. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 40.

Antoine Maurin, né le à Montpellier dans l'actuel département de l'Hérault et mort le à Paris, est un lieutenant général français de la Révolution et de l’Empire.


History.

Trosa was known as a town in the 14th century. In the 15th century it was an important site for merchancy, and received its city privileges in 1454 by King Charles VIII of Sweden (a.k.a. "Karl Knutsson Bonde"). Due to post-glacial rebound, the city center was moved in the early 17th century, to its present location by the estuary of the Trosa River. The city gained its valour at the new location from King Karl IX, 19 April 1610.  The city was burnt down and plundered by Russians in 1719 during the Russian Pillage of 1719-1721 and was repeatedly attacked during the Great Northern War, but the local church and poor-house was spared at every occasion. Both these buildings are now on display in the center of Trosa and serves as a memory from those hard times.  The economic base of the city was as earlier merchantmen and fishery. When the baltic fishery during the 1870s diminished in economic terms, the city opted for tourism as a business for the small coastal city.

Present.

Today Trosa is one of the top four wealthiest communities in Sweden (32% of the population earns more than 1,5 million SEK a year). Many famous people have summerhouses in or close to Trosa, for example the well-known chef, hunter and actor Per Morberg as well as Tommy Körberg, the Swedish Royal Family, Mikael Persbrandt, ABBAs Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The founder of Camfil Farr, Gösta Larsson, lived in Trosa all of his life and at the moment the Larsson-Markman family runs the company.  The general number of people living in Trosa goes up with 131% during the summer months of June–August because of the high ratio of summer residences. Trosa brings in a big number of tourists each year and the Board of Tourism in Södermanland estimates that a little less than 250,000 people from all over the world pass through the town each year.  During 2010 Trosa celebrated 400 years as a town at its present location under the motto "Future since 1610".  The metalcore band Adept (band) is from the town.

Education.

Within Trosa locality there are four elementary schools (grades 1-6), two junior high schools (grades 7-9). Right now there are no plans to build or house a high school or university/college within the municipality.

Trosa is a locality and the seat of Trosa Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 5,027 inhabitants in 2010 (town) and 11,417 in 2010 (municipality). The town is colloquially nicknamed "Världens ände" (the world's end).

Trosa est une ville de Suède, chef-lieu de la commune de Trosa, dans le comté de Södermanland. personnes y vivent.


Biography.

After studying history, Andreu specialized in Egyptology (hieroglyphs, hieratic, Coptic) and produced a thesis on the law and order in Ancient Egypt at Sorbonne in 1978 under the direction of Professor Jean Leclant. Following this academic work, she was appointed scientific member of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology in Cairo in 1978-1982.  There, for four years, she participated in excavations of this institute in the Nile Valley (Deir el-Medina), in the oases of the Western Desert (Balat at Dakhla Oasis, the at Kharga, and a Christian monastic site in the Nile Delta (the Kellia). Meanwhile, she continued research on Pharaonic Egypt and civil and administrative measures likely to have been taken during the daily lives of Egyptians at the Pharaonic era.  Teaching Assistant at the Louvre's Egyptian department in 1982, she returned as design engineer in 1991 after a stint at the DRAC Ile-de-France. In 1997 she was appointed curator and was assigned to the Musée national du Moyen Age-Thermes de Cluny (Paris). In 1998 she was curator of the exhibition "Egyptology, fantasy and science" in Paris.  At the Louvre in 2001, she was curator of the exhibition on Deir el-Medina and the Valley of the Kings which was held there from 15 April to 5 August 2002, Brussels (RMAH) from September to January 2003 and in Turin from February to May 2003. The success of this exhibition (450,000 visitors in Paris) was exceptional. In 2005, she curated an exhibition in Nagoya, Fukuoka, Tokyo, Japan which attracted a great number of Japanese.  She has participated in excavations of the Louvre led by Christiane Ziegler on the site of Saqqara from 1993 to 2001. From 2003 to 2005 she directed the archaeological site of Deir el-Medina.  In May 2007 she was appointed Director of the Department of Egyptian Antiquities from the Louvre Museum.  She is chief curator of the exhibit "Meroe", presented at Louvre from March to September 2010.  Guillemette Andreu is a member of the Scientific Council and Board of Directors of the IFAO, member of the scientific committee and joint Franco-Egyptian Centre's study of Karnak, a member of the Committee on Ministry searches Foreign and European Affairs, Member of the Scientific Committee of Egyptology Museum of Turin, scientific advisor of the future museum ethno-archaeological of Qena (near Dendera, and member of the reading committee of the Revue des Musées de France (Revue du Louvre).  Decorations include the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres (2002) and the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour (2006)

Guillemette Andreu-Lanoë (born August 3, 1948 in Paris), is a French Egyptologist and archaeologist. A former member of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology of Cairo, she has been a curator and director of the Department of Egyptian Antiquities of the Louvre Museum since May 2007.

Guillemette Andreu-Lanoë, née le à Paris, est une égyptologue-archéologue française, ancien membre de l'IFAO du Caire, conservateur général, directrice du département des Antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Louvre entre et.


Franchise history.

The Utah Starzz years (1997–2002).

One of the eight original WNBA teams, the "Utah Starzz" (partially named after the old ABA team, the Utah Stars, but with the zz at the end like the Utah Jazz) never met the same success as their (former) counterpart in the NBA, the Utah Jazz. They held the distinction of having the worst record in the WNBA in 1997 and were the first team to select in the 1998 WNBA Draft. With their selection, they picked 7 ft. 2 in. center Margo Dydek, who easily became the tallest player in WNBA history. Unfortunately, the pickup of Dydek did little to help their cause and they again finished near the bottom of the league in the 1998 & 1999 seasons. The Starzz finally posted a winning record in 2000, but did not make the playoffs. In 2001, the Utah Starzz made it to the playoffs for the first time, but they were quickly swept in the first round by the Sacramento Monarchs. In 2002, the Starzz made it to the playoffs again, and this time beat the Houston Comets in the Western Conference Semifinals 2 games to 1. Their playoff run ended in the Western Finals, however, as they were swept aside by the eventual champs, the Los Angeles Sparks.

The San Antonio Silver Stars/Stars years (2002–2017).

When the NBA divested itself of all of its WNBA franchises at the end of the 2002 season, the Utah Jazz ownership did not wish to retain ownership of the Starzz. The Starzz then looked for local Utah potential buyers, but none were found, leaving the franchise with the choices of either being sold to out-of-town investor(s) or folding. The Starzz avoided folding when the franchise was sold to Peter Holt (the owner of the NBA's San Antonio Spurs) and relocated to San Antonio. The team's name was changed to the "San Antonio Silver Stars" and would change its team colors to the silver and black motif used by the Spurs.  For the first four seasons (2003–2006) after moving to San Antonio, the franchise was unable to change its old losing trend and did not make the playoffs. The 2007 season brought a lot of change for the Silver Stars. They acquired stars Becky Hammon, Ruth Riley, and Sandora Irvin in trades, selected Helen Darling in Charlotte Sting's dispersal draft, drafted Camille Little in the second round, signed Erin Buescher during the off-season, and retained key players, such as Marie Ferdinand-Harris, Vickie Johnson, Shanna Crossley, Kendra Wecker, and Sophia Young. The new-look Silver Stars became an instant contender in the Western Conference. On August 4, 2007 the Silver Stars clinched their first playoff berth since the franchise relocated to San Antonio in 2003. In the first round, the Silver Stars were matched up against the Sacramento Monarchs. After losing game 1 in Sacramento, the Silver Stars would win games 2 and 3 to advance to the Western Finals. The Silver Stars faced off against a strong Phoenix Mercury team, which had the number 1 seed in the Western Conference. On September 1, 2007 the Silver Stars' season came to an end after the Stars lost Game 2 98–92 in Phoenix.  Heading into 2008, the Silver Stars were regarded as a premiere contender and did not disappoint. After an average start, the Stars seized control of the Western Conference and rode to the best record in the West, and the #1 seed in the playoffs. In the WNBA Finals, the Silver Stars faced the Detroit Shock, who were making their third WNBA Finals appearance in a row. In Game 1 at home, the Silver Stars fell behind early, but would tie the game at 69 with 2:15 left in the 4th quarter. But from there the Shock took control once again and won the game 77–69. The 2010 season was not much different for the Stars. They finished with an unimpressive 14–20 record but sneaked into the third seed of the playoffs in a below-average Western Conference. The Silver Stars were swept in the first round of the playoffs by Phoenix and it was clear that some changes were needed. In the 2012 playoffs, the Silver Stars lost in the first round to the Los Angeles Sparks. The team would miss the playoffs in 2013. In the 2014 playoffs, the Stars would lose in the first round to the Minnesota Lynx.

Relocation to Las Vegas.

After the Spurs Sports & Entertainment decided to put the team up for sale, following the 2017 season, it became apparent the team would be on the move. The NBA and WNBA approved the sale of the Stars to MGM Resorts on October 17, 2017, with the intention of relocating the team to Las Vegas and playing at the Mandalay Bay Events Center starting in the 2018 season. On December 11, 2017, at a press conference inside the House of Blues at Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, the team name was officially announced as the Las Vegas Aces. They received the first pick in the 2018 WNBA Draft, and picked South Carolina’s A’ja Wilson.

Media coverage.

More often than not, NBA TV will pick up the feed from the local broadcast, which is shown nationally. Aces Games are broadcast locally on AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain.  All games (excluding blackout games, which are available on ESPN3.com) are broadcast to the WNBA LiveAccess game feeds on the league website. Furthermore, some Aces games are broadcast nationally on ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC. The WNBA reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN, which pays rights fees to the Aces, as well as other teams in the league.

The Las Vegas Aces are an American professional basketball team based in Paradise, Nevada. The Aces compete in the Western Conference of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), and play their home games at the Mandalay Bay Events Center.

Les Aces de Las Vegas (en anglais "Las Vegas Aces", « les As de Las Vegas ») sont une franchise de basket-ball féminin de la ville de Las Vegas, membre de la WNBA.


Geography and geomorphology.

Uturuncu lies in the Sur Lípez area of southern Bolivia, southeast of the town of Quetena and just northeast of the Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve in the Cordillera de Lípez. A former sulfur mine is situated on the mountain, close to the summit, and was considered to be one of the highest in the world; a winding road leads up on the mountain and additional roads pass along the northern, eastern and southwestern foot of Uturuncu. The region is almost uninhabited and the volcano was little known until ongoing large-scale ground deformation was discovered in the early 21st century; since then scientific interest has increased, including a reconnaissance mission carried out by scientists in 2003. Additionally, the volcano has been used to reconstruct the regional history of glaciation. The term means "jaguar" in the Quechua language.

Structure.

With elevation, Uturuncu is the highest mountain in southwestern Bolivia and dominates its geomorphology, rising about above the surrounding terrain and giving a good view of the surrounding mountains from the summit. The volcano has two summit peaks and high, about apart and separated by a high saddle. It is a stratovolcano with remnants of a crater, and consists of lava domes and lava flows erupted from a number of vents in the central part of the volcano. About 105 lava flows propagate outward from the central sector of the volcano, reaching lengths of and featuring levees, flow ridges and steep, blocky fronts over thick.  The northernmost lava flow is known as Lomo Escapa and with a length of it is also the largest lava flow at Uturuncu. Five lava domes south, west and northwest of the summit form a northwest-southeast trending alignment that appears to be an older volcanic system; the southern of these domes have volumes of about and the western dome bears traces of a large collapse.  The broad edifice covers an area of about and a volume of -. It appears to consist entirely of lava flows and lava domes; while the occurrence of pyroclastic flow deposits was reported at first later research has not found any evidence of explosive eruptions. Aside from volcanic deposits there are also traces of glaciation which has smoothened the slopes of Uturuncu, as well as Pleistocene and Holocene alluvium and colluvium.

Lakes and rivers.

Several lakes surround Uturuncu. Mama Khumu lies on the eastern foot of Uturuncu and is bordered by steep slopes, while Laguna Celeste is located northeast, Chojllas southeast and Loromayu south of Uturuncu respectively. Beach terraces, deposits of diatomaceous earth and former shorelines are visible around the lakes. The Rio Grande de Lipez flows along the western foot of the volcano and receives tributaries which originate close to Uturuncu's northeastern foot; it eventually flows into the Salar de Uyuni. These watercourses are usually confined between steep bedrock walls and are characterized by a gravelly beds, anastomosing channels and wetlands which are used to keep llamas and sheep.

Geology.

Regional.

The eastward subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate has generated three volcanic belts within the Andes, including the Central Volcanic Zone which spans parts of Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina and includes Uturuncu. Aside from Uturuncu, it includes about 69 Holocene volcanoes in a high elevation region, including the potentially active volcanoes Irruputuncu, Olca-Paruma, Aucanquilcha, Ollagüe, Azufre, San Pedro, Putana, Sairecabur, Licancabur, Guayaques, Colachi and Acamarachi.

Local.

Uturuncu has formed about east of the main volcanic front in the Western Cordillera, in a terrain formed by various volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Miocene to Quaternary age. The region is characterized by the Altiplano high plateau, which reaches an elevation of and in terms of dimension is only exceeded by Tibet.  The 8.41 million years old Vilama and 5.65 million years old Guacha ignimbrites underlie the volcano and crop out in the Quetena River valley, while the 4 million years old Vilama lavas are found southwest of Uturuncu and are partly buried by the volcano. The crust in the region is about thick.  Volcanic activity in the area occurred between 15 and 10 million years ago, and Cerro San Antonio, a heavily eroded 3 million years old Miocene volcano with a westward-opening collapse scar, lies just north of Uturuncu. Other volcanoes from east counterclockwise to west are the Cerro Panizos caldera, Cerro Lípez, Suni K'ira and Quetena volcanoes as well as many more minor volcanic centres. Many of them are formed along northwest-southeast trending lineaments such as the Lipez-Coranzuli and Pastos Grandes-Cojina lineament that passes through Uturuncu.

Geologic history and Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex.

The geological history of the region is complex. After subduction commenced in the Jurassic, 26 million years ago the breakup of the Farallon Plate into the Cocos Plate and the Nazca Plate was accompanied by an increased subduction rate and the onset of the Andean Orogeny. This subduction process at first involved a relatively flat descend of the Nazca Plate until 12 million years ago, after which it steepened. Beginning from 10 million years ago then the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex formed, with a "flare-up" occurring during the Miocene.  It covers an area of - of the Altiplano-Puna in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile and consists of a number of calderas, composite volcanoes and about of ignimbrite. Uturuncu lies at its centre but unlike Uturuncu most surrounding volcanic systems have been characterized by explosive eruptions, including several so-called "supereruptions" with volcanic explosivity indexes of 8 at Cerro Guacha, La Pacana, Pastos Grandes and Vilama. Over 50 volcanoes in the region are potentially active.  Within the last two million years, the Laguna Colorada, Tatio and Puripica Chico ignimbrites were erupted in the surrounding terrain. The 4 million years old Atana and 3 million years old Pastos Grandes ignimbrites are other large ignimbrites in the area while the 10.33 ± 0.64 million years old San Antonio ignimbrite is more sparse.  The Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex is underpinned at about depth by a wide magmatic sill where rocks are partially molten, the Altiplano-Puna magmatic body. Its existence has been established with various techniques; it extends over an area of and has a volume of about with a thickness variously estimated to be between ; it has been referred to as the largest reservoir of magma in the continental crust of Earth. The Altiplano-Puna magmatic body is the source of magmas for many of the volcanoes in the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex; in addition, about of brine are contained in the rocks underneath Uturuncu.

Composition and magma genesis.

Uturuncu has erupted dacite but also andesite in the form of inclusions within the dacite. Rocks are vesicular or porphyric and contain phenocrysts of biotite, clinopyroxene, hornblende, ilmenite, magnetite, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and quartz along with apatite, monazite and zircon within a rhyolite groundmass, and define a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite. Xenoliths consisting of gneiss, igneous rocks and norites have also been found, of which the first two appear to be derived from country rocks while the third is a by-product of the magma generation process. Additionally, the occurrence of cumulates, gabbros, hornfels, limestones and sandstones as xenolithic phases has been reported.  Mixing processes involving hotter or more mafic magmas played a role in the genesis of Uturuncu rocks, as did fractional crystallization processes and contamination with crustal rocks. The origin of these magmas appears to relate to the Altiplano-Puna magmatic body, which generates melts through differentiation of basaltic magmas first to andesites and then to dacites before being transferred to the shallow crust below Uturuncu from where it was then erupted through buoyancy-dependent processes. Magma composition has been stable over the history of the volcano.

Glaciation.

Uturuncu currently features no glaciers; however, perennial ice was reported in 1956, the existence of sporadic snow fields in 1994, and the summit area is occasionally ice-covered. Conversely, evidence of past glaciation such as glacial striations, glacially eroded valleys, both recessional and terminal moraines and roches moutonnées can be found on the northern, eastern and southern flanks of Uturuncu. The past glaciation of Uturuncu was not very extensive, owing to its steep flanks. One of these valleys on Uturuncu's southwestern flank has been subject to glaciology studies, which identified a former glacier originating both from the summit and from an area about south of the summit.  This only weakly erosive glacier deposited five sets of up to high moraines within the shallow valley; the lowest of these lies at elevation and appears to be a product of an early last glacial maximum between 65,000 and 37,000 years ago, earlier than the global last glacial maximum. Afterwards, not much retreat occurred until 18,000 years ago.  Conversely, the uppermost of these moraines is about 16,000 – 14,000 years old and correlates to a glacial advance in the Altiplano that has been correlated to the maximum growth of the former Lake Tauca north of Uturuncu and a wet and cold climate associated with Heinrich event 1. At this same time 17,000 – 13,000 years ago, shorelines formed around the lakes that surround Uturuncu; Lake Tauca may have been a source of moisture for Uturuncu. After 14,000 the glacier receded at the same time as climate warmed during the Bolling-Allerod warming and the region became drier.

Climate and vegetation.

There is little information on local climatology, but mean annual precipitation is about or even less than that, most of it originating in the Amazon basin to the east and falling during December, January and February. This low amount of precipitation is not adequate to sustain glaciers even though the summit of Uturuncu lies above the freezing level, but it is enough to generate a seasonal snowcap on the mountain. Annual temperatures in the region range between.  The regional vegetation is relatively sparse at high elevations and gets classified as Puna grassland, with low biodiversity. Quinoa woods and "Polylepis" trees are found on the lower slopes of the volcano; the trees reach height. Birds such as flamingoes make up much of the animal life in the area and are concentrated at open waterbodies. Andean mountain cats, southern viscachas and vicuñas form the rest of the animal life.

Eruption history.

Uturuncu was active during the Pleistocene, with a lower unit emplaced during the lower and middle Pleistocene (890,000–549,000 years ago) and which makes up most of the peripheral sectors of the volcano and an upper unit of middle to upper Pleistocene age (427,000–271,000 years ago) which makes up its central sector and is less extensive. Several rocks have been dated through argon-argon dating and have yielded ages ranging from 1,050,000 ± 5,000 to 250,000 ± 5,000 years ago; among these dates are 271,000 ± 26,000 years ago for rocks in the summit area, 250,000 ± 5,000 for the youngest dated lava flow found just south-southeast of the summit and 544,000 years for the Lomo Escapa lava flow, while the aligned lava domes have been dated to be between 549,000 ± 3,000 and 1,041,000 ± 12,000 years old. Overall, Uturuncu was active for about 800,000 years.  Volcanic eruptions at Uturuncu were effusive and involved the emission of voluminous lava flows () between pauses lasting between 50,000 and 180,000 years, with a mean eruption rate of less than -, much less than other rhyolitic volcanoes. There is no evidence of large ignimbrite eruptions nor of large flank collapses but some lavas may have interacted with water or ice as they were erupted and were reportedly emplaced over moraines.

Holocene and fumarolic activity.

No large effusive eruptions have occurred since the 250,000 ± 5,000 eruption, and Holocene or recent eruptions have not been reported. While it was at first proposed that postglacial lavas existed it is now known that the volcano has been dormant since 271,000 years ago and glaciation has affected the youngest lava flows. The volcano is considered to be dormant.  Active fumaroles occur in two fields below the summit, with a number of tiny vents located between the two summit peaks; vapour emissions are visible from close distance. The summit fumaroles have temperatures of less than and their gases contain large quantities of carbon dioxide, water and larger amounts of hydrogen sulfide than sulfur dioxide perhaps due to the latter being filtered out by a hydrothermal system. The fumaroles have emplaced abundant sulfur and silification has been observed. Satellite images have observed relatively invariant temperature anomalies ("hot spots") on Uturuncu between its two summit peaks; these temperature anomalies of about are among the largest fumarole fields visible to satellites. The existence of intense fumarolic activity on the northwestern slope at was already reported in 1956.  Additionally, a spring on the northwestern flank produces water with temperatures of. The presence of a weak hydrothermal system is likely at Uturuncu albeit probably at great depth, considering the low temperature and spread out nature of the fumarolic activity. There may be a shallow magma chamber below the volcano at depth below sea level.

Recent unrest and threats.

InSAR imaging has discovered that a region of about around Uturuncu is uplifting. Between 1992 and 2006, the uplift amounted to in an area wide but with variations over time such as a temporary acceleration after a 1998 earthquake, a gradual slowdown either continuing or followed by an acceleration to about in the few years before 2017, along with seasonal variations. Overall, the total volume change between 1992 and 2006 was about, with a total volume change of about ; such rates are typical for intrusions in the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex and historical lava dome eruptions and might reflect a short-term rate.  The deformation is centered on an area west of the summit and is most likely of magmatic origin given the lack of a large hydrothermal system at the volcano and the depth of the deformation. The form of the deforming structure is not well known but it lies presumably at a depth of below sea level.  The uplifting area is surrounded by a ring-shaped area of subsidence, which is occurring at a rate of ; the total width of deforming terrain is about although is it not clearly visible in all InSAR data. This joint uplift-subsidence has been called a "sombrero pattern" and the subsidence may reflect either a sideward or an upward migration of magma. A second, shallow subsidence area has been found south of Uturuncu which may relate to changes in a hydrothermal system.  The deformation it most likely caused by magma intruding into the crust from the Altiplano-Puna magmatic body, with the intrusion taking place at a level below that where magma accumulated prior to past eruptions of Uturuncu. It has been described as an ascending diapir or as a growing pluton although an alternative theory holds the ascent of volatiles along a magma column reaching to the Altiplano-Puna magmatic body as responsible for the surface deformation; in that case the uplift might reverse over time.  Such surface uplift has been observed at other volcanic centres in the Central Volcanic Zone but on global scale it is unusual both for its long duration and its spatial extent, and in the case of Uturuncu demonstrates the continuing activity of the Altiplano-Puna magmatic body. In addition, there is no evidence for a net uplift in the geomorphology of the region, and findings in the terrain around Uturuncu indicate that this uplift certainly began less than 1,000 years ago and likely also less than 100 years ago. The uplift might be either a temporary deformation of the volcano that eventually deflates over time, or the current uplift might only be in its beginning stage. The term "zombie volcano" has been coined to describe volcanoes like Uturuncu which have been inactive for a long time but are actively deforming.

Seismicity.

In addition, the volcano features persistent seismic activity with occasional bursts of higher activity; about three or four earthquakes occur every day at the volcano, and seismic swarms lasting minutes to hours with up to 60 earthquakes occur several times per month. The intensities of the earthquakes reach. Most of this seismic activity occurs below the summit of Uturuncu around sea level and some earthquakes appear to relate to the northwest-southeast tectonic trend of the region although swarms occur in several areal clusters. Whether there are long-term trends in seismic activity is difficult to estimate as the detection and reconnaissance techniques of seismic activity at Uturuncu have changed over time. This amount of seismic activity is large when compared to neighbouring volcanoes and the seismic activity may be a consequence of the deformation, as intruding magma pressurizes and destabilizes local faults, with further triggering possible by large earthquakes such as the 2010 Maule earthquake which triggered an intense seismic swarm in February 2010.

Tomographic studies.

Magnetotelluric imaging of the volcano has found a number of high-conductivity anomalies below Uturuncu, including a wide, deep conductor that extends to the volcanic arc to the west and several shallower ones which ascend from the deep conductor which appears to coincide with the Altiplano-Puna magmatic body. The shallow conductors appear to relate to local volcanoes such as the Laguna Colorada vent but also Uturuncu; the latter conductor lies between depth, is less than wide and may consists of molten rock with saline aqueous fluids.  Seismic tomography has found a tooth-shaped anomaly that begins at depth and continues to over of depth. Such structures have been found at other volcanoes and explained by the presence of magma. Seismic activity concentrates at the top of this anomaly. Finally, tectonic stress patterns delineate a wide ring surrounding the volcano that may be prone to fracturing; such a ring could constitute a future pathway for magma transport or the margin of a future caldera.

Threats.

Whether the ongoing unrest at Uturuncu is part of a benign process of pluton growth or the prelude of a new eruption or even a caldera-forming eruption is an open question; a large caldera-forming eruption could have catastrophic, globe-spanning consequences as demonstrated by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia and the 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina in Peru; this possibility has resulted in international media attention. Evidence does not clearly indicate that a future "super-eruption" such as past events in the region is possible and there is no indication for a near-future eruption, but there is certainly potential for a smaller eruption.

Uturunku is a dormant high volcano in Bolivia with two summit peaks. It consists of a complex of lava domes and lava flows with a total volume of and bears traces of a former glaciation, even though it does not currently carry glaciers. Volcanic activity took place during the Pleistocene and the last eruption was 250,000 years ago; since then Uturuncu has not erupted but active fumaroles occur in the summit region.

L'Uturuncu est une montagne de Bolivie culminant à d'altitude dans la cordillère des Andes. C'est un volcan présentant des signes d'activité notamment sous la forme de fumerolles et de fréquents séismes. Malgré son altitude et son isolement, il est facile d'accès, son ascension pouvant être en partie faite en véhicule motorisé.