Plot.

At an archaeological dig in the Ecuadorian highlands, two archaeologists, Dr. Bilac and Dr. Roosevelt, get into an argument over the removal of a burial urn that contains an Amaru, or a female shaman. Roosevelt argues that the urn must be taken from the site and preserved in a museum, much to the chagrin of Bilac and the tribespeople present. Later, a native shaman distributes Yaje to the local villagers and Bilac. During this ritual, a jaguar spirit kills Roosevelt in his tent.  Later, in Boston, Fox Mulder and Dana Scully investigate the disappearance of Dr. Craig Horning, an archaeologist from a local history museum, after a security guard discovers a large amount of blood in Horning's lab. They interview both the curator, Dr. Lewton, and graduate student Mona Wustner. They also visit a reclusive Bilac. After closing, Lewton is killed by the jaguar spirit after his car doesn't start. During an investigation of the crime scene, Scully comes across rat corpses in the engine compartment of Lewton's vehicle. Mona denies that anything unusual has happened in the museum.  Mulder and a group of police search for Lewton's remains. Scully sees blood dripping on Mulder's face from above and, upon looking up, they see a portion of Lewton's intestine hanging from a tree. Scully, about to perform an autopsy on the intestine, is interrupted when Mona suddenly calls and reports that Bilac was under the influence of Yaje. At the museum, Mona hears noises from a restroom and, upon opening a toilet lid, she sees rats forcing their way out of the sewer. When the two agents arrive, they discover Bilac crying beside one of the toilets, saying that Mona is dead.  Later, Bilac escapes from the room in which he is being held without exiting through the only door. Mulder notices a large drag mark through the dust on the floor, discovering a hatch leading to the museum's old steam tunnels. While exploring the tunnels, the agents find the remains of the victims and are attacked by a multitude of feral cats. As they try to escape, they come across Bilac's mutilated body. The two agents make their way out and close the hatch on the pursuing cats. The episode closes with Mulder suspecting that the animal attacks were associated with the burial urn that had been removed against the wishes of the Ecuadorian tribespeople; it is shortly returned to the burial grounds, where the local shaman watches the urn's reburial with jaguar-like eyes.

Production.

"Teso Dos Bichos" was written by John Shiban, who claims to have derived the episode's title from an ancient chant. The words translate into Galician-Portuguese as "Burial Mound of Small Animals," although other translations have been proposed. Unbeknownst to Shiban, in parts of Colombia and Venezuela, the word "bichos" is a euphemism for testicles; Shiban later joked that this "controversy" would be "good for ratings".  The production of the episode was plagued with issues. At the last minute the ending of the episode had to be rewritten; originally, the episode was to feature "hordes" of common house cats attacking Mulder and Scully, but the cats refused to attack under direction, doing "pretty much nothing". To further complicate matters, Gillian Anderson had a severe cat allergy, and so the whole sequence was nixed. While director Kim Manners felt that the episode's first three acts were "the best three acts of television [he had] ever directed", he believed that the fourth act was "an absolute disaster." Manners reportedly asked series creator Chris Carter to film a leopard for the fourth act rather than house cats, saying "I begged Carter 'Please let's revisit the leopard in the teaser because I'm never going to make these cats scary.'"  "Teso Dos Bichos" was strongly disliked by the cast and crew of "The X-Files", including both David Duchovny and Kim Manners. Manners found the story uninteresting because "pussycats are not scary." He later made T-shirts and gave them to the cast and crew that read "Teso Dos Bichos Survivor." The episode earned two distinctive nicknames courtesy of Manners: The first, "Second Salmon," referred to the number of re-writes the episode went through. Every time an episode was re-written, the color of the script changed accordingly; "Teso Dos Bichos" went through so many re-writes that the cast eventually received a second round of salmon colored copies. The second nickname, again, courtesy of Manners, was "Teso Dos Bitches."

Broadcast and reception.

"Teso Dos Bichos" premiered on the Fox network on March 8, 1996. This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10.7, with an 18 share, meaning that roughly 10.7 percent of all television-equipped households, and 18 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was viewed by 17.38 million viewers.  The episode received negative reviews from critics. A writer from "Entertainment Weekly" gave "Teso Dos Bichos" a C, and sardonically wrote, "No es bueno!" Reviewer Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a C− and criticized the laziness of the writing, saying, "Maybe I'm missing something here. There could be some subtext in, um, yeah, I got nothing. The dead rats in the toilet were freaky, right? And they did kill that dog off, so that's hardcore. Really, though, I'm just too disappointed to say much else. This is paint-by-numbers at its most tedious, and while it's nice to have evident proof of how far the show has come since it started, that doesn't make it any easier to sit through." Critical Myth's John Keegan gave the episode a scathing review, only awarding it 1/10. He criticized the seriousness of the plot and wrote, "Overall, this has to be one of the worst episodes of the series. In nearly every possible way, the episode fails to live up to the usual expectations. Perhaps aware of how silly the whole thing sounds, the cast and crew seem weary of it all from beginning to end. Even some of the bad ideas in the later seasons don’t fall to this level of inadequacy." Cyriaque Lamar from i09 called the Jaguar Spirit one of "The 10 Most Ridiculous X-Files Monsters" and wrote, "In this fairly ridiculous Season 3 episode, an Ecuadorian artifact possessed by a Jaguar Spirit (or something) causes tabbies to go bonkers and murder people. This scene of Scully fighting a cat deserves the GIF treatment. Make it happen, folks!" Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode one star out of five, calling the premise "achingly unambitious". The two roundly criticized the plot, calling it a "retread of a cursed mummy movie without a mummy", as well as the performances of Trevino, Duchovny, and Anderson. Despite the overall negativity, Shearman and Pearson noted that the "much derided" cat sequence was not "that badly handled."

"Teso Dos Bichos" is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files". It premiered on the Fox network on March 8, 1996. It was written by John Shiban, and directed by Kim Manners. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. "Teso Dos Bichos" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.7, being watched by 17.38 million people in its initial broadcast. The episode received mostly negative reviews.

Malédiction ("") est le de la de la série télévisée "". Dans cet épisode, Mulder et Scully enquêtent sur une série de meurtres liés à un artefact provenant d'Amérique du Sud.


Background.

There were two ME Four-Twelve vehicles produced. The first was an auto show version using performance expertise from Daimler, but with limited operational capabilities. It was designed behind-the-scenes during 2003 by a small team. The auto show vehicle, unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) in Detroit, took less than one year for design and development. The exterior design was done by American Brian Nielander.  Chrysler announced at the 2004 NAIAS that the ME Four-Twelve was a full running prototype. At the time, key personnel within the Street & Racing Technology group at Chrysler directed by Dan Knott (also responsible for the Dodge Viper, SRT production adaptations such as the Dodge Neon SRT-4 and Dodge Ram SRT-10, Dodge Motorsports, and Mopar performance parts) were alerted that another project was being considered; to design and build a fully engineered and functional prototype demonstration vehicle capable of achieving the published performance claims and being available for media track evaluation by the summer of 2004.

Design.

The chassis tub of the ME Four-Twelve is carbon-fiber and aluminum honeycomb. It uses a 4130 steel rear subframe and aluminum castings. The body is lightweight carbon fiber. The low profile of the vehicle contributes to its aerodynamics, while multiple air-intakes enhance cooling. The car uses 265/35ZR19 tires in the front and 335/30ZR20 tires in the rear (on 19- and 20-inch cast aluminium wheels, respectively). The brakes are six-piston-calipers with 16-inch discs at the front and back.  The modified 6.0 L aluminum Mercedes-Benz M120 V12 engine featured a newly developed cylinder head, special intake and exhaust manifolds, as well as forged internals such as pistons and crankshaft to accommodate the forced induction system (i.e., four turbochargers), which brought the output of the engine to. This would have made it the most powerful, as well as the fastest, road-going production vehicle at the time. The seven-speed transmission is a sequential dual-clutch automated manual transmission, with the capability of shifting gears in 200 milliseconds. Claimed acceleration from 0-60 mph is 2.9 seconds, and 0-100 mph in 6.2 seconds. It can cover a quarter mile in 10.6 seconds, with a trap speed of. Estimated top speed was claimed to be.  The ME 412's interior features leather seats, a carbon fiber dashboard, and a chrome covered center console with a leather tilt steering wheel, and gunmetal gauges. Other features include dual-zone climate control, a premium audio system, keyless access, and a push button start system. The roof is made of glass.

The ME Four-Twelve is an American high-performance concept car that is engineered, developed and produced by Chrysler in 2004. The name is a combination of the Mid-Engine with Four turbochargers on a Twelve-cylinder engine.

La Chrysler ME-412 est un concept car américain de haute performance conçu, développé et produit par Chrysler en 2004. Le nom est une combinaison du Mid-Engine, Quatre turbocompresseurs sur un moteur Douze cylindres, en v.


History.

From the early 20th century until 1948, the three main railway companies in Northern Ireland were the Great Northern Railway Ireland (GNRI), which had around one half of its network north of the border; the Northern Counties Committee (NCC), owned by the Midland Railway of England and later the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS); and the small Belfast and County Down Railway (BCDR). The Transport Act (Northern Ireland) 1948 created the Ulster Transport Authority (UTA), which took over the BCDR later that year, followed by the NCC in 1949 as a result of the Ireland Act 1949. In 1958, the GNRI was dissolved and its lines north of the border were also taken over by the UTA. Under the UTA's management, the railway network of Northern Ireland shrank from 900 miles (1,450 km) to 225 miles (362 km). The UTA was split into rail and road operations in 1967, and the rail operations were taken over by the present company Northern Ireland Railways (NIR).  Suffering frequent disruption and damage to infrastructure caused by the Troubles and starved of investment by successive political administrations, the NIR network had become badly run down by the 1960s, with old rolling stock and poorly maintained track. NIR's last steam locomotives were withdrawn in 1970.  In 1970, NIR re-launched the once-popular "Enterprise" between Dublin and Belfast with three new NIR Class 101 diesel locomotives built by Hunslet in England and Mark 2B carriages built by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL). Despite frequent interruptions due to bomb scares, the service has remained a more or less constant feature of the NIR network.  As older trains became obsolete in the 1970s, the Class 80 slam-door diesel-electric multiple unit was introduced. BREL built these units between 1974 and 1977 to British Rail's Mark 2 design with some trailer cars rebuilt from hauled stock. The power cars were powered by an English Electric 4SRKT engine, nicknamed 'Thumpers' due to their characteristic sound, and had two English Electric 538 traction motors. These entered service on the suburban lines around Belfast, becoming a stalwart on the whole network. They remained in service until 2012, latterly primarily on the Larne-Belfast line and the Coleraine-Portrush Line. In the early 1980s, NIR purchased one of the prototype LEV Railbuses built to test the railbus concept. This was intended for the Coleraine-Portrush branch, but was withdrawn due to the capacity constraints of a single car. A plan was mooted to use it on the Lisburn-Antrim line to prevent it from being closed. This proposal failed, again because of the limited capacity. NIR has three EMD class 111 locomotives, 111–113, for freight and passenger use, built in October 1980 (111–112) and December 1984 (113).  During the eighties it was apparent that additional trains would be needed. BREL built nine 450 Class sets on former Mark 1 underframes between 1985 and 1987. The power cars had an English Electric 4SRKT engine recovered from former 70 Class units (except 459, which used the engine recovered from 80 Class power car 88) and had two English Electric 538 traction motors. The sets were three-car diesel-electric multiple units, based on a more modern British design, with air-operated sliding doors. They were withdrawn from service in 2012 and replaced by new 4000 Class diesel multiple units.  In 1994, NIR bought two EMD 208 Class locomotives identical to Iarnród Éireann's 201 Class. These haul the cross-border "Enterprise" dedicated trains of modern carriages.  Since 2002, NIR has modernised its rolling stock, with a full fleet replacement of new trains built by the Spanish company CAF. 23 Class 3000 diesel multiple units made up the first batch of trains ordered at a cost of £80m. They offered greater capacity, performance and accessibility than their predecessors when they were delivered in 2004 and 2005. The next order was for 20 Class 4000s, built 2010–2012. These offered similar benefits to the Class 3000s and completed the fleet replacement. Additionally, NIR has said that it will be purchasing 23 new carriages, via an option in the existing Class 4000 train procurement contract, for delivery in 2021.

Performance.

The latest performance figures for NIR according to Translink are 99% of trains arriving at the final destination within 5 minutes and 100% within 10 minutes of the scheduled time. Among other accolades, NIR won the UK Rail Business of the Year Award for 2008.  NIR carried 13.4 million passengers in 2014–15 (up from 10.4 million in 2010–11), representing 417 million passenger-km and earning £43.6 million in ticket sales.  In 2018/2019 NIR recorded 15.8 million passenger journeys, the largest in the company's 50-year history.

Rolling stock.

Current fleet.

NIR also owns two 201 Class diesel locomotives, which operate as part of a pool with Iarnród Éireann's fleet, and half of the 28 De Dietrich stock coaches used by the Enterprise Belfast-Dublin service. These units have their own unique livery, and do not operate under NIR branding or on any other services in Northern Ireland or the Republic. In 2005, NIR investigated obtaining seven Class 222 DEMUs built for English operator Midland Mainline to use for Enterprise, but these entered service with their intended operator. They would have required significant modification to enable NIR to use them, including conversion from standard gauge to Irish gauge.  NIR retained one Class 80 unit (three power cars and two driving trailers) as its sandite train during the 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 leaf fall seasons. It was planned that a Class 450 unit was to be used for this role. However, in 2015, Translink awarded a contract to Windhoff Bahn AG to procure a new double ended multi-purpose vehicle to undertake sandite and high-pressure water spraying, as well as weed killing operations.

"New Trains" fleet replacement.

In 2004/2005, NIR received 23 Class 3000 diesel multiple units from CAF of Spain in an £80m order. The final unit, 3023, arrived in Belfast Harbour on Monday 18 July 2005.Translink Press Release: Last New Train lands at Belfast Harbour </ref> All units had entered service by 24 September 2005. A maintenance contract with CAF for these vehicles was extended in May 2020 for another 15 years.  In 2007, NIR announced plans to purchase up to 20 trains under its "New Trains 2010" proposal following the confirmation of its expected budget. This fleet replaced the remaining Class 80 and Class 450 trains by March 2012. Renamed as "New Trains Two", this project went out to tender in late 2007. In March 2009 it was announced that CAF had been selected to build the new fleet, named Class 4000. The first units were delivered in March 2011, with entry into service in September 2011  In December 2018, NIR announced that 21 additional carriages would be purchased from CAF at the cost of £50m, via an option in the existing Class 4000 train procurement contract. They are scheduled to be delivered during 2021, with all the sets in service by Autumn 2022.

Routes.

NIR maintains the following lines:  Signalling is controlled from Coleraine (Coleraine to Portrush), Portadown (the border to Lisburn), and Belfast Central (From Lisburn to Belfast and the rest of the network)

Services.

NIR operates regular passenger trains along the following routes during the weekday inter-peak:

Suspended routes.

Following the re-opening of the Antrim – Bleach Green line in June 2001, which had been closed since 1978, NIR ceased passenger operations between Lisburn and Antrim on 29 June 2003. Combined with the new Dargan Bridge across the River Lagan in Belfast, the Bleach Green route offered faster journeys between Derry, Coleraine, Ballymena, Antrim and Belfast.  The Lisburn-Antrim railway line is still maintained, and occasional crew training operations are performed. While it is also available as a diversionary route, Knockmore, Ballinderry, Glenavy, Crumlin stations remain closed to the public. The passing loops at Ballinderry and Crumlin have been removed.

Future.

The development of railways in Northern Ireland has been linked to the future economic growth of the region, and as a way of reducing road congestion. One of the major challenges that NIR has faced is the limited number of trains available for service at peak times. The limited fleet size has led to services being cancelled due to failures or delays. This can lead to widespread disruption across the network and potentially a huge loss in revenue. Upon its establishment in 1998, the Northern Ireland Assembly put in place an investment programme costing £100 million to bring about major improvements. This saw projects including the purchase of the 3000 Class trains, the complete relaying of the Belfast-Larne line and the construction of a new maintenance depot. Following completion of this, as part of its long-term investment programme for NIR Translink conducted a "Strategic Rail Review" in 2004, an independent review of rail services to determine its funding request under the Comprehensive Spending Review. This report determined that so-called "lesser used lines" were an important and economically viable part of the total network, and that investment should be consistent rather than in the "stop-go" manner of previous years.  A debate in the Northern Ireland Assembly on Monday 14 May 2007 raised several proposals as to how the railway network could be improved:  Pressure groups have advocated the protection of former routes, where the track has been lifted but the trackbed remains intact, to enable these to be reinstated for commuter traffic as an alternative to increased road building.  In October 2007, following the CSR that provided funding allocation to the Northern Ireland Executive, the Department for Regional Development announced its draft budget. Conor Murphy, the Regional Development Minister, stated that approximately £137 million could be allocated from for investment in the railways for the period 2008–2011.  In June 2008, Brian Guckian, an independent transport researcher from Dublin, presented a wide-ranging proposal to Translink for a £460 million expansion of the network called Northern Ireland Network Enhancement (NINE). This proposes the return of the network to several towns that have not had access to rail services for many years; the main part of the proposal would see the Londonderry-Portadown line re-opened, which would link Omagh, Strabane and Dungannon, with branches to Enniskillen and Armagh. However none of these enhancements are programmed to go to planning over the course of the next decade as of early 2013.  Translink have plans to introduce a new ticketing system in 2018 similar to the system utilised by Irish Rail. This includes the introduction of ticket vending machines, allowing customers to purchase tickets via an electronic interface at the station (as opposed to the current system in which customers must pay staff for the ticket, who in turn print the customer's ticket for them), a'smart card' 'tap on, tap off' system similar to the Leap Card and contactless payments.

Infrastructure.

The rail network is focused on Greater Belfast. Both the Bangor and Larne lines have been re-laid in recent years, enabling timetable improvements to be delivered. The only significant "inter-city" routes are the main line between Belfast and Dublin, which covers services to Newry; and the Belfast-Derry line. This line is single track with crossing loops north of Mossley West and single track only west of, which limits the service in both frequency and speed; in the current timetable the train takes 2hr4m while the bus takes an 1hr50m. The pressure group Into the West, which campaigns for improved rail links to the North West region, has stated that the need for a quality rail service, as part of a larger integrated transport policy, is vital to the economic development not just for the city of Derry but for the wider cross-border region.  On Wednesday 21 November 2007, the Regional Development Minister announced that the investment strategy being considered by the NI Executive included the relaying of the Belfast-Londonderry line north of Coleraine, planned to include new signalling and a new crossing loop, allowing more trains. The total cost was £64 million, and began in 2011, lasting five years. Prior to the major relaying of the Coleraine-Londonderry section, £12 million was spent on improving the section between Ballymena and Coleraine. This saw the stretch between Ballymena and Coleraine closed completely for four months, with a replacement bus service. Trains continued to run between Londonderry, Coleraine and Portrush, with a small fleet stabled at Coleraine – four trains were stabled instead of the three previously reported. Once the project was completed in 2016, there is a further proposal to add two trains per day, enabling journey times between Belfast and Londonderry to be reduced by up to 30 minutes. As part of this plan, Translink envisages an hourly service to Londonderry, half-hourly to Ballymena. There have been proposals to improve the Belfast-Dublin line between Knockmore and Lurgan, enabling journey times to be reduced and frequency increased. This will improve NIR's services and allow an hourly Enterprise service to Dublin.  In May 2008, the Regional Development Minister announced that his department would commission a study, in conjunction with Donegal County Council, to investigate the effects a resurrection of railway services in the north-west of Ireland with a long-term projection of building a railway line connecting Londonderry with Sligo through County Donegal.  As part of NIR's plans for its new rolling stock, it has built a new traincare depot next to Adelaide station on the site of the old freight yard. As a means of improving timings of its services, Belfast Great Victoria Street is planned to undergo a major refurbishment that will see the platforms lengthened and the curves reduced, together with the addition of a new fifth platform, all planned to bring about the transfer of Enterprise services from.  Further plans are afoot to double the track from Monkstown to Templepatrick, to further increase capacity on the Londonderry line.

Portadown to Armagh.

In 2013, the then Minister for Regional Development, Danny Kennedy, indicated that a restoration of the route between and was under active consideration in the long term, pointing out the commercial opportunities for the city of Armagh and its hinterland to be reconnected to the railway network.

Airport links.

Speculation remains that the Lisburn-Antrim route could re-open, potentially to offer an alternative Antrim – Lisburn – Belfast service. The line is maintained both for crew training and as a diversionary route, and passes close to Belfast International Airport at Aldergrove. For a number of years there have been suggestions for a station to serve the airport. The airport has marked the building of a new station in its list of future plans, while EasyJet, which is the largest operator into Belfast International, have been strong in advocating an airport rail link. The reopening of the Lisburn-Antrim line is seen not simply in terms of provision of a link to the airport – it would also allow for the further economic development of the area, which has seen increases in population as people use the towns in South Antrim as dormitory settlements for Belfast. In May 2009, the Minister for Regional Development stated that a proposal had been received from a private developer, the Kilbride Group, to restore the Knockmore line, indicating that he would be prepared to part fund a study into this if the local authorities provided the rest of the funding. The route was also included in a wider study of the development of the Northern Rail Corridor published at the end of 2009  The Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan 2015 identifies the need to improve transport links to George Best Belfast City Airport from the city centre. The BMAP proposed a light rail line from the city centre that would have interchanged with a new railway station at Tillysburn, serving both the airport and the Holywood Exchange retail development. However, in April 2008 the decision was taken not to proceed with the light rail project, with the DRD choosing to implement a new bus-based network. The pressure group "Rail 21" has stated that the Tillysburn proposal is insufficient for what the new station is expected to provide – a link to the airport, transport provision for Holywood Exchange and a park and ride facility. Instead it proposes a dedicated airport station, similar to, connected directly to the terminal, with Tillysburn half a mile away serving Holywood Exchange, instead of Tillysburn providing the link to the airport.  There have also been calls, as part of the wider upgrade of the rail route to Londonderry, for a railway station connecting to City of Derry Airport, which is close to the railway line. However, the Government has determined that the number of passengers using the airport is not sufficient to justify a station.

Rolling stock.

Although the introduction of the Class 3000 trains was a success, they were a like-for-like replacement for the Class 80 units rather than an expansion of the fleet. Due to the limited number of new units, some of NIR's older rolling stock was retained, notably the entire Class 450 on the Belfast-Larne route. To enable NIR to maintain its levels of service, it upgraded some of its older rolling stock. In 2005, the Class 450 fleet was refurbished to a standard close to that of the Class 3000 units, which saw them through to their withdrawal in 2012. Three four-car Class 80 units were refurbished and a number of locomotives and coaches were converted to push-pull operation with the addition of the DBSO obtained from 'one', to ensure that passenger rolling stock levels were maintained up to the introduction of new rolling stock in 2011 and 2012.  One of the major projects instigated by Translink was "New Trains Two" (formerly "New Trains 2010"), which saw the purchase of a new batch of rolling stock. At minimum, this was to be like-for-like replacement of the Class 450 trains, which were withdrawn in 2012. However, it was determined that to deliver improved frequency of service on the network the size of NIR's fleet had to be increased, and with that must come associated infrastructure improvements. The announcement of the investment programme confirmed "New Trains 2010", which procured 20 new trains to both replace the remaining Class 80 and Class 450 units and provide additional capacity. The specification given by the DRD stated that the new trains are to provide both inner and outer suburban commuter services and express services between Belfast and Dublin. The Class 4000 fleet entered service on Thursday 29 September 2011. Twenty, three-car units have been specified with an option to purchase an additional 20 vehicles, allowing the units to be lengthened to six cars.

NI Railways, also known as Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) and for a brief period Ulster Transport Railways (UTR), is the railway operator in Northern Ireland. NIR is a subsidiary of Translink, whose parent company is the Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company (NITHCo), and is one of five publicly owned train operators in the United Kingdom, the others being Network Rail, Direct Rail Services, Northern Trains and LNER. It has a common Board of Management with the other two companies in the group, Ulsterbus and Metro (formerly Citybus). The rail network in Northern Ireland is not part of the National Rail network of Great Britain, nor does it use Standard Gauge, instead using Irish Gauge in common with the rest of Ireland. Also, NIR is the only commercial non-heritage passenger operator in the United Kingdom to operate a vertical integration model, with responsibility of all aspects of the network including running trains, maintaining rolling stock and infrastructure, and pricing. However, since the Single European Railway Directive 2012, the company has allowed open access operations by other rail operators. In 2017, NI Railways carried 15 million passengers.

NI Railways, en forme longue Northern Ireland Railways, abrégé NIR est l'opérateur ferroviaire national de l'Irlande du Nord. Le réseau ferroviaire nord-irlandais ne fait pas partie du National Rail, et utilise l'écartement des rails de 1600 mm, commun avec le réseau de la République d'Irlande, appelé écartement irlandais. Les trains ne sont pas électrifiés.


Early life.

Ivar was born in Aloja in the Governorate of Livonia (modern Latvia), to parents he described as "land-owning farmers" and "highly intellectual.". His father played an active part in the 1905 revolution, and was elected Chairman of the Revolutionary Administrative Committee for his district. In 1906, Tenis Smilga was caught and killed by a punitive expedition sent to crush the revolt in Livonia.

Revolutionary career.

Smilga joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party as a 14 year schoolboy, in January 1907, and was arrested for the first time during a May Day demonstration that year. In 1910, he was again arrested for taking part in a student demonstration in Moscow to mark the death of Leo Tolstoy, calling for the abolition of the death penalty, but was released after one month in prison. He was rearrested in July 1911, as a member of the illegal RSDLP organisation in the Lefortovo District, held in custody for three months, then deported to Vologda for three years. He returned in 1914, after the outbreak of war, and joined the Petrograd Bolshevik party committee. Rearrested in May 1915, he was sentenced to three years deportation in Yeniseysk.

Role in 1917.

Freed as a result of the February Revolution, Smilga returned to Petrograd, and became a leading figure in the Bolshevik organisation in the Kronstadt naval base. In May, he was Kronstadt's delegate to the Seventh Conference of the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP, at which, despite his being only 24 years old, former fellow Siberian exiles put him forward as a member of the nine-member Central Committee. During 1917, he was Vladimir Lenin's most consistent ally and supporter in calling for a second revolution led by the Bolsheviks. In June, Lenin and Smilga submitted their resignations from the Central Committee after the majority agreed to call off an anti-government demonstration due to be held on 10 June, but both resignations were rejected. Smilga had wanted the demonstration to escalate into a revolutionary crisis in which power would be seized by the First Congress of Soviets, then in sessions, and urged that they should not "hesitate to seize the Post Office, telegraph and arsenal, if events developed" - but the Congress, which was dominated by supporters of the Kerensky government, insisted on the demonstration being called off.  During the Sixth Congress of the Bolshevik party, in August 1917, Smilga declared that the soviets had "committed suicide" by not opposing the government, and that the party should be ready to seize power alone. "No-one has the right to deprive us of this initiative if fate gives us another chance," he declared. Responding to a fellow Bolshevik who had urged caution, he said: "Let me remind him of Danton's words: 'In revolution, one needs boldness, boldness, and more boldness!"  In September, Smilga led the Bolshevik delegation at the Third Regional Congress of Soviets in Helsingfors (Helsinki)- the capital of Finland, which was then under Russian rule - and was elected "Chairman of the Regional Committee of the Soviets", a position carrying real power because of the collapse of the government authority in the wake of the Kornilov affair. Lenin was then hiding in Helsingfors, and "entered into a sort of conspiracy with Smilga", sending a long and angry letter on 27 September complaining that their fellow Bolsheviks were "passing resolutions" instead of "preparing their armed forces for the overthrow of Kerensky." In mid-October, Smilga returned to Petrograd for the Congress of Northern Region Soviets, and stayed to help plan the Bolsheviks seizure of power. Just before the October revolution, he was sent back to Finland with orders to send 1500 armed sailors to Petrograd to act as reserves in case any troops from the front came to attack the city.

Political career.

Smilga returned to Petrograd in January 1918, after the Bolsheviks had been routed in the brief civil war that led to the creation of an independent Finland, and served as a member of the praesidium of the Petrograd soviet and an editor of the Bolshevik newspaper "Petrogradskaya Pravda". He consistently backed Lenin's line over whether to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended the war with Germany. He was transferred to political work in the Red Army at the start of the Russian Civil War, and acted as a political commissar on every major front. He was chief political commissar on the southern front, for the campaign against the army of General Denikin. In January 1921, he was appointed political commissar on the Causasus front, and head of the Caucasian Labour Army.

Relations with Trotsky.

During the early part of 1919, Smilga was involved in a conflict over conduct of the civil war, which saw him aligned with Iosif Stalin against Leon Trotsky the People's Commissar for War and future leader of the Left Opposition. Smilga, Mikhail Lashevich and Sergei Gusev were political commissars on the Eastern Front, fighting the army of Admiral Kolchak. The military commander was Sergei Kamenev, a former Colonel in the Imperial Army. The Red Army commander in chief Ioakhim Vatzetis wanted them to halt operations once they had driven Kolchak's army east of the Urals, rather than risk pursuing him into Siberia. Trotsky supported him. Smilga, Lashevich and Kamenev insisted on continuing the offensive, which was a spectacular success. In May, Smilga was appointed head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army. With Stalin's support, he proposed that Kamenev should replace Vatzetis as commander in chief, against Trotsky's advice. After Lenin had overruled Trotsky, in July 1919, Smilga, Gusev and Kamenev joined Trotsky on the six-member Revolutionary Council of War.

Relations with Stalin.

During the war between Russia and Poland, in 1920, Smilga headed the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front, whose military commander was Mikhail Tukhachevsky. When the Red Army met unexpectedly strong resistance as it reached the outskirts of Warsaw, Tukhachevsky ordered the Southwestern front to turn northwards, but Stalin, who was the front's political commissar, refused, preferring to capture Lwow. At the Tenth party congress in March 1921, there was a secret session on why Russia lost the war, at which - according to Trotsky - "Stalin came out with the declaration, equally startling in its viciousness and untruthfulness, that Smilga...had 'deceived the Central Committee' by 'promising' to take Warsaw by a definite date...I protested on the spot against this startling insinuation: Smilga's 'promise' meant merely that he had "hoped" to take Warsaw."

Post-war career.

Smilga was dropped from the Central Committee in March 1921. Soon afterwards, he was appointed head of the Main Directorate for Fuel. He was also vice-chairman of the Vesenkha from 1921 to 1928, and of the Gosplan from 1924 to 1926. From 1925, he was a prominent supporter of the Left Opposition, one of only half a dozen oppositionists elected a full member of the Central Committee in December 1925 - despite the fact that in August 1925, Stalin complained about Smilga's influence in Gosplan and denounced him as a "fake economic leader." He was dismissed in June 1927 and transferred to Khabarovsk, in Siberia. His departure was the occasion for the last public demonstration against the Stalin regime, in which about a thousand people gathered at the railway to show solidarity.  Smilga was expelled from the Central Committee on 14 November 1927, expelled from the communist party in December, and deported to a remote area of Siberia. In July 1929, along with Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, Karl Radek, he renounced his support for the Left Opposition, citing the reason that Joseph Stalin's rise would have meant the application of much of the Left's recommended policies, and that the dangers the Soviet state faced, from the outside as well as from within, required their "return to the Party". About 400 other deportees followed their lead. His membership of the communist party was restored in 1930, and he was allowed to return to economic work.

Arrest and execution.

Smilga was arrested on the night of 1–2 January 1935, in the wake of Kirov's assassination, and sentenced to five years imprisonment. He was held for months in an isolator in Verkhneuralsk. At the first of three Moscow show trials, in August 1936, the lead defendant Grigory Zinoviev named Smilga as having been implicated in the fictitious 'Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre', but unlike almost all the other eminent Old Bolsheviks named during the proceedings, he was never subjected to a public trial, suggesting that the NKVD had not been able to break his spirit sufficiently to be able to rely on him to confess. He was shot in February 1938.

Personality.

A scientist working in Russia in the 1920s, who had no reason to speak well of Smilga, and in face held him responsible for the execution of a group of technicians from the former Nobel company during the civil war, nevertheless believed that he should have been appointed head of Vesenkha. "He seemed to me quite superior to all other members of the Praesidium...He was well educated, with vigorous and pleasant features, and authoritative in speech and action...he impressed me favourably by his frankness and the fearless way he expressed his convictions, even when they were quite the opposite of those of his party colleagues." Viktor Serge, a fellow supporter of the left opposition, described Smilga as "a fair-haired intellectual with spectacles, a chin-beard, and thinning front, ordinary to look at and distinctly the armchair sort."  Smilga was posthumously rehabilitated in 1987.

Ivar Tenisovich Smilga (, ; 1892–1938) was a Bolshevik leader and economist. he was a member of the Left Opposition in the Soviet Union.

Ivar Tenisovich Smilga (en ; en ; 1892-1938) était un chef bolchévique révolutionnaire, et un membre de l'Opposition de Gauche dans l'Union Soviétique.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land. It is located along U.S. Route 26 on the John Day River about west of the city of John Day.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 527 people, 259 households, and 151 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 281 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 95.4% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.7% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.  There were 259 households of which 21.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.7% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.61.  The median age in the city was 49 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.1% were from 25 to 44; 33.9% were from 45 to 64; and 22.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 595 people, 248 households, and 162 families residing in the city. The population density was 856.1 people per square mile (332.9/km2). There were 270 housing units at an average density of 388.5 per square mile (151.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.29% White, 0.17% African American, 1.85% Native American, and 3.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.18% of the population.  There were 248 households out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.97.  In the city, the population was spread out with 28.2% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $31,635, and the median income for a family was $32,083. Males had a median income of $33,611 versus $17,292 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,241. About 13.7% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.5% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Mount Vernon is a city in Grant County, Oregon, United States. Its post office was established in 1877 and named after a black stallion that belonged to settler David W. Jenkins. The stallion's stable, a small stone building, is still standing in a field on the north side of U.S. Highway 26 about east of the main intersection in town. In 1915 the ranching community had a population of 60 and a hotel at a hot springs resort approximately north. The population had grown to 451 by the 1950 census. There are a few motels and restaurants in Mount Vernon. The population was 527 at the 2010 census.

Mount Vernon est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Grant en Oregon. En 2010 sa population était de.


Hybrid architecture.

There are various different types of blockchain networks. Including but not limited to public, private and consortium blockchains. Both public and private blockchains have their own benefits and pain points. Dragonchain's hybrid architecture allows to keep sensitive business logic private, while also having control over what data can immutably be recorded on public blockchains. The Interchain patent allows for interoperability with other blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Instead of recording all sensitive information on public blockchains, it only takes the hash of the private transaction and Interchains with both Dragonchain community nodes and blockchains like Bitcoin. In the case of Bitcoin the biggest benefit for this use case is its global hash power, resistance against 51% attacks, the immutability and decentralization. Hybrid blockchains are used by entities that need the benefits of both the public and private approach, using Interchain interoperability solutions between legacy systems and other blockchains, both public, private, consortium and permissioned. Private, public, consortium and permissioned blockchains all have their own setbacks and benefits. Entities that do not want to expose sensitive business data to the internet are limited to private blockchains. And entities looking for no access restrictions at all can leverage the Bitcoin or Ethereum blockchain. The hybrid blockchain ensures sensitive business data stays private on business nodes. While also allowing to validate the hash of the private transactions through consensus algorithms. And even completely decentralized public checkpoints on networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Through Interchain the hash of a private transaction can be placed on the Bitcoin blockchain or any other public blockchain such as Ethereum. This allows to utilize the benefits of blockchains that are focused on specific use cases such as quantum resistant blockchains. This will protect against quantum attacks, although such attack never was successful yet.

Dragon Net.

Dragon Net is Dragonchain's scalable and hybrid approach to achieve consensus. It is using independent verification nodes provided by the Dragonchain community and external partners. Verification nodes serve the purpose of verifying blocks from business nodes that contains the hashes of the businesses private transactions, thus not exposing sensitive business logic. Unlike other blockchain platforms, there is no mainnet. Each application or node is its own blockchain, allowing more flexibility and scalability.

Consensus.

Consensus is achieved through automated verification from a wide range of entities through Dragonchain's so called 5 Level Spectrum of Trust. Every Dragonchain that is spun up by a user is at each level is its own non-homogenous or heterogeneous blockchain. This means that all the blockchains and nodes do not all contain exactly the same information. This prevents network congestion as seen with Cryptokitties during the cryptocurrency bubble in 2017. This new approach allows for scalability that is limited to the clouds limit, which is theoretically unbounded as the cloud (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud or other) can scale up infinitely by demand.

Private business Node.

Contains all sensitive data and business logic. This is the enterprises or businesses own private blockchain and the location for placement and integration of "real world" value in the form of transactions and business logic. This information is configured by the business or blockchain user and executed by a blockchain node.

L2 Nodes: Validates the blocks, headers, and signatures.

Level 2 nodes are the first check of validity for blocks and their individual transactions from the private business nodes. Which can be done without exposing the actual data or business logic. Rules such as minimum amount of validity verification through L2 Nodes can be defined by enterprises.

L3 Nodes: Network diversity for L2 validations.

Level 3 nodes check the diversity of a transaction's Level 2 verification. This level of consensus will ensure that transactions are validated by a sufficient amount of distributed sources. This also provides control and measurement of network effect. And provides distributed security, as an attacker would be required to attack multiple organizations and data centers in order to tamper with these transactions.

L4 Nodes: Serves as a Notary function.

A level 4 node provides a notary functionality to the consensus process. Level 4 nodes are hosted by external partners and cryptographically signs any verification record it receives from the Level 3 nodes.

L5 Nodes: Public checkpoint.

Level 5 nodes are the final gateway between the Dragonchain platform and other blockchains. After a transaction has successfully passed Level 5 verification, it can finally be hosted on a public chain like ETH, ETC, NEO, or BTC using Interchain.

General Data Protection Regulation.

By nature public blockchains are not compliant with EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union, known as GDPR. In many use cases however there is a need to decentralize blockchain transactions without exposing PII or sensitive business logic. Dragonchain's serverless hybrid blockchain architecture is a solution for various pain points both public and private blockchains have by nature. Not only can the entity choose what data can be private or public. They can also choose in which global region they store both public and private information. With multicloud capabilities, not limited to one cloud provider such as AWS, data that is required to be stored and validated in China only remains in China. And data that is required to be stored and validated within the European Union only remains in the European Union. This is in addition to only exposing the hash of transactions in a global decentralized manner, unless explicitly permitted otherwise.

Proof of existence.

Hybrid blockchain platforms are able to use public blockchains for proof of existence. Dragonchain refers to this as public checkpoints. Ensuring ultimate, decentralized and immutable proof that certain events have occurred. Which can not be done by using private, permissioned or consortium blockchains without interoperability characteristics. Bitcoin is unmatched in terms of global hash power, making it very expensive and unlikely to perform a 51% attack. Thus using Bitcoin for strong transactional proof for the hash of their private business data transactions give it the immutable aspect, making it impossible to tamper with transactions that already occurred.

History.

Earliest public documentation of the so-called Disney Private Blockchain Platform dates back to 2014. In June 2016 over 20 use cases that have been explored inside Disney were shared with the World Wide Web Consortium, its blockchain community group. In October 2016 the platform is released as open-source software under the Apache 2.0 license and was mentioned as one of Disney's best open source releases. In January 2017 The Dragonchain Foundation was founded, which is a non-profit organization created to maintain the open source code. Joe Roets is the Founder and CEO and has build the commercial Dragonchain entity on top of the open source code, which is now known as the current blockchain company named Dragonchain. Roets was asked by Disney through a phone call to develop the architecture from scratch and moved him and his family to Seattle, WA. In 2017 Dragonchain conducted a token sale that raised as much as $13 million. On February 23, 2018 the Nasdaq listed enterprise Fluent, formerly known as Cogint, acquired a minority interest in Dragonchain.

Tokenized Micro-license.

Dragonchain has their own utility token which is a tokenized micro-license (TML), known as Dragonchain, ticker DRGN or referred to as Dragons. They were distributed to token sale participants. The current circulating supply is 238.421.940 DRGN. While the total supply ever available is 433.494.437 DRGN, which is a prime number. The Tokenized Micro-licenses are used throughout the platform and ecosystem. It is a new form of software licensing that can be applied in different ways. Community holders of the Dragon tokens all have a Dragon Days of Slumber Score (DDSS). DDSS determines the user's access to specific features within the Dragonchain ecosystem. It takes into account both the Dragon balance and length of time each Dragon is held. The number of Dragons held, multiplied by the number of days held is how the Dragon Days of Slumber Score is calculated. It is a new form of a tokenized loyalty system based on blockchain. Some of the features include access to the blockchain platform and smart contract library, permission to run L2, L3 or L4 nodes to validate enterprise blocks or voting rights to startup ideas and projects. L2, L3 and L4 nodes are run by the Dragonchain community and selected partners, who are rewarded proportionally, based on the amount of DDSS they have applied to each specific node. An orders of magnitude increase in traffic can be handled by existing network nodes which will earn directly proportional to the increase.  Charging for software licenses began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The original software licencing models such as Microsoft Windows 3.1 or Adobe Photoshop 7.0 serve different purposes. They hold a key that gives access to the software. It comes at a one-time fixed price that includes minor updates, bug fixes and ownership. Yet does not allow to stay updated with new versions without buying it. In the 1990s and 2000s the subscription based licensing became more popular. This is where consumers started paying on a time-base for access to the software. Popular models like this in 2019 are Spotify and Netflix. This allows for access to the most updated versions of software and comes with updates in place, lowering maintenance costs for both the consumers and the vendor. One downside is that consumers end up paying even when they are not using it, unless they pause or cancel their subscription. Dragonchain's patented Tokenized Micro-License was created to allow a new model for software access. It allows local holding of licenses like early models, but also allows decentralized hosting of the service. And standardized many flexible forms of redemption via software access or execution. Some of the key principles are that the tokens license term interact at every use, execution or access with complimentary license terms embedded in to every service. This creates a flexible framing work for software licensing innovation. For vendors it allows flexible updates, including the terms on blockchain, and consumers do not pay for software that is not being used. Meaning the inevitable passing of time does not penalize existing customers.

Awards.

Eastside Small Business of The Year 2019.

On March 28, 2019 the Bellevue Chamber of Commerce held their 30th annual reception. Dragonchain was nominated for an award in 2019 and were granted the Eastside Small Business of The Year award for their contributions to blockchain technology applications. The award was brought to life to recognize superior performance of small businesses located in the Eastside in the US with 100 employees or less. Businesses nominated for this award must have an established presence in the Eastside community, commitment to bring excellent work and proven entrepreneurship. Zara Huang, Global Public Relations Manager at Dragonchain, stated it is an honour to receive this award as a blockchain company in Bellevue, Seattle. And that they are excited to explore future opportunities in blockchain.

Patents.

Interchain.

On November 20, 2018 they were granted the Interchain patent. Interchain allows them to post the hash of a transaction from a private blockchain, on to Bitcoin's public blockchain. Keeping sensitive business data private, while also allowing immutable proof of existence. Dragonchain currently has working Interchain with Bitcoin, Ethereum, NEO and Ethereum Classic.

Tokenized Micro-License (TML).

On November 20, 2018, they were granted the Tokenized Micro-License patent, which was filed August 11, 2017.

Use cases.

Decentralized authentication.

A hybrid blockchain solution is often used where multiple parties, trust, data access management and sharing, friction and decentralization is involved. Centricity works with almost 20,000 farms and over 4500 organizations. For their knowledge exchange and privacy management suite in supply chain they work with industry leaders such as IBM Food Trust. In addition to that they are also collaborating with hybrid blockchain Dragonchain on Dragon Factor identity services to provide users with GDPR-compliant decentralized authentication, permitting them to have autonomy over their data and control over who may access it.

Charity Donation overview using blockchain.

Dragonchain partnered with a humanitarian group named M2030, to help fight malaria with blockchain. M2030 is a Singapore-based humanitarian group that was created by the Asia Pacific Leaders Malaria Alliance (APLMA). Hybrid blockchains can be used for various applications in charity organizations. It allows a transparent overview of donations and (selective) exposure of how the funds are being used.

Learning management systems.

Dragonchain built their own tokenized Learning Management System (LMS) on blockchain, known as the Dragonchain Academy. Blockchain development certifications granted to users are stored on the blockchain. All courses come at no cost and token rewards earned for completing courses come from the Dragonchain Foundation. Sieng van Tran is the current President of the Dragonchain Academy, who earlier in his career founded Ilearn.to, the first internet learning company in the United Kingdom that was profitable.

Other explored use cases.

Before open sourcing Dragonchain they explored and tested a variety of use cases in real enterprise environments. Some of them documented include: Systems for identity that involved privacy, security and confidentiality factors. Ticketing, specifically for theme parks. Infrastructure for decentralized processing, computing and storage of files or data. Different systems for voting, applicable in various ways such as governments or entertainment. For legal firms the encoding of legal agreements between parties through smart contracts. The reporting and compliance of audit results. Using blockchain and cryptocurrencies for payment platforms. The organization of internal cryptocurrencies to deal with chargebacks or to model micro-economies within teams for interaction and incentive. Contracts for a variety of services that involves booking, such as traveling, flight reservations, hotel rooms and loyalty programs. Some financial market use case explorations involved futures, credit and interest rate swaps, bonds, stocks, options, pay-for systems via smart contracts and peer-to-peer financial derivatives.

Dragonchain is a blockchain platform for enterprises. It was originally developed at The Walt Disney Company in Seattle in 2014 and then open-sourced in 2016. Despite extensive speculation, there is absolutely no relationship between Disney and Dragonchain. The open source code is maintained by the Dragonchain Foundation. And the commercial blockchain platform is maintained by the commercial entity named Dragonchain, Inc. Dragonchain is a public/private hybrid blockchain platform. Developers can use existing smart contracts from the library or write their own smart contracts and build (decentralized) blockchain applications in known languages.

Dragonchain est une chaîne de blocs (symbole DRGN) initialement développée en interne par la Walt Disney Company, ouvert en open source puis externalisée. Elle est gérée par la société Dragonchain suite à un appel de capitaux en novembre 2017.


Biography.

Early life and career.

He was born on 26 April 1960 in Bocşa, Caraş-Severin County, Romania and educated in Reșița. He graduated from metallurgical faculty of the Politehnica University of Bucharest with a degree in metallurgical engineering. He joined the Reșița Ironworks as an engineer and later became the president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry for Caraş-Severin County.

Political career.

In 1992, he won election to the county council of Caraş-Severin County, becoming president of that body in 1996.  In December 1997, he was appointed as Ministry of Water, Forestry and Environmental Protection in the cabinet of Victor Ciorbea. After Radu Vasile became prime minister in 1998, Frunzăverde moved to the position of Minister of Tourism.  He twice served as Minister of National Defense. The first appointment, from 13 March 2000 to 28 December 2000, came in the First cabinet of Mugur Isărescu when President Emil Constantinescu chose him to replace defence minister Victor Babiuc, who had left the Democratic Party but refused to leave the ministerial post. He returned to the post from 25 October 2006 to 5 April 2007, in the first cabinet of Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu after defence minister Teodor Atanasiu resigned following a long running dispute with President Traian Băsescu.  He was a Member of the European Parliament, where he was the Head of the Romanian delegation to the EPP, vice-chairman of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Within the European Parliament, he was involved in the EU-Western Balkans dialogue, acting as a member in the Delegation for relations with the countries of south-east Europe and the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee. He pushed for his party to join the European People’s Party group after having been affiliated with the Socialist International.

Personal life.

Frunzăverde was fluent in English, Italian, and German, and was married with one child. He died from kidney disease on 3 November 2019 at the age of 59.

Sorin Frunzăverde (26 April 1960 – 3 November 2019) was a Romanian politician. He served as the Minister of National Defense of Romania on two occasions as well as the Minister of Tourism and Ministry of Water, Forestry and Environmental Protection. He was also the President of the Caraș-Severin County Council a member of the Parliament of Romania and a Member of the European Parliament from 2007–2009. Formerly a member of the Democratic Liberal Party, he joined the National Liberal Party in 2012.

Sorin Frunzăverde (né le à Bocșa et mort le à Reșița (Roumanie)) est un homme politique roumain, membre du Parti démocrate-libéral (PDL) puis du Parti national libéral (PNL).


History.

Claude's "Liber Veritatis", a register in which he recorded and drew the paintings he had done, has a note on the back of the drawing for the "Fête" (No. 13) that the picture had been painted for Urban VIII. Other sources also state that the artist painted a "Village Fête" and a "" for Urban VIII, but these two paintings were sold by Prince Barberini in 1798. The Louvre painting must therefore be a replica painted by Claude Lorrain after the lost original. Another copy dated 1669 was in the possession of Lord Yarborough in England, and yet another in the Stroganovs collection, St. Petersburg. Several other replicas and copies exist.  This particular painting, painted fairly early in the artist's career, reveals the influence of Flemish art. The composition, with a group of trees in the centre, and openings on either side through which the light appears, was often used by Flemish landscape painters from the time of Bruegel: Paul and Matthew Bril frequently employed it, and Lorrain continued in their tradition in Rome. In accordance with classic 16th century procedure, the bridge harmoniously unites the middle and far distance. Through the opening on the right can be seen a city bathed in a golden mist, more characteristic of the "campagna romana" (Roman countryside) than of the North. Following the usual practice of studios of the Low Countries, Lorrain often employed other artists to paint the little figures in his pictures; but this does not seem to have been the case here, to judge by the unity of conception between figures and landscape.

Village Fête (or in Fr. "La Fête villageoise") is an oil-on-canvas by French artist of the Baroque Claude Lorrain (real name Claude Gellée), painted in 1639 and given to Louis XIV in 1693 together with its companion "", by landscape architect and gardener André Le Nôtre. It is currently held and exhibited at the Louvre in Paris.

La Fête villageoise, ou La Fête de village est une huile sur toile de l'artiste français Claude Gellée (dit "Le Lorrain"), peinte en 1639. La peinture a été donnée à Louis XIV en 1693 avec son pendant, le "Port de mer au soleil couchant", par l'architecte paysagiste et jardinier André Le Nôtre. Il est actuellement conservé au musée du Louvre à Paris.


Early life and education.

Koner was born in 1912 in New York City to Russian Jewish immigrants. Her father, Samuel Koner, a lawyer, was noted for the medical plan he created for the Workmen's Circle, a Jewish socialist and benevolent organization. After seeing Anna Pavlova in "The Dying Swan", Koner was inspired to become a dancer. She studied ballet under Michel Fokine in the 1920s; her father "paid" for the high-priced lessons by offering legal services in exchange. Koner later studied under Angel Cansino. She was a student of the Spanish dance form, as well as the fusion of Asian and Western dance popularized by Japanese choreographers Michio Itō and Yeichi Nimura.

Career.

Dancer and choreographer.

Koner's first choreographed piece was presented on December 7, 1930 at the Guild Theatre. She worked as a soloist for 15 years, specializing in ballet, Asian dance, and Spanish dance. Among the countries she toured were Egypt and Palestine in 1932, and the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1936, where she taught as well as performed. After the war, she danced in several companies, including Fokine's, Ito's (1928–29), and José Limón's (1946-1960). With Kitty Doner, Koner developed 11 "Choreotones" for CBS television in 1945. She also produced stage shows at the Roxy Theater and several ice revues, including "Holiday on Ice". She was associated with Doris Humphrey after World War II; she choreographed her best-known dance, "The Farewell" (1962), in honor of Humphrey.

Teacher.

Koner stopped performing in 1972, but continued to teach in India, Japan, Korea, and Singapore. She led the Pauline Koner Dance Consort from 1976 to 1982. Beginning in 1986, she became a regular lecturer at the Juilliard School.  Her teaching and choreography continue to be recognized, especially her course, "Elements of Performing", which she gave at the North Carolina School of the Arts, American Dance Festival, and schools in the US, Europe and Asia. This course focused on performance elements such as "motivation, emotion, focus, dynamics and the use of props, fabrics, lights and sound". She published her autobiography, "Solitary Song", in 1989, and "Elements of Performance" in 1993.

Awards and honors.

Koner received the 1963 "Dance Magazine" award. She also received an honorary degree from Rhode Island College.

Personal.

She married Fritz Mahler in 1939. He died in 1973; she died on February 8, 2001 in Manhattan.

Pauline Koner (June 26, 1912 – February 8, 2001) was an American dancer and choreographer. She was best known for her stage shows at the Roxy Theater.

Pauline Koner ( à New York - à New York) est une danseuse et chorégraphe américaine. Elle est surtout reconnue pour ses spectacles au Roxy Theater de Los Angeles.


Origin of the name.

The name derives originally from the name Sangan + suffix ydd, probably meaning "the land or territory associated with Sangan". The suffix 'ydd' is often used in Welsh, following a personal name, to denote ownership, as in 'Meirionnydd' or 'Eifionydd'.  Historically the name has appeared in a number of different forms, including: 'Seinhenit' (c. 1179), 'Seighenith' (c. 1194), 'Seynghenyth' (1271), 'Senghenyth' (1314), 'Seynthenneth' (1476), 'Seignhenith Suptus et Supra Cayach' (1578–84).  Alternatively, the name may be a spelling variant, from 1326, of 'Seint Genith', from Saint Cenydd. The local church and school have taken this name, as has the nearby 20th-century settlement of Trecenydd.

History.

Senghenydd was originally a rural farming community, which became industrialised with the discovery of coal in the late 19th century. With the closure of the coal pits in the second half of the twentieth century, most people in the town now commute outside the Aber Valley for employment.

Early history.

According to tradition, St Cennydd built a monastery near the town; this is disputed. It is also claimed that the area Senghennydd was named after him. The son of Cennydd, St Ffili, is said to have built a fort in the area, making the name of Caerphilly (Ffili's Fort in the Welsh language).  The town was also a stronghold for the Welsh during the late 11th century. By the 13th century, it remained in Welsh hands and the Welsh chieftain Ifor Bach (hence the name of the local Welsh school in the town). Ifor Bach's great grandson Llewelyn Bren (Llewelyn ap Gruffudd ap Rhys) was the last Welsh lord of Senghenydd, but lost control of his lands after the six-week siege of Caerphilly Castle and a brief battle at Castell Morgraig, a Welsh-built castle at Cefn-Onn ("Ash Ridge") which was possibly built by the Lords of Senghenydd.  It is also reputed that Ifor Bach built a medieval castle on the site that is now occupied by Castell Coch.  Llewelyn Bren was later sent as a prisoner first to Brecon and then to the Tower of London along with his family  In 1318 Llywelyn became the prisoner of the ruthless Hugh Despenser the younger, one of King Edward's favourites at court,who had become Lord of Glamorgan in November 1317 and thus the largest land owner in South Wales, and was a great rival of Mortimer. Without the king's direction, he took Llywelyn Bren to Cardiff Castle where he had him hanged, drawn and quartered without a proper trial. After the parts of his body were exhibited in various parts of the county he was buried in the Grey Friars at Cardiff. Llywelyn's lands were seized by Despenser. This action was condemned at the time and later used as example of the Despensers' growing tyranny. Despenser also imprisoned Lleucu and some of her sons in Cardiff.  In October 1326, after the successful rebellion led by Roger Mortimer, the Despensers and Edward had further cause to regret their actions in Glamorgan after they were forced to flee there. Edward and the Despensers' attempts to raise troops locally were (understandably) a dismal failure. This led to their capture in November; then Hugh endured the same death he inflicted on Llewelyn when he too was hanged, drawn and quartered.  With the overthrow of Edward II, the estates in Senghenydd were restored (11 February 1327) to Llywelyn Bren's sons: Gruffydd, John, Meurig, Roger, William and Llywelyn. The Earls of Hereford continued to pay at Brecon an allowance to their mother Lleucu until 12 April 1349.

Coal mining.

Senghenydd, along with its neighbouring town Abertridwr, make up the majority of the Aber Valley in the South Wales Coalfield, which became urbanised in the 1890s, when the Universal and Windsor collieries were sunk in this region.  The Universal Colliery at Senghenydd suffered the first of two major gas and coal dust explosions on 24 May 1901. Damage was sustained to both shafts, resulting in a restricted rescue attempt, and 81 of the 82 men working in the mine were killed. On 14 October 1913, Senghenydd suffered the worst mining disaster in Britain's history, when a second gas explosion occurred at the Universal Colliery, resulting in the loss of 439 lives, and the death of one rescuer. Many of the surviving miners went back to help their workmates who were either trapped or buried alive.  Universal Colliery was finally closed on Friday 30 March 1928 (except for a ventilation shaft) with the loss of 2500 jobs.

Health research.

Men from Senghenydd participate in one of the world's longest running epidemiology studies – The Caerphilly Heart Disease Study. Since 1979, a representative sample of adult males born between 1918 and 1938, living in Caerphilly and the surrounding villages of Abertridwr, Bedwas, Machen, Senghenydd and Trethomas, have participated in the study. A wide range of health and lifestyle data have been collected throughout the study and have been the basis of over 400 publications in the medical press. A notable report was on the reductions in vascular disease, diabetes, cognitive impairment and dementia attributable to a healthy lifestyle.

Transport.

Senghenydd is served by the B4263 road to Caerphilly, and connects to Nelson via roads over Mynydd Eglwysilan to the north.

Sport.

Senghenydd Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club affiliated to the Welsh Rugby Union who have played in the town since 1898.

Senghenydd (, ) is a former mining town in the community of Aber Valley in South Wales, approximately four miles northwest of the town of Caerphilly. Historically within the county of Glamorgan, it is now situated in the county borough of Caerphilly. In the United Kingdom Census 2001, the population of the Aber Valley was 6,696.

Senghenydd est un village du Pays de Galles dans le comté de Glamorgan, proche de la ville de Caerphilly. Sa population était de en 2001.


Measures of nestedness.

One measurement unit for nestedness is a system's 'temperature' offered by Atmar and Patterson in 1993. This measures the order in which species' extinctions would occur in the system (or from the other side - the order of colonizing a system). The 'colder' the system is, the more fixed the order of extinction would be. In a warmer system, extinctions will take a more random order. Temperatures go from 0°, coldest and absolutely fixed, to 100° absolutely random.  For various reasons, the Nestedness Temperature Calculator is not mathematically satisfying (no unique solution, not conservative enough). A software (BINMATNEST) is available from the authors on request and from the Journal of Biogeography to correct these deficits In addition, ANINHADO solves problems of large matrix size and processing of a large number of randomized matrices; in addition it implements several null models to estimate the significance of nestedness.  Bastolla "et al." introduced a simple measure of nestedness based on the number of common neighbours for each pair of nodes. They argue that this can help reduce the effective competition between nodes in certain situations. For instance, two insect species might "help" each other by pollinating the same subset of plants, thereby reducing the extent to which they are harmful to each other. The authors suggest that this effect is behind a correlation between nestedness and diversity in plant-pollinator ecosystems. However, Johnson "et al." have shown that this measure does not, in fact, properly account for the desired effect. These authors propose a refined version of the measure, and go on to show how certain network properties affect nestedness.

Nestedness is a measure of structure in an ecological system, usually applied to species-sites systems (describing the distribution of species across locations), or species-species interaction networks (describing the interactions between species, usually as bipartite networks such as hosts-parasites, plants-pollinators, etc.).

L'imbrication (ou emboîtement ou Nestedness) désigne en écologie un concept apparu dans les années 1990 dans le cadre de la biogéographie pour décrire la manière dont les écosystèmes sont construits, ou plus exactement ""structurés"" dans l'espace. Il s'agit "patron de répartition" d'espèces où des communautés pauvres en espèces (à faible diversité spécifique) sont un sous-ensemble non-aléatoire de communautés d'espèces plus riches en nombre d'espèces (dans une région donnée).A titre d'exemple on peut imaginer une série d'îles, classées selon leur distance à un continent homogène. Si le continent abrite toutes les espèces, la première île n'abritera qu'un sous-ensemble des espèces continentales, et l'île n°2 n'abritera qu'une partie (un sous-ensemble) des espèces de l'île n°1 et ainsi de suite. Ce type de système est dit "parfaitement imbriqué".Cette notion d'imbrication est l'un des outils permettant d'analyser, décrire et mesurer la "structure" d'un système écologique, permettant par exemple de mieux comprendre comment des sous-populations s'organisent géographiquement via des phénomènes de turnover, colonisation/extinctions autour d'une "population-source" et de "puits écologiques", et parfois de "pièges écologiques", au sein d'une métapopulation.


Biography.

Farrar was born in Bombay, India, and educated at King William's College on the Isle of Man, King's College London and Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he won the Chancellor's Gold Medal for poetry in 1852. He was for some years a master at Harrow School and, from 1871 to 1876, the headmaster of Marlborough College.  Farrar spent much of his career associated with Westminster Abbey. He was successively a canon there, rector of St Margaret's (the church next door), archdeacon of the Abbey. He later served as Dean of Canterbury; and chaplain in ordinary, i.e. attached to the Royal Household. He was an eloquent preacher and a voluminous author, his writings including stories of school life, such as "Eric, or, Little by Little" and "St. Winifred's" about life in a boys' boarding school in late Victorian England, and two historical romances.  Farrar was a classics scholar and a comparative philologist, who applied Charles Darwin's ideas of branching descent to the relationships between languages, engaging in a protracted debate with the anti-Darwinian linguist Max Müller. While Farrar was never convinced by the evidence for evolution in biology, he had no theological objections to the idea and urged that it be considered on purely scientific grounds. On Darwin's nomination, Farrar was elected to the Royal Society in 1866 for his philological work. When Darwin died in 1882, Farrar helped get the church's permission for him to be buried in Westminster Abbey and preached the sermon at his funeral.  Farrar's religious writings included "Life of Christ" (1874), which had great popularity, and "Life of St. Paul" (1879). His works were translated into many languages, especially "Life of Christ".  Farrar believed that some could be saved after death. He originated the term "abominable fancy" for the longstanding Christian idea that the eternal punishment of the damned would entertain the saved. Farrar published "Eternal Hope" in 1878 and "Mercy and Judgment" in 1881, both of which defend his position on hell at length.  Farrar was accused of universalism, but he denies this belief with great certainty. In 1877 Farrar in an introduction to five sermons he wrote, in the preface he attacks the idea that he holds to universalism. He also dismisses any accusation from those who would say otherwise. He says, "I dare not lay down any dogma of Universalism, partly because it is impossible for us to estimate the hardening effect obstinate persistence in evil, and the power of the human will to resist the love of God."  In April 1882, he was one of ten pallbearers at the funeral of Charles Darwin in Westminster Abbey; the others were: The Duke of Devonshire, The Duke of Argyll, The Earl of Derby, Mr. J. Russell Lowell, Mr. W. Spottiswoode, Sir Joseph Hooker, Mr. A. R. Wallace, Professor Huxley, and Sir John Lubbock.

Family.

On 1 August 1860 at St Leonard's Church, Exeter, he married Lucy Mary Cardew; they had five sons and five daughters: The first eight were born at Harrow; the last two were born at Marlborough.  The second daughter, Hilda, was married in 1881 to John Stafford Northcote, vicar of St Andrew's, Westminster. He was the third son of Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh and their son Henry succeeded as third Earl in 1927.  Farrar allowed his third daughter, Maud, to become engaged to Henry Montgomery at 14 and marry at 16. Farrar was then archdeacon of St Margaret's and Montgomery was the curate; Montgomery went on to become Bishop of Tasmania. Their children included the World War II hero "Monty", Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein.  Farrar's son Reginald published his biography in 1902. Farrar died on 22 March 1903, and was buried in the cloister of the Canterbury Cathedral.  Farrar has a street named after him – Dean Farrar Street in Westminster, London. There is also a memorial to him at the church of St Margaret's, Westminster by the sculptor Nathaniel Hitch.

Works.

Fiction.

Truths to live by (1890)

Frederic William Farrar (Bombay, 7 August 1831 – Canterbury, 22 March 1903) was a cleric of the Church of England (Anglican), schoolteacher and author. He was a pallbearer at the funeral of Charles Darwin in 1882. He was a member of the Cambridge Apostles secret society. He was the Archdeacon of Westminster from 1883 to 1894, and Dean of Canterbury Cathedral from 1895 until his death in 1903.

Frederic William Farrar ( à Bombay – à Canterbury, Royaume-Uni) est un théologien, enseignant et écrivain britannique. Il était membre de l'Église d'Angleterre et de la société secrète Cambridge Apostles.


Geography.

Gillham is located at (34.170083, -94.315529).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.3 km2 (0.9 mi2), of which 2.2 km2 (0.9 mi2) is land and 1.15% is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 188 people, 74 households, and 54 families residing in the town. The population density was 84.4/km2 (218.6/mi2). There were 86 housing units at an average density of 38.6/km2 (100.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the town was 89.36% White, 0.53% Native American, 1.06% Asian, 7.45% from other races, and 1.60% from two or more races. 10.64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 74 households out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.87.  In the town, the population was spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.8 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $24,375, and the median income for a family was $24,375. Males had a median income of $25,469 versus $15,208 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,758. About 16.0% of families and 23.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under the age of 18 and 17.4% of those 65 or over.

Education.

The DeQueen School District operates area public schools. The Gillham School District consolidated into the DeQueen district on July 1, 1986.

Gillham is a town in Sevier County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 188 at the 2000 census. It is located six miles from Gillham Lake.

La ville américaine de est située dans le comté de Sevier, dans l’État de l’Arkansas. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement.


Climate.

The site has an unusual sub-type of arctic (tundra) climate, characterized by a high average annual precipitation with half the precipitation occurring during the five coldest months (51% of the total falling from October through March). January, for example, averages -21 °C (-6 °F) and has of water-equivalent precipitation on average, perhaps the most humid air at that temperature experienced anywhere on earth.

History.

Moravians began establishing missions in Labrador in 1771. The first was located at Nain. The Moravians sought to evangelize the Inuit people in Labrador.  In 1831, the Moravian church established a mission at Hebron, a site located about north of Nain.  Life was hard at the settlement. Epidemics of whooping cough, influenza and smallpox ran through the community periodically. The flu epidemic of 1918 was believed to have wiped out a third of the 1,200-member Inuit population of Labrador.

Abandonment.

In 1955, a member of the International Grenfell Association, an organization dedicated to the health and welfare of residents of Newfoundland and Labrador, wrote to the Government of Canada expressing concern about cramped living conditions at Hebron that had led to tuberculosis and a shortage of firewood.  After consultation with Moravian leaders, the decision was made to close the mission. The Inuit would be resettled into larger communities. "I see no other way than to suggest the Mission withdraw from Hebron this summer," said the Rev. Siegfried Hettasch. By April 1959, there were 58 families at Hebron. The decision was announced at an Easter Monday service in 1959. There was no consultation with community members.  By the fall of that year, half of the families had moved on their own. The remainder left soon after the Grenfell nurse was withdrawn and the community store closed in the fall of 1959. The relocation broke up extended families to different communities. Some if not many were sent to communities where promised housing was not available.  A report written for the Canadian Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples said the relocation led to poverty for several of the Inuit. "They were put in places where they weren't familiar with the local environment so they didn't know where to hunt, fish or trap and aside from that, all of the best places were already claimed by people who originally lived in those communities," said the report's author, Carol Brice-Bennet.

Aftermath.

The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1976. It is frequently visited by cruise ships.  The buildings of the original mission still stand. The main mission building has been undergoing renovation by Inuit volunteers and are in reasonably good condition considering the passage of time.  In 2005, Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams apologized to people affected by the relocations. In August 2009, the provincial government unveiled a monument at the site of Hebron with an inscribed apology for the site closure.

Hebron is the name of a former Moravian mission that was the northernmost settlement in Labrador. Founded in 1831, the mission disbanded in 1959. The Inuit Abraham Ulrikab family, exhibited in zoos in Europe in 1880, were from Hebron.

Hebron est le nom d'une ancienne mission morave qui était l'établissement le plus septentrional du Labrador après celui de Ramah. Fondée en 1831, la mission a été dissoute en 1959. La famille Inuite de Abraham Ulrikab, exposée dans les zoos d'Europe en 1880, était originaire de Hebron.


Background.

Before the election, the National Party governed with 47 seats, a small majority. The opposition Labour Party held 43 seats, and the Social Credit Party held two. Although National theoretically commanded a two-seat lead over the other parties, dissent within the National caucus (particularly by Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue) resulted in serious problems for National leader Robert Muldoon. Muldoon felt that he could no longer maintain a majority until the end of the sitting year.  The 1984 election was called when Marilyn Waring told Muldoon that she would not support his government in the vote over an opposition-sponsored anti-nuclear bill. Muldoon, visibly drunk, announced a snap election on national television on the night of 14 June. It is believed that Muldoon's behaviour was also the result of a number of personal factors, including, not least, tiredness and frustration, but alcohol and diabetes also, issues that had been plaguing him for some time.  There is debate over whether the election was necessary — Waring had not threatened to block confidence and supply, meaning that the government could still have continued on even if it had lost the anti-nuclear vote. Nevertheless, Muldoon appears to have wanted an election to reinforce his mandate (just as Sidney Holland sought and won a mandate to oppose striking dock-workers with the 1951 snap election).  Muldoon's government, which had been growing increasingly unpopular in its third term, was seen as rigid, inflexible, and increasingly unresponsive to public concerns. The Labour Party had actually gained a plurality of the vote in the previous two elections, but had narrowly missed out on getting a majority of the seats. Labour's primary campaign message was one of change — Muldoon's government, which employed wage and price controls in an attempt to "guide" the economy, was widely blamed for poor economic performance. Labour also campaigned to reduce government borrowing, and to enact nuclear-free policy.  The New Zealand Party, founded by property tycoon Bob Jones, was launched primarily to oppose the Muldoon government (although it did not support Labour). A right-wing liberal party, it promoted less government control over markets, in contrast to the paternalist and somewhat authoritarian policies of National, the other significant right-wing party.

Electoral changes.

The 1983 electoral redistribution was even more politically influenced than the previous one in 1977. The Labour Party believed it had been disadvantaged in 1977 and it was not to let this happen again. Every proposal was put to intense scrutiny, and this resulted in the electoral redistribution taking forty-one working days; the average length of the five previous redistributions was eight. As Social Credit had two MPs, the Labour Party nominee on the commission formally represented that party, which further increased tensions. The 1981 census had shown that the North Island had experienced further population growth, and three additional general seats were created, bringing the total number of electorates to 95. The South Island had, for the first time, experienced a population loss, but its number of general electorates was fixed at 25 since the 1967 electoral redistribution. More of the South Island population was moving to Christchurch, and two electorates were abolished ( and ), while two electorates were recreated ( and ). In the North Island, six electorates were newly created (,,,,, and ), three electorates were recreated (,, and ), and six electorates were abolished (,,,,, and ).

The election.

The election was held on 14 July. There were 2,111,651 registered voters. Turnout was 93.7%, the highest turnout ever recorded in a New Zealand election. Most political scientists attribute the high turnout to a desire by voters for change.  Immediately after the election there was a constitutional crisis when Muldoon initially refused to follow the advice of the incoming Labour government and devalue the New Zealand Dollar.

Summary of results.

The 1984 election saw the Labour Party win 56 of the 95 seats in parliament, a gain of 13. This was enough for it to hold an outright majority and become the fourth Labour government. The National Party won only 37 seats, a loss of ten. The New Zealand Party, despite winning 12.2% of the vote, failed to gain any seats at all. Social Credit managed to win two seats, the same number as it had held previously. The Values Party, an environmentalist group, gained fifth place, but no seats.  There were 95 seats being contested in the 1984 election, three more than in the previous parliament. All but two of these seats were won by one of the two major parties.  The Labour Party, previously in opposition, won 56 seats, an outright majority. Most of the seats won by Labour were in urban areas, following the party's typical pattern. Exceptions to this general trend include the eastern tip of the North Island and the western coast of the South Island. Labour's strongest regions were the Wellington area (where the party won every seat), as well as Auckland, Christchurch and Dunedin (cities in which it won most seats). Smaller cities such as Hamilton, Nelson, Napier, Hastings and Palmerston North were also won by Labour. As expected, Labour also won all four Māori seats, maintaining its traditional strength there.  The National Party, the incumbent government, was (as expected) strongest in rural areas. Most of the rural North Island was won by National, as were a most of the rural areas on the South Island's eastern coast. In the larger cities, the party fared poorly, with Auckland and Christchurch being the only places that the party won seats. It was more successful in smaller cities, however, winning Rotorua, Tauranga, Invercargill, New Plymouth and Whangarei. It was placed second in two Māori electorates, and third in the other two.  The only minor party to win electorates was the Social Credit Party, which won East Coast Bays and Pakuranga (both in Auckland). It had held East Coast Bays before the election, but won Pakuranga for the first time. It did not manage to retain Rangitikei, which it had also held before the election. Social Credit candidates were placed second in six electorates, including Rangitikei.  The New Zealand Party, despite gaining more votes than Social Credit, did not win any seats. Some commentators have suggested that the party was not seeking to do so, and instead was merely acting as a spoiler for National. This impression has been backed up by comments by Bob Jones himself. The party was, however, placed second in the electorates of Remuera (an affluent part of Auckland), Kaimai (a region in the Bay of Plenty), and Tauranga.  The Values Party, an environmentalist group, managed to win 0.2% of the vote, substantially below previous efforts. The party, which was in slow decline, would eventually vanish, but its ideals and goals would be reborn in the Green Party.  In two of the Māori electorates, the Mana Motuhake party gained second place, but the party did not gain a substantial number of votes elsewhere.  No independent candidates won seats, but one independent candidate, Mel Courtney, was placed second in the electorate of Nelson.

The 1984 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the 41st New Zealand Parliament. It marked the beginning of the Fourth Labour Government, with David Lange's Labour Party defeating the long-serving Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, of the National Party. It was also the last election in which the Social Credit Party won seats as an independent entity. The election was also the only one in which the New Zealand Party, a protest party, played any substantial role.

Les Élections législatives néo-zélandaises de 1984 ont lieu le 14 juillet 1984 pour élire 95 députés de la Chambre des représentants.