Features.

The park has many pleasant and interesting walks that can vary from mild to rugged. One walk that can be easily accessed via public transport, is the walk to Pindar Cave on the escarpment above the Wondabyne railway station, which is a request-stop on the Central Coast railway line. The Great North Walk, that leads from Sydney to Newcastle, passes through the park.  The national park is bounded to the south by the Hawkesbury River; to the west by part of the Pacific Highway, part of the M1 Pacific Motorway, and the Peats Ridge Road; with the latter also forming the northern boundary; and to the east by the Brisbane Water, the Central Coast railway line, and urban areas. The Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge, part of the Central Coast Highway, part of the Pacific Highway and part of the M1 Motorway bisect various sections of the national park.

Region Description.

Brisbane Water National Park is described as a ‘living space’ for plant and animal communities in the National Parks Plan of Management. The park is a sanctuary for plant and animal communities to adapt and migrate in the face of climate change. The size and shape of the park should allow adjustment in the Northwest and South for biological adjustment. The park is a system of reserves protecting the states significant waterways of the lower Hawkesbury River, Broken Bay, Pittwater, and Brisbane Water. The park also protects a range of Aboriginal sites and extends the representation of rock art from the Sydney Basin in the National Park systems. The geology is mainly in the Hawksbury series of cross bedded quarts sandstone, conglomerates, and grey and red shales.

Biology and Ecology.

The park covers enough area to provide critical nesting and breeding sites for several species whose territories range over surrounding rural and urban areas. For many of these species the park provides the only secure available land for them to find seclusion from human impacts. For many of these plant and animal species the park is the only available habitat which provides the necessary resources for their survival such as tree hollows. The main vegetation communities found in the park are low-open forests, low-open woodland, and open woodland accompanied by either a dry or moist understorey. Rainforest communities occur in sheltered sections of valleys and along streams. 20 vegetation communities are represented in the park, all of which are considered endangered under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. 5 are listed as critically endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC). The critically endangered communities listed in the EPBC act in the park are: Blue Gum High Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion, Littoral Rainforest in the New South Wales North Coast, Lowland Rainforest in the NSW North Coast and Sydney Basin Bioregions, Shale Sandstone Transition Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion, and Western Sydney Dry Rainforest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion.  The Blue Gum High Forest is a tall open forest community where the Sydney blue gum ("Eucalyptus saligna") dominates the canopy layer. Other tree species that occur in this community are: blackbutt ("E. pilularis"), forest oak ("Allocasuarina torulosa"), and Sydney red gum ("Angophora costata"). Species occurring in the shrub layer are ones adapted to moist habitats. Only around 4.5% of the Blue Gum High Forest remains, now occurring in small remnants. It only occurs in areas where rainfall is high and soil fertility is good. For this reason it can only occur in small sections which are suitable for growth. Understorey species rely on bird and mammal species to distribute seeds and this community does not cope well in fire events. The Blue Gum High Forest is known to occur in Brisbane Water National Park and is now reliant on national park status as protection from habitat degradation, as well as good park management with regards to invasive species control and fire regimes.

Flora.

A number of areas in Brisbane Water National Park contain rare and endangered plants. It is likely that these remnant populations demonstrate the ways that environmental conditions have changed in the past few thousand years. In some cases these rare species are remnants of populations that would have been extensive before widespread clearing took place for urban and agricultural use. The park encompasses a wide variety of flora with 814 species recorded. The diversity of plant species and plant communities is reflective of variations in geology, soils, hydrology, aspect, and fire history. Ten of the recorded plant species are considered to be rare and several others are uncommon or restricted in their distribution. The park hosts a number of vulnerable and threatened species as listed under the EPBC act. Vulnerable species include: thick-leaf star-hair ("Astrotricha crassifolia"), Camfield's stringybark ("Eucalyptus camfieldii"), Deane's paperbark]] ("Melaleuca deanei"), and "Grevillea shiressii". The endangered Somersby mintbush ("Prostanthera junonis") is also present in the park. The donkey orchid ("Diuris bracteata") has been recorded in the area in recent times after having been listed as extinct under the commonwealth status. The donkey orchid resides in dry sclerophyll woodland and forest with a predominantly grassy understorey. Recordings in the Gosford and Wyong areas are the only existing species known to survive.  The vulnerable Camfield stringybarks ("Eucalyptus camfieldii") range in NSW has contracted and is now only found in small numbers isolated mainly to nationals parks surrounding Sydney. The species is either a mallee-like shrub or a tree up to 9 metres bearing heart shaped leaves as a juvenile. Too frequent or not frequent enough wildfire activity is a threat to its survival, where frequent fires impact its ability to grow seed capsules and infrequent fires result in competition from taller vegetation. The main threats to this species are: Competition from invasive non-native species and degradation of habitat from weeds, inappropriate or changed fire regimes including frequency, intensity, and timing, habitat loss and fragmentation from development, and low genetic diversity as a result of contracted population numbers.  The endangered Somersby mintbush ("Prostanthera junonis") is only known to occur in the Somersby Plateau area in 9 locations after having been previously present in a broader range. The bush grows low with most of the branches growing along the ground to a maximum height of around 30 cm. Its flowers are pale mauve to almost white. Most of the remaining population are present in Brisbane Water National Park and face similar threats to Camfield's Stringybark which are: habitat degradation, invasive weed competition, and inappropriate fire regimes.

Fauna.

The allocation of land in the National Park has provided and conserved valuable habitat to a range of vulnerable and endangered species as listed under the EPBC act. In total 261 species of fauna have been recorded in the park. all of which are listed as protected by the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (except invasive species). 26 native mammal species are known to occur in the park and 30 species of frog which represent 9 of the continent's 27 genera have been recorded. 50 species of reptiles representing one-third of the continent's reptile genera are also found in the park.  Over 150 species of birds have been recorded. Habitat destruction and fragmentation has impacted many of the species, this is an example of the significance of preserved habitat which the park provides. A number of birds found in the park are considered rare in the Sydney bioregion due to lost habitat, these include: Collared sparrowhawk ("Accipiter cirrhocephalus"), Pacific baza ("Aviceda subcristata"), Lewin's rail ("Rallus pectoralis"), Buff-banded rail ("Rallus philippensis"), Yellow-tailed black cockatoo ("Calyptorhynchus funereus"), Glossy black cockatoo ("Calyptorhynchus lathami"), Gang-gang cockatoo ("Callocephalon fimbriatum"), Powerful owl ("Ninox strenua"), Australian masked owl ("Tyto novaehollandiae"), and the Red-browed treecreeper ("Climacteris erythrops").  The endangered swift parrot ("Lathamus discolour") has been recorded in the park during their migration from Tasmania between March and October. This species returns to foraging sites depending on food availability and available habitat in tree hollows. The critically endangered regent honeyeater ("Anthochaera Phrygia") has been sighted in the park. Regent honeyeater range has contracted significantly in recent times and they face a significantly high risk of extinction in the near future The regent honeyeater is a flagship species whose conservation benefits a wide variety of other threatened and vulnerable woodland fauna. Foraging non breeding flocks are recorded on the Central Coast every few years and rely on healthy woodland which is species rich for their survival.  Other migratory bird species known to visit the park are the white-throated needletail ("Hirundapus caudacutus"), The Caspian tern ("Hydroprogne caspia"), and the white-bellied sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster). These seasonal bird species are protected under several migratory bird agreements with China, Korea, and Japan.  Other than birds, the following EPBC endangered species are known to occur in the park: giant burrowing frog ("Heleioporus australiacus"), green sea turtle ("Chelonia mydas"), The koala ("Phascolarctos cinereus"), which is now restricted in distribution on the Central Coast, spotted-tailed quoll ("Dasyurus maculatus"), lLong-nosed potoroo ("Potorous tridactylus"), grey-headed flying fox ("Pteropus poliocephalus"), large-eared pied bat ("Chalinolobus dwyeri"), and the New Holland mouse ("Pseudomys novaehollandiae").  Rosenberg's goanna ("Varanus rosenbergi"), eastern pygmy possum ("Cercartetus nanus"), and the squirrel glider ("Petaurus norfolcensis") are species listed as vulnerable which inhabit the park.  All of these species are listed as endangered and vulnerable on the EPBC threatened species list mainly due to habitat loss, fragmentation of suitable habitat, degradation of habitat such as removal of dead trees and logs, introduction of feral species, inappropriate fire regimes, and climate change. The spotted tail quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is in serious decline due to habitat loss, competition from predators, and poisoning from humans. The quoll occupies a large home range meaning they require a lot of space for foraging, and is therefore mainly restricted to large reserves and national parks. The species require suitable den sites which can be tree and log hollows, rock outcrops, and caves. Habitat fragmentation and degradation are severe impacts for this species as smaller parcels of fragmented land do not provide the necessary habitat, rainfall, nesting sites, and prey, which the spotted tail quoll relies on for survival.  The koala ("Phascolarctos cinereus") and the squirrel glider ("Petaurus norfolcensis"), are arboreal marsupials broadly distributed in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. Arboreal marsupials rely on habitat which is influenced by the size and species of trees present, the soil nutrients, amount of rainfall, and climate. The squirrel glider and other glider species found in the park specifically rely on the shelter of tree hollows and on flowering Acacia and Banksia genus shrubs for food. Urban development, agriculture, and infrastructure is increasingly fragmenting the required habitat for these species and they are therefore more reliant on protected areas. Even species such as the Powerful Owl ("Ninox strenua") that can tolerate some habitat fragmentation still rely on available tree hollows for nesting and the availability of prey. Forest dependent species such as the marsupial gliders and ground dwelling mammals are relied on for food by owl species, therefore reduction in the abundance of prey due to habitat fragmentation is an indirect impact on owls.

Environmental Threats.

Brisbane Water National Park is vulnerable to various environmental threats. Introduced invasive feral animals are of particular concern, this includes foxes ("Vulpes vulpes"), wild dogs ("Canis familiaris"), and cats ("Felis catus"). Wild dogs and cats are of particular concern due to the proximity of the park to areas of highly urbanised land use. This makes the wild dog and cat issue particularly prevalent. Cats and wild dogs are significant predators because they interact with fauna in a number of ways, for instance predation, outcompeting natives for resources, and transmitting disease. This impacts the native fauna as wild dogs generally prey on large and medium species such as wallabies and possums, and cats prey on medium and small prey including reptiles and small mammals. These pests can cause local extinctions and are a real threat to species which are already vulnerable or endangered.  Invasive weeds are a threat to the natural processes within the park. The low fertility of the soil does not readily facilitate weed growth ), however once they become established they can quickly out compete native species and are a real threat to the vulnerable and endangered species and communities. Eroding soils from degradation and increased transport of sediment from nearby runoff can transport sediments and nutrients which encourages weed growth. An example of the significance of weed invasion is the previously mentioned Blue Gum High Forest and Somersby mintbush ("Prostanthera junonis") which are susceptible to weed invasion. Pest species displace natives and alter the ecosystem functions which creates ongoing implications such as altered fire patterns and changed nutrient cycling. The proximity of urban dwellings to the national park allows weed seeds to be easily introduced on a regular basis, which means regular maintenance and monitoring is required to ensure invasive species are kept in control. The biggest threat from invasive weeds is the degradation of biological diversity and is therefore a major environmental threat within the park. Further environmental threats are present in that the park is boarded by intensive urban, industrial, and agricultural development. The larger streams which form part of the park have their headwaters and catchment areas outside the park boundary giving rise to major management issues. These management issues are largely due to altered natural processes such as sedimentation and nutrient alterations.

Park Management.

The management of Brisbane Water National Park is by the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), under the Office of Environment and Heritage. Park management is vital in conserving biodiversity by offering physical protection to vulnerable and endangered wildlife. This refuge for Australian native plants, animals, and ecosystems allows research programs and conservation initiatives to be undertaken such as weeding and pest control programs to restore native habitats. Fire management strategies are developed in the balance of protecting life, Aboriginal sites, historical sites, and natural processes. The areas surrounding the national park on plateaus was easily settled, therefore the remaining area originally reserved for parkland was limited to remnant areas on the plateau and areas of the catchments in Mooney Mooney, Patonga, and Mullet Creeks, because these areas remained inaccessible for settlement, they are generally harder for access. The locations of settlements mean the national park is hemmed in on two sides by development. The threats to the park caused by intensive agricultural, urban, and industrial development on the boundaries and headwaters make the management of the park difficult, and are increasing over time with continual development proposals such as those on the Kariong and Somersby plateaus which are in various catchment areas of the park. The following are some of the other management issues in the park. Woy Woy refuse tip is an inholding within the park which is a particular management issue as it is within the Patonga Creek Catchment. Agricultural, industrial, and domestic runoff from surrounding developments have long term harmful impacts on aquatic plant communities. Weeds also spread down creek lines from runoff. Fire suppression and management trails need to be planned so potential impacts and erosion which leads to sedimentation of creeks is minimised. Dirt bikes and four wheel drive access to the park is not permitted. Physical damage to plants and soils occurs and erosion has further impacts. Their access is hard to manage as many possible entry points are available.

The Brisbane Water National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The national park is situated north of Sydney, west of, and southwest of.

Le parc national de Brisbane Water est un parc national situé en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud en Australie à 47 km au nord de Sydney. Le parc offre beaucoup de promenades agréables et intéressantes qui peuvent aller de faciles à très difficiles. Une promenade facilement accessible par transport public, est la marche vers les grottes Pindare sur un escarpement surplombant la gare Wondabyne qui est un arrêt sur la ligne de chemin de fer de la Central Coast.


History.

The park is situated in the grounds of Longleat House, an English stately home which is open to the public and was the home of the 7th Marquess of Bath. Longleat Safari Park and the concept of safari parks were the brainchild of Jimmy Chipperfield (1912–1990), former co-director of Chipperfield's Circus.

Description.

Longleat house and grounds.

Opened to the public in 1949, the ancestral home of the Marquess of Bath remains a popular attraction with visitors. Visitors can join one of the many regular house tours or simply walk about at their leisure. They may also explore the gardens surrounding the house and visit a number of cafés within the grounds. A separate ticket is sold for visitors who only wish to visit the house and gardens.

Safari Park.

East African Reserve.

The East African Reserve, which contains Rothschild giraffes, Grant's zebras, ostriches and Black wildebeest, extends to.

Jungle Cruise.

The Jungle Cruise (known as the Safari Boat until 2011) is a short trip around Half Mile Lake. The journey takes visitors past the Island, which was a former home to the elderly male western lowland gorilla Nico, the oldest gorilla in Europe, until his death aged 56 on 7 January 2018 and is now home to Black-and-white colobus monkeys.

Monkey Temple.

Opened in 2012, the centrepiece of this attraction is a large themed ruin with long rope walkways running across the paths, which allows visitors to safely interact with a variety of marmosets and tamarins.  Elsewhere in this area is an enclosure containing a family of red pandas. The breeding pair, named Ajendra and Rufina, have given birth to three cubs since 2015.

Giant Otters and Crocodiles.

Branching off from Monkey Temple, this attraction opened in 2019. Previously the enclosure was home to a colony of captive-bred Humboldt penguins which were first displayed in 2013, however there were several outbreaks of avian malaria in September 2016 and December 2018.

Animal Adventure.

Containing many animals previously kept in Pets' Corner, this area which contains many exotic and familiar mammals, birds, reptiles and insects opened in 2009.

Longleat Railway.

Established in 1965 and expanded in 1976, this gauge ridable miniature railway is among the busiest in the country. It has a length of through scenic woodland and along the edge of Half Mile Lake. The line has taken several different courses across the years, but the route along the lake has remained consistent. After opening the railway was originally run by outside company Minirail on a ten-year contract, which was not renewed due to disagreements between the two companies. Following this, Longleat took over running the railway in 1976. Many engines have run on the railway over the years, both steam and diesel; as of 2018 the railway owns three diesel locomotives. The railway also has 15 carriages, all built at Longleat between 1976 and 2013 and wearing mock British Railways crimson and cream livery, along with several permanent way wagons. Between 2011 and 2017 the railway was known as the "Jungle Express", with the station and carriages given additional theming.

Longleat Safari and Adventure Park in Wiltshire, England, was opened in 1966 as the first drive-through safari park outside Africa.

Le parc safari de Longleat, situé dans le Wiltshire (Angleterre) fut créé en 1966 et fut le premier parc safari hors du continent africain pouvant se traverser en voiture.


RaRa attacks and trials.

RaRa attacked sites from Makro and Forbo and Shell gas stations. His goal was the withdrawal of those organizations out of South Africa. On 11 April 1988 Roemersma and 7 other suspects were arrested. Roemersma was the only one to be convicted: he got 5 years imprisonment. A higher court ruled that proof against Roemersma on 5 of the 6 attacks had been acquired illegally and he was acquitted. Only the conviction for a 6th (failed) attack was upheld, for which he was convicted to 18 months of jail time, 6 months of which was suspended. As he already had spent 12 months in jail awaiting trial, he was freed.

After Rara.

From 2005 till 2006 Roemersma worked at the Panos Institute in Paris. In May 2006 he attended the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) conference "Deepening Voice and Accountability to Fight Poverty: a Dialogue of Communication Implementers". In 2006 he published a book, "Verkiezingen in Congo, over loze beloftes en tellen tot diep in de nacht".

Looking back.

In November 2010 a Dutch TV program – Andere Tijden ("Other Times") – brought a series of two documentaries on the RaRa group. A long interview with Roemersma was part of this series. Roemersma admitted "being involved" in the attacks, but did not elaborate on his involvement and did not say anything about committing the attacks. Still several Dutch newspapers claimed he had confessed the attacks. Because of the statute of limitations, no (new) prosecution could follow. Roemersma did not confess or deny his involvement in the bombing of the house of Secretary of State Aad Kosto. No preclusion present, the Public Attorney considered re-opening the case against Roemersma, but ultimately decided against it.

René Roemersma (born 27 March 1958) is a Dutch activist and former member of the Dutch terror group Revolutionary Anti-Racist Action (RaRa). Roemersma is the only convicted RaRa activist.

René Roemersma (né le ) est un militant politique néerlandais, notamment connu pour avoir été membre, dans les années 1980, du groupe anti-apartheid, qui s'en prenait aux entreprises ayant des intérêts en Afrique du Sud.


Biography.

Vincenzo's father, Giuseppe Giustiniani, had been the last Genoese ruler of the Aegean island of Chios, which had been a family possession for centuries. In 1566 the island was lost to the Ottomans, and Vincenzo and his elder brother Benedetto were taken by their father to Rome, where an uncle was already a cardinal. Giuseppe Giustiniani became a banker, and by his death in 1600 was financier to the Vatican and one of the richest men in Rome.  Vincenzo Giustiniani followed his father into the family business, while Benedetto entered the Church and became a cardinal himself, 16 November 1586. Both brothers were keen art patrons, and the collection they established became one of the most important in its age. On Giustiniani's death - Benedetto died in 1621 - it contained over 300 paintings (15 by Caravaggio) and more than 1200 pieces of sculpture, and the various catalogues constitute an invaluable resource for early 17th-century art. In 1631, the "Galleria Giustiniani" was published under supervision of Joachim von Sandrart, in the form of a compilation of engravings of the family's gallery of statuary, most notably the Athena Giustiniani, and the Giustiniani Hestia.  Giustiniani followed interests in many other fields, writing essays in architecture, music, and art, as well as on such practical matters as hunting, travel, and horse trading. A friend and neighbour of Caravaggio's first patron, cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte, he extended his own friendship to the artist, purchasing "Saint Matthew and the Angel" when it was rejected by church officials for its perceived lack of decorum.  He died in Rome in 1637.

Legacy.

The collection itself was broken up at the beginning of the 19th century, when the king of Prussia acquired over 160 paintings, the most important of which were destined for museums in Berlin. Today the Berlin Gemäldegalerie houses 43 paintings from the Giustinani collection, while other works are to be found in Potsdam's Neues Palais and Bildergalerie Sanssouci. Further examples can be seen in the National Gallery, London, the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg and the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. More paintings from the collection have been traced to collections and museums in Europe and the United States.

Marchese Vincenzo Giustiniani (13 September 1564 – 27 December 1637) was an aristocratic Italian banker, art collector and intellectual of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known today largely for the Giustiniani art collection, assembled at the Palazzo Giustiniani, near the Pantheon, in Rome, and at the family palazzo at Bassano by Vincenzo and his brother, Cardinal Benedetto, and for his patronage of the artist Caravaggio.

Vincenzo Giustiniani, né le à Chios, mort le à Rome, est un marquis italien d'origine génoise, banquier, collectionneur d'art et intellectuel, connu pour son importante collection de peintures du Caravage, à qui il avait commandé en particulier "L'Amour victorieux".


Origin.

The original Victoria Cross was created by a Royal Warrant issued on 29 January 1856 with the royal sign-manual of Queen Victoria, and was intended to recognize demonstrations of gallantry during the Crimean War, regardless of either a man's social status or his record of service. Initially, the Victoria Cross could not be conferred on colonial troops, until Major Charles Heaphy received the medal for his actions while serving with a New Zealand militia unit in 1864. After this, the Victoria Cross was made available to all "local forces under imperial command." The cross could not be awarded posthumously but the policy was reversed in 1907.  Until 1972, 81 members of the Canadian military (including those from Newfoundland) and 13 Canadians serving in British units had been awarded the Victoria Cross. After that date, however, the Canadian honours system was overhauled, and the Victoria Cross was eliminated from the official list of honours, instigating a decades-long debate on whether or not to reinstate the decoration. The prime minister at the time, Pierre Trudeau, regularly dodged questions about the Victoria Cross, stating that "only Canadians should receive Canadian decorations." In 1987, prime minister Brian Mulroney set up a committee to look into the creation of a Canadian Victoria Cross as part of a new series of military honours. Although the committee did not recommend the Victoria Cross—names such as the "Canada Cross" and the "Cross of Military Valour" were put forward—the creation of a Victoria Cross for Australia in 1991 and pressure from "The Globe and Mail" and advocacy groups, such as the Monarchist League of Canada and the Royal Canadian Legion, forced the plans to be amended. In 1991 a private member's bill received all-party support in the House of Commons, following which the Victoria Cross, along with other Canadian military valour decorations, were on 31 December 1992 formally requested by Mulroney. The request was approved with the issue of letters patent by Queen Elizabeth II on 2 February of the following year, thereby ceasing Canadian dependence on the British honours system.

Criteria.

The Victoria Cross is awarded for "the most conspicuous bravery, a daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice or extreme devotion to duty, in the presence of the enemy" at any point after 1 January 1993. It may be presented posthumously, and, like its British counterpart, can not be revoked. The main distinction between the Victoria Cross and the Cross of Valour is the specific reference to "the enemy", which the Canadian government has defined as a force hostile towards the Canadian Crown, including armed mutineers, rebels, rioters, and pirates. This means that the Queen-in-Council does not officially have to declare war to give acknowledgement of the existence of a hostile force that fits the official description. Thus, a Canadian serving as part of a peacekeeping operation is eligible to be awarded the Victoria Cross if the service member fulfils the above criteria.  In the case of a gallant and daring act having been performed by a squadron, ship's company, or detached body of individuals (such as a security detachment) in which all persons were deemed equally brave and deserving of the Victoria Cross, a ballot is to be drawn; the commissioned and non-commissioned officers each select one of their own, and the private soldiers or seamen select from amongst themselves two individuals. This provision with modification is included in the current warrant but has not been used since the First World War. The process of awarding the Victoria Cross may take place in two ways: One is through a recommendation by the Decorations and Commendations Advisory Committee, which is a part of the Department of National Defence and has six members, one appointed by the governor general and the rest by the chief of the Defence Staff. Alternatively, a field commander can submit a name for consideration, though permission must be obtained from the governor general before the award can be presented. Recipients are entitled to receive an annuity from the federal Canadian Crown; per the Canadian gallantry awards order issued in January 2005, members of the Canadian Forces or those who joined the British forces while domiciled in Canada or Newfoundland prior to 31 March 1949, after receiving the Victoria Cross, be granted C$3,000 each year. Previously, Canadians who were posthumously awarded the British Victoria Cross were given special headstones at their burial sites in Commonwealth War Graves and other cemeteries. To date, no Canadian Victoria Cross has been conferred; Smokey Smith, who died in 2005, was the last living Canadian recipient of the imperial Victoria Cross, personally receiving it from King George VI at Buckingham Palace in December 1944. The last action that resulted in a Canadian being awarded the Victoria Cross was to Lieutenant Robert Hampton Gray for gallantry on 9 August 1945, at Onagawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The award was posthumously gazetted on 13 November 1945 although in the following five months, three additional awards to Canadians were gazetted for actions in 1941, 1942 and February 1945. Prior to Queen Elizabeth II's re-dedication of the Vimy Memorial on 7 April 2007, there was speculation she would present a Canadian Victoria Cross to her then-prime minister, Stephen Harper, offering it in recognition of the gallantry of the Unknown Soldier, as representative of all Canadian forces casualties of combat. The proposal was met with a mixed response from members of the Royal Canadian Legion and Canadian Forces, detractors feeling that the Unknown Soldier should not be elevated above his other fallen comrades. It had also been agreed at the time of the Unknown Soldier's repatriation that no award or decoration would be bestowed on the remains. No decision was taken about the awarding of the Canadian Victoria Cross to the Canadian Unknown Soldier.  Near the end of Canada's role in the Afghanistan War, concerns were raised about the stringency of the criteria that needed to be met to receive the Victoria Cross. Other countries with a Victoria Cross had awarded it numerous times since the end of the Second World War, some members of the Australian, New Zealand, and British armed forces receiving the decoration for their actions during the Afghan and Iraq wars of the 2000s. Members of the Canadian Armed Forces questioned why some actions by Canadians were deemed worthy only of the Star of Military Valour; citations for individuals who had received the imperial Victoria Cross during the First World War were very similar to those for Canadians who were presented with the Star of Military Valour during the war in Afghanistan. This led then Chief of the Defence Staff, Walter Natynczyk, to create a special committee to review the matter. The Department of National Defence's Directorate of Honours and Recognition explained concepts of war had changed since the mid-20th century and Canada had also developed a more elaborate honours system.

Appearance and display.

The design of the Canadian medal is derived from that of the British original, which was the creation of Albert, Prince Consort, royal consort to Queen Victoria. Canada's Victoria Cross is thus a cross "pattée" with straight arms, across in each direction, and made out of bronze coloured alloy, the obverse bearing a lion crowned and statant guardant, similar to that which forms the crest of the Royal Arms of Canada, standing upon a representation of St. Edward's Crown, which itself rests above a semi-circular scroll. On the reverse is a raised circle for engraving the date of the act of gallantry along with the name, rank, and unit of the recipient. The medal is suspended from a link forming the letter "V" attached to a bar adorned on the front with laurel leaves, and on the reverse with the name, rank, and unit of the medal's recipient, all cast in the same metal as the medal. The ribbon, also wide, is solid crimson in colour. Cathy Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser Herald of the Canadian Heraldic Authority, and Bruce W. Beatty, however, made certain modifications for the Canadian Victoria Cross, the most notable being the inclusion of Canadian flora as decoration and the alteration of the inscription on the scroll from "FOR VALOUR" to the Latin translation, "PRO VALORE", so as to accommodate Canada's two official languages. In 2008, Citizens for a Canadian Republic's leader, Tom Freda, publicly objected to the decoration's name and appearance, with what he saw as its "objectionable colonial symbolism," royal iconography, and a shape offensive to Muslims and Jews.  With Canada at war for the first time since its version of the Victoria Cross was created, preparations for a physical cast of the medal were initiated in 2006, when a committee called the Victoria Cross Production Planning Group was formed under the leadership of the Chancellery of Honours at Rideau Hall. It originally consisted of representatives from the Department of National Defence, Veterans Affairs Canada, and the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General of Canada, and the group later expanded to include individuals from the Department of Canadian Heritage, Natural Resources Canada, and the Royal Canadian Mint, with assistance provided by the Queen and the British Ministry of Defence. Following their research and deliberations, the first Victoria Cross decoration was struck in 2007, as confirmed by Deputy Herald Chancellor Emmanuelle Sajous, and the medal was officially released to the public on 16 May 2008 by Governor General Michaëlle Jean at Rideau Hall. It was one of 20 cast, each of which is composed of three groupings of metals: that of a Russian cannon captured at the siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855), donated by Queen Elizabeth II; a Confederation Medal, created to mark Canada's confederation in 1867; and a selection of metals from each of Canada's regions. These were cast, rather than struck, continuing the tradition started in the United Kingdom when it was found the metal alloy was too brittle for striking, and finished at the Royal Canadian Mint. The first two were sent to Buckingham Palace for addition to the British Royal Collection and other specimens were kept as part of the Crown Collection at Rideau Hall, as well as at the Department of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, and the Canadian War Museum.  As the apex of the Canadian system of honours, the Victoria Cross is to be worn before all other Canadian decorations and insignia of orders, including the Order of Merit and the Order of Canada. It is worn as a medal, suspended from a medal bar on the left chest, unless protocol calls for a ribbon bar, which consists of a crimson ribbon with a miniature bronze Victoria Cross at its centre. Should an individual receive multiple awards of the Victoria Cross, additional bronze medal bars are added to the ribbon and further miniatures are placed evenly on the ribbon bar, reflecting the number of crosses the wearer has earned.

The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It was previously awarded to Canada and other Commonwealth countries, most of which including Canada have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. Today, the Victoria Cross (), created in 1993 and named in honour of the British Victoria Cross is the highest award within the Canadian honours system, taking precedence over all other orders, decorations, and medals. It is awarded by either the Canadian monarch or his or her viceregal representative, the Governor General of Canada, to any member of the Canadian Forces or allies serving under or with Canadian military command for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty while facing hostile forces. Whereas in many other Commonwealth countries the relevant version of the Victoria Cross can only be awarded for actions against the enemy in a wartime setting, the Canadian government has a broader definition of the term "enemy". In Canada, the Victoria Cross can be awarded for action against armed mutineers, pirates, or other such hostile forces without war being officially declared. Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "VC" (for both English and French) and also to receive an annuity of C$3,000. The decoration has not been awarded since its inception.

La croix de Victoria (" en anglais) est une décoration militaire canadienne créée en 1993 sous le modèle de la croix de Victoria britannique instituée en 1856 tant dans son rôle que dans son apparence, incluant quelques modifications mineures. Elle est, tout comme la croix de Victoria originale, la plus haute distinction du système honorifique canadien. Elle est décernée soit par le monarque canadien ou son représentant, le gouverneur général du Canada, à un membre des Forces canadiennes ou d'une force alliée servant sous commandement militaire canadien pour bravoure extraordinaire et dévouement face à l'ennemi. Bien que dans plusieurs pays du Commonwealth, la croix de Victoria ne peut être décernée que pour des actes face à l'ennemi en temps de guerre, le gouvernement du Canada a une définition plus large du terme « ennemi » et la croix de Victoria canadienne peut être décernée pour des actes face à des mutins armés, des pirates et d'autres forces hostiles sans que la guerre soit officiellement déclarée. Les récipiendaires sont autorisés à porter les lettres post-nominales « VC » (tant en français qu'en anglais) et à recevoir une rente de. La croix de Victoria canadienne n'a jamais été remise depuis sa création.


Early life.

Filipović was born 3 August 1929 in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, then a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to ethnic Bosniak parents Sulejman Filipović and his wife Đula. His mothers first cousins were Džafer and Osman Kulenović.

Career.

Filipović graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy and received his doctorate in 1960. He was a member of the Bosnian Academy of Sciences and president of the Bosnian Academy of Sciences and Arts.  He worked as a professor at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo. He published 56 books, some of which have been translated into other languages. His book “Lenin – A Monograph of His Thought” has been translated into Danish, Swedish, French, Bulgarian, Slovak, Italian and Chinese.  He was a founder and leader of the Muslim Bosniak Organization (MBO).  At the beginning of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA, est. 1990), the party also included a very influential secular nationalist grouping, led by Adil Zulfikarpašić and Muhamed Filipović. He led a delegation and negotiated both with presidents of Croatia and Slovenia republics in SFRY, who invited Bosnia to join them on the planned path to secession, and later in June 1991, on behalf of SDA president Alija Izetbegović, Zulfikarpašić and Filipović met with SDS president Radovan Karadžić, Nikola Koljević and Momčilo Krajišnik to discuss the future status of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. He then met with representatives of Serbia who invited Bosnia to stay. Both proposals were rejected by Muslim leaders at the time. He considered especially tragic that proposal to stay in Yugoslavia together with Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro was rejected by Alija Izetbegović, after very successful negotiations with Slobodan Milošević, who agreed to all of his numerous demands - from Bosniak president and army chief of Yugoslavia to preserving unity of Bosnia within Yugoslavia.  During the Bosnian War, he was the ambassador to the United Kingdom.

Muhamed Filipović (3 August 1929 – 26 February 2020) was a Bosnian academic, writer, essayist, theorist and philosopher. As a young person he took part in the communist takeover of power and Partisan Army in 1945. He worked as a professor at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Sarajevo.

Muhamed Filipović (né le à Banja Luka (royaume de Yougoslavie) et mort le à Sarajevo (Bosnie-Herzégovine)) est un académicien, philosophe, essayiste et historien yougoslave puis bosnien.


Gameplay.

In "Dementium: The Ward", the player takes the role of William, a man with amnesia, and has to venture through a hospital's rooms and hallways in order to find the exit and escape the establishment. The game uses a first-person view. In order to advance in the game, the player has to resolve puzzles and defeat monsters. At the beginning, William only has access to a nightstick that he can use to defend himself against enemies in addition to a flashlight. As the game progresses, he finds more weapons, such as a revolver. The console's touch screen is used to move the character's vision, to change weapons and to interact with some nearby elements. It also displays the health bar and can show a map or the player's inventory.

Plot.

"Dementium" tells the tale of a man, William Redmoor, who has an operation on his brain. The Doctor realized that the mind of William is in danger, so he made nightmare dreams where William must fight back to the end and get out of his dreams. As the Doctor calls it, this is the first phase. Throughout the game, the constant mention of a man who murdered his wife and daughter is brought up. It was believed by the staff that William was the murderer. A news report towards the end of the game says that a man was found standing over the dead body of his wife with a gun in his hand. After a brief struggle police shot and wounded the man. His daughter was found alive.

Reception.

"Dementium" and "Dementium Remastered" received "mixed or average reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.  Craig Harris of IGN said that the visuals were "outstanding: the lighting effects and texture work in "Dementium: The Ward" are pretty special when you consider the Nintendo DS' capabilities." He also noted "the flashlight effect might not match what other developers have done on more powerful systems" but "it's a believable technique that's pulled off better than anything seen on same-level hardware." Pete Sellers of Deeko was more positive, commenting on the DS version's many pros and few cons in a parody of "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe: "Visually, "Dementium"s divine and every facet is designed / To create a sense of ambience that offers frights galore.... / If you've the guts to enduring gaming in which you do lots of playing / All the while softly praying, preying on some churlish horde, / Go out and buy this game now quickly! Preying on churlish horde / Within "Dementium: The Ward"!" The DS version was criticized most prominently for its short length and lack of replayability; but also for its save system, and that most of the in-game enemies respawn on revisit, leaving a player short on items and ammunition and discouraging exploration.  In Japan, where the DS version was ported and published by Interchannel-Holon on June 26, 2008, "Famitsu" gave it a score of two eights, one six, and one eight, for a total of 30 out of 40. On September 22, 2008, the Japanese Association of Psychiatric Hospitals published a protest against the DS version, asking it to be taken off the shelves because "the game uses the tradition of psychiatry in name but uses imagery of attacking patients".  The DS version sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide.

Sequel.

Prior to E3 2009, Renegade Kid released a teaser trailer announcing the development of "Dementium II" for the Nintendo DS. The game was released on May 4, 2010.  After finally gaining publishing rights to the series in September 2014, Renegade Kid announced a third installment in development and to be released after re-releasing the first two games on the Nintendo 3DS.

Dementium: The Ward is a survival horror first-person shooter game developed by Renegade Kid for the Nintendo DS. The game was released in North America on October 26, 2007, published by Gamecock Media Group.

Dementium : L'Asile ("" en version originale) est un jeu vidéo de type survival horror et tir subjectif développé par Renegade Kid sorti sur Nintendo DS en 2007 en Amérique du Nord et en 2009 en Europe. Le joueur y incarne un homme amnésique et est contraint de s'aventurer à travers les couloirs sombres d'un hôpital infesté de monstres. En cours de jeu, le joueur est amené à combattre des monstres à l'aide d'armes récupérés au fur et à mesure qu'il progresse ainsi qu'à résoudre des énigmes.


Career.

A former footballer who played for Livorno, Lazio, Brindisi, Arezzo, Salernitana and Bari, Papadopulo started his coaching career in 1984 at Cecina, a minor amateur team of Tuscany. Then, after two years as assistant coach for Casertana, he debuted at the professional level in 1987 for Sorrento. In 1989, he coached of Licata, a small Sicilian Serie B team at the time.  After two other coaching experiences for Monopoli and Perugia, Papadopulo in 1993 drove Acireale to a surprising promotion to Serie B. He then coached Avellino, Livorno, and led Fidelis Andria to another Serie B promotion.  But, after two other short times with Lucchese and Crotone, Papadopulo finally had his luckiest success for A.C. Siena (2001–2004), leading the team from the relegation zone in Serie B to its first Serie A spot ever, and even maintaining the top division the next year. Papadopulo was nicknamed "il Papa" (The Pope) by Siena fans during his period in the team, that he led from Serie B to survival in the Italian top division.  During the 2004–2005 season, Papadopulo was appointed as new coach of Lazio, replacing Domenico Caso; however, he left his managing position at the end of the season. On 29 January 2006, Papadopulo has been called back to Sicily in order to replace Luigi Delneri at the helm of U.S. Città di Palermo, and debuted with a surprising 3–0 win against AC Milan for a match of Italian Cup. After a series of impressive results which led Palermo off the lower places in the standings, and despite a one-year renewal signed before the end of the season, Papadopulo was dismissed from the "rosanero", in order to be replaced by Francesco Guidolin.  On 28 December 2006 he became the new manager of Serie B club Lecce. In his second season with the "giallorossi", Papadopulo obtained a third place in the Serie B final table, and then managed to defeat Pisa and AlbinoLeffe in the promotion playoffs, thus securing promotion to the top flight. Despite this, he left the club weeks later, after failing to reach an agreement with the club, who eventually decided to appoint Mario Beretta at his place.  On 14 April 2009 was appointed new head coach of Bologna, after Siniša Mihajlović's dismissal.  On 20 October 2009 Papadopulo was fired as head coach of Bologna replaced by Franco Colomba.  On 9 March 2011 he was named new head coach of Serie B fallen giants Torino in place of Franco Lerda. His tenure at the helm of Torino turned out to last only a bare eleven days, marked with two defeats that convinced club chairman Urbano Cairo to remove Papadopulo from his managerial duties on 20 March and reinstate Lerda at the head coaching position.

References.

Giuseppe Papadopulo (born 2 February 1948 in Casale Marittimo, Pisa) is an Italian football manager and former player of Greek descent, who played as a defender. He was last in charge as head coach of Torino.

Giuseppe Papadopulo est un footballeur puis entraîneur italien, né le à Casale Marittimo, dans la province de Pise, en Toscane. Il évolue au poste de défenseur.


Early life.

Rosser was born in Union Township, New Jersey. He began watching professional wrestling during the mid-1980s and became interested in becoming a professional wrestler as a teenager, wrestling in several backyard wrestling federations. He attended Union High School in New Jersey, where he played American football, both offensively and defensively. He attended Fairleigh Dickinson University, where he played football for a year before deciding to focus on his academic studies and professional wrestling.

Professional wrestling career.

Training and independent circuit (2002–2004).

Rosser became interested in becoming a professional wrestler as a teenager, wrestling in several backyard wrestling federations. He researched a number of wrestling schools before deciding on Camp IWF in West Paterson, New Jersey. This was due in part to his employer, whose uncle was a friend of a local wrestler training there at the time, and helped him enroll in the wrestling school.  Rosser made his professional debut in 2002 and spent several years on the independent circuit, including wrestling for the Independent Wrestling Federation and Chaotic Wrestling during his early career. On May 17, 2003, he won his first major title when he defeated the IWF Heavyweight Champion in Woodland Park, New Jersey and held it for over half a year until losing to Roman on January 17, 2004. It was at a house show in Chaotic Wrestling that he was first noticed by promoter Jim Kettner and invited to compete for the East Coast Wrestling Association where he made his debut in the summer of 2004. Shortly after entering the promotion, Rosser began feuding with Prince Nana over the ECWA Mid Atlantic Championship and eventually defeated him for the title in Newark, Delaware on September 18, 2004. He lost the title to Nick Malakai less than two months later.

World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE.

Early appearances and Florida Championship Wrestling (2005–2010).

During 2005 and 2006, Rosser made several appearances for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its weekly programs "Sunday Night Heat" and "Velocity" as well as in dark matches on "SmackDown" and "Raw". In May 2009, Rosser signed a WWE developmental contract and was sent to WWE's developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling, under the name Darren Young. In FCW, Young was in a tag team called "The South Beach Party Boys" with Percy Watson.

The Nexus (2010–2011).

On February 16, 2010, it was announced that he would compete as part of the first season of "WWE NXT", mentored by CM Punk.  On February 23, 2010, Young made his debut on "NXT" with a character described as a "South Beach Party Boy", losing his debut match to David Otunga. His storyline had mentor CM Punk showing apathy towards him, claiming he had no idea why he's in "NXT" and did not want to train Young unless he accepted his Straight-edge lifestyle. Despite this, Punk and his disciples, Luke Gallows and Serena, helped Young win his rematch against Otunga the following week. Young was ranked eight in the first Pros' Poll. After the pros' poll, Young decided to join The Straight Edge Society in an attempt to improve, only to change his mind before getting his hair shaved off. CM Punk decided to forgive him for standing up to him when he defeated Luke Gallows with Young's own hair on the line. Because of this victory, CM Punk had then been interested in Young's potential, but in turn started feuding with a jealous Luke Gallows. On May 11 in the second Pros poll, Young was ranked fifth out of the six remaining contestants and narrowly escaped elimination. The following week, however, Young was eliminated from the competition. The week following the Season 1 finale, Young, along with the other season one "NXT" rookies turned heel and interfered in the main event match on "Raw" between John Cena and Young's former Pro, CM Punk, and attacked both wrestlers, the announce team and the ring announcer Justin Roberts, and dismantled the ring area and surrounding equipment. On the June 14, 2010, edition of "Raw," the rookies attacked General Manager Bret Hart, when he refused to give them contracts. The following week on "Raw," Vince McMahon fired Hart and announced that a new General Manager had been hired, one that had signed all seven season one NXT rookies to contracts. The following week, the group was named The Nexus. On the July 5 episode of "Raw", The Nexus tried to attack John Cena as he confronted Wade Barrett during their "truce" with one another. The segment ended with The Nexus leaving without Young, when other Raw wrestlers arrived to aid Cena, and Young was assaulted by Cena to end the show. Due to Cena's actions, the new general manager booked Cena in a 7 on 1 handicap match against The Nexus scheduled for the following week. Young did not participate due to injuries caused by Cena the previous week but The Nexus won the match. He returned at Money in the Bank with the rest of The Nexus, sporting a new haircut and costing Cena the WWE Championship against Sheamus. After the match, Cena attacked Young and fellow Nexus teammate, Michael Tarver. The Nexus continued to feud with Cena and the Raw roster, resulting in a seven-on-seven elimination tag team match at SummerSlam. Young was the first person to be eliminated from the match, when he submitted to Daniel Bryan in under a minute, and The Nexus lost the match. On the next episode of "Raw" the members of The Nexus fought in individual matches against members of the victorious Team WWE with the stipulation that losing a match would have them exiled from the group. Young chose to face John Cena, but failed to win and was exiled and attacked as a result.  Young returned on the September 6 episode of "Raw", distracting Barrett and costing him a match against Randy Orton thus turned Young face. On the October 4 episode of "Raw", Young participated in a battle royal to determine the number one contender to the WWE Championship, but was eliminated by The Nexus. Young had his first singles match since leaving The Nexus on the October 7 episode of "Superstars", losing to William Regal. Young had his first win in singles competition on the October 14 airing of "Superstars" defeating Primo. Young teamed up with Tatsu in a losing effort against The Usos in mid November on two occasions. Young got his first victory of 2011 when he teamed with Primo, Yoshi Tatsu and David Hart Smith to defeat Zack Ryder, William Regal and The Usos on the January 13 episode of "Superstars".

Return to NXT (2011–2012).

In March 2011, Young was selected as one of six former "NXT" contestants to return to the show in its fifth season, "NXT Redemption". During this season, Young was mentored by Chavo Guerrero. In the season premiere, Young defeated Jacob Novak and won the first challenge to earn himself "redemption points". On the April 12 episode of "NXT", Young attacked Titus O'Neil after their match and tried to attack O'Neil's pro Hornswoggle, but was stopped by Guerrero. He turned heel, when he attacked Hornswoggle, and later he and Guerrero faced O'Neil and different tag team partners on several occasions. On the April 19 edition of Redemption, Young faced Hornswoggle in single match. During their match, Chavo Guerrero gave Young a blindfold but In the end Hornswoggle won after a Tadpole splash. On the May 3 edition of Redemption, Young lost to his Pro, Chavo Guerrero, with Hornswoggle as a special guest referee. On the May 10 edition of Redemption, Hornswoggle didn't appear on NXT and accused by Hornswoggle Rookie's Titus O'Neil. The following week, It was revealed Chavo Guerrero kidnapped Hornswoggle and hid Hornswoggle in the box. Then, Guerrero and Young was attack Hornswoggle in the ring until O'Neil made a save. The feud was settled when Titus O'Neil and Darren Young faced each other in a No Disqualitication Match on the May 24 episode of NXT Redemption. The match ended with Titus O'Neil a victor after Hornswoggle interfered in a match which O'Neil attack Guerrero and Young. Guerrero was later released from WWE, leaving Young on his own. In August he formed an alliance with Derrick Bateman and the duo teamed up against O'Neil and "NXT" host Matt Striker, but were defeated. Young then moved into a feud with Striker, defeating him on two consecutive occasions. After Young attacked Striker following a handshake, William Regal intervened, saving Striker. Two weeks later, Young was defeated by Regal in a singles match. Young then formed an alliance with JTG and defeated Striker and O'Neil. After the match they were attacked by the Usos.  Young was suspended for 30 days on October 5, 2011. Following his suspension, Young returned on the November 16, 2011, episode of "NXT" and assaulted Titus O'Neil. Young was then able to get the better of O'Neil twice in tag team matches. The conclusion to Young's feud with O'Neil came when O'Neil defeated Young in a no disqualifications match.

The Prime Time Players (2012–2014).

O'Neil then turned heel and formed an alliance with Young. Young and O'Neil feuded with Percy Watson and Alex Riley in February 2012, defeating them twice. In March, while he and O'Neil were feuding with the Usos, Young started chasing the affections of Tamina.  On the April 18 episode of "NXT", Young and O'Neil were signed by John Laurinaitis to the "SmackDown" brand. The team made their debut for the brand on the April 20 episode of "SmackDown" with a victory over the Usos. The team suffered their first team loss against the WWE Tag Team Champions Kofi Kingston and R-Truth on the May 18 edition of Smackdown. At the No Way Out pay-per-view in June, minutes before Young and O'Neil teamed up to defeat Justin Gabriel and Tyson Kidd, Primo & Epico and the Usos in a four-way #1 tag team match to earn a future shot at the WWE Tag Team Championship, after A.W. turned on his clients, Epico and Primo. On the July 16 episode of "Raw", Young and O'Neil unsuccessfully challenged Kofi Kingston and R-Truth for the WWE Tag Team Championship. On the August 10 episode of "SmackDown", they defeated Primo and Epico in a #1 contenders match via disqualification when A.W. provoked Kingston and R-Truth, who were on commentary, into interfering in the match. That same day, A. W. was released from his contract. Prime Time Players received their title shots at SummerSlam, but were again defeated by Kingston and R-Truth. On the September 7 edition of "Smackdown", Prime Time Players defeated Primo and Epico and The Usos in a triple threat tag team match to earn another shot at the title. But on "Raw" three days later, Prime Time Players lost their title shot to the team of Daniel Bryan and Kane (soon to be known as Team Hell No). At the Survivor Series pay-per-view, Young took part in a 10 man elimination tag team match, but was eliminated by Rey Mysterio. Young also competed in the 2013 Royal Rumble entering at entrant 15, but was quickly eliminated by Kofi Kingston.  On the August 19, 2013, edition of "Raw", the Prime Time Players turned face in a winning effort against the Real Americans (Jack Swagger and Antonio Cesaro). The face turn had been speculated about for some months, especially after Young's real-life coming out the previous week which received mainstream media coverage. The team gained a push, challenging for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but lost a match to the Shield. The duo also sided with other face wrestlers from the active roster, only to get punished by COO Triple H for preventing Daniel Bryan from being critically injured by Randy Orton. The Prime Time Players were amongst the select few ordered to battle The Shield in separately sanctioned 3 on 1 handicap matches on the September 20 edition of "SmackDown", as punishment for their intervention.

Singles competition (2014–2015).

On the January 31, 2014, episode of "SmackDown" after Young was pinned in a tag team match against RybAxel (Ryback and Curtis Axel), O'Neil attacked him and disbanded the team. On "SmackDown" the following week, Young attacked O'Neil backstage after his interview. Young picked up a victory over Damien Sandow on the February 14 edition of "SmackDown" before being attacked by O'Neil, which turned into a brawl and left O'Neil in tattered clothes. They fought at the Elimination Chamber, with the victor being O'Neil. However, Young defeated O'Neil in a rematch on "Main Event". At WrestleMania XXX, Young was in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, where he was eliminated by 3MB. At a WWE live event on April 12, Young was injured in a match against Fandango, and on April 16, he underwent surgery to repair a torn ACL in his left knee that would take him out of action for four to six months.

The Prime Time Players reunion (2015–2016).

On the January 5, 2015, episode of "Raw", Young appeared with the rest of the WWE roster in the opening segment. His official return came on the February 16 episode of "Raw", where Young and an unnamed independent wrestler, Kevin Kross, were scheduled to face The Ascension, but were attacked by them before the match, leading to Young's former tag team partner Titus O'Neil making the save. This turned O'Neil face again and the Prime Time Players reunited. On the February 23 edition of "Raw", The Prime Time Players defeated The Ascension to hand them their first win as part of the main roster, only to then being attacked by the two. Young participated in the 2nd Annual André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 31, where he was eliminated by Ryback.  At Elimination Chamber, The Prime Time Players participated in the first ever tag team Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Tag Team Championship, where they were the last team to be eliminated by The New Day (Big E, Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods). At Money in the Bank, the Prime Time Players defeated The New Day to win the title. At Battleground, The Prime Time Players retained the title against The New Day but dropped the title back to The New Day on August 23 at SummerSlam in a fatal–four-way match, also involving The Lucha Dragons and Los Matadores. Young and O'Neil would invoke their rematch clause for the September 14 episode of "Raw", which they lost.  Towards the end of 2015, O'Neil and Young began focusing on singles careers. Young teamed with Damien Sandow on the Royal Rumble 2016 Kickoff Show in a Fatal 4-Way tag team match in a losing effort. On the February 2, 2016, taping of "Main Event", the duo returned to team with The Usos to defeat the Ascension, Stardust and Tyler Breeze. They have since quietly disbanded when O'Neil received a 60-day suspension after the February 8 episode of "Raw" after an alleged physical altercation with Vince McMahon. At WrestleMania 32, Young entered the third André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal and came within the final three, being eliminated by Kane.

Bob Backlund's protégé and departure (2016–2017).

On the May 5 episode of "SmackDown", Bob Backlund agreed to be Young's life coach, in a campaign to "Make Darren Young Great Again", a parody of Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again" campaign slogan. Throughout the next couple of months on "Raw" and "SmackDown", various vignettes featuring Young and Backlund aired, with Backlund assuming the role of Young's life coach. In a "life lesson" segment on the July 4 episode of "Raw", Backlund approved of Young adopting his famous Crossface chickenwing. The week after on "Raw", Young won an 18-man battle royal (after Apollo Crews and Baron Corbin eliminated themselves) to become the #1 contender for The Miz's Intercontinental Championship at Battleground. The following week on "Raw", Young defeated Alberto Del Rio, despite interference from The Miz. On July 19, Young with Backlund was drafted to the Raw brand as a result of the 2016 WWE draft. At Battleground, Young faced The Miz in a match that resulted in a double-countout after he applied the Crossface Chickenwing to Miz outside the ring to protect Backlund from Miz and Maryse.  Young began a feud with his former tag team partner Titus O'Neil on the August 1 episode of "Raw". O'Neil questioned Young's motives on being "great again". Later that night, he defeated Young when he pinned him while grabbing Young's tights. Afterwards, he got into a backstage altercation with Backlund before Young came to the defense of Backlund by attacking O'Neil. The week after on "Raw", Young defeated O'Neil by pinning him while grabbing O'Neil's tights, mimicking the way O'Neil defeated him. On the August 15 episode of "Raw", Young and O'Neil seemingly reconciled and were placed in a match against The Shining Stars. During the match, O'Neil attacked Young with a "Clash of the Titus", allowing The Shining Stars to win the match. Young would once again defeat O'Neil on the August 29 episode of "Raw". After the match, he was attacked by O'Neil. Young teamed with Neville to defeat O'Neil and Curtis Axel on the September 16 episode of "Superstars" to culminate the feud.  In January 2017, Young suffered an arm injury while teaming with Sin Cara in a match against The Shining Stars. On October 29, 2017, Young was released from his WWE contract without him reappearing on television.

Chikara (2018).

On March 2, 2018, it was announced that Rosser, along with former co-members of The Nexus, Michael Tarver and Justin Gabriel would be competing at that year’s Chikara: King of Trios tournament.

Other media.

Young appears in the video games "WWE 2K14", "WWE 2K15", "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", and "WWE 2K18"

Personal life.

Rosser has cited Shawn Michaels and Ricky Steamboat as his favorite wrestlers. In an interview released on August 15, 2013, he publicly came out as gay. While WWE wrestlers Pat Patterson, Chris Kanyon, and Orlando Jordan (bisexual) came out after either leaving the company or retiring, Rosser is the first professional wrestler ever to publicly come out while still signed to WWE. WWE released a statement in support of Rosser for being open about his sexuality, and various fellow wrestlers tweeted their support for him.  On April 26, 2017, Rosser disclosed that his mother is a lesbian during his interview with Afterbuzz TV.

Frederick Douglas Rosser III (born November 2, 1983) is an American professional wrestler, best known for his time with WWE under the ring name Darren Young. He now wrestles on the independent circuit under his real name.

Frederick Douglas Rosser III (né le à Union, New Jersey) est un catcheur (lutteur professionnel) américain. Il est essentiellement connu pour son travail à la World Wrestling Entertainment de 2009 à 2017 sous le nom de Darren Young.


Early life.

Ğabdulla Tuqay was born in the family of the hereditary village mullah of Quşlawıç, Kazan Governorate, Russian Empire (current Tatarstan, Russia) near the modern town of Arsk. His father, Möxämmätğärif Möxämmätğälim ulı Tuqayıv, had been a village "mandative mullah" since 1864. In 1885 his wife died, leaving him a son and a daughter, and Möxämmätğärif married second wife, Mämdüdä, daughter of Öçile village mullah Zinnätulla Zäynepbäşir ulı. On 29 August O.S. Möxämmätğärif died when Ğabdulla was five months old. Soon Ğabdulla's grandfather also died and Mämdüdä was forced to return to her father and then to marry the mullah of the village of Sasna. Little Ğabdulla lived for some time with an old woman in his native village, before his new stepfather agreed to take Tuqay into his family. Tuqay's relatively happy childhood did not last long: on O.S. 18 January 1890 Ğabdulla's mother Mämdüdä also died, and Tuqay was removed to his poor grandfather Zinnätulla. Lacking enough food even for his own children, his grandfather sent Ğabdulla to Kazan with a coachman. There the coachman took Tuqay to a market-place, Peçän Bazaar, hoping to find someone willing to adopt the child. A tanner named Möxämmätwäli and his wife Ğäzizä from the Yaña-Bistä area of Kazan decided to take care of him. While living in Kazan, Tuqay was taken ill with walleye. When 1892, when both of Ğabdulla's adoptive parents became sick they had to send him back to his grandfather. This time, Ğabdulla's grandfather sent the child for further adoption to the village of Qırlay, where Ğabdulla stayed with the family of a peasant Säğdi. During his stay with this family, Ğabdulla was sent to the local madrassah (religious school), for the first time in his life, where, in his own words, his enlightenment began.  In the fall of 1895, the Ğosmanovs, Tatar merchants living in Uralsk, decided to adopt their distant relatives, because their own children had died. Ğäliäsğar Ğosmanov and his wife Ğäzizä, Ğabdulla's aunt, asked a peasant from Quşlawıç to bring them Ğabdulla. The peasant took ten-year-old Tuqay away from Säğdi, threatening him with Russian papers and the village constable. Living in Uralsk, Ğabdulla attended to "Motíğía" madrassah. Simultaneously, in 1896, he started to attend a Russian school. There, for the first time in his life, he became acquainted with the world of Russian literature and started to write poetry. In 1899 the anniversary of Alexander Pushkin was widely celebrated in Uralsk, an event which inspired Tuqay's interest in Russian poetry, especially works by Pushkin.  Ğosmanov tried to interest Ğabdulla in his work, but Tuqay stayed indifferent to the merchant's lot, preferring to develop his education. On 30 July 1900 Ğäliäsğar Ğosmanov died of "stomach diseases", so Tuqay moved into the madrassah itself, living first in common room, and two years later in a "khujra", an individual cell. In the madrassah Tuqay proved himself a diligent student, completing in ten years a program intended for fifteen. However, he continued to live in poverty.  By 1902, Ğabdulla, age 16, had changed his nature. He lost interest in studying the Qur'an, and showed criticism to all that was taught in madrassah. He didn't shave his hair, he drank beer and even smoked. At the same time, he became more interested in poetry.

Literary life.

Uralsk period.

Beginning in his madrassah years, Tuqay was interested in folklore and popular poetry, and he asked shakirds, coming for different jobs all over Idel-Ural during summer vacations, to collect local songs, examples of "bäyet", i.e. epic poem and fairy-tales. In the madrassah itself he became familiar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish poetry, as well as poetry in the Old Tatar language of the earlier centuries. In 1900 "Motíğía" graduate, a Tatar poet Mirxäydär Çulpaní visited the madrassah. Ğabdulla met him and Çulpaní became the first living poet to impress Tuqay. Çulpaní wrote in "elevated style", using "aruz", an Oriental poetic system, and mostly in Old Tatar language, full of Arab, Persian and Turkish words, and rather distant from the Tatar language itself. In 1902-1903 he met a Turkish poet Abdülveli, concealed himself there from Abdul Hamid II pursuits. Thus, Tuqay adopted Oriental poetic tradition.  Young teacher, the son of headmaster, Kamil "Motíğí" Töxfätullin, organized wallpaper "Mäğärif" ("The Education") and hand-written journals. The first odes of Tuqay were published there, and he was referred as "the first poet of the madrassah".  In 1904 Motíğí founded his own publishing company, and Tuqay became clerk there. He combined this job with teaching younger shakirds in the madrassah. He introduced new methods, typical for the Russian school.  After the October Manifesto of 1905 it became possible to publish newspapers in the Tatar language, which was strictly forbidden earlier. However, Motíğí wasn't enough solvent to open his own newspaper, so he bought the Russian language newspaper "Uralets" with typography, to print also a Tatar newspaper there. Tuqay became a typesetter. The newspaper was named "Fiker" ("The Thought"). Then Motíğí started to issue "Älğasrälcadid" ("The New Century") magazine. Tuqay sent his first verses there to be published. At the same time he started writing for a newspaper and began participating in the publishing of several Tatar magazines. At day Tuqay worked in typography (he was already a proofreader), but by nights he wrote verses, so every issue of "Fiker", "Nur" and "Älğasrälcadid" contains his writing. More over, he wrote articles, novels and feuilletons for those periodicals, he translated Krylov fables for the magazine. It is also known that Tuqay spread social-democratic leaflets and translated social-democratic brochure to the Tatar language.  Despite social-democrats' negative attitude towards the Manifesto, in his verses Tuqay admired with Manifesto, believing in the progressive changes of the Tatar lifestyle. During that period he shared his views with liberals, as the long-standing tradition of the Tatar enlightenment didn't distinguished national-liberation movement from the class struggle and negated the class struggle within Tatar nation. The most prominent writings of that period are "Millätä" ("To the Nation") poem and "Bezneñ millät, ülgänme, ällä yoqlağan ğınamı?" ("Has our nation dead, or just sleeps?") article. Since the satirical magazine "Uqlar" ("The Arrows") appeared in Uralsk, Tuqay renowned himself as satirist. The main target of his jeers was Muslim clergy, who stayed opposed to progress and Europeanization. As for the language of the most of his verses, it still stayed the Old Tatar language and continued the Oriental traditions, such as in "Puşkinä" ("To Pushkin"). However, in some of them, directed to the Tatar peasantry a pure Tatar was used, what was newly for the Tatar poetry.  In January 1906 police conducted a search of the typography, as rebellious articles were published in the newspaper. The First State Duma was dismissed, the revolution came to naught. The ultra-right Russian nationalists from the Black Hundred proposed that Tatars emigrate to the Ottoman Empire. That period his most prominent verses devoted to the social themes and patriotism were composed: "Gosudarstvennaya Dumağa" ("To the State Duma"), "Sorıqortlarğa" ("To the Parasites") and "Kitmibez!" ("We don’t leave!"). Tuqay was disappointed in liberalism and sympathized with socialists, especially Esers. In "Kitmibez!" he answered to the Black Hundred that the Tatars are a brother people of the Russians and immigration to Turkey is impossible.  On 6 January 1907 Tuqay left madrassah, as his fee permitted him to live independently, and settled in a hotel room. He became an actual editor of "Uqlar", being the lead poet and publicist of all Motíğí's periodicals. That time liberal "Fiker" and Tuqay himself was in confrontation with Qadimist, i.e. ultraconservative "Bayan al-Xaq", which even called for pogrom of liberal press activists. However, that year he was surprisingly discharged, as the result of the conflict with Kamil Motíğí and instigation of the typography workers for a strike to raise a salary. On 22 February 1907 Motíğí was deprived of publishing rights and his publishers was sold to merchant, who attracted Tuqay to the work again, but sonly dismissed the periodicals.  That time Tuqay departed from the social-democrats and politics generally, preferring to devote himself to poetry. Since mid-1906 to autumn 1907 more than 50 verses were written, as well as 40 articles and feuilletons. That time he turned to a pure Tatar, using a spoken language. Impressed by Pushkin's fairy-tale poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", Tuqay wrote his first poem, "Şüräle".  It is known, that Motíğí tried to establish another newspaper, "Yaña Tormış" ("The New Life") in Uralsk, with Tuqay as one of constitutors, but that time Ğabdulla was already so popular in the Tatar society, that chief editors from Kazan, the Tatar cultural capital, offered him job. Moreover, Tuqay should be examined by a draft board in his native uyezd, and he left Uralsk anyway. The admiration with the future trends of his life in Kazan is expressed in "Par at" ("The Pair of Horses"), which consequently became the most associated with Kazan Tatar verse.

Kazan period.

Just after the arrival to Kazan, Tuqay stayed at "Bolğar" hotel and met Tatar literature intelligentsia, such as playwright and "Yoldız" newspaper secretary Ğäliäsğar Kamal and prominent Tatar poet and "Tañ yoldızı" newspaper chief editor Säğit Rämiev. Several days after he left Kazan to be examined by a draft board, assembly point being in Ätnä village. There he was discarded due his poor health and walleye and freed up of serving in the Russian Imperial Army. He returned to Kazan and renowned his literature and publishing activity.  He was adopted to the editorial staff of democratically oriented "Äl-İslax" gazette, led by Fatix Ämirxan and Wafa Bäxtiärev. However, the newspaper had a little budget. Tuqay had got fixed up as a forwarding agent in "Kitap" publishers, to provide guaranteed wage. Moreover, he refused offer from "Äxbar", an organ of Ittifaq al-Muslimin, a political party, close to Kadets, as well as other offers from rich, but right newspapers. He also continued self-education: read Russian classics, critiques, and studied German language. He was interested in studying the life of common people by visiting bazaars and pubs.  Tuqay's room in "Bolğar" hotel was frequently visited by admirers from "gilded youth". As he wrote, their boozing-up impeded him and his creation. Nevertheless, in the end of 1907-1908 he wrote nearby sixty verses and twenty articles in "Äl-İslax" and satirical journal "Yäşen" ("The Illumination"), and also published two books of verses. The most prominent satire of that period was "Peçän Bazarı yaxud Yaña Kisekbaş" ("The Hay Bazaar or New Kişekbaş"), deriding problems of the Tatar society of the period, clergy and merchant class.  As for Tuqay's personal life, there is known little about it. As usual he avoided women in his circle. It is known that he was enamored of Zäytünä Mäwlüdova, his 15-year-old admirer. Several verses were devoted to Zäytünä and their feelings, such as "A Strange Love". However, later Tuqay did not develop their relations, and the possible reason was inferiority complex, attributed to his health and financial position.  In May 1908 an article, comparing Tuqay's, Rämiev's and Majit Ghafuri's poetries was published in Russian-language "Volzhsko-Kamsky Vestnik". In August 1908 Kamal founded satirical journal "Yäşen" under Tuqay's pressure. The most of published works were written by Tuqay, of course. In August 1908 Kamal and Tuqay visit the Makaryev Fair, placed in Nizhny Novgorod. There Tuqay temporarily joined the first Tatar theatre troupe, "Säyyar", singing national songs and declaiming his verses from scene. On 14 October Ğabdulla Tuqay presented his new satirical poem "The Hay Bazaar or New Kisekbaş", based on classical Old Tatar poem "Kisekbaş". In own poem he derided nationalism among Tatars, as well as Wäisi sect's fanatics, associating sect's leader, Ğaynan Wäisev with Diü, an evil spirit from "Kisekbaş".

1909-1910 crisis.

In 1909-1910 all freedoms, gained by 1905 revolution came to naught under Stolypin's policy. As a result, leftist sympathized Ğabdulla Tuqay was nearly disappointed in his activity and was in depression. Another reason was in his friends, moved to rightist newspapers, like Kamal and Rämiev. The most of his verses were depressive, however, Tuqay stayed productive, he published nearby hundred verses, two fairy tale poems, autobiography, and an article about Tatar folklore ("Xalıq ädäbiäte", i.e. "Folk Literature"), wrote thirty feuilletons and printed twenty books, not only with own poems, but also compiled of folk songs.  In those years Tuqay became staunch leftist, despite of his staying with one bourgeois family for some time: "Äl-İslax" became a leftist political newspaper only, Tuqay criticized all his former friends, turned to the right or liberal newspapers: Zarif Bäşiri from Oremburgean "Çükeç" and Säğit Rämiev from "Bäyänelxaq". He called them bourgeoisie's stooges, in response their stigmatized Tuqay Russophile. The same time Okhrana reported his poems as Russophobic. Also Tuqay became closer to the first Tatar Marxist, Xösäyen Yamaşev.  In June 1909 "Yäşen", was closed due to financial problems as well as censorship requirement, as well as "Äl-İslax". Being at the top of his crisis, he thinks about suicide, but since March 1910 a new satirical magazine, "Yal-Yolt" ("The Lightning") was published in Kazan under Äxmät Urmançiev.  Being interested in Leo Tolstoy ideas and legacy, Tuqay felt keenly the death of the Russian genius. Pointing out a high role of children's education, he prepared two books for children, and two schoolbooks of Tatar literature. In total, he composed more than fifty verses and seven poems for children.

Ufa - Saint-Petersburg - Troitsk.

In 1911 Qadimist forces allied with Okhrana fulminated "İj-Bubí", the most progressive Tatar madrassah. This fact filled with indignation all Tatar intelligentsia. But it was only a beginning of campaign drive against Tatar democracy, which became Tuqay's tragedy again. However, as it known from Tuqay's letters to his friend Säğit Sönçäläy, he decided to write the Tatar Eugene Onegin, but he had to recover his health. He planned a trip to the southern regions to receive kumiss therapy there.  In April he left Kazan and had a voyage by the Volga to Astrakhan. There he met Rämiev and became reconciled with him. Three weeks later he moved to Kalmyk Bazary village and stayed with schoolteacher Şahit Ğäyfi there. As Ğäyfi was interested in photography, they shot a series of cards, devoted to Tuqay's poems and the Tatar theatre. Returning to Kazan, he published, "Miäwbikä" ("Pussycat"), his prominent poem for children. There he applied new poetic methods, and was criticized therefore. He also was interested to publish his prohibited verses in the newspaper of the Russian Muslims, published in Paris, but later he refused of this idea, as the newspaper propagated pan-Islamist ideas.  In autumn 1911 a famine stroke Idel-Ural. "The Autumn Wind" was devoted to the famine and hard lot of peasantry. Tuqay felt ill with malaria and unfortunately moved to cold hotel number. So, he abandoned all and moved to Öçile, to his relatives. There he passed winter, writing o recomposing his verses, sometimes sending new feuilletons to the editors. Possible, another reason of his departure was a trial of his book, published as early as in 1907. He returned in February 1912. In March 1912 his friend, Yamaşev dead of infarction and Tuqay devoted a feeling poem ("Xörmätle Xösäyen yädkâre", i.e. "Of Blessed Memory of Xösäyen") to the first Tatar Marxist.  In April Ğabdulla Tuqay went on a tour again. First he arrived to Ufa, where he met Majit Ghafuri. Then he left Ufa and moved to Saint-Petersburg. He stayed with Musa Bigiev. In Saint Petersburg he met with local Tatar diaspora's youth, many of whom were students and leftist activists. The impression of them is expressed in "The Tatar Youth" ("Tatar yäşläre") verse, full of optimism. However, he didn't know that he has the last stage of tuberculosis: a doctor, examined him in Saint Petersburg, preferred to keep diagnosis back. He was advised to take a course in Switzerland, but he refused and after farewell party moved to Ufa again, and then to Troitsk. There he lived till July 1912 among the Kazakh nomads in the steppe, receiving kumiss therapy.

Death.

His last year he began full of optimism: the revolutionary tendencies rose, and social theme appeared in his poetry again. In "Añ" ("The Consciousness") and "Dahigä" ("To the Genius") he wrote that his struggle, as well as the 1905 revolution, was not vain. Many verses were devoted to the peasantry's problems, resembling Nekrasov's poetry. More and more verses were banned; some of them were only published after the October Revolution. However, Tuqay was criticized by Ğälimcan İbrahimov, that now his poetry worsened.  In summer 1912 he published his last book, "The Mental Food", a collection of 43 verses and one poem. But then his health deteriorated. In spite of this, he found energy to write for the new literature magazine "Añ" and the democratic newspaper "Qoyaş" ("The Sun"), edited by Fatix Ämirxan. As Ämirxan was paralyzed, they stayed in neighboring rooms of the Amur Hotel, where the editorial board was situated. In the first days of 1913 he wrote "The Frost", a witty poem depicting how Kazaners of different social classes behave during frost. The next notable poem was devoted to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. The poem was rather panegyrical, as was the vulgar-sociological critique of the early 1920s, based on this poem, proclaimed Tuqay to be a pan-Islamist and Tsarist. However, the end of the verse is written not about Tsar's dynasty, but about internationalism within Russian and eternal friendship of Tatars and Russians.  On 26 February 1913, Ğabdulla Tuqay was hospitalized due to a severe case of tuberculosis. Even in the Klyachkinskaya hospital he never stopped writing poems for Tatar newspapers and magazines. Those poems were both social and philosophical. In March he wrote his literary testament, "The First Deed after the Awakening". In hospital Tuqay became interested in Tolstoy's legacy again, devoting to him two verses. He read more about Volga Bulgaria’s history as well as all Kazan periods. On 15 April of the same year, Ğabdulla Tuqay died at the age of 27 and was buried in Tatar cemetery.

Legacy.

Despite of denial of Tuqay's genius during the early Soviet years, he soon became renowned as the greatest Tatar poet. His name transcended across the arts, with the Tatar State Symphony Orchestra dedicated to Tuqay's name. During the Soviet rule his most cited were his social poems, whereas now the most popular are poems about Tatarstan nature, Tatar national culture, music, history and, of course, the Tatar language. 26 April, his birthday, is celebrated as "The Day of Tatar Language", and his poem "İ, Tuğan tel" ("Oh My Mother Tongue!") is the unofficial hymn of the Tatar language.

Ğabdulla Tuqay (tatar. "عبدالله توقاي," – ) was a Tatar poet, a classic of the Tatar literature, a critic and a publisher. Tuqay is often referred as the founder of the modern Tatar literature and the modern Tatar literary language, which replaced Old Tatar language in literature.

Ğabdulla Tuqay (né le au Tatarstan et mort le à Kazan) est un poète tatar, un classique de la littérature dans cette langue, critique et éditeur. Il est souvent considéré le fondateur de la littérature tatare moderne et du tatar littéraire moderne, qui a remplacé dans la littérature la vieille langue tatare.


Juries.

The international juries of the 67th Venice International Film Festival were composed as follows:  Main Competition (Venezia 67)  Horizons (Orizzonti)  Opera Prima ("Luigi de Laurentiis" Award for a Debut Film)  Controcampo Italiano  Persol 3-D

Official selection.

In competition.

The Leone d'oro (Golden Lion) award was won by "Somewhere", directed by Sofia Coppola, a film based in part on Coppola's childhood as the daughter of acclaimed American director Francis Ford Coppola. Quentin Tarantino, the president of the jury that awarded the prize, hailed the film saying, "it grew and grew in our hearts, in our minds, in our affections". The jury's decision was unanimous. Upon receiving the award, Coppola paid credit to her father for "teaching me". The Russian film "Silent Souls" and the Chilean film "Post Mortem" had been considered favourites for the award.  The following films competed for the award:

Out of competition.

The following films were shown out of competition.

Horizons.

From 2010 on, this section, dedicated to new trends in world cinema, has opened itself to all "extra-format" works, while four new awards have been established for it.  Feature films  Short and medium-length films

Controcampo Italiano.

The following films, representing "new trends in Italian cinema", were screened in this section:  In competition  Out of competition - Feature films and documentaries

Italian comedy retrospective.

The following films were shown as part of a retrospective section on Italian comedy, titled "The State of Things", spanning the years 1937 to 1988.

Autonomous sections.

Venice International Film Critics' Week.

The following films were selected for the 25th International Film Critics' Week:

Venice Days.

The following films were selected for the 7th edition of Venice Days (Giornate Degli Autori) autonomous section:

Awards.

Starting with the 67th edition of the festival, four new awards were established for the "Orizzonti" section: the Orizzonti Award (for feature films), the Special Jury Orizzonti Prize (for feature films), the Orizzonti Award for Short Films and the Orizzonti Award for Medium-length Films.

Official selection.

The following Official selection awards were conferred at the festival:  In Competition (Venezia 67)  Horizons (Orizzonti)  Controcampo Italiano  Special awards

Autonomous sections.

The following official and collateral awards were conferred to films of the autonomous sections:  Venice International Film Critics' Week  Venice Days (Giornati degli Autori)

Other collateral awards.

The following collateral awards were conferred to films of the official selection:

The 67th annual Venice International Film Festival held in Venice, Italy, took place from 1 to 11 September 2010. American film director and screenwriter Quentin Tarantino was the head of the Jury. The opening film of the festival was Darren Aronofsky's "Black Swan", and the closing film was Julie Taymor's "The Tempest". John Woo was awarded the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement prior to the start of the Festival.

La de la Mostra de Venise s'est tenue du 1 au. Le président du jury était le réalisateur américain Quentin Tarantino. Le festival s'est achevé par la remise du Lion d'or au film "Somewhere" de Sofia Coppola.