Synopsis.

There are many versions, all of which recount a similar story. A maiden (a young unmarried woman) or man is about to be hanged (in many variants, for unknown reasons) pleads with the hangman, or judge, to wait for the arrival of someone who may bribe him. Typically, the first person (or people) to arrive, who may include the condemned person's parent or sibling, has brought nothing and often has come to see them hanged. The last person to arrive, often their true love, has brought the gold, silver, or some other valuable to save them. Although the traditional versions do not resolve the fate of the condemned one way or the other, it may be presumed that the bribe would succeed. Depending on the version, the condemned may curse all those who failed them.  The typical refrain is: It has been suggested that the reference to "gold" may not mean actual gold for a bribe, but may instead stand for the symbolic restoration of condemned person's honor, perhaps by proving their innocence, honesty, or fidelity, or the maiden's virginity. Such an interpretation would explain why a number of the song's variations have the condemned person asking whether the visitors have brought gold "or" paid the fee. In at least one version the reply is: "I haven't brought you gold / But I have paid your fee."  The song is also known as "The Prickly Bush", a title derived from the oft-used refrain lamenting the maiden's situation by likening it to being caught in a briery bush, which prickles her heart. In versions carrying this theme, the typical refrain may add:

Variants.

In some versions, the protagonist is male. This appears to be more prevalent in the United States, where the hanging of women was uncommon.  The crime for which the protagonist faces hanging is occasionally mentioned. The woman may be being held for ransom by pirates, or she has stolen something from her employer. Other instances tell of her having lost a treasured golden ball or indicate that she is being hanged for fornication.  The most extensive version is not a song at all, but a fairy story titled "The Golden Ball", collected by Joseph Jacobs in "More English Fairy Tales". The story focuses on the exploits of the fiancé who must recover a golden ball in order to save his love from the noose. The incident resembles "The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was". Other fairy tales in the English language, telling the story more fully, always retell some variant on the heroine's being hanged for losing an object of gold.  In the Bob Dylan song "Seven Curses", it is not the maiden who is to be hanged but her father, for stealing a stallion. The woman offers to buy her father's freedom from the judge, who responds: "Gold will never free your father/ the price my dear is you, instead". The maiden pays the judge's terrible price but wakes the next morning to find that her father has been hanged, anyway.

Origin.

The song may have originated in continental Europe. Some 50 versions have been reported in Finland, where it is well known as ""Lunastettava neito"". It is titled ""Den Bortsålda"" in Sweden ( ""Die Losgekaufte"" in German). A Lithuanian version has the maid asking relatives to ransom her with their best animals or belongings (crown, house, crown, ring, sword, etc.). The maiden curses her relatives who refuse to give up their property and blesses her fiancé, who does ransom her.  In a Hungarian version called ""Feher Anna"", collected by Béla Bartók in his study "The Hungarian Folk Song," Anna's brother László is imprisoned for stealing horses. Anna sleeps with Judge Horváth to free him but is unsuccessful in sparing his life. She then regales the judge with 13 curses.  "Cecilia" is one of the best known and more diffused songs in the Italian popular music. With no reference to any curse, it tells a story not very different from those of "Feher Anna" and "Seven Curses". Cecilia's husband has been condemned to be hanged, and she asks the captain how it is possible to spare his life. The captain promise to save her husband if Cecilia sleeps with him, but in the morning Cecilia sees from the window her man has been hanged.  The song is also found in Northern Sami, titled "Nieida Kajon sis", which tells a story that strongly resembles the Lithuanian version. The maid asks her relatives (father, mother, brother, sister, and uncle) to ransom her with their best belongings or animals (horse, cow, sword, crown, and ship).  Francis James Child found the English version "defective and distorted", in that, in most cases, the narrative rationale had been lost and only the ransoming sequence remained. Numerous European variants explain the reason for the ransom: the heroine has been captured by pirates. Of the texts he prints, one (95F) had "degenerated" into a children's game, while others had survived as part of a Northern English cante-fable, The Golden Ball (or Key). Child describes additional examples from the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Russia, and Slovenia, several of which feature a man being ransomed by a woman.  The theme of delaying one's execution while awaiting rescue by relatives appears with a similar structure in the 1697 classic fairy tale "Bluebeard" by Charles Perrault (translated into English in 1729).

"Gallows Pole" and the era of recorded music.

Lead Belly version.

Folksinger Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter, who also popularized such songs as "Cotton Fields" and "Midnight Special", first recorded "The Gallis Pole" in the 1930s. His haunting, shrill tenor delivers the lyrical counterpoint, and his story is punctuated with spoken-word, as he "interrupts his song to discourse on its theme".

Judy Collins and Bob Dylan versions.

Judy Collins performed the song "Anathea" throughout 1963 (including a rendition at the 1963 Newport Folk Festival), credited to Neil Roth and Lydia Wood. It is thematically similar to the Hungarian "Feher Anna" cited above, even to the detail of the name of the brother (Lazlo). It appeared on her third album, "Judy Collins 3", released in early 1964.  Bob Dylan recorded a thematically similar "Seven Curses" in 1963, during the sessions for his "The Times They Are A-Changin'" album. The song tells a similar story, but from the point of view of the condemned's daughter. Dylan's song has been recorded by many artists.

Derry Gaol/The Streets of Derry.

An Irish version of the song, entitled "Derry Gaol" or "The Streets of Derry" (), has the young man marching through the streets of Derry "more like a commanding officer / Than a man to die upon the gallows tree". As he mounts the gallows, his true love comes riding, bearing a pardon from the Queen (or the King). It was first recorded by County Armagh singer Sarah Makem on "The Folk Songs of Britain, Vol. 7: Fair Game and Foul" (1961), and subsequently by Shirley Collins,Cara Dillon, Andy Irvine & Paul Brady, June Tabor, Peter Bellamy and Spiers & Boden.

Led Zeppelin version.

English band Led Zeppelin recorded the song for their album "Led Zeppelin III" in 1970. The album is a shift in style for the band towards acoustic material, influenced by a holiday Jimmy Page and Robert Plant took to the Bron-Yr-Aur cottage in the Welsh countryside. The liner notes include the songwriting credit "Traditional: Arranged by Page and Plant".  Page adapted the song from a version by American folk musician Fred Gerlach, which is included on his 1962 album "Twelve-String Guitar" for Folkways Records.  Composition  "Gallows Pole" begins as a simple acoustic guitar rhythm; mandolin is added in, then electric bass guitar shortly afterwards, and then banjo and drums simultaneously join in. The instrumentation builds up to a crescendo, increasing in tempo as the song progresses. The acoustic guitar chord progression (in standard tuning) is simple with a riff based on variations of the open A chord and the chords D and G occurring in the verse. Page played banjo, six and 12 string acoustic guitar and electric guitar (a Gibson Les Paul), while John Paul Jones played mandolin and bass.  Page has stated that, similar to the song "Battle of Evermore" that was included on their fourth album, the song emerged spontaneously when he started experimenting with Jones' banjo, an instrument he had never before played. "I just picked it up and started moving my fingers around until the chords sounded right, which is the same way I work on compositions when the guitar's in different tunings." It is also one of Page's favourite songs on "Led Zeppelin III".  Led Zeppelin performed the song a few times live during Led Zeppelin concerts in 1971. Plant sometimes also included the lyrics in live performances of the Led Zeppelin song "Trampled Under Foot" in 1975.  Reception  In a retrospective review of "Led Zeppelin III (Deluxe Edition)", Kristofer Lenz of "Consequence of Sound" gave "Gallows Pole" a positive review, writing the track is "an excellent representation of Page’s acoustic prowess, as his simple guitar line is soon joined by 12-string and banjo." Lenz further wrote that Jones joins the fun as well, "as he adds some mandolin flourish to the mix."

Variations.

In addition to "The Maid Freed from the Gallows", "The Prickly Bush", and the more recent "Gallows Pole", variations of the song have been recorded or reported under more than a score names. These include:

"The Maid Freed from the Gallows" is one of many titles of a centuries-old folk song about a condemned maiden pleading for someone to buy her freedom from the executioner. In the collection of ballads compiled by Francis James Child in the late 19th century, it is indexed as Child Ballad number 95; 11 variants, some fragmentary, are indexed as 95A to 95K. In the Roud Folk Song Index it is number 144. The ballad exists in a number of folkloric variants, from many different countries, and has been remade in a variety of formats. For example, it was recorded in 1939 as "The Gallis Pole" by folk singer Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter, and in 1970 as "Gallows Pole", an arrangement of the Fred Gerlach version, by English rock band Led Zeppelin, on the album "Led Zeppelin III".

The Maid Freed from the Gallows ("La Jeune Fille libérée de la potence") est l'un des titres d'une vieille chanson populaire de plusieurs siècles. La chanson parle d'une jeune fille condamnée suppliant pour que quelqu'un achète sa liberté.


Design.

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-248" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-248" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one Flak M42 and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history.

After training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla at Kiel, "U-248" was transferred to the 9th flotilla for front-line service on 1 August 1944. She was reassigned to the 11th flotilla on 1 November.

1st patrol.

The boat's first patrol was preceded by two short trips between Kiel in Germany and Horten Naval Base and Bergen, both in Norway. Her first sortie began with her departure from Bergen on 18 August 1944. She arrived at Trondheim on 14 October.

2nd patrol and loss.

"U-248" was sunk by destroyer escorts, the,, and north of the Azores on 16 January 1945. Forty-seven men died; there were no survivors.

German submarine "U-248" was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 19 December 1942 at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as yard number 682, launched on 7 October 1943 and commissioned on 6 November under the command of "Oberleutnant zur See" Bernhard Emde.

Le Unterseeboot 248 (ou U-248) est un sous-marin allemand (U-Boot) de type VII.C utilisé par la Kriegsmarine (marine de guerre allemande) pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


Adult life.

Francesco began his work as a goldsmith before turning to illuminating. No information has been uncovered about his family as a child or adult, or about how he began illuminating. Goldsmiths turned illuminists were very common at the time because goldsmiths were trained to create fine details in their work which translated well for illustrating tiny books. He was creative in the details he included in his work. For example, in Book of Hours of Lorenzo the Magnificent and Clarice Orsini he incorporates astrological symbols that correspond with each member of their family into his designs. This pleased the Medici so much that they hired him again to work on more books for them. Through Francesco's work it is also clear that he had at least some knowledge of ancient Roman works. In the fifteenth century, Roman works were popular, but only known to the public through descriptions and copies by famous artists. Only the best artists of the time were able to see the uncovered Roman works and less famous artists rarely got a chance. Nevertheless, it was very popular for artists to replicate the classics to the best of their abilities through descriptions of the Roman works. Francesco designed his floral arrangements and the many putti in a classical Roman way throughout his works. Putti are commonly shown in Renaissance art; they are depictions of small naked children or, more typically, cherubs. Francesco's boldness and creativeness is exemplified by the numerous putti, candelabras, and the use of a rare sketch watercolor technique.  Francesco was also recorded to have been enrolled in the Compagnia di San Paolo in Florence which was one of the minor guilds for doctors and apothecaries. There was not a specific guild for artists so many relocated to the guild of doctors and apothecaries because it was common practice for artists to buy their pigment from the apothecaries. It was not until the 16th century that a guild specifically for artists was created. These guilds are important to history because most of them kept meticulous documents on who joined them and what art they created.  Francesco was often compared to the Pollaiuolo brothers in terms of his artistic style. Antonio Pollaiuolo was renowned for his skill in depicting the human figure and was one of the first artists to practice anatomical dissection. Pollaiuolo's style has been described as pure and sober, except for his female faces which are comparable to bright elegance of the madonnas created by Baldovinetti. Francesco and Antonio Pollaiuolo's landscapes were very similar which can be seen in the composition of three Marys at the Tomb (E 204, fol. 2v), or in the Communion of the Apostles (fol. 169r). Piero Pollaiuolo, the other brother, also has direct links to inspiring Francesco. In Francesco's "Disputationes" he represents his connection to Piero through a design on rug. The pattern on the rug is exactly the same as one Piero used in one of his work, but instead of a rug he had the pattern featured on a throne. Francesco was also compared by the art historian Annaroza Garzelli to Domenico Veneziano in terms of his luminosity.

Works.

The books Francesco illustrated ranged in all sizes and covered varied literary, scientific, historical, and religious topics. He produced works for the book merchant Vespasiano da Bisticci, who in turn commissioned works for prominent court libraries outside of Florence, including for Ferdinand I of Naples, Louis XI of France, and Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary. Francesco's work for Matthias Cornvinus was displayed in Biblioteca Corviniana, the first great humanist library that was not located in Italy. In 1456, Francesco created his first piece for the Petrarch manuscript which was documented in the guild Compagnia di San Paolo.  His productions for the Medici family began in 1457 when he illustrated the "Exorcism of St Zeno" in choir-books for Pistoia Cathedral commissioned by Bishop Donato Medici. He continued his employment by the Medici family when Piero de’ Medici commissioned him in 1458 to illustrate Pliny’s Natural History. He later illuminated Cosimo il Vecchio's choir-books of the Badia of Fiesole in 1461. In 1463, in collaboration with Zanobi Strozzi, he helped illuminate a choir-book for Cathedral of Florence, now in the Laurentian Library (Nos. 149, 150, 151). Strozzi was eleven years older than Francesco, but was also a pupil of Fra Angelico which is where the two artists met. Strozzi famously created the "Madonna and Child with Four Angels" today located in the Museum of San Marco in Florence. The collaboration with Francesco took eleven years and took the help of an entire workshop which included Cosimo Rosselli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Attavante Attavanti and the Master of the Hamilton Xenophon. In Francesco's additions to "Triumphs" and "Apollo and Daphne" he used only drawings or tinted drawings. He also depicted a humanist working in his study while illustrating for Ptolemy and Pliny’s books which was the first of his time.  In 1475, Francesco illuminated a work for Ferdinando di Bologna. Ferdinando had been sent a copy of the "Livio" from Valencia (ms. 56 della Biblioteca Universitaria) of just plain text. Francesco was likely hired through Vespasiano da Bisticci, who handled most of Francesco's clients that were not located in Florence. Francesco illuminated the entire book for Ferdinando, utilizing his miniaturist skills. In the 15th century all books were sold just as text and did not include pictures. As a sign of wealth, the upperclass families would hire prominent illuminators to paint their books for them. In this way illuminators became popular and gained reputations based on the wealth of their clients.  When Francesco worked on illuminating works he focused on illustrating the different virtues and was said to be inspired by Botticelli. He believed that by illustrating them he would force readers to think about the specific traits they need to reach heaven. Through these virtues one could focus on their faith and gain salvation. The virtues most often depicted in his works were justice, prudence, temperance, and strength.  Francesco del Chierico worked on illustrating copies of Natural History by Pliny the Elder. The work is divided into 10 volumes and 37 books which cover everything the ancient Roman knew about natural sciences. Francesco illustrated Pliny twice in the books which are now located in Vienna and Naples. These depictions of Pliny are especially of significance due to his attire. He chose to depict Pliny in his standard portrait face and dressed in typical fourteenth century clothing, to be specific the clothing of a professor.

"Disputationes Camaldulenses".

There is still controversy today over the painters of many miniaturists' work. Luisa Vertova, a contributor to "The Robert Lehman Collection, V. Italian 15th to 17th Century Drawings", and Annarosa Garzelli have contradicting opinions on who illustrated the portrait of Federico da Montefeltro in the copy of the "Disputationes camaldulenses (Camaldolese Disputations) (Urb. lat. 508, Biblioteca Apostolica, Vatican)" by Cristoforo Landino. Francesco illuminated parts of the manuscript including an image of Landino and the Glory of Christ, yet there is speculation as to if he is the true artist to a portrait of two men.  On one particular page of the manuscript Francesco compares the spiritual to the secular. There are two paintings made in ovals on this page, the first depicting the author Cristoforo Landino, the second depicting Christ in glory. In this Christ is representing the spiritual, Landino the secular. There are other speculations that Francesco was trying to depict contemplation versus action with Christ as contemplation.  A miniature portrait of Federico da Montefeltro has him depicted on the left holding a book while looking at the man on the right, either the illuminator, Francesco, or the author, Cristoforo Landino. There is debate as to who the man on the right is due to little documentation or previous portraits of either Landino or Francesco. Vertova cites Francesco di Giorgio Martini as the artist, but mentions that sources differ on the painter, specifically mentioning Garzelli's book as having a different citation. Francesco di Giorgio Martini was of the same time period from Siena and was an accomplished architect, painter, sculptor, and military engineer. Although he was from Siena, Giorgio Martini had very Florentine qualities in his work which fueled the confusion between him and Di Antonio. His major paintings include the "Coronation of the Virgin" and "A Women in a Stormy Landscape". There was also some lesser speculation that the work was by Francesco Roselli, a student of Di Antonio's. It is commonly accepted that Francesco did illuminate all the borders of the book. Further evidence that he created the double portrait is that the two men in it are standing behind what looks like a window. The window frames the two men and cuts them off at the waist with a rug hanging over the sill. This is the rug that was previously mentioned for having and identical pattern to that of Piero Pallaiuolo. It was common for Francesco to put architectural aspects, such as this one, into his works. Although there is controversy on the particular work, the majority of sources site Francesco di Antonio del Chierico as the artist.  Later in Francesco's life it is speculated that he was the master of Francesco Rosselli due to their stylistic similarities. Rosselli was a Florentine native and twelve years Chierico's junior. Although there is little written documentation of his primary training, Rosselli and Francesco worked at the same time in Florence and Rosselli developed an artistic style like that of Francesco's. Rosselli would go on to illustrate the most important maps of the world at the time including one of the first full maps of the world after Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas. He was also said to have a great influence on relatively unknown artists such as the Master of the Decads and Bartolomeo di Domenico di Guido and on more popular artists, Attavante and the Master of the Hamilton Xenophon.  Francesco is often cited as being one of the first artists to connect Naples to Florence. Many works help prove that ideas between artists were circulating from Naples to Florence and vice versa, often along with sketches. Francesco was clearly a key piece of this sharing of styles when, after illuminating the double portrait Ferdinando di Bologna the style of the double portrait, it began to show up all over Italy.

Further reading.

Garzelli, Annarosa. “Miniatura Fiorentina Del Rinascimento. 1440-1525.” "Miniatura Fiorentina Del Rinascimento. 1440-1525", vol. 1, Giunta Regionale Toscana, 1985, pp. 141–142.

Francesco di Antonio del Chierico (1433–1484) was a manuscript illuminator of the early Renaissance period in Florence. Francesco began as a goldsmith before changing occupations to become a successful illustrator. He was one of the pupils of Fra Angelico and became famous for being Lorenzo de' Medici's favorite illuminator. He worked under some of the most prestigious patrons of the time, including Lorenzo de' Medici (otherwise known as Lorenzo the Magnificent), Piero de’ Cosimo de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio, and Vespasiano da Bisticci. He gained a reputation for his well executed illustrations in varying types of books ranging in size from small books of hours to large choir books. His illustrations often included intricate floral arrangements, putti, and candelabras. He decorated both the borders of manuscripts and full pages.

Francesco d'Antonio del Chierico, né à Florence en 1433, mort dans la même ville le, est un peintre enlumineur italien du, également orfèvre.


History.

Following the success of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 in the late 1950s and early 1960s, airlines began seeking larger aircraft to meet the rising global demand for air travel. Engineers were faced with many challenges as airlines demanded more passenger seats per aircraft, longer ranges and lower operating costs.  Early jet aircraft such as the 707 and DC-8 seated passengers along either side of a single aisle, with no more than six seats per row. Larger aircraft would have to be longer, higher (such as a double-deck), or wider in order to accommodate a greater number of passenger seats. Engineers realized having two decks created difficulties in meeting emergency evacuation regulations with the technology available at that time. During the 1960s, it was also believed that supersonic airliners would succeed larger, slower planes. Thus, it was believed that most subsonic aircraft would become obsolete for passenger travel and would be eventually converted to freighters. As a result, airline manufacturers opted for a wider fuselage rather than a taller one (the 747, and eventually the DC-10 and L-1011). By adding a second aisle, the wider aircraft could accommodate as many as 10 seats across, but could also be easily converted to a freighter and carry two eight-by-eight freight pallets abreast.  The engineers also opted for creating "stretched" versions of the DC-8 (61, 62 and 63 models), as well as longer versions of Boeing's 707 (-320B and 320C models) and 727 (-200 model); and Douglas' DC-9 (-30, -40, and -50 models), all of which were capable of accommodating more seats than their shorter predecessor versions.  The wide-body age began in 1970 with the entry into service of the first wide-body airliner, the four-engined, partial double-deck Boeing 747. New trijet wide-body aircraft soon followed, including the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. The first wide-body twinjet, the Airbus A300, entered service in 1974. This period came to be known as the "wide-body wars".  After L-1011 TriStars were demonstrated in the USSR, in 1976 the Soviet Union launched its own first four-engined wide-body, the Ilyushin Il-86. The USSR failed to purchase a lot of L-1011 or negotiate their production.  After the success of the early wide-body aircraft, several subsequent designs came to market over the next two decades, including the Boeing 767 and 777, the Airbus A330 and A340, and the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. In the "jumbo" category, the capacity of the Boeing 747 was not surpassed until October 2007, when the Airbus A380 entered commercial service with the nickname "Superjumbo". Both the Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 "jumbo jets" have four engines each (quad-jets), however the upcoming Boeing 777X ("mini jumbo jet") is a twinjet.  In the mid-2000s, rising oil costs in a post-9/11 climate caused airlines to look towards newer, more fuel-efficient aircraft. Two such examples are the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 XWB. The proposed Comac C929 and C939 may also share this new wide-body market.  The production of the large Boeing 747-8 and Airbus A380 four-engine, long-haul jets is being cut back as airlines are now preferring the smaller, more efficient A350, 787 and 777 twin-engine, long-range airliners.

Design considerations.

Fuselage.

Although wide-body aircraft have larger frontal areas (and thus greater form drag) than narrow-body aircraft of similar capacity, they have several advantages over their narrow-body counterparts, such as:  British and Russian designers had proposed wide-body aircraft similar in configuration to the Vickers VC10 and Douglas DC-9, but with a wide-body fuselage. The British Three-Eleven project never left the drawing board, while the Russian Il-86 wide-body proposal eventually gave way to a more conventional wing-mounted engine design, most likely due to the inefficiencies of mounting such large engines on the aft fuselage.

Engines.

As jet engine power and reliability have increased over the last decades, most of the wide-body aircraft built today have only two engines. A twinjet design is more fuel-efficient than a trijet or quadjet of similar size. The increased reliability of modern jet engines also allows aircraft to meet the ETOPS certification standard, which calculates reasonable safety margins for flights across oceans. The trijet design was dismissed due to higher maintenance and fuel costs compared to a twinjet. Most modern wide-body aircraft have two engines, although the heaviest wide-body aircraft are built with four engines: the Airbus A380, Boeing 747-8. The upcoming Boeing 777X-9 twinjet is approaching the capacity of the earlier Boeing 747.  The Boeing 777 twinjet features the largest and most powerful jet engine, the General Electric GE90. The early variants have a fan diameter of, and the larger GE90-115B has a fan diameter of. This is almost as wide as the Fokker 100 fuselage. The GE90 series are physically the largest engines in aviation history. Complete GE90 engines can only be ferried by outsize cargo aircraft such as the Antonov An-124, presenting logistics problems if a 777 is stranded in a place due to emergency diversions without the proper spare parts. If the fan is removed from the core, then the engines may be shipped on a Boeing 747 Freighter. The General Electric GE9X, powering the Boeing 777x, is wider than the GE90 by.  The maximum takeoff weight of the Airbus A380 would not have been possible without the engine technology developed for the Boeing 777 such as contra-rotating spools. Its Trent 900 engine has a fan diameter of, slightly smaller than the GE90 engines on the Boeing 777. The Trent 900 is designed to fit into a Boeing 747-400F freighter for easier transport by air cargo.

Interior.

The interiors of aircraft, known as the aircraft cabin, have been undergoing evolution since the first passenger aircraft. Today, between one and four classes of travel are available on wide-body aircraft.  Bar and lounge areas which were once installed on wide-body aircraft have mostly disappeared, but a few have returned in first class or business class on the Airbus A340-600, Boeing 777-300ER, and on the Airbus A380. Emirates has installed showers for first-class passengers on the A380; twenty-five minutes are allotted for use of the room, and the shower operates for a maximum of five minutes.  Depending on how the airline configures the aircraft, the size and seat pitch of the airline seats will vary significantly. For example, aircraft scheduled for shorter flights are often configured at a higher seat density than long-haul aircraft. Due to current economic pressures on the airline industry, high seating densities in the economy class cabin are likely to continue.  In some of the largest single-deck wide-body aircraft, such as the Boeing 777, the extra space above the cabin is used for crew rest areas and galley storage.  A comparison of interior cabin widths and economy class seating layouts is shown below under wide-body specifications. Further information can be found under external links.

Wake turbulence and separation.

Aircraft are categorized by ICAO according to the wake turbulence they produce. Because wake turbulence is generally related to the weight of an aircraft, these categories are based on one of four weight categories: light, medium, heavy, and super.  Due to their weight, all current wide-body aircraft are categorized as "heavy", or in the case of the A380 in U.S. airspace, "super".  The wake-turbulence category also is used to guide the separation of aircraft. Super- and heavy-category aircraft require greater separation behind them than those in other categories. In some countries, such as the United States, it is a requirement to suffix the aircraft's call sign with the word "heavy" (or "super") when communicating with air traffic control in certain areas.

Special uses.

Wide-body aircraft are used in science, research, and the military. Two specially modified Boeing 747 aircraft, the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, were used to transport the U.S. Space Shuttle. Some wide-body aircraft are used as flying command posts by the military like the Ilyushin Il-80 or the Boeing E-4, while the Boeing E-767 is used for Airborne Early Warning and Control. New military weapons are tested aboard wide-bodies, as in the laser weapons testing on the Boeing YAL-1. Other wide-body aircraft are used as flying research stations, such as the joint German–U.S. Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Airbus A340, Airbus A380, and Boeing 747 four-engine wide-body aircraft are used to test new generations of aircraft engines in flight. A few aircraft have also been converted for aerial firefighting, such as the DC-10-based Tanker 910 and the 747-based Evergreen Supertanker.  Some wide-body aircraft are used as VIP transport. Canada uses the Airbus A310, while Russia use the Ilyushin Il-96, to transport those holding the highest offices. Germany replaced their Airbus A310 with an Airbus A340 in spring 2011. Specially-modified Boeing 747-200s (Boeing VC-25s) are used to ferry the President of the United States; when one of these aircraft is in use by the President, its call sign is "Air Force One". More information can be found under Air transports of heads of state and government.

A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast. The typical fuselage diameter is. In the typical wide-body economy cabin, passengers are seated seven to ten abreast, allowing a total capacity of 200 to 850 passengers. The largest wide-body aircraft are over wide, and can accommodate up to eleven passengers abreast in high-density configurations.

Un avion à fuselage large ou avion gros-porteur ou avion bicouloir (""). Le diamètre caractéristique du fuselage est de 5 à. Dans une cabine typique de classe économique, les passagers sont assis de sept à dix côte à côte, permettant une capacité de 200 à 850 passagers. Par comparaison, un avion à fuselage étroit caractéristique a un diamètre compris entre 3 et, avec un seul couloir dans la cabine et accueille entre deux et six passagers côte à côte.


List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal

A.

Abrantes  Águeda  Alcobaça  Alcoutim  Alfândega da Fé  Aljezur  Aljustrel  Almada  Almeirim  Alpiarça  Alvito  Amadora  Amarante  Anadia  Angra do Heroísmo  Ansião  Arcos de Valdevez  Arganil  Arouca  Arraiolos  Arruda dos Vinhos  Aveiro

B.

Barcelos  Barreiro  Batalha  Belmonte  Braga  Bragança

C.

Cabeceiras de Basto  Caldas da Rainha Câmara de Lobos  Caminha  Cantanhede  Cartaxo  Cascais  Castanheira de Pera  Castelo Branco  Castro Daire  Castro Marim  Celorico de Basto  Chaves  Coimbra  Condeixa-a-Nova  Constância

E.

Entroncamento Évora

F.

Fafe  Faro  Felgueiras  Figueira da Foz  Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo  Funchal

G.

Golegã  Gondomar  Guarda  Guimarães

I.

Idanha-a-Nova  Ílhavo

L.

Lagoa, Algarve  Lagoa, Azores  Lamego  Leiria  Lisbon  Loulé  Loures  Lourinhã  Lousada

M.

Macedo de Cavaleiros  Madalena  Maia  Manteigas  Marinha Grande  Matosinhos  Mêda  Mira  Miranda do Corvo  Miranda do Douro  Mirandela  Mogadouro  Moita  Monção  Montemor-o-Velho  Mortágua

N.

Nazaré

O.

Óbidos  Oeiras  Oleiros  Oliveira do Bairro  Ourém

P.

Paços de Ferreira  Paredes de Coura  Penamacor  Pinhel  Ponta Delgada  Ponte da Barca  Ponte de Lima  Ponte de Sor  Porto  Póvoa de Varzim

R.

Ribeira Grande

S.

Santa Maria da Feira  Santarém Santiago do Cacém  Santo Tirso  São João da Madeira  São Pedro do Sul  Seia  Seixal  Sernancelhe  Sesimbra is a member of the Douzelage, a town twinning association of towns across the European Union. Sesimbra also has one other twin town.  "Douzelage" "Other" Setúbal  Sines  Sintra  Soure  Soure – Samuel is a member of the "Charter of European Rural Communities", a town twinning association across the European Union, alongside with:

T.

Tarouca  Tavira  Tomar  Tondela  Torres Novas  Torres Vedras

V.

Vale de Cambra  Valpaços  Viana do Castelo  Vila do Bispo  Vila do Conde  Vila Franca de Xira  Vila Nova da Barquinha  Vila Nova de Poiares  Vila Pouca de Aguiar  Vila Real  Vila Verde  Viseu  Vizela

This is a list of municipalities in Portugal having standing links to local communities in other countries. In most cases, the association, especially when formalised by local government, is known as "town twinning" (though other terms, such as "partner towns" "(geminações)" or "sister cities" are sometimes used instead), and while most of the places included are towns, the list also comprises villages, cities, districts, counties, etc. with similar links.

Ceci est la liste des villes jumelées du Portugal ayant des liens permanents avec des communautés locales dans d'autres pays. Dans la plupart des cas, en particulier quand elle est officialisée par le gouvernement local, l'association est connue comme « jumelage » (même si d'autres termes, tels que « villes partenaires », "" ou « municipalités de l'amitié » sont parfois utilisés). La plupart des endroits sont des villes, mais cette liste comprend aussi des villages, des districts, comtés, avec des liens similaires.


Background.

When the War of the Spanish Succession ended in 1713, Spain lost its Italian possessions of Sicily and Sardinia, and their recovery was a priority for Giulio Alberoni, the Chief Minister. Sardinia was reoccupied in 1717 but when they landed on Sicily in July 1718, the Royal Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro, beginning the War of the Quadruple Alliance.  To divert British resources from the Mediterranean, Alberoni devised a plan for 7,000 Spanish troops to land in South-West England, march on London and restore James Stuart. Historians question how serious he was; since Alberoni was one of the few contemporary statesmen with experience of amphibious operations, he was well aware of how unlikely this was. Cape Passaro demonstrated the Royal Navy's power in far less favourable circumstances, which meant the Spanish fleet was unlikely to even reach England, let alone be allowed to disembark large numbers of troops. When the Spanish fleet finally left Cádiz in March, it was battered by a ferocious storm, and took refuge in Coruña, where it remained.  The plan included a simultaneous rising in Scotland, to capture Inverness, and allow a Swedish expeditionary force to disembark. Driven by Charles XII of Sweden's dispute with Hanover, it shows the complexity caused by its ruler George I also being British monarch. Charles died in November 1718, ending any hope of Swedish support, and thus the entire purpose of the Scottish uprising.  In the end, only two frigates carrying George Keith and 300 Spanish soldiers reached Stornoway in the Isle of Lewis. Here they were joined by exiles from France, including the Earl of Seaforth, James Keith, the Marquess of Tullibardine, Lord George Murray and Cameron of Lochiel. On 13 April, they learned of the failure elsewhere; Tullibardine, who was commander of Jacobite land forces, recommended retreat, but Keith prevented this by ordering the two frigates back to Spain.  With no other option, the main force of around 1,000 Highlanders plus the Spanish troops prepared to march on Inverness, leaving their excess stores at Eilean Donan guarded by 40 Spaniards. On 10 May, a British naval squadron captured the castle, blocking any escape by sea, while Joseph Wightman's force of around 1,000 men with four Coehorn mortars advanced towards Glen Shiel. On 9 June, they reached Loch Cluanie, less than 8 miles (13 km) from the Jacobite camp.

The battle.

John Henry Bastide, a subaltern in Montague's regiment who had a long career as a military engineer drew a detailed plan of the battlefield and the movements of the opposing forces soon after the battle. The section detailing the battle itself is missing but it is possible to reconstruct the main elements.  Tullibardine prepared a strong position near the Five Sisters hills, with the Spanish in the centre and the Highlanders on the flanks behind a series of trenches and barricades. Wightman's force arrived about 4:00 pm on 10 June and began the attack an hour later by firing their mortars at the Jacobite flanking positions. This caused few casualties but the Scots had not encountered mortars before, allowing four platoons of Clayton's and Munro's to advance up the hill to their lines, then use grenades to bomb them out of their positions.  Once the Jacobite right had been dislodged, Harrison and Montague attacked the Jacobite left under Lord Seaforth. This was strongly entrenched behind a group of rocks on the hillside but skilful use of the mortars forced Seaforth's men to give way while he himself was badly wounded. Commanded by Colonel Nicolas de Castro Bolano, the Spanish in the centre stood their ground, but had to withdraw up the mountain as their flanks gave way.  The battle lasted until 9:00 pm; several accounts claim the heather caught fire and smoke combined with failing light enabled the bulk of the Scots to disappear into the night. The Spanish surrendered next morning, and as regular troops were later shipped home; Lord George Murray, Seaforth and Tullibardine were wounded but the Jacobite leaders also managed to escape. An analysis by historian Peter Simpson attributes Wightman's victory to skilful use of mortars, the superior firepower of his grenadiers and the aggression shown by his infantry.

Aftermath.

Jacobite casualties were hard to estimate since few bodies were left on the field and the wounded managed to escape, including Seaforth and Lord George Murray; Wightman lost 21 killed and 120 wounded. Lord Carpenter, commander in Scotland, advised London pursuing the rebels was impractical, and it was best to let them go, arguing the Rising had only damaged the Jacobite cause. Tullibardine concurred; in his letter of 16 June 1719 to the Earl of Mar, he provides a description of the battle, and states "it bid fair to ruin the King's Interest and faithful subjects in these parts".  In October 1719, a British naval expedition captured the Spanish port of Vigo, held it for ten days, destroyed vast quantities of stores and equipment, then re-embarked unopposed, with huge quantities of loot. This demonstration of naval power led to Alberoni's dismissal, and ended Spanish support for the Jacobites.  Senior Jacobites like Bolingbroke, Seaforth and Lord George Murray were allowed home, while others took service elsewhere. James Keith became a Prussian general, and was killed at Hochkirch in 1758. George joined the Prussian diplomatic corps; he refused to join the 1745 Rising, and was ambassador to Spain from 1759 to 1761. Although pardoned in 1763, he died in Potsdam in 1778.  Tullibardine remained in exile, took part in the 1745 Rising, and died in the Tower of London in July 1746. Lord George served as one of Prince Charles' senior commanders, and died in the Dutch Republic in October 1760.

Conservation of battlefield.

The area known as 'Spanish Hill' is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland. The stone breastworks built by the Jacobites on the northern slope are a rare example of surviving fieldworks in Britain, and designated a scheduled monument.  In advance of the 300th anniversary of the battle, the National Trust for Scotland was involved in an archaeological survey of the site. Finds included ammunition from the mortars which were deployed against the Jacobite forces.

The Battle of Glen Shiel, or, took place on 10 June 1719 in the West Scottish Highlands, during the 1719 Jacobite Rising. A Jacobite army composed of Highland levies and Spanish marines, was defeated by British troops, reinforced by a Highland Independent Company.

La bataille de Glen Shiel est une victoire de l'armée britannique sur les jacobites écossais et l'armée espagnole pendant le soulèvement jacobite de 1715, qui constitue un conflit annexe de la guerre de la Quadruple-Alliance.


Australia and New Zealand.

In Australia and New Zealand a "pen" is a small enclosure for livestock (especially sheep or cattle), which is part of a larger construction, e.g. "calf pen", "forcing pen" (or yard) in sheep or cattle yards, or a "sweating pen" or "catching pen" in a shearing shed. In Australia, a paddock may encompass a large, fenced grazing area of many acres, not to be confused with the American English use of "paddock" as interchangeable with "corral" or "pen", describing smaller, confined areas.

Britain.

In British English, a sheep pen is also called a "folding", "sheepfold" or "sheepcote". Modern shepherds more commonly use terms such as "closing or confinement pen" for small sheep pens. Most structures today referred to as "sheepfolds" are ancient dry stone semicircles.

United States.

In the United States, the term "pen" usually describes outdoor small enclosures for holding animals. These may be for encasing livestock or pets that cannot be kept indoors. Pens may be named by their purpose, such as a "holding pen", used for short-term confinement. A pen for cattle may also be called a "corral", a term borrowed from the Spanish language. Groups of pens that are part of a larger complex may be called a "stockyard", where a series of pens holds a large number of animals, or a "feedlot", which is type of stockyard used to confine animals that are being fattened. A large pen for horses is called a "paddock" (Eastern USA) or a "corral" (Western USA). In some places an exhibition arena may be called a "show pen". A small pen for horses (no more than 15–20 feet on any side) is only known as a pen if it lacks any roof or shelter, otherwise it is called a "stall" and is part of a stable. A large fenced grazing area of many acres is called a "pasture", or, in some cases, "rangeland".

Other regions.

Primitive pens in South Africa are called "kraal".

Exercise pen.

For pets, specialized folding fencing referred to as an exercise pen, x-pen, or ex pen, is used to surround an area, usually outdoors but not always, in which the animals can freely move around. They are commonly used for dogs, such as to give puppies or adult dogs more space than dog crates, but can also be used for rabbits and other animals. Exercise pens are usually made of sturdy wire, but can also be plastic or wood.  Horses, during training, are often exercised in a round pen, sometimes referred to as an exercise pen.

Pen mating.

Pen mating means that, ideally, a cohort of females is brought into the male's pen and he services them all while they are in the pen. This is the least labor-intensive mating system because the females are just left to mate at will. This mating is also the least efficient in terms of male power and efficiency as they do not need to do much in terms of exercising their power.

A pen is an enclosure for holding animals such as livestock or pets that are unwanted inside the house. The term describes types of enclosures that may confine one or many animals. Construction and terminology vary depending on the region of the world, purpose, animal species to be confined, local materials used and tradition. "Pen" or "penning" as a verb refers to the act of confining animals in an enclosure.

Un enclos est un espace de terrain entouré d'une clôture qui sert à contenir des animaux domestiques, à délimiter un monument commémoratif.


Gameplay.

"Wii Party U" is a multiplayer video game consisting of a standard board game with mini-games, similar to "Mario Party". Over 80 different new mini-games are available. Multiple people can play mini-games using the Wii U GamePad. Wii Party U also includes a new accessory, a stand for the Wii U GamePad to allow support for the tabletop games. "House Party" games also return from "Wii Party", and focus on various implementations of the Wii U GamePad and Wii Remotes amongst a group of people.  There are four different types of party modes. The first is the TV Party, which can include up to 4 players that use the Wii Remotes and the Wii U GamePad on the television. This mode is a boardgame with each tile having some effect upon the players. The host of the game's name is Party Phil and he controls and announces what happens in the game.  Highway Rollers: Players get to roll many dice and go far. and do some challenges.  GamePad Island: Players move the number of spaces you earn in microgames that involve you to roll the die.  Mii Fashion Plaza: Players now get to earn "Specialty Rolls" and wear costumes to show the "Center Stage" to earn points. They start the game off with choosing costumes from the roulette. then the also start by giving them a "Specialty Roll": The "Roll x2".  The Balldozer: Players drop balls in the "Balldozer" machine. Blue, Red, Green and Yellow balls give you 1 point. A golden ball is worth 10, and a skull ball is losing you 5 points.  Team Building (known as Teammate Madness in Europe): Match Mii characters to create the perfect team.  The second mode is the House Party where players use the Wii U GamePad as the screen instead of the television with the inclusion of the Wii Remotes. The third type is the GamePad Party, which allows up to two players to use the Wii U GamePad to play in tabletop minigames. The final mode is the Minigame mode. This is where players can challenge each other in all the different minigames from the previous modes.  Minigame Collection: One to four players can play all the minigames available on Wii Party U.  Freeplay Challenge: One player can play the minigames in order to challenge themselves by attempting to break the records of each minigame.  Bridge Burners: Players team up with each other to play minigames and "knock down bridges" in order to beat the other team.  Dojo Domination: This is a single player mode in which the player challenges 30 computers to the minigames and attempts to last as long as they can.  Battle of the Minigames: Two to four players face off in minigames to see who will reach the top of the stage to get first place.  Tabletop Tournament: Players use the Wii U GamePad to face off in "single-elimination or round-robin tabletop tournament."

Reception.

Wii Party U received mixed reviews from critics, with an average Metacritic score of 65/100. According to Edge, "Wii Party U has no rhythm, and you won’t realise just how crucial that is to a party game until it’s gone." Edge also states that one of Wii Party U's problems is its "multitude of games," while spending "at least as much time explaining itself as it does letting you have fun." Unlike Edge, Nintendo World Report praises the game stating that it is "a fine crowd-pleasing party game," featuring "more than the 2010 Wii game did."

Sales.

In Japan, the game was very well received, selling around than 70,000 physical copies on its first week, boosting Wii U sales system to 38,000 units sold. During the holiday season, the sales of the game were considerably higher, generally occupying the top of the Japanese charts. As of December 31, 2013, more than 518,000 units had been sold only in Japan, entering the year-end Japanese chart at number 10.  As of September 30, 2015, it has worldwide sales of 1.58 million.

Wii Party U is a party video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U in 2013. It was announced in a January 2013 Nintendo Direct, and later detailed at E3 2013 and the October 2013 Nintendo Direct. It is the sequel to the 2010 Wii game "Wii Party".

Wii Party U est un jeu vidéo de type "party game" développé par Nd Cube et Nintendo SPD et édité par Nintendo sur Wii U. Il fait partie de la série de jeux "Wii" et fait suite à "Wii Party". Il a été publié le en version physique en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, le en Australie et le au Japon.


Functionality.

CHARA’s six telescopes each have a one-meter diameter mirror to reflect light. They are spread across Mount Wilson to increase the angular resolution of the array. Each of the six telescopes provides a different image, to combine it into one image the light from each telescope is transported through vacuum tubes and fed into a single beam, where they are matched up to within one micron. This process is called interferometry, and allows the array to have the same resolving power as a telescope with a 330-meter mirror, and an angular resolution of 200 micro-arcseconds.

History.

In 1984 CHARA was founded, and with financial support from the National Science Foundation (NSF), in 1985 planning for the array began. Construction for the array started on July 13, 1996, and with $6.3 million awarded to GSU by the NSF, and the same amount matched by GSU, going towards the effort. In July 1998, GSU was awarded another $1.5 million by W.M. Keck Foundation, which allowed for a sixth telescope to be added to the previously planned five. With a final gift of $574,000 from David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the funding for the array was completed in October 1998.  After another five years of construction, the CHARA array was completed in 2003. In April of the same year, CHARA was awarded a 3-year grant to support scientific programs at the center, which was renewed in 2006. In 2013 another grant from the NSF worth 3.6 million was given to the Center.  Observatories throughout the world have come to CHARA to test beam combining technology.

Discoveries.

On January 15, 2007, the diameter of an exoplanet was measured directly, using CHARA. This was achieved by using the observed angular diameter of the star that the planet orbited, and the already known distance of the star from Earth, to get the diameter of the star. With this they could calculate the diameter of the exoplanet when comparing its size to the star when it passed in front of it. This was the first time the diameter of an exoplanet was directly measured, and returned a value slightly different than that obtained from indirect, more conventional methods.  In 2013 CHARA was used to capture images showing the starspots on Zeta Andromedae, a star 181 light years away. This was the first time that images of starspots on stars other than our Sun has been taken.  CHARA directly observed binary stars, such as Beta Lyrae and Algol. CHARA directly imaged multiple stars, such as Regulus, Rasalhague, Altair, Alderamin and Beta Cassiopeiae to measure the flattened shape of these rapidly rotating stars. Because the equator is further from the center of the star, it will appear cooler than the poles, an effect called gravity darkening.  The CHARA array can also resolve the circumstellar disks around Be-stars and measure the disk precession variations.

Events.

CHARA holds annual science meetings where recent advancements in science and technologies relevant to the array are discussed. The center also gives access to the array to the astronomical community using the National Optical Astronomy Observatory peer review system for around 50 nights per year. They also have periodic community workshops.

The CHARA (Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy) array is an optical interferometer, located on Mount Wilson, California. The array consists of six telescopes operating as an astronomical interferometer. Construction was completed in 2003. CHARA is owned by Georgia State University (GSU).

L'interféromètre CHARA est un interféromètre astronomique optique opéré par "The Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy" (CHARA) de l'Université d'État de Géorgie (GSU). C'est le télescope avec le plus grand pouvoir de résolution dans l'infrarouge au monde. Il est situé à l'Observatoire du Mont Wilson, près de Los Angeles.


Plot.

Eddie Harrington (Bud Abbott) and Albert Mansfield (Lou Costello) are plumbers who receive a call about a leak in the private bathroom of Mr. Van Cleve (Thurston Hall), a wealthy businessman. The grumpy man, though his costume is ready, does not attend the ball but goes to bed instead. The leak is keeping him awake, but the costume ball that his wife (Nella Walker) is throwing downstairs is not.  Eddie and Albert enlist the aid of a friend, Elsie Hammerdingle (Marion Hutton), a taxi driver, to take them to the mansion. While they are upstairs attempting to fix the leak—but flooding the room instead—Peter Evans (Kirby Grant), a guest dressed as a cab driver, mistakes Elsie for another costumed guest, despite her insistence that she really is just a cab driver. He winds up inviting her to another gala event, Mrs. Winthrop's (Margaret Irving) estate Briarwood, where a valuable painting, "The Plunger" (a heavy gambler), is to be unveiled.  Mrs. Van Cleve was intending to send Eddie and Albert a letter of complaint for the devastation that they inflicted on her home. However, she is distracted for a moment while doing her mail, and instead sends them her own invitation to the unveiling of the "Plunger" at Briarwood. They think it is a reward for a job well done and look at it as a chance to meet other wealthy clients. Albert, being a plumber, can only think of a plumbing tool and is amazed at the value of the painting. However, a loan shark named Drexel (Thomas Gomez) to whom they owe money (they borrowed money from him to start their business and are balking at repaying him), demands they steal the painting while they are there. When they refuse to go through with the plan, Drexel and Marlow (Murray Leonard), a crooked chauffeur at the party, attempt to steal the painting themselves. When the painting is discovered to be missing, Gloria Winthrop (Ann Gillis), accuses Elsie, Eddie, and Albert of being the thieves. However, they clear their names when Eddie and Albert, in a fire truck, capture Drexel and Marlow and recover the painting.  At the end, some guests claim that Eddie and Albert stole their tuxedos and the two are chased across a field.

Cast.

The credits at the end of the movie has George Dolenz and Steven Geray roles switched.

Routines.

This film includes the classic "Bagel Street" scene—itself adapted from the popular vaudeville routine "Floogle Street"—during which Abbott and Costello attempt to deliver straw hats to the Susquehanna Hat Company, but everyone they meet along the way has a reason for hating that company, including a lunatic who claims that he was killed on Bagel Street, and each of them destroys a hat until there are none left.  This is followed by another scene where the two go careening down a steep street on a sofa, barely missing collisions, and causing havoc until the sofa lands in the river.  Another classic routine at the end of the movie was the throwing of rocks to stop the boys in their tracks at a tremendous distance. The point of comedy was no one could throw anything at that distance to hit their target with accuracy. This routine was "borrowed" from earlier comedies such as Laurel and Hardy and later with The Three Stooges.

Production.

Filmed from June 12 through July 21, 1944, with much of it being filmed at the Jewett Estate on Arden Road in Pasadena, California.  Although Abbott and Costello made this film for Universal Pictures after they filmed "Lost in a Harem" for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, this movie was released first.  Lou Costello had recently returned to work following a battle with rheumatic fever. As a result, Universal wanted to release this film as quickly as possible. To save time, much of the climactic fire engine chase was lifted from W.C. Fields' "Never Give a Sucker an Even Break".

Home media.

This film has been released twice on DVD. The first release was on "The Best of Abbott and Costello Volume Two", May 4, 2004, and the second was on October 28, 2008 as part of "Abbott and Costello: The Complete Universal Pictures Collection".

In Society is a 1944 film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. It was the first of five Abbott and Costello films to be directed by Jean Yarbrough. It was re-released in 1953.

Hommes du monde (titre original : ) est une comédie américaine, en noir et blanc, réalisée par Jean Yarbrough et Erle C. Kenton, sortie en 1944. Ce film met en scène le duo comique Abbott et Costello.


Career.

In 2011 Soriano earned numerous sales successes with the national police trilogy Moisés Guzmán, protagonist to date of three novels: "El Buen Padre", "Los fresones rojos" and "Los ojos del escritor". Ediciones B has acquired the rights to publish the novel "La casa de enfrente", work in the digital edition went on to achieve top sales for several months and has been published on paper in Spain and South America for Ediciones B. In September 2013 he became the best-selling novel on Amazon Mexico, reaching number one authors ahead of the likes of Dan Brown.  In January 2013, he was a finalist in the 69th edition of the Premio Nadal with the novel La noche de los peones.  He has won awards for his 2008 novella "I Katharis" and his 2011 novel "The Stone Raft" He has also been nominated for other awards.  Navarro is a promoter and organizer of various literary contests, and a jury member of several literary contests based in Huesca.

Personal life.

Navarro has been based in Huesca since 2001.

Generación Kindle.

Esteban Navarro is considered the creator of the term Generation Kindle, referring to writers who emerged on the Kindle digital platform. This "Generación Kindle" brings together authors who, although they are of different ages and styles, publish their works through Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP). The term has been embraced by the media to refer to all the authors who publish and succeed through ebooks.

Controversy.

In 2017, the Directorate-General of the Police opened an Information File of him in his capacity as an official of the National Police after having published his novel "A history of police", although the author unlinked the file with the publication of this work.  This news had a lot of media coverage even in international newspapers, such as "The Guardian". In the indictment they pointed out that "some officials of the police station in Huesca" were worried that their activity in social networks would damage the image of the body to which it belongs.

Esteban Navarro Soriano (born 18 March 1965, in Moratalla) is a Spanish novelist and journalist known as a contributor to the newspapers "Diario del AltoAragón" and "El País". He is considered by Random House as one of the great names of the Spanish crime novel.

Esteban Navarro Soriano (né à Moratalla, en Murcie, le ) est un écrivain basé à Huesca depuis 2001. Considéré par Random House comme l'un des grands noms du roman noir espagnol. Il était policier de 1994 à 2018.


History.

Zhemchuzhina Sochi was founded in 1991 and named after a hotel which was one of the founders. Zhemchuzhina is Russian for "a pearl". Zhemchuzhina spent one season in the Soviet Second League B (winning zonal tournament), but were entitled to enter Russian First Division in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Zhemchuzhina won the tournament in their zone and were promoted to the Russian Top Division. They spent 7 seasons there, from 1993 to 1999. After another season in the First Division in 2000 Zhemchuzhina went straight down to the Second Division. The club was disbanded after the 2003 season due to financial problems.  In 2004, a new club, Sochi-04, was formed in place of Zhemchuzhina. The former head of Zhemchuzhina, Oleg Shinkaryov, became a chairman of Sochi-04.

Rebirth.

In 2007, club was re-established under name "Zhemchuzhina-A". Arsen Naydyonov became manager and vice-president of club. "Zhemchuzhina-A" played in Amateur Football League South zone, the 4th highest-level in 2007. It finished 2nd this league and promoted to South Zone of Russian Second Division for 2008 season. In 2008, it was renamed to FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi. It promoted to the Russian First Division the 2010 season as champions of South Zone after 9 seasons of absence.  In August 2011 the team withdrew from Russian First Division (FNL).

Reserve squad.

Zhemchuzhina's reserve squad played professionally as FC Zhemchuzhina-d Sochi (Russian Third League in 1995-1997) and FC Zhemchuzhina-2 Sochi (Russian Second Division in 1998-1999). In 1992-1993 the reserves team was based in Adler and played under the name of FC Torpedo Adler.  Another farm club called FC Dynamo-Zhemchuzhina-2 Sochi played professionally in Russian Third League in 1996 and Russian Second League in 1997.

Notable players.

Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Zhemchuzhina.

FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi () was a Russian association football club based in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai founded in 1991 and dissolved in 2012.

Le Jemtchoujina Sotchi (en ) est un ancien club russe de football basé à Sotchi, fondé en 1991 et dissout en 2012.


Accident.

Air India Flight 101 was a scheduled flight from Bombay to London; and on the day of the accident was operated as a Boeing 707, registration "VT-DMN" and named "Kanchenjunga". After leaving Bombay, it had made two scheduled stops, at Delhi and Beirut, and was en route to another stop at Geneva. At Flight Level 190, the crew was instructed to descend for Geneva International Airport after the aircraft had passed Mont Blanc. The pilot, thinking that he had passed Mont Blanc, started to descend and flew into the Mont Blanc massif in France near the Rocher de la Tournette, at an elevation of. All 106 passengers and 11 crew were killed.

Passengers.

Among the 106 passengers who were killed was Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, the chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission

Aircraft.

The Boeing 707–437 VT-DMN had first flown on 5 April 1961 and was delivered new to Air India on 25 May 1961. It had flown a total of 16,188 hours.

Investigation.

At the time, aircrew fixed the position of their aircraft as being above Mont Blanc by taking a cross-bearing from one VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) as they flew along a track from another VOR. However, the accident aircraft departed Beirut with one of its VOR receivers unserviceable.  The investigation concluded:

CIA assassination theory.

The journalist Gregory Douglas claims in his book "Conversations with the Crow" that the former CIA officer Robert T Crowley told him in conversations held between 1992 and 1996 that the US Government got the CIA to assassinate the Indian nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha by planting a bomb in the cargo hold of flight AI 101. The book claims that 13 days earlier, the CIA had also murdered the Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in Tashkent, one day after he signed the Ceasefire Agreement with Pakistan, called the Tashkent Pact. Douglas quotes Crowley as having said, “We had trouble, you know, with India back in the 60’s when they got uppity and started work on an atomic bomb. The thing is, they were getting into bed with the Russians." On Bhabha, he said, "that one was dangerous, believe me. He had an unfortunate accident. He was flying to Vienna to stir up more trouble, when his Boeing 707 had a bomb go off in the cargo hold. In October 1965, Bhabha had announced on All India Radio that they could build an atomic bomb within 18 months if given the go-ahead by the Government of India.

Recent discoveries.

Wreckage of the crashed Boeing still remains at the crash site. In 2008, a climber found some Indian newspapers dated 23 January 1966. An engine from Air India Flight 245, which had crashed at virtually the same spot in 1950, was also discovered.  On 21 August 2012, a jute bag of diplomatic mail, stamped "On Indian Government Service, Diplomatic Mail, Ministry of External Affairs", was recovered by a mountain rescue worker and turned over to local police in Chamonix. An official with the Indian Embassy in Paris took custody of the mailbag, which was found to be a "Type C" diplomatic pouch meant for newspapers, periodicals, and personal letters. Indian diplomatic pouches "Type A" (classified information) and "Type B" (official communications) are still in use today; "Type C" mailbags were made obsolete with the advent of the Internet. The mailbag was found to contain, among other items, still-white and legible copies of "The Hindu" and "The Statesman" from mid-January 1966, Air India calendars, and a personal letter to the Indian consul-general in New York, C.G.K. Menon. The bag was flown back to New Delhi on a regular Air India flight, in the charge of C.R. Barooah, the flight purser. His father, R.C. Barooah, was the flight engineer on Air India Flight 101.  In September 2013 a French alpinist found a metal box containing the Air India logo at the site of the plane crash on Mont Blanc containing rubies, sapphires, and emeralds worth more than $300,000, which he handed in to the police to be returned to the rightful owners. In her book "Crash au mont Blanc", which tells the story of the two Air India crashes on Mont-Blanc (1950 and 1966), Françoise Rey writes about a box of emeralds sent to M. Issacharov, London, described by Lloyd's.  On 28 July 2017 human body parts, specifically the upper thigh of a woman and a hand were discovered beside an aircraft engine belonging to a Boeing 707 aircraft by Daniel Roche, who has spent years combing the Bossons Glacier on Mont Blanc for aircraft remains.

References.

Bibliography.

Crash au Mont-Blanc, les fantômes du Malabar Princess et du Kangchenjunga. Françoise Rey. Glénant 1991, Le Petit Montagnard, 2013. France

Air India Flight 101 was a scheduled Air India passenger flight from Bombay to London that accidentally flew into Mont Blanc in France on the morning of 24 January 1966. The accident was caused by a misunderstood verbal instruction from the radar controller to the pilot in lieu of VOR data, one of the receivers being out of service. The crash was almost at the exact spot where Air India Flight 245, a Lockheed 749 Constellation on a charter flight, had crashed in 1950 with the loss of all 48 on board that aircraft.

Le vol 101 d'Air India est un vol de passagers reliant Bombay à Londres qui s'est écrasé dans le massif du mont Blanc en France, le.


History.

Early days.

HAŠK was founded as a multi-sports club in November 1903 by nine Zagreb students (August Adam, Dragutin Albrecht, Petar Čerlek, Vjekoslav Jurković, Marko Kostrenčić, Krešimir Miskić, Oskar Mohr, Lav Wodwarška and Hinko Würth) who are today seen as pioneers of organized sports at the University of Zagreb. The club's purpose was to popularize sports among Croatian students, as well as to counter the ongoing magyarization of Croatian public life, since Croatia was at the time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The club's colours were red, white and golden, chosen to represent the colours of Croatian provinces.  At first, the club had sections for fencing, ice-skating, skiing, sledding and sports shooting, but ever since football was introduced in the spring of 1904, it became the most popular and well-known department of the club. The club played its first official game on 16 October 1906 against PNIŠK Zagreb ("Prvi nogometni i športski klub Zagreb, First football and sports club Zagreb") which ended in a 1–1 draw in front of 800 spectators.  The club played many non-league games against local sides and against foreign opponents in the following years, such as the game against BEAC (The University of Budapest sports club) in 1909. When the first Croatian football championship was started in 1912, HAŠK were heading the table in mid-season and were later declared champions as the competition was abandoned after the winter break due to poor organization. The championship was never relaunched, and during World War I the club went on hiatus.

Revival and demise.

In the period from 1918 to 1945 the club grew in popularity and membership, and in the years following the war new sections for track and field athletics, tennis, swimming, field hockey, cycling, table tennis and motorsport were formed. After experiencing a financial crisis in the 1920s and a fire that destroyed stands on their ground in the summer of 1936, the following decade saw immediate revival and the time of HAŠK's greatest success.  The first success came in 1923 when they won the first edition of the Yugoslav Cup, named back then as the King Alexander Cup. The club will regularly compete in the Yugoslav First League since 1927, and their finest hour came in the 1937–38 season when they won the Yugoslav title. They even went on to compete in the 1938 Mitropa Cup, when they were knocked out in the first round of the tournament by the Czechoslovakian side SK Kladno with 5:2 on aggregate. On a local level, in the period from 1911 to 1945 the club played a total of 120 matches against city rivals Građanski. Their last game was a 2–2 draw on 10 April 1945, just before both clubs were disbanded by the communist government.  The newly formed Dinamo Zagreb, which was established by the authorities two months later, took over HAŠK's Maksimir ground (originally opened in May 1912), along with many players who switched from Građanski or HAŠK to Dinamo. Other sports sections of the club were renamed "FD Akademičar (Academic Sports Society)" and later merged with "ASD Mladost (Youth Academic Sports Society)" which survives today as the HAŠK Mladost sports society, most famous for their later water polo and volleyball success on both the national and continental levels.  The most prominent of HAŠK's football players who later joined Dinamo was Zlatko Čajkovski, who spent the next 11 seasons playing for Zagreb's powerhouse. Dinamo's current youth academy and training ground located next to their stadium both bear the name "Hitrec-Kacian", in honour of two HAŠK players, Ico Hitrec and Ratko Kacian.

Post-Yugoslavia.

After the fall of communism and in the midst of the breakup of Yugoslavia, the club was reactivated and officially registered in November 1990, but in name only – no sports activities were started as the new club leadership centered their activities on promoting HAŠK's legacy and organizing events intended to raise the public awareness of the contribution HAŠK has made to the development of sports in Croatia. In an attempt to revive their glory days, the newly restarted club decided to enter competition sports again in 1993 so they merged with a local amateur football side called "NK TPK" from the Peščenica neighbourhood of Zagreb. In 2006 they merged again with the Druga HNL side "NK Naftaš Ivanić" from Ivanić Grad to form the present day NK HAŠK, currently a second tier club in the Croatian football league system. They play their games at the "Donje Svetice" ground in Zagreb, which has a capacity of 3,000.

HAŠK "(full name Hrvatski akademski športski klub, )" was a Croatian football club established in Zagreb in 1903 which ceased operating in 1945. The club was one of the most successful sides in Zagreb and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the period between the two World Wars. Since then several sports clubs have claimed to descend from it, the most significant of which is HAŠK Mladost sports society.

Le HAŠK ("Hrvatski akademski športski klub") est un ancien club yougoslave basé à Zagreb, la capitale de la Croatie, fondé en 1903 et dissous en 1945. Il dispute ses matchs à domicile au Stade Maksimir de Zagreb.


History.

The Mine District of Pachuca—Real del Monte has a long and rich heritage. The mines in the district are conservatively estimated to have produced 1.2 billion Troy ounces of silver and 6.2 million ounces of gold. That is 6% of the silver mined throughout the world during the last five centuries. Some of the mines have continued limited production until the present day.  Gold and silver were discovered after the Spanish conquest of Mexico in the 1520s. The Colonial Spanish began mining in the 16th century in the Pachuca area, but the mines were suffering from flooding by 1725. In 1741, Pedro Romero de Terreros and Jose Alejandro Bustamante started a drainage program using an adit.  The native Mexican Amerindians were often enslaved to work the mines, despite the Royal mandate for Colonial Jesuit Reductions and later Franciscan Indian Reductions. In addition, Africans were imported to replace Indian slaves. The Real del Monte 1766 Strike is considered by many to be the first real labor strike in North American history.  The town's steep streets, stairways and small squares are lined with low buildings, some dating back to the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain period (1500s - 1810). The older houses with high sloping roofs and chimneys in town show the 19th century Cornish and English influence.

19th-century Cornish miners.

Mining.

The Cornish role in the development of Mexican silver mining is significant. The Cornish brought "new" mining technology of the industrial revolution in the 1820s, reviving Mexican silver mining. Especially important was English equipment to drain mine tunnels flooded by groundwater since the Spanish period. The majority of immigrant miners came from the Cornish Central Mining District of Camborne-Redruth-Gwennap in Cornwall. The Cornish firm that ran the Real del Monte-Pachuca mines between 1824 and 1848, employed 350 Cornish miners and, when the mines were in full operation, the municipality was once the richest in the state.  One of the leading personalities in 19th-century Mexico mining was Francis Rule, from Camborne in Cornwall. Known as "El Rey de la Plata" (Silver King), Rule left a mark on the Pachucan cityscape, with civic generosity to his adopted homeland. His opinion could be a barometer for the rise and fall of mining shares. He became very wealthy from his numerous mining interests in the district. One was the Santa Gertrudis Mine, which by 1898 was one of the most productive in the State of Hidalgo under Cornish management.  Four extant Cornish mine engine houses, and the English Cemetery ("Panteon Inglés") containing the graves of hundreds of Cornishmen in Pachuca, bear witness to the Cornish contributions to Mexican silver mining for over a century. The cemetery is undergoing restoration following storm damage in 2016.

Sports.

It was the Cornish who first introduced soccer/football to Mexico (Pachuca). The first game of what would go on to be Mexico's national past time ("futbol"), was first played in Mexico by Cornish miners at Pachuca in 1900, a fact that is celebrated each year. The first soccer club in the country, the Pachuca Athletic Club, was also founded in that year. The first team consisted of Charles Dawe, John Dawe, James Bennetts, John Bennetts, William Blamey, Richard Sobey, William Bragg, William Thomas, Percy Bunt, Lionel Bunt, Albert Pengelly and William Pengelly, a decidedly 'Cornish' team. The Pachuca club encouraged the formation of teams in Mexico City and Orizaba, the first championship was played in 1902 and 'El Pachuca' won the 1904-05 tournament. Also rugby union, cricket, tennis, polo, chess among other sports, were introduced here.  Methodism was introduced to Roman Catholic Mexico by the Cornish upon their arrival, and most of the descendants of the Cornish in Real del Monte and Pachuca are of Methodist faith. They brought Methodist Christianity to other major Mexican cities as they relocated. Mexican remittances helped to build the Wesleyan Chapel in Redruth, Cornwall, in the 1820s.

Geology.

The Pachuca-Mineral del Monte silver mining district is at the southern end of a metalliferous mineral zone that extends northwest to encompass Mineral del Chico to the Zimapan lead-mining district to the northwest. The ore deposits occur in the volcanic Tertiary Pachuca Group, principally andesite-rhyolite flow series with intervening tuff beds. The deposits are epithermal sulfide minerals within steeply dipping normal fault veins. Acanthite and argentite are the principal silver ore minerals. Between 1973 through 1981, Compania De Real Del Monte Y Pachuca, S.A., produced 24,762,667.2 Troy ounces of silver and 133,950.33 Troy ounces of gold.  The richest vein of silver was the Veta Vizcaina, or the Vizcaina Vein, which extended 5 km to the east of Real del Monte. Productive mines along this vein included the San Francisco, Santa Agueda (1767), Santa Teresa (1734), La Joya (1734), San Cayetano (1751), Dolores (1734), and La Palma (1734). By 1750, Pedro Terreros had control of this lucrative vein. Production continued until the mid-1770s.

Tourism.

Real del Monte was named a ""Pueblo Mágico"" by the federal government, for its unique historical qualities, aesthetics, and traditions. There are significant examples of Spanish Colonial architecture, in individual buildings and via the overall cityscape, that are preserved in the town.

Little Cornwall.

The twin silver mining settlements of Pachuca and Real del Monte (Mineral del Monte) in the State of Hidalgo have been marketed as 'Mexico's Little Cornwall' by the Mexican Embassy in London since 2007. This represents the first attempt by the Spanish-speaking part of the Cornish diaspora to establish formal links with Cornwall. The Camborne Town Council voted on 19 July 2007 to twin with Pachuca and on 16 August 2007 a public meeting confirmed the earlier decision of Redruth Town Council to twin with Real del Monte. The formal twinning ceremony took place at Mineral del Monte in July 2008 during the visit of the Cornish Mexican Cultural Society. Real del Monte is a home of the paste in Mexico, with 30 "paste" producers in the town. A little larger than cocktail pasties common to the UK, the Mexican-made versions are widely varied including: meat and potato, black bean, shredded chicken, and sausage, all heavily laced with chillies plus a range of sweet pasties including: pineapple, apple, strawberry, and blackberry. A number have developed into national chains with shops in towns and cities across Mexico. The town of Real del Monte is the site of a museum of Cornish pasties, opened in 2011.  In October 2009 the town of Real del Monte (twinned with Redruth, Cornwall) held the first International Pasty Festival (Festival Internacional del Paste). Organised by the Municipality of Real del Monte, the paste producers and the Cornish Mexican Cultural Society Chapter Mexico, the Festival was a great success drawing an estimated 8,000 visitors to the town for the three-day event. A coach of visitors travelled from Cuernavaca, some four hours away, and another from Mexico City. The Festival was opened by the President Municipal of Real del Monte, Ing. Omar Mariano Skewes. During the opening speeches it was stated that ‘ Cornish people rebuilt our shattered mining industry giving us work and now again, when we have lost that industry, the Cornish have given us pastes and a new source of income’. As is usual on festival days in this town, the programme commenced with a visit to the Cornish Cemetery and a guided tour by Bridget Galsworthy of the British Society, followed by wreath-laying at the Miner ́s Monument. The main street was transformed with a long line of tented stands where ‘pastes’ of all descriptions were produced and a large stage next to the Miners' Memorial provided dance and other entertainments throughout the Festival.

Notable citizens.

At the end of the 19th-century, the engineer Andrés Aldasoro worked in the Las dos Estrellas mine. Two of his sons, Juan Pablo Aldasoro and Eduardo Aldasoro Suárez, were born in Mineral del Monte. As adults, they became pioneers in aviation, and both became members of the Early Birds of Aviation. Alfred C. Crowle was the Cornish born miner who emigrated to Mexico and in 1935 became manager to the national Mexican football team.  John Edgar Benjamin Vial was a Cornish-Mexican who fought in the British Imperial Forces during World War I. He died in the Battle of Somme. For his service he received the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. There is a monument in his honor at the "Panteon Inglés".

Principal attractions.

English cemetery.

The English cemetery is on a hill located near the Cerro del Jew, in the English district of Mineral del Monte.  In 1834 it originated with the name of Pantheon English. In 1851 it would restore, in 1862 placed the iron gate and in 1863, the rest where even lodge ceremonies or religion they are made. The British Cemetery is a unique example of architecture that integrates charm and mystique in its interiors. It is one of the sites of greatest interest to visitors, including people from England, Switzerland, the United States, the country, and Hidalgo. This cemetery was built in 1851 on land donated by Thomas Straffon, who was one of the first British who arrived with wife and children and was an official of the mining companies operating in that time several mining Hidalgo state funds. It has 755 tombs, the oldest of Dr. Robert Tindall (1834). All graves are aligned and oriented towards England and there is one a tomb that does not. The single askew grave belongs to a Yorkshire born mining engineer. Not Richard Bell, a world-famous clown decided to start his own circus.

Mine Acosta.

Acosta mine began operations in 1727 and maintains its productive activity until 1985. Today it has become an important museum where you can learn about its history and relevant aspects of mining work. On the site are vestiges and architectural installations, testimony of its historical stages: the colony, immigration and British investment in the region by starting the steam era and the advent of electricity with US investors. You will visit inside the mine where you will meet a vein of silver, after a historical overview of the work of mining.

Cultural Center Real del Monte.

It was inaugurated on March 30, 2011, with the aim of providing education and promotion of the arts and culture in the town of Real del Monte, in what once was known as Casa de Cultura in the same municipality.  The new infrastructure allows expand the educational opportunities of this new center as it has in the area of fine arts with potteries, engraving, photography and painting; music, piano, drums, electric guitar, violin and acoustic guitar; in dance, ballet, ballroom dancing and danzón; in literature, creative writing and theater, performing arts workshop.

Santa Veracruz Church.

In 1584 the brotherhood of Santa Veracruz was founded and a chapel that was demolished in the late seventeenth century was built.  Between 1718 and 1736 the building that remains today it was performed. The facade has a small tower south, its simple baroque façade has a pair of columns on both sides of the arch of the door. The interior retains two beautiful golden altarpieces, made in the second half of the eighteenth century. One, although deteriorated and incomplete, is anástilo, the last stage of the Baroque, and the other two bodies, holds estípites columns and sculptures of Santa Ana and San Joaquin. It is located south of the main square.  Housing construction is masonry barrel vault with lunettes, with a dome with lantern on the cruise and the wooden floor.  Inside are two gilded wooden altarpieces Churrigueresque, on the high altar the image of San Francisco de Asis is located.

Mineral del Monte, commonly called Real del Monte () or El Real, is a small mining town, and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in the State of Hidalgo in east-central Mexico.

Mineral del Monte, ou Real del Monte, est une ancienne petite ville minière perchée à mètres d'altitude sur les sommets de l'État d'Hidalgo, au Mexique, devenue une ville touristique.


Etymology.

"Yazata" is an Avestan-language passive adjectival participle derived from "yaz-"; "to worship, to honor, to venerate", from Proto-Indo-European "*yeh2ǵ-" (“to worship, revere, sacrifice”). The word "yasna" – "worship, sacrifice, oblation, prayer" – comes from the same root. A "yaza+ ta" is accordingly "a being worthy of worship", "an object of worship" or "a holy being".  As the stem form, "yazata-" has the inflected nominative forms "yazatō", pl. "yazatåŋhō". These forms reflect Proto-Iranian "*yazatah" and pl. "*yazatāhah". In Middle Persian the term became "yazad" or "yazd", pl. "yazdān", continuing in New Persian as "izad".  Related terms in other languages are Sanskrit "yájati" "he worships, he sacrifices", "yajatá-" "worthy of worship, holy", "yajñá" "sacrifice", and perhaps also Greek ἅγιος "hagios" "devoted to the gods, sacred, holy".

In scripture.

The term "yazata" is already used in the Gathas, the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism and believed to have been composed by Zarathustra himself. In these hymns, "yazata" is used as a generic, applied to Ahura Mazda as well as to the "divine sparks" that are in later tradition the Amesha Spentas. In the Gathas, the "yazata"s are effectively what the "daeva"s are not; that is, the "yazata"s are to be worshipped while the "daeva"s are to be rejected.  The Gathas also collectively invoke the "yazata"s without providing a clue as to which entities are being invoked, and—given the structure and language of the hymns—it is generally not possible to determine whether these "yazata"s are abstract concepts or are manifest entities. Amongst the lesser Yazatas being invoked by name by the poet of the Gathas are Sraosha, Ashi, Atar, Geush Tashan, Geush Urvan, Tushnamaiti, and Iza, and all of which "win mention in his hymns, it seems, because of their close association with rituals of sacrifice and worship".  In the Younger Avesta, the "yazata"s are unambiguously divine, with divine powers though performing mundane tasks such as serving as charioteers for other "yazata"s. Several "yazata"s are given anthropomorphic attributes, such as cradling a mace or bearing a crown upon their heads, or not letting sleep interrupt their vigil against the demons.  At some point during the late 5th or early 4th century BCE, the Achaemenids instituted a religious calendar in which each day of the month was named after, and placed under the protection of, a particular "yazata". These day-name dedications were not only of religious significance because they ensured that those divinities remained in the public consciousness, they also established a hierarchy among the "yazata"s, with specific exalted entities having key positions in the day-name dedications (see Zoroastrian calendar for details).  Although these day-name dedications are mirrored in scripture, it cannot be determined whether these day-name assignments were provoked by an antecedent list in scripture (e.g. "Yasna" 16), or whether the day-name dedications provoked the compilation of such lists. Relatively certain however is that the day-name dedications predate the Avesta's "Siroza" ("30 days"), which contain explicit references to the "yazata"s as protectors/guardians of their respective days of the month.

In tradition.

The 9th–12th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition observe the "yazata"s (by then as Middle Persian "yazad"s) in much the same way as the hymns of the Younger Avesta. In addition, in roles that are only alluded to in scripture, they assume characteristics of cosmological or eschatological consequence.  For instance, Aredvi Sura Anahita ("Ardvisur Nahid") is both a divinity of the waters as well as a rushing world river that encircles the earth, which is blocked up by Angra Mainyu ("Ahriman") thus causing drought. The blockage is removed by Verethragna ("Vahram"), and Tishtrya ("Tir") gathers up the waters and spreads them over the earth (Zam) as rain. In stories with eschatological significance, Sraosha ("Sarosh"), Mithra ("Mihr"), and Rashnu ("Rashn") are guardians of the Chinvat bridge, the bridge of the separator, across which all souls must pass.  Further, what the calendrical dedications had begun, the tradition completed: at the top of the hierarchy was Ahura Mazda, who was supported by the great heptad of Amesha Spentas ("Ameshaspand"s/"Mahraspand"s), through which the Creator realized ("created with his thought") the manifest universe. The Amesha Spentas in turn had "hamkars", "assistants" or "cooperators", each a caretaker of one facet of creation.  In both tradition and scripture, the terms 'Amesha Spenta' and 'yazata' are sometimes used interchangeably. In general, however, 'Amesha Spenta' signifies the six divine emanations of Ahura Mazda. In tradition, "yazata" is the first of the 101 epithets of Ahura Mazda. The word also came to be applied to Zoroaster, though Zoroastrians today remain sharply critical of any attempts to deify the prophet. In a hierarchy excluding either Ahura Mazda or the Amesha Spentas amongst the "yazatas", the most prominent amongst those "worthy of worship" is Mithra, who "is second only in dignity to Ohrmazd (i.e. Ahura Mazda) himself."  Outside of the traditional yazatas, local and foreign deities may have been incorporated into local religious practice in various distant terroities of the Persian Empires. This may be true in Armenia, the Kushan Empire, Sogdia, China, and other regions were Zoroastrianism may have been practiced, though evidence of such deities corrupting Orthodox tradition is scant.

In the present day.

In the 1860s and 1870s, the linguist Martin Haug interpreted Zoroastrian scripture in Christian terms, and compared the "yazata"s to the angels of Christianity. In this scheme, the Amesha Spentas are the arch-angel retinue of Ahura Mazda, with the "hamkars" as the supporting host of lesser angels.  At the time Haug wrote his translations, the Parsi (i.e. Indian Zoroastrian) community was under intense pressure from English and American missionaries, who severely criticized the Zoroastrians for—as John Wilson portrayed it in 1843—"polytheism", which the missionaries argued was much less worth than their own "monotheism". At the time, Zoroastrianism lacked theologians of its own, and so the Zoroastrians were poorly equipped to make their own case. In this situation, Haug's counter-interpretation came as a welcome relief, and was (by-and-large) gratefully accepted as legitimate.  Haug's interpretations were subsequently disseminated as Zoroastrian ones, which then eventually reached the west where they were seen to corroborate Haug. Like most of Haug's interpretations, this comparison is today so well entrenched that a gloss of 'yazata' as 'angel' is almost universally accepted; both in publications intended for a general audience as well as in (non-philological) academic literature.  Amongst the Muslims of Iran, Sraosha came to be "arguably the most popular of all the subordinate Yazatas", for as the angel Surush, only he (of the entire Zoroastrian pantheon) is still venerated by name.

Yazata (Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀) is the Avestan-language word for a Zoroastrian concept with a wide range of meanings but generally signifying (or used as an epithet of) a divinity. The term literally means "worthy of worship or veneration", and is thus, in this more general sense, also applied to certain healing plants, primordial creatures, the "fravashis" of the dead, and to certain prayers that are themselves considered holy. The "yazata"s collectively are "the good powers under Ahura Mazda", who is "the greatest of the "yazata"s".

Yazata est un mot avestique pour décrire un concept du zoroastrisme. Le mot possède un large éventail de significations mais prend généralement le sens de divinité. Le terme signifie littéralement « digne d'adoration » ou « digne de vénération ». Compte tenu de l'évolution du concept de divinité dans le monde iranien, le terme Yazata peut faire remonter aux premiers textes du livre sacré Avesta qui sont attribués au prophète Zoroastre (Zarathoustra), fondateur du zoroastrisme.