Classification.

The classification of Dutch Low Saxon is not unanimous. From a diachronic point of view, the Dutch Low Saxon dialects are merely the West Low German dialects native to areas in the Netherlands, as opposed to areas beyond the national border with Germany. Some Dutch Low Saxon dialects like Tweants show features of Westphalian, a West Low German dialect spoken in adjacent Northern Germany.  From a strictly synchronic point of view, however, some linguists classify Dutch Low Saxon as a variety of Dutch. Also, as a practical matter, Dutch Low Saxon, since the 17th century, has been influenced by Standard Dutch, but the Low Saxon dialects in Germany are influenced by Standard German. Recent studies have, however, shown that mutual intelligibility is not necessarily impaired and that the basis remains the same.

Use.

Shortly after the Second World War, linguists claimed that speaking a dialect other than the standard language would impair children's (language) learning abilities. In combination with a generally condescending attitude by the upper classes of Dutch society and the media towards speakers of Low Saxon varieties (or in fact anything different from Standard Dutch), that goaded many parents to stop passing the language on to their children. It also brought about a general opinion among speakers of Low Saxon that having the slightest accent, in Dutch, would reduce job opportunities and social status.  Throughout the 1960s, the language decline inspired many to form dialect preservation circles and groups, such as the Tweants "Kreenk vuur de Twentse Sproake" (Circle for the Twents language) or the Drèents "Huus van de Taol" (House of the Language). Many of them were mainly interested in preserving rather than promoting the language. The prevailing tone was one of melancholy and nostalgia. Their focus was often on preserving cultural traits considered typical to speakers of the language, such as rural life and traditional practices, crafts and costumes. That merely confirmed many of the existing stereotypes about speakers of the language.  Another tone was rather literary in nature. Though well-intended, it caused even more estrangement with younger generations.  At the same time, knowledge of and appreciation for related varieties was poor, which stifled cooperation between most of the dialect preservation groups. Instead of forming an organisation to stand together and help one another to improve the status for all the different varieties, fiery discussions arose about whether the long open or open-mid back rounded vowel (pronounced or, depending on the dialect) should be written as either 'oa' or 'ao'. That resulted in little co-operation and no nationwide coordination.  Other attempts to unite the different dialect circles were met with cynicism. The conception prevailed that the dialects were too different to unite.  In 1975, the rock 'n' roll band Normaal boldly shook all perceptions of Low Saxon and its speakers. Until then, Low Saxon was mostly restricted to traditional folklore music. Normaal openly denounced all Dutch disdain, praised farmers and local farm life and boldly used Achterhooks Low Saxon, voicing the opinion and feelings of many Dutchmen of non-Dutch-speaking origin. Their hit song "Oerend Hard", a song about two bikers who lose their lives in an accident, took the charts by storm, and it is now regarded a true evergreen of Dutch music. It quickly garnered them a large fan base, even in non-Low Saxon areas, such as Fryslân and Limburg. They inspired many other young rock 'n' roll artists to sing in Low Saxon, who now form a subgenre of their own in the Dutch music industry, which is gradually becoming aware of the genres commercial potential.  In 1996, Dutch Low Saxon was added to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Dutch provinces now receive minor funds for preserving and promoting the use of Low Saxon. A general rise in regional pride and appreciation for the Low Saxon identity made the earlier openly disdainful attitude towards Low Saxon seem to have subsided somewhat. Low Saxon is increasingly being used in popular culture, marketing, and local politics.  The Tweants municipality of Rijssen-Holten, for example, has officially adopted a bilingual status for their town hall desks, and customers may opt for Dutch or Low Saxon help.  In 2012, a radio presenter for national broadcasting station 3FM, Michiel Veenstra from Almelo, promised to present in Tweants for an hour if a Tweants song received more than €10,000 in the annual fundraising campaign Het Glazen Huis (The Glass House). As the song received more than €17,000, Veenstra kept his promise.  An increasing number of local political parties have used Low Saxon in their 2014 electoral campaigns. In 2014, a Facebook page called "Tukkers be like" gained more than 18,000 followers within a week. The page uses Twents cultural concepts and expressions in Twents. The idea of the page was based on the US Internet meme "Bitches be like", which gained enormous popularity in 2013, and inspired many to create their own versions. The meme presents an image of a certain situation, to which a certain group would respond in a typical way.

Education.

Dutch Low Saxon has long been stigmatised and removed from schools. People of older generations may relate numerous accounts of their childhood in which contemporaries were afraid to go to school for fear of being reprimanded, or purposely ignored, for not speaking Dutch.  The similarities between the languages made Low Saxon be regarded a dialect of Dutch, and shifting from Low Saxon to Dutch would be relatively easy. Instead of adapting the school curriculum and guiding the children into learning Dutch as a second language and embracing the potential of the Low Saxon language, non-Dutch speaking parents were advised to speak Dutch with their children instead to increase their chances of success on the job market. The result was a string of Dutch dialects with Low Saxon features, which were also looked down upon.  As of 2014, Low Saxon is still not a part of the Dutch school curriculum. It is neither a subject nor a mode of communication. This causes a general lack of knowledge about, and appreciation for the language. Its possible role as a language of trade between the Netherlands and Germany is often dismissed, but recent study indicates it may be a useful addition in international trade communications.  As of 2015, language enthusiasts attempt to start up courses for the language and culture, especially in the Tweante region. They are mostly studies aimed at the elderly but still prove to be very popular. There still is no professional attempt to promote the language into the school curriculum.

Dialects.

Dutch Low Saxon has the following dialects (from north to south):  Most varieties belong to the West Low Saxon group. Grunnegs is so different from the rest of the Dutch Low Saxon varieties that it may be treated separately. Tweants and Achterhooks belong to the Westphalian group of dialects.  The remainder (Drèents, Stellingwarfs, Sallaans, Urkers and Veluws) could be classified as their own subdivision, since they form the westernmost group of Low Saxon dialects, which have been considerably affected by Dutch.  Urkers and West-Veluws are so heavily Hollandified that some people classify these dialects as Low Franconian, rather than Low Saxon.

Dutch influence.

A lot of the dialects have been affected by the Hollandic expansion of the 17th century. All of them are lexically dependent on Dutch rather than German for neologisms. When written down, they use a Dutch-based orthography.  The plural is "-en" rather than "-(e)t", as is found in West-Veluws and Urkers and clearly from Dutch influence since a unified plural in "-(e)t" for verbs is common in Low Saxon. The dialects have "wiej warken" instead of "wiej warkt" for "we work". The feature is, surprisingly, also found in Stellingwarfs and Grunnegs. The trait is believed to have Frisian rather than Hollandic origins, however. The Stellingwerven have been West Frisian for centuries, and Groningen spoke East Frisian in the Middle Ages. Modern Frisian has "-e" there. "-en" might be a kind of intermediate form between "-t" and "-e". The unified plural takes the form "-et" rather than "-t" in the Achterhooks dialect of Winterswijk and in the more conservative southern Tweants varieties, which border the Achterhook.  Several long vowel shifts happened in Veluws, Sallaans, Stellingwarfs and Drèents; the changed occurred as the Hollandic dialect rose in prestige during the 17th century. The "ee" changed to "ie", the "oo" into "oe" and the "oe" into "uu". Tweants and Eastern Achterhooks, by contrast, retained their old vowels. Compare the Tweants and Sallaans equivalents: "deer - dier" ("animal"); "good - goed" ("good"); "hoes - huus" ("house"). Surprisingly, in many dialects, the "oe" sound was preserved in some words but changed to "uu" in others. As a result, in Sallaans "huis" (house) is "huus", but "muis" (mouse) is "moes" (as in Tweants).  Dutch has lost the word "doe" "thou" and replaced it with "jij", equivalent to English "ye", originally the second person plural. In many Low Saxon dialects in the Netherlands, the same happened. The doe - ie/ieje/ij isogloss runs surprisingly close to the Dutch border, except in Groningen, where it enters the Dutch territory. In Twente, it is present in the easternmost villages of Denekamp and Oldenzaal, but its disappearance from the rest of the region is only a relatively recent development. In the Achterhoek (Gelderland), "dou" can be found in Winterswijk and Groenlo.

Dutch Low Saxon (; Dutch Low Saxon: "Nederlaands Leegsaksies") are the Low Saxon dialects that are spoken in the northeastern Netherlands and are written there with local, unstandardised orthographies based on Standard Dutch orthography. The UNESCO Atlas of endangered languages lists the language as vulnerable. The percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.

Le bas saxon des Pays-Bas ("") est un groupe de langues appartenant au bas saxon qui comporte différentes formes :


Biography.

Born in Senegal, Tom Frager grew up in Guadeloupe where he became the most successful local surfer of his generation. He moved to metropolitan France in 2000 and lived in Bordeaux. He joined the team of France and, with his guitar, wrote songs during his travels around the world for competitions.  Tom Frager mixed pop, rock, reggae, ska and jazz with original melodies and broken rhythm. His influences range from reggae by Bob Marley to rock by Sublime and pop soul by Jason Mraz.  Frager co-wrote with other artists, like Tom Curren and Keziah Jones' guitarist Amen Viana. He was on stage alongside Alpha Blondy, Toots & the Maytals, Patrice, Groundation, Sizzla, Sublime Tribute, the People of the Grass and performed on major festivals such as French Francofolies of La Rochelle or the Extravagance of Biarritz. Tom Frager & Gwayav' gave almost 400 concerts in a period of seven years.  Frager achieved national notability in September 2009 with his song "Lady Melody", which entered the French singles chart at number-one and stayed there for four weeks. The song was also number-one on the French digital chart. After the success of this first single from the album "Better Days", a new single, "Give Me That Love", was scheduled to be released. The album had a peak at number five in August 2009.

Gwayav'.

In 2002, he formed the group Gwayav' with four of his friends, musicians and surfers. Their debut album "Bloom Inside" sold nearly 5,000 copies.  Digital Downloads

Tom Frager (born 1 July 1977 in Dakar, Senegal) is a French songwriter and performer in the group Gwayav' and is ten times a surfer winner in Guadeloupe. He is primarily known for his French hit "Lady Melody", which was number-one for four weeks.

Tom Frager, né le à Dakar au Sénégal, est auteur-compositeur-interprète français faisant partie du groupe Gwayav' et surfeur dix fois champion de surf en Guadeloupe.Il est principalement connu pour avoir interprété la chanson "Lady Melody."


College career.

Paul and his twin brother Gary played NCAA lacrosse at Syracuse University as midfielders, where they set numerous records from 1987 to 1990 and popularized innovative moves such as behind-the-back passing and scoring. One of the best NCAA players of all time, Paul helped lead Syracuse to three national championships and was selected as a First Team All-Americans by the USILA three times, in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Paul was also named the Most Outstanding Player of the 1989 NCAA Division I Lacrosse Championship Tournament.  After defeating Loyola in the 1990 NCAA Division I lacrosse tournament finals, the NCAA determined that head coach Roy Simmons Jr's wife Nancy Simmons had improperly co-signed for a car loan for Paul Gait. Gait was ruled ineligible for postseason play, and Syracuse vacated their tournament records and title.  After college, he played with his brother for the storied amateur Mount Washington Lacrosse Club in the 1990s.

Professional career.

Paul and Gary have both starred at all levels of professional lacrosse, including the National Lacrosse League, the Western Lacrosse Association, Major League Lacrosse, and at the international level for the Canadian National Team. Paul was a 3-time winner of the Mann Cup MVP award. The twins were named Co-MVPs of the Mann Cup in 1999, when they played for the Victoria Shamrocks. Paul initially retired from play following the 2002 NLL season but then returned during the 2005 NLL season to play for the Colorado Mammoth with his brother. He played four games totaling nine points and then retired again after the 2005 season. Paul is sixth all time on the NLL points total list with 712 points in 13 seasons. In 2001 Paul was named the MLL playoff and championship game MVP, after leading the Long Island Lizards to their first MLL title, with a record setting 7 goal performance,(on 8 shots)in the MLL championship game. In 2002 Paul lead the NLL in goals and points and was name the league MVP. He retired due to the early onset osteoarthritis in his back, ankles and elbows.  In 2005, both Gait brothers were inducted into the United States Lacrosse National Hall of Fame. The following year, in 2006, both brothers were among the five charter members to be voted into the National Lacrosse League Hall of Fame. Paul, Gary and Jim Brown were also named to the NCAA all century team.  In 1990, Paul represented STX Lacrosse as a Sales Representative. In 1994 Paul started GBLax, a lacrosse specialty retail business located in Syracuse NY. In 1996 Paul sold GBLAX and became an independent lacrosse equipment design/developer for J.deBeer & Son, where he developed a line of lacrosse equipment for the softball manufacturing company. He was hired full-time by deBeer in 1996 where he worked, in various roles until 2011, ultimately becoming the company president between 2003-2011. In his tenure at deBeer he was credited for developing the modern women's lacrosse head (Apex) and has revolutionized the women's lacrosse pocket. He also introduced the Gait Brand of men's lacrosse equipment in 2003. deBeer/Gait quickly became the world's leading producer of women's lacrosse equipment and Canadian box lacrosse gear. In 2011 Paul founded Team 22 Lacrosse(Guilderland, NY), the exclusive licensee for Under Armour lacrosse products. Currently Under Armour is one of the fastest growing lacrosse brands. Paul has 30 lacrosse related patents issued during his time in the business. Paul is also the founder of Laxpocket LLC, the country's leading producer of women's lacrosse pockets. Both Laxpocket and Team 22 Lacrosse are located in the Albany, NY area.  Paul was named the head coach of the Rochester Knighthawks on December 26, 2008, where he coached for two years.

Awards.

NLL Weekly and Monthly Awards:  Paul along with his twin brother Gary Gait were inducted into The British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame on September 13, 2011 in a ceremony in Vancouver, BC.

Paul Gait (born April 5, 1967) is widely regarded as one of the best lacrosse players of all time and is the current Vice President of the Rochester Knighthawks of the National Lacrosse League. Gait, along with his twin brother Gary Gait, had outstanding playing careers at Syracuse University, in the National Lacrosse League, Major League Lacrosse, the Western Lacrosse Association, and at the international level for Canada.

Paul Gait, né le à Victoria (Colombie-Britannique), est un ancien joueur professionnel et entraîneur canadien de crosse (crosse en plein air et crosse en salle). Il a été élu meilleur joueur de la National Lacrosse League (2002) et a remporté une Coupe Steinfeld (2001). Il est le jumeau de Gary Gait.


Background.

In 1992, the Bosnian War began in Bosnia and Herzegovina involving three ethnic groups: Bosnian Serbs, supported by Serbia, Bosnian Croats supported by Croatia and Bosniaks. Bosniaks received some support (financial and military) from Muslim countries. Among the foreigners arriving in Bosnia were, Christophe Caze, a French medicine student, who began taking care of casualties in Zenica, considered as one of the primary radical areas. Soon afterwards, he converted to Islam and radicalized slowly. During his stay in Zenica, he made friends with Fateh Kamel, Mohammed Omary and Lionel Dumont, members of the Bosnian mujahideen and participated in the war.  In 1995, the Bosnian War ended with the Dayton Agreement. All the mujahideen, including Caze who joined them, were asked to leave Bosnia. Then Kamel, who was working for the GIA, convinced Caze and Dumont, to commit terrorist attacks in their home countries because of the diplomatic relationships between France and Algeria.  Kamel organized counterfeited administrative documents in his home country of Canada to allow his associates to escape safely after the attacks. Meanwhile, Caze and Dumont began recruiting in Roubaix, France and went to Bosnia in order to buy heavy weaponry with financial help from Abu Hamza al-Masri in London.

Attacks in France.

In late 1996, the newly created cell began spreading terror. In order to fund their future attacks, they planned several criminal acts.  On 27 January 1996, some of their members, including Dumont, stole an Audi car but encountered a police patrol, who thought that they were dealing with minor criminals. Immediately, the group fired on the police with assault rifles, injuring one of the police officers who was hit twice. However, the attackers' weapons malfunctioned and the police were able to escape.  On 8 February 1996, they robbed a supermarket but had to flee when the police arrived. The ensuing chase ended with the group's car crashing. While firing on the police, they killed a Mercedes driver, Hammoud Feddal and stole his car.  On 25 March eight members of the gang assaulted a Brink's armoured truck near a shopping mall, injuring the driver in the leg. The attackers couldn't access the money and fled.  On 28 March the group parked a Peugeot 205, with 4 gas tanks linked to a detonator in the boot, beside a police precinct in Lille. The whole building was supposed to be destroyed by the blast. However, the bomb malfunctioned, destroying only the car.

The end.

For several days, the gang had been under surveillance after the failed assault against the Brink's truck. The police officers succeeded in locating the gang's: the house of one of the members in Roubaix.  The day following the failed attack of 28 March, the police decided to intervene. The RAID, a French anti-terrorist Special unit, surrounded and stormed the house. The four men who were inside fought back with assault rifles, screaming that they'd rather die than surrender. The RAID team fired back and launched smoke grenades. A grenade, launched by the group, injured another policeman and started a fire in the house. After several minutes of heavy gunfighting, the roof of the building, weakened by the fire, collapsed on the 3 remaining gang members. The toll of the assault was 4 dead and two police officers injured, including one seriously.  The others members of the gang, who were located in several other locations, managed to escape. All the police units were scrambled.  Several hours later, Caze, who had managed to escape, was killed by Belgian police.

Aftermath.

An electronic address book was found on Caze's body which permitted the arrest of Fateh Kamel and Mohammed Omary. Kamel was the leader of a terrorist cell in Montreal, suspected of planning terrorist attacks in Los Angeles.  After escaping all across Europe, Dumont was finally arrested in Germany in 2003. He is currently serving a 25-year sentence in France.

Gang de Roubaix was a terrorist cell tied with the Islamist group Al-Qaeda. Its members were suspected of various bloody bank attacks, murder and a missed car bombing attack against a G7 Finance ministers meeting in Lille.

Le Gang de Roubaix désigne une association de malfaiteurs proche d'Al-Qaïda responsable d'une série de vols à main armée très violents survenus en 1996 dans la région lilloise, dans le but de financer le djihad à travers un réseau international organisé par le terroriste Fateh Kamel depuis Montréal. Ce groupe est également à l'origine d'un attentat à la voiture piégée qui a échoué deux jours avant le sommet du G7. Les agissements de ce gang marquent pour la première fois l'implication au premier plan d'individus convertis dans une affaire de terrorisme islamiste en France.


Definition.

Although a unidirectional English "progressive" style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, progressive rock had come to constitute a diversity of loosely associated style codes. When the "progressive" label arrived, the music was dubbed "progressive pop" before it was called "progressive rock", with the term "progressive" referring to the wide range of attempts to break with standard pop music formula.  Music writer Doyle Greene believes that the "proto-prog" label can stretch to "the later Beatles and Frank Zappa", Pink Floyd, Soft Machine, and United States of America. Edward Macan, an author of progressive rock books, says that psychedelic bands like the Nice, the Moody Blues, and Pink Floyd represent a proto-progressive style and the first wave of English progressive rock. Conversely, academics Paul Hegarty and Martin Halliwell identify the Beatles, the Beach Boys, the Doors, the Pretty Things, the Zombies, the Byrds, the Grateful Dead and Pink Floyd "not merely as precursors of prog but as essential developments of progressiveness in its early days".  At the time, critics generally assumed King Crimson's album "In the Court of the Crimson King" (1969) to be the logical extension and development of late 1960s proto-progressive rock exemplified by the Moody Blues, Procol Harum, Pink Floyd, and the Beatles. According to Macan, the album may be the most influential to progressive rock for crystallizing the music of earlier "proto-progressive bands... into a distinctive, immediately recognizable style". He distinguishes 1970s "classic" prog from late 1960s proto-prog by the conscious rejection of psychedelic rock elements, which proto-progressive bands continued to support.

References.

Notes Citations Bibliography

Proto-prog (short for proto-progressive) is the earliest work associated with the first wave of progressive rock music, known then as "progressive pop". Such musicians were influenced by modern classical and other genres usually outside of traditional rock influences. They often employed longer and more complicated compositions, interconnected songs as medley, and studio composition. Some of the artists that were essential to the development of progressive rock, rather than just anticipating the movement, include the Beatles, the Beach Boys, the Doors, The Mothers of Invention, the Pretty Things, the Zombies, the Byrds, the Grateful Dead, and Pink Floyd.

Le proto-prog désigne un style de rock, apparu au début des années 1960, qui donna naissance en 1969 au rock progressif.


History.

The building was constructed in the nineteenth century to serve as a motherhouse for the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, formerly called The Sisters of Charity of the Hôpital Général of Montreal and more commonly known as the Grey Nuns of Montreal, a Canadian religious institute of Roman Catholic religious sisters, founded in 1737 by Saint Marguerite d'Youville.

Construction.

Individuals involved in the design and construction include:

Description.

The site is rectangular, bordered by Rene Levesque Boulevard at the south, Guy Street at the east, St. Catherine Street at the north, and Saint Mathieu at the west. It is enclosed with stone walls and metal fencing. Within this area are a main, large, H-shaped building of stone construction, various smaller buildings, and grounds containing numerous trees, gardens, statues, and pathways.  The architectural style is a superb example of convent architecture of the 19th century. This is achieved by combining Neoclassical and Romanesque Revival styles.  The main building has an H-shape, is large, and of stone construction. It is 4 stories tall, with the exception of the west wing, which is 5 stories tall. Its central part is rectangular and contains a chapel with an octagonal tower and spire. The windows and dormers are regularly placed.

As a Concordia student residence.

Now called the Grey Nuns Building by Concordia University, the site has become a student residence. In 2007, it was bought by Concordia for $18 million and refurbished for $15 million. The university initially announced that it would become the faculty of fine arts, but later decided to turn the site into residences. It serves as co-ed housing for 598 undergraduate students on the Sir George Williams Campus within the neighbourhood redevelopment project Quartier Concordia. The entire site is owned by Concordia except for a basement crypt.  The main entrance that was once on St-Mathieu Street is now located on Guy Street. The renovations undertaken have made space available for 355 new beds for resident students. There is a total of nearly 600 residence beds. The chapel has become a reading room that can accommodate 230 students. There are 14 group study rooms, a daycare facility, and a cafeteria area allowing resident students the choice of preparing meals.

Crypt.

In the basement there is a crypt in which 276 people are buried, 232 of whom were Grey Nuns who had lived at the motherhouse. It is held in trust for the sisters, who are permitted to enter it. The crypt it is off limits to students and others, but can be viewed through a window in a locked door.  Originally, there were plans to transfer all of the buried remains to Île St. Bernard, a site owned by the Grey Nuns and the location of Manoir d’Youville. However, the health department of Quebec would not permit the tombs to be opened and the bodies exhumed. This was because some of the sisters buried there had died of infectious diseases.  Among the buried are the nieces and a son of Mother Marie-Marguerite d'Youville. In 2010, the remains of d'Youville were removed and transferred to her birthplace of Varennes for burial.

Grey Nuns Motherhouse, now known as the Grey Nuns Building, is a former motherhouse of the Grey Nuns located at 1190 Guy Street, in the Borough of Ville-Marie, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. It is also named Grey Nuns Hospital of Montréal (not to be confused with Grey Nuns' Hospital located south of Place d'Youville). The building was completed in 1871.

Le Couvent des Sœurs Grises est le site de la Maison Mère et de la Chapelle de l'Invention-de-la-Sainte-Croix des Sœurs Grises, à Montréal. Il est situé dans l'arrondissement Ville-Marie, bordé par les rues Guy, René-Lévesque ouest, Saint-Mathieu et Sainte-Catherine ouest.


History.

In 1960, land was transferred from Rawalpindi District of Punjab province to establish Pakistan's new capital. According to the 1960s master plan, the Capital Territory included Rawalpindi, and was to be composed of the following parts:  However, Rawalpindi was eventually excluded from the Islamabad master plan in the 1980s.

Administration.

Zones.

Islamabad is subdivided into five zones:

Union Councils.

Islamabad Capital Territory comprises urban and rural areas. The rural consists of 23 union councils, comprising 133 villages, while urban has 27 union councils.

Climate.

The climate of Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed. Wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. Coolest month is January. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. Last one is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about from Islamabad. Simli Dam is north of Islamabad. of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of. Highest monthly rainfall of was recorded during July 1995. Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher elevations points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali. The temperatures range from in January to in June. The highest recorded temperature was on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was on 17 January 1967. The city has "recorded" snowfall. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record breaking of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.

Cityscape.

Civic administration.

The main administrative authority of the city is Islamabad Capital Territory Administration with some help from Metropolitan Corporation Islamabad and Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city. Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area.  Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area. All sectors of ghouri town (1, 2, 3, VIP, 5, 4-A, 4-B, 4-C, 5-A, 5-B and sector 7) are located in this zone. Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors, while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 4 square kilometres. The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.  Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17), of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills. The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17. Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors. In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University, Air University, and the National Defence University. The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed. F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex will be one of the major landmarks of the F-8 sector. G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17. Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Center and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, and the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8.  The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17. The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers a major portion of sector H-12. The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Currently two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17. Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park. Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V.

Demographics.

While urban Islamabad is home to people from all over Pakistan as well as expatriates, in the rural areas a number of Pothohari speaking tribal communities can still be recognised.

Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area.

When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas. However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District, which is part of province of Punjab.  Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway, Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway. Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway. Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent.

Economy.

Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP. Islamabad Stock Exchange, founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange. The exchange has 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares. As of 2012, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.  Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with the addition two Software Technology Parks, which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. The tech parks are located in Evacuee Trust Complex and Awami Markaz. Awami Markaz houses 36 IT companies while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies. Call centres for foreign companies have been targeted as another significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 10% to encourage foreign investments in the information technology sector. Most of Pakistan's state-owned companies like PIA, PTV, PTCL, OGDCL, and Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. are based in Islamabad. Headquarters of all major telecommunication operators such as PTCL, Mobilink, Telenor, Ufone, and China Mobile are located in Islamabad. Being an expensive city, the prices of most of fruits, vegetable and poultry items increased in Islamabad during the year 2015-2020

Transport.

Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world through Islamabad International Airport. The airport is the largest in Pakistan, handling 9 million passengers per annum. The airport was built at a cost of $400 million and opened on May 3, 2018, replacing the former Benazir Bhutto International Airport. It is the first greenfield airport in Pakistan with an area of.  The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a bus rapid transit system that serves the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan. It uses dedicated bus lanes for all of its route covering 24 bus stations. Islamabad is well connected with other parts of the country through car rental services such as Alvi Transport Network and Pakistan Car Rentals.  All major cities and towns are accessible through regular trains and bus services running mostly from the neighbouring city of Rawalpindi. Lahore and Peshawar are linked to Islamabad through a network of motorways, which has significantly reduced travelling times between these cities. M-2 Motorway is long and connect Islamabad and Lahore. M-1 Motorway connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is long. Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the Faizabad Interchange, which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.

Education.

Islamabad has the highest literacy rate of Pakistan at 95%. Islamabad also has some of Pakistan's major universities, including Quaid-i-Azam University, the International Islamic University, and the National University of Sciences and Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences  Private School Network Islamabad is working for private educational institutions. The president of PSN is Dr. Muhammad Afzal Babur from Bhara Kahu. PSN is divided into eight zones in Islamabad. In Tarlai Zone Chaudhary Faisal Ali from Faisal Academy Tarlai Kalan is Zonal General Sectary of PSN.  Quaid-e-Azam University has several faculties. The institute is located in a semi-hilly area, east of the Secretariat buildings and near the base of Margalla Hills. This Post-Graduate institute is spread over. The nucleus of the campus has been designed as an axial spine with a library as its center. Other universities include the following:

Sports.

Islamabad United became the first ever team to win Pakistan Super League in 2016. And now the federal team Is participating in the Pakistan Cup. The team is under the captaincy of Misbah-ul-Haq, former captain of Pakistan, The Islamabad United was also under Misbah.

Islamabad Capital Territory () is the only federal territory of Pakistan. Located in north-central Pakistan between the provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it includes the country's federal capital Islamabad. The territory is represented in the National Assembly constituencies NA-52, NA-53 and NA-54.

Le Territoire fédéral d'Islamabad (en anglais "Islamabad Capital Territory" ou ICT et en ourdou : وفاقی دارالحکومت) est une subdivision du Pakistan, qui englobe une seule ville, Islamabad, la capitale politique du pays. Le territoire est situé entre les provinces du Pendjab et de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, dans le nord du pays. Centre du pouvoir politique, il jouxte la ville de Rawalpindi qui est le centre du pouvoir militaire.


Background.

The album was officially announced in late 2008. Recording began in October 2008 with Dutkiewicz and co-producer Brendan O'Brien.  In February 2009, bassist Mike D'Antonio confirmed in an interview with Metal Hammer that "drums were finished", and that he had "finished up the last few bass fixes". He also stated that Howard [Jones] is in Atlanta finishing vocals, and that "it shouldn’t be too much longer now." The album's name was announced on April 14, and was revealed to be their second self-titled album since their debut album of the same name.  Before the album's release, "A Light In a Darkened World" was added to the band's setlist in the first half of 2009. The band also performed it at the 2009 Golden Gods Awards. On May 28, 2009, the band's official fanclub, Take This Oath, were granted access to listen to the track "Reckoning". It was released as a promotional single the following day, and was available as a free download on Roadrunner Records' official website.  On June 19, the entire album was available for preview at various Hot Topic locations. It was posted on the band's official Myspace on June 25.

Release and promotion.

The album was released on June 30, 2009 through Roadrunner Records. It debuted at number 7 on the "Billboard" 200, selling more than 58,000 copies in its first week, making it the band's highest charting album to date. A special edition and vinyl record was released on the same day.  If the album was pre-ordered on the band's official website, the buyer would be entered into a drawing to win a custom Parker P44 guitar with artwork from the album as the paint job.  Throughout July and August 2009, the band participated in the Mayhem Festival with headlining bands Marilyn Manson, Slayer, Bullet For My Valentine and more in promotion of the album.  The album's first official single, "Starting Over", was available for digital download on June 6, 2009. It charted at number 30 on the "Billboard" Rock Songs Chart. A music video for the track was shot in early 2009 and directed by Lex Halaby. The video was premiered on VH1 on June 5, and on MTV the following the day. On May 24, 2010, a trailer of the music video for the album's third single, "Save Me", was released on the band's website. The video premiered on Craveonline the following day. The entire video was created using claymation, and depicts the band members saving lead vocalist Howard Jones from aliens.

Critical reception.

The review aggregator site Metacritic scored the album a 72 out of 100, based on the reviews of 6 critics, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". While praise has been generated around Howard Jones' vocals and the album's stylistic use of the metalcore and post-hardcore genres, criticism has been directed towards Adam Dutkiewicz's and Brendan O'Brien's production as well as the band's reliance on formula. James Christopher Monger of Allmusic gave the album a positive review, scoring the album a 3.5 out of 5, commenting that "where 2006's "As Daylight Dies" hinted at an accelerated focus on the more melodic aspects of extreme metal, Killswitch Engage cements the notion." Monger indicated "Starting Over", "Reckoning", and "A Light In a Darkened World" as his AMG track picks. "Alternative Press" gave a positive review as well, scoring the album a 4 out of 5, saying "this album isn't going to change the way you think about metal, but Killswitch Engage aren't Mastodon; they just want to get the pit going, and this album will surely accomplish that."  However, Christa Titus of "Billboard" gave the album a mixed review, scoring it a 50 out of 100. While positively commenting, "As an act that forsakes breakdowns and unintelligible screaming in favor of focused aggression and predictable melodic swells, you can't help but enjoy such quintessential Killswitch Engage tracks as "Never Again" or the Metallica-esque chords that open "The Forgotten," the review concluded, "Aside from a few unique moments ("The Return," "Take Me Away"), there's not much new to report here." Adrien Begrand of PopMatters gave a mixed review as well, scoring the album a 5 out of 10. While praising Howard Jones' vocals, commenting "With its contemplative tone and sense of melodrama, the contagious "Starting Over" borders on post-hardcore and features some of Jones’s strongest vocal melodies to date," and ""Reckoning" and "This is Goodbye" feature some very effective melodic death metal touches reminiscent of Swedish stars In Flames and Soilwork, while "The Return" is a daring foray into teary-eyed power balladry, a terrific showcase for Jones," the review criticized Adam Dutkiewicz's and Brendan O'Brien's overall production, commenting, "Unfortunately, though, the production by Dutkiewicz and mainstream go-to guy Brendan O’Brien strips the guitars of any bite whatsoever, rendering the overall tone surprisingly muddy and often flaccid, something we notice most on tracks like "Never Again" and "The Forgotten", which play up the crunchy riffs, but completely lack the power they deserve on record."

Killswitch Engage (often called Killswitch Engage II or KSE II) is the fifth studio album by American metalcore band Killswitch Engage. It was released on June 30, 2009 through Roadrunner Records. It is the band's second album to be self-titled, the first being their debut album. It was produced by Adam Dutkiewicz and Brendan O'Brien. The album's reception from critics and fans has been mixed, with praise for Howard Jones's vocals and criticism of Dutkiewicz's and O'Brien's production and the album's reliance on formula.

Killswitch Engage (parfois appelé "Killswitch Engage II" pour éviter toute confusion avec l'album du même nom sorti en 2000) est le cinquième album du groupe de metalcore Killswitch Engage, sorti le.


Early life.

Eric Carle was born on June 25, 1929 to Johanna and Erich Carle in Syracuse, New York. When he was six years old, his mother, homesick in Germany, led the family back to Stuttgart. He was educated there and graduated from the local art school, the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart. Eric's father was drafted into the German army at the beginning of World War II (1939) and taken prisoner by the Soviet forces when Germany capitulated early in 1945 (the end of the war). He returned home late in 1947 weighing 85 pounds. "When he came back, he was a broken man," Carle told "The Guardian" years later. He was a "dead man, psychologically, physically devastated."  Eric had been sent to the small town of Schwenningen to escape the bombings of Stuttgart. When he was 15 the German government conscripted boys of that age to dig trenches on the Siegfried line. He does not care to think about it deeply and says his wife thinks he suffers from post-traumatic stress.  Always homesick for America, Eric dreamed of returning home one day. He eventually made it to New York City in 1952 with only $40 in savings and landed a job as graphic designer in the promotion department of "The New York Times". He was drafted into the U.S. Army during the Korean War and stationed in Germany with the 2nd Armoured Division as a mail clerk. After discharge he returned to his old job with "The New York Times". Later he became the art director of an advertising agency.

Writing and illustrating career.

Educator and author Bill Martin, Jr. first noticed the illustration of a red lobster Carle had created for an advertisement and asked him to collaborate on a picture book.  "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?" was published by Henry Holt & Co. in 1967 and became a best-seller. This began Carle's career as an illustrator and he was soon writing and illustrating his own stories. His first books as both author and illustrator were " to the Zoo" and "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969).  Eric Carle's art is distinctive and instantly recognizable. His artwork is created in collage technique, using hand-painted papers, which he cuts and layers to form bright and colourful images. Many of his books have an added dimension—die-cut pages, twinkling lights as in "The Very Lonely Firefly", even the lifelike sound of a cricket's song as in "The Very Quiet Cricket".  The themes of his stories are usually drawn from his extensive knowledge and love of nature— an interest shared by most small children. Carle attempts to make his books not only entertaining but also to offer his readers the opportunity to learn something about the world around them. When writing, Carle attempts to recognize children's feelings, inquisitiveness and creativity, as well as stimulate their intellectual growth; it is for these reasons (in addition to his unique artwork) that many feel his books have been such a success.  In his own words:

Later life.

For over 30 years, Carle and his second wife, Barbara Morrison, lived in Northampton, Massachusetts. As of 2019, he lives in Key West, Florida. Carle has a son and a daughter.  With his wife, he founded The Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art devoted to the art of children's books in Amherst adjacent to Hampshire College as part of the Hampshire College Cultural Village. The Museum has welcomed more than 500,000 visitors, including more than 30,000 school children, since it opened its doors in 2002.  Eric Carle has received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities including Williams College in 2016, Smith College in 2014, Appalachian State University in 2013 and from Bates College in 2007.  Google paid tribute to Carle and his book "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" by asking him to design the logo "Google doodle", introduced on its home page on March 20, 2009, celebrating the first day of spring. He also designed a "Google doodle" with autumnal theme for the use in Southern Hemisphere.  "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" was chosen by Jumpstart for Young Children as the book for Read For the Record 2009 on October 8 of that year. The program encourages educators, librarians and parents to try to have as many as possible read the same book on the same day all over the world.  Carle has won numerous awards for his work in children's literature, including the Japan Picture Book Award, the Regina Medal and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society of Illustrators, and most for his collages, all from 1989 to 2008. In 2003, he received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award (now called the Children's Literature Legacy Award),from the professional children's librarians, which recognizes an author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have made "a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children". The committee cited his "visual observations of the natural world" and his innovative designs: "Taking the medium of collage to a new level, Carle creates books using luminous colors and playful designs often incorporating an interactive dimension, tactile or auditory discoveries, die-cut pages, foldouts, and other innovative uses of page space."  In a 2012 survey of "School Library Journal" readers, "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" was voted the number two children's picture book behind "Where the Wild Things Are".  In 2019, a jumping spider mimicking a caterpillar was named in Carle's honour, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the publication of "The Very Hungry Caterpillar", and to celebrate his 90th birthday.  The Frist Art Museum exhibition Eric Carle's Picture Books: Celebrating 50 Years of "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" will be on display October 18, 2019, through February 23, 2020. In November 2019, Carle sold his publishing rights to Penguin Random House.

Eric Carle (born June 25, 1929) is an American designer, illustrator, and writer of children's books. He is most noted for "The Very Hungry Caterpillar", a picture book that has been translated into more than 66 languages and sold more than 50 million copies, equivalent to 1.8 copies sold every minute since it was published in 1969. His career as an illustrator and children's book author took off after he collaborated on "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?" He has illustrated more than 70 books, most of which he also wrote, and more than 145 million copies of his books have been sold around the world.

Eric Carle est un auteur-illustrateur américain de littérature de jeunesse né en 1929 à Syracuse dans l'État de New York. Il illustre ses albums dans un style qui lui est propre (technique du collage). Ses œuvres rencontrent un grand succès et sont traduites dans de nombreuses langues.


Botanical history.

Discovery and naming.

"Nepenthes lowii" was discovered in March 1851 by British colonial administrator and naturalist Hugh Low during his first ascent of Mount Kinabalu. Low wrote the following account of his discovery:  A little way further we came upon a most extraordinary "Nepenthes", of, I believe, a hitherto unknown form, the mouth being oval and large, the neck exceedingly contracted so as to appear funnel-shaped, and at right angles to the body of the pitcher, which was large, swollen out laterally, flattened above and sustained in an horizontal position by the strong prolongation of the midrib of the plant as in other species. It is a very strong growing kind and absolutely covered with its interesting pitchers, each of which contains little less than a pint of water and all of them were full to the brim, so admirably were they sustained by the supporting petiole. The plants were generally upwards of 40 ft long, but I could find no young ones nor any flowers, not even traces of either.  The type specimen of "N. lowii", designated as "Low s.n.", was collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu and is deposited at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K).  "Nepenthes lowii" was formally described in 1859 by Joseph Dalton Hooker. Hooker's original description and illustration were reproduced in Spenser St. John's "Life in the Forests of the Far East", published in 1862. St. John wrote the following account of "N. lowii" on Mount Kinabalu:  We soon came upon the magnificent pitcher-plant, the "Nepenthes Lowii", which Mr. Low was anxious to obtain. We could find no young plants, but took cuttings, which the natives said would grow. [...] We at last reached a narrow, rocky ridge, covered with brushwood, but with thousands of plants of the beautiful "Nepenthes Lowii" growing among them. [...] We sent our men on next morning to wait for us at the cave, while we stayed behind to collect specimens of the "Nepenthes Lowii" and the "Nepenthes Villosa". The former is, in my opinion, the loveliest of them all, and its shape is most elegant. [...] The outside colour of the pitchers is a bright pea-green, the inside dark mahogany; the lid is green, while the glandular are mahogany-coloured. A very elegant claret jug might be made of this shape.  In subsequent years, "N. lowii" was featured in a number of publications by eminent botanists, such as Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel (1870), Joseph Dalton Hooker (1873), Frederick William Burbidge (1882), Odoardo Beccari (1886), Ernst Wunschmann (1891), Otto Stapf (1894), Harry James Veitch (1897), Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage (1900), and Elmer Drew Merrill (1921). However, most of these publications made only passing mention of "N. lowii". The first major taxonomic treatment was that of Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau in 1895, who placed "N. lowii" in its own subgroup ("Retiferae") on account of its unusual pitcher morphology.  A revised description and illustration of "N. lowii" were published in John Muirhead Macfarlane's 1908 monograph, "Nepenthaceae". Macfarlane also wrote about "N. lowii" in the "Journal of the Linnean Society" in 1914 and "The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture" in 1919.  In 1927, a new illustration of "N. lowii" was published in an article by Dutch botanist B. H. Danser in the journal "De Tropische Natuur". The following year Danser provided a further emended Latin diagnosis and botanical description of "N. lowii" in his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies".

New localities.

"Nepenthes lowii" was discovered on Mount Kinabalu and later found on Bukit Batu Lawi. It was first recorded from Mount Murud by Eric Mjöberg during his first ascent of the mountain in 1922. Mjöberg wrote the following account of the Mount Murud summit area:  We found ourselves in a strange landscape where low bushes with thick leathery leaves constituted the predominating vegetation. Here and there smaller trees were seen, among them a conifer with trunk and larger branches practically covered with the yellow blossoms of a small, richly flowering, epiphytic orchid. Bright scarlet or snow-white flowers of rhododendron and similar plants were met with everywhere; and most noticeable were the enormous and characteristically shaped pitchers of "Nepenthes lowii", hitherto recorded only from Kinabalu and Batu Lawi.  During the expedition, Mjöberg collected a single specimen of "N. lowii" from Mount Murud, which has been designated as "Mjöberg 115". In 1926, Mjöberg found "N. lowii" on the north-eastern slope of Bukit Batu Tiban, although he did not collect any specimens.  Another specimen, "Beaman 11476", was collected by John H. Beaman between April 10 and April 17, 1995, from the summit ridge of Mount Murud at an elevation of between 2300 and 2400 m above sea level. This latter specimen was collected as part of the eighth botanical expedition to Mount Murud since Eric Mjöberg's first ascent in 1922.

Misidentification.

Despite its unique pitcher morphology, "N. lowii" has been misidentified at least once in the literature; Bertram Evelyn Smythies tentatively assigned a specimen of "N. lowii" to "N. macfarlanei", a species endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, although he suggested it might represent a new species. This misidentification was published in 1965, in the proceedings of the UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, which was held in Kuching two years earlier. It was based on a specimen collected by Iris Sheila Darnton Collenette from the Mesilau East River in July 1963. This plant bore several pitchers, each with a well-developed peristome and long bristles on the underside of the lid. The confusion resulted from the fact that the peristome in upper pitchers of "N. lowii" is usually present only as a series of ridges and that "N. macfarlanei" also has bristles on the underside of the lid (although they are much shorter than those of "N. lowii"). Having studied all the Bornean "Nepenthes" herbarium material held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Smythies would later confirm that records of "N. macfarlanei" from the Kinabalu area were erroneous.

Description.

Stem and leaves.

"Nepenthes lowii" is a climbing plant. The stem may attain a length of more than 10 m and is up to 20 mm in diameter. Internodes are cylindrical in cross section and up to 8 cm long.  The leaves of this species are coriaceous in texture. The lamina or leaf blade is petiolate, oblong-lanceolate in shape, and up to 30 cm long by 9 cm wide. It has a rounded apex and an abruptly contracted base. The petiole is canaliculate and up to 14 cm long. It forms a flat sheath that clasps the stem for two-thirds to four-fifths of its circumference. Three to four longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins run straight or obliquely with respect to the lamina. Tendrils are up to 20 cm long and are not usually curled.

Pitchers.

The rosette and lower pitchers are bulbous in the lower part and ventricose in the middle, becoming wider towards the mouth. They are smaller than their aerial counterparts, reaching only 10 cm high by 4 cm wide. Lower pitchers are rarely seen, as the plant quickly enters the climbing stage. A pair of fringed wings runs down the front of each pitcher, although these are often reduced and only present in the upper portion of the pitcher cup. The peristome is cylindrical in cross section and widens towards the rear. It is up to 12 mm wide and bears prominent teeth and ribs. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 62% of its total cross-sectional surface length. On the inner surface, the glandular region covers the basal half of the pitcher; the waxy zone is reduced. The pitcher lid or operculum is approximately orbiculate in shape. On its underside it possesses a number of very dense fleshy bristles measuring up to 2 cm in length. Other than these distinctive structures, the lid has no appendages. An unbranched spur is inserted near the base of the lid.  The upper pitchers of "N. lowii" are very distinctive, being globose in the lower part, strongly constricted in the middle, and highly infundibular above. Aerial pitchers are relatively large, growing up to 28 cm high by 10 cm wide. Wings are reduced to ribs in upper pitchers and the peristome is present only as a series of ridges on the edge of the mouth. The inner surface of the pitcher is glandular throughout and has no waxy zone. The vaulted lid is reflexed away from the mouth and is oblong-ovate in shape. It is up to 15 cm long by 9 cm wide and lacks appendages. Numerous bristles, reaching up to 2 cm in length, are present on the lower surface of the lid. As in lower pitchers, the spur is unbranched. The upper pitchers of "N. lowii" are extremely rigid and almost woody in texture. After drying, the pitchers retain their shape better than those of any other species in the genus.

Inflorescence and indumentum.

"Nepenthes lowii" has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle reaches 20 cm in length, while the rachis measures up to 25 cm. Partial peduncles are two-flowered, up to 20 mm long, and lack bracts. Sepals are oblong in shape and up to 5 mm long. A study of 570 pollen samples taken from three herbarium specimens ("J.H.Adam 2406", "J.H.Adam 2395" and "SAN 23341", collected at an altitude of 1700–2000 m) found the mean pollen diameter to be 33.0 μm (SE = 0.2; CV = 7.8%).  Most parts of the plant are virtually glabrous. However, an indumentum of short brown hairs is present on inflorescences, developing parts, and the edges of rosette leaves.

Ecology.

Habitat and distribution.

"Nepenthes lowii" is endemic to a number of isolated peaks in Borneo. In Sabah, it has been recorded from Mount Kinabalu, Mount Tambuyukon, Mount Alab, Mount Mentapok, Mount Monkobo, and Mount Trusmadi. In northern Sarawak, the species is known from Mount Api, Mount Buli, Mount Mulu, Mount Murud, Bukit Batu Lawi, Bukit Batu Tiban, the Hose Mountains, the Tama Abu Range, and Bario. The species has also been recorded from peaks in Brunei, including Bukit Pagon. "Nepenthes lowii" has an altitudinal distribution of 1650 to 2600 m above sea level.  "Nepenthes lowii" grows in nutrient-deficient soils of the upper montane zone. The species occurs both terrestrially and as an epiphyte. Its typical habitat is mossy forest or stunted ridge-top vegetation. It often grows in a thick layer of peat moss over ultramafic, sandstone, granite, and limestone substrates.  On Mount Kinabalu, the species has been recorded from the East Ridge, Mesilau East River, and an area below Kambarangoh. "Nepenthes lowii" used to have a scattered distribution around the Mount Kinabalu summit trail, occurring in a narrow band between elevations of 1970 and 2270 m above sea level. Many of the "N. lowii" plants growing along the Kinabalu summit trail died as a result of the El Niño climatic phenomenon of 1997–1998 and others have been destroyed by climbers. It is now difficult to find the species on Mount Kinabalu and its presence along the summit trail is "uncertain".  The form of "N. lowii" from Mount Trusmadi produces significantly larger pitchers than that of nearby Mount Kinabalu. On Mount Murud, "N. lowii" occurs at elevations above 1860 m. Plants growing near the mountain's summit are very stunted due to the harsher climatic conditions and lack of protecting vegetation.  Mount Mulu is now the easiest place to see "N. lowii". On Mount Mulu, the summit vegetation is greatly stunted, rarely exceeding a metre in height. It is dominated by rhododendrons (particularly "Rhododendron ericoides"), as well as species of the genera "Diplycosia" and "Vaccinium".

Conservation status.

The conservation status of "N. lowii" is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species based on an assessment carried out in 2000. This agrees with the informal classification of the species made by botanist Charles Clarke in 1997, although Clarke noted that it is Conservation Dependent if populations in protected areas are taken into account. However, it differs from the assessment by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, which classified "N. lowii" as "rare", placing it between "vulnerable" and "endangered".

Carnivory.

"Nepenthes lowii" is known to catch very few prey items compared to other "Nepenthes". Preliminary observations suggest that this particular species may have moved away from a solely (or even primarily) carnivorous nature and be adapted to "catching" the droppings of birds and tree shrews feeding at its nectaries.  The upper pitchers of "N. lowii" are unusual in that they have a reflexed lid, which exposes numerous bristles on its underside. A white substance often accumulates amongst these bristles, the identity of which has been the subject of some debate. In the 1960s, J. Harrison assumed that these white beads were snail eggs. E. J. H. Corner, who led the 1961 and 1964 Royal Society Expeditions to Mount Kinabalu, wrote the following:  In the early morning there is a ringing gonging which we traced to tupaias (tree-shrews) scampering over the pitchers of "N. lowii" and banging the old, empty and resonant, pitchers together. The late Professor J. Harrison, of Singapore, discovered that a snail laid its eggs in the hairs under the lid and that the tupaias came to eat them.  However, observations of cultivated "N. lowii" by Peter D'Amato and Cliff Dodd showed that these white beads were of the plant's own production. The substance has been described as having a sugary taste and "a slightly disagreeable odour". It is unknown why lower pitchers of "N. lowii", which are otherwise typical of the genus, also have bristles and produce these white secretions. Charles Clarke suggested that by providing a reward near the ground, the lower pitchers may serve to guide animals towards the upper pitchers.  Clarke carried out a series of field observations relating to "N. lowii" carnivory. At five of seven sites studied, "N. lowii" pitchers were found to contain significant amounts of animal excrement. A 2009 study found that mature plants derived 57–100% of their foliar nitrogen from tree shrew droppings. Another study published the following year showed that the shape and size of the pitcher orifice exactly match the dimensions of a typical tree shrew ("Tupaia montana"). A similar adaptation was found in "N. macrophylla" and "N. rajah", and is also likely to be present in "N. ephippiata". In all three of these species ("N. ephippiata" has not been investigated), the colour of the lower lid surface corresponds to "T. montana" visual sensitivity maxima in the green and blue wavebands, making it stand out against adjacent parts of the pitcher.  "Nepenthes lowii" is not the first "Nepenthes" species for which this has been proposed; as early as 1989 it was suggested that "N. pervillei", a species from the Seychelles, benefits from bird excrement and may be moving away from carnivory. However, no comprehensive studies have been conducted into the carnivory of "N. pervillei" and this hypothesis has yet to be tested experimentally.

Related species.

In his 1928 monograph, B. H. Danser placed "N. lowii" in the "Regiae" clade, together with 14 other species. This differed from the sub-genus classification published by Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau in 1895, which placed "N. lowii" in its own subgroup: "Retiferae". Danser explained his assignment of "N. lowii" to "Regiae" as follows:  Most aberrant is "N. Lowii", the leaves and the stem of which are coarse, whereas the indumentum is almost absent and the pitchers show a peculiar form and have no peristome, the lid is vaulted, the midrib is keeled but has no appendage, the lower surface is covered with thick hairs, the glands of the inner surface of the pitcher are so large, that the interspaces are reduced to lines. All these characters, however seem to have little taxonomic value. The form of the pitcher is analogous to that of "N. inermis" of the "Montanae" group, which also has no peristome. The peculiar bristles on the lower surface of the lid are found less developed in "N. Macfarlanei". The large, flat glands on the inner surface of the pitchers are also found in the lower part of the pitchers of "N. Rajah". This is the reason why I have not distinguished a separate group for this species.  "Nepenthes lowii" is thought to be most closely related to "N. ephippiata". B. H. Danser, who described the latter species in 1928, considered these taxa similar to the point where he could find few reasons to distinguish them in a 1931 article. More recent treatments have retained "N. ephippiata" as a distinct species and outlined a number of morphological features that distinguish it from "N. lowii".  The most obvious differences between these species are seen in the upper pitchers; those of "N. ephippiata" are less constricted in the middle and have a more developed peristome. In addition, "N. ephippiata" has short tubercles on the underside of the lid, as opposed to the long bristles of "N. lowii".

Natural hybrids.

At least seven natural hybrids involving "N. lowii" have been recorded.

"N. fusca" × "N. lowii".

This hybrid was initially identified by Charles Clarke as a cross between "N. chaniana" (known as "N. pilosa" at the time) and "N. lowii". However, in their 2008 book, "Pitcher Plants of Borneo", Anthea Phillipps, Anthony Lamb and Ch'ien Lee pointed out that the plants exhibit influences of "N. fusca", such as a triangular lid and an elongated neck. The authors noted that both "N. fusca" and "N. lowii" are common on the summit area of Mount Alab where this plant is found, whereas "N. chaniana" is rare. Another possible parent species, "N. stenophylla", is apparently absent from the site.  This cross was originally discovered by Rob Cantley and Charles Clarke on Bukit Batu Lawi in Sarawak. Clarke later found larger plants of this hybrid in the Crocker Range of Sabah, particularly near the summit of Mount Alab. More recently a single plant has been recorded from Mount Trusmadi. The pitchers of this cross have a slight constriction in the middle and range in colour from green to dark purple throughout.  This hybrid differs from "N. fusca" in the presence of bristles on the underside of the lid. Conversely, it has a dense indumentum on the stem and at the margins of the lamina, compared to the virtually glabrous stem and leaves of "N. lowii". It also differs from "N. lowii" in having a more developed peristome, which is circular in cross section. While lower pitchers of "N. lowii" have prominent teeth, those of "N. fusca" × "N. lowii" are indistinct. In addition, a glandular appendage is present on the underside of the lid, a trait inherited from "N. fusca".  "Nepenthes fusca" × "N. lowii" is difficult to confuse with its putative parent species, but is somewhat similar to "N. chaniana" × "N. veitchii". The latter hybrid can be distinguished on the basis of its peristome, which is wider, more flared, and less cylindrical. In addition, this hybrid has a less ovate lid, which lacks the bristles characteristic of "N. lowii", and a denser indumentum covering the stem and leaves.

"N. lowii" × "N. macrophylla".

"Nepenthes lowii" × "N. macrophylla" was discovered on Mount Trusmadi by Johannes Marabini and John Briggs in 1983. Later that year, it was described as "N. × trusmadiensis" by Marabini. Briggs returned to Mount Trusmadi in 1984, but found only one small group of plants.  "Nepenthes × trusmadiensis" has petiolate leaves measuring up to 50 cm in length. The pitchers of this hybrid are some of the largest of any Bornean "Nepenthes" species, reaching 35 cm in height. They are roughly intermediate in form between those of its parent species. The lid is held away from the mouth as in "N. lowii" and bears short bristles on its lower surface. The peristome has prominent ribs and teeth, but is not as developed as that of "N. macrophylla". The inflorescence of "N. × trusmadiensis" may be up to 50 cm long and has two-flowered pedicels. Despite the size of the pitchers, this hybrid is not large in stature.  "Nepenthes × trusmadiensis" is restricted to the summit ridge of Mount Trusmadi and has been recorded from elevations of 2500 to 2600 m above sea level.

"N. lowii" × "N. stenophylla".

In "Pitcher-Plants of Borneo", Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb called "N. lowii" × "N. stenophylla" the "Mentapok Pitcher-Plant" after Mount Mentapok in Sabah, from which it was collected in 1985 by John Briggs. It has since been recorded from several localities in northern Borneo, including Bukit Pagon in Brunei.  On Mount Mentapok, this hybrid is the result of a cross between a giant form of "N. stenophylla" with pitchers measuring up to 35 cm and a form of "N. lowii" with a very dark, almost black, inner surface and a "very narrow, distinctly rough peristome".  "Nepenthes lowii" × "N. stenophylla" has petiolate leaves and slender, waisted pitchers up to 25 cm high. The pitcher cup bears long dark streaks similar to those of "N. stenophylla", while the striped peristome is flattened and cylindrical in cross section. The lid is ovate in shape and may be held away from the mouth, exposing dark bristles on its lower surface. As in "N. lowii", white secretions accumulate between these bristles. The characteristic glandular crest of "N. stenophylla" is reduced to a small mound under the lid.  "Nepenthes lowii" × "N. stenophylla" is only known from mossy forest along summit ridges at elevations of over 1500 m, where the upper altitudinal limit of "N. stenophylla" overlaps the lower altitudinal limit of "N. lowii".

Other hybrids.

A number of other natural hybrids involving "N. lowii" have been reported. These include crosses with "N. hurrelliana", "N. muluensis", "N. veitchii", as well as possible hybrids with "N. hirsuta" and "N. tentaculata". A single example of "N. lowii" × "N. rajah" grows along the Mesilau nature trail.

Notes.

"Ascidia magna, curva, basi inflata, medio constricta, dein ampliata, infundibuliformia; ore maximo, latissimo, annulo O."
 Nepenthes Lowii, H. f.—Caule robusto tereti, foliis crasse coriaceis, longe crasse petiolatis lineari-oblongis, ascidiis magnis curvis basi ventricosis medio valde constrictis, ore maximo ampliato, annulo O, operculo oblongo intus dense longe setoso. ("Tab." LXXI.)
 "Hab."—Kina Balu; alt. 6,000–8,000 feet ("Low").
 A noble species, with very remarkable pitchers, quite unlike those of any other species. They are curved, 4–10 inches long, swollen at the base, then much constricted, and suddenly dilating to a broad, wide, open mouth, with glossy shelving inner walls, and a minute row of low tubercles round the circumference; they are of a bright pea green, mottled inside with purple. The leaves closely resemble those of "Edwardsiana" and "Boschiana" in size, form, and texture, but are more linear-oblong.
 I have specimens of what are sent as the male flower and fruit, but not being attached, I have not ventured to describe them as such. The male raceme is eight inches long, dense flowered. Peduncles simple. Perianth with depressed glands on the inner surface, externally rufous and pubescent. Column long and slender. "Female" inflorescence: a very dense oblong panicle; rachis, peduncles, perianth, and fruit-covered with rusty tomentum. Capsules, two-thirds of an inch long, one-sixth of an inch broad.  "Folia mediocria" petiolata, lamina lanceolata v. oblonga, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque c. 3, vagina caulis c. 2/3 amplectente ; "ascidia rosularum" et "inferiora" ignota ; "ascidia superiora" magna, parte inferiore globosa, medio valde constricta, os versus infundibuliformia, costis 2 elevatis, ore expanso operculum versus acuto, peristomio 0, operculo oblongo facie inferiore setis crassis longis, prope basin carina crassa obtusa ; "inflorescentia" racemus longus pedicellis c. 25 mm longis omnibus 2-floris ; "indumentum" in partibus iuvenilibus parcum tomentosum v. hirsutum, denique subnullum.

Nepenthes lowii, or Low's pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo. It is named after Hugh Low, who discovered it on Mount Kinabalu. This species is perhaps the most unusual in the genus, being characterised by its strongly constricted upper pitchers, which bear a greatly reduced peristome and a reflexed lid with numerous bristles on its lower surface.

Nepenthes lowii est une plante carnivore endémique de l'Île de Bornéo en Asie du Sud-Est. Elle se trouve sur plusieurs sommets du nord de Bornéo à des altitudes variant de à. La forme particulière du piège en fait une plante rare et recherchée.


Biography.

After his Abitur, Pispers moved to Bonn and later Münster where he studied English, theology and pedagogy. From 1979 to 1980 he worked as a foreign language assistant in England, where he developed a liking for black comedy.  After returning to Germany, he worked as a member of several children's theatre and cabaret arrangements. His first solo programme, "Kabarette sich, wer kann" (a pun on ""rette sich, wer kann"" - "save yourself if you can"), first opened in 1983. In the same year he finished his education and started working as an English teacher. In 1990, he became a member of the ensemble of the Kom(m)ödchen in Düsseldorf and later on its artistic director. However, in 1991, he gave up this position to tour Germany with his solo programmes. Over the 1990s he received a number of awards and became a well-known figure in German political cabaret.  In 2002 he first went on tour with his programme "...bis neulich" ("...until recently"), which was originally conceived as a Best of his twenty years in cabaret. It was extremely successful and made him a lot more popular, especially due to his harsh criticism of the George W. Bush administration and the Iraq War. Due to its huge success, Pispers continued to tour Germany with the programme, which he frequently updated according to recent developments, until 2015. He has also become a staunch critic of unregulated capitalism.  He currently lives in Düsseldorf-Oberkassel in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Volker Pispers (born January 18, 1958 in Mönchengladbach-Rheydt) is a German Kabarett artist, who is well known for his political satire. His comic style includes drastic and sometimes sarcastic commentary on current events, especially about the political situation in Germany but also about the politics of the United States since 9/11 and during the Iraq War.

Volker Pispers (né le à Rheydt, aujourd'hui un quartier de Mönchengladbach) est un humoriste politique allemand, qui vit à Düsseldorf.


Background.

In May 1772, Lord Mansfield's judgment in the "Somersett's Case" emancipated a slave in England and thus helped launch the movement to abolish slavery. The case ruled that slaves could not be transported out of England against their will, but did not actually abolish slavery in England. However, many campaigners, including Granville Sharp, mistakenly believed that the Somerset case meant that slavery was unsupported by law in England and that no authority could be exercised on slaves entering English or Scottish soil. In 1785, English poet William Cowper wrote:  We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad?Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungsReceive our air, that moment they are free.They touch our country, and their shackles fall.That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud.And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then,And let it circulate through every vein.

Campaign to abolish the slave trade.

By 1783, an anti-slavery movement to abolish the slave trade throughout the Empire had begun among the British public. Spurred by an incident involving Chloe Cooley, a slave brought to Canada by an American Loyalist, Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada John Graves Simcoe tabled the Act Against Slavery in 1793. Passed by the local Legislative Assembly, it was the first legislation to outlaw the slave trade in a part of the British Empire.  The British were, by the late eighteenth century, the biggest proponents of the abolition of slavery worldwide, having previously been the world's largest slave dealers. William Wilberforce had written in his diary in 1787 that his great purpose in life was to suppress the slave trade before waging a 20-year fight on the industry.  In 1807, Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807, which outlawed the international slave trade, but not slavery itself. The legislation was timed to coincide with the expected prohibition from 1808 of international slave trading by the United States, Britain's chief rival in maritime commerce. This legislation imposed fines that did little to deter slave trade participants. Abolitionist Henry Brougham realized that trading had continued, and as a new MP successfully introduced the Slave Trade Felony Act 1811 which at last made the overseas slave trade a felony act throughout the empire. The Royal Navy established the West Africa Squadron to suppress the Atlantic slave trade by patrolling the coast of West Africa. It did suppress the slave trade, but did not stop it entirely. Between 1808 and 1860, the West Africa Squadron captured 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans. They resettled many in Jamaica and the Bahamas. Britain also used its influence to coerce other countries to agree to treaties to end their slave trade and allow the Royal Navy to seize their slave ships.

Campaign to abolish slavery.

Between 1807 and 1823, abolitionists showed little interest in abolishing slavery itself. Eric Williams presented economic data in "Capitalism and Slavery" to show that the slave trade itself generated only small profits compared to the much more lucrative sugar plantations of the Caribbean, and therefore slavery continued to thrive on those estates. However, from 1823 the British Caribbean sugar industry went into terminal decline, and the British parliament no longer felt they needed to protect the economic interests of the West Indian sugar planters.  In 1823, the Anti-Slavery Society was founded in London. Members included Joseph Sturge, Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce, Henry Brougham, Thomas Fowell Buxton, Elizabeth Heyrick, Mary Lloyd, Jane Smeal, Elizabeth Pease, and Anne Knight. Jamaican mixed-race campaigners such as Louis Celeste Lecesne and Richard Hill were also members of the Anti-Slavery Society. During the Christmas holiday of 1831, a large-scale slave revolt in Jamaica, known as the Baptist War, broke out. It was organised originally as a peaceful strike by the Baptist minister Samuel Sharpe. The rebellion was suppressed by the militia of the Jamaican plantocracy and the British garrison ten days later in early 1832. Because of the loss of property and life in the 1831 rebellion, the British Parliament held two inquiries. The results of these inquiries contributed greatly to the abolition of slavery with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.  Up until then, sugar planters from rich British islands such as the Colony of Jamaica and Barbados were able to buy rotten and pocket boroughs, and they were able to form a body of resistance to moves to abolish slavery itself. This West India Lobby, which later evolved into the West India Committee, purchased enough seats to be able to resist the overtures of abolitionists. However, The Reform Act 1832 swept away their rotten borough seats, clearing the way for a majority of members of the House of Commons to push through a law to abolish slavery itself throughout the British Empire.

Act.

The Act had its third reading in the House of Commons on 26 July 1833, three days before William Wilberforce died. It received the Royal Assent a month later, on 28 August, and came into force the following year, on 1 August 1834. In practical terms, only slaves below the age of six were freed in the colonies. Former slaves over the age of six were redesignated as "apprentices", and their servitude was abolished in two stages: the first set of apprenticeships came to an end on 1 August 1838, while the final apprenticeships were scheduled to cease on 1 August 1840. The Act specifically excluded "the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company, or to the Island of Ceylon, or to the Island of Saint Helena." The exceptions were eliminated in 1843.

Payments to slave owners.

The Act provided for payments to slave-owners. The amount of money to be spent on the payments was set at "the Sum of Twenty Million Pounds Sterling". Under the terms of the Act, the British government raised £20 million (worth £ in ) to pay out for the loss of the slaves as business assets to the registered owners of the freed slaves. In 1833, £20 million amounted to 40% of the Treasury's annual income or approximately 5% of the British GDP (5% of the British GDP in 2016 was around £100 billion). To finance the payments, the British government took on a £15 million loan, finalised on 3 August 1835, with banker Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his brother-in-law Moses Montefiore; £5 million was paid out directly in government stock. The money was not paid back by the British taxpayers until 2015, when the British Government decided to modernise the gilt portfolio by redeeming all remaining undated gilts. The long gap between this money being borrowed and its repayment was due to the type of financial instrument that was used, rather than the amount of money borrowed.  Half of the money went to slave-owning families in the Caribbean and Africa, while the other half went to absentee owners living in Britain. The names listed in the returns for slave owner payments show that ownership was spread over many hundreds of British families, many of them (though not all) of high social standing. For example, Henry Phillpotts (then the Bishop of Exeter), with three others (as trustees and executors of the will of John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley), was paid £12,700 for 665 slaves in the West Indies, whilst Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood received £26,309 for 2,554 slaves on 6 plantations. The majority of men and women who were paid under the 1833 Abolition Act are listed in a Parliamentary Return, entitled Slavery Abolition Act, which is an account of all moneys awarded by the Commissioners of Slave Compensation in the "Parliamentary Papers" 1837–8 (215) vol. 48.

Protests against apprenticeships.

On 1 August 1834, an unarmed group of mainly elderly people being addressed by the governor at Government House in Port of Spain, Trinidad, about the new laws, began chanting: ""Pas de six ans. Point de six ans"" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the governor. Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish apprenticeship was passed and "de facto" freedom was achieved. Full emancipation for all was legally granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838.

Exceptions and continuations.

As a notable exception to the rest of the British Empire, the Act did not extend to any of the Territories administered by the East India Company, including the islands of Ceylon, and Saint Helena. in which the Company had been independently regulating, and in part prohibiting the slave trade since 1774; with regulations prohibiting enslavement, the sale without a written deed, and the transport of slaves into Company territory prohibited over the period. The Indian Slavery Act, 1843 went on to prohibit Company employees from owning, or dealing in slaves, along with granting limited protection under the law, that included the ability for a slave to own, transfer or inherit property, notionally benefitting the 8 to 10 million that were estimated to exist in Company territory, to quote Rev. Howard Malcom: A successor organisation to the Anti-Slavery Society was formed in London in 1839, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which worked to outlaw slavery worldwide. The world's oldest international human rights organisation, it continues today as Anti-Slavery International.  It is believed that after 1833 clandestine slave-trading continued within the British Empire; in 1854 Nathaniel Isaacs, owner of the island of Matakong off the coast of Sierra Leone was accused of slave-trading by the governor of Sierra Leone, Sir Arthur Kennedy. Papers relating to the charges were lost when the "Forerunner" was wrecked off Madeira in October 1854. In the absence of the papers, the English courts refused to proceed with the prosecution.  In Australia, blackbirding and the holding of indigenous workers' pay "in trust" continued, in some instances into the 1970s.  Modern slavery, both in the form of human trafficking and people imprisoned for forced or compulsory labour, continues to this day.

Repeal.

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was repealed in its entirety by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998. The repeal has not made slavery legal again, with sections of the Slave Trade Act 1824, Slave Trade Act 1843 and Slave Trade Act 1873 continuing in force. In its place the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates into British Law Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights which prohibits the holding of persons as slaves.

Appearance in popular culture.

Ava DuVernay was commissioned by the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture to create a film which debuted at the museum's opening on 24 September 2016. This film, "August 28: A Day in the Life of a People", tells of six significant events in African-American history that happened on the same date, August 28. Events depicted include (among others) William IV's royal assent to the Slavery Abolition Act.

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c. 73) abolished slavery in parts of the British Empire. This Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom expanded the jurisdiction of the Slave Trade Act 1807 and made the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal within the British Empire, with the exception of "the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company", Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Saint Helena. The Act was repealed in 1997 as a part of wider rationalisation of English statute law; however, later anti-slavery legislation remains in force.

Le Slavery Abolition Act 1833 "(citation 3 & 4 Will. IV c. 73)" est une loi du Parlement du Royaume-Uni qui abolit en 1833 l'esclavage dans la plus grande partie de l'Empire britannique, à l'exception des « territoires appartenant à la Compagnie anglaise des Indes orientales » et des « îles de "Ceylon" et "Saint Helena" ».


History.

The council was established by the District Councils Act 1887 on 5 January 1888. The bounds were defined in the act as "All that portion of the County of Robinson not included in the district of Elliston." This meant that the Hundred of Downer, Hundred of Wallis, a large part of Hundred of Wright south of Venus Bay, and an unincorporated area approximately 100 square miles between the three (proposed to be Hundred of McBeath but never gazetted) within Robinson county were excluded from Streaky Bay council and proclaimed as part of Elliston council instead.  It was, until the creation of the neighbouring District Council of Murat Bay (now Ceduna) in 1925, the farthest outpost of local government in South Australia. In the same year, the District Council of Wudinna was established to the east, annexing the hundreds of Condada, Moorkitabie, Carina, Addison and Travers (about ) from Streaky Bay council to form the north western flank of the new council.  While the town of Streaky Bay was named Flinders until 1940, the municipality has been titled Streaky Bay since its inception. In 1936, it was the largest local government area in South Australia, covering.

Localities.

The district's focal point is the town of Streaky Bay; it also includes the localities of Baird Bay, Bockelberg, Calca, Chandada, Chilpenunda, Colley, Cungena, Eba Anchorage, Haslam, Inkster, Kaldoonera, Maryvale, Mortana, Mount Cooper, Petina, Perlubie, Piednippie, Poochera, Sceale Bay, Tyringa, Wallalla, Wirrulla, Westall, Witera, Yanerbie and Yantanabie, and parts of Carawa, Karcultaby, Koolgera, Pimbaacla and Pureba.

The District Council of Streaky Bay is a local government area in South Australia located on the Eyre Peninsula. Streaky Bay is the main population centre of about 1200 people serving an agricultural district based on farming wheat and other cereal crops, sheep, supplemented by fishing and tourism industries. The district covers an area of 6,251.1 square kilometres with a population of 2,074 people in 2016, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Mayor of Streaky Bay is Travis Barber.

Le district de Streaky Bay ("District of Streaky Bay") est une zone d'administration locale située au nord-ouest de la péninsule d'Eyre en Australie-Méridionale en Australie.


History.

The first of the Julii Caesares to appear in history was Sextus Julius Caesar, praetor in Sicily in 208 BC. From the filiation of his son, Sextus, "Sex. f. L. n.", we know that his father was named "Lucius", but precisely who this Lucius was and whether he bore the surname "Caesar" is uncertain. On the assumption that the Caesares were descended from earlier notable families of the Julia gens, some scholars have suggested that he was the son of Lucius Julius Libo, consul in 267 BC.  The "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology" says this of the cognomen "Caesar": Outside of the Imperial family, the last of the Julii known to have borne the surname of "Caesar" was Lucius Julius Caesar, who had been consul in 64 BC, and who was still living in 40 BC. Although other members of the family may have lived after this time, none seem to have achieved sufficient prominence to be recorded in subsequent generations.

Descendancy.

The genealogy of the Julii Caesares was studied by Wilhelm Drumann in his monumental history of Rome, and the following tables are based largely on his reconstruction of the family. In most respects, Drumann's genealogy forms the basis for modern scholarship on the family, with one important exception: Drumann believed that the Sextus Julius Caesar who was a military tribune in 181 BC and the Sextus who was consul in BC 157 were father and son. While chronology suggested that the tribune might be the son of the Sextus who had been praetor in 208 BC, the consul's filiation indicated that his grandfather's name was "Lucius". Accordingly, Drumann inferred the existence of an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar between the praetor and the military tribune, although in order to make sense chronologically, the praetor would have to have been rather elderly and the tribune very young when they held their respective offices. More recent scholarship has concluded that the military tribune and the consul were the same man, which means that his grandfather, Lucius, was the father of the praetor of 208 BC, rather than his son.  It is therefore Sextus, the praetor of 208 BC, rather than an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar, who was the father of Lucius Julius Caesar, praetor in 183 BC, and Sextus, the consul of 157 BC. These sons provide the first two branches of the family; but the third branch, representing the ancestors of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator, are less certain. We know that Caesar's grandfather was also named "Gaius", and that he married a woman of the Marcia gens. Drumann supposed that he might have been the son of a senator named Gaius Julius, who wrote a Roman history in Greek about 143 BC. This Gaius, he proposed, might have been a brother of Sextus Julius Caesar, the consul of 157, and therefore a son of the Sextus who was military tribune in 181. Since the two Sexti were in fact the same man, this would probably make the senator Gaius a third son of Sextus Julius Caesar, the praetor of 208 BC. If he was a senator in 143, and the great-grandfather of Caesar, who was born in BC 100, he was probably not the consul's son, as "his" eponymous and presumably eldest son, Sextus, was praetor in BC 123.  The rest of the genealogy is well-known. As Caesar left no legitimate sons to carry on his name and legacy, by his will he adopted his grand-nephew, Gaius Octavius, who thus became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, the future emperor better known as Augustus. Octavian had only a daughter, and therefore adopted two of his grandchildren by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, who thus became Gaius and Lucius Julius Caesar; but when both died young, the emperor adopted their brother, who became Marcus Julius Caesar Agrippa Postumus, and a stepson, Tiberius Claudius Nero, who became Tiberius Julius Caesar. Tiberius' son, Nero Claudius Drusus, became Drusus Julius Caesar, and he adopted a nephew, Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, who became Germanicus Julius Caesar; their children also became part of the Julia gens. The line draws to a close with the death of Germanicus' son, Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, better known simply as Gaius or Caligula, in AD 41; after this, the imperial authority passed to Gaius' uncle, Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, and out of the Julian line.

Genealogical tables.

The table below reflects known and probable relationships, with speculative descent indicated by a question mark "(?)".

Male lineage.

The male line of the family, showing both natural and adoptive lineage through the Julio-Claudian emperors.

The Julii Caesares were the most illustrious family of the patrician "gens Julia". The family first appears in history during the Second Punic War, when Sextus Julius Caesar was praetor in Sicily. His son, Sextus Julius Caesar, obtained the consulship in 157 BC; but the most famous descendant of this stirps is Gaius Julius Caesar, a general who conquered Gaul and became the undisputed master of Rome following the Civil War. Having been granted dictatorial power by the Roman Senate and instituting a number of political and social reforms, he was assassinated in 44 BC. After overcoming several rivals, Caesar's adopted son and heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was proclaimed Augustus by the senate, inaugurating what became the Julio-Claudian line of Roman emperors.

Les Iulii Caesar sont des patriciens romains membres d'une branche de la "gens" des "Iulii" que la tradition fait descendre du Troyen Iule (ou Ascagne). Ils apparaissent au