Background and development.

Development of Lady Gaga's third studio album, "Artpop", began shortly after the release of her second one, "Born This Way" (2011), and by the following year, the album's concepts were "beginning to flourish" as Gaga collaborated with producers Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow. However, while on tour for the Born This Way Ball, Gaga had to undergo a hip surgery in February 2013 which forced the singer into a six-month hiatus, and this rehabilitation became one of the inspirations behind the album. According to White Shadow, the title track was one of the first songs penned for the album, which created the backbone for the record. Calling it a "defining moment" of "Artpop"s creation, the producer explained that the title track led them to explore other avenues in terms of musical aspirations. Written and produced by Gaga, White Shadow, Monson and Dino Zisis, "Artpop" was called the swan song of the album by the singer. Talking to Sirius XM Radio, where she gave an in-depth analysis of each song from the album, Gaga explained:  'Artpop' is really an inferno and it's the only song on the record that I didn't really wanna go anywhere or explode or orgasm. Because then it would just be like composing something that would be just like every other sort of orgasm that I've ever had. And because its really the center of the record, I really wanted there to be a more infinite tone, to this concept of Art+Pop, that we can put art in the front and not have the corporate world to control in art anymore. How can we the artist back our ideas and for our visions to be the most important thing. The thing that's driving culture, driving these corporations. I didn't wanted ['Artpop'] to grow too much, I wanted it to kind of hypnotize people and become like a mantra.

Recording and composition.

Initial recording sessions for "Artpop" coincided with the Born This Way Ball. Gaga spent the majority of her recording time on "Artpop" with White Shadow but she did not want the final version to be edited further, unlike her other songs. The song was recorded at Record Plant Studios, Hollywood, California, by Dave Russell and Benjamin Lader, with Lader and Daniel Zaidenstadt also working as assistants during the final mix. Russell also did the mixing of the track for the track at Record Plant and at Heard It! Studios with additional mixing being done by Dino "SpeeedoVee" Zisis. Instrumentation for "Artpop" included piano and guitars by Gaga and Monson. Background vocals were sung by Nichole Ganther, Natalie Ganther and Lyon Gray with vocal arrangement by Gaga. Finally, Rick Pearl did the additional programming and Gene Grimaldi did the audio mastering at Oasis Mastering Studios in Burbank, California. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, "Artpop" is set in the time signature of common time, with a dance-pop tempo of 117 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of D minor with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of F to A. The song follows a basic sequence of Dm–Gm–F–C as its chord progression.  In a review for "Billboard", Jason Lipshutz described "Artpop" as Gaga's manifesto about her creativity, calling it a "lurching electro-jazz beast" who's beats became louder and complex as it reached climax. Consisting of strings, the techno song has a beat similar to Selena Gomez's 2011 single "Love You like a Love Song" with its electronic composition, and a groove comparable to singer Kylie Minogue's 2001 hit single "Can't Get You Out of My Head". Interspersed between are computerized musical sounds and the chorus, which has a coo-ing accompanied with the main vocals, like Michael Jackson. Both Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" and Kevin Harley from "The Independent" described "Artpop" as a Euro disco song, with Cinquemani also comparing its sound to Madonna's 2005 album "Confessions on a Dance Floor". "Artpop"s lyrics have been deduced to be a statement about "the subjectivity of art". It begins with the singer uttering the lines "Come to me with all your subtext of fantasy", the line being an indicative of enigma around her, according to "The Huffington Post". Gaga explained the lyrics were a metaphor about love with the chorus line "We could belong together, Artpop". She believed that if her fans and herself could be together, that would probably mean a bonding for art and pop too. On the contrary, Jim Farber from "New York Daily News" believed that the love relationship was sidelined for that between art and pop with the lyrics.  There are other dimensions to the lyrics, with Gaga playing off her image of self-promotion and criticisms directed at her with the line "I try to sell myself, but I am really laughing because I just want the music not the bling". In a review for "Artpop", Simon Chandler from Tiny Mix Tapes gave a detailed analysis of the lyrical composition. According to him, Gaga wanted to portray her music as boundless in its meaning with "Artpop", but it appeared to be arrogant since most of the conclusions derived about her music is from her public persona created and its media coverage. Chandler believed that the lyrics wanted to drive home a point about Gaga being the center for any discussion. With the previous lyrics, the implication is that Gaga's impassive personality utilizes her music to sell her brand name to the general crowd, and primarily fuels the public interest in her.

Release and reception.

A teaser for "Artpop" was previewed as part of snippets from the parent album until its final release on November 11, 2013. A "not safe for work" short film, "An Artpop Film Starring Lady Gaga", set to the song was released as promotion for the album, on November 20, 2013. Shot by Dutch fashion photographer duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin, the video consisted of the material that Gaga created with them as promotion leading to "Artpop". The video begins with a nude Gaga uttering a monologue: "This album is a celebration. My pain exploding in electronic music. It's heavy, but after I listen to it I feel happy again. I feel lighter." Following these are the black-and-white promotional scenes from "Artpop" campaign announcement, the music video for the first single "Applause", the nude images for her interview with "V" magazine and the artwork for promotional single, "Dope". Gaga shows a range of emotion in the film, including caressing a mannequin and applying dirt on her body, but most of the time she simply stares towards the camera. Zayda Rivera from "New York Daily News" expressed her difficulty in understanding the film, but added that "hypnotic musical backdrop of her single 'Artpop' perfectly matches the artsy, bewildering and even disturbing images that run through the fast and slow editing." Gaga admitted that she had performed for 12 hours while making the film.  The track received mixed reviews from music critics. Mike Wass from Idolator called it an "obtuse synth track" believing the composition to be "ingenious" or "pretentious", and felt that Gaga's endeavors kept the pop music scene interesting. Evan Sawdey from PopMatters believed that the vibe of the previous track on the album, "Do What U Want", carried off to "Artpop" which he described as "strange" and "hypnotic" and the best thing on the parent album. Harley listed "Artpop" as one of the more aurally pleasurable tracks from the album. Calling it a "standout" track, Andrew Barker from "Variety" compared Gaga's vocals to those of Debbie Harry, with their cold disposition. Emily McKey from "NME" called the song "slow and purringly sexy", believing that the line "My artpop could mean anything" referred to the trivial concept of the album itself. Critic Greg Kot from "Chicago Tribune" believed that "Artpop" was the only song on the album, where there was a hint of what the actual composition of the over all record should have been. Justin Miller from "Harper's Bazaar" called the song more intimate that the previous tracks in the album, but felt it was a techno-ballad and the most diffused composition for Gaga.  Negative reviews came from Holly Williams of Contactmusic.com, who was extremely disappointed with the track. Williams felt a rapid decline in the quality of music with the title track, which she believed should have been "climactic, inventive and a little bit trippy with such a title" but found its tempo to be slow and mundane. Maura Johnson from "Spin" felt that lyrics like "I just love the music, not the bling" appeared insincere on Gaga's behalf since her career graph showed that the singer was more infatuated with Fame in the 21st century. "Not the deepest statement, but also not that unique to the new millennium," Johnson concluded. "Los Angeles Times"s Mikael Wood believed that the line was not something that worked in a pop record and believed that along with first single "Applause", Gaga's ideas seemed unattainable and not exciting. John Walker from MTV News rated it two out of five stars, calling it boring. Chris Bossman from Consequence of Sound compared the composition of the track to a "dying, old school war dialer". Melinda Newman from HitFix called the song "too quirky" and felt that it could only be successful if remixed properly. Robert Copsey from Digital Spy believed that the chorus line "My artpop could mean anything" made the concept of the album all the more confusing, instead of simplifying Gaga's brash statements about her musical outputs. Ericka Welch from "The Huffington Post" called the song as "pretentious" and the least interesting endeavor on the album. She believed that "Artpop" failed to embody the concept of the album and was plagued with the same inconsequential lyrics that was visible during her "Born This Way" era. She concluded by giving the example: "Like a mad scientist trying to create life, Gaga's experiment to fuse ART and POP sometimes results in overly ambitious deformities with six legs."

Live performances.

Previous to the release of the album or the teasers, Gaga performed "Artpop" live on September 1, 2013, at the iTunes Festival in London. The song was the third performance that evening, from a set list containing eight tracks. Following the performance of "Manicure" and a piano interlude, Gaga stripped off her clothes onstage until she was in a sea-shell bikini and an enormous blond wig, and started singing the song. Ashley Percival from "The Huffington Post" complimented the performance, saying that the song "showed the most promise onstage". A review at Capital FM website found the song akin to her 2009 single, "Paparazzi". Jenn Selby from "Glamour" called the performance a "heartfelt piece of pop music accompanied with its own, YMCA-like arm dance." Digital Spy's Copsey was confused with the performance, but enjoyed the downtempo composition of "Artpop" and rated it three-and-a-half stars out of five. Writing for "The Guardian", Kitty Empire criticized the absence of clothing but praised the overall performance. Gaga next performed "Artpop" during her ArtRave party for the release of the album. Wearing an ensemble that was described by the "New York Post"s Hardeep Phull as a combination of S&M gear and the Michelin Man, Gaga performed "Artpop" after opening the ArtRave concert with "Aura", the first track of the album. The singer had to wade through the crowd of her fans in order to reach the main stage where the rest of the performance took place.  Gaga performed the song on "Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular", her second Thanksgiving television special which aired on ABC on November 28, 2013. She had invited singer Elton John as special guest star for the performance. After a performance of John's 1974 single "Bennie and the Jets", the duo started singing "Artpop". They were seated opposite to each other on piano, and Gaga was ornamented in a dress made of Coca-Cola cans. During the chorus, they were joined by The Muppets who aided with background vocals. Chris Willman from "Billboard" called John as the best guest performer of the special. Maricela Gonzales from "Entertainment Weekly" was impressed with the performance, saying that although she did not understand the message behind the song, "[w]hat is clear is that Gaga and Elton John belong together. I'm serious, I want to go to that show."  She also performed the song on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on February 18, 2014. The performance was the restart of Gaga's emergence under media spotlight, following a self-imposed sabbatical due to depression and stories about betrayal surrounding the release of "Artpop". The singer wore a white dress and sported a platinum blond wig; the ensemble made her look like fashion designer Donatella Versace. Starting the song as an acoustic version, Gaga played a crystal piano placed atop a ramp at the end of the stage. By the second chorus, the electronic beats of the song started and she descended to the front of the stage to complete the performance with a dance. Carl Williot from Idolator complimented the performance, saying that it made him appreciate the track more. It was praised by Melinda Newman from HitFix who said that "Gaga excels when it is just her at a piano performing the songs with the barest of accompaniment."  At the tour of 2014, "Artpop" was added as the opening song of the set list. The show starts off with a video introduction about the tour, followed by dancers appearing on stage with balloons and blue gazing balls. The video continues to play as Gaga emerges from beneath the stage, wearing a golden leotard with wings and a blue ball attached to her bosom. Dry ice and confetti accompanied her arrival on stage, as Gaga sang the song standing atop two male dancers wearing scuba diving masks.  Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Artpop".

Charts.

Following the release of "Artpop", the song debuted and reached a peak position of number 185 in France, staying on the chart for 39 weeks. It also reached a peak of number 48 on the Gaon Chart for non-domestic downloads of South Korea, selling 3,157 copies.

"Artpop" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third studio album of the same name (2013). She co-wrote and co-produced the song with Paul "DJ White Shadow" Blair, Nick Monson, and Dino Zisis. "Artpop" was the first song developed for the album and led the composers to pursue other avenues of musical production. Described as the backbone of the record, Gaga did not want to experiment with the production of "Artpop", as she believed it to have an infinite aspect in it.

Artpop (stylisé en ARTPOP) est une chanson de l’artiste américaine Lady Gaga, issue de son quatrième album éponyme. Elle a été écrite et produite par Gaga, Paul « DJ White Shadow » Blair, Nick Monson et Dino Zisis. "Artpop" était le premier titre à être développé pour l’opus et a mené les compositeurs à explorer d’autres possibilités de création musicale. Bien que la chanson est décrite comme l’épine dorsale du disque, Gaga ne voulait cependant pas expérimenter la production d’"Artpop", pour la simple et bonne raison qu’elle croit que le titre possède un aspect « infini ».


Education and business career.

Piolle was born in Pau, France. He attended a local high school in that area. After graduating, he went to the Grenoble Institute of Technology to study engineering.  He joined the Hewlett-Packard Company in 2001, and became a senior manager at the Grenoble site. In February 2011, he was fired for refusing to set up a relocation plan.  He co-founded the company Raise Partners, a company specializing in financial risk management.

Political career.

Before mayor of Grenoble.

In 1997, at 24, Piolle was a parliamentary candidate for the eighth district of Isère as a Miscellaneous left, he won 1.35% of the votes. In 2002 he was a substitute candidate during the legislative elections for the first district of Isère.  In March 2010, he was elected as a regional councilor of Isère, which is a department in the Rhône-Alpes region, as a member of Europe Ecology.  In June 2012, he was a parliamentary candidate for the first district of Isère as a member of EELV, he won 7.7% of votes.

Mayor of Grenoble.

In 2014, Piolle became a candidate for mayor of Grenoble during the municipal elections, his motto being "Grenoble, Une Ville pour Tous" (Grenoble, A City for All). He was the leading candidate throughout the race, gathering support from environmentalists, EELV, the Left Party,, the Anticapitalist Left, and two local associations, ADES and the Citizen Network. He was elected during a city council session on April 4, 2014, succeeding Michel Destot (PS) as mayor of Grenoble. He received 50 votes out of the 59 councilors. After this election Grenoble becomes the first french city with more than 100 000 inhabitants to elect an EELV municipal government.  After winning the election, he declined to run for president of Grenoble-Alpes Métropole, and resigned from his position as a regional councilor of Rhône-Alpes.  In the French presidential election of 2017, he called on voters to support Jean-Luc Mélenchon.

Éric Piolle (born 6 January 1973) is a French engineer and politician. He was Regional Councillor of Rhône-Alpes from March 2010 to April 2014. He has served as mayor of Grenoble since 2014.

Éric Piolle, né le à Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), est un ingénieur et homme politique français. Membre d'Europe Écologie Les Verts, il est conseiller régional de Rhône-Alpes de 2010 à 2014 et maire de Grenoble depuis 2014.


Description.

This sea star has five stout rays that range in length from 10 to 25 centimeters (4 to 10 in). The rays are arranged around an ill-defined central disk. While most individuals are purple, they can be orange, orange-ochre, yellow, reddish, or brown. The aboral surface contains many small spines (ossicles) that are arranged in a netlike or pentagonal pattern on the central disk. The ossicles are no higher than 2 mm. In "Pisaster" the tube feet have suckers on their distal ends which allow them to attach to the rocky substrate and live in heavily wave-swept areas. "P. ochraceus" has a simple nervous system and does not have a brain. A nerve ring connects and relays impulses between the star's radial nerves.  Two species that can be mistaken for "P. ochraceus" are "P. giganteus", which has blue rings around white or purple spines, and "P. brevispinus", which is pink with small white spines. These two species have different aboral spines and coloration which allows one to distinguish between the species. "Evasterias troscheli" may be confused with "P. ochraceus" at times as well. It can be distinguished by its smaller disk size and longer, tapering rays which are often thickest a short distance out from their base rather than at the base as in "P. ochraceus".

Reproduction and life history.

Reproduction.

Members of "Pisaster" are dioecious but there is no sexual dimorphism and sexes can be separated only by the presence of eggs or sperm in the gonads. They reproduce by broadcast spawning, which occurs in the Puget Sound around May to July. There is no parental investment beyond spawning. Fertilization occurs in the water column and "Pisaster ochraceous" develops through several larval stages.  The reproductive system consists of a pair of gonads branching into each ray off a circular genital strand which is along the oral inner surface of the central disc. The gonads look like a feathery collection of tubules. In females there are orange gonads and in males they are whitish. During maturation of the gametes, the gonads increase in size and can account for up to 40 percent of the sea star's weight. The gonopores are too small to be seen, and can only be found when the sea stars are spawning.

Lifespan.

Many sea stars live to a minimal age of four years. "P. ochraceus" can live as long as twenty years.  This species of seastar is often considered a keystone species in many intertidal regions. "P. ochraceus" is a predator of the California mussel, "Mytilus californianus" and reduces its abundance. This allows for other macroinvertebrates to persist. In an experimental removal of "P. ochraceus", it was shown that "Mytilus californianus" becomes almost completely dominant of the intertidal community. When "P. ochraceus" is present there is a diverse intertidal community.

Feeding.

At the larval stage, "Pisaster ochraceus" are filter feeders and their diet consists of plankton. As an adult, "P. ochraceus" feeds on mussels such as "Mytilus californianus" and "Mytilus trossulus". They also feed on chitons, limpets, snails, barnacles, echinoids, and even decapod crustacea.  "P. ochraceus" uses its tube feet to handle its prey. If the prey is too large to be swallowed whole, then it can use its tube feet to open shells. It can evert its stomach through its mouth and engulf its prey, liquify it with digestive enzymes and ingest the processed food. Mussels hold their valves together very securely but "P. ochraceus" can insert part of its everted stomach, or some digestive juices, through the narrow gap that exists where the byssal threads emerge from the shell. The mussel needs to open its valves periodically to feed and breathe and the sea star can exert a powerful traction with its tube feet, pulling the two valves further open. Once the stomach is inside the mussel, digestion takes place. It is thought one sea star can consume eighty Californian mussels in a year.

Ecology and distribution.

Conservation.

"Pisaster ochraceus" has been described as a keystone species. Experiments by zoologist Robert T. Paine in the 1960s demonstrated that a loss of only a few individual "P. ochraceus" seastars had a profound impact on mussel bed population, thereby reducing the health of the intertidal environment. With only a few natural predators (sea otters and seagulls) it is suggested that the principal enemies of "P. ochraceus" are human collectors and casual tidepool visitors. "Pisaster ochraceus" has not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Geographic range.

"P. ochraceus" can be found from Prince William Sound in Alaska to Point Sal in Santa Barbara Co., California. "P. ochraceus" found within the warmer waters from Santa Barbara County to Baja California is the subspecies "P. o. segnis".

Habitat.

This sea star can be found in great numbers on mussel beds and on wave-washed rocky shores. The juveniles are often found in crevices and under rocks. Its depth range is from above the low-tide zone to 90 m in depth. "P. ochraceous" is very durable and can tolerate a loss of thirty-percent of its body weight in body fluids.

Effects of ocean acidification.

A study found that "P. ochraceus" will not be affected by ocean acidification in the same way as most calcareous marine animals. This normally causes decreased growth due to the increased acidity dissolving calcium carbonate. Researchers found that when "P. ochraceus" was exposed to and 770 ppm (beyond rises expected in the next century) that they survived. It is thought that this is because the animal's calcium is nodular and so it is able to compensate for the lack of carbonate by growing more fleshy tissue instead.

Pisaster ochraceus, generally known as the purple sea star, ochre sea star, or ochre starfish, is a common starfish found among the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Identified as a keystone species, "P. ochraceus" is considered an important indicator for the health of the intertidal zone.

Pisaster ochraceus est une espèce d'étoiles de mer, de la famille des Asteriidae. Elles sont communes sur la côte ouest des États-Unis.


Biography.

Canaveri was born September 25, 1753 in Borgomaro, Liguria (Italy), his family was originally from Piedmont and Alpes-Maritimes. His father had exercised the first Magistracy, in the city of Borgomaro. He began his studies at Giaveno and finished at the University of Turin where he received a doctorate at the age of 18 years. He then studied at the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri, and was ordained a priest on September 21, 1776 by the Archdiocese of Turin. In 1797 he was appointed Bishop of Biella, was consecrated in Rome, but by the request of Pius VII he resigned his position. He was consecrated bishop of Vercelli on February 4, 1805.  Confessor of the Princess María Felicita of Savoy, Giovanni Canaveri had founded the "Convitto Principessa Maria Felicita di Savoia," a home created for Noble ladies. The institution was led by the same Canaveri.

French Empire.

Because of their aversion to the Jacobins, Canaveri not had difficulty in accepting the government of the First Consul, and in these pastoral letters of 29 September 1801 and 4 Vendemiaire of 1802, he threatened with, of the anti-French priests who were against the annexation of the Piedmont to the territory of France. His pro-French attitude, aroused the disapproval of his clergy. On June 1, 1803 was suppressed the diocese of Biella, Canaveri moved to Paris, where he became a member of the Council of the Great Emperor, and was appointed first Chaplain of Letizia Ramolino, mother of Napoleon. After the appointment as Bishop of Vercelli, Canaveri made frequent trips to Paris: from May to October 1806, December 1807 to March 1808, from the summer until October 28, 1808, then again in June 1810. In February of that 1808 was appointed. He adopted the Frenchified name of Jean-Baptiste Canavery.

Works.

His pastoral letters were mostly a political content and decidedly anti-Jacobin, was the author of Panegyrics, including "san Giuseppe" and "sant'Eusebio". He also wrote some Pastoral Letters in Latin and Italian among them; "Dell'ubbidienza dovuta al sovrano;" "Notizia compendiosa dei monasterj della Trappa, fondati dopo la rivoluzione di Francia".  Giovanni Battista Canaveri died in the Diocese of Vercelli on January 13, 1811.

Giovanni Battista Canaveri (1753-1811) was an Italian nobleman, "Bishop" of "Biella" and "Vercelli", first "" of "Madame Letizia". He was appointed as "Baron of the "French Empire" in February 1808.

Giovanni Battista Canaveri parfois francisé en Jean-Baptiste Canaveri (ou "Canavery"), né le à Borgomaro alors en royaume de Sardaigne et mort le à Verceil au Piémont est un prélat, évêque de Verceil et de Bielle. Il est également le premier aumônier de Madame Mère et baron d'Empire.


Early life.

Born in the Muscogee Creek Nation in Indian Territory after the tribe was removed from Alabama in the 1830s, Wilson Jones was a Muscogee Creek Indian. He was better known by his Creek name of Chitto Harjo, meaning "Crazy Snake." "Chitto" means "snake" and "Harjo" means "to be brave without regard for one's personal well being or 'crazy brave'." He was a traditionalist, belonging to the minority of the tribe who remained loyal to the Union during the American Civil War.  Later in the century, traditionalists worked to reinstate the tribal government of 1867 and to enforce treaty rights with the United States. They opposed the extinguishing of government and allotment of lands to households under the Dawes Commission.

Career.

While a young man, Chitto Harjo was allied with the federalists or Loyalists led by Opothleyahola, who moved the group to Kansas in 1861 with the start of the American Civil War. They remained loyal to the Union when most Creek allied with the Confederacy. He and many of these Creek men were recruited to the Union Army and served with federal forces in the Civil War. In testimony in 1906, he said that he had believed this service, in a war between the white men and one which did not concern the Indians, would help ensure the maintenance of government promises to his people. The Civil War divided the tribe, as many Creek were allied with the Confederacy.  In the late 19th century, the Muscogee Creek and other American Indian tribes in Indian Territory were pressured to change by the US government, in part to make way for a demand for statehood by European-American settlers in parts of the territory. There was national legislation to extinguish tribal government and to establish individual household allotments of land in place of tribal communal holdings. Congress created the Dawes Commission in 1896 to carry out the allotment of lands for the Five Civilized Tribes. The Dawes Rolls were the registries of tribal members who were eligible to receive allotments. These became a record of tribal members.  Chitto Harjo was a leader in the Four Mothers Society, an intertribal religious movement. This group sought to revive the traditional practices and solidarity between related tribes that had been relocated to Oklahoma from the southeastern United States. In 1900 a meeting at Harjo's ceremonial grounds of Old Hickory declared the chief Pleasant Porter deposed for having violated the 1867 Creek Constitution while cooperating with the allotment process. They selected Chitto Harjo as the new principal chief of the Creek. They founded a police force, known as Lighthorse, and attempted to dissuade the Creek from accepting allotment of lands.  From 1900 to 1909, Chitto Harjo led Creek resistance to the assimilation changes. The Green Peach War took place in 1901, and Isparhecher retired. He had been a judge in the Okmulgee District and leader of Loyalists. Harjo led those Creek who opposed cultural assimilation and allotment. As the US was trying to extinguish tribal government, Crazy Snake and his followers set up a separate government for a time at the old Hickory Stomp Grounds southeast of Okmulgee|.  Chitto Harjo and others were arrested and convicted in US court and imprisoned briefly. They were released on parole. During the next five years, the majority of the tribe accepted the changes and were allotted individual plots of land, in preparation for the territory to be admitted to statehood as Oklahoma. Chitto Harjo and other Snakes refused to choose their allotments.  In 1906 members of a Special Senate Investigating Committee visited the Indian Territory to learn more about the issues and why some of the Muscogee Creek people were resisting changes. Harjo, as the recognized as a leader of the traditionalists, testified at length to the senators. His speech to the US Congress in 1906 is considered an eloquent statement regarding US treatment of Indian peoples. It is often quoted for the phrase, "as long as the grass grows", used in regard to the promised perpetuity of Indian treaties and agreements with the US government.  In 1909, after Oklahoma had achieved statehood and passed Jim Crow laws like those of neighboring states of Arkansas and Texas, a group of African Americans came to Harjo's grounds seeking refuge. They had faced discrimination and been driven out of other parts of Oklahoma. During the time of the March meeting of the Four Mothers Society, local European-Americans said that a piece of smoked meat had been stolen from them. Fearing an alliance between the Creek and the African Americans, they called together a white posse to break up the black encampment. A melee ensued in which one black man was killed, a white man wounded, and 42 blacks were arrested and jailed.  Whites began to get arms, wanting to break up the Creek-black encampment and to arrest Chitto Harjo, known as a conservative leader. When a group went to his house, a gun battle broke out. Two white deputies were quickly killed and others were wounded; Harjo and his followers escaped to the old Choctaw Nation. They were helped by fellow members of the Four Mothers Society. This became known as the "Crazy Snake Rebellion".  The Oklahoma governor, "Charles N. Haskell, ordered a militia to pursue the Creek conservatives and restore order in McIntosh and Okmulgee counties." The commanding officer found that whites were causing most of the problem and forced the disbanding of posses in the area. Harjo took refuge with Daniel Bob, a Choctaw conservative leader, in McCurtain County, Oklahoma. He died in 1911, without being seen again by white enforcers.

Address to US Senate committee.

Chitto Harjo, under the name Eufala Harjo, testified before the Select Committee of the Senate. Harjo, along with several representatives of Cherokee, Creek, and other tribes strongly opposed breaking up tribal land into individual allotments. Harjo told a Senate investigating committee that "I will never stop asking for this treaty, the old treaty that our fathers made with the Government which gave us this land forever... as long as the grass grows, water runs, and the sun rises."  Harjo gave this further testimony:  "I will begin with a recital of the relations of the Creeks with the Government of the United States from 1861 and I will explain it so you will understand it. I look to that time—to the treaties of the Creek Nation with the United States—and I abide by the provisions of the treaty made by the Creek Nation with the Government in 1861. I would like to enquire what had become of the relations between the Indians and the white people from 1492 down to 1861?  "My ancestors and my people were the inhabitants of this great country from 1492. I mean by that from the time the white man first came to this country until now. It was my home and the home of my people from time immemorial and is today, I think, the home of my people. Away back in that time—in 1492—there was man by the name of Columbus came from across the great ocean [Atlantic] and he discovered this country for the white man—this country which was at that time the home of my people. What did he find when he first arrived here? Did he find a white man standing on this continent then or did he find a black man standing here? Did he find either a black man or a white man standing on this continent? I stood here first and Columbus first discovered me.  "I want to know what did he say to the red man at that time? He was on one of the great four roads that led to light. At that time Columbus received the information that was given to him by my people. My ancestor informed him that he was ready to accept this light he proposed to give him and walk these four roads of light and have his children under his direction. He told him it was all right. He told him, 'The land is all yours; the law is all yours'. He said it is all right. He told him, 'I will always take care of you. If your people meet with any troubles, I will take these troubles away. I will stand before you and behind you and on each side of you and your people, and if any people come into your country I will take them away and you shall live in peace under me. My arms,' he said, 'are very long'. He told him to come within his protecting arms and he said, 'If anything comes against you for your ruin I will stand by you and preserve you and defend you and protect you.'  " 'There is a law,' he said at that time, 'that is above every other law and that is away up yonder—high up—for,' said he, 'if any other town or nation or any other tribe come against you I will see through that law that you are protected. It does not make any difference to you,' he said, 'if as many as twelve other nations come against you or twelve other tribes come against you it will not make any difference for I will combine with you and protect you and overthrow them all. I will protect you in all things and take care of everything about your existence so you will live in this land that is yours and your fathers' without fear.' That is what he said and we agreed upon those terms. He told me that as long as the sun shone and the sky is up yonder these agreements shall be kept. This was the first agreement that we had with the white man. He said as long as the sun rises it shall last; as long as the waters run it shall last; as long as the grass grows it shall last. [Bolding added.] That was what it was to be and we agreed upon those terms. That was what the agreement was and we signed our names to that agreement and to those terms. He said, 'Just as long as you see light here; just as long as you see this light glimmering over us, shall these agreements be kept and not until all these things shall cease and pass away shall our agreement pass away.' That is what he said and we believed it. I think there is nothing that has been done by the people should abrogate them. We have kept every term of that agreement. The grass is growing, the waters run, the sun shines, the light is with us and the agreement is with us yet for the God that is above us all witnessed that agreement. He said to me that whoever did anything against me was doing it against him and against the agreement and he said if anyone attempted to do anything against me, to notify him for whatever was done against me was against him and therefore against the agreement. He said that he would send good men amongst us to teach us about his God and to treat them good for they were his representatives and to listen to them and if anyone attempted to molest us to, tell them (the missionaries) and they would tell him. He told me that he would protect me in all ways; that he would take care of my people and look after them; that he would succor them if they needed succor and be their support at all times and I told him it was all right and he wrote the agreement that way.  "Now, coming down to 1832 and referring to the agreements between the Creek people and the Government of the United States; What has occurred since 1832 until today? It seems that some people forget what has occurred. After all, we are all one blood; we have the one God and we live in the same land. I had always lived back yonder in what is now the State of Alabama. We had our homes back there; my people had their homes back there. We had our troubles back there and we had no one to defend us. At that time when I had these troubles, it was to take my country away from me. I had no other troubles. The troubles were always about taking my country from me. I could live in peace with all else, but they wanted my country and I was in trouble defending it. It was no use. They were bound to take my country away from me. It may have been that my country had to, be taken away from me, but it was not justice. I have always been asking for justice. I have never asked for anything else but justice. I never had justice. First, it was this and then it was something else that was taken away from me and my people, so we couldn't stay there any more. It was not because a man had to stand on the outside of what was right that brought the troubles. What was to be done was all set out yonder in the light and all men knew what the law and the agreement was. It was a treaty—a solemn treaty—but what difference did that make? I want to say this to you today, because I don't want these ancient agreements between the Indian and the white man violated and I went as far as Washington and had them sustained and made treaties about it. We made terms of peace, for it had been war, but we made new terms of peace and made new treaties. Then it was the overtures of the Government to my people to leave their land, the home of their fathers, the land that they loved. He said, 'It will be better for you to do as I want, for these old treaties cannot be kept any longer.' He said, 'You look away off to the West, away over backward and there you will see a great river called the Mississippi River and away over beyond that is another river called the Arkansas River.' And he said, 'You go way out there and you will find a land that is fair to look upon and is fertile, and you go there with your people and I will give that country to you and your people forever.' He said, 'Go way out there beyond these two rivers; away out the direction of the setting sun and select your land—what you want of it—and I will locate you and your people there and I will give you that land forever and I will protect you and your children in it forever.' That was the agreement and the treaty and I and my people came out here and settled on this land and I carried out these agreements and treaties in all points and violated none. I came over and located here.  "What took place in 1861? I had made my home here with my people and I was living well out here with my people. We were all prospering. We had a great deal of property here, all over this country. We had come here and taken possession of it under our treaty. We had laws that were living laws and I was living here under then laws. You are my fathers and I tell you that in 1861, I was living here in peace and plenty with my people and we were happy; and then my white fathers rose in arms against each other to, fight each other. They did fight each other. At that day Abraham Lincoln was President of the United States and our Great Father. He was in Washington and I was away off down here. My white brothers divided into factions and went to war. When the white people raised in arms and tried to destroy one another, it was not for the purpose of destroying my people at all. It was not for the purpose of destroying treaties with the Indians. They did not think of that and the Indian was not the cause of that great war at all. The cause of that war was because there was a people that were black in skin and color who had always been in slavery. In my old home in Alabama and all through the south part of the Nation and out in this country, these black people were held in slavery and up in the North there were no slaves. The people of that part of the United States determined to set the black man free and the people in the South determined that they should not and they went to war about it. In that war the Indians had not any part. It was not their war at all. The purpose of the war was to set these black people at liberty and I had nothing to, do with it. He told me to come out here and have my laws back, and I came out here with my people and had my own laws and was living under them. On account of some of your own sons—the ancient brothers of mine—they came over here and caused me to enroll along with my people on your side. I left my home and my country and everything I had in the world and went rolling on toward the Federal Army. I left my laws and my government; I left my people and my country and my home; I left everything and went with the Federal Army for my father in Washington. I left them in order to stand by my treaties. I left everything and I arrived in Kansas—I mean it was at Leavenworth where I arrived. It was a town away up in Kansas on the Missouri River. I arrived at Fort Leavenworth to do what I could for my father's country and stand by my treaties. There at Fort Leavenworth was the orator of the Federal Army and I went and fell before the orator of the Federal Army. It was terrible hard times with me then. In that day I was under the Sons of my father in Washington. I was with the Federal soldiers. "I am speaking now of this orator in the Federal Army. I went and fell before him and I and my people joined the Federal Army because we wanted to, keep our treaties with the father in Washington. Things should not have been that way but that is the way they were. The father at Washington was not able to keep his treaty with me and I had to leave my country, as I have stated, and go into the Federal Army. I went in as a Union soldier. When I took the oath, I raised my hand and called God to witness that I was ready to die in the cause that was right and to help my father defend his treaties. All this time the fire was going on and the war and the battles were going on, and today I have conquered all and regained these treaties that I have with the Government. I believe that everything wholly and fully came back to me on account of the position I took in that war. I think that. I thought then and I think today that is the way to do—to stand up and be a man that keeps his word all the time and under all circumstances. That is what I did and I know that in doing so I regained again all my old treaties for the father at Washington conquered in that war and he promised me that if I was faithful to, my treaties, I should have them all back again. I was faithful to my treaties and I got them all back again and today I am living under them and with them. I never agreed to the exchanging of lands and I never agreed to the allotting of my lands. I knew it would never do for my people and I never could say a b c so far as that is concerned. I never knew anything about English. I can't speak the tongue. I can't read it. I can't write it. I and my people, great masses of them, are unenlightened and uneducated. I am notifying you of these things because your Government officials have told me and my people that they would take care of my relations with the Government and I think they ought to be taking care of them as they promised. He said that if anyone trespassed on my rights or questioned them to let him know and he would take care of them and protect them. I always thought that this would be done. I believe yet it will be done. I don't know what the trouble is now. I don't know anything about it. I think my lands are all cut up. I have never asked that be done but I understand it has been done. I don't know why it was done. My treaty said that it never would be done unless I wanted it done. That anything I did not want to be done contrary to that treaty would not be done. I never made these requests. I went through death for this cause and I now hold the release this Government gave me. I served the father faithfully and as a reward, I regained my country back again and I and my children will remain on it and live upon it as we did in the old time. I believe it. I know it is right. I know it is justice.  "I hear the Government is cutting up my land and is giving it away to black people. I want to know if this is so. It can't be so for it is not in the treaty. These black people, who are they? They are negroes who came in here as slaves. They have no right to this land. It never was given to them. It was given to me and my people and we paid for it with our land back in Alabama. The black people have no right to it. Then can it be that the Government is giving it—my land—to the negro? I hear it is and they are selling it. This can't be so. It wouldn't be justice. I am informed and believe it to be true that some citizens of the United States have title to land that was given to my fathers and my people by the Government. If it was given to me, what right has the United States to take it from me without first asking my consent? That I would like to know. There are many things that I don't know and can't understand but I want to understand them if I can. I believe the officers of the United States ought to take care of the rights of me and my people first and then afterwards look out for their own interests. I have reason to believe and I do believe that they are more concerned in their own welfare than the welfare of rights of the Indian—lots of them are. I believe some of them are honest men, but not many. A plan ought fiat to dispossess himself of all thought or wish to do me or my country wrong. He should never think of doing wrong to this country or to the rights of my people. After he has done that, then maybe he can do something for himself in that regard; but first he must protect the Indians and their rights in this country. He is the servant of the Government and he is sent here to, do that and he should not be permitted to do anything else.  "All that I am begging of you, Honorable Senators, is that these ancient agreements and treaties wherein you promised to take care of me and my people, be fulfilled and that you will remove all the difficulties that have been raised in reference to my people and their country and I ask you to see that these promises are faithfully kept. I understand you are the representatives of the Government sent here to look into these things and I hope you will relieve us. That is all I desire to say."  In response to, an interrogatory by the Chairman of the Committee, the old Indian responded, "Oh, yes, I am a farmer. I have a farm and a home there on it. I used to have horses and hogs and cattle but I have precious few left now. The white people have run all through me and over me and around me and committed all kinds of depredations and what I have left is precious few. I am here and stand before you today, my fathers, as a man of misery. I am here appealing to you to have the laws carried out."  Senator Teller of the Committee enquired of Mr. Hodge, the interpreter, "Do you believe that the old man is honest in his statements?" Mr. Hodge very readily and with emphasis answered, "Yes sir, he is as honest and straight forward and sincere in his statements as a living man can be."

Chitto Harjo (also known as Crazy Snake, Wilson Jones, Bill Jones, Bill Snake, and Bill Harjo; 1846–1911) was a leader and orator among the traditionalists in the Muscogee Creek Nation in Indian Territory at the turn of the 20th century. He resisted changes which the US government and local leaders wanted to impose to achieve statehood for what became Oklahoma. These included extinguishing tribal governments and civic institutions and breaking up communal lands into allotments to individual households, with United States sales of the "surplus" to European-American and other settlers. He was the leader of the Crazy Snake Rebellion on March 25, 1909 in Oklahoma. At the time this was called the last "Indian uprising".

Chitto Harjo (également connu sous le nom de Crazy Snake), né en 1846 et mort vers 1911, est un chef et porte-parole de la Nation Creek. Il résista aux changements imposés par le gouvernement des États-Unis, notamment le Dawes Act et le Curtis Act qui permirent la création de l'État de l'Oklahoma sur les terres du Territoire indien en abolissant le gouvernement tribal et en répartissant les terres alors détenues par la communauté parmi les Amérindiens et vendant le « surplus » aux Américains. Il fut le meneur de la le en Oklahoma.


Production.

The industry is now highly specialized with several different manufacturing processes. Hundreds of artificial flower factories in the Pearl River delta area of Guangdong province in China have been built since the early 1980s. Thousands of 40-foot containers of polyester flowers and plants are exported to many countries every year.

Polyester and paper.

Five main processes may be distinguished:  While the material most often used to make artificial flowers is polyester fabric, both paper and cloth flowers are also made with origami.

Nylon stocking flowers.

The art of nylon flower making is an easy to learn craft which uses simple tools and inexpensive material to achieve stunning results. Nylon flower making enjoyed a brief popularity in the United States in the 1970s and soon became very popular in Japan. In recent years, the craft's popularity has spread Asia, Europe and Australia. With the advent of new colors and materials, the art has expanded to infinite new possibilities of nylon flower making.  The basic materials needed to make nylon flowers include: wire, stem wire, nylon stocking, nylon threading, floral tape and stamen. Some flowers require cotton balls or sheets (or batting), white glue, acrylic paint and paint brushes.

Silk flowers.

Silk flowers are crafted from a protein fiber spun by the silk worm, producing lifelike flowers. Flowers described as being made of silk with a "real touch technique" are not made of silk, but rather are made of polyester, polymers and plastics. Moreover, textile items made of polyester but marketed as "silk" violate the US federal law - specifically the 1959 TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION ACT.

Soap.

There are two methods:

Clay.

Clay flowers are made by hand from special air-dry polymer clay or cold porcelain, steel wire, paint, glue, tape and sometimes paper and foam as a filler. With the help of cutters, where each flower has its own cutter set, the parts are cut from the still soft clay and then formed with specially designed tools. After drying, these parts are, when needed, painted with precision and then very precisely assembled into a whole flower. When made by a skillful artisan, clay flowers can be very realistic. From Thailand, where this art is very popular, it has spread to Europe, Russia and the US.

Glass.

Glass is melted and blown by hand into flower shapes. Working with glass at high temperatures to form a flower is very difficult, which is why glass flowers are much more expensive than typical artificial flowers.

Plastic.

Injection moulding is used for mass manufacture of plastic flowers. Plastic is injected into a preformed metal die.

Simulacraceae.

The journal "Ethnobotany Research and Applications" published a tongue-in-cheek paper that claims to be the culmination of a six-year project in the exhaustive taxonomy of artificial plants, and lumped the group into a single family called the Simulacraceae ("the family of simulated plants").

History.

Floral wreaths made by the ancient Egyptians were formed from thin plates of horn stained in different colors. They also sometimes consisted of leaves of copper, gilt or were silvered over. The ancient Romans excelled in the art of imitating flowers in wax and in this branch of the art attained a degree of perfection which has not been approached in modern times. Crassus, renowned for his wealth, gave to the victors in the games he celebrated at Rome crowns of artificial leaves made of gold and silver.  In more recent times, Italians were the first to acquire celebrity for the skill and taste they displayed in this manufacture. Later English, American, and especially French manufactures were celebrated. The Chinese and Japanese show great dexterity in this work. These early artificial flowers were made out of many-colored ribbons which were twisted together and attached to small pieces of wire. But these first attempts were decidedly crude.  In the first half of the 19th century, the Swedish artist Emma Fürstenhoff became internationally renowned in Europe for her artificial flower arrangements of Wax in a technique regarded as a novelty in contemporary Europe.  In the 20th century, Colefax & Fowler, through Constance Spry, developed and promoted an exquisite, though expensive, method of manufacturing wax-coated faux flowers, which was based upon the Victorian invention of paraffin-coated wax flowers.  In course of time feathers were substituted for ribbons, a more delicate material, but one to which it was not so easy to give the requisite shades of color. The plumage of the birds of South America was adapted for artificial flowers on account of the brilliancy and permanence of the tints, and the natives of that continent long practised with success the making of feather flowers. The London Zoo contains a collection of artificial flowers made out of the feathers of hummingbirds.

Artificial flowers are imitations of natural flowering plants used for commercial or residential decoration. They are sometimes made for scientific purposes (the collection of glass flowers at Harvard University, for example, illustrates the flora of the United States). Artificial plants vary widely from mass-produced varieties that are distinguishable from real plants by casual observation to highly detailed botanical or artistic specimens.

Une fleur artificielle est une imitation d'une fleur naturelle en plastique, en papier, en soie, ou dans un autre matériau. Les fleurs artificielles sont utilisées dans toutes les circonstances où les naturelles le sont, à l'exception généralement d'un don à une personne, que ce soit un arrivant, un hôte ou toute personne à honorer ou en vue de son agrément. La résistance de leurs couleurs et matériaux permet de les exposer aux intempéries, notamment comme ornement permanent des tombes.


Description.

"Melanorosaurus" had a skull which measured approximately 250 mm. The snout was somewhat pointed, and the skull was somewhat triangular when seen from above or below. The premaxilla had four teeth on each side, a characteristic of primitive sauropodomorphs. The maxilla had 19 teeth on each side of the jaw.  "Melanorosaurus" was around long, with a weight of.

Discovery and species.

The type specimens, syntypes SAM 3449 and SAM 3450, were described and named in 1924 by Haughton. They were collected from the Triassic Lower Elliot Formation, dating to the early Norian, on the north slope of the Thaba 'Nyama (Black Mountain) in Transkei, South Africa. The first complete skull referred to "Melanorosaurus", NM QR3314, was described in 2007. However, this specimen comes from the Upper Elliot, unlike the "Melanorosaurus" type material and NM QR1551, rendering its referral to the genus untenable.  "Melanorosaurus thabanensis" was named in 1993 by Gauffre, based on holotype MNHN LES-16, a femur found in the Upper Triassic lower Elliot Formation. However, a recent review of the material demonstrated that the femur, along with six other bones, can't be referred to the genus "Melanorosaurus", and a new combination ("Meroktenos thabanensis") was created.

Classification.

"Melanorosaurus" was once classified as a prosauropod, but Prosauropoda no longer appears to be a natural group. According to some definitions of Sauropoda, "Melanorosaurus" is an early sauropod. However, these definitions also take in many other former "prosauropods", and Adam Yates has proposed a definition of Sauropoda that will specifically exclude "Melanorosaurus" (Sauropoda as all sauropodomorphs closer to "Saltasaurus" than "Melanorosaurus"). This definition would allow Sauropoda to retain its traditional concept.

Melanorosaurus (meaning "Black Mountain Lizard", from the Greek "melas/μέλας", "black", "oros/ὄρος", "mountain" + "sauros/σαῦρος", "lizard") is a genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur that lived during the Late Triassic period. A herbivore from South Africa, it had a large body and sturdy limbs, suggesting it moved about on all fours. Its limb bones were massive and weighty, like sauropod limb bones.

Melanorosaurus est un genre éteint de dinosaures sauropodomorphes du clade des anchisauriens, parfois rattaché à la famille dont il est le genre type, les Melanorosauridae. Il a vécu au Trias supérieur (Norien-Rhétien), et les restes fossiles de cet herbivore ont été découverts en Afrique du Sud.


Meteorological history.

On 1 April 2014, a broad, poorly-defined area of low pressure consolidated over the Solomon Islands. Initially only accompanied by flaring convection, the system persisted in a region of low wind shear and strong outflow which promoted gradual development. Upon formation, the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) office in Brisbane monitored the system as a tropical low. Banding features gradually developed and wrapped around the circulation and deep convection became persistent by 2 April. A large central dense overcast developed over the low early on 3 April, prompting the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert.  After moving away from Papua New Guinea, Ita underwent explosive intensification and attained its peak intensity as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone early on 11 April. Winds were estimated to have reached 220 km/h (140 mph) alongside a minimum central pressure of 922 mbar (hPa; 27.23 inHg). Turning to the south-southeast, the storm weakened somewhat before making landfall near Cape Flattery as a Category 4 later on 11 April. An automated weather station on Lizard Island, roughly from the storm's centre, recorded a pressure of 954 mbar (hPa; 28.17 inHg). Once onshore Ita weakened dramatically to a Category 1 within 18 hours. Maintaining gale-force winds the storm turned southwest and accelerated, eventually moving offshore north of Mackay on 13 April. The following day Ita transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it moved away from Australia and towards New Zealand. Ita's extratropical remnants combined with a low pressure system to the south and re-intensified. On 17 April, the low-level circulation center of the storm collapsed, as Ita affected New Zealand, bringing heavy rainfall and powerful winds. On 18 April, Ita's remnants curved to the west and the south, before dissipating offshore of New Zealand later on the same day.

Preparations and impact.

Solomon Islands.

As the precursor tropical low to Cyclone Ita affected the Solomon Islands, local authorities issued heavy flood warnings, tropical disturbance and cyclone watches.  Nearly two days of continuous heavy rains from the storm caused flash flooding in the Solomon Islands. Over a four-day span, more than fell at the Gold Ridge mine in Guadalcanal, with falling in a 24‐hour span. The Matanikau River, which runs through the capital city Honiara, broke its banks on 3 April and devastated nearby communities. Thousands of homes along with the city's two main bridges were washed away, stranding numerous residents. The national hospital had to evacuate 500 patients to other facilities due to flooding. Graham Kenna from Save the Children stated that, "the scale of destruction is like something never seen before in the Solomon Islands." According to Permanent Secretary Melchoir Mataki, the majority of homes destroyed in Honiara were built on a flood plain where construction was not allowed.  Severe flooding took place on Guadalcanal.  Throughout the Solomon Islands, 22 people were killed while an estimated 50,000 people were affected by the floods. Approximately 9,000 were left homeless. Total economic losses from the disaster were tremendous, amounting to SI$787.3 million (US$107.8 million) or roughly 9.2 percent of the country's gross domestic product.

Papua New Guinea.

Ahead of Ita affecting Papua New Guinea, the National Weather Service issued tropical cyclone warnings for all island and coastal communities in Milne Bay Province. The NWS also urged people in the East and West New Britain provinces, New Ireland and Bougainville, the southeast sector of the Solomon Sea and North Coral Sea areas to take precautions. All schools and businesses were closed for several days in Milne Bay while residents were urged to remain indoors.  The storm brought unusually heavy rains and strong winds to Milne Bay Province and the National Capital District. The hardest hit areas were the islands of Rossell, Misima, Samarai, Woodlark, Sau, and Vanatinai. Unconfirmed reports of casualties were received from these areas. On Ware Island, 54 homes and 1 classroom were destroyed. Along the mainland, Alotau experienced strong winds that downed trees and power lines, leaving many without power, and flooding that destroyed homes. Throughout Milne Bay, an estimated 62,000 people were affected by the storm. Some flooding was reported in Port Moresby. Further north in Jiwaka Province, the a bridge along the Highlands Highway crossing the Tuman River was washed away. Officials in Milne Bay Province stated that 1,159 homes were destroyed by the storm; however, local authorities claimed thousands more collapsed.

Australia.

Ahead of the cyclone affecting Cape York, the Bureau of Meteorology issued a cyclone watch on 9 April, for the far northern Queensland coast between Cape Grenville and Port Douglas. The Bureau predicted it to reach category five and would be the most severe storm to affect Queensland since Cyclone Yasi in 2011. On 10 April, Cyclone Ita was upgraded to category five, with a cyclone warning issued for the far northern Queensland coast between Lockhart River and Cairns. In anticipation of the Cyclone, tourists and staff were evacuated from a holiday resort on Lizard Island on 10 April. As Ita neared landfall, all residents in Cooktown and Hopevale were advised to evacuate either to a community cyclone shelter or to leave the towns. Though a weakened storm at landfall, Ita brought damaging winds to coastal areas around Cape Flattery where gusts peaked at. An automated weather station on Lizard Island recorded gusts up to before the anemometer failed. Cooktown, the closest populated area to where the storm moved ashore, experienced winds up to. Gale-force winds affected areas as far south as the Northumberland Islands, with Mackay recording gusts up to. A minor storm surge accompanied the cyclone; however, it coincided with low-tide and had limited effects. Minor flora damage was reported at Mackay, in the heart of city the top of a palm tree was blown off by the high winds. In Shoal Point minor damage was reported with some branches fell with one damaging a fence.  The greatest impact from Ita resulted from heavy rains, with many areas receiving up to in 24 hours. Cardwell reported an April record of rain in 24 hours, while in Tully of rain fell over two days, causing moderate flooding in both towns. In Bowen, fell in one-hour, triggering a flash flood through the towns main street. Cooktown received of rain over a three-day span. The Daintree, Mulgrave, Haughton, and Herbert rivers all experienced major flooding. Townsville reported of rain and wind gusts of up to causing only minor damage. The outer bands of the Ita caused heavy rain and storms as far south as the Wide Bay–Burnett region as it tracked back out to sea again, Kingaroy recorded in less than an hour from a severe thunderstorm, while The Town of 1770 received.  Cooktown experienced the greatest structural damage from winds, with 200 homes affected, of which 16 were severely damaged or destroyed. Many buildings, including a 140‐year‐old hotel in the town centre, lost their roof. Power was cut to the whole town and many trees were uprooted and destroyed; however, no injuries were reported as the majority of the towns residents were safe in the towns community cyclone shelter.  Heavy rain caused moderate flooding throughout most of North Queensland, five people were rescued from floodwaters between Cooktown and Cairns and flooding in the Daintree River threatened several properties in Mossman, while further south a few low-lying houses were inundated in Ingham. Several houses were also flooded from a minor storm surge in Cairns, however damage was limited.  Total economic damage from Cyclone Ita amounted to A$1.1 billion (US$1 billion). The greatest losses took place in the agricultural sector, with a stretch of sugarcane country suffering damage. Roughly 80 percent of the sugarcane crop in the Herbert River District was destroyed with the remaining crops damaged. Insurance companies initially estimated that claims could match those from Cyclone Oswald in 2013; however, insured losses only reached A$8.4 million (US$7.9 million).

New Zealand.

The remnants of Ita brought heavy rains and strong winds to much of New Zealand on 17 April. Winds, peaking at in Westport, downed many trees and power lines. Much of the country experienced gale-force winds, though the North Island and northwestern areas of the South Island bore the brunt of the storm. Numerous cars were rolled by the winds, including one which was blown off a bridge over the Haast River. Buses transporting workers from the Stockton Mine were also knocked over. Much of Westport was isolated by downed trees and the whole Buller District was left without electricity when the transmission lines were damaged. In Auckland, tidal and flash flooding closed several roads and trapped residents. Gusts on the Auckland Harbour Bridge peaked at. Throughout Auckland, at least 15,000 people were without power.  Entire hillsides reportedly collapsed in rural areas of Clarence and Ward. Agricultural damage in parts of the South Island were compared to Cyclone Bola in 1988, a storm regarded as one of the worst to ever strike New Zealand. Throughout the Grey District, 39 homes were rendered uninhabitable while at least 60 other structures sustained varying degrees of damage. Losses in the district were estimated to be in excess of NZ$20 million (US$17.1 million). Throughout New Zealand, insured losses amounted to NZ$55.3 million (US$42.9 million).

Aftermath.

In November 2014, the name "Ita" was retired from the list of names in the Australian basin and replaced with "Ivana".

Solomon Islands.

Soon after the floods, Honiara and Guadalcanal were declared disaster areas by the Solomon Government. Debris left behind by the floods initially hampered relief efforts, with the runway at Honiara International Airport blocked by two destroyed homes. Food supplies started running low as the Red Cross provided aid to the thousands homeless. The airport was reopened on 6 April, allowing for supplies from Australia and New Zealand to be delivered. Roughly 20 percent of Honiara population relocated to evacuation centers as entire communities were swept away.  New Zealand offered an immediate NZ$300,000 in funds and deployed a C-130 Hercules with supplies and emergency response personnel. Australia donated A$250,000 on 6 April and sent engineers and response teams to aid in relief efforts. On 8 April, Australia increased its aid package to A$3 million while New Zealand provided an additional NZ$1.2 million. Papua New Guinea and Taiwan provided PGK 1 million and US$200,000 in funds, respectively.  In the immediate aftermath of the floods, there were fears that the flooding could worsen an already ongoing dengue fever outbreak and cause outbreaks of diarrhea and conjunctivitis. Over the following two months, a widespread rotavirus outbreak unfolded in Honiara, Guadalcanal, and Gizo, with more than 1,000 people falling ill. Severe cases of diarrhea became common among children, with 18 dying as a result in early June. By mid-July, the outbreak was fully contained with no further cases of the disease. Additionally, 24 people contracted leprosy in Honiara within a shelter.

Papua New Guinea.

On 15 April, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Peter O'Neill and Speaker of Parliament Theo Zurenuoc provided PGK300,000 (US$113,700) in funds to Milne Bay Province. The Papua New Guinea Defence Force was dispatched to deliver relief supplies to the region. Damage surveys were conducted simultaneously using the Defense Force's helicopters to determine the areas in need of the most immediate aid. Ten relief teams were dispatched on 16 April to assist with clean up efforts. The nation's health office also warned of the dangers of post-storm diseases due to damaged sewer systems. Communications with the outermost islands of the province remained difficult and limited to short-distance radio. By 17 April, a barge with 57 bales of rice was sent to Wari island where thousands of residents were in need of food.

Australia.

Owing to the severity of agricultural damage, the average cost of avocados, bananas, iceberg lettuce, and papaya increased.

Earthquakes.

On 4 April (5 April local time) a 6.0 M earthquake, with its epicenter on Makira Island, struck the Solomon Islands. Though no reports of damage were received in relation to it, officials were concerned about the possibility of landslides resulting from it. Two more large earthquakes, a 7.1 M followed by a 6.5 M, struck near the region on 11 April; resulting in two deaths and causing significant damage in parts of Papua New Guinea. On 12 April, a 7.6 M earthquake occurred just south of Makira Island and was followed by a 7.4 M the next day. Though the earthquakes only produced a localised tsunami, with limited effects, they prompted evacuations and delayed relief efforts across the Solomon Islands. Another tsunami warning was issued on 19 April following two more large earthquakes, 6.6 M and 7.5 M, near Papua New Guinea.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ita was the strongest tropical cyclone in the Australian region by central pressure, since George in 2007, and since Monica in 2006 by wind speed. The system was first identified over the Solomon Islands as a tropical low on 1 April 2014, and gradually moved westward, eventually reaching cyclone intensity on 5 April. On 10 April, Ita intensified rapidly into a powerful Category 5 system on the Australian Scale, but it weakened to a Category 4 system in the hours immediately preceding landfall the following day. At the time of landfall at Cape Flattery at 12 April 22:00 (UTC+10), the cyclone's Dvorak intensity was approximately T5.0, consistent with a weak Category 4 system, and considerably lower than the T6.5 observed when the system was at its peak intensity. Meteorologists noted the system had, at that time, begun an eyewall replacement cycle; as a result, the system was considerably less powerful than various intensity scales hadpredicted. Ita's impact on terrain was lessened, as a result.

Le cyclone "Ita" est un système tropical localisé en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. Début et sous la forme d'un système de basse pression, il provoque de violentes crues dans les Salomon, tuant. Initialement désorganisées, les conditions météorologiques permettent le développement du système le. Sous l'emprise d'une trajectoire ouest, il devient un cyclone tropical le.


Amateur career.

Cianciarulo began riding motorcycles when he was 3-years-old and was racing when he was 4-years-old. In 2012, he became the highest winning mini bike rider in AMA Amateur Motocross National Championships. He won 11 amateur championships.

Professional career.

In 2013, Cianciarulo began his first pro season on Monster Energy/Pro Circuit/Kawasaki, whom he signed a long-term contract with while he was an amateur. After being sick with salmonella, he missed the first four rounds of the Lucas Oil Pro Motocross series. he began his pro career by finishing inside the top 10 five times, including a podium in the first moto at Utah.  In 2014 Cianciarulo began his first 250 Monster Energy Supercross series, winning 3 out of the first 5 races including his supercross debut. Unfortunately, he received a shoulder injury in Toronto, Canada after crashing in the whoops section. He had surgery to repair the injury, causing him to miss the rest of the Monster Energy Supercross series as well as the entire Lucas Oil Pro Motocross season.  In 2015, Cianciarulo did not race any races in the Monster Energy Supercross series because of another shoulder injury that he received while racing at the Geneva Supercross in Switzerland. He raced only 6 of the 12 races in the Lucas Oil Pro Motocross series due to another shoulder injury that he received while practicing for Red Bud. Cianciarulo was having a somewhat successful year, getting on the podium once before his injury.  In 2016, it looked like it was going to be a fresh start for Cianciarulo. He parted way with his long time trainer, Aldon Baker, and has started a new program. Early February, Monster Energy/ Pro Circuit/ Kawasaki reported that Cianciarulo had broken his wrist while practicing. This caused him to miss the entire Monster Energy Supercross series.  In 2019, in Glendale, Cianciarulo earned his 7th career win during his time in the series and his 1st win of the 2019 season. He came close to winning the 250sx West championship, but ultimately lost the championship to Dylan Ferrandis after a crash late in the final race.  However, Cianciarulo later won his first professional championship in the 2019 Lucas Oil Pro Motocross Series finishing with 519 total points. He is now contracted to ride for Team Monster Energy Kawasaki aboard a KX450 in the 450 class. He also is moving on from his previous career number 92 to 9.  During the 2019 Monster Energy Cup, Cianciarulo's first professional race in the 450 class, he placed 1st overall. In the three main events, Cianciarulo placed 2nd, 2nd, and 1st to solidify his spot at the top of the podium.  Cianciarulo broke his collarbone during the first round of qualifying at the 2020 Arlington Supercross event. He underwent surgery days after the injury and will race again when healthy.

Adam Cianciarulo, (born October 20, 1996) is an American professional motocross racer. He competes in the AMA Motocross Championships in the 450cc class for Monster Energy Kawasaki, aboard a Kawasaki KX450. He won the 2019 AMA 250cc motocross national championship.

Adam Cianciarulo, né le à Port Orange en Floride, est un pilote de motocross américain. Il pilote actuellement dans le team Monster Energy Pro Circuit Kawasaki.


Early life and career.

Joko Widodo was born Mulyono on 21 June 1961 and is of Javanese descent. He is the eldest of four siblings and is the only son of Noto Mihardjo (father) and Sudjiatmi Notomihardjo (mother). He has three younger sisters, named Iit Sriyantini, Ida Yati, and Titik Relawati. His father came from Karanganyar, while his grandparents came from a village in Boyolali. Jokowi was often sick as a toddler, and his name was thus changed—a common practice in Javanese culture—to Joko Widodo, with "widodo" meaning "healthy" in Javanese. At the age of 12, he started working in his father's furniture workshop. Throughout his childhood, Widodo's family constantly faced evictions from their landlords; this greatly affected him, and later in his career, he organised medical housing in Surakarta during his years as mayor of the city.

Education and business career.

Jokowi's education began at State Elementary School 111 Tirtoyoso, known for being a school for less wealthy citizens. He continued his studies in State Junior High School 1 Surakarta, and later wanted to attend State Senior High School 1 Surakarta, but failed the entrance exam and instead enrolled in State Senior High School 6 Surakarta. Jokowi graduated from the Forestry faculty at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, in 1985, where his work included studies and research on the use of plywood. He later began work at PT Kertas Kraft Aceh (), a state-owned firm in the province of Aceh, Sumatra. He worked in what is today Bener Meriah Regency between 1986 and 1988, as a supervisor of forestry and raw materials of a "Pinus merkusii" plantation.  Jokowi, however, soon became uninterested in his

Political career.

Mayor of Surakarta.

After first joining PDI-P in 2004, Jokowi ran in the mayoral race in Surakarta in 2005 with F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo as his running mate, with the support of PDI-P and the National Awakening Party. The pair won 36.62% of the vote against the incumbent Slamet Suryanto and two other candidates. During the campaign, many questioned his background as a property and furniture businessman. However, one academic paper claimed his leadership style was successful because it established an interactive relationship with the people, through which he was able to induce people's strong faith in him. He adopted the development framework of European cities (which he

Governor of Jakarta.

Jokowi won the 2012 gubernatorial election in Jakarta after a runoff round against incumbent Fauzi Bowo. His inner circle of advisers in Jakarta was reported to include people such as FX Hadi 'Rudy' Rudyatmo, Sumartono Hadinoto, and Anggit Nugroho who were colleagues while he was mayor of Surakarta as well as Basuki Tjahaja Purnama ("Ahok"), his deputy as governor of Jakarta. Jokowi continued the "blusukan" practice he had adopted as mayor of Surakarta by regularly visiting population centres, especially slums. During these visits, he wore simple, informal clothes and stopped at markets or walked along narrow Jakarta alleys to listen and witness firsthand about issues addressed by residents such as the price of food, housing difficulties, flooding, and transportation. Polling and media coverage suggested that Jokowi's hands-on style proved very popular both in Jakarta and elsewhere across Indonesia.  After taking office, taxes and the provincial budget of Jakarta increased significantly from Rp 41 trillion in 2012 to Rp 72 trillion in 2014. Both Jokowi and Ahok publicised their monthly salary and the provincial budget. They also initiated programs aimed towards transparency,

Presidential candidacies.

2014.

Megawati Sukarnoputri nominated Jokowi to be the presidential candidate of her party.  Following the release of Quick Count results from many different polls, Jokowi declared victory on 9 July. However, his opponent Prabowo Subianto also declared victory, creating confusion among the population. On 22 July, hours before the announcement of the election results, Prabowo withdrew. Jokowi's victory was expected and realised hours later. The General Elections Commission (KPU) gave him a close victory with 53.15% of the

2019.

In 2018, Jokowi announced that he would run for re-election next year. His vice president Jusuf Kalla was not eligible for another term because of the term limits set for president and vice president. Kalla had already served a five-year term as vice president during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's first term (2004-2009). Speculation surrounding Jokowi's choice of running mate focused on several candidates including Mahfud MD, a former defence minister and chief justice of the Constitutional Court. In a surprise move, Jokowi announced that Ma'ruf Amin

Presidency of Indonesia.

Government and cabinets.

Despite vowing to not give government positions simply to political allies during the 2014 campaign, many members of political parties received ministerial positions in Jokowi's first cabinet. The first year of Jokowi's administration saw him controlling a minority government, until Golkar, the second-largest party in the People's Representative Council (DPR), switched from opposition to the government. Jokowi denied accusations of having interfered with Golkar's internal affairs, although admitted that Luhut may have influenced the change. His cabinet's Minister of Industry Airlangga Hartarto was elected chairman of Golkar in 2018. The National Mandate Party (PAN) had also switched sides beforehand but later returned to being the opposition in 2018.  Jokowi announced the 34 names in his cabinet on 26 October 2014. While the cabinet was praised for inclusiveness of women, with Retno Marsudi becoming Indonesia's first female foreign minister, it received criticism for several perceived political inclusions such as Puan Maharani (daughter of Megawati Sukarnoputri). The

Economy.

Before taking office, Jokowi sought for outgoing President SBY to take responsibility for the decision to further increase fuel prices by further removing subsidies. Previous attempts by SBY to do so had resulted in civil unrest. On 1 January 2015, Jokowi took measures which on the surface appeared to reduce fuel subsidies. The policy stirred up some demonstrations, with Jokowi citing it as necessary to increase funding for the infrastructure, education and health sectors. However, since March 2015, the government has set the price of Premium-branded gasoline far below the market price, causing the fuel subsidy to be incurred by state-owned oil company Pertamina instead of the direct government account. Additionally, the government also implemented a single-price program, aiming to sell

Politics.

Early in his first term, the opposition coalition within the People's Representative Council attempted to revoke a regulation ("Perppu", Government Regulation in Lieu of Acts) issued by Jokowi's predecessor, which had guaranteed the holding

Human rights.

Judicial executions in Indonesia are carried out under a Presidential Decree following a death sentence imposed by a trial court. Jokowi has stated that he refused to grant any clemency for drug offenders facing execution and argued that Indonesia was in a state of emergency over drug-related crimes, citing statistics the "Jakarta Globe" reported to be faulty. This stance drew criticism not only as it could harm relations with the native countries of the condemned convicts, but also because it imperils Indonesia's own citizens facing the death penalty abroad.  After multiple executions in 2015, Australia, Brazil and the Netherlands recalled their ambassadors from Indonesia. Australia reduced its foreign aid to Indonesia by nearly half, and Amnesty International issued a

Foreign policy.

Before Jokowi's election, Indonesia's foreign policy under former President SBY was moulded by the mission statement, "A thousand friends and zero enemies". Jokowi has mandated a three-pronged policy of maintaining Indonesia's sovereignty, enhancing the protection of Indonesian citizens, and intensifying economic diplomacy.  Jokowi aspires Indonesia to become a global maritime power ( or global maritime axis). He sees the sea would have an increasingly important role in Indonesia's future, and that as a maritime country, Indonesia must assert itself as a force between the two oceans: the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The five pillars of this maritime-axis doctrine are rebuilding Indonesia's maritime culture, maintaining and managing marine resources, developing maritime infrastructure and connectivity as well as developing the shipping industry and maritime tourism, inviting other nations to cooperate in the marine field and eliminate the source of conflicts at sea, and developing maritime defence forces. As part of this vision, Jokowi has adopted a tougher stance on illegal fishing. He stated that Jakarta could no longer tolerate a situation

Capital relocation.

By April 2019, it was made public that Jokowi had decided in a meeting with cabinet ministers to move the capital of Indonesia

Family and personal life.

Jokowi married his wife Iriana in 1986. The couple has two sons and one daughter. Their first son, Gibran Rakabuming Raka (born 1 October 1987), studied abroad in Sydney and Singapore (at the Management Development Institute of Singapore, MDIS) and currently runs a catering and wedding-planning business in Surakarta. Their only daughter, Kahiyang Ayu (born 20 April 1991), completed an undergraduate degree in food technology at the state-owned Sebelas Maret University in Surakarta. Their second son, Kaesang Pangarep (born 25 December 1994), completed his high school years in ACS International, Singapore, and is an online vlogger. Jokowi has two grandchildren, born in 2016 and 2018 from Gibran and Kahiyang, respectively.  Jokowi has been described as "Muslim but broadly secular in his outlook", and 2019, his statement that religion and politics should be separated caused a public debate on whether he was promoting secularism in the country. In June 2013, a film titled "Jokowi", depicting Jokowi's childhood and youth, was released. He expressed some objections to the film saying that he felt his life had been a simple one and was not worthy of being adapted into a film.  Several members of Jokowi's family has declared their intentions to enter politics by running as a candidate to local government (mayors and regents). His first son Gibran has declared his candidacy for the mayoralship of Surakarta, in addition to his son-in-law Bobby Nasution (Medan) and brother-in-law Wahyu Purwanto (Gunung Kidul Regency).

Interest in rock music.

According to "The Economist", Jokowi "has a penchant for loud rock music" and owned a bass guitar signed by Robert Trujillo of heavy metal band Metallica, that was confiscated by the anti-corruption commission, KPK. He is also a fan of Lamb of God, Led Zeppelin and Napalm Death. On 2 November 2013, while he was the Governor of Jakarta, he was seen in the rock festival

Awards and honours.

2012: Ranked 3rd at the 2012 World Mayor Prize for "transforming a crime-ridden city into a regional centre for art and culture and an attractive city to tourists".  2013: Listed as one of "The Leading Global Thinkers of 2013" in "Foreign Policy" magazine. In February 2013 he was nominated as the global mayor of the month by the City Mayors Foundation, based in London.  2014: Listed by "Fortune" as one of "The World's 50 Greatest Leaders".  2016–2017: List by "The Muslim 500" as one of the most influential Muslims in the world, which ranked 11 in 2016 and 13 in 2017.

Joko Widodo (born Mulyono, 21 June 1961), also known as Jokowi, is an Indonesian politician who is the 7th and current president of Indonesia. Elected in July 2014 as the first president not to come from an elite political or military background, he was previously the Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012, and the Governor of Jakarta from 2012 to 2014.

Joko Widodo, surnommé Jokowi, né le à Surakarta (Indonésie), est un homme d'État indonésien, président de la République d'Indonésie depuis le. Il est réélu pour un second mandat de cinq ans lors de l'élection présidentielle de 2019.


Early life.

Olivera Katarina was born Olivera Petrović to father Budimir, a naval captain, and mother Katarina ("née" Jovančić) on 5 March 1940 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. She adopted Olivera Katarina in 1969 to honour her mother, who had died on 4 January 1969. She spent her childhood in Belgrade, Dobanovci and Valjevo.  As a child, Olivera Katarina attended piano and ballet lessons. In 1959, she went to Paris and enrolled the Alliance Française school in order to improve her French language skills. Olivera Katarina initially enrolled the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law before switching to the Faculty of Dramatic Arts. Among her mates at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts were Milena Dravić and Petar Kralj.

Career.

She studied at the academy for theatre, film, radio and television in Belgrade. Started her career as a student with a major role as Koštana in a same name play in a National Theatre in Belgrade. There she met Vuk Vučo, a theatre critic whom she later married.  For a role in "Goya or the Hard Way to Enlightenment" in 1971 (as Olivera Katarina), she was awarded at festivals in Moscow and Venice. Her major success was in Aleksandar Petrović's "I Even Met Happy Gypsies", where she played a gipsy singer named Lenče. Film was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 40th Academy Awards, for a Palme d'Or at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, and for Best Foreign-Language film at the 26th Golden Globe Awards. It won the FIPRESCI Grand Prize of the Jury at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival. Olivera closed this festival with a concert together with Nana Mouskouri and Dionne Warwick.  She also had a very prominent singing career. She recorded in Serbian language, as well as in Russian, Japanese, Romanian, Greek, Romani, and Indonesian. She sang traditional Serbian folk songs and Gypsy/Romani songs. In famous Paris Olympia she held 72 consecutive concerts.  In 1969, she participated in the national choice to represent Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1969 with the song "Poigraj, poigraj, devojče".  Olivera Katarina is also known as "the only woman Salvador Dalí knelt in front of", being amazed by her beauty and voice, after her concert in Paris.  In 2007, Katarina contributed songs for Marina Abramović's "Balkan Erotic Epic", and portrays a goddess in Uroš Stojanović's film "Čarlston za Ognjenku".

Personal life.

In her early youth Olivera Katarina dated water polo goalkeeper Milan Muškatirović for several years during the late 1950s.  During her time at the film academy she met journalist Vuk Vučo and quickly married him. The marriage lasted only a year and a half.  She then for seven years lived in a common-law relationship with the powerful Yugoslav Security Service (UDBA) operative and Avala Film chairman Ratko Dražević.  In 1970, Olivera Katarina married Miladin Šakić, an administrator who later became the president of the Red Star Belgrade football club, with then Mayor of Belgrade Branko Pešić as Šakić's best man. The couple's only son Mane, a painter based in Madrid, was born on 1 February 1971. Later in 1971, Šakić died in a car accident near Mladenovac. In an interview for the "Blic" daily in 2011, Olivera Katarina claimed she had not been in a relationship with a man after Šakić.

Olivera Katarina (; "née" Petrović (Петровић); born 5 March 1940), also previously known as Olivera Vučo (Оливера Вучо) and Olivera Šakić (Оливера Шакић), is a Serbian actress, singer and writer. She was one of the leading stars of Yugoslav cinema in the 1960s and the 1970s, and is probably the best known for her performance in Aleksandar Petrović's film "I Even Met Happy Gypsies" (1967), which won the Grand Prix at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival.

Olivera Katarina (en serbe : Оливера Катарина), née Petrović (Петровић) à Belgrade (Yougoslavie, actuellement Serbie) le, connue précédemment sous le nom d'Olivera Vučo (Оливера Вучо) et aussi Olivera Šakić (Оливера Шакић), est une actrice, chanteuse et écrivain serbe et yougoslave.


Playing career.

As a youth, Brown played in the 2003 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Dallas Storm minor ice hockey team. He grew up in Flower Mound, Texas where he played hockey and football for Flower Mound High School. He eventually joined the U.S. National Team Development Program from which he then accepted a scholarship to play college hockey with the University of Michigan Wolverines of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). In his first season with the Wolverines, he was selected to the 2009–10 CCHA All-Rookie Team.  On the eve of the 2013–14 NHL trade deadline, Brown was dealt by the Coyotes along with Rostislav Klesla and a fourth-round pick in 2015 NHL Entry Draft to the Washington Capitals in exchange for Martin Erat and John Mitchell on March 4, 2014. Brown scored his first NHL goal with the Capitals on March 22, 2014, against Antti Niemi of the San Jose Sharks.  Brown was dealt once again on the eve of the 2015–16 trade deadline. He was traded by the Capitals to the New York Rangers in exchange for fellow American Ryan Bourque. On April 20, 2016, Brown was recalled by the New York Rangers from the team's AHL affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack.  After parts of two seasons with the Wolf Pack, Brown left North America at the conclusion of his contract with the Rangers, signing a one-year deal with German outfit, the Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL on July 19, 2017. In the 2017–18 season, Brown was looked upon to add production and posted 21 assists and 30 points in 47 games.  On May 8, 2018, Brown signed as a free agent with fellow DEL club, the Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers, on a two-year contract.

Christopher James Brown (born February 3, 1991) is an American professional ice hockey center. He is currently playing for the Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Brown was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes in the second round (36th overall) of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.

Chris Brown (né le à Flower Mound dans l'État du Texas aux États-Unis) est un joueur professionnel américain de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste de centre.


Description.

Crossing-the-bridge noodles has over 100-year history and it was listed as an intangible cultural heritage of Kunming city in 2008 to promote Yunnan food culture. The dish is served with a large bowl of boiling hot broth and the soup ingredients. The soup is made with chicken, pork bone and seasoning, such as Chinese star anise and ginger. Also, using a layer of chicken fat to insulate the soup and therefore keep it warm for longer. These ingredients are separated. The soup ingredients are served on a cutting board or plate and include raw vegetables and lightly cooked meats. Common ingredients include thin slices of turkey, chunks of chicken, chicken skin, strips of bean curd sheets, chives, sprouts and rice noodles. Once added into the broth, it cooks quickly with a layer of melted chicken fat and oil glistening on top. The soup takes a few minutes to cook, and it is then spooned out into small bowls. Jim Thurman of LA Weekly writes that "with the rice noodles and fresh chicken, it's reminiscent of an extremely subtle version of Vietnamese pho ga [chicken pho]. Which shouldn't surprise anyone, as Yunnan shares a border with Vietnam."

Claims of name origin.

One story that has gained traction begins with a scholar who was studying hard for his imperial exams on a small island. His wife, who would bring him food, found that by the time she had crossed the bridge to the island the soup would be cold and the noodles were soggy. She then decided to load a large earthen pot with boiling broth with a layer of oil on top that would act as insulation and keep the broth warm. The noodles and other ingredients were kept in separate container, and when she arrived, she mixed the two containers together for a warm soup.  Another claim regarding the origin of the name comes from the way the ingredients are transferred between containers. The process is similar to crossing a bridge between bowls, and hence it is called "crossing-the-bridge" noodles.  There are reportedly many other variations on the origin of the name.

Varieties.

The main ingredient of the noodles is rice. Rice vermicelli production differs in different regions. In Kunming, Yunnan, there are two varieties: "dry paste" or "sour paste". The production process differs depending on individual preferences and tastes. "Sour paste", as the name suggests, tastes a little sour, but is characterized by a relatively thick and soft rice noodle. The "dry paste" does not have the sourness of the sour paste, and the noodle is relatively thin and more rigid. Older people in Kunming think the "sour paste" noodles are more authentic. Most people in Yunnan think the Kunming noodle does not satisfy their taste buds, and generally believe Mengzi County and Jianshui County makes better noodles.  Now, as people's tastes change, all kinds of noodle varieties are flooding onto the market. Kunming people now do not necessarily pick a "dry paste" or "sour paste." At present, people prefer the more efficient, slippery "water-washed rice noodle" and "purple rice noodle", one that is mixed with purple rice.

Status.

The development of Crossing the Bridge Noodles has changed people's eating habits over the years, especially breakfasts. Generally in street markets, the hot fresh rice noodle is put into a bowl of boiling water for about half a minute and then colored sauce is added to the bowl. This is known as the "hat" of the sauce. Crossing the Bridge Noodles served in markets in the morning are usually completed in one minute.  There are a few franchised restaurants which serve more intricate or elaborate Crossing the Bridge Noodle dishes. Normally Crossing the Bridge Noodles are ordered in a set. A set of bridge noodle will cost 10 to 50 Yuan. Ordering the Crossing the Bridge Noodles with more ingredients will command higher prices.

Ingredients.

The general ingredients of "guoqiao mixian" include: raw quail eggs, turkey slices, chicken slices, and colored vegetables.  Crossing-the-bridge noodles are generally served first with a bowl of boiling hot soup. The attendants will then be on the other side of the bowl and put the ingredients into the bowl, generally in order from raw to cooked: meat first, then quail eggs, and then vegetables. Finally, they perform the noodle "crossing" with chopsticks and the dish is ready to be consumed. The amount of oil, chili, vinegar, and soy sauce one puts in the bowl varies according to personal taste.

Crossing-the-bridge noodles is a rice noodle soup from Yunnan province, China. It is one of the most well-known dishes in Yunnan cuisine.

Les nouilles qui traversent le pont () sont une soupe de nouilles de riz. C'est un plat traditionnel chinois, originaire du Yunnan.