Early life and sumo background.

Byambadorj is a native of Ulan Bator, Mongolia. His father was a Mongolian wrestler, holding a rank roughly equivalent to sumo's "sekiwake". He appeared at the Naadam, a Mongolian games festival that includes wrestling, at the age of 15. He was scouted by Ajigawa-"oyakata" (former "yokozuna" Asahifuji) in July 2000 and subsequently joined Ajigawa stable (now Isegahama stable).

Career.

He took the fighting name Ama and made his first appearance in January 2001. He reached the top "makuuchi" division in November 2004, rising slowly to "komusubi" in May 2006. However, a disappointing 4–11 result in this tournament sent him back to the "maegashira" ranks.  On the eve of the January 2007 tournament, Ama's father was killed in a traffic accident. Nevertheless, he turned in a strong 10–5 record there and earned promotion back to "komusubi" for March. In May 2007, he made his debut at "sekiwake" rank, becoming the ninth foreign-born "rikishi" to do so. He held his rank with an 8–7 record. In September 2007, under the "komusubi" rank, Ama defeated "yokozuna" Hakuhō on the opening day and also beat two "ōzeki". He also memorably defeated newcomer Gōeidō with a spectacular technique known as "okuritsuriotoshi" or "rear lifting body slam." He finished with a 10–5 score and won his first "shukun-shō" or Outstanding Performance award. He picked up his second Outstanding Performance award in November with another defeat of Hakuhō, and earned promotion back to "sekiwake".  In the January 2008 tournament Ama was the only wrestler to defeat Hakuhō, during Hakuhō's successful bid for the tournament championship. This was also his third consecutive defeat of Hakuhō, and this victory helped him to win his third "shukun-shō" in a row. However, he failed to score more than nine wins, denting his hopes for "ōzeki" promotion, which normally requires three consecutive double-figure scores. After a poor start to the March 2008 tournament, he had to win his last four matches to barely preserve his rank with an 8–7 record. On the 8th day at the May 2008 tournament, he amazed audiences by defeating Wakanohō with a perfectly executed utchari or spin throw on the bales. After the match, Wakanohō acted violently and was warned. On the 10th day, he also threw "yokozuna" Hakuhō into the seats with an overarm throw, ending his winning streak. After the tournament Ama was awarded his third Technique prize.

Promotion to "ōzeki".

In the July 2008 tournament, he achieved a double-figure score for the first time at "sekiwake", and won another Technique prize. In the September 2008 tournament Ama finished with twelve wins, recording his second "junyūshō" (second-place finish, an informal designation), and was awarded his fourth Outstanding Performance award.  The November 2008 tournament was the most successful yet for Ama, as he won 13 bouts (including his bout against Hakuhō) and his thirty-five victories over the last three tournaments exceeded the thirty three generally required for "ōzeki" promotion. He reached a play-off against Hakuhō as a result and lost the play-off, still, his promotion was now inevitable. He was awarded his fifth Technique prize and achieved another "junyūshō". On November 26, 2008, Ama was promoted to "ōzeki" by the Sumō Association, and on the occasion had his fighting name or "shikona" changed to Harumafuji. The name was chosen by his stablemaster, former "yokozuna" Asahifuji.

"Ōzeki" career.

Harumafuji's debut tournament as an "ōzeki" in January 2009 was inauspicious. Debuting a new name and a new, silver-colored "mawashi", he lost his first four matches. On the fifth day he returned to the ring in his customary black "mawashi", rallied, and by the end of the tournament secured an 8–7 majority of wins. He did better in the following tournament in March, defeating Asashōryū and winning ten bouts.  In May he went undefeated in his first twelve matches until he was beaten by Hakuhō on Day 13 with a rare leg sweep, "susoharai". Harumafuji recovered to defeat Asashōryū the next day with an outer leg trip, "sotogake". With Hakuhō falling to Kotoōshū on the same day, both men went into Day 15 with identical 13–1 records. Harumafuji defeated Kotoōshū for a career-best 14–1 record while Hakuhō was victorious over Asashōryū, setting up a playoff. Harumafuji defeated Hakuhō with an under-arm throw, "shitatenage", to win his first top division championship. He became the third Mongolian to win the Emperor's Cup, and the eighth foreigner overall. Harumafuji's mother was in the audience to see him awarded the trophy by Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō. However, in the following July "basho" he recorded only a disappointing 9–6.  He pulled out of the November 2010 tournament on Day 4 having injured his right ankle in a defeat to Tochinoshin.  In July 2011, Harumafuji won his second championship, defeating Hakuhō on the 14th day to win his fourteenth straight match and establish an unassailable two win lead over his rival. This stopped Hakuhō's streak of consecutive "yūshō" at seven. It was also the first time since his first "yūshō" that he had won more than ten bouts in a tournament. Harumafuji commented after his victory, "I really wrestled the sumo of my life. I've had many troubles and injuries since becoming "ōzeki" but I kept training and got support from a lot of people." He lost his final day match to Kisenosato to finish on 14–1. However, any chance of immediate promotion to "yokozuna" ended when he scored only 8–7 in the following tournament.

Promotion to "yokozuna".

In a May 2012 tournament, Harumafuji finished with a nearly even record of 8–7. In his final match, he defeated Hakuhō for his 8th win of the tournament, beginning a winning streak. He bounced back in July as he won his third championship without losing a bout, beating Hakuhō on the last day for his first "zenshō-yūshō" (winning every match in that tournament). Harumafuji got his chance to earn promotion to "yokozuna" for the third time in his career.  In a September tournament, Harumafuji defeated Hakuhō once again to win his fourth championship and another consecutive "zenshō-yūshō". Having won two successive tournaments, Harumafuji met the criteria for promotion to "yokozuna". Following this performance, he was formally promoted to be the 70th "yokozuna" on September 26, 2012. This promotion made him the third consecutive Mongolian-born wrestler, following Asashōryū and Hakuhō, to achieve this rank. He attended a ceremony bestowing him the title, and said "With the awareness of what it means to be a yokozuna, I will devote my body and soul to the way of sumo."  He performed his first "yokozuna dohyō-iri" (ring-entering ceremony) on September 28, 2012, in front of 3,000 people at the Meiji Shrine in Tokyo, with Aminishiki as the sword carrier and Takarafuji as the dew sweeper. After the two-minute ceremony was over he said "I aimed to carry out a beautiful dohyoiri". His stablemaster had coached him the previous day on how to do the ring-entering ceremony in the Shiranui-style, the style used by himself as an active "yokozuna".

"Yokozuna" career.

Harumafuji's first tournament as a "yokozuna" in November 2012 was a disappointing one, as he gave up a "kinboshi" to Okinoumi on just the second day, and from 9–1 up finished with a 9–6 record. He became the first new "yokozuna" ever to lose his last five matches. Despite being criticized heavily for his lackluster debut at the rank of "yokozuna", Harumafuji bounced back with a tremendous showing in the following tournament winning all 15 matches, for his third "zenshō-yūshō". He struggled again in March, giving up "kinboshi" to Takayasu, Chiyotairyū and Toyonoshima and also losing his last three matches. He did slightly better in the May tournament, scoring 11–4, but was never in contention for the championship. In the November tournament of 2013, he won his second championship as a "yokozuna" with a 14–1 record, decided by a final-day victory over Hakuhō.  Harumafuji was not able to build on this success as he had to sit out the January 2014 tournament due to injury, and subsequently was not in contention for the championship on the final day of any tournament in 2014. Excluding the March tournament where he won his first 11 matches before losing three in a row, he was not a serious contender at all in any of the tournaments' second weeks, having dropped at least two matches before the midway point in three of them, and withdrawing from the September tournament due to an eye injury during the first week. Thus 2014 was his first year without a championship since 2010.  Harumafuji was a runner-up in the opening tournament of January 2015 with an 11–4 record, his second runner-up performance as a "yokozuna" and first since March 2014. He withdrew from the July 2015 tournament in Nagoya on just the second day after injuring his right elbow, and the injury also kept him out of the following tournament in September. This means his title drought had extended to two years by the time he made his comeback at the November 2015 tournament in Kyushu. He was defeated on the second day by Ōsuna-arashi, but won his next twelve bouts, including victories over his fellow "yokozuna" Hakuhō and Kakuryū, to enter the final day with a one match lead over Hakuhō and the "maegashira" 10 Shōhōzan. He lost to Kisenasato to end the tournament at 13–2 but claimed the championship when Hakuhō was beaten by Kakuryū in the final match. Harumafuji commented "I wanted to win the championship with a victory but I am happy I could respond to expectations of the fans".  In January 2016 Harumafuji defeated Hakuhō on the final day to end with a 12–3 record which placed him in a tie for second behind the upset winner Kotoshōgiku. In March he posted a moderate 9–6 in a tournament which saw him struggling with a knee injury in addition to his chronic ankle problems. After a solid but unremarkable 10–5 in May he returned to his best at Nagoya in July. Despite giving up "kinboshi" to Okinoumi on day 3 and Yoshikaze on day 9 he won his last six matches to win his eighth top-division championship. He defeated his main challenger, Kisenosato, on day 13 and avoided a play-off by beating Hakuhō by "yorikiri" in the last match of the tournament. After winning the Nagoya tournament for the third time he said "I’ve been fortunate here. I love the people of Nagoya. The accumulated effort of each and every day got me to today. I focused on giving everything I had and leaving with no regrets. I’ve been dealing with a lot of injuries lately, but I was able to win because of my stablemaster’s help and the support of sumo-loving fans. I felt like I could really put everything on the line in every bout, every day." In the September tournament he was in contention for the title until losing to Gōeidō on the thirteenth day and ended in third place with a 12–3 record. Harumafuji was and Kisenosato were neck in and neck coming into the November 2016 for most victories in a calendar year since Hakuhō sat out all of the September tournament. However Kisenosato prevailed getting the honor having gotten 69 wins, Harumafuji had 67 wins, and Hakuhō had 62 wins.  In the January 2017 tournament, Harumafuji gave away two "kinboshi" on Days 2 and 3, to Mitakeumi and Shōhōzan respectively. With those losses Harumafuji has given away 32 "kinboshi". Harumafuji won the next three days, but then pulled out on Day 7, citing an injury. In May 2017 he was the co-leader with Hakuhō remaining unbeaten until Day 11 when he lost to Mitakeumi. He finished on 11–4. In this tournament he moved into the all-time top ten for top division victories, with 690. Harumafuji was the only other "yokozuna" apart from Hakuhō to complete the July 2017 tournament, where he scored 11–4 again. His stablemaster indicated that he may need to undergo surgery on a persistent injury to his elbow, but Harumafuji later decided not to have the surgery. He was the sole "yokozuna" to enter the September 2017 tournament after Hakuhō, Kakuryū and Kisenosato all withdrew through injury. He was defeated by "maegashira" Kotoshōgiku on Day 3 after he apparently stopped fighting after the initial charge, expecting the bout to be called as "matta". He was criticized by the head of the Japan Sumo Association, Hakkaku, for giving up. However, he rallied after standing at 2–3 on Day 5 to win nine of his ten remaining bouts, including tournament leader Gōeidō on Day 15 to force a playoff with both men tied on identical 11–4 records. Harumafuji won the playoff to take his ninth career "yūshō". His 11–4 record was the lowest to win a top division championship since 1996.

Assault and subsequent retirement.

After Harumafuji lost his first two bouts of the November 2017 Tournament, Japanese newspaper "Sports Nippon" reported that Harumafuji assaulted fellow Mongolian wrestler Takanoiwa during a regional sumo tour in Tottori in late October. According to the report and other sources, Harumafuji was drinking with other sumo wrestlers, who included Hakuhō, Kakuryū and Terunofuji as well as Japanese wrestlers, and was admonishing Takanoiwa over his behavior. Angered that Takanoiwa was looking at his cell phone at the time, Harumafuji struck him in the head with a beer bottle and punched him 20 to 30 times. Takanoiwa's head injury, which included a skull fracture, forced him to miss the entire November 2017 Tournament, which subsequently resulted in his demotion from "maegashira" #8 to "jūryō" #3.  Harumafuji's stablemaster, Isegahama, admitted the incident to officials with the Japan Sumo Association. Harumafuji told the press that he sincerely apologized for causing trouble. He withdrew from the rest of the November 2017 Tournament, citing a left elbow injury. The Japan Sumo Association announced that they would investigate the incident, but any ruling or punishment would not be announced until the conclusion of the tournament. After Harumafuji flew back from Fukuoka to Tokyo, he was questioned by Tottori police as part of their own investigation. He was then questioned by the Sumo Association's crisis management panel, where he admitted to assaulting Takanoiwa. Tottori police were set to refer the incident to prosecutors by the end of the year.  Mongolian "yokozuna" Hakuhō, who was present at the incident, told the press before Day 5 of the tournament that he owed a "deep apology to the sumo world and the public." Contrary to media reports, Hakuhō insisted Harumafuji was holding a beer bottle, but it slipped out of his hands. Hakuhō claimed that he broke up the fight and took Harumafuji out of the room. Conflicting reports over subsequent days suggested an ice pick, ashtray, microphone or karaoke remote control may have been used instead, while Harumafuji himself said he used only his bare hands.  The day after the November 2017 Tournament ended, the Yokozuna Deliberation Council (YDC) convened at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in Tokyo and agreed that an "extremely harsh punishment" be administered to Harumafuji. The YDC did not take any formal action, saying they would wait until the investigation by the crisis management panel has been completed.  On November 29, 2017, Isegahama said that Harumafuji had decided to retire. He submitted Harumafuji's letter of resignation to the Japan Sumo Association, and Harumafuji held a press conference later that day in which he said, "as "yokozuna" I feel responsible for injuring Takanoiwa and so will retire from today." He did not go into details about the incident but added, "I had heard that he was lacking in manners and civility and thought it was my duty as a senior wrestler to correct and teach him. But I went too far." He also denied that he had been drinking to excess. On December 11 the Tottori police concluded their investigation and turned the case over to prosecutors.  On December 20, 2017, the YDC said that they would have recommended Harumafuji's resignation had he not already retired, and that there needed to be a clear standard set for future cases. The chairman of the YDC said "Harumafuji, a yokozuna who should be a role model to all wrestlers, showed abusive behavior that led to injury. A yokozuna must bear this heavy responsibility."  Tottori prosecutors officially indicted Harumafuji on December 28, 2017 in Summary Court. Prosecutors felt that the public backlash over the incident, combined with Takanoiwa's desire to see Harumafuji punished, warranted a filing in Summary Court, rather than a higher court where there would have been a full trial with lawyer examinations. On January 3, 2018 Harumafuji was fined 500,000 yen (US$ 4,400). On October 4, 2018 Takanoiwa filed a lawsuit in Tokyo District Court seeking 24 million yen in damages from Harumafuji, after negotiations over an informal settlement broke down. Takanoiwa later dropped the suit, citing harassment his family was receiving back home in Mongolia.  Since his retirement, Harumafuji has been working in an unofficial capacity as a coach at Isegahama stable. His "danpatsu-shiki," or official retirement ceremony, was held on September 30, 2018 at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan. He has also opened a school in Mongolia, with Japanese style education. His memoir, "Body and Soul", was released in January 2019.

Rivalry with Hakuhō.

His career record against Hakuhō was 21 wins against 36 losses (22 wins against 37 losses if playoffs for the championship are included). He has more wins over Hakuhō than any other wrestler. Harumafuji vs Hakuhō was the final match of the tournament for ten consecutive tournaments from May 2012 until November 2013, the second longest streak after the 15 straight contested by Wajima and Kitanoumi. Harumafuji and Hakuhō's 24 final matches of a tournament in total is second only to the 27 contested by Akebono and Takanohana. Hakuhō was criticized by the Yokozuna Deliberation Council for expressing his hope that Harumafuji would return to sumo after his November 2017 tournament victory, and leading the crowd in banzai cheers.

Fighting style.

Harumafuji was a relative lightweight known for his speed, particularly at the "tachi-ai", or initial charge. He was regarded as a technician, like many other Mongolian sumo wrestlers, specialising in throws and lifts. He used 42 different winning "kimarite" in his career. He was adept at both "uwatenage" (overarm throw) and "shitatenage" (underarm throw) as well as "uwatedashinage" (pulling overarm throw). He was also skilled at "tsuki" or thrusting techniques, and his second most common winning move after "yorikiri" was "oshidashi", or push out. He sometimes used "harite", or slaps to the face, a technique that was criticized by a member of the Yokozuna Deliberation Council.  Weighing in at 133 kg in November 2012, Harumafuji became the first "yokozuna" since Chiyonofuji in 1982 to also be the lightest man in the top division.

Personal life.

Harumafuji married M. Battuul in Japan on October 10, 2011. The wedding ceremony was held according to sumo traditions, and the bride wore Japanese ceremonial clothes. Harumafuji and Battuul met in 2009, when Battuul graduated from Iwate University in northern Japan. They were engaged in September 2010. The wedding ceremony had been postponed due to upheavals in the sumo world over the match-fixing scandal. Their first daughter was born in December 2010. Their second daughter was born in May 2012.  In June 2013 he revealed that in 2010, he had acquired the qualification to be a policeman in Mongolia through distance education, and that he had plans to go to Mongolia to publish his graduation thesis, which was about the differences between Mongolian and Japanese law. In 2014 he attended classes at the graduate school of Hosei University, studying the Mongolian economy and education system.  He is a keen painter and in September 2018 around 20 of his paintings were exhibited in a gallery in Ginza to mark the opening of his school.

Career record.

, previously known as Ama Kōhei, is a retired sumo wrestler. He received his promotion to "yokozuna", sumo's highest rank, on September 26, 2012. He is the third Mongolian and fifth overall non-Japanese wrestler to attain "yokozuna" status.

, ou, né Davaanyamyn Byambadorj le à Oulan-Bator, est un lutteur de sumo mongol et. Il mesure et pèse.


Infrastructure and local economy.

The area is largely unsettled and there is hardly any infrastructure. The only significant settlement is Yugoryonok.  The river flows south for about west of the Yudoma Range and then flows southwest about (straight-line distance) to its mouth on the Maya. It starts about south of Mus-Khaya Mountain, the highest point in the Suntar-Khayata Range. It is formed from the junction of two rivers, one of which flows from a glacier. At the 'corner' began the long Okhotsk Portage which ran east-southeast to the Okhota River. About further was Yudoma Cross from which the Yudoma Portage led southeast to the Urak River and a longer horse track led to Urak Landing. North of Yudoma Cross a horse track led to Yakutsk. Near here the border between the Sakha Republic and Khabarovsk Krai joins the Yudoma and follows it to its mouth. About west of Yudoma Cross (straight-line distance) is the gold-extracting town of Yugorenok which is reached by a dirt road running south from Eldikan on the Aldan River.  The Yudoma was one of the river routes to the Okhotsk Coast. Because of its rapids and swift current there was a great deal of tracking (see portage). Rapids and cataracts blocked the larger boats that were used on the Maya. Some below Yudoma Cross a cataract was bypassed by a crude canal which was dry at low water. In 1737 Stepan Krasheninnikov took three days to go downstream from Yudoma Cross to the Maya, whereas it took five to six weeks to make the same trip upstream.

The Yudoma () is a river in eastern Siberia in the Yudoma-Maya Highlands near the Okhotsk Coast. It joins the Maya which joins the Aldan which joins the Lena which flows into the Arctic Ocean. Its northern headwaters are in the Suntar-Khayata Range. To the east is the Yudoma Range and then the Okhota, to the south the Maya and to the northwest, the Allakh-Yun, another tributary of the Aldan.

La Youdoma (en ) est une rivière de Russie qui coule en Sibérie orientale. C'est un affluent droit de la rivière Maïa, donc un sous-affluent de la Léna par l'Aldan.


Early life.

Machen was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 28, 1881, to Arthur Webster Machen and Mary Jones Gresham. Arthur, a Baltimore lawyer, was 45 and Mary was 24 when they married. While Arthur was an Episcopalian, Mary was a Presbyterian, and taught her son the Westminster Shorter Catechism from an early age. The family attended Franklin Street Presbyterian Church.  Machen's upbringing was considered to be privileged. He attended a private college and received a classical education including Latin and Greek. He also learnt to play the piano.

Early adulthood.

In 1898, the 17-year-old Machen began studying at Johns Hopkins University for his undergraduate degree, and performed sufficiently well to gain a scholarship. He majored in classics and was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Machen was a brilliant scholar and in 1901 was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society after graduation.  Despite having some indecisiveness about his future, in 1902 Machen opted to study theology at Princeton Seminary, while simultaneously studying a Master of Arts in philosophy at Princeton University.  He also pursued theological studies in Germany for a year in 1905. In a letter to his father, he admitted being thrown into confusion about his faith because of the liberalism taught by Professor Wilhelm Herrmann. Although he had an enormous respect for Herrmann, his time in Germany and his engagement with Modernist theologians led him to reject the movement and embrace conservative Reformed theology more firmly than before.

Pre-war period.

In 1906, Machen joined the Princeton Seminary as an instructor in the New Testament, after receiving an assurance that he would not have to sign a statement of faith. Among his Princeton influences were Francis Landey Patton, who had been the prosecutor in a nineteenth-century heresy trial, and B. B. Warfield, whom he described as the greatest man he had ever met. Warfield maintained that correct doctrine was the primary means by which Christians influenced the surrounding culture. He emphasized a high view of scripture and the defence of supernaturalism. It appears that under their influence Machen resolved his crisis of faith. In 1914, he was ordained and the next year he became an Assistant Professor of New Testament studies.  Machen did not serve "conventionally" during the First World War, but instead went to France with the YMCA to do volunteer work near and at the front—a task he continued with for some time after the war. Though not a combatant, he witnessed first-hand the devastations of modern warfare. Suspicious of his family friend Woodrow Wilson's project of spreading democracy and of imperialism, he was staunchly opposed to the war, and upon returning to the US, he saw that many of the provisions of, "the Treaty of Versailles constituted an attack upon international and interracial peace... [W]ar will follow upon war in a wearisome progression."

Post-war period.

Princeton, 1918–1926.

After returning from Europe, Machen continued his work as a New Testament scholar at Princeton. During this period he gained a reputation as one of the few true scholars who was able to debate the growing prevalence of Modernist theology whilst maintaining an evangelical stance. "The Origin of Paul's Religion" (1921) is perhaps Machen's best known scholarly work. This book was a successful attempt at critiquing the Modernist belief that Paul's religion was based mainly upon Greek philosophy and was entirely different from the religion of Jesus. "Christianity and Liberalism" (1923) is another of Machen's books that critiqued theological modernism. The book compared conservative and Protestant Christianity to the rising popularity of Modernist (or "Liberal") theology. He concluded that "the chief modern rival of Christianity is Liberalism". In "What Is Faith?" (1925) he set before him the pastoral task of anchoring faith in the historical fact of Christ's atonement. He found liberal theology anti-intellectual, insofar as it spiritualized Christianity and treated it as merely an expression of individual experience, thus emptying the Bible and creeds of all definitive meaning. These books, along with a number of others, placed Machen firmly in one theological camp within the Presbyterian Church. His work throughout the 1920s was divided between his time at Princeton and his political work with evangelical Presbyterians. Despite his conservative theological beliefs, Machen was never able to fully embrace popularist fundamentalism either. His refusal to accept premillennialism and other aspects of Fundamentalist belief was based upon his belief that Reformed Theology was the most biblical form of Christian belief—a theology that was generally missing from Fundamentalism at the time. Moreover, Machen's scholarly work and ability to engage with modernist theology was at odds with Fundamentalism's anti-intellectual attitude.

Controversies.

In 1924 and 1925, relations among the Princeton faculty deteriorated when "The Presbyterian" questioned if there were two different parties on the faculty. In response Machen remarked that his differences with Charles Erdman related to the importance they attributed to doctrine. He noted that Erdman was tolerant of those in doctrinal error. Erdman wrote privately 'he (Dwight L. Moody) knew that controversialists do not usually win followers for Christ.'

Westminster Theological Seminary.

The 1929 General Assembly voted to reorganise Princeton Seminary and appointed two of the Auburn Affirmation signatories as trustees. The Auburn Affirmation was a response by liberals within the Northern Presbyterian Church that condemned the General Assembly's response to the controversy arising out of Harry Emerson Fosdick's May 1922 sermon "Shall the Fundamentalists Win?" Machen and some colleagues withdrew and set up Westminster Theological Seminary to continue reformed orthodox theology.

Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

In 1933, Machen, concerned about liberalism tolerated by Presbyterians on the mission field, formed The Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions. The next Presbyterian General Assembly reaffirmed that Independent Board was unconstitutional and gave the associated clergy an ultimatum to break their links. When Machen and seven other clergy refused, they were suspended from the Presbyterian ministry. The controversy divided Machen from many of his fundamentalist friends including Clarence Macartney who dropped away at the prospect of schism. Ultimately, Machen withdrew from the Northern Presbyterian Church and formed what later came to be known as the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.  In his book "The Great Evangelical Disaster", Francis Schaeffer details the theological shift in American Christianity from conservatism to liberalism. In that discussion, Schaeffer describes how Machen's "defrocking" rightly became front page news in the secular media of the country. Schaeffer concludes: "A good case could be made that the news about Machen was the most significant U.S. news in the first half of the twentieth century. It was the culmination of a long trend toward liberalism within the Presbyterian Church and represented the same trend in most other denominations" (p. 35).

Religion and politics.

Machen was suspicious of mixing religion and politics. He found attempts to establish a Christian culture by political means insensitive to minorities. He was even more concerned about the corrupting influence of politics on Christianity and saw the social gospel as a terrible warning. He opposed school prayer and Bible reading in public school. This position, however, implied that Christians should run their own schools.  Historian George Marsden has described Machen as "radically libertarian. He opposed almost any extension of state power and took stands on a variety of issues. Like most libertarians, his stances violated usual categories of liberal or conservative." He opposed the establishment of a federal Department of Education, suggesting before a joint Congressional committee that government control of the children was the ultimate sacrifice of freedom (he was also opposed to the Child Labor Amendment, proposed in 1924). He was not against locally operated public schools per se, but feared the influence of materialist ideology and opposition to higher human aspirations. He also opposed Prohibition—a costly stance in an age when abstinence was almost a creed among Protestants. He was opposed to a foreign policy of imperialism and militarism.

Death.

Much to the sadness of those who had been involved in the movements that he had led, Machen died on January 1, 1937, at the age of 55. Some commentators (notably Ned Stonehouse) point out that Machen's "constitution" was not always strong, and that he was constantly "burdened" with his responsibilities at the time.  Machen had decided to honor some speaking engagements he had in North Dakota in December, 1936, but developed pleurisy in the exceptionally cold weather there. After Christmas, he was hospitalized for pneumonia and died on January 1, 1937. Just before his death, he dictated a telegram to long-time friend and colleague John Murray—the content of that telegram reflected deeply his lifelong faith: "I'm so thankful for active obedience of Christ. No hope without it." He is buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore. The stone covering his grave bears, very simply, his name, degree, dates, and the phrase "Faithful Unto Death", in Greek.  The Baltimore-born journalist, H. L. Mencken, wrote an editorial on Machen in December 1931 and later contributed an obituary titled "Dr. Fundamentalis" that was published in the " Baltimore Evening Sun" on January 18, 1937. While disagreeing with Machen's theology, Mencken nevertheless articulated a great respect and admiration for his intellectual ability. He noted that Machen "fell out with the reformers who have been trying, in late years, to convert the Presbyterian Church into a kind of literary and social club, devoted vaguely to good works", and that "though he lost in the end and was forced out of Princeton, it must be manifest that he marched off to Philadelphia with all the honors of war." Mencken also compared Machen to William Jennings Bryan, another well-known Presbyterian, with the statement, "Dr. Machen himself was to Bryan as the Matterhorn is to a wart."  Machen left half his considerable estate to Westminster Seminary in Philadelphia. Giving $10,000 outright to the seminary, Dr. Machen provided that half of the balance, after certain bequests to his brothers and others were cared for, should be placed in the hands of five trustees to be held for the benefit of Westminster Seminary. Ten per cent of the residuary estate was to go to the Independent Board. The will was drawn in 1935, before the establishing of The Presbyterian Guardian and before the organization of the new Church. The gross estate was estimated at $175,000.

Works.

In addition to those mentioned in the main article, Machen's works include:**

John Gresham Machen (; 1881–1937) was an American Presbyterian New Testament scholar and educator in the early 20th century. He was the Professor of New Testament at Princeton Seminary between 1906 and 1929, and led a conservative revolt against modernist theology at Princeton and formed Westminster Theological Seminary as a more orthodox alternative. As the Northern Presbyterian Church continued to reject conservative attempts to enforce faithfulness to the Westminster Confession, Machen led a small group of conservatives out of the church to form the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. When the northern Presbyterian church (PCUSA) rejected his arguments during the mid-1920s and decided to reorganize Princeton Seminary to create a liberal school, Machen took the lead in founding Westminster Seminary in Philadelphia (1929) where he taught New Testament until his death. His continued opposition during the 1930s to liberalism in his denomination's foreign missions agencies led to the creation of a new organization, the Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions (1933). The trial, conviction and suspension from the ministry of Independent Board members, including Machen, in 1935 and 1936 provided the rationale for the formation in 1936 of the OPC.

John Gresham Machen ( – ) était un théologien presbytérien américain du début du. Il a été professeur de Nouveau Testament au Séminaire théologique de Princeton entre 1915 et 1929, il dirigea une révolte conservatrice contre la théologie libérale à Princeton et forma le Séminaire théologique de Westminster comme une alternative plus orthodoxe. Comme l'église presbytérienne du Nord continuait à rejeter les tentatives conservatrices pour renforcer la fidélité à la Confession de foi de Westminster, Machen dirigea un petit groupe de conservateurs en dehors de l'église pour former l'Église presbytérienne orthodoxe. Quand l'Église presbytérienne aux États-Unis d'Amérique (PCUSA) rejeta ses arguments durant le milieu des années 1920 et décida de réorganiser le séminaire théologique de Princeton pour créer une école libérale, Machen fonda et prit la direction du séminaire théologique de Westminster à Philadelphie (1929) où il enseigna le Nouveau Testament jusqu'à sa mort. Son opposition continuelle durant les années 1930 au libéralisme dans les missions étrangères presbytériennes l'amena à créer une nouvelle organisation, le bureau indépendant pour les missions étrangères presbytériennes ("The Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions" (IBPFM)) en 1933. Le jugement, la condamnation et la suspension du ministère des membres de l'IBPFM, dont Machen, en 1935 et en 1936, fournit les raisons de la formation en 1936 de l'OPC.


Playing career.

Middlesbrough.

After playing his first match for the club in 1982, Mowbray became captain of Middlesbrough in 1986 when he was just 22 years old. Affectionately known to Boro fans as "Mogga", Mowbray became a legend in Middlesbrough for being a local lad who led the club from liquidation back into the top league of English football within two seasons.  In 2007, Mowbray was placed at number 7 in a chronological list of Middlesbrough legends compiled by local newspaper the "Evening Gazette". The Middlesbrough club fanzine "Fly me to the Moon" is named after a quote about Mowbray from ex-Middlesbrough manager Bruce Rioch – "If I had to fly to the moon I'd take Tony Mowbray, my captain, with me. He's a magnificent man". In 1991 after 348 appearances for "Boro", Mowbray moved to Scottish club Celtic for £1 million.

Celtic.

During his playing career with Celtic, Mowbray's wife Bernadette, a native of Renfrewshire, died of breast cancer. The episode is recalled in Mowbray's book, "Kissed by an Angel." It is often asserted that the "huddle" which Celtic players still perform before each match was arranged as a tribute to Bernadette. However, it was merely suggested by Mowbray on a pre-season tour of Germany to bring the squad together at a time of uncertainty.

Ipswich Town.

He later moved on to Ipswich Town, where he played for five years, becoming the team captain. He scored an equalising goal in the 2000 Division One playoff final victory against Barnsley. Ipswich won the match 4–2 and secured promotion to the FA Premier League. This match was both Mowbray's Wembley debut and the last of his playing career.

Coaching career.

Once his playing career finished he moved into coaching, starting as a first team coach at Ipswich Town. He had a brief spell as caretaker manager of Ipswich, following the sacking of George Burley and prior to the appointment of Joe Royle.

Hibernian.

In May 2004, Mowbray was appointed manager of Hibernian, replacing Bobby Williamson. He gained much acclaim for the job he did, winning the Scottish Football Writers' Association manager of the year award in his first season. Hibs finished in the top four in the SPL in his only two full seasons in charge, which was the first time that Hibs had done this in the top division in consecutive seasons since Eddie Turnbull was manager.  Hibs progressed to the later stages of every domestic cup competition in his tenure and made two appearances in European football. Hibs lost heavily to Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the first round of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup and on the away goals rule to OB Odense in the 2006 Intertoto Cup. During mid-2006, Mowbray was interviewed for the vacant managerial position at Ipswich Town, but he rejected their approach. In September 2006 he signed a 12-month rolling deal with Hibs that was due to take effect from July 2007. Just one month later however, Mowbray moved to West Bromwich Albion.

West Bromwich Albion.

West Bromwich Albion appointed Mowbray as their manager on 13 October 2006. Mowbray faced the task of returning the "Baggies" to the Premier League after relegation the previous season. Although he managed to turn around the club's poor away form, an indifferent run of results at home towards the end of the season meant that Albion finished fourth in The Championship table behind Sunderland, Birmingham City and Derby County, and faced the lottery of the Championship Play-Offs. Despite two famous victories over old rivals Wolverhampton Wanderers in the semi finals, Albion lost 1–0 to Derby County in the Wembley final.  As a result, during the close season, Mowbray set about restructuring his squad, moving out several of Robson's players for multimillion-pound fees, after press reports of dressing room division.  High-profile players such as Jason Koumas, Diomansy Kamara and Curtis Davies were sold to Premier League clubs for large fees, in addition to the departures of Paul McShane, Nathan Ellington, Darren Carter and Steve Watson. Mowbray replaced them by signing a total of 14 permanent and loan players in the summer transfer window, making an overall profit in the process. His most expensive signings were Chris Brunt from Sheffield Wednesday for £3 million, Leon Barnett from Luton Town for £2.5 million, and James Morrison from Middlesbrough for £1.5 million.  Despite the large changes in his squad, Mowbray won the Championship Manager of the Month award in September 2007, after Albion gained 13 out of the maximum 15 points and climbed to 2nd in the Division.  At the start of 2008, Mowbray's young Albion team topped the table, receiving growing plaudits from the media and supporters alike for their attractive brand of attacking one touch passing football, a reflection of Mowbray's staunch footballing philosophy.  Mowbray guided West Brom to the Football League Championship title, meaning promotion to the Premier League and reached the semi-final of the FA Cup. The semi-final, the first to be played at the new Wembley Stadium, pitted West Brom against Portsmouth, the only remaining Premier League team left in the FA Cup. Portsmouth won the match 1–0 with the only goal of the game coming from Kanu. Mowbray won the Championship manager of the month award for April, as well as the League Managers Association manager of the year award.  After a poor 2008–09 season, West Bromwich were relegated from the Premier League, finishing 20th. Mowbray was still thought highly of by the fans, however, and this was evidenced by them wearing Mowbray masks at their last game of the season. Mowbray left the club for Celtic shortly afterwards.

Celtic.

On 8 June 2009, it was reported that Celtic had approached West Bromwich Albion for permission to speak to Mowbray about their managerial vacancy. A compensation fee of £2 million was agreed, and Celtic declared Mowbray as their new manager on 16 June 2009. He was unveiled as Celtic manager at a press conference a day later. His coaching team was Neil Lennon, Peter Grant, Mark Venus, and Stevie Woods. On 12 September 2009 was named as the Coach of the Month of August in the Scottish Premier League.  Mowbray was described as "beleaguered" by "The Herald" after Celtic fell 10 points behind Old Firm rivals Rangers in the SPL title race after a 2–1 home defeat by Hibs.  Mowbray decided to make significant changes to his squad during the January 2010 transfer window, selling Gary Caldwell and Barry Robson, which apparently caused disruption to the team in the immediate aftermath of those deals being completed. Robbie Keane was recruited early in 2010 on a loan deal from Tottenham Hotspur amid great excitement, however further poor results, particularly a record 4–0 defeat by St Mirren, led to Mowbray being sacked on 25 March. It was reported in May 2010 that Celtic had yet to agree compensation with Mowbray and his management team.

Middlesbrough.

Mowbray was appointed Middlesbrough manager on 26 October 2010, replacing Gordon Strachan. He lost his first match in charge, 2–1 against Bristol City, but followed this with wins against Crystal Palace and Scunthorpe. Mowbray guided Boro to Championship safety, having joined the club when they were 22nd in the league. The club finished the season well, winning their last four league games and finished 12th in the league table. The same season, Mowbray started giving youngsters a first team place such as Joe Bennett, Luke Williams and Richard Smallwood. Mowbray also started giving Marvin Emnes more playing time after returning on loan from Swansea City.  Middlesbrough began the 2011–12 season well and Mowbray won manager of the month for September. Middlesbrough relinquished the only unbeaten record in the league after a 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest in October 2011. After a poor start to 2012, Middlesbrough's form picked up in late February with four wins in five games. Middlesbrough finished 7th in the 2011–12 season, missing out on a play-off place by one position.  After an unbeaten run in October 2012, Mowbray won the accolade of Championship Manager of the Month for that month. On 21 October 2013, it was announced that Mowbray had left the club with immediate effect after a run of two wins in 12 games in the 2013–14 campaign.

Coventry City.

On 3 March 2015, Mowbray was appointed manager of Coventry City on a deal until the end of the 2014–15 season. With the club facing the possibility of relegation to the fourth-tier for the first time since the late 1950s, Tony Mowbray's initial brief was to keep the club in the third-tier. A final day victory away at Crawley Town was enough for Mowbray to secure League One football for the Sky Blues for the 2015–16 season.  Following protracted negotiations at the end of the season, Tony Mowbray agreed to sign a two-year contract extension to remain as Coventry City manager.  Mowbray resigned from Coventry City on 29 September 2016 after a string of results without a win.

Blackburn Rovers.

On 22 February 2017, Mowbray was appointed head coach of Blackburn Rovers on an 18-month contract, effectively lasting until the end of the 2017–18 season. Despite an improvement in form that offered some hope of survival, Blackburn were relegated to League One at the end of the 2016–17 season.  Mowbray signed a new contract that would keep him at the club until 2019, with an option of a further 12 months after that as well. Under his managership, Blackburn won promotion back to the Championship after a single year in League One. Their promotion was assured on 24 April, after a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers.

Personal life.

Mowbray has three sons with his wife, Amber Mowbray. His first wife, Bernadette Doyle Mowbray, died of breast cancer on New Year's Day 1995, aged 26.

Career statistics.

Source:

Honours.

Playing career.

Middlesbrough  Ipswich Town  Individual

Managerial career.

West Bromwich Albion  Blackburn Rovers  Individual Awards

Anthony Mark Mowbray (born 22 November 1963) is an English former professional footballer who is the head coach of club Blackburn Rovers. Mowbray played for Middlesbrough, Celtic and Ipswich Town as a defender.

Anthony Mark « Tony » Mowbray est un ancien footballeur et un entraîneur de football anglais, né le à Saltburn.


Legend of Erau.

The legend began in the Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura Kingdom in the 13th century, when it was situated in "Tepian Baru" or "Kutai Lama". It is a legend of the greatness of the Kingdom's first Sultan, who was said to be a descent from BROT.  The story goes that in a village called "Jaitan Layar", in the East Kalimantan mountainous slope, a kingdom official and his wife has been married for a few years, but had not yet been blessed with a child. They would pray to their God, hoping that a child will soon be born.  One night, as the couple were sleeping, they were interrupted by a deafening noise from the outside. A bright light shone on the night as if it was daylight. The wife told his husband to check what the whole commotion is all about. When outside, the husband found a box made of golden stone. He opened the lid and inside he found a baby covered with a golden blanket. On the baby's right hand was an egg and on his left was a golden kris.  Suddenly seven Gods appeared before him. One of the Gods would say,  The husband told the Gods that he will obey all of their commands and thanked them for answering his prayers. Once the Gods disappeared, he took the baby inside to his wife. The baby cried of hunger, confused as to what to do, the husband burnt incense, scatter yellow rice on the floor, and prayed to the Gods. Soon after, the God told the wife, "Wipe your breast with your hand repeatedly until milk is flowing". The wife did as she was told and aromatic milk flowed, which the baby lapped up ravenously.  For the next 40 days and nights, obeying the Gods' commands, the baby laid on the villagers' laps. He was bathed with flower water. And on the third day, his umbilical cord broke off and the villagers celebrated the occasion by shooting fire to the sky for seven times. The baby was named "Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti".  As the boy grew up to be 5 years old, he was restless and impatient, he wants to be able to play outside, swim in the river, walk around the village like other children. The husband then remembered the God's command and so he arranged with the villagers of Jaitan Layar to conduct the Erau ceremony. This was to be the first Erau ceremony. It was conducted lavishly for the next 40 days and nights. The Jaitan Layar community and its surrounding attended the ceremony.  Before the ceremony, buffalos were slaughtered and the corpses were prepared. During the "Tijak Tanah" ceremonial rite, Aji's feet would be placed on the heads of buffalos, living and dead; and on human, living and dead. Then, covered with yellow cloth, Aji was accompanied to the nearby river where he bathed, performing the "Mandi ke Tepian" ceremonial rite. His feet would step on iron and on stone. The villagers, male and female, would then join him in the river. Afterwards, Aji was returned to his house while wearing lavish clothing. Accompanied by the song of "Gajah Perwata" orchestra and the sound of "Sapu Jagat" cannon, he was brought to the village yard where he laid on brightly coloured rugs. He was fed with betel leaves.  The party would then started in earnest. Food and drinks were free flowing, various performances and animal competition were held, men and women were dancing. The party continued for 7 days and nights. After the party, the decorations, utensils and musical instruments were then donated to the poor villagers.  Aji grew up and became the first Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara (1300–1325). During his inauguration, Erau ceremony was also conducted.  The Sultan married a beautiful princess named "Putri Karang Melenu", who was also thought to be the descendant of God. The story goes that she was initially a small worm found by a "Hulu Dusun" officer in "Melanti" village near Mahakam River while he was chopping wood.  The officer saw a worm that kept circling the block of wood and gazing at him tearfully. The officer took it home with him, where it grew up day by day, bigger and bigger until it became a dragon. But the dragon never left the house. One night, the officer dreamt that he met a girl who was to become his daughter. She said, "Father, don’t be afraid, let me leave this house and the village, build me a stairwell so I can slither down". At once, he woke up and told his wife, Babu Jaruma.  The officer would then spend the days that followed building a stair made of "lampong" wood, with the steps made of bamboo and tied with "lembiding" roots. When he finished, he heard the girl's voice again, "As I step down to earth, come and follow me. Burn some sesame and sprinkle some yellow rice around me. When I slither down to the river and swim, follow my spume".  The dragon slithered down the stairs, to the river and swam seven times up and down the stream, came up the opposite river bank and slithered left and right three times when torrential rain came down, accompanied by strong winds and thunder.  The officer and his wife crossed the river with great difficulty. But then the weather cleared up and they saw that the river was filled with foam and rainbow-like lights were gleaming. The couple went closer to take a better look and saw a gong with a baby inside. The couple took the baby with them and brought her up as if she was their own. After three days, the baby's umbilical cord broke, she was then named Putri Karang Melenu.  When she grew up to become a beautiful young lady, the Gods united her with Aji, who was at the time already a Sultan. The couple had a son, which they named "Aji Batara Agung Paduka Nira".  The legend of "Putri Karang Melenu" is perhaps the story behind the "Mengulur Naga" procession of the Erau ceremony.

History.

Every coronation of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultans, since the time that the first Sultan was inaugurated, had been commemorated with an Erau ceremony. Erau ceremonies then developed from being solely for the Sultan's coronation to a celebration commemorating the vesting of title to individuals for their outstanding service to the kingdom. The duration of the ceremony would depend upon the Kutai Palace's wealth, it ranged from 7 days to a maximum of 40 days continuously.  The Erau ceremonies were traditionally organised by the Kutai palace courtiers, who would invite the kingdom's community leaders. Arriving from all corners of the kingdom, the leaders would bring supplies of food, livestock, fruits, and also artists for entertainment. The Sultan and his courtiers would then provide free meals to the kingdom's citizens as a gesture of the Sultan's gratitude to the dedication of his people.  The last known traditional Erau ceremony was in 1965, for the commemoration of the "Sultan Aji Pangeran Adipati Praboe Anoem Soerya Adiningrat" coronation. The traditional Erau ceremony ended along with the end of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate reign, when its territory was converted into the autonomous region of Kutai Kartanegara (abbrev. Kukar) Regency.

Modern Erau.

In the effort of preserving the cultural traditions of Kutai, the "bupati" (taken from a Sanskrit word, which contemporarily means the holder of executive power of the local government) of Kukar Regency government, Drs. H. Achmad Dahlan, mandated that Erau be a biennial festival commemorating the foundation of the capital Tenggarong on 29 September 1782. This biennial festival was first held in 1971.  From the advice of Kukar's last Sultan, Sultan Aji Muhammad Parikesit, the district government is only allowed to exercise some traditional ceremonies, and not others such as the "tijak kepala" (literally "step on head") and the vesting of titles.  Activities that are allowed are art and sport or agility performances, such as "Menjamu Benua, Merangin Malam, Mendirikan Tiang Ayu, Upacara Penabalan, Pelas, Seluak Mudik, Mengulur Naga and Belibur". Traditional tribal ceremonies allowed was from the Dayak tribe, such as "Papaer Maper, Kuangkay, Mumutn, Ngayau, Lemakan Balei, Uman Undad, Pasek Truit, Erau Anak". There are also the occasional Malay arts such as "Tarsul" and "Badendang".  Erau festival, held every September, has now been included in the Indonesian national tourism calendar of events. It is no longer associated with cultural tradition of the Kukar Sultanate palace, but rather to showcase the arts and culture that exist and thrive across the regency.

Erau is an Indonesian biennial cultural festival, taking place in the city of Tenggarong, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. The word "Erau" is derived from the Kutai word "eroh", meaning crowded, noisy, joyful.

L'Erau est une fête traditionnelle qui se tient chaque année, au mois de septembre, dans la ville de Tenggarong en Indonésie.


Description.

"Kunzea baxteri" is a spreading shrub which usually grows to a height of between and has branches which are more or less hairy. The leaves are arranged alternately on a petiole long and have a leaf blade that is usually long, wide and oblong to elliptic in shape with hairs along the edges.  The flowers are arranged in large, profuse, conspicuous, bottlebrush-like clusters, up to long and wide. The clusters usually contain between 16 and 30 flowers on the ends of branches which continue to grow during the flowering period. There are leaf-like bracts long, wide at the base of the flowers which fall off as the flowers open. The hypanthium is long and hairy on the outside. There are five hairy, linear to lance-shaped sepals long which remain on the maturing fruit. The five petals are deep red, round to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base and long. There are between 40 and 50 bright red stamens long around each flower, the stamens four or five times as long as the petals. Flowering is most prolific from July to September but often occurs as late as March, depending on rainfall. The fruit is a cup-shaped or urn-shaped capsule long with the erect sepals attached. The fruit release the seeds when mature, unlike many others in the Myrtaceae. The features of this species that distinguish it from others in the Myrtaceae are the red flowers, persistent sepals and deciduous fruit. The oblong leaves and narrow sepals distinguish it from "Kunzea pulchella" which also has red flowers.

Taxonomy and naming.

The species was first formally described in 1836 by Johann Klotzsch, who gave it the name "Pentagonaster baxteri" and published the description in "Allgemeine Gartenzeitung". In 1844, Johannes Conrad Schauer revised the name to "Kunzea baxteri". The specific epithet (baxteri) honours William Baxter, an English gardener who collected seeds and plants for British nurserymen.

Distribution and habitat.

"Kunzea baxteri" grows in coarse sandy soil or laterite, often near granite outcrops in heath, scrub or woodland. It is found from the coast to areas up to about inland in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions.

Ecology.

Scarlet kunzea is pollinated by honeyeaters and mammals which are attracted to its large red flowers.

Conservation.

"Kunzea baxteri" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture.

This kunzea has been grown in gardens for many years. It is best suited to a climate with dry summers and wet winters. It is, however, adaptable to more humid areas and those with moderate frosts but requires a sunny or partly-shaded area with well-drained soil. In has been grown from cuttings on "Kunzea ambigua" rootstock.

Kunzea baxteri, commonly known as scarlet kunzea, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia where it occurs near granite outcrops and hills. It is a shrub with large, scarlet, bottlebrush-like flower clusters, making it popular as a garden feature.

Kunzea baxteri est un arbuste de la famille des Myrtaceae. Il est endémique dans le sud-ouest de l'Australie-Occidentale, où il pousse sur des affleurements granitiques


Early life.

Woolfson was born into a Jewish family in the Charing Cross area of Glasgow, where his family owned the Elders furniture store. He was raised in the Pollokshields area on the south side of the city and educated at the High School of Glasgow. Woolfson's interest in music was inspired by an uncle, and he taught himself to play the piano. After leaving school he briefly flirted with becoming an accountant before moving to London to seek opportunities in the music industry.

Early career.

Arriving in London in 1963, he found work as a session pianist. The then current record producer for the Rolling Stones, Andrew Oldham, signed him as a songwriter. During the following years, Woolfson wrote songs for artists such as Marianne Faithfull, Frank Ifield, Joe Dassin, The Tremeloes, Marie (French singer), Marmalade, Dave Berry, Peter Noone, and The Poets. In due course Woolfson signed other publishing deals as more of his songs were adopted by leading recording artists, throughout Europe and America. He also signed a deal with Southern Music, where he worked alongside composers and lyricists such as Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice.  In 1971, with the assistance of Eric Stewart, Kevin Godley, Lol Creme and Graham Gouldman (who later became 10cc), a single was produced under the name of Eric Elder ("San Tokay" b/w "Sunflower") and issued on UK Philips 6006 081 and US Philips 40699. Woolfson then produced a single by Graham Gouldman ("Nowhere to Go" b/w "Growing Older") which was issued in 1972 on UK CBS 7739. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Woolfson was an independent record producer for several record companies, and worked with artists including Dave Berry, the Equals, the Tremeloes and, in 1973, Darren Burn. Despite his success, he found that earning a living as a songwriter was not easy and decided to try artist management.  His move into management was instantly successful. His first two signings were Carl Douglas (whose record Kung Fu Fighting (1974) was one of the biggest selling hits of all time) and engineer/record producer Alan Parsons.

The Alan Parsons Project.

In 1974, Woolfson met record producer Alan Parsons at the Abbey Road Studios in London where both were working on different projects. Parsons asked Eric to become his manager and they worked together with a number of bands and artists including Pilot, Cockney Rebel, John Miles, Al Stewart, Ambrosia and The Hollies.  Subsequently, Eric and Alan formed The Alan Parsons Project, the name originally being intended as a working title for their collaborative project. From 1976 to 1987, Woolfson and Parsons collaborated on the conception and lyrics for all ten albums by The Alan Parsons Project, which have achieved worldwide sales in excess of 50 million.  On every Project album, Woolfson would sing a guide vocal track for each song, which the album's eventual lead vocalists would use as a reference. Some of these tracks can be heard on the new remastered editions of various Project albums released in 2007. Woolfson himself was the actual singer on many of the Project's biggest hits, such as "Time", "Don't Answer Me", "Prime Time" and the band's signature tune "Eye in the Sky", which peaked at No. 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on 16–30 October 1982.

Solo career.

"Freudiana" was originally meant to be the 11th album by The Alan Parsons Project, but Woolfson was keen to explore the possibility of realising the project as a musical. While recording the album, Brian Brolly was introduced to Woolfson and promised to steer the album in this new direction. Brolly was previously a partner with Andrew Lloyd Webber, and together they created such musicals as "Cats". With some help from Brolly, Woolfson was able to turn "Freudiana" into a stage musical.  Before the Freudiana stage production opened in 1990 in Vienna, a double-length studio album was released. The musical had a successful run, and it was planned that the show would open in other cities. However, plans were put on hold when a lawsuit broke out between Brolly and Woolfson, each fighting for control of the project. The studio disc (the "white" album) was quite difficult to obtain for a while. There was also a double-length German-language cast disc (the "black" album) which is currently out of print.

Musical theatre.

Woolfson explained his career switch during an interview in 2004:  His first three musicals were "Freudiana" (1990), about Sigmund Freud; "Gaudi" (1993), about Antonio Gaudi, and "Gambler" (1996). A fourth musical "Edgar Allan POE", based on the life of the author, was given a world premiere concert production at Abbey Road studios, London in 2003. An album was released in 2003 as (this contains some but not all of the songs from the stage version) and a musical album CD 'Edgar Allan Poe' (containing the complete musical score of 17 songs) and DVD of the POE Abbey Road concert were released in 2009. DVD.  "Dancing with Shadows" (inspired by the anti-war play "Forest Fire" by the Korean playwright Cham Bum-Suk and with a book by Ariel Dorfman) was premiered in July 2007 in Korea.

Personal life.

Woolfson married his wife Hazel in 1969 and they had two daughters and four grandchildren.

Death.

Woolfson died from kidney cancer in London on 2 December 2009. He was survived by his wife, daughters Sally Seddon and Lorna Covington, and three grandchildren. He is buried in Cathcart Cemetery, near Glasgow.

Eric Norman Woolfson (18 March 1945 – 2 December 2009) was a Scottish songwriter, lyricist, vocalist, executive producer, pianist, and co-creator of The Alan Parsons Project. Together they sold over 50 million albums worldwide. Following the 10 successful albums he made with Alan Parsons, Woolfson pursued a career in musical theatre. He wrote five musicals which won numerous awards, have been seen by over a million people, and have been performed in Germany, Austria, Korea and Japan.

Eric Woolfson (né le à Glasgow en Écosse et mort le à Londres) est un auteur-compositeur, musicien, occasionnellement chanteur et producteur écossais. Il est surtout connu pour avoir fondé avec Alan Parsons le groupe rock progressif britannique The Alan Parsons Project.


Background.

Steele was the son of a coal miner, an only child. At a young age, he knew that he wanted to be a preacher, and he started preaching when he was 15 years old. Steele graduated from Morehouse College in 1938. He then began preaching in Toccoa and Augusta, Georgia, then in Montgomery, Alabama, at the Hall Street Baptist Church (1938–1952). In 1952 Steele moved to Tallahassee, where he started preaching at the Bethel Missionary Baptist Church. Steele met Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. when he was on his way to Tallahassee.

Tallahassee bus boycott.

The Tallahassee bus boycott began in May, 1956, during the Montgomery bus boycott. Like other bus boycotts during the Civil Rights Movement in America, it started because black people were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and when two students refused to give up their seat to a white woman, they were arrested. An organization was formed to protest and boycott against the city bus system. The organization was called Inter-civic Council and Steele was elected president. Steele and other protesters boycotted the system by starting car pools and the bus system had stopped for the first time in 17 years on July 1. Steele was arrested many times during this period.  The people in Tallahassee thought that the protesters' demands were outrageous. Steele and the other protesters met a lot of rich and influential opposition. The Ku Klux Klan burned a cross in front of Steele's church, marched in front of his house, and threw bottles through his windows. The city commissioners were firmly opposed to integration of the buses. The bus system was integrated two years later.  He was also the lead plaintiff in the school desegregation suit, which led to the desegregation of public schools in Leon County.  Steele was also a part of many other protests, marches, and boycotts, where he helped to accomplish integration in many public places. Steele helped Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. He was made the First Vice President under Dr. King at the time of the formation of SCLC.  Steele participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965.  Steele died from bone marrow cancer in 1980 at the age of 66 in Tallahassee.

Legacy.

When the city created a new bus terminal in 1983, it was named after Steele and a statue of him (by sculptor David Lowe) was placed on the NE corner of the terminal.  Florida State University conferred on Steele the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in 1980—the first to an African American, and the first to be bestowed in fifty-six years from that school.  The Bethel Baptist Church in Tallahassee, where Steele was a pastor for twenty-eight years, has established a charter school which is named in his and former Governor Leroy Collins' honor: the Steele-Collins Charter School.  In 2012 Steele was inducted into the Florida Civil Rights Hall of Fame.  On March 23, 2018, Florida Governor Rick Scott signed CS/SB 382 into law, designating portions of Florida State Road 371 and Florida State Road 373 along Orange Avenue in Tallahassee as C.K. Steele Memorial Highway.

Charles Kenzie Steele (born in McDowell County, West Virginia; died in Tallahassee, Florida) was a preacher and a civil rights activist. He was one of the main organizers of the 1956 Tallahassee bus boycott, and a prominent member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. On March 23, 2018, Florida Governor Rick Scott signed CS/SB 382 into law, designating portions of Florida State Road 371 and Florida State Road 373 along Orange Avenue in Tallahassee as C.K. Steele Memorial Highway.

Charles Kenzie Steele ( à Gary - à Tallahassee) est un pasteur et militant des droits civiques américain. Il fut l'un des principaux organisateurs du boycott des bus de Tallahassee et un membre éminent de la Southern Christian Leadership Conference.


Plot.

Following the events of "The Sheriff and the Satellite Kid", Sheriff Hall and H7-25 (using the official identity of Charlie Warren) still get no rest from the military: because the little alien has not yet grasped the meaning of keeping a low profile, they are constantly on the move, and H7-25's father has had to pick them out of a tight spot too many times already.  Hall and Charlie eventually arrive at the city of Munroe, where petty crime, from vandalism to armed robberies, is running rampant, more so because the town currently has no sheriff. Charlie pushes Hall into staying in this place, and somewhat reluctantly Hall takes up the job in this chaotic place, with the help of the local radio jock and City Mayor Howard (Ferruccio Amendola). Soon the riff-raff in town learns not to underestimate the new sheriff as he metes out hard-hitting advice to stay out of trouble.  However, the local thugs turn out to be the smallest of Hall's problems. A task force of hostile alien invaders are preparing to enslave mankind with the use of hypno-wave devices and advanced androids; already they control the local authorities and military installations. Charlie immediately senses the true nature of these individuals, however, and after much persuasion convinces his big friend to look into the matter. But this arouses the suspicion of the alien leader (Claudio Undali); he has Hall arrested for snooping into matters of national security and Charlie kidnapped.  Hall manages to sneak out of prison, and after Howard has told him what happened to Charlie, the sheriff decides to take up the fight. Through the public announcement system Howard appeals to the citizens of Munroe for help, and the thugs and hooligans whom Hall has previously thrashed join forces with the sheriff, just as the alien leader executes the final stage of his plan to take over Munroe by sending the local state police force to a festival and round up the townspeople. Hall and his helpers engage the officers in a massive fist-fight and begin to win the upper hand until the alien chief decides to use his hypno-wave machine. The rioters are quickly subjugated, except for the sheriff, who wanders as if in trance to the military base which serves as the alien's headquarters.  As Hall arrives there, the alien leader and his androids discover that their hypno-waves have no effect on the sheriff (due to an earlier treatment by Charlie's wonder device). The androids are sent against Hall, but the sheriff's fists prove to be tougher than they are, and the androids' neural nets quickly end up thoroughly scrambled. The alien leader tries to activate a self-destruct device, but the sheriff takes a swing at him and he shatters like glass. Charlie is released from captivity and happily rejoins the sheriff.  However, as the town celebrates their rescuers, the military arrives to try and apprehend Charlie once more. Fed up with the constant pestering, Hall and Charlie take off into space with the old-timer automobile they were riding at the parade to join Charlie's family. But as soon as they have left the atmosphere, a small inconvenience makes Hall grumble once more: "Why does everything happen to me!"

Production.

The primary filming location for the town scenes was Monroe, Georgia. The showdown scenes at the amusement park took place in Six Flags Over Georgia, which was also used in the film's predecessor for the scene of the first meeting between the Sheriff and H7-25.

Deleted scenes.

The original Italian version of the film includes about 16 minutes of additional scenes which were deleted from its international release copies:

Everything Happens to Me () is a 1980 children's comedy movie starring Bud Spencer and child actor Cary Guffey. It is a direct sequel of the 1979 movie "The Sheriff and the Satellite Kid" and is also known under the title Why Did You Pick on Me?

Faut pas pousser (Titre original : "") est un film italien réalisé par Michele Lupo en 1980. C'est la suite du film "Le Shérif et les Extra-terrestres".


Plot.

"Rip Van Winkle" is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War in a village at the foot of New York's Catskill Mountains where Rip Van Winkle, a Dutch-American villager, lives. One autumn day, Van Winkle wanders into the mountains with his dog Wolf to escape his wife's nagging. He hears his name called out and sees a man wearing antiquated Dutch clothing; he is carrying a keg up the mountain and requires help. Together, the men and Wolf proceed to a hollow in which Rip discovers the source of thunderous noises: a group of ornately dressed, silent, bearded men who are playing nine-pins.  Van Winkle does not ask who they are or how they know his name. Instead, he begins to drink some of their liquor and soon falls asleep. When he awakens on the mountain, he discovers shocking changes: his musket is rotting and rusty, his beard is a foot long, and his dog is nowhere to be found. He returns to his village, where he recognizes no one. He arrives just after an election, and people ask how he voted. Never having cast a ballot in his life, he proclaims himself a faithful subject of King George III, unaware that the American Revolution has taken place, and nearly gets himself into trouble with the townspeople until one elderly woman recognizes him as the long-lost Rip Van Winkle.  King George's portrait on the inn's sign has been replaced with one of George Washington. Van Winkle learns that most of his friends were killed fighting in the American Revolution. He is also disturbed to find another man called Rip Van Winkle; it is his son, now grown up. Van Winkle also discovers that his wife died some time ago but is not saddened by the news. He learns that the men whom he met in the mountains are rumored to be the ghosts of Henry Hudson's crew from his ship, the "Halve Maen". He also realizes that he has been away from the village for at least 20 years. His grown daughter takes him in and he resumes his usual idleness. His strange tale is solemnly taken to heart by the Dutch settlers, particularly by the children who say that, whenever thunder is heard, the men in the mountains must be playing nine-pins.

Composition and publication history.

After a failed business venture with his brothers, Irving filed for bankruptcy in 1818. Despondent, he turned to writing for possible financial support, although he had difficulty thinking of stories to write. He stayed in Birmingham, England with his brother-in-law Henry Van Wart. The two were reminiscing in June 1818 when Irving was suddenly inspired by their nostalgic conversation. Irving locked himself in his room and wrote non-stop all night. As he said, he felt like a man waking from a long sleep. He presented the first draft of "Rip Van Winkle" to the Van Wart family over breakfast.  "Rip Van Winkle" was one of the first stories Irving proposed for his new book, "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." Irving asked his brother Ebeneezer to assist with publication in the United States. As Irving wrote, "I shall feel very anxious to hear of the success of this first re-appearance on the literary stage – Should it be successful, I trust I shall be able henceforth to keep up an occasional fire." 2,000 copies of the first octavo-sized installment, which included "Rip Van Winkle", were released on June 23, 1819, in Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, published by Cornelius S. Van Winkle, and sold at a somewhat expensive 75 cents. A British edition was published shortly afterward, by John Miller, who went out of business immediately thereafter. With help from his friend Walter Scott, Irving was able to convince John Murray to take over British publication of the "Sketch Book".  Following the success of Rip Van Winkle in print and on stage, later celebrated editions were illustrated by Arthur Rackham (Heinemann, 1905) and N.C. Wyeth (McKay, 1921).

Themes and literary forerunners.

In the tenth chapter of his book "Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers", the third-century AD Greek historian Diogenes Laërtius relates the story of the legendary sage Epimenides of Knossos, who was said to have been a shepherd on the island of Krete. One day, Epimenides followed after a sheep that had wandered off and, after becoming tired, went into a cave under Mount Ida and fell asleep. When he awoke, he continued searching for the sheep, but could not find it, so he returned to his father's farm, only to discover that it was under new ownership. He went home, only to discover that the people there did not know him. Finally, he encountered his younger brother, who had become an old man, and learned that he had been asleep in the cave for fifty-seven years. According to the different sources that Diogenes relates, Epimenides lived to be 154, 157, or 299 years old. Multiple sources have identified the story of Epimenides as the earliest known variant of the "Rip Van Winkle" fairy tale.  In Christian tradition, there is a similar, well-known story of "The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus", which recounts a group of early Christians who hid in a cave circa 250 AD, to escape the persecution of Christians during the reign of the Roman emperor Decius. They fell into a miraculous sleep and woke some 200 years later during the reign of Theodosius II, to discover that the city and the whole Empire had become Christian. This Christian story is recounted by Islam and appears in a famous Sura of the Quran, Sura Al-Kahf. The version recalls a group of young monotheists escaping from persecution within a cave and emerging hundreds of years later.  Another similar story in the Islamic tradition is of Uzair (usually identified with the Biblical Ezra) whose grief at the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians was so great that God took his soul and brought him back to life after Jerusalem was reconstructed. He rode on his revived donkey and entered his native place. But the people did not recognize him, nor did his household, except the maid, who was now an old blind woman. He prayed to God to cure her blindness and she could see again. He meets his son who recognized him by a mole between his shoulders and was older than he was. (see Uzair#Islamic tradition and literature).  In Judaism, there is the story of Honi ha-M'agel, a miracle-working sage of the 1st century BC, who was a historical character but to whom various myths were attached. One of them recounts that Honi was journeying on the road and he saw a man planting a carob tree. He asked him: How long does it take to bear fruit? The man replied: Seventy years. ha-M'agel then further asked the man: Are you certain that you will live another seventy years? The man replied: No. But I am planting this not for myself, but for the other generations to come after me and the generations to follow those. Honi then shrugged as he walked away from the man. Later that day, he sat down to take a rest. But he slept for seventy years, and rocks had formed a tent-like structure around him. When he woke, he saw a man picking a tree with carobs all over it. He asked: Are you the man that planted this tree? The man replied: No. But my father told me that his father planted this tree for me.  The story of "Rip Van Winkle" itself is widely thought to have been based on Johann Karl Christoph Nachtigal's German folktale "Peter Klaus", which is a shorter story set in a German village. It tells of a goatherd named Peter Klaus who goes looking for a lost goat. He finds some men drinking in the woods and, after drinking some of their wine, he falls asleep. When he wakes back up, twenty years have passed.  In many ways, the story is a classic European fairy tale of a man who is actually rewarded for helping the fairies move their barrel. They advance him to a time in life where he is free of his nagging wife and is now old enough for it be respectable for him to take it easy and play with children, working when he wants to instead of when he has to, supported by his loving, grown children. The theme of independence is also explored; the young Van Winkle lives in British America and is a subject of the King; the old Van Winkle awakes in a country independent of the Crown. On a personal level, the awakened Van Winkle has gained another form of "independence": being widowered from his shrewish wife.  In Orkney, there is a similar folktale linked to the burial mound of Salt Knowe, adjacent to the Ring of Brodgar. A drunken fiddler on his way home hears music from the mound. He finds a way in and finds the (trolls) having a party. He stays and plays for two hours, then makes his way home to Stenness, where he discovers 50 years have passed. The Orkney Rangers believe this may be one source for Washington Irving's tale because his father was an Orcadian from the island of Shapinsay and would almost certainly have known the story.  In Ireland, the story of Niamh and Oisin has a similar theme. Oisin falls in love with the beautiful Niamh and leaves with her on her snow white horse, bound for Tir Na nOg – the land of the ever-young. Missing his family and friends, he asks to pay them a visit. Niamh lends him her horse, warning him never to dismount, and he travels back to Ireland. But 300 years have passed; his family and fellow warriors are all dead. When Oisin encounters some men trying to move a boulder, he reaches down to help them, the girth of the horse's saddle snaps, and he falls to the ground. Before the watching eyes of the men, he becomes a very, very old man.  Author Joe Gioia suggests the basic plot strongly resembles, and may have originated with, an upstate New York Seneca legend of a young squirrel hunter who encounters the mystic "Little People", and after a night with them returns to his village to find it overgrown by forest and everyone gone: that single night had lasted a year.  The story also bears some similarities to stories from east Asia, including the third century AD Chinese tale of "Ranka", as retold by Lionel Giles in "A Gallery of Chinese Immortals", and the eighth-century Japanese tale "Urashima Tarō". The Hindu story of Muchukunda from the "Bhagavatam" also displays many similarities to the story of "Rip Van Winkle".  The theme is taken up in numerous modern works of science fiction. In H. G. Wells's "The Sleeper Awakes", a man who sleeps for two hundred and three years wakes up in a completely transformed London where he has become the richest man in the world. In the original Buck Rogers book, the protagonist falls asleep under the influence of a gas in a mine, sleeps for four centuries and wakes to find America under the rule of Mongol invaders – whereupon he places himself at the head of the freedom fighters. In Roger Zelazny's science-fantasy series "The Chronicles of Amber", protagonist Corwyn experiences drinking and revelry in an underground lair with otherworldly people who try to entice him into slumber; he knows this is a centuries-of-sleep trap and resists; the passage is similar in theme to both "Rip Van Winkle" and especially the Orkney story.  Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, under which a person traveling at near light speed would experience only the passage of a few years but would return to find centuries had passed on Earth, provides a broad new scope to express essentially the same literary theme – for example, in the opening chapter of Ursula K. Le Guin's "Rocannon's World". In Robert Heinlein's "Time for the Stars", Earth sends out a fleet of relativistic ships to explore the galaxy, their crews hailed as stalwart pioneers – but after a century, which they experience as only a few years, faster-than-light ships are developed and the earlier ones are recalled, their crews discovering that they had become unwanted anachronisms on a changed Earth. The protagonist notices a newspaper headline disparagingly announcing the arrival of himself and his shipmates as "yet another crew of Rip Van Winkles". The Queen song '39 is similarly a tale of relativistic space travelers returning to their home planet to find a century has elapsed.

Adaptations.

The story has been adapted for other media for the last two centuries, in cartoons, films, stage plays, music, and other media.

"Rip Van Winkle" is a short story by the American author Washington Irving, first published in 1819. It follows a Dutch-American villager in colonial America named Rip Van Winkle who falls asleep in the Catskill Mountains and wakes up 20 years later, having missed the American Revolution. Irving wrote it while living in Birmingham, England, as part of the collection "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." The story is set in New York's Catskill Mountains, but Irving later admitted, "When I wrote the story, I had never been on the Catskills."

Rip Van Winkle est une nouvelle de l'écrivain américain Washington Irving, publiée dans "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon" (1819). C'est le nom du protagoniste, personnage éponyme. L'action se situe dans les montagnes Catskill, ou "Kaatskill", dans l'État de New York. Washington Irving se trouvant à Birmingham, en Angleterre, lorsqu'il écrivit ce recueil, avoua plus tard qu'à cette date, il n'avait jamais mis les pieds dans les montagnes de Catskill.


Early life.

Afanasyeva was born in Kiev, Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. Her father was Alexander Afanassjev, a chief engineer on the Imperial Railways, who would bring Tatyana on his travels around the Russian Empire. Her father died while she was still young, so she moved to St Petersburg in Russia to live with her aunt Sonya, and uncle Peter Afanassjev, a professor at the St Petersburg Polytechnic Institute.  Tatyana attended normal school in St Petersburg with a specialty in mathematics and science. At the time, women were not allowed to attend universities in Russian territory, so after graduating from normal school, Tatyana began studying mathematics and physics at the Women's University in St Petersburg under Orest Chvolson. In 1902, she transferred to University of Göttingen in Germany to continue her studies with Felix Klein and David Hilbert.  At the University of Göttingen, Tatyana met Paul Ehrenfest. When Ehrenfest discovered that Tatyana could not attend a mathematics club meeting, he argued with the school to have the rule changed. A friendship developed between the two, and they married in 1904, later returned to St Petersburg in 1907. Under Russian law, marriage was not allowed between two people of different religions. Since Tatyana was a Russian Orthodox and Ehrenfest was Jewish, they both decided to officially renounce their religions in order to remain married.  In 1912 they moved to Leiden in the Netherlands, where Paul Ehrenfest was appointed to succeed H.A. Lorentz as professor at the University of Leiden, and where the couple lived throughout their career.

Works in mathematics and physics.

Initially, Tatyana collaborated closely with her husband, most famously on their classic 1911 review of the statistical mechanics of Boltzmann. "The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics," by Paul and Tatyana Ehrenfest was originally published in 1911 as an article for the German "Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften" ("Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences"), and has since been translated and republished.  She published many papers on various topics such as randomness and entropy, and teaching geometry to children.

Contact with Einstein.

Albert Einstein was a frequent guest in the 1920s at her home Witte Rozenstraat 57 in Leiden, witness the many signatures on the wall. Later Einstein departed for Princeton University and Afanasyeva corresponded. The archives of Museum Boerhaave in Leiden has three letters to her from Einstein.  Afanasjeva contacted Einstein for his advice on her manuscript on thermodynamics and inquired about a translator. She wanted to give thermodynamics a rigorous mathematical foundation which was lacking and describe pressure, temperature and entropy in changing systems. Einstein responded on 12 August 1947 that he applauded her approach but he also had some criticisms:  Einstein did not suggest a translator and sent the manuscript back to Afanasjeva who paid herself for its publication in 1956 as "Die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik" with Brill Publishers in Leiden with some, but not all of Einstein's corrections.

Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva () (Kiev, 19 November 1876 – Leiden, 14 April 1964) (also known as Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanaseva or spelled Afanassjewa) was a Russian/Dutch mathematician and physicist who made contributions to the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics. On 21 December 1904, she married Austrian physicist Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933). They had two daughters and two sons; one daughter, Tatyana Pavlovna Ehrenfest, also became a mathematician.

Tatiana Alekseïevna Afanassieva (en (également connue sous le nom Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanaseva), née à Kiev le – morte à Leyde le ) est une mathématicienne russo-néerlandaise.


Early life.

Dinsmore played on high school teams for Oakwood Collegiate Institute. In 1919, he was the quarterback of their senior rugby team, which won the High School Rugby League Championship. In 1920 he was on Northview in the junior ORFU league that won the Junior title over Sarnia. He got involved in Canadian football as well as hockey, and also paddled for the Toronto Canoe Club. In 1924, he paddled in the Bala Regatta in Muskoka. Football  Dinsmore was a halfback for the 1922 Toronto Argonauts teams with Lionel Conacher, Canada's Athlete of the Half-century. Dinsmore, "is a thick set youngster, powerful and tireless... and he is as tough as a pineknot." The smallest man on either team, "Little Hercules" slid through the line and he picked up more loose balls than two men on either team. The team went to New York for an exhibition game, struggled with the American rules, losing 55 to 7; Dinsmore had a 32-yard run. "Dinsmore's loss was one of the most severe a team can suffer. He was one of the greatest secondary defence men ever produced in Canadian football, and his absence weakened the Argo wing line."  Hockey  In December 1919, 16 years old, he joined the Toronto Aura Lee Juniors, playing left wing and centre. Their club was on Avenue Road near Davenport. "Dinsmore is only a little fellow, but he is fast and a tricky stick handler." In 1922, Aura Lee defeated St. Mary's to be the OHA Champions. Headline in the newspapers was that Dinsmore was a "Backchecking Star." Dinsmore "roamed the whole front line breaking up rush after rush – a Trojan for work, a skating demon." And Dinsmore even scored two goals, once off the faceoff. When Kitchener was defeating Aura Lee, Dinsmore and Gerald Schnarr got into a mix-up. "Dinsmore came out with a bleeding face from a cut, and he went after Schnarr with his stick. And there was nearly a free-for-all. The police had to pull the combatants apart. Schnarr was lucky not to be badly hurt. Both were chased from the game." He was awarded a Life Membership to the Aura Lee Club.

Professional career.

It was Dunc Munro, Captain of the Montreal and Olympic Gold Medal team (Ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics), who used to play with him on the Argos, that got him to sign with the new team Montreal Maroons. He got a no-cut three-year contract. The two also helped training the Montreal football team. Dinsmore checked the whole St. Patrick's team to a standstill. His stick-handling was immense. They couldn't take that puck away from him at all. He saved the game for the Maroons when numerous penalties threatened to bring about their downfall. In the playoff semifinal with the Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL), coach Eddie Gerard said the star of the game was Dinny Dinsmore, In the NHL championship game in Ottawa, Montreal in the third up 1-0 over the Ottawa Senators (original), finally Coach Gerard sent out "Kid Disturbance," sometimes known as Dinny Dinsmore, to break up the avalanche. He did, He grabbed the puck and heaved it down the ice and then chased down into the thinly populated backfield after it. That brought the Ottawans back... He certainly is the prize pest of the N.H.L. Each player will get around $1,500 in extra money for winning the playoffs, defeating the Victoria Cougars for the Stanley Cup. 1925–26 NHL season When he returned in 1929 he was coached by Dunc Munro and played in the 4 playoff games against Boston Bruins, including a 4-hour game with 45 minutes of overtime that was longest in Montreal's history until then.  In 1932, he returned to the ice as a reserve referee, but was suspended for inefficient refereeing in 1934. In 1942 he played in an oldtimers benefit game for Victory Loans, Montreal Canadiens versus Maroons. He was a coach at Loyola College (Montreal) (now part of Concordia University), winning the Dominion Intermediate Intercollegiate Championships and one of the first ten named to their Hall of Fame in 1967.  Between hockey seasons, he became a manufacturers' agent and travelled to England to get novelty lines. Later developed a welding business. He sold Dinsmore Co. in 1962 for $945,000 and in retirement played golf. He had season tickets for the Montreal Alouettes CFL team, but didn't watch hockey. In 1963 he told a reporter, "I'm strictly a one-sports rooter these days. I love football. The game has developed in so many directions and never ceases to intrigue me... I'm sorry to say that NHL games don't catch my fancy any more. I'm one of those old fogies that was weaned on stickhandling, precision passing, and good old bodychecking. I dislike the board checking, the hooking and holding. It's just not for me, that's all."

Charles Adrian Dinsmore (July 23, 1903 – December 5, 1982) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 100 games in the National Hockey League. Known variously as Chas, Chuck, or "Dinny" Dinsmore, he was born in Toronto, Ontario, where he played for the amateur Toronto Aura Lee Juniors hockey team and the Toronto Argonauts football team, before eventually playing pro hockey for the Montreal Maroons. The 1924–25 NHL season was the first for both the Maroons and the Boston Bruins, and on December 1, 1924 Charles earned the first goal ever scored against the Bruins (the Bruins won the game 2-1). He won the Stanley Cup in 1926. He left the game in 1928 to take a job as a bond trader. But in the middle of the 1929-30 NHL season, he asked the Maroons about getting his old job back because he said the stock market did not offer the same thrills as playing in the NHL. Montreal team officials told him that they had no more money in the budget to sign another player, but Dinsmore was insistent and struck a deal by signing a contract to play for the Maroons which would pay him one dollar for the remaining nine games.

Charles A. « Dinny » Dinsmore, dit « Chuck », (né le à Toronto, province de l'Ontario au Canada - mort le ) était un joueur de hockey sur glace professionnel canadien. Il évoluait au poste de centre.