Motivation.

The naive approach is to write the circuit as a Boolean expression, and use De Morgan's law and the distributive property to convert it to CNF. However, this can result in an exponential increase in equation size. The Tseytin transformation outputs a formula whose size grows linearly relative to the input circuit's.

Approach.

The output equation is the constant 1 set equal to an expression. This expression is a conjunction of sub-expressions, where the satisfaction of each sub-expression enforces the proper operation of a single gate in the input circuit. The satisfaction of the entire output expression thus enforces that the entire input circuit is operating properly.  For each gate, a new variable representing its output is introduced. A small pre-calculated CNF expression that relates the inputs and outputs is appended (via the "and" operation) to the output expression. Note that inputs to these gates can be either the original literals or the introduced variables representing outputs of sub-gates.  Though the output expression contains more variables than the input, it remains equisatisfiable, meaning that it is satisfiable if, and only if, the original input equation is satisfiable. When a satisfying assignment of variables is found, those assignments for the introduced variables can simply be discarded.  A final clause is appended with a single literal: the final gate's output variable. If this literal is complemented, then the satisfaction of this clause enforces the output expression's to false; otherwise the expression is forced true.

Examples.

Consider the following formula formula_1.  Consider all subformulas (without variables):  Introduce a new variable for each subformula:  Conjunct all substitutions and the substitution for formula_1:  All substitutions can be transformed into CNF, e.g.

Gate Sub-expressions.

Listed are some of the possible sub-expressions that can be created for various logic gates. In an operation expression, C acts as an output; in a CNF sub-expression, C acts as a new Boolean variable. For each operation, the CNF sub-expression is true if and only if C adheres to the contract of the Boolean operation for all possible input values.

Simple combinatorial logic.

The following circuit returns true when at least some of its inputs are true, but not more than two at a time. It implements the equation. A variable is introduced for each gates' output; here each is marked in red: Notice that the output of the inverter with x as an input has two variables introduced. While this is redundant, it does not affect the equisatisfiability of the resulting equation. Now substitute each gate with its appropriate CNF sub-expression: The final output variable is gate8 so to enforce that the output of this circuit be true, one final simple clause is appended: (gate8). Combining these equations results in the final instance of SAT:  One possible satisfying assignment of these variables is:  The values of the introduced variables are usually discarded, but they can be used to trace the logic path in the original circuit. Here, (x1,x2,x3) = (0,0,1) indeed meets the criteria for the original circuit to output true. To find a different answer, the clause (x1 ∨ x2 ∨ ) can be appended and the SAT solver executed again.

Derivation.

Presented is one possible derivation of the CNF sub-expression for some chosen gates:

OR Gate.

An OR gate with two inputs "A" and "B" and one output "C" is satisfies the following conditions: We can express these two conditions as the conjunction of two implications: Replacing the implications with equivalent expressions involving only conjunctions, disjunctions, and negations yields which is nearly in conjunctive normal form already. Distributing the rightmost clause twice yields and applying the associativity of conjunction gives the CNF formula

NOT Gate.

The NOT gate is operating properly when its input and output oppose each other. That is: express these conditions as an expression that must be satisfied:

NOR Gate.

The NOR gate is operating properly when the following conditions hold: express these conditions as an expression that must be satisfied:

The Tseytin transformation, alternatively written Tseitin transformation, takes as input an arbitrary combinatorial logic circuit and produces a boolean formula in conjunctive normal form (CNF), which can be solved by a CNF-SAT solver. The length of the formula is linear in the size of the circuit. Input vectors that make the circuit output "true" are in 1-to-1 correspondence with assignments that satisfy the formula. This reduces the problem of circuit satisfiability on any circuit (including any formula) to the satisfiability problem on 3-CNF formulas.

En logique, la transformation de Tseitin prend un circuit logique et produit une formule booléenne équisatisfiable en forme normale conjonctive. La transformation est linéaire.


History.

Cheney was founded in August, 1883. It was named for Benjamin P. Cheney, stockholder of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.  Cheney was a station and shipping point on the Wichita & Pratt division of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.  The first post office in Cheney was established in September 1883.

Geography.

Cheney is located approximately 22 miles west of the outskirts of Wichita. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cheney has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,094 people, 773 households, and 563 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 830 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 97.3% White, 0.3% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.  There were 773 households of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.2% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 12% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.12.  The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 30.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 22.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,783 people, 664 households, and 476 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,254.2 people per square mile (484.8/km2). There were 689 housing units at an average density of 484.7 per square mile (187.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.76% White, 0.67% Native American, 0.22% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.  There were 664 households out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.0% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.3% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.17.  In the city, the population was spread out with 31.1% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $45,221, and the median income for a family was $51,591. Males had a median income of $40,313 versus $24,896 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,783. About 0.6% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.1% of those under age 18 and 1.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

The community is served by Cheney USD 268 public school district, which operates three separate schools: Private schools  The Cheney Cardinals have won the following Kansas State High School Championships:

Cheney is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,094.

La ville de (en anglais ) est située dans le comté de Sedgwick, dans l’État du Kansas, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Protoplanetary disk.

The protoplanetary disk around PDS 70 was first hypothesized in 1992 and confirmed in 2006 along with a jet-like structure. The disk has a radius of approximately. In 2012 a large gap (~) in the disk was discovered, which was thought to be caused by planetary formation.  The gap was later found to have multiple regions: large dust grains were absent out to 80 au, while small dust grains were only absent out to the previously-observed. There is an asymmetry in the overall shape of the gap; these factors indicate that there are likely multiple planets affecting the shape of the gap and the dust distribution.  In results published in 2018, a planet in the disk, named PDS 70b, was imaged by the Very Large Telescope (VLT). With a mass estimated to be a few times greater than Jupiter, the planet is thought to have a temperature of around and an atmosphere with clouds; its orbit has an approximate radius of, taking around 120 years for a revolution. Modelling predicts that the planet has acquired its own accretion disk. The accretion disk was observationally confirmed in 2019, and accretion rate was measured to be at least 5*10 Jupiter masses per year.  A second planet, named PDS 70c, was discovered in 2019 using the VLT's MUSE integral field spectrograph. The planet orbits its host star at a distance of, further away than PDS 70b. PDS 70c is in a near 1:2 orbital resonance with PDS 70b, meaning that PDS 70c completes nearly one revolution once every time PDS 70b completes nearly two.

Circumplanetary disk.

In July 2019 astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) reported the first-ever detection of a moon-forming circumplanetary disk. The disk was detected around PDS 70c, with a potential disk observed around PDS 70b. The disk was confirmed by Caltech-led researchers using the W. M. Keck Observatory in Mauna Kea, whose research was published in May 2020.

PDS 70 (V1032 Centauri) is a low-mass T Tauri star in the constellation Centaurus. Located approximately 370 light-years from Earth, it has a mass of, and is approximately 10 million years old. The star has a protoplanetary disk containing two nascent exoplanets, named PDS 70b and PDS 70c, which have been directly imaged by the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope. PDS 70b was the first confirmed protoplanet to be directly imaged.

', aussi connue comme ', est une jeune étoile naine, variable de type, située dans la constellation du Centaure, à du Système solaire.


History.

In August 2016, Disney acquired a minority stake in BAMTech (a spin-off of MLB Advanced Media's streaming technology business) for $1 billion, with an option to acquire a majority stake in the future. Following the purchase, ESPN announced plans for an "exploratory [over-the-top] project" based on its technology (ESPN+) to supplant its existing linear television services. On August 8, 2017, Disney invoked its option to acquire a controlling stake in BAMTech for $1.58 billion, increasing its stake to 75%. Alongside the acquisition, the company also announced plans for a second, Disney-branded direct-to-consumer service drawing from its entertainment content, which would launch after the company ends its existing distribution agreement with Netflix in 2019. Not long after, Agnes Chu, story and franchise development executive at Walt Disney Imagineering, was the first executive appointed for the unit, as senior vice president of content. Chu led two projects to launch the new unit. First, Disney needed to verify exactly what content could be physically and legally made available through a streaming service right away, which meant physically reviewing all content in Disney's vaults that had not recently undergone restoration, and reviewing "binders of pieces of paper with legal deals" to identify potential obstacles. Second, Chu met with leaders of Disney's various content-producing divisions to start brainstorming which projects would be appropriate for release on a streaming service rather than in movie theaters.  In December 2017, Disney announced its intent to acquire key entertainment assets from 21st Century Fox. Intended to bolster Disney's content portfolio for its streaming products, the acquisition was completed on March 20, 2019.  In January 2018, it was reported that former Apple and Samsung executive Kevin Swint had been appointed as the senior vice president and general manager reporting to BAMTech CEO Michael Paull, who leads development. In March 2018, Disney's top level segment division was reorganized with the formation of Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International, which then included BAMTech, which contains "all consumer-facing tech and products". In June of the same year, longtime Disney studio marketing chief, Ricky Strauss, was named president of content and marketing, however reporting to chairman of Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International Kevin Mayer. In January 2019, Fox Television Group COO Joe Earley was named executive vice president of marketing and operations. In June 2019, Matt Brodlie was named as senior vice president of international content development. In August 2019, Luke Bradley-Jones was hired as senior vice president of direct to consumer and general manager of Disney+ for Europe and Africa.  On November 8, 2018, Disney CEO Bob Iger announced that the service would be named Disney+ and that the company was targeting a launch in late 2019. A September launch was reportedly planned, but on April 11, 2019, Disney announced that Disney+ would launch on November 12, 2019 in the United States. Disney stated that it planned to roll the service out worldwide over the next two years, targeting Western Europe and Asia-Pacific countries by late 2019 and early 2020, and Eastern Europe and Latin America during 2020. The timing of international launches is subject to the acquisition or expiration of existing streaming rights deals for Disney content. On August 6, 2019, Iger announced that it will offer a streaming bundle of Disney+, ESPN+, and the ad-supported version of Hulu for $12.99 per month available at launch. At the D23 Expo in August 2019, Disney opened subscriptions to Disney+ at a discounted rate for three years.  On September 12, 2019, a trial version of Disney+ became available in the Netherlands with limited content available. This testing phase lasted until the official launch on November 12, when trial users were switched to a paid plan. Disney+ became available for pre-order in September in the United States with a 7-day free trial upon launch.  In October 2019, Disney released a three-and-a-half-hour trailer on YouTube to showcase their launch lineup. It was also reported that Disney would ban advertisements for competitor Netflix from most of its TV platforms, except ESPN.  Disney+ launched on November 12, 2019 Midnight Pacific Time in the announced initial three launch countries. The services had some issues the first day from logging in (about 33% of the problems), accessing specific content (about 66%), setting up profiles and watch lists. Some of the issues were due to third party devices.  On November 18, 2019, an investigation by ZDNet discovered that thousands of users' accounts were hacked using keystroke logging or info-stealing malware. Their email addresses and passwords were changed, "effectively taking over the account and locking the previous owner out", and their login information was put up for sale on the dark web.  On March 12, 2020, Vanessa Morrison, who previously served as President of Fox Family and Fox Animation, was appointed President of Streaming for Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production and will oversee development and production of Disney+ film content from The Walt Disney Studios for both Disney Live Action and 20th Century Studios. Morrison reports directly to President of Walt Disney Pictures Sean Bailey.  Disney+ was launched in India through Hotstar on April 3, 2020.

Content.

The service is built around content from Disney's main entertainment studios and film and television library, including Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, Lucasfilm, Marvel Studios, National Geographic, and select films from 20th Century Studios, Hollywood Pictures, Searchlight Pictures, and Touchstone Pictures. The service will operate alongside Hulu, which Disney gained a controlling stake in following the 21st Century Fox purchase. Bob Iger stated that Disney+ would be focused specifically on family-oriented entertainment (and not carry any R and NC-17 or TV-MA-rated content), and that Hulu would remain oriented towards general entertainment. Hulu will also host Disney+ as an add-on service.

Content library.

It is suggested that Disney+ has approximately 7,000 television episodes and 500 films, including original television series and films from Disney Channel and Freeform, and select titles from 20th Century Fox Television and ABC Studios. The service also includes select acquired programming from outside production companies that are not directly made by Disney or any of its subsidiaries (such as eOne's "PJ Masks" and BBC Studios' "Bluey", though they both air on Disney Junior). New releases from 20th Century Studios (including Blue Sky's "Spies in Disguise") will not immediately be available on either Disney+ or Hulu, as the studio has pre-existing output deals with other premium TV/streaming providers (including HBO in the U.S. until 2022, Crave in Canada and Sky in the UK, Ireland, Italy and Germany). "Captain Marvel", "Dumbo" (2019), and "" became the first theatrically released Disney films to stream exclusively on Disney+ within the pay-cable window.  Iger said that Disney+ will eventually host the entire Disney film library, including films currently in the "Disney Vault". However, he stated that the controversial "Song of the South" (1946), which has never been released on home video in its entirety in the U.S., will not be released on the service. Despite being available at launch, at least four films – "Home Alone", "", "", and "" – have disappeared from the service in the U.S. A post-credits scene from "Toy Story 2" was excluded. Nudity was eliminated from "Splash" by adding digital hair, blurring, and cropping certain scenes. Some films in the library, such as "Free Solo" and "Adventures in Babysitting", were edited to remove profanity, while "The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin" (1967) was edited to remove racial slurs, and the short film "Santa's Workshop" (1932) was edited to remove the "stereotypical black doll". Many older films and animated shorts debuted on Disney+ unedited, but carrying a disclaimer on their "Details" page regarding scenes containing cultural stereotypes. Some series are missing episodes, including "The Simpsons" (which is streaming exclusively on the service), "Darkwing Duck", "The Little Mermaid", and "".  It was initially unclear whether the first six films of the "Star Wars" franchise would be available in the United States at the service's launch, as TBS held streaming rights through 2024 as part of its cable rights to the franchise, but in April 2019, it was announced that the films would be available at launch along with "The Force Awakens" and "Rogue One", with "The Last Jedi" added on December 26, 2019; "The Rise of Skywalker" added on May 4, 2020, and "" scheduled for release on July 10.  In the United States, most of the films from the Marvel Cinematic Universe were available at launch, with the exception of seven films: "" (now available on the service), "Black Panther" (now available on the service), "" (scheduled to be available June 26, 2020), and "Ant-Man and the Wasp" (scheduled to be available August 14, 2020), due to existing licensing deals with Netflix; and "The Incredible Hulk", "", and "", which are unavailable because their distribution rights are respectively owned by Universal Pictures and Sony Pictures.

Original scripted content.

Original series based on Marvel properties and "Star Wars" are being produced, with the former including eight new Marvel Cinematic Universe TV series: "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier", "WandaVision", "Loki", an animated "What If" series, "Hawkeye", "Ms. Marvel", "Moon Knight", and "She-Hulk". The latter includes "The Mandalorian", a television series set between "Return of the Jedi" and "The Force Awakens", a currently untitled spin-off series focused on Cassian Andor from "Rogue One", a seventh season of the animated series "", and an untitled spin-off series with Ewan McGregor reprising his role as Obi-Wan Kenobi from the prequel trilogy. The service's initial original content goal was planned to include four to five original films and five television shows with budgets from $25–100 million. In January 2019, it was reported that Disney will spend up to $500 million in original content for the service. "The Mandalorian" alone is expected to cost $100 million, across two seasons of eight episodes each.  In January 2019, Disney+ ordered "Diary of a Future President" from CBS Television Studios, its first series from an outside production company.  A television series remake of the film "High Fidelity" was initially announced for Disney+, but in April 2019, it was announced that the project had been moved to Hulu, citing concerns from its staff that the positioning of Disney+ as a family-friendly service was at odds with their creative vision for the series. "Love, Victor", a spin-off of the film "Love, Simon", was similarly shifted from Disney+ to Hulu in February 2020.  In August 2019, Iger announced that 20th Century Fox films such as "Home Alone", "Night at the Museum", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid", and "Cheaper by the Dozen" will be "'reimagined' for 'a new generation'" exclusively for Disney+ by Fox Family. Original episodic content will be released weekly, opposed to all at once with the release time to be 12:01 a.m. PT on Fridays, starting November 15, 2019.

Original unscripted content.

Disney also plans original factual television content for the service, aiming to "find the ethos of Disney in everyday stories, inspiring hope and sparking the curiosity of audiences of all ages." Some of these series will have ties to Disney properties, including behind-the-scenes documentary miniseries focusing on Disney studios (such as one following the production of "Frozen II"), the Disney-themed competition cooking competition "Be Our Chef", "Cinema Relics" (a documentary series showcasing iconic costume and props from Disney films), "Marvel's Hero Project" (a series that will showcase "inspiring kids [that] have dedicated their lives to selfless acts of bravery and kindness"), and "The Imagineering Story" (a Leslie Iwerks-directed documentary series chronicling the history and work of Walt Disney Imagineering). National Geographic is also producing "Magic of the Animal Kingdom" (a docuseries following the animal caretakers of Disney's Animal Kingdom and Epcot's aquarium) and "The World According to Jeff Goldblum".  Disney reached a two-year pact with the documentary studio Supper Club (Brian McGinn, David Gelb and Jason Sterman, producers of Netflix's "Chef's Table") to produce content for the service, including the conservation-themed nature documentary series "Earthkeepers", and a documentary series chronicling the cultural and societal impact of Marvel's characters. Other factual series include "Encore!" (a Kristen Bell-produced series that reunites casts from high school musical productions to reprise their roles), "(Re)Connect" (a reality series produced by Kelly Ripa and Mark Consuelos' Milojo Productions), "Rogue Trip" (a travel series featuring Bob Woodruff and his son Mack), and the reality competition "Shop Class". On December 3, 2019, Disney+ announced the new "Star Wars"-based children's game show "Jedi Temple Challenge" to be hosted by Ahmed Best, who voiced Jar Jar Binks in the prequel trilogy.

Device support and service features.

Disney+ is available for streaming via web browsers on PC and Mac, as well as apps on Apple iOS devices and Apple TV, Android mobile devices and Android TV, Amazon devices such as Fire TV and Fire HD, Chromecast, Chromebook, Samsung smart TVs, LG smart TVs, Roku devices, Sky Q, Now TV devices, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Windows 10. Content available on Disney+ is also listed in the Apple TV app.  Accessibility features include closed captioning, Descriptive Video Service, audio description, and audio navigation assistance.  Disney+ allows seven user profiles per account, with the ability to stream on four devices concurrently and unlimited downloads for offline viewing. Content is able to be streamed in resolutions up to 4K Ultra HD in Dolby Vision and HDR10, with Dolby Atmos sound on supported devices. Legacy content is available in English, Spanish, French, and Dutch, while Disney+ originals features additional language options. Subtitles and dubbing are available in up to 16 languages. A substantial amount of content is available in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu languages on the Indian counterpart, Disney+Hotstar.  In late May 2020, the service added the ability to switch between 4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios for early "Simpsons" episodes, after the service received backlash for stretching those episodes to 16:9 by default at launch. Disney had done this "in order to guarantee visual quality and consistency across all 30 seasons." To accommodate the feature, Disney Streaming Services "had to reconfigure its content-delivery engine" while ensuring the new feature would not break any existing features such as continue watching, watchlists, and auto-playing, as they did not want to treat the 4:3 versions as bonus content. The resulting changes allowed Disney to apply the existing audio, subtitle information, episode artwork, and other metadata from the episodes to both aspect ratios regardless of which is chosen by the user. Joe Rice, vice president of media product at Disney Streaming Services, added that these adjustments "opens up a number of exciting opportunities for novel ways of presenting content in the future."

Launch.

Disney+ was launched early in the Netherlands on September 12, 2019 as a free trial. It officially launched in the Netherlands, United States and Canada on November 12, 2019 just before 3:00 a.m. EST (). Disney+ launched in Australia, New Zealand, and Puerto Rico on November 19, 2019, and launched in Austria, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, Ireland, and Switzerland on March 24, 2020. Disney+ is expected to launch in Eastern Europe, over the course of a year, and Latin America, over the course of three months, both starting in October 2020. In Spain, a linear Disney+ TV channel launched alongside the streaming service, which broadcasts programming from Disney+. It's available exclusively on Movistar+, their release partner in the region.  In December 2019, it was announced that Canal+ would be the exclusive distributor of Disney+ in France. Three days before the launch, Kevin Mayer, chairman of the Direct-to-Consumer & International division, announced that Disney+ is delaying its launch in France until April 7, instead of the original March 24 date, because of a request from the French government to prevent internet gridlock as the response to the COVID-19 pandemic placing additional strain on communications networks.  In February 2020, Iger announced that it planned to launch Disney+ in India on March 29, 2020 by means of its existing service Hotstar, rebranding its paid tiers as a co-branded service. Hotstar was acquired by Disney during the Fox purchase, and has been the dominant streaming service in the country.  In April 2020, it was announced that Disney+ original content would be licensed to pay TV and streaming operator OSN, starting on April 9, in the MENA region with Disney noting that they had no current "plan to launch Disney+ as a standalone service in the region in the near future".  The service launched in Japan on June 11, 2020 as part of Disney's existing partnership with NTT Docomo, and succeeded the existing Disney Deluxe service in the region.

Reception.

On November 13, 2019, a day after its launch, Disney announced that the streaming service had already signed up more than 10 million subscribers. Disney+ has been well-received, thanks to its affordable price and for the extensive Disney library. Frank Pallotta of CNN stated that "the company [Disney] has repackaged its trove of beloved content for the service makes it a worthy companion to the other services in the marketplace. Nick Pino of "TechRadar" stated, "If Disney keeps it updated with new content, Disney+ could rival Netflix sooner rather than later."  Upon launch, Disney+ experienced significant technical difficulties. Users complained about receiving error messages that the service was down and that they were "unable to connect", which were irritating because many of them had paid for the service months in advance. In some instances, passwords needed to be reset to enable access.  One other negative aspect with the launch of the service was the presentation of the non-HD episodes of "The Simpsons". Namely, that instead of presenting them in their original aspect ratio, they were either cropped to fit widescreen televisions or awkwardly stretched out to that aspect ratio. FXX's now-defunct "Simpsons World" streaming service was similarly criticized when it launched. In response, Disney stated they would make the ability to watch the episodes of the first 19 seasons and some from season 20 in either the 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratio in early 2020. The feature was made available on May 28, 2020.  Some have noted that episodes of "The Simpsons", "X-Men", "DuckTales", "Phineas and Ferb", "Kim Possible", and "" are presented almost entirely out of order, while some series are missing episodes. Others have questioned why an extensive catalog of Disney-owned material is missing from the platform, including Marvel content, Disney Junior titles, various Muppets media, and "Star Wars".  Disney+ was the top trending Google search term in 2019. In February 2020, Disney reported that Disney+ had 26.5 million subscribers by the end of 2019, and 28.6 million by February 3, 2020. By April, Disney+ had 50 million paid subscribers, with approximately 8 million of those coming from India. The service had 54.5 million subscribers by May 4.

Disney+ (pronounced Disney Plus) is a subscription video on-demand streaming service owned and operated by the Direct-to-Consumer & International (DTCI) subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The service primarily distributes films and television series produced by The Walt Disney Studios and Walt Disney Television, with the service also advertising content from Disney's Pixar, Marvel, "Star Wars" and National Geographic brands in particular. Original films and television series are also distributed on Disney+, with ten films and seven series having been produced for the platform. Serving adjacent to Disney's other streaming platforms – the general programming-oriented Hulu and the sports-oriented ESPN+ – Disney+ focuses on family entertainment based around Disney brands.

Disney+ est une plateforme de vidéo à la demande détenue et exploitée par la Walt Disney Company au travers de sa division Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International avec les quatre filiales Pixar Animation Studios, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm et National Geographic.


Early life and education.

Ford grew up in the suburbs of Washington, D.C. Her parents are Paula K. and Ralph G. Blasey Jr., registered Republicans. She has two brothers, Tom and Ralph III.  From 1978 through 1984, she attended the Holton-Arms School, a private, all-girls university-preparatory school in Bethesda, Maryland. While on her regional sports team for diving, she accompanied diver Greg Louganis on a trip to the White House to discuss the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott.  She earned an undergraduate degree in experimental psychology in 1988 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received a master's degree in clinical psychology from Pepperdine University in 1991. In 1996, she received a PhD in educational psychology from the University of Southern California. Her 1995 dissertation was entitled "Measuring Young Children's Coping Responses to Interpersonal Conflict". In 2009, she earned a master's degree in epidemiology, with a focus on the subject of biostatistics, from Stanford University School of Medicine.

Career.

Ford has worked in the academic and private sector as a biostatistician and research psychologist. Since 1998, she has worked as a research psychologist and biostatistician in the Stanford School of Medicine psychiatry department. Since 2011, she has been a psychology professor in the Stanford-PGSP Consortium for Clinical Psychology, a collaborative program between Palo Alto University and Stanford.  Ford teaches subjects including psychometrics, study methodologies, clinical trials, and statistics to doctoral students and serves on dissertation committees. She has also performed consulting work for multiple pharmaceutical companies. She formerly worked as a director of biostatistics at Corcept Therapeutics, and as a biostatistical consultant for Titan Pharmaceuticals, and Brain Resource. She has collaborated with FDA, academic and industry statisticians, including leading roundtable discussions at the American Statistical Association’s Annual FDA-Industry meetings that focus on statistical analyzes in industry-FDA interactions. She is widely published within her field.  Ford "specializes in designing statistical models for research projects in order to make sure they come to accurate conclusions," as summarized by Helena Chmura Kraemer, a Stanford professor emeritus in biostatistics who co-authored a book and several articles with Ford. Ford has written or co-written several books about psychological topics, including depression. Her other research topics published in academic journal articles have included child abuse and the September 11 attacks. In 2015, she co-authored a book entitled "How Many Subjects? Statistical Power Analysis in Research." Her research into the social impact of hiding one's sexual orientation was published in 2016 in the journal "Behavior Therapy", and reviewed by psychologist William Gibson of the American Psychological Association, who found their research "demonstrates that issues of identity have relevance to mental health outcomes in ways that much of previous work misses."  Since coming forward with allegations of sexual assault against Kavanaugh, Ford has been unable to resume her teaching at Palo Alto University.

Recognition.

The Wing, a co-working network and club for women, named the conference room in its San Francisco headquarters after Ford. In November 2018, a GoFundMe started by Georgetown Law professor Heidi Li Feldman raised $30,000 towards endowing a professorship or scholarship in Ford's name. That same year, "Time" magazine included Ford on its shortlist for Person of the Year. On December 11, 2018, Ford presented the "Sports Illustrated" "Inspiration of the Year" award to Rachael Denhollander. In 2019, she was named one of that year's 100 most influential people in Time 100, having been nominated by Senator Kamala Harris.  Additionally, Ford has been nominated for a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Distinguished Alumna Award for "speaking truth to power" when she went public with her sexual assault allegations against Kavanaugh.

Sexual assault allegation against Brett Kavanaugh.

In early July 2018, after Judge Brett Kavanaugh was reported to be on Donald Trump's shortlist to become an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Ford contacted both "The Washington Post" and her congresswoman, Anna Eshoo. On July 20, eleven days after Trump nominated Kavanaugh, Eshoo met with Ford, becoming convinced of her credibility and noting that Ford seemed "terrified" that her identity as an accuser might become public. Eshoo and Ford decided to take the matter to Senator Dianne Feinstein, one of Ford's senators in California and the ranking Democrat on the Senate Judiciary Committee, which would deliberate Kavanaugh's nomination. In a July 30, 2018 letter to Feinstein, Ford alleged that Kavanaugh had sexually assaulted her when both were in high school in Bethesda, Maryland, and stated that she expected her story to be kept confidential. In August that year, Ford took a polygraph test with a former FBI agent who concluded Ford was being truthful when attesting to the accuracy of her allegations.  Feinstein said that owing to her confidentiality commitment to Ford, she did not raise the issue in the initial Kavanaugh confirmation proceedings. On September 12, "The Intercept" reported (without naming Ford) that Feinstein was withholding a Kavanaugh-related document from fellow Judiciary Committee Democrats. On September 13, Feinstein referred Ford's letter to the FBI, which redacted Ford's name and forwarded the letter to the White House as an update to Kavanaugh's background check. The White House in turn sent the letter to the full Senate Judiciary Committee. On September 16, after media reported anonymous allegations and reporters started to track down her identity, Ford went public. Ford had wrestled with the choice to make her identity known, weighing the potential negative impact it could have on her, but ultimately spoke to "The Washington Post", alleging that Kavanaugh had sexually assaulted her in the summer of 1982 when she was 15 and he was 17. She said that, while his friend Mark Judge watched, Kavanaugh, intoxicated, held her down on a bed with his body, grinding against and groping her, covering her mouth when she tried to scream and trying to pull her clothes off. Finding it hard to breathe, she thought Kavanaugh was (her emphasis) going to kill her. She recounted escaping when Judge jumped on the bed and toppled them. As corroboration of her account, Ford provided the "Post" with the polygraph results as well as session notes from her couples therapist written in 2012.  The therapist's notes do not name Kavanaugh but record Ford's claim of being attacked by students "from an elitist boys' school" who went on to become "highly respected and high-ranking members of society in Washington". The therapist's notes also say four boys were involved, which Ford attributed to an error by the therapist; Ford said in 2018 that four boys were at the party but only two were involved in the incident. Ford's husband recalled that she had used Kavanaugh's last name in her 2012 description of the incident. In an individual therapy session in 2013, Ford described a "rape attempt" that occurred in her late teens.  Kavanaugh denied Ford's allegations. Attorneys Debra Katz, Lisa Blanks and Michael Bromwich represented Ford "pro bono" in the process of going public with her statements about Kavanaugh. Democratic adviser Ricki Seidman, who helped prepare Anita Hill for her testimony against Clarence Thomas during his 1991 Supreme Court nomination hearings, was brought in to personally advise Ford in navigating a potential hearing.  On September 18, Ford's attorneys sent a letter to Senate Judiciary Chairman Chuck Grassley requesting that the FBI investigate the incident before the Senate holds a hearing on Ford's allegations to "ensure that the crucial facts and witnesses in this matter are assessed in a non-partisan manner, and that the Committee is fully informed before conducting any hearing or making any decisions". The letter additionally noted the significant public support Ford had received, but also severe harassment including death threats, forcing her to leave her home. The same day, a crowdfunding campaign was created to defray Ford's security costs, surpassing its $100,000 goal in less than 24 hours.  On September 21, President Trump tweeted about Ford, saying that if Ford's allegations were true, either she or her parents would have reported them at the time of the event. "Fortune" called the tweet an attempt "to undermine her allegation" and Republican Senator Susan Collins—considered a key swing vote on Kavanaugh's nomination—said she is "appalled" by Trump's tweet, calling it "inappropriate and wrong". Trump's statements about Ford prompted sexual assault victims to start Tweeting using the hashtag #WhyIDidntReport to share reasons for silence. Trump issued several more statements, including a tweet alleging that Kavanaugh was "under assault by radical left wing politicians". Trump's attacks on Ford were widely characterized as victim blaming.  On September 27, the Senate Judiciary Committee held an additional day of public hearings to discuss her allegations. Ford and Kavanaugh were the only witnesses scheduled. Ford testified that Kavanaugh "groped me and tried to take off my clothes", and that "I believed he was going to rape me." Kavanaugh had previously denied all allegations of sexual assault as "totally false and outrageous" and testified separately later in the day. Republican members of the committee did not question Ford directly; that was done by Rachel Mitchell, a career prosecutor from Arizona retained by the committee's Republican majority to question Ford on their behalf. Alternating with Mitchell's questions, Democratic committee members questioned Ford themselves.  Following the hearing, Mitchell produced a report stating that she did not believe a reasonable prosecutor would bring a case against Kavanaugh based on the evidence presented to the Committee and adding that there were multiple inconsistencies in Ford's testimony. Mitchell asserted that Ford's case was "even weaker than" the standard "he said, she said" case, because other witnesses identified by Ford "either refuted her allegations, or failed to corroborate them".  In response to Mitchell's memo detailing her conclusions, several former prosecutors and legal analysts published rebuttals, arguing that Mitchell erred in questioning Ford without there having been an impartial and full investigation. Others noted that Mitchell's role was "akin to [that of] a defense attorney", and therefore she should not have submitted a prosecution report. Finally, legal analysts characterized Mitchell's assertions that Ford had "no memory of key details" and that others had not corroborated her account as flawed arguments - with some experts even going so far as to describe Mitchell's conclusions as "reek[ing] of desperation" and "misleading at best and disingenuous at worst".  On September 28, following requests from U.S. Senator Jeff Flake and from the Senate Judiciary Committee, President Trump ordered a supplemental FBI background investigation concerning the sexual assault allegations against Kavanaugh. On October 3, NBC News reported that Ford, Kavanaugh, and dozens of other witnesses were not interviewed by the FBI due to restrictions imposed by the White House. The confidential FBI report was shown privately to members of Congress on October 4; Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) said there was nothing new in the report and no corroboration of the allegations. On October 5, Ford's attorneys said she had no regrets about coming forward, and did not want Kavanaugh impeached if Democrats took control of Congress. The Senate confirmed Kavanaugh's nomination by a vote of 50–48 on October 6, 2018.  By the time it was closed to further donations, the GoFundMe account set up on Ford's behalf had raised $647,610. As of November 21, 2018, Ford had used some of the money to cover security costs to protect herself and her family, but said that she would donate the remainder to organizations that support trauma survivors.  Ford received a number of threatsincluding death threatsfor coming forward with her allegations against Kavanaugh. During her testimony, Ford stated, "I have been called the most vile and hateful names imaginable. People have posted my personal information on the internet. This has resulted in additional emails, calls, and threats. My family and I were forced to move out of our home.", Ford stated that she was still being harassed and threatened and had to move four times as well as hire private security; furthermore, she had not been able to resume her teaching at Palo Alto University.  In their 2019 book "The Education of Brett Kavanaugh: An Investigation", authors Robin Pogrebin and Kate Kelly interviewed a close friend of Blasey Ford's from high school, who, according to Blasey Ford, was at the party where the alleged assault took place (although not in the same room). The friend had initially stated that while she did not recall the evening in question, she no longer believed Blasey-Ford's claims. The interview revealed that the friend, who is a Democrat, had felt pressured earlier to corroborate Blasey Ford's account.

Personal life.

Before coming forward with allegations against Kavanaugh, Ford lived in Palo Alto, California, with her husband Russell Ford (whom she married in 2002) and their two sons. Since coming forward, she says that she has moved multiple times.  Ford is the aunt of actress and singer Bridgit Mendler.  Ford is a registered Democrat who has made small contributions to political organizations. In 2017, she participated in a local Women's March protesting President Trump and attended a March for Science in San Francisco to protest the Trump administration's cuts to research.

Christine Margaret Blasey Ford (; born November 1966) is an American professor of psychology at Palo Alto University and a research psychologist at the Stanford University School of Medicine. She specializes in designing statistical models for research projects. During her academic career, Ford has worked as a professor at the Stanford University School of Medicine Collaborative Clinical Psychology Program.

Christine Margaret Blasey Ford, née le, est une psychologue américaine, professeure de psychologie à l'université de Palo Alto. En 2018, elle accuse Brett Kavanaugh, alors candidat à la Cour suprême américaine, d'agression sexuelle.


Format.

The fourteen teams are split into two conferences of seven teams, with each conference featuring two teams from Ireland and Wales plus one team from Italy, Scotland and South Africa. To ensure a competitive balance, the teams are distributed approximately evenly between the conferences based upon their performance in the previous season.  The regular season is made up of 21 rounds –
6 home and 6 away games against each team in their own conference
7 games, either home or away, against the teams in the other conference
2 additional regional derbies  The first-placed teams in each conference are given a bye to the semi-finals with the second and third placed teams in each conference meeting in two quarter-finals for the two remaining semi-final places.  The South African teams cannot compete in the European Rugby Champions Cup. The top three eligible European teams in each conference automatically qualify for following year's Champions Cup. The fourth ranked eligible team in each conference meet in a play-off match with the winner taking the seventh Champions Cup place.

Team changes.

Ireland.

Connacht will come into the new season with a new head coach, after removing Kieran Keane from his position one year into a three-year deal. Former Australia sevens coach Andy Friend was named as his replacement in May 2018, joining on a three-year contract. The team will also have a new captain for the season, following the retirement of John Muldoon, record-holder for appearances both for Connacht and in the league. In August 2018, Jarrad Butler was named as his replacement.  Like Connacht, Leinster will have a new captain for the season. Isa Nacewa retired at the end of the 2017–18 season, after leading the province to an unprecedented Pro14-Champions Cup double. The team's all-time leading scorer Jonathan Sexton was named as captain in August 2018, with Rhys Ruddock as his vice-captain. The team will also have a new backs coach following the departure of Girvan Dempsey, who signed with English Premiership side Bath in May 2018. Former player Felipe Contepomi was announced as his replacement in June 2018. He joins from the Argentine Rugby Union where he had been serving both as part of the coaching staff of Super Rugby side, the Jaguares, and as head coach of Argentina XV, the country's second tier international side.  Munster will play in the league without their all-time leading try scorer Simon Zebo. It was announced in October 2017 that he would leave the province at the end of the 2017–18 season., with French Top 14 side Racing 92 later being confirmed as his next club.  Following the departure of Les Kiss as the provinces director of rugby in January 2018, Ulster confirmed in March 2018 that then-head coach Jono Gibbes would leave the province at the end of the season. In April 2018, the province announced that Scotland forwards coach Dan McFarland would be their new head coach, with the former Connacht and Glasgow assistant signing a three-year contract. However the Scottish Rugby Union have insisted that McFarland must serve the nine-month notice period in his contract before joining Ulster, which would leave the province without a head coach until January 2019. Also joining the coaching staff is long-serving squad member and international Jared Payne, who was forced to retire in May 2018 due to a head injury suffered on the 2017 Lions tour. The province announced that he would serve as their new defence coach. Banbridge head coach Daniel Soper was confirmed as Ulster's skills coach in June 2018. In July 2018, it was announced that Ireland forwards coach Simon Easterby would work with the Ulster coaches on an interim basis ahead of McFarland's arrival.

Italy.

Having served as one of the team's co-captain's, centre Tommaso Castello was named as the Zebre skipper for the season. He had previously shared the captaincy with George Biagi.

Scotland.

After spending much of the previous two seasons playing in the 5,500-capacity Myreside Stadium, Edinburgh announced in February 2018 that they would be returning permanently to Murrayfield, their previous home. Due to the stadium's larger size making it inappropriate for permanent use, the Scottish Rugby Union have announced plans to develop another, smaller ground with a capacity of 7,800 in the grounds of Murrayfield, on what are now training pitches. It is estimated that the development will cost the Union in the region of £5 million.

South Africa.

The Cheetahs will have a new captain for the 2018–19 season. It was announced in March 2018 that incumbent captain Francois Venter would leave the team at the end of the season, joining English side Worcester Warriors.

Wales.

Cardiff Blues confirmed in September 2017 that then-head coach Danny Wilson would leave the club at the end of the 2017–18 season, with John Mulvihill being announced as their new head coach on a three-year contract in March 2018. Also departing the club is the team's most-capped player, Taufaʻao Filise. The Tongan international prop made his last appearance for the region in the final of the 2017–18 Challenge Cup, before retiring. In July 2018, Ellis Jenkins was named as the new team captain, replacing previous season's skipper Gethin Jenkins. Both players are also part of a 10-man "leadership group" within the squad.  In December 2018, Dragons parted company with head coach Bernard Jackman 18 months into a three-year deal. The team's forwards coach Ceri Jones was named as caretaker following Jackman's departure. In January 2019, it was announced that Jones would remain in the role until the end of the season.  The Ospreys will be coached in the new season by Allen Clarke. He had started the previous season as the team's forwards coach, before being promoted to head coach on an interim basis in January 2018 following the sacking of Steve Tandy. In April 2018, it was announced that Clarke would take the job on a permanent basis and had signed a three-year contract. For the first time in eight seasons, the side will come into the campaign with a new captain, with Justin Tipuric replacing Alun Wyn Jones in the role.  This will be Wayne Pivac's final season in charge of the Scarlets, as it was announced in July 2018 that he will succeed Warren Gatland as head coach. Pivac will take up the role following the 2019 World Cup.

Conference Rounds 1 to 21.

All times are local.

Play-offs.

<section begin=Playoffs /> The top side from each of the two conferences are given a bye to the semi-finals and have home advantage. Teams placed second and third in opposite conferences meet in the two quarter-finals to determine the other two semi-finalists with the teams ranked second having home advantage.  The play-offs are scheduled in the four weeks after the regular season has been completed.

Final.

<section end=Playoffs />

Play-off for the 7th Champions Cup place.

South African teams cannot compete in the European Rugby Champions Cup as it is restricted to European teams. The top three eligible teams in the two conferences automatically qualify for the following year's Champions Cup. The seventh Champions Cup place is allocated to the winners of the playoff match between the fourth ranked eligible teams in each conference played at the home of the team with the most regular league points.  As Leinster lost the Champions Cup final on 11 May 2019, Ospreys hosted Scarlets in the play-off on 18 May 2019.

Referees.

Pro14 2018–19 14-man referee elite squad: :

Player awards.

PRO14 Dream Team.

The 2018–19 Pro14 Dream Team is:

Award winners.

The 2018–19 Pro14 season award winners are:

Leading scorers.

Note: Flags to the left of player names indicate national team as has been defined under World Rugby eligibility rules, or primary nationality for players who have not yet earned international senior caps. Players may hold one or more non-WR nationalities.

The 2018–19 Pro14 (also known as the "Guinness Pro14" for sponsorship reasons) is the eighteenth season of the professional rugby union competition originally known as the Celtic League. It was the second season to be referred to as the "Pro14" (the competition was named the "Pro12" immediately prior to the addition of two South African teams).

La, ou du nom de son sponsor du moment, voit s'affronter quatorze franchises sud-africaines, écossaises, galloises, irlandaises et italiennes de rugby à XV. Le Leinster Rugby est le champion en titre.


Judo career.

Mollaei won bronze medals at the 2015 and 2016 Asian Championships, and a silver medal at the 2017 edition. He was a bronze medalist at the Budapest 2017 World Championships, and a 2018 Baku World Championships gold medalist.  He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 81 kg event, and was eliminated in the first bout by Khasan Khalmurzaev.  Iranian authorities, the Iranian Sports Minister and the presidents of the Iran Judo Federation and the Iran Olympic Committee, ordered Mollaei to intentionally lose in the semi-final at the Tokyo 2019 World Championships, so as to avoid a potential match in the finals against Israeli 2019 world champion Sagi Muki.  In reaction, saying he was afraid to return to Iran after exposing and criticizing its pressure on him to deliberately lose in the World Championships to avoid a potential bout against Muki, in August 2019 he moved to Europe with a two-year visa from Germany.  Iran's actions led the International Judo Federation (IJF) to indefinitely ban Iran from competition. The IJF disciplinary commission examining the case found that Iran’s actions "constitute a serious breach and gross violation of the Statutes of the IJF, its legitimate interests, its principles and objectives." The ban will last until "the Iran Judo Federation give strong guarantees and prove that they will respect the IJF Statutes and accept that their athletes fight against Israeli athletes."  On 1 November 2019 Germany agreed to grant Mollaei asylum. That month, he competed as part of the IJF refugee team at the Osaka Grand Slam. Muki congratulated Mollaei on Instagram for returning to judo and participating in Osaka in his first competition since the World Championships in Tokyo, and Mollaei, in turn, thanked Muki for his support and wrote: "Good luck to you all the time, my best friend." Mollaei also posted a photo of them standing together, and wrote: "This is true friendship and a win for sports and judo over politics."  On November 16, 2019, he was received the Crans Montana Forum gold medal from Ambassador Jean-Paul Carteron for the difficult decision he took in Japan. The mission of the Crans Montana Forum is "Towards a more Humane World". In accepting the award, Mollaei said: "We must try to make a better world. A peaceful world, more equal, more friendly, and more fair."  On December 1, 2019, Mongolian President Khaltmaagiin Battulga (himself the chairman of Monolian Judo Federation) offered him citizenship, which he accepted.  Mollaei will reportedly arrive in Israel in January 2020 to compete at the Tel Aviv Grand Prix.

Saeid Mollaei (; born 5 January 1992) is an Iranian-born Mongolian judoka Olympian and 2018 world champion. Iranian authorities ordered Mollaei to intentionally lose in the semi-final at the Tokyo 2019 World Championships, so as to avoid a potential match in the finals against Israeli 2019 world champion Sagi Muki. In reaction, saying he was afraid to return to Iran after exposing and criticizing its pressure on him to deliberately lose in the World Championships, in August 2019 he moved to Europe with a two-year visa from Germany, and in December 2019 he became a citizen of Mongolia.

Saeid Mollaei (en, né le à Téhéran) est un judoka iranien combattant dans la catégorie des, mi-moyens). Il détient deux médailles mondiales, le bronze en 2017 et l'or en 2018. Il compte également quatre médailles continentales à son palmarès, trois aux Championnats d'Asie et une aux Jeux asiatiques.


Career.

Monger first got behind the wheel of a vehicle at the age of three, when his father, a former kart racer, bought him his first go-kart. In 2016, Monger joined the F4 British Championship with JHR Developments. There he took three podiums and finished 12th in the championship. He remained with the team for the 2017 season. On 16 April 2017, Monger was involved in a high-speed crash at the Donington race where he crashed at high speed into the back of Finnish driver Patrik Pasma; as a result he had the both of his legs amputated. His left leg was amputated high above the knee, leaving him with a short stump of his thigh. His right leg is longer, being amputated below the knee, and this longer stump enables him to drive modified cars. A JustGiving page was set up by his team JHR Developments to raise money for Monger, raising over £500,000 in the first 24 hours. A number of F1 drivers have shown their support towards Monger, including Jenson Button, Lewis Hamilton, Max Verstappen, Daniel Ricciardo, Jolyon Palmer and Nico Hülkenberg.  In June 2017, it was announced that Monger would return to competition in November, sharing a Group CN Ligier JS53 Evo 2-Honda with quadruple amputee Frédéric Sausset in a round of the V de V Challenge Endurance Proto at the Autódromo do Estoril in Portugal, as part of a programme with the eventual aim of fielding a team of three disabled drivers at the 2020 Le Mans 24 Hours. In July 2017, Monger made his return to the track when he tested a Fun Cup race car adapted with additional hand controls by disabled motorsport specialists Team BRIT at Brands Hatch, where he regained his race license.  In February 2018, Monger drove a single seater racing car for the first time since his crash when he tested a BRDC British Formula 3 car for the Carlin team at Oulton Park. The following month Monger confirmed that he would be racing for Carlin in the opening meeting of the 2018 BRDC Formula 3 series at the same venue. In order to compete in F3, he and his family had to appeal to the sport's international governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, to change their regulations, as they had restricted disabled drivers from racing single seaters on the grounds of safety: the FIA decided to lift the ban in December 2017, allowing disabled drivers to race appropriately-modified single seaters as long as they could pass safety checks. He finished third at Oulton Park in a car adapted for him: the modifications included moving the brake pedal upwards so he could brake using one of his leg stumps, and replacing the throttle pedal with a lever mounted on the steering wheel.  In June 2018, Monger drove a Formula 1 racing car for the first time when he tested a Sauber C30 at the Rockingham Motor Speedway in Corby. The car had been specially converted to match the hand controls present in the Carlin BRDC British Formula 3 car he races. A documentary feature about Monger's first Formula 1 drive was shown as part of Sky F1's coverage of the 2018 Austrian Grand Prix. Another documentary about Monger's career, "Driven: The Billy Monger Story", was produced by the BBC and released via BBC Three in November 2018.

Billy Monger (born 5 May 1999) is a British racing driver who raced in British F4 in 2016 and 2017. He is also referred to by the nickname "Billy Whizz". In April 2017, he was critically injured when he was involved in a collision at Donington Park. Both of his legs were amputated, one below the knee and one above. Prior to that he was heavily involved in kart racing all over the UK and the Channel Islands, and then a successful Ginetta Junior racer.

Billy Monger, né le à Charlwood, au Royaume-Uni, est un pilote automobile britannique qui participe en 2019 au championnat d'Euroformula Open avec Carlin Motorsport.


Legal status of the child.

According to the Law on the Rights of the Child and the Family Code of Azerbaijan, when a child’s rights and interests are violated, including failure of parents in their responsibilities in a child’s education and upbringing, the child has the right to apply to a number of judicial state bodies, as well as the courts. A child can apply individually or through their representatives depending on the right that has been violated and the corresponding procedural rules thereof.  One department of the State Committee for Family, Woman and Child issues that was established at the presidential decree dated on 6 February 2006, deals with problems in this context. The Committee holds responsibility for protecting children, developing their welfare, providing their rights and freedoms as well as coordination of state policy in this sphere. It conducts regular monitoring in state-controlled institutions, investigates applications made by citizens, organizes acknowledging campaigns, training and events for experts and children, etc.  The Azerbaijani Government and this Committee cooperate with international institutions in a related-field. Furthermore, Azerbaijan closely cooperates with UNICEF in the field of education, health and other social issues such as children with disabilities, street children, and preventing violence against children, early marriages, child mortality, and preschool education.

In 1992, the UN Convention on the “Rights of the Child” was ratified in Azerbaijan and eight years later, its two Optional Protocols were ratified, including “Involvement of children in armed conflicts” and “Sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography”.  Azerbaijan adopted the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice in 1993, the Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages in 1996, the European Social Charter in 2004, and the Convention on Elimination of Discrimination in Education Sphere in 2006.  The Government provides the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNHCR) with periodic reports for the implementation of Convention and its two Optional Protocols. In addition, Azerbaijan is a side to the Universal Declaration on “Survival, protection and development of children”. A number of national legislative acts have been confirmed in the “on protection of child rights’ as well.

Legal status of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

The CRC is incorporated into national law. In addition, Azerbaijan released the Law on the Rights of the Child harmonizing its legislation with the principles stated in the CRC in 1998. However, the Committee on the Rights of the Child empathized a number of areas of national law which are needed to be reformed in order to be in keeping with the Convention.

UNICEF.

UNICEF has been operating in Azerbaijan since 1993. The main aims of the program include establishing a protective environment for all children without making any discrimination. The protection of children against violence, exploitation, abuse and discrimination is a global priority for UNICEF. In Azerbaijan, the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women manage the program.  UNICEF accepts survival, protection and development of children as a basis for human progress. In addition, children and families from developing countries get services from UNICEF which it uses political will and material resources to assist the developing countries to guarantee a “first call for children” and to form their capacity to develop relevant policies. Furthermore, the organization focuses on providing special protection for the most disadvantaged children- victims of war, disasters, extreme poverty, all forms of violence and exploitation and those with disabilities. Moreover, it cooperates with United Nations partners and humanitarian agencies to rapidly respond to the issues of children’s rights. In this regard, UNICEF started a project based on children in conflict with the law in 2005. The aims of project include raising awareness of policemen, judges and care/security personnel on human rights of children with the law and establishing proper referral system to help children in the contact with the law enforcement and justice environments. In terms of the project, the organization took actions below:  Action on Integration of Children with Disabilities: UNICEF aims to change attitudes towards children with disabilities in Azerbaijan through reforming home education and reviewing data collection.  Action on Street Children: UNICEF targets improvement of community-based social services for children and working in the streets by working with child protection authorities and NGOs.  Action on Mine Risk Education: In order to enlighten children about possible mine /UXO explosions, UNICEF is working with local partners to add Mine Risk Education in the school curriculum in frontline districts.

United Aid for Azerbaijan – UAFA.

In 1998, United Aid for Azerbaijan (UAFA) was founded aiming to ‘aid long-term development of life in Azerbaijan, with particular focus on children, health and education’. UAFA operates as a local NGO in Azerbaijan though registered in the UK. Pilot projects were introduced by UAFA in cooperation with state bodies to support children with disabilities and their families, bring pre-school services to children from low-income families and establish small teams of social workers in regions where disability, poverty and location threaten the stability of a family.

International Day of Children’s Protection.

Azerbaijan celebrates the International Day of Children’s Protection on June 1. Azerbaijan prioritizes a protection of children. In this regard, the actions regarding the development of living conditions, health, education and future employment of children were covered in the State Program of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Child Policy. Furthermore, a special focus was given to the organization of a range of events on children from vulnerable groups, such as children deprived of parental care, with disabilities, from national minorities, as well as refugee and IDP children.  In addition, Heydar Aliyev Foundation, founded in May 2004, implements a number of projects on the development of childcare institutions’ infrastructure, providing funding for the renovation of orphanages and boarding schools and construction of nursery schools and kindergartens. Besides, the foundation deals with the implementation of the projects directed towards the social integration of children, who have lost their parents and who are brought up in orphanages, as well as of people with disabilities. In regard with the framework of the program titled “Development of children's houses and orphanages”, the Foundation has restored and equipped 34 children’s institutions.

See also.

Children of Azerbaijan  Rights of Children  AZERBAIJAN: CHILDREN'S RIGHTS REFERENCES IN THE UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW  UNICEF in Azerbaijan  Labour rights in Azerbaijan

Protection of children’s rights is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan and a number of other laws. Children’s rights embrace legal, social and other issues concerning children.

La protection des droits des enfants est garantie par la Constitution de la République d’Azerbaïdjan et par un certain nombre d’autres lois. Les droits des enfants englobent les questions juridiques, sociales et autres concernant les enfants.


State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs (Azerbaijan)

Comité d'État pour la famille, la femme et l'enfant de la République d'Azerbaïdjan

History.

On January 14, 1998 the State Committee on Women’s Affairs was established by Presidential Decree. On February 6, 2006 committee expanded with additional duties for solution of problems of families and children thus being re-established as the State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs. Since its inception, the committees has promoted independence of women in civil societies in terms of earning for living and functioning while the lead family providers are away.

Structure.

In close cooperation with NGO Alliance for Children Rights, the committee has worked on combating domestic violence in the democratic society, an education campaign conducted among the children needed in special care for prevention of violence, suicide attempts, human trafficking, children crimes, exploitation of children labor, early marriages, harmful habits, as well as for getting the religious knowledge'.

Activity of the Committee.

Support centers for families and children were established in Mingachevir, Goranboy and Shuvalan with the financial support of the US Agency for International Development (USAID). At the center, young boys and girls are educated about health; they develop social communication skills and life skills. To date, thousands of children, young people and parents have been serving in all centers.  The State Program on the Delivering Children from Children's State Institutions to Children (De-institutionalization) and Alternative Care State in Azerbaijan was approved by presidential decree No. 1386 dated March 29, 2006.  Juvenile justice reform is supported by the UNICEF office in Baku. Adaptation of refugee children to society and improvement of their well-being are the third priority direction in the field of child protection.

Events.

Within the framework of the 15th anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, a catalog dedicated to prominent women of Azerbaijan was published.  The First International Festival "Women's World: Beauty and Health" was organized by the State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs, Ministry of Youth and Sports and the Ministry of Health on October 6–7 in the Palace of Hand Games.  On October 13, the "Azerbaijan" hall of the European hotel hosted the Republican Conference "Development of women entrepreneurship in Azerbaijan: strategy and perspectives".  On June 19 and 20, 2006, Spain hosted the 3rd International Conference on the Problem of Creating a Favorable Environment for Children in Europe and Central Asia. The representatives of the Committee took part in that conference.  State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs of Azerbaijan attended “Changes in Parentage: Children Today – Parents Tomorrow” the 28th session of the Conference of the European Ministers responsible for family affairs, (Lisbon, 16–17 May 2006) and the 6th Conference of Ministers of Council of Europe for women and men equality which was held in Stockholm, Sweden on 8–9 June 2006. The subject of the conference was “Human rights and economic calls in Europe – gender equality”.

International relations.

Twinning projects.

The Twinning project was designed by the European Commission and started in the context of the European Union's (EU) expansion in 1998. This has been recognized as a means of administrative cooperation key to assist candidate countries as future members of the European Union to strengthen the capacity of the Union's legislation. This opportunity has also been opened for countries which gained independence in recent years and the southern region of the Mediterranean. These countries are instruments of implementing action plans for the European Neighborhood Policy.  France was selected to implement the project together with the SCFWCA. Entities involved in the project from the French Republic are General Directorate for Social Cohesion, a part of Solidarity and Social Union.  This project was designed to achieve the results determined by the EAPC, EU Delegation and France partners. The main goal of the project was to promote and protect the rights of vulnerable families, women and children. The project had set a goal for 4 components such as legislation, Institutional development of SCFWCA, training and professional development, increasing awareness.  The project was managed by Mrs. Hijran Huseynova, Chairman of the State Committee on Family, Women and Children Affairs and Mrs. Marie Keirle, Head of the Department for European and International Affairs of General Directorate for Social Affairs. More than 40 experts from France and Europe have been involved in the project.

The State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs of Azerbaijan Republic () is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Azerbaijan in charge of regulation of activities for protection of rights of women and children and overseeing activities of non-governmental organizations involved in family in Azerbaijan Republic. The ministry is headed by Bahar Muradova.

Le Comité Comité d’État pour la famille, la femme et l’enfant de la République d’Azerbaïdjan (en azéri: "Azərbaycan Respublikasının Ailə, Qadın və Uşaq Problemləri üzrə Dövlət Komitəsi") est une agence gouvernementale du Cabinet azerbaïdjanais chargée de réglementer les activités de protection des droits des femmes et des enfants et de superviser les activités des organisations non gouvernementales impliquées dans la famille en Azerbaïdjan. Président du Comité est Hidjran Husseïnova.


History.

Deer Park was founded in 1892 by Simeon H. West, a farmer, retired legislator, and much-traveled adventurer from Illinois. He named the town for the large number of deer that roamed the Gulf plains. A railroad station opened later that year and a post office followed in 1893.  The subdivision was established in 1893 and was the site of a Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway station by about 1894. A Deer Park post office was established in 1893, discontinued in 1919, and reestablished in 1930. In 1896, the community, with a population of forty, had a hotel, a general store, and three resident carpenters. By 1922 Deer Park had dwindled down to almost nothing with four houses, one little schoolhouse, and an old hotel with a few scattered shacks along the railroad right-of-way. 1928 brought in Shell Oil Company breaking ground on a new refinery. In the 1930s, an independent school district was established. By 1940, the population had grown to 100. By 1946, however, the area began to flourish as Deer Park became the site of refineries and toluene plants for the production of TNT.  The citizens of Deer Park voted to incorporate on December 12, 1948, and a few weeks later Earl E. Dunn became the first mayor. Because of the 1948 incorporation, Houston did not incorporate Deer Park's territory into its city limits. The first city council meeting was held on February 7, 1949. The population had grown to 700 by 1948, to 5,000 by 1960 with a fire station, city hall, playground parks and an independent city water supply. A public library was begun in 1962. Population was 12,773 in 1970, and 28,520 in 2000. This growth has been fueled by the growth of the petrochemical industry as well as the growth of business along the Houston Ship Channel. Deer Park has a school district with 14 campuses, a city library, community theater, municipal court building, three fire stations, numerous city parks and recreational facilities, state-of-the-art water and sewer processing facilities, a post office, several hotels, 14 major industries as well as several light industrial companies. Today, Deer Park has approximately 9,000 homes and more than 30,000 residents.  It is near the site of the Battle of San Jacinto, where, on April 21, 1836, Texas won its independence from Mexico. Because the initial surrender treaty after the battle was signed in Dr. George Moffitt Patrick's cabin, Deer Park bills itself as the "Birthplace of Texas". The original cabin was located on Buffalo Bayou where Rohm and Haas now has a chemical plant in Deer Park. A replica of Dr. Patrick's cabin is in front of the Theatre/Courts Building on Center Street.

Shell Chemical plant explosion.

On June 22, 1997, an ethylene explosion occurred at the nearby Shell Chemical Company plant that was heard and felt as far as away. While no evacuation of the city was ordered, residents living within a mile west of the plant were advised to remain inside their homes.

Geography.

Deer Park is located in southeastern Harris County at (29.692003, -95.118108). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which are land and, or 0.62%, are water.  Deer Park is bounded by the city of Pasadena to the south and west, by the city of La Porte to the south and east, and by the Houston Ship Channel—the dredged-out Buffalo Bayou—to the north.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 28,520 people, 9,615 households, and 7,941 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,752.7 people per square mile (1,062.9/km2). There were 9,921 housing units at an average density of 957.6 per square mile (369.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.01% White, 1.31% African American, 0.41% Native American, 1.13% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 5.25% from other races, and 1.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.22% of the population.  There were 9,615 households out of which 43.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.4% were non-families. 14.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.23.  In the city, the population was spread out with 29.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $61,334, and the median income for a family was $66,516. Males had a median income of $50,867 versus $30,926 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,440. About 4.0% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

The Deer Park Post Office is located at 200 East San Augustine Street.

Electoral districts.

United States Congressional District  Texas State Senate Districts  Texas State House Districts

Education.

Primary and secondary education.

Public schools.

Most Deer Park pupils attend schools in Deer Park Independent School District. Some attend school in the La Porte Independent School District.  Deer Park High School serves the DPISD portion. La Porte High School serves the LPISD portion. Deer Park has 4 junior high schools, Deer Park Junior High, Bonnette Junior High, Fairmont Junior High and Deepwater Junior High. There are 7 elementary schools that serve the area as well. Deer Park ISD has an open enrollment program that allows students that do not reside within the boundaries of DPISD to attend DPISD Schools. LPISD has two elementary schools in Deer Park: College Park Elementary and Heritage Elementary.  Colleges  Deer Park is also served by the San Jacinto College District, Central Campus.

Public libraries.

The city operates the Deer Park Library at 3009 Center Street.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Deer Park has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Deer Park is a city in the U.S. state of Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. The city is located in Harris County and is situated in Southeast Texas. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Deer Park was 32,010.

La ville de Deer Park est située dans le comté de Harris, dans l’État du Texas, aux États-Unis. Elle comptait lors du recensement de 2010.


Background and recording.

Brown started working on and recording tracks for the album a few weeks before the release of "Royalty", his seventh studio album, in late 2015. He continued working on the album during 2016 and 2017, also during both tours, One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour. Brown also built a recording studio inside of his home to record several songs for the album. Brown said about the album that he wanted to outdo expectations, explaining the concept for the album during an interview for "Complex". saying:

Artwork.

The cover art for the album was announced on October 5, 2017. It consists of a pink moon with a graphic of an actual heart organ on top of it. The pink moon represents the themes of the album, which are predominantly dedicated to girls, in love, breakup and sex songs, while the blood-dripping human heart, with the blood that dripping becomes ink, represents the heartbroken feelings of the singer, that are poured into the lyrics of the majority of the album. The cover art for "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" is the first Brown's artwork where the singer does not appear directly.

Release and promotion.

On January 10, 2016 Brown had previewed 11 unreleased songs on his Periscope and Instagram profiles, showing him dancing and lip-synching these songs. Later in January, February and March 2016, he released videos on his Instagram profile where he was lip-synching snippets from the unreleased songs "Sirens", "Lost and Found", and "Dead Wrong". On April 27 through Twitter, he announced the release of a new single on May 5. On May 3 he revealed that the single would be "Grass Ain't Greener", showing its cover art and announcing it as the first single from "Heartbreak on a Full Moon". The single was released on May 5, 2016, the day of Brown's 27th birthday, but it was originally not included on the album's previous track listing then was re-included on the official tracklist as the last track when the album was available for pre-order.  In November and December 2016, he released videos on his Instagram profile where he was lip-synching snippets from other unreleased songs: "For Me", "Post & Delete", and "Yellow Tape".  On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, "Party", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane. On January 4, 2017 Brown had previewed two snippets on his Instagram profile from the songs "Privacy" and "Tell Me Baby", then in February announced that "Privacy" would have been released as the next single from "Heartbreak on a Full Moon". The single was released on March 24, 2017.  The initial track listing was announced by Brown on his Instagram account on May 2, 2017, saying that it would have been a double-disc album, and that it would have been released in June 2017. In the first days of June 2017 46 songs discarded from the album were leaked, most of them were unfinished versions while a few were demos.  In July 2017 he announced the pending release of upcoming singles from his album. Later on August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single "Pills & Automobiles", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black. Then on August 14, 2017 he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, "Questions", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017.  In the run up to the album's release, on October 5, 2017, Brown unveiled the official artwork on his Instagram profile, sharing a video with an animated cartoon-style visual of a blood-dripping human heart set against a pink full moon, with a snippet of the song "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" in the background.  On October 13, 2017 Brown released a promotional single "High End", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album. On October 25, 2017 Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his core fans.

Critical reception.

Andy Kellman of Allmusic characterized "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" as an "artistically conservative" album, and stated that its length is a "scheme to exploit the 'consumption'-oriented data that drives chart placements". Jenkins of Vulture.com said it is "one of the most ambitious albums of his era", with "60 minutes of forgettable tracks, but the rest is solid and way better than most of Chris Brown's past discography". Scott Glaysher of "HipHopDX" called the album "incredibly long", praising the productions on songs like "Lost & Found", "This Way" and "Frustrated", but calling "monotonous" the singles "Pills & Automobiles", and "Questions". Preezy of "The Boombox" described "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" as "a statement project that will go down among the most ambitious albums of its time". Zachary Hoskins of "Slant Magazine" said the songs were "largely unmemorable, blending together into a two-and-a-half-hour murk of mechanical beats and plaintive, occasionally AutoTuned vocals".

Commercial performance.

After selling 25,000 copies and earning 68,000 album-equivalent units within three days, "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart. The album was Brown's seventh solo album to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On November 8, 2017, "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States (in this case, 250,000 double album sets, which are double-counted by the RIAA). Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's "Confessions" in 2004. In its second chart week, the album remained at number three on "Billboard 200", with 73,000 album-equivalent units. In Australia, it entered the ARIA Albums Chart at number five, becoming his first top ten in the nation since "X" in 2014. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart, Brown's sixth non-consecutive top 10 album on the chart. The album was eventually certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 60,000 copies in the UK. In New Zealand, the album debuted at number three on the RMNZ Albums Chart, giving Brown his seventh top ten album on the chart. Until June 2018, the album has accumulated over 3 billion streams worldwide.  The good commercial performance of the album was based on the streaming, as explained by "Forbes"  By the end of 2017, the album has sold over 608,000 album-equivalent units in the US, with over 80,000 being pure sales, it finished as the country's 36th most overall consumed album of the year.  In 2018, "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" was ranked as the 28th most popular album of the year on the "Billboard" 200. With 25,000 copies sold and 618,000 album-equivalent units earned in the US throughout 2018, it finished as the country's 44th most overall consumed album of the year.

Tour.

On March 27, 2018, Chris Brown announced an official headlining concert tour to further promote the album titled "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" Tour. The tour began on June 19 in Auburn, at White River Amphitheatre. He was supported by 6lack, H.E.R., Rich the Kid, and Jacquees.

Track listing.

Production credits were adapted from RCA's official website.  Notes  Sample credits

Heartbreak on a Full Moon is the eighth studio album by American singer Chris Brown. The album is a double-disc, consisting of 45 tracks, and was released digitally October 31, 2017, and onto CD three days later by RCA Records.

HeartBreak on a Full Moon est le huitième album du chanteur américain Chris Brown sorti en deux disque le sur le label RCA Records. L'album est certifié disque d'or puis platine quelques mois après sa sortie.