Playing career.

During his youth career, Bellshill-born McPake played for Holytown Colts, Celtic South BC, Coatbridge Amateurs and Livingston pro youth. He began his professional career when he signed for then Scottish First Division team Livingston in August 2000 as a youth academy player. He did not make his debut for the club until almost four years later in April 2004, when Livingston were playing in the SPL. He agreed a new two-year contract with Livingston in 2005.  In January 2006, Scottish Second Division side Greenock Morton signed McPake on loan, after he had rejected proposed loan moves to Gretna and Partick Thistle. McPake made his debut for Morton against Gretna on 14 January and went on to make 10 appearances for the club, scoring two goals in the process. His two goals were both scored in the same game, against Alloa Athletic.  In October 2006, the Scottish media reported that McPake would be moving to English Football League Championship club Plymouth Argyle. It was confirmed that he was due to go to Plymouth for a week-long trial, but Livingston later changed their minds and the trial never materialized. In July 2007, two months after the appointment of manager Mark Proctor, McPake was appointed club captain. Scottish Premier League outfit St Mirren had a bid for McPake rejected by Livingston.  McPake signed a pre-contract in December 2008 to join Coventry City on a three-and-a-half-year deal in the summer of 2009, but Coventry and Livingston agreed a fee on 2 February 2009 to complete the transfer immediately. He scored his first goal for the club against Leicester City on 21 March 2010. He suffered a back injury that required surgery in May 2011. McPake signed a one-year contract extension with Coventry City in August 2011 extending his contract to July 2013.  McPake signed for Hibernian on an initial six-month loan deal from Coventry City on 23 January 2012. He made his debut for the club the following Saturday, and was sent off in a 4–0 defeat to Rangers. McPake was made team captain on his first appearance. He led the team to safety from relegation, and former Hibs defender Craig Paterson expressed his hope that McPake would sign a longer deal with Hibs. McPake scored Hibs' only goal in the 2012 Scottish Cup Final, a 5–1 defeat to Hearts.  McPake was selected in May 2012 by Northern Ireland, who he qualified to play for through a grandparent born in Coleraine. McPake made his international debut in a 6–0 defeat by Netherlands on 2 June 2012.  McPake signed a two-year contract with Hibs on 30 June 2012. On 3 January 2013, McPake suffered a bad tackle by Ryan Stevenson in an Edinburgh derby game. Stevenson was suspended for two matches. McPake had injury problems during 2013 that caused him to miss the 2013 Scottish Cup Final, which Pat Fenlon described as a "big blow". After missing out on the Scottish Cup Final, McPake also denied rumours that he had an operation on his back. McPake also played down talk that he would be forced into retirement because of his back injury and criticised internet trolls over this taunt. McPake's first team opportunities were limited during the 2013–14 season and after Hibs were relegated to the Scottish Championship, he was released by the club in May 2014. McPake said that he had been fit for ten weeks and was disappointed he didn't have the chance to help Hibs avoid relegation.  After being released by Hibernian, McPake was linked with newly promoted Scottish Premiership club Dundee, but this was denied by the Manager Paul Hartley. However, McPake signed for the club in May 2014. On 30 January 2015, he signed a contract extension, keeping him at the club until the summer of 2017.  On 2 January 2016, whilst playing in a Dundee derby, McPake suffered a serious knee injury which would end his season. McPake was appointed club captain for the 2016–2017 season, but suffered another setback on his injury, keeping him out until January 2017.

Coaching career.

Dundee.

McPake announced his retirement from playing in January 2018, and took up a coaching position in the Dundee academy system. After Dundee sacked manager Jim McIntyre, McPake was appointed caretaker manager for the final game of the season against St Mirren. A few weeks later, McPake was appointed Dundee manager on a permanent basis.

James McPake (born 24 June 1984) is a retired professional footballer. He is currently the manager of Dundee. McPake played for Livingston, Greenock Morton, Coventry City, Hibernian and Dundee. He mainly played as a defender, although he started his career as a forward. McPake played once for Northern Ireland, in 2012.

James McPake (né le à Bellshill en Écosse) est un footballeur nord-irlandais, d'origine écossaise. Il joue en tant que défenseur pour le club de Dundee qui évolue dans le championnat écossais de première division.


Overview.

Although it was primarily a low-cost airline airport, it is actually located closer to Gothenburg city centre than the main Göteborg Landvetter Airport, even if the driving time is around the same. It was one of the few city airports to receive Ryanair flights. Göteborg City Airport was able to handle aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 737, an Airbus A320, or similar jets. The airport still accommodates general aviation activities, including two flying clubs, Aeroklubben i Göteborg and Chalmers flygklubb.  DFDS Seaways cited competition from low-cost air services, especially Ryanair (which flew to Glasgow Prestwick and London Stansted from Gothenburg City Airport), as being a reason for its scrapping its Newcastle-Gothenburg ferry service in October 2006. It was the only dedicated passenger ferry service between Sweden and the United Kingdom, and had been running since the 19th century (under various operators).

History.

Development.

Construction of the airport began in 1940, as a military airbase for Göta Air Force Wing (F 9), a wing of the Swedish Air Force. The airbase was closed down in 1969. The old civil airport at Torslanda (about 10 km south of Säve) was closed down in 1977, and scheduled flights moved to Landvetter Airport; general aviation activities were moved to Säve. In 1984 the runway was improved and extended, to allow larger business jets to operate.  In 2001 the airport was renamed City Airport, and Ryanair started operating scheduled flights to London. Prior to the arrival of Ryanair in 2001, the airport had 9,000 passengers per year; 844,000 passengers flew from City Airport in 2008.  In 2004 the Swedish Armed Forces entirely left the airport, when a helicopter squadron of the Swedish Marines was disbanded. A legacy of the military presence is a museum called Aeroseum, preserving various fighter jets and displaying military aircraft history.

Closure.

On 26 November 2014 the airport had to ban all heavier aircraft, such as the Boeing 737, because the taxiway was not rated to carry heavy aircraft. This meant that all flights operated by Ryanair, Wizz Air and Gotlandsflyg were diverted to Landvetter Airport. The lighter aircraft flown by Sparrow Aviation were allowed to fly after a ban of one day. In the early days following the ban, most passengers still cleared security at Gothenburg City Airport before being transferred by bus. Later all check-in was done at Landvetter Airport for diverted flights.  Initial plans were for the airport to remain closed to heavy aircraft until at least the end of January 2015. However, on 13 January 2015, the decision was published to close the airport permanently to passenger traffic, owing to the high cost of fixing the runway/taxiway problem. Sparrow Aviation, using lighter aircraft, continued to use City Airport until 18 January 2015. The airport was kept open until the end of 2015 in the hope of attracting a possible buyer who could agree to Swedavia's conditions and ensure a long-term plan.  In May 2016 it was announced that a motorsport circuit would be built at the Säve Airport, intended to host Scandinavian Touring Car Championship races.

Airlines and destinations.

Owing to the aforementioned issues, there is no longer any passenger traffic scheduled. All airlines relocated to Göteborg Landvetter Airport, except Sparrow Aviation which terminated its Gothenburg-Stockholm Bromma Airport flights.

Säve Airport (Säve flygplats), known as Göteborg City Airport until 2015, is an airport located north-west from the centre of Gothenburg, near Säve, on the island of Hisingen, Bohuslän, Sweden. It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality, hence its former name. It was Gothenburg's second international airport, with international scheduled flights from 2001 to 2015. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport was also used by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard.

L'aéroport de Göteborg City (en suédois : "Göteborg City Airport") était un aéroport international à du centre de Göteborg, en Suède, sur l'île de Hisingen. Cet aéroport était utilisé principalement par des compagnies à bas prix telles que Ryanair et Wizz Air. Cependant, il s'agit d'un aéroport relativement très proche du centre-ville (même plus proche que l'aéroport principal Landvetter).


Origin.

The origin of the Lajkonik is uncertain, but there are some common stories associated with its popularity. Some think that it originated in pre-Christian times when it was believed that in the spring the horse brought good luck and high crop yields.  Other stories are associated from the 13th century, when the city was attacked during the Mongol invasion of Poland. One, likely counterfactual story, says that the people of Kraków successfully repelled the Tatar invasion. Because they killed one of the leaders, a Tatar Khan, the victorious defenders dressed up in the Khan’s clothing and triumphantly rode into the city.  Another version recalls that the Tatars arrived at the city gates at night in 1287, but chose not to attack the city until morning and instead camped along the Vistula. Some locals transporting wood on the river saw them and decided to play a joke on the city. They entered the city gates and dressed up like Tatars on horses trying to scare people into thinking the gates were breached. To the relief of the people of the city their true identity was soon discovered and the incident's popularity led the mayor to declare this to be an annual celebration.

History.

"On Ash Wednesday, 10 March 1241, Tatars ravaged Sandomierz and crossed the Vistula to Kraków. The dukes of Sandomierz and Opole joined battle briefly before retreating. At Legnica the Silesian duke Henry II the Pious, intercepted the invaders only to perish with his knights... The Tatars returned to ravage southern Poland again in 1259 and 1287 and the threat they posed dominated central and east European political and religious life for the next 200 years or so... In regional folklore the Tatar assumed the position of bogeyman, as the Kraków Corpus Christi "Lajkonik" procession colorfully reminds one"

Festival.

Whatever the origin, the city continues the tradition with a festival that has taken place every June for the past 700 years. The Lajkonik is a man dressed up as a warrior from the East. He rides a prancing white hobbyhorse through the city streets from the Premonstratensian (Norbertine) Convent in Zwierzyniec to the Main Market Square. People in traditional folklore dress accompany him while others are adorned in oriental garments and hold horsetail insignia in their hands. The procession winds its way through the historic streets of the city, followed by musicians, children, and revelers. On his way, the Lajkonik touches spectators with his golden mace and collects money for the traditional ransom. Being touched by the Lajkonik's mace is believed to bring good luck. At the Market Square, the mayor of the city awaits the Lajkonik with a pile of ransom money and a chalice with which they make a toast to the wellbeing of Kraków and its inhabitants. Music and dancing continues in front of the Old Tower Hall at the Main Square.

Everyday.

Some Polish folk groups use the figure of the Lajkonik in their performances. The costume of the Lajkonik is worn also by street disguisers as a tourist attraction. However, the true Lajkonik is only the one at the festival on the first Thursday after Corpus Christi.  There are numerous souvenirs and folk art items depicting the Lajkonik.  The Lajkonik is so popular that the name has become a trade name for numerous products sold in Poland and abroad, including hotels (), snacks ().  Lajkonik is also the name of a brand of Polish snack manufacturers based in Skawina.

Lajkonik Polish dancing groups.

There are numerous folk dance groups in Poland named after Lajkonik. In the United States, two groups based in Tucson and Chicago have also adopted the folk figure's name. There is one dance Ensemble in Western Sydney, [Australia] called Lajkonik.

The Lajkonik is one of the unofficial symbols of the city of Kraków, Poland. It is represented as a bearded man resembling a Tatar in a characteristic pointed hat, dressed in Mongol attire, with a wooden horse around his waist (hobby horse). It is the subject of the Lajkonik Festival () that takes place each year on the first Thursday after the religious holiday of Corpus Christi.

Le lajkonik (prononcer "laïkonik") est un personnage populaire du folklore cracovien. Il s'agit d'un cavalier barbu portant un costume d'inspiration turco-tatare incluant une sorte de robe élargie figurant le cheval, dont la forme actuelle est due à Stanisław Wyspiański.


History.

The PGE Group was founded as Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne S.A. (translates as "Polish Electrical Power Lines S.A.") in 1990. In 2007 the Transmission System Operator division (PSE-Operator) was separated from the PSE S.A. group. On 9 May 2007 Polska Grupa Energetyczna was established by the merger of PSE, PGE Energia SA and BOT Górnictwo i Energetyka S.A. 6 November 2009 IPO in Warsaw Stock Exchange. 19 March 2010 included to WIG20.

Operations.

The PGE Group operates two large lignite mines and more than 40 power stations, including the Bełchatów Power Station. Power stations are fueled mainly by hard coal and lignite. The company consists of eight distribution system operator companies, eight electricity retail sales companies, an electricity wholesale company and enterprises operating in other industries (including the telecommunications). PGE holds a 38% market share in generation of electricity and an estimated 30% market share in supply in electricity for the year 2015. Projects of this company are, among possible other sources, funded by mBank (2020)

Nuclear energy.

On 15 January 2009, the company announced a plan to build two nuclear power stations in Poland. It also participates in the Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant project.

Sponsorship.

The company bought the naming rights for the PGE Arena Gdańsk, a football stadium in Gdańsk, Poland, for 35 million złoty (about €8.5 million) for a duration of five years. The 2010 Speedway World Cup is named according to PGE. Polska Grupa Energetyczna bought PGE Skra Bełchatów volleyball club.

PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna S.A. (PGE SA or PGE Group, the name can be translated as "Polish Energy Group") is a state-owned public power company and the largest power producing company in Poland. PGE is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the WIG30 index.

PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna, ou PGE SA, ou encore PGE Group, est le principal producteur d'électricité polonais. Elle opère 40 centrales, principalement à charbon, et prévoit de construire deux centrales nucléaires, ainsi que de participer au projet de centrale nucléaire de Visaginas, en Lituanie.


Mouvement pour les droits des personnes autistes

History.

1980s–1990s: Autistic-run organizations, newsletters, and conferences.

Jim Sinclair is credited as the first person to communicate the anti-cure or autism rights perspective in the late 1980s. In 1992, Sinclair co-founded the Autism Network International, an organization that publishes newsletters "written by and for autistic people." Other individuals involved in the creation of the ANI were Donna Williams and Kathy Grant, two autistic people who knew Sinclair through pen pal lists and autism conferences. The first issue of the ANI newsletter, "Our Voice", was distributed online in November 1992, to an audience of mostly neurotypical professionals and parents of young autistic children. The number of autistics in the organization slowly grew over the years, and ANI eventually became a communication network for like-minded autistics.  In 1996, ANI established a yearly retreat known

2000s–2010s: The rise of self-advocacy and autistic pride.

Aspies For Freedom (AFF) was founded in 2004, and established June 18 as Autistic Pride Day starting in 2005. AFF was also instrumental in initiating protests against the National Alliance for Autism Research, Cure Autism Now, and the Judge Rotenberg Center.  In 2004, Michelle Dawson challenged applied behavior analysis (ABA) on ethical grounds. She testified in "Auton v. British Columbia" against the required government funding of ABA. That same year "The New York Times" covered the autism rights perspective by publishing Amy Harmon's article, "How about not curing us? Some autistics are pleading."  In 2006, the Autism Acceptance Project was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board. The project affiliated with The Autistic Self Advocacy Network and other activist groups in North America and was one of the first to sign the petition against the New York Child Study Campaign. It is also recognized by ASAN in a letter to the United Nations of being one of the first autism organizations

Advocacy controversy.

The neurodiversity paradigm falls in contrast with medical model of autism, which considers autism a pathology. Those who favour the pathology paradigm, which aligns with the medical model of disability, see autism as a disorder to be treated or cured. Proponents of the pathology paradigm argue that atypical behaviors of autistic individuals are detrimental and should therefore be reduced or eliminated through behavior modification. Their efforts focus primarily on medical research to identify genetic and environmental risk factors in autism. Those who favour the neurodiversity paradigm, which aligns with the social model of disability, see autism as a naturally-occurring variation in the brain. Neurodiversity advocates argue that efforts to eliminate autism should not be compared, for example, to curing cancer, but instead to the antiquated notion of curing left-handedness. Their advocacy efforts focus primarily on acceptance, accommodation, and support for autistic people as "neuro-minorities" in society. Proponents of neurodiversity often argue that it is harmful to autistic people to pathologize their behavior.

Pathology paradigm.

The pathology paradigm is the traditional view of autism through a biomedical lens, in which it is seen as a disorder characterized by various impairments, mainly in communication and social interaction. Those taking this perspective believe that autism is generally a kind of harmful dysfunction. Ways of functioning which diverge from a typical brain are "incorrect" or "unhealthy" and must therefore be treated or cured. The atypical behaviors of autistic individuals are considered a detriment to social and professional success and should therefore be reduced or

Neurodiversity paradigm and autistic self-advocacy movement.

The neurodiversity paradigm is the understanding that humanity has a variety of neurotypes, and always has. The autistic self-advocacy group, A4A, describes it this way: "Neurodiversity means that –like biodiversity– all of us have a role to play in society...and we should be valued for who we are. Included in public life, such as school and employment. For nonverbal autistics, this also means equal and fair access to communication, such as AAC."  The neurodiversity movement views autism as a disability and a different way of being rather than

Perspectives.

Autism rights perspectives.

Autism is a disability, not a disease.

Autism is classified by psychologists as a disorder. However, some fundraising organizations have referred to caring for autistic individuals as being comparable to treating a patient with cancer, though extended over the duration of a normal lifespan. Autistic children have also been described as being held hostage to a psychiatric disorder. Boyd Haley, an anti-vaccine activist and early promoter of the debunked claim that thimerosol causes autism, labeled the disease as "mad child disease" (akin to mad cow disease), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive. Margaret Somerville, founding director of the McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law, said that with activism there is a direct goal and it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice complexity and nuance to make a point, but some autistic activists don't believe desperation justifies

Autism as a spectrum.

Some argue that while some autistic people, such as those with Asperger's syndrome, can function "normally", that any impairments not due to prejudice are insignificant or nonexistent and deserve to have their condition viewed as a difference (akin to being left handed), other autistic people are severely impaired and should be counted as having disabilities (akin to having a broken leg).  However, many autistic activists refute this perspective, saying that it is not easy to distinguish between high and low functioning and that these labels do more harm than good. A few autistic individuals remain supportive of the distinction between the low and high functioning labels as well as the medically abandoned distinction between autism and Asperger syndrome, and believe that functioning labels are important in helping individuals get proper consultation and treatment.

Autism does not need to be cured.

"Curing" autism is a controversial and politicized issue. Doctors and scientists are not sure of the causes of autism yet many organizations like Autism Research Institute and Autism Speaks have advocated researching a cure. Members of the various autistic rights organizations view autism as a way of life rather than as a disease and thus advocate acceptance over a search for a cure. Some advocates believe that common therapies for the behavioral and language differences associated with autism, like applied behavior analysis, are not only misguided but also unethical.  The ""anti-cure perspective"" endorsed by the movement is a view that autism is not a disorder, but a normal occurrence—an alternate variation in brain wiring or a less common expression of the human genome. Advocates of this perspective believe that autism is a unique way of being that should be validated, supported and appreciated rather than shunned, discriminated against

Autistic people have their own culture.

Some autistic activists suggest that life with autism is very much like being born among people who speak a different language, have a religion or philosophy one does not share and live a lifestyle that feels alien. To put it differently, autistic people have an individual culture that's often very different from their environment. Social media, meetups and even specific professions are all spaces where autistic people connect and may share common language or a

Autistic people require inclusion in the autism debate.

A common theme expressed among autism rights activists and neurodiversity groups is that they are different from parent- and professional- led organizations and conferences that dominate the autism scene. Michelle Dawson criticizes the norm of allowing parents to speak on behalf of their autistic children at conferences to the exclusion of autistics. "With the happy and proud collaboration of governments, courts, researchers, service providers, and funding bodies," she says, "parents have succeeded in removing autistics from the vicinity of any important discussions or decisions." This exclusion results in policy and treatment decisions being made solely by individuals who do not directly

Autism therapy is often unethical.

Aspies For Freedom stated that the most common therapies for autism are unethical, since they focus on extinguishing harmless stimming, forcing eye contact and breaking routines. AFF argued that ABA therapy and restriction of stimming "and other autistic coping mechanisms" are mentally harmful, that aversion therapy and the use of restraints

Autism genes should not be eliminated.

Since those in the autism rights movement see autism as a natural human variation and not a disorder, they are opposed to attempts to eliminate autism. In particular, there is opposition to prenatal genetic testing of autism in fetuses, which some believe might be possible in the future (see Heritability of autism). Some worry that this can prevent autistic people from being born. On February 23, 2005 Joseph Buxbaum of the Autism Genome Project at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai said there

Opposition perspectives.

Opposition to Autism rights movements are often typecast as non-autistic people struggling to care for their children. This can legitimize people who seek to speak over autistic people, and gloss over the existence of autistic people who are critical of the Neurodiversity movement.  Critics of the movement argue that anyone on the autism spectrum who is able to express their desire not to be cured must be in a position where they benefit from being autistic or being openly known as autistic, a viewpoint characterized by the fact that many autism advocates wind up gaining a minor celebrity status that puts them in a higher social position than their peers, and the fact that well-known autistic public figures tend to be verbal; this can imply to some that they are more likely to be independently successful than autistic people with higher support needs.  This has led

Autism Speaks boycott.

Autism Speaks has faced criticism from autism rights advocates for failing to represent autistic people and for exploitative practices. Until he resigned in 2013, John Elder Robison was Autism Speaks' only board member openly recognized as being on the autism spectrum. His resignation came two days after the release of an op-ed by the group's co-founder Suzanne Wright which, according to Robison, "is simply not defensible for someone who feels as I do, and I cannot continue to stand up for the public actions of an organization that makes the same mistakes over and over again by failing to connect to the community it purports to represent." Simone Greggs, the mother of an autistic child, filed a lawsuit against Autism Speaks for disability discrimination after her job offer was rescinded. The suit alleges that she lost the job offer due to asking for an accommodation on behalf of her autistic son.  Autism Speaks has produced three major films, each met with strong opposition

Autism rights groups.

There are several organizations in the autism rights movement. Some like the Autistic Self Advocacy Network are led exclusively by Autistic people, while others such as Autism National Committee encourage cooperation between Autistic people and their non-autistic allies.  Societal and cultural aspects of autism come into play with recognition of autism, approaches to its support

Terminology.

Although some prefer to use the person-first terminology "person with autism", most members of the autistic community prefer "autistic person" or "autistic" in formal English, to stress that autism is a part of their identity rather than a disease they have. In addition, phrases

Overview.

Autistic adults.

Communication and social problems often cause difficulties in many areas of an autistic adult's life. A 2008 study found that adults with ASD commonly experience difficulty starting social interactions, longing for greater intimacy, a profound sense of isolation, and effort to develop greater social or self-awareness.  A much smaller proportion of adult autistics marry than the general population. It

Autistic savants.

An "autistic savant" is an autistic person with extreme talent in one or more areas of study. Although there is a common association between savant syndrome and autism (an association made popular by the 1988 film "Rain Man"), most autistic people are

Gender aspects.

Women on the autism spectrum.

Autism is thought of as a condition mostly affecting males, with males up to four times more likely than females to be diagnosed as autistic or Asperger syndrome. Autistic females are "research orphans" according to Yale's Ami Klin; some drugs used to treat anxiety or hyperactivity that may accompany autism are rarely tested on autistic females. Autism may express differently in the sexes. Females may be more concerned with how they are viewed by peers and the failure to connect with people outside of their immediate family could lead to severe anxiety or clinical depression. Autistic girls

Other issues related to gender.

In recent years, some people have suggested links between autism and transgender people. This issue has not been without controversy, as the issue is open to confusion; it is currently unclear whether this correlation exists due to an innate characteristic of autism that may also cause unusual discrepancies in sex or gender, or whether it is merely the result of exposing a group of people who experience difficulty in abiding by social norms, including those related to gender, to sexism and gender stereotypes.

Relationships with animals.

Temple Grandin, autistic designer of cattle handling systems, said that one reason she can easily figure out how a cow would react is because autistic people can easily "think the way that animals think." According to Grandin, animals do not have "complex emotions such as shame or guilt" and they do not think in language. She says that, although not everything about animals

Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships.

Individuals with Asperger syndrome (AS) may develop problems in their abilities to engage successfully in interpersonal relationships.

Social impact.

Asperger syndrome may lead to problems in social interaction with peers. These problems can be severe or mild depending on the individual. People with AS are often the target of bullying behavior. Children with AS are often the target of bullying at school due to their idiosyncratic behavior, precise language, unusual interests, and impaired ability to perceive and respond in socially expected ways to nonverbal cues, particularly in interpersonal conflict, which results in them being sought out by classmates and rejected. People with AS may be overly literal and may have difficulty interpreting and responding to sarcasm, banter, or metaphorical speech. Difficulties with social interaction may also manifest in a lack of play with other children.  The above problems can even arise in the family; given an unfavorable family environment, the child may be subject to emotional abuse. A child, teen, or adult with AS is often puzzled by this mistreatment, unaware of what has been done incorrectly. Unlike with other pervasive development disorders, most persons with AS want

Difficulties in relationships.

Two traits sometimes found in AS individuals are mind-blindness (the inability to predict the beliefs and intentions of others) and alexithymia (the inability to identify and interpret emotional signals in oneself or others), which reduce the ability to be empathetically attuned to others. Alexithymia in AS functions as an independent variable relying on different neural networks than those implicated in theory of mind. In fact, lack of Theory of Mind in AS may be a result of a lack of information available to the mind due to the operation of the alexithymic deficit.  A second issue related to alexithymia involves the inability to identify and modulate strong emotions such as sadness or anger, which leaves the individual prone to "sudden affective outbursts such as crying or rage". According to Tony Attwood, the inability to express feelings using words may also predispose the individual to use physical acts to articulate the mood and release the emotional energy.  People with AS report

Autism rights movement.

The autism rights movement is a social movement within the context of disability rights that emphasizes the concept of neurodiversity, viewing the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the human brain rather than a disorder to be cured. The ARM advocates a variety of goals, including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; therapies that focus on coping skills rather than imitating the behaviors of neurotypical peers; the creation of social networks and events that allow autistic people to socialize on their own terms; and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group.  Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the human genome. This perspective is distinct from two other likewise distinct views: the medical perspective, that autism is caused by a genetic defect and should be addressed by targeting the autism gene(s), and the fringe theory that autism is caused by environmental factors like vaccines and pollution and could be cured by addressing environmental causes.  The movement is controversial. There are a wide variety of both supportive and critical opinions about the movement among people who are autistic or associated with people with autism. A common criticism leveled against autistic activists is that the majority of them are "high-functioning" or have Asperger syndrome and do not represent the views of "low-functioning" autistic people.

Autistic pride.

Autistic pride refers to pride in autism and shifting views of autism from "disease" to "difference." Autistic pride emphasizes the innate potential in all human phenotypic expressions and celebrates the diversity various neurological types express.  Autistic pride asserts that autistic people are not impaired or damaged; rather, they have a unique set of

Autistic culture and community.

With the recent increases in autism recognition and new approaches to educating and socializing autistics, an autistic culture has begun to develop. Autistic culture is based on a belief that autism is a unique way of being and not a disorder to be cured. The "Aspie world", as it is sometimes called, contains people with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high functioning autism (HFA), and can be linked to three historical trends: the emergence of AS and HFA as labels, the emergence of the disability rights movement, and the rise of the Internet. Autistic communities exist both online and offline; many people use these for support and communication with others like themselves, as the social

Globally.

Autistic people may be perceived differently from country to country. For example, many Africans have spiritual beliefs about psychiatric disorders, which

Events and public recognition.

World Autism Day.

World Autism Day, also called World Autism Awareness Day, is marked on 2 April. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly at the end of 2007. On 2 April 2009, activists left 150 strollers near Central Park in New York City to raise awareness that one in 150 children is estimated to be autistic. There are many celebration activities all

Light It Up Blue.

In 2010, Autism Speaks launched the Light It Up Blue initiative. Light It Up Blue sees prominent buildings across the world—including

Autism Sunday.

Autism Sunday is a global Christian event, observed on the second Sunday of February. It is supported by church leaders and organisations around the world. The event started

Autism Awareness Year.

The year 2002 was declared Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom—this idea was initiated by Ivan and Charika Corea, parents of an autistic child, Charin. Autism Awareness Year was led by the British Institute of Brain Injured Children, Disabilities Trust, The Shirley Foundation, National Autistic Society, Autism London and 800 organizations in the United Kingdom. It had the personal backing of British Prime Minister Tony Blair. This was the first ever occasion of partnership working on autism on such

Autistic Pride Day.

Autistic Pride Day is an Aspies For Freedom initiative celebrated on 18 June each year. It is a

Autistics Speaking Day.

Autistics Speaking Day (ASDay), 1 November, is a self-advocacy campaign run by people with autism to raise awareness and challenge negative stereotypes about autism by speaking for themselves and sharing their stories. The first one was held in 2010. According to one

Autism Acceptance Project.

In 2006 the Autism Acceptance Project was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board. The project's mission statement is, "The Autism Acceptance Project is dedicated to promoting acceptance of and accommodations for autistic people in society." The project is primarily supported by autistic people and

Autism Acceptance Day.

In 2011, the first Autism Acceptance Day celebrations were organized by Paula Durbin Westby, as a response to traditional "Autism Awareness" campaigns which the Autistic community found harmful and insufficient. Autism Acceptance Day is now held every April. "Awareness" focuses on informing others of the existence

Autreat.

At Autreat—an annual autistic gathering—participants compared their movement to gay rights activists, or the Deaf culture, where

Twainbow.

Twainbow is an advocacy organization that provides awareness, education, and support for autistic people who identify as lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender (LGBT). According to its founder, "Twainbow is

Scholarship.

Autism spectrum disorders received increasing attention from social-science scholars in the early 2000s, with the goals of improving support services and therapies, arguing that autism

Media portrayals.

Much of the public perception of autism is based on its portrayals in biographies, movies, novels, and TV series. Many of these portrayals have been inaccurate, and have contributed to a divergence between public perception and the clinical reality of autism. For example, in the movie "Mozart and the Whale" (2005), the opening scene gives four clues that a leading character has Asperger syndrome, and two of these clues are extraordinary savant skills. The savant skills are not needed in the film, but in the movies savant skills have become a stereotype for the autism spectrum, because of the incorrect assertion that most autistic people are savants.  Some works from the 1970s have autistic characters, who are rarely labeled. In contrast, in the BBC2 television miniseries "The Politician's

Notable individuals.

Some notable figures such as Temple Grandin, a food animal handling systems designer and author, and Tim Page, a Pulitzer Prize-winning critic and author are autistic.  Notable individuals known to have Asperger syndrome include Craig Nicholls, lead singer, songwriter, guitarist and only constant member of the Australian rock band The Vines, who was diagnosed in 2004, Japanese video game developer and video game developer Satoshi Tajiri, creator of Pokémon, and actor Paddy Considine. Swedish environmentalist Greta Thunberg, who in August 2018 started the "School strike for climate" movement, has explained how the "gift" of living with Asperger syndrome helps her "see things from outside the box" when it comes to climate change. In an interview with presenter Nick Robinson on BBC Radio 4's "Today", the 16-year-old activist said that autism helps her see things in "black and white". She went on to say:  Additionally, media speculation of contemporary figures as being on the autism spectrum has become popular in recent times. "New York" magazine reported some examples, which included that "Time" magazine suggested that Bill Gates is autistic, and that a biographer of Warren Buffett wrote that his prodigious memory and "fascination with numbers" give him "a vaguely autistic aura." The magazine also reported that on "Celebrity Rehab", Dr. Drew Pinsky deemed basketball player Dennis Rodman a candidate for an Asperger's diagnosis, and the UCLA specialist consulted "seemed to concur". Nora Ephron criticized these conclusions, writing that popular speculative diagnoses suggest autism is "an epidemic, or else a wildly over-diagnosed thing that there used to be other words for." The practice of diagnosing autism in these cases is controversial.  Some historical personalities are also the subject of speculation about being autistic, e.g. Michelangelo.

The autism rights movement, also known as the autistic culture movement or the neurodiversity movement, is a social movement within the context of disability rights that emphasizes a neurodiversity paradigm, viewing the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the human brain rather than a "disease" to be cured. The movement advocates for several goals, including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; services that focus on improving quality of life rather than on imitating the behaviors of neurotypical peers; and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group.

Le mouvement pour les droits des personnes autistes, également connu sous le nom de mouvement pour la culture autiste, est un mouvement social né à la fin des années 1980 sur l’initiative de personnes autistes revendiquant leur droit à l'expression de la diversité humaine, tout en luttant contre l'exclusion. Les idées centrales de ce mouvement d′"autonomisation" sont de participer à l'auto-soutien des personnes autistes, et de défendre la neurodiversité, en refusant les politiques eugénistes et les représentations négatives en matière d'autisme. L'idée d'une « guérison » est remise en cause. Ce mouvement recherche une meilleure compréhension entre personnes autistes et non autistes, ainsi que leur droit à vivre dignement au sein de la société, avec les particularités dues aux troubles du spectre de l'autisme (TSA). Certains militants souhaitent pouvoir exprimer librement des comportements dus à l'autisme, tels que le refus de sociabilisation et les stéréotypies. D'autres soutiennent les interventions permettant de réduire ou de supprimer ces comportements. En 2004, l'association " a demandé la reconnaissance de la communauté autiste en tant que minorité culturelle. Depuis 2008, l'ONU a défini les droits des personnes autistes grâce à la convention relative aux droits des personnes handicapées, signée par 160 pays en 2016.


Plot.

The story focuses on Judith Dunbar, who is enrolled in St. Ursula's, an English boarding school, when her parents and younger sister move to colonial Singapore. She is introduced to a world of wealth and privilege by her classmate, Loveday Carey-Lewis, whose family owns the magnificent Cornwall estate known as Nancherrow. Although Judith enjoys the company of her doting Aunt Louise, who has been named her legal guardian during her parents' absence, she prefers to spend as much of her school holidays as possible with Loveday's parents and siblings, who welcome her as one of their own. When Aunt Louise is killed in an automobile accident, she leaves her considerable estate to Judith, who will be independently wealthy for life if she handles her inheritance wisely.  Judith becomes increasingly attracted to Loveday's older brother Edward and eventually succumbs to his gentle seduction. When she realizes she was foolishly naive to think he was committed to a permanent relationship, she departs Nancherrow and enlists in the Royal Navy at the onset of World War II. The ensuing years wreak havoc on her life and those of the people she loves. Edward, blinded in battle, returns home and commits suicide rather than be a burden to others. When Loveday's fiancé Gus goes missing in action and she realizes she is pregnant with his child, she agrees to marry her friend Walter. Judith reunites with Carey-Lewis family friend Jeremy Wells, a doctor who has loved her since the day they met, but unexpected circumstances tear them apart. Further complications arise when Judith's sister Jess is placed in her care after the ship on which she and their mother were returning to England is bombed by the Japanese and Jess is placed in an internment camp. With their father missing and their mother lost at sea, Judith must learn to interact with a grieving young girl emotionally scarred by her wartime experiences.

Production.

The serial was shot at numerous locations in Cornwall, including Godrevy, Lamorna, Lelant, Marazion, Penzance, Porthgwarra, Prideaux Place, and St Michael's Mount, as well as Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire.

Home media.

Acorn Media UK released the serial in format on DVD on 28 March 2000. It includes excerpts from a documentary about Rosamunde Pilcher.

Coming Home is a 1998 British serial directed by Giles Foster. The teleplay by John Goldsmith is based on the novel of the same name by Rosamunde Pilcher. Produced by Yorkshire Television, it was broadcast in two parts by ITV in April 1998.

La Dynastie des Carey-Lewis : Le Grand Retour est un téléfilm britannique en deux parties, réalisé par Giles Foster, diffusé en 1998. Ce téléfilm a fait l'objet d'une suite, en 1999, "".


Life.

Lekert, an illiterate shoemaker, was active in the Bund since his youth. On May 24, 1900 he led a group of people in an attack on a police station in Vilnius and released three arrested workers. He was caught and exiled to Yekaterinoslav. He escaped in 1902 and came to Vilnius.  On May 18, 1902 he carried out an unsuccessful assassination attempt of the governor of Vilnius, General Victor von Wahl. When von Wahl, who had previously been a mayor of St. Petersburg, was made governor of the city, the Bund had organized demonstrations against him. Later von Wahl was responsible for repressive measures directed at Vilnius's workers, and the Bund in particular. Von Wahl ordered the arrest and flogging of a number of Jewish and Polish workers who had taken part in the May Day parade in 1902. Because of the practices of his administration, plots for his assassination began to be formed soon after his arrival. Lekert, together with several other Bund members began watching von Wahl's movements, bought weapons and trained in forests outside of Vilna.  However, most of the formal plans fell through and Lekert's attempt was made without any preparation. Lekert, who was working as a shoemaker at the time, fired a pistol twice at the governor as von Wahl was exiting the circus show, wounding him in the leg and arm. Lekert was immediately arrested, beaten, then transferred to the city's prison.  Under pressure from the Minister of the Interior, Vyacheslav von Plehve, Hirsh Lekert was tried by a military court. He was convicted and sentenced to death by hanging. At his trial, Lekert, despite the advice of a local rabbi, refused to ask for forgiveness and gave an eloquent speech on the dignity of the Jewish worker.  The sentence was carried out on June 10, 1902. Subsequently, Hirsh Lekert became a folk hero to some in the workers' movement. Several dramas in Yiddish and many poems were written as a tribute to him. The most well known of these is the poem by Abraham Suckewer "די לערערען מיראַ" ("Di Lererin Mira" - The Teacher Mira).

Hirsh Lekert (born 1880 in Onuškis, in the Troksky Uyezd of Vilna Governorate died June 10, 1902 in Vilnius) was a Jewish socialist activist and member of the Bund.

Hirsh Lekert né en 1880 à Onuškis (Hanoshishok), près de Kaunas (Empire russe), et mort le à Vilna (Empire russe) est un militant socialiste juif du Bund.


Early life.

Moser began studying literature at the University of Lausanne. After completing his formal education, he began teaching and studying translation and interpretation. In 2001, he obtained a post-graduate degree in museology from the University of Geneva for his thesis "From the dwelling house to the exhibition space – example of the Villa "Le Lac" Le Corbusier".  Moser became a translator. His work is noted by Kenneth Branagh, for whom Moser translated an adaptation of Shakespeare's "Love's Labour's Lost" into French. Moser translated for Martin Scorsese’s film "Gangs of New York" and Tim Burton’s "Big Fish". He translated for the Swiss documentary "Im toten Winkel" (In the blind spot - Hitler’s secretary) by André Heller and Othmar Schmiderer.  In 2010, Moser created, according to Le Corbusier's wish in one of his last letters (1965), a museum at the Villa "Le Lac", in Corseaux, Switzerland. Photographers Erling Mandelmann and René Burri contributed to the creation of the museum by lending their works for the first two exhibitions in 2010 and 2011. In 2015, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the architect's death, Moser invited Daniel Libeskind, Mario Botta, Zaha Hadid, Toyo Ito, SANAA, Rudy Ricciotti, Bernard Tschumi, Gigon/Guyer, Alvaro Siza and Rafael Moneo to an extension project of the Villa "Le Lac" – a competition of ideas and imagination in honour of one of the 20th century's greatest architects.  In 2013, Moser was invited to the Chalmers Technical University in Gothenburg, Sweden to present his research on the links between architecture and literature. Several conferences followed, notably at Doctor Curutchet's Villa in La Plata, Argentina (2015), and at the Mies van der Rohe house of the Weissenhof Siedlung in Stuttgart (2016) as part of the Französische Wochen im Grossraum Stuttgart (Weissenhofwerkstatt im Haus Mies van der Rohe).  In 2017, the University of Lausanne entrusted him with curating the in situ exhibition "From BFSH 2 to Anthropole - 1987-2017" on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Building of the Faculties of Human Sciences II. He participated in the round table on 3 November at EPFL to mark the 75th anniversary of the Swiss Association of Interior Architects (VSI). ASAI with Jacques-Xavier Aymon (EAD interior designer, HEAD emeritus professor), Yves Corminboeuf (HES industrial designer, specialist in sustainable development), Thomas Juguin (SSA graduate acoustician), Bruno Marchand (Dr ès Sciences, EPFL architect, EPFL professor), Corinne Mosimann (interior architect) and Victor Vieillard (lighting designer).  In 2018, he collaborated with the Archives de la construction moderne and Archizoom (EPFL) on the exhibition "Habiter la modernité - Villas du style international sur la Riviera lémanique" at the Atelier de Grandi (6 Sept. - 29 Nov. 2018) and participated on 4 October 2018 in the round table "Habiter la modernité" with Joëlle Neuenschwander, Paola Tosolini, Salvatore Aprea, Christophe Flubacher and Cyril Veillon. In 2019, a plea in favour of towers and skyscrapers in Switzerland came with the exhibition "De Bel-Air à Babel" at the Villa "Le Lac" Le Corbusier for which Moser analysed five towers built or planned between 1930 and 1970 in Lausanne, Vevey, Montreux and Aminona, works by five major 20th century architects: Jean Tschumi, René Deléchat, Alphonse Laverrière, Hugo Buscaglia and Philippe Gaillard.  In 2019, Moser was invited to the AHA! Festival in Gothenburg to give a lecture at the Chalmers University of Technology on the Essence of Villa "Le Lac".

Publications.

Moser is the inventor of the nanotext - a literary genre between haiku and short story - short, dense, polysemic and cinematographic.  In 2002, after many adjustments, Moser published a collection of nanotexts, "La Saveur des Mots", a work of generic exploration, experimentation and discovery. In 2003 came his second nanotext opus, "Icare" followed by, "Tu ne voleras point" in 2005. This last collection was awarded the 2005 Jean Amaury Prize.  In 2010, Moser published "Epilogue", a play that became a comic strip thanks to a collaboration with David Delcloque, a French graphic designer and illustrator (Boulogne-sur-Mer). With "Epilogue", nanotextual writing found its first theatrical and comic application.  In 2010, Moser initiated a series of bibliophile publications on architecture, exhibition catalogues and specialized works. Although the titles are in French, the publications are bilingual (French–English) or trilingual (French-German-English).

Patrick Moser (born 25 May 1969) is a Swiss writer, translator, art historian, and museologist. He is the founder and curator of the Museum "Le Lac" Le Corbusier.

Patrick Moser, né le, est un homme de lettres suisse, traducteur et écrivain, historien de l'art, muséologue, fondateur et conservateur du musée Villa "Le Lac" Le Corbusier.


History.

Founding.

The site of the Great Mosque was once the agora of the Hellenistic period, which later became the garden for the Cathedral of Saint Helena during the Christian era of Roman rule in Syria.  The mosque was built on confiscated land that formerly served as the Cathedral cemetery. According to later traditions, the construction of the earliest mosque on the site was commenced by the Ummayad caliph al-Walid I in 715 and was finished by his successor Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik in 717. Architectural historian K. A. C. Creswell attributes its construction solely to the latter, quoting 13th century Aleppine historian Ibn al-Adim who wrote Sulayman's intent was "to make it equal to the work of his brother al-Walid in the Great Mosque at Damascus." Another tradition claims al-Walid founded the mosque using materials from the so-called "Church of Cyrrus."  However, architectural historian Jere L. Bacharach writes that the most likely patron of the mosque was Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik, a brother of al-Walid and Sulayman who served as the governor of the local province (Jund Qinnasrin) sometime prior to 710 until at least the early period of Sulayman's rule. Accordingly, this would explain the belief that the mosque's construction took place during the reign of both caliphs. Moreover, Maslamah's governorship of Qinnasrin was largely ignored by the early Arabic historians, who focused their attention on his campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Armenians, and his governorship over the provinces of Iraq, Iranian Azerbaijan, Upper Mesopotamia and Armenia. Bacharach further states that Maslamah's commissioning of a large congregational mosque in Aleppo, a major base from which to attack the Byzantines, would have "been appropriate, if not necessary."

Renovation.

In the second half of the 11th century, the Mirdasids controlled Aleppo and built a single-domed fountain in the mosque's courtyard. At the northwest corner of the mosque, the 45-meter high minaret was built by the Shia Muslim "qadi" ("chief Islamic judge") of Aleppo, Abu'l Hasan Muhammad in 1090, during the reign of Seljuk governor Aq Sunqur al-Hajib. Its construction was finished in 1094 during Tutush's rule. The architect of the project was Hasan ibn Mufarraj al-Sarmini. The mosque was restored and expanded by the Zengid sultan Nur al-Din in 1159 after a great fire that had destroyed the earlier Ummayad structure; In 1260 the mosque was razed by the Mongols.  The Mamluks (1260–1516) made repairs and alterations. Carved Kufic and "naskhi" inscriptions decorated the entire minaret along with alternate bands of stylized ornaments in patterns and "muqarnas". Sultan Qalawun replaced the burnt out "mihrab" (niche indicating the "qibla", or direction to Mecca) in 1285. Later, Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad (1293–1341) had the new "minbar" ("preacher's pulpit") constructed during his reign.  The courtyard and minaret of the mosque were renovated in 2003.

Syrian Civil War.

On 13 October 2012 the mosque was seriously damaged during clashes between the armed groups of the Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Army forces. President Bashar al-Assad issued a presidential decree to form a committee to repair the mosque by the end of 2013.  The mosque was seized by rebel forces in early 2013, and, as of April 2013, was within an area of heavy fighting, with government forces stationed away.  On the 24th of April, 2013, the minaret of the mosque was reduced to rubble during an exchange of heavy weapons fire between government forces and rebels during the ongoing Syrian civil war. The Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) reported that members of Jabhat al-Nusra detonated explosives inside the minaret, while opposition activists said that the minaret was destroyed by Syrian Army tank fire as part of an offensive. Countering assertions by the state media of Jabhat al-Nusra's involvement, opposition sources described them as rebels from the Tawhid Brigades who were fighting government forces around the mosque. The opposition's main political bloc, the Syrian National Coalition (SNC), condemned the minaret's destruction, calling it "an indelible disgrace" and "a crime against human civilization." Syrians have begun rebuilding and restoring the site, with some meager international assistance.

Architecture.

Courtyard.

The Great Mosque contains a number of architectural similarities to the Great Mosque of Damascus, including a hypostyle plan with large marbled courtyard surrounded by porticoes. The vast courtyard connects to different areas of the mosque, positioned behind the colonnaded arcade. The courtyard is well known for its alternating black and white stone floor that forms intricate geometric arrangements. Two ablutions fountains, both of which are roofed. The courtyard also has an open prayer estrade and a sundial.

Interior.

The "ḥaram" (, "sanctuary") consists of the main prayer hall to the courtyard's south, which contains the primary elements of the mosque: the shrine of Zechariah, a 15th-century "minbar" (, "pulpit"), and an elaborately carved "miḥrâb" (, "niche"). Although the central entrance contains an inscription attributing its construction to Ottoman sultan Murad III, it was built by the Mamluks. The hall has three naves, all lined with 18 quadrangular columns with cross-vaults. This large prayer hall originally had a basic straight rooftop with a central "qubbah" (, dome, but during Mamluk rule was replaced with an intricate cross-vaulted system with arches and a small dome over the arcades. The "mihrab" is deep and round and Zechariah's supposed tomb is to its left along the southern wall.  There are three other halls that abut the remaining sides of the courtyard. The eastern and northern halls each have two naves, while the western hall has one. The latter is mostly of modern construction. The east hall dates to the period of Malik Shah (1072–92) and the north hall was renovated during Mamluk sultan Barquq's reign (1382–1399), but largely maintained its original 11th century character.

Minaret.

The minaret's shaft, which protruded out of the flat roof of one of the halls, consisted of five levels with a crowning top encircled with a veranda. A "muqarnas"-style cornice divided the veranda top from the shaft. The structure was largely built of fine ashlar. The minaret was heavily decorated in relief ornament, more so than any other Islamic-era structure in Aleppo with the exception of the Shu'aybiyah Madrasa. Its stories contained cusped arches and continuous mouldings. The masonry of the minaret varied throughout, with a mix of light and heavy usage of toothed tools, short, long, vertical and horizontal strokes, fine and rough finishes, and small and large stones.  According to "E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam", the minaret was "quite unique in the whole of Muslim architecture." Archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld described the architectural style of the minaret as being "the product of Mediterranean civilization," writing that its four facades carried elements of Gothic architecture. Meanwhile, anthropologist Yasser Tabbaa stated the mosque was a continuation of the ancient North Syrian churches and "an entirely localized phenomenon, centered mainly in the region between Aleppo and Edessa."

"Maqsurah".

The Great Mosque has a small museum annexed to it containing a number of ancient manuscripts. Similar to the Great Mosque of Damascus, a "maqsurah" was built in the form of a square domed room raised by one step above the floor level of the prayer hall, and adorned with Kashan tiles that cover all the internal surfaces of its walls. A large arched gate supported by two robust columns and topped with capitals as well as a bronze door screen comprise the entranceways to the maqsurah. The tomb containing the remains of Prophet Zakariah, decorated with silver embroideries containing Quranic verses from the chapter of Mariyam, was located in the center of the room. The museum's number of valuable objects, including a box purportedly containing a strand of the Prophet Muhammad's hair, were subject to looting during the Syrian War in the 2013 clash. However, rebels claimed they had instead salvaged ancient handwritten Koranic manuscripts and hidden them.

The Great Mosque of Aleppo (, "Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr") or the Banu Umayya Mosque of Aleppo (, "Jāmi‘ Banī Umayyah Bi-Ḥalab") is the largest and one of the oldest mosques in the city of Aleppo, Syria. It is located in al-Jalloum district of the Ancient City of Aleppo, a World Heritage Site, near the entrance to Al-Madina Souq. The mosque is purportedly home to the remains of Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist, both of whom are revered in Islam and Christianity. It was built in the beginning of the 8th century CE. However, the current building dates back to the 11th through 14th centuries. The minaret was built in 1090, and was destroyed during fighting in the Syrian civil war in April 2013.

La Grande Mosquée d'Alep (en, "Jāmiʿ Ḥalab al-Kabīr") ou Mosquée omeyyade d'Alep ("Masjid al-Umayyaẗ bi-"Ḥ"alab") est la plus grande et la plus ancienne mosquée de la ville d'Alep dans le nord de la Syrie. La mosquée actuelle date de la période mamelouke du, seul le minaret est plus ancien, puisqu'il date de 1090, durant la période seldjoukide. Elle est située dans la vieille ville. La mosquée est censée conserver les restes du père de Jean le Baptiste, Zacharie qui est mentionné dans le Coran comme étant un prophète de l'islam. Elle a été sérieusement endommagée pendant la bataille d'Alep, à la mi- et son minaret datant de l'ère seldjoukide est détruit par des bombardements du.


Biography.

Early years.

Phillips was born in Cleveland to Edwin Deroger Phillips and Frances Kathleen Coates. His father, Edwin Phillips, was a labor organizer, and his parents' activism influenced much of his life's work. Phillips was a card-carrying member of the Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) headquartered in Chicago. His parents divorced and his mother remarried. Phillips was adopted at the age of five by his stepfather, Syd Cohen, who managed the Hippodrome Theater in Cleveland, one of the last vaudeville houses in the city. Cohen moved the family to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he managed the Lyric Theater, another vaudeville house. Phillips attributes his early exposure to vaudeville through his stepfather as being an important influence on his later career.  Phillips attended East High School in Salt Lake City, where he was involved in the arts and plays. He served in the United States Army for three years in the 1950s. Witnessing the devastation of post-war Korea greatly influenced his social and political thinking. After discharge from the army, Phillips rode the railroads, and wrote songs.

Career.

While riding the rails and tramping around the west, Phillips returned to Salt Lake City, where he met Ammon Hennacy from the Catholic Worker Movement. He gave credit to Hennacy for saving him from a life of drifting to one dedicated to using his gifts and talents toward activism and public service. Phillips assisted him in establishing a mission house of hospitality named after the activist Joe Hill. Phillips worked at the Joe Hill House for the next eight years, then ran for the U.S. Senate as a candidate of Utah's Peace and Freedom Party in 1968. He received 2,019 votes (0.5%) in an election won by Republican Wallace F. Bennett. He also ran for president of the United States in 1976 for the Do-Nothing Party.  He adopted the name U. Utah Phillips in keeping with the hobo tradition of adopting a moniker that included an initial and the state of origin, and in emulation of country vocalist T. Texas Tyler.  Phillips met folk singer Rosalie Sorrels in the early 1950s, and remained a close friend of hers. Sorrels started playing the songs that Phillips wrote, and through her his music began to spread. After leaving Utah in the late 1960s, he went to Saratoga Springs, New York, where he was befriended by the folk community at the Caffè Lena coffee house. He became a staple performer there for a decade, and would return throughout his career.  Phillips was a member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies). His views of unions and politics were shaped by his parents, especially his mother who was a labor organizer for the CIO. But Phillips was more of a Christian anarchist and a pacifist, so found the modern-day Wobblies to be the perfect fit for him, an iconoclast and artist. In recent years, perhaps no single person did more to spread the Wobbly gospel than Phillips, whose countless concerts were, in effect, organizing meetings for the cause of labor, unions, anarchism, pacifism, and the Wobblies. He was a tremendous interpreter of classic Wobbly tunes including "Hallelujah, I'm a Bum," "The Preacher and the Slave," and "Bread and Roses."  An avid trainhopper, Phillips recorded several albums of music related to the railroads, especially the era of steam locomotives. His 1973 album, "Good Though!", is an example, and contains such songs as "Daddy, What's a Train?" and "Queen of the Rails" as well as what may be his most famous composition, "Moose Turd Pie" wherein he tells a tall tale of his work as a gandy dancer repairing track in the Southwestern United States desert.  In 1991 Phillips recorded, in one take, an album of song, poetry and short stories entitled "I've Got To Know", inspired by his anger at the first Gulf War. The album includes "Enola Gay," his first composition written about the United States' atomic attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  Phillips was a mentor to Kate Wolf. In 1998, he was the first recipient of the Kate Wolf Memorial Award from the World Folk Music Association. He recorded songs and stories with Rosalie Sorrels on a CD called "The Long Memory" (1996), originally a college project "Worker's Doxology" for 1992 'cold-drill Magazine' Boise State University. His admirer, Ani DiFranco, recorded two CDs, "The Past Didn't Go Anywhere" (1996) and "Fellow Workers" (1999), with him. He was nominated for a Grammy Award for his work with DiFranco. His "Green Rolling Hills" was made into a country hit by Emmylou Harris, and "The Goodnight-Loving Trail" became a classic as well, being recorded by Ian Tyson, Tom Waits, and others.

Later years.

Though known primarily for his work as a concert performer and labor organizer, Phillips also worked as an archivist, dishwasher, and warehouse-man.  Phillips was a member of various socio-political organizations and groups throughout his life. A strong supporter of labor struggles, he was a member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (Mine Mill), and the Travelling Musician's Union AFM Local 1000. In solidarity with the poor, he was also an honorary member of Dignity Village, a homeless community. A pacifist, he was a member of Veterans for Peace and the Peace Center of Nevada County.  In his personal life, Phillips enjoyed varied hobbies and interests. These included Egyptology; amateur chemistry; linguistics; history (Asian, African, Mormon and world); futhark; debate; and poetry. He also enjoyed culinary hobbies, such as pickling, cooking and gardening.  He married Joanna Robinson on July 31, 1989, in Nevada City.  Phillips became an elder statesman for the folk music community, and a keeper of stories and songs that might otherwise have passed into obscurity. He was also a member of the great Traveling Nation, the community of hobos and railroad bums that populates the Midwest United States along the rail lines, and was an important keeper of their history and culture. He also became an honorary member of numerous folk societies in the U.S.A. and Canada.  When Kate Wolf grew ill and was forced to cancel concerts, she asked Phillips to fill in. Suffering from an ailment which makes it more difficult to play guitar, Phillips hesitated, citing his declining guitar ability. "Nobody ever came just to hear you play," she said. Phillips told this story as a way of explaining how his style over the years became increasingly based on storytelling instead of just songs. He was a gifted storyteller and monologist, and his concerts generally had an even mix of spoken word and sung content. He attributed much of his success to his personality. "It is better to be likeable than talented," he often said, self-deprecatingly.  Until it lost its funding, Phillips hosted his own weekly radio show, "Loafer's Glory: The Hobo Jungle of the Mind," originating on KVMR and nationally syndicated.  Phillips lived in Nevada City, California, for 21 years where he worked on the start-up of the Hospitality House, a homeless shelter, and the Peace and Justice Center. "It's my town. Nevada City is a primary seed-bed for community organizing."  In August 2007, Phillips announced that he would undergo catheter ablation to address his heart problems. Later that autumn, Phillips announced that due to health problems he could no longer tour. By January 2008, he decided against a heart transplant.  Phillips died May 23, 2008 in Nevada City, California, from complications of heart disease, eight days after his 73rd birthday, and is buried in Forest View Cemetery in Nevada City.

Personal papers.

Archival materials related to Phillips' personal and professional life are open for research at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit, Michigan. The papers include correspondence, interviews, writings, notes, contracts, flyers, publications, articles, clippings, photographs, audiovisual recordings, and other materials.

Bruce Duncan "Utah" Phillips (May 15, 1935 – May 23, 2008) was an American labor organizer, folk singer, storyteller and poet. He described the struggles of labor unions and the power of direct action, self-identifying as an anarchist. He often promoted the Industrial Workers of the World in his music, actions, and words.

Bruce Duncan « Utah » Phillips (né le 15 mai 1935 - mort le ) est un chanteur, auteur-compositeur-interprète et guitariste folk américain. Pacifiste et anarchiste, il a été très engagé dans la défense des "Industrial workers of the world" dont il était membre.


Plot.

Set on the coast of Newfoundland, a rivalry develops between Jed Nelson (Arthur Vinton), a seal hunter, and Luke Oarum (Charles Starrett), a local man considered a jinx. Worried that his rival may try to steal his girlfriend Mary Joe (Louise Huntington), calling him a coward, the seal hunter goads Luke into accompanying him on an Arctic sealing expedition on "Viking", commanded by Capt. Barker (Robert Bartlett).. They both end up in a hunting party on the ice floes and eventually find themselves stranded. Jed tries to kill Luke, but the snow blinds him and his gunshot misses.  Despite the attempt on his life, Luke helps walk the blinded Jed across the ice flows back to Newfoundland after they are unable to return to the ship. On recovering his sight at home, Jed gains new respect for his rival and vows that he will beat senseless any man who derides the character of his new friend.

Cast.

As listed in the credits:

Production.

American-born producer Varick Frissell's previous short films, "The Lure of Labrador" and "The Swilin' Racket" (also known as "The Great Arctic Seal Hunt"), prompted him to make a full-length feature entitled "Vikings of the Ice Field". Paramount Pictures put up $100,000 to finance the production, while insisting that Hollywood personnel be used. Frissell hired director George Melford, who had attended McGill University in Montreal and had experience in filming Canadian subjects previously.  By 1930, Frissell had completed most of the principal photography on location in Quidi Vidi. For realistic footage, Frissell then took his crew to the Grand Banks and Labrador to film action sequences. The film was privately shown at the Nickel Theatre at St. John's on March 5, 1931. After this screening, Frissell decided that his film needed more real scenes from the Labrador ice floes. Within days, Frissell and his crew had joined the SS "Viking" for its annual seal hunt. The ship got trapped in ice near the Horse Islands.  On March 15, 1931, while trying to film an iceberg, Frissell, Alexander Penrod, 25 crew members and a stowaway were killed in an explosion. Some of the survivors made the over-ice trek to the Horse Islands, while others were rescued by vessels dispatched to the area.  Despite the fatal accident, the film was completed and released in June 1931. The title was changed from "White Thunder" to "The Viking". A French-language version "Ceux du Viking" was released in 1932.

Reception.

Reviews for "The Viking" varied, while the story was generally panned. "The New York Times" review referred to the film's story as "sketchy". The reviewer, however, noted: "'The Viking', like Mr Varick's silent work, 'The Swilin' Racket', has many marvelous scenes of the ice fields and of the adventures of men on a seal hunt off Labrador. It is enhanced by being made with sound effects, but the dialogue, like the story, is merely incidental."  The "Theater Guild Magazine" found the story "melodramatic" and the screenplay uninteresting in comparison to the cinematography. "The Film Daily" gave a negative review, noting the "weakness" of the story.  "White Thunder", a National Film Board documentary on Varick Frissell's life, directed by Newfoundlander Victoria King, was released in 2002.

The Viking (), also known as White Thunder and Vikings of the Ice Field, is a 1931 Newfoundland/American adventure film about sealing directed by George Melford. This was "the first film to record sound and dialogue on location". It is best known for the explosion aboard the ship SS "Viking" (an actual sealing ship) during filming, in which many members of the crew, including producer Varick Frissell, were killed. It remains the incident with the largest loss of life in film history.

Les Vikings (titre original : "") est un film américano-canadien, réalisé par Varick Frissell et terminé par George Melford, sorti en 1931.


High school and college.

Carpenter attended East Fairmont High School in Fairmont, West Virginia and then West Virginia University, where he played college baseball for the West Virginia Mountaineers baseball team from 2004 to 2006. While at West Virginia University, Carpenter was a catcher. In 2004, he batted.235 in 81 at-bats, in 2005 he batted.282 in 110 at-bats and in 2006 he batted.316 with 38 RBI in 187 at-bats.

Professional career.

St. Louis Cardinals.

The St. Louis Cardinals selected Carpenter in the 12th round of the 2006 MLB Draft. Carpenter played for the State College Spikes in 2006, hitting.189 in 37 games. In 2007, he hit.220 for the GCL Cardinals and Batavia Muckdogs. He both caught and pitched in 2008 – he caught for the Quad Cities River Bandits and Palm Beach Cardinals (hitting.215 in 65 at-bats) and he pitched for the GCL Cardinals and Johnson City Cardinals (posting a 1.84 ERA in 15 relief appearances while striking out 17 batters in 14 2/3 innings). For the 2009 season, he converted to pitching full-time and went 5–3 with a 4.28 ERA in 52 relief appearances for the River Bandits, striking out 77 batters in 67 1/3 innings. In 2010, he began the season with the Palm Beach Cardinals.

Houston Astros.

On August 19, 2010, he was traded to the Houston Astros for Pedro Feliz. He finished the season with the Lancaster JetHawks and went a combined 6–4 with a 2.51 ERA in 55 games, finishing 49 and saving 20. Carpenter split the 2011 season between the major and minor leagues. At the minor league level, he went 0–1 with 14 saves and a 1.91 ERA in 33 games for the Corpus Christi Hooks and Oklahoma City RedHawks, while striking out 38 batters in 33 innings. He made his major league debut with the Astros on June 30 of that year, going 1–3 with a 2.93 ERA in 34 games. In 27.2 innings, he had 29 strikeouts.

Toronto Blue Jays.

Carpenter was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays on July 20, 2012, along with Brandon Lyon, and J. A. Happ, for Francisco Cordero, Ben Francisco, Asher Wojciechowski, David Rollins, Joe Musgrove, Carlos Pérez, and a player to be named later (Kevin Comer). Carpenter was assigned to the Las Vegas 51s. Carpenter was called up to the Jays on August 10 after Brett Lawrie was placed on the disabled list. On the same day, Carpenter appeared in a game, becoming the 32nd pitcher used by the Jays in the 2012 season (a club record at the time), but was optioned back to Las Vegas after the game to make room for Mike McCoy. Carpenter was recalled to the Blue Jays active roster on September 7 after the Las Vegas 51s season ended.

Boston Red Sox.

On October 21, 2012, he was traded to the Red Sox for infielder Mike Avilés, after Avilés had been the agreed-upon compensation for the Red Sox signing incumbent Blue Jays manager John Farrell to fill that role for them. A player cannot in actuality be traded directly for a manager – he must be traded for another player – so this is why the Blue Jays sent Carpenter to Boston. On November 20, Carpenter was designated for assignment with four others.

Atlanta Braves.

The Atlanta Braves claimed Carpenter on waivers on November 30, 2012. He was optioned to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves on March 26. He was recalled on April 20, then optioned back to Gwinnett on April 22. He was recalled again on April 30. Carpenter ended up making his Braves debut on May 10, giving up 2 runs in 2.1 innings against the Giants. Carpenter spent the rest of the year in the Braves bullpen, where in 56 appearances, he was 4–1 with a 1.78 ERA and 12 holds, striking out 74 in 65.2 innings. Carpenter was the losing pitcher in Game 4 of the 2013 NLDS, during which he gave up a two run homer to Juan Uribe that would win the game for the Los Angeles Dodgers, ending the Braves' postseason run.  Carpenter began 2014 with Atlanta as their setup man. On June 17, Carpenter was fined an undisclosed amount for throwing at Corey Dickerson on June 12. The incident started after Dickerson hit catcher Gerald Laird twice in one at-bat, once on a foul tip and once with on the backswing of the bat. Carpenter then hit Dickerson on the hip with a fastball. He was also placed on the disabled list that day, and was replaced by Pedro Beato. In 34 appearances before the stint on the disabled list, Carpenter was 4–1 with a 4.23 ERA and 10 holds and 35 strikeouts.

New York Yankees.

The Braves traded Carpenter and Chasen Shreve to the New York Yankees for Manny Banuelos on January 1, 2015. On June 3, Carpenter was designated for assignment by the Yankees. He appeared in 22 games for the Yankees with a 4.82 ERA.

Washington Nationals.

On June 11, 2015, Carpenter was traded to the Washington Nationals in exchange for Tony Renda. He pitched in eight games for Washington, then missed the rest of the season due to right shoulder inflammation. He became a free agent after the season.

Atlanta Braves (Second Stint).

On November 24, 2015, Carpenter signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves. He was invited to spring training, and released on March 5, 2016.

Tampa Bay Rays.

On March 11, 2016, Carpenter signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays. He was released on March 30.

Bridgeport Bluefish.

On April 7, 2016, Carpenter signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

Los Angeles Angels.

On May 13, 2016, Carpenter signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He was released on June 28, 2016.

Bridgeport Bluefish (Second Stint).

Carpenter returned to Bridgeport to finish out the 2016 season.

Tampa Bay Rays (Second Stint).

Carpenter signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays on January 30, 2017. He was released on April 4, 2017.

Arizona Diamondbacks.

On July 21, 2017, Carpenter signed a minor league deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He became a free agent after the season.

Texas Rangers.

On February 5, 2019, Carpenter signed a minor-league contract with the Texas Rangers. He was assigned to the Nashville Sounds on April 12. On May 31, his contract was selected and he was called up to the major league roster. On June 8, he was designated for assignment. He cleared waivers and was outrighted to Nashville on June 10. On August 13, the Rangers selected Carpenter's contract. On August 19, Carpenter was again designated for assignment. On August 21, Carpenter was outrighted to Nashville. He elected free agency after the season.

Cincinnati Reds.

On December 19, 2019, Carpenter signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds.

Darrell David Carpenter (born July 15, 1985) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a pitcher in the Cincinnati Reds organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Toronto Blue Jays, Atlanta Braves, New York Yankees, Washington Nationals, and Texas Rangers.

Darrell David Carpenter (né le 15 juillet 1985 à Morgantown, Virginie-Occidentale, États-Unis) est un lanceur de relève droitier de baseball.


Life and career.

Raised in an orphanage ["children's home"], he taught himself to play several folk instruments and the piano. In 1941, after Operation Barbarossa began and when he was already a student at Moscow Conservatory, he joined the army as a volunteer, there directing various grass-roots performances, and writing songs and music to dramas. In 1943–50 (1945–50, according to other sources) he resumed his studies at the Moscow Conservatory under Dmitri Shostakovich and Nikolay Myaskovsky (in composition) and Igor Sposobin (in music theory). Inasmuch as in 1948 Shostakovich was accused of "formalism" in music, the same tendencies were detected in the works of his pupils, particularly Galynin. Tikhon Khrennikov criticized Galynin's First Piano Concerto in particular, although later (in 1957) he denied such an assessment. Nevertheless, the composer was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1951 for his "Epic Poem" (1950).  Despite falling seriously ill with schizophrenia in 1951 and in consequence spending a considerable part of his life in hospitals and psychiatric clinics, Galynin remained an active composer. His work is a bright phenomenon in Soviet classical music though still underestimated, unfortunately, in his homeland and largely overlooked in the West. Within the well-developed system of public Children's Music Schools in Russia and the former Soviet republics Galynin is most gratefully remembered for his short and easy pieces of music composed for beginners, some of them being variations of popular folk melodies. "The composer’s bright and original talent was a union of melodic generosity, picturesque harmonies, a sense of modern colouring, and elegance of classical form", the Encyclopedia of Music (Moscow, 1973) wrote of him.  Galynin died in Moscow in 1966.

German Germanovich Galynin (; 30 March 1922, in Tula, Russia – 18 June 1966, in Moscow, Russia) was a Russian composer, student, and continuer of the Shostakovich and Myaskovsky line in Soviet classic music.

Guerman Guermanovitch Galynine (en ) est un compositeur soviétique, né le à Toula et mort le à Moscou. Héritier de Dmitri Chostakovitch et de Nikolaï Miaskovski, il est l'un des représentants de l'école soviétique de musique.


Early life.

Edward Conor Marshall O'Brien was born in Limerick on 3 November 1880. His grandfather was William O'Brien who was a member of Young Ireland; his grandfather and his aunt Charlotte Grace O'Brien both played roles in social reform. Robert Donough, his uncle, was an architect, and the painter Dermod O'Brien was his brother. O'Brien was educated in England at Winchester College and Oxford, and in Ireland in Trinity College. After his education he came back to Ireland and started practicing as an architect in 1903. According to the 1911 census he lived at 58 Mount Street, south County Dublin.

Architect.

O'Brien was credited with two buildings in his lifetime: the Co-operative Hall in Co. Donegal and the People's Hall in Co. Limerick. He was also known as a naval architect, having designed two ships, the "Saoirse" and the "llen". He would later captain both of these ships himself.

"Across Three Oceans".

O'Brien's boat "Saoirse" was reputedly the first small boat (42-foot, 13 metres long) to sail around the world, a journey that he documented in his book "Across Three Oceans". O’Briens voyage began and ended at the Port of Foynes, County Limerick, Ireland, where he lived.  "Saoirse", under O'Brien's command and with three crew, was the first yacht to circumnavigate the world by way of the three great capes: Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope and Cape Leeuwin; and was the first boat flying the Irish tri-colour to enter many of the world's ports and harbours. He ran down his easting in the Roaring Forties and Furious Fifties between the years 1923 to 1925. Up until O'Brien's circumnavigation this route was the preserve of square-rigged grain ships taking part in the grain race from Australia to England via Cape Horn (also known as the clipper route).  O'Brien's priority claim is contentious: Joshua Slocum, a Bostonian, was a single-handed yachtsman took that route, in 1895. Extreme weather forced Slocum to use some of the inshore routes between the channels and islands of Cape Horn and it is believed he may not have actually passed outside the Horn proper.

Restoration of the "Ilen".

O'Brien's seagoing experiences were put to use in his design of the "A K Ilen" which was built for the Falkland Islands as a service boat. In 1998 the "Ilen" returned to the site where it was first built, on the river Ilen near Baltimore in south-west Ireland, where it is currently undergoing a full restoration (expected to be completed by 2017). This task provided work-based learning for the students of the Ilen School.

Gun running.

O'Brien had some involvement with gun running in 1914 on behalf of the Irish Volunteers, for political reasons (he was a home ruler) and because he had experience in sailing. He joined the Irish Volunteers on the boat the "Kelpie", with George Mallory and Geoffrey Winthrop Young. On 26 July 1914, 900 guns were brought to Howth harbour. He was also involved in bringing guns to Kilcoole beach on the Wicklow coast. After the gun running incidents, O'Brien served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.

Publications.

O'Brien authored a number of books which document his experiences of sailing, from which he distilled advice for other boat designers, builders and sailors. He also wrote novels on the nautical theme.

Edward Conor Marshall O'Brien (3 November 1880 – 18 April 1952) was an Irish aristocrat and intellectual. His views were republican and nationalist. He was also owner and captain of one of the first boats to sail under the tri-colour of the Irish Free State.

Edward Conor Marshall O'Brien (Ardagh, Comté de Limerick – Foynes Island, Comté de Limerick ), plus connu sous le nom de Conor O Brien (sans apostrophe) était un écrivain, architecte, patriote, et marin irlandais.


First generation.

Introduced in 1970 as model year 71, the first generation Dodge Colt was a federalized first generation Mitsubishi Colt Galant. Available as a two-door pillared coupe, two-door hardtop, 4-door sedan, and 5-door wagon, the Colt had a four-cylinder engine. The unibody layout was traditional, front engine and rear-wheel drive with MacPherson struts in front and a live rear axle. Standard transmission was a four-speed manual, with a three-speed automatic being an option. The engine initially produced 100 hp, but this dropped to 83 in 1972 when stricter emissions standards took effect. For 1973 a sporty GT hardtop coupe was added, featuring rally stripes, sport wheels and a center console amongst other features. The Dodge Colt was Chrysler's response to the AMC Gremlin, Ford Pinto and Chevrolet Vega but because it was a captive import from Mitsubishi, the Colt competed directly with other Japanese imports, such as the Toyota Corolla, Honda Civic and Datsun 1200.

Second generation.

Based on the underpinnings of the first generation model, Galant sedans and coupes received a new, somewhat rounder body in 1973, while wagons continued with the old body and new nose. The new version, with single headlights rather than the doubles of the previous generation, became the 1974 Dodge Colt in the US, available in the same bodystyles as the first one. The base engine also remained the same, but a larger G52B "Astron" engine became optionally available (standard in the GT coupe). This one develops at 5500 rpm. Ratings varied from for the smaller one and for the larger engine in different publications.  A four-speed manual or three-speed automatic remained available, but for 1977 a five-speed became available (standard in the GT and Carousel coupes). The Carousel, introduced in 1975 along with larger bumpers, was more luxurious and carried a blue and white paintjob. For 1977, the "Silent Shaft" version of the smaller engine became available, and was fitted as standard equipment in GT and Carousels. The introduction of the new Dodge Colt "Mileage Maker" meant there was a mix of second and third generation models in 1977. Second generation 2-door hardtops and wagons continued alongside 2- and 4-door "Mileage Makers". The wagon was also available with an "Estate" package, including wood grain applique and adjustable reclining seats.  This model was also sold as the Dodge Colt 1600 GS in South Africa, only as a two-door hardtop coupé.

Third generation.

The third generation Dodge Colt was effectively made up of two lines: coupes and sedans were of a smaller, Lancer-based series, while the Wagons were based on the new Mitsubishi Galant Sigma. In late 1976, for the 1977 model year, the smaller A70-series Mitsubishi Lancer became the Dodge Colt, with two-door coupe and four-door sedan bodies. While the wheelbase was only slightly shorter than that of the second generation Colt, overall length was down from 171.1 to 162.6 inches (4346 to 4130 mm). The new Colt was also referred to as the Dodge Colt "Mileage Maker" to mark it as different from its larger predecessor. Second generation Coupe and Wagon versions remained on sale for the 1977 model year.  The engine was the familiar "4G32" iteration of Mitsubishi's Saturn engine family, of 1597 cc and still with 83 hp at 5,500 rpm. A "Silent Shaft" (balance shaft) version of this engine along with a five-speed manual transmission (instead of the standard four speeds) were part of a "Freeway Cruise" package, which also included a maroon/white paintjob. For 1978 power dropped to 77 hp with the introduction of the "MCA-Jet" high-swirl system.  For 1978 a new, larger, Dodge Colt wagon also arrived, a rebadged Mitsubishi Galant Sigma. It came with the same 1.6-litre MCA-Jet four as the smaller sedans and coupes, but a 2.6-litre, Astron engine was an option, as was a five-speed manual. While the last year for the Lancer-based Colts was 1979, the wagon lingered on alongside the front-wheel drive Mirage-based fourth generation until 1981 when it was effectively replaced by the domestic Dodge Aries K wagon. The larger Mitsubishi Galant Lambda coupé was also marketed as the Dodge Colt Challenger from 1978, although the "Colt" part was later dropped. It shared the chassis as well as the engine options of the Colt wagon.

Fourth generation.

From late-1978 for model year 1979, the Dodge Colt and Plymouth Champ nameplates were applied to the front-wheel-drive Mitsubishi Mirage imports into North America. The Colt and Champ (Plymouth Colt after 1982) was a 3-door hatchback, and came in Deluxe or Custom equipment levels. These imports used a 70 hp Mitsubishi Orion 4G12 1.4-liter overhead-cam, four-cylinder engine at first, which received the highest United States Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy rating in its debut year. This engine was joined by the 1.6-liter 4G32 Saturn engine (80 hp) at the end of the year. For 1981, a bare bones "low-line" version was introduced. An RS package also became available, with stiffer suspension, sportier interior with extra gauges, and a larger fuel tank.  There were three manual transmissions and one automatic transmission available. There was a KM110 four-speed manual transmission, or a novel "Twin Stick" (Mitsubishi Super Shift) version of the transmission that used a two-speed transfer case to give 8 forward and 2 reverse speeds. There was also the option of a KM119 five-speed manual transmission or a TorqueFlite three-speed automatic transmission. For 1982 a five-door hatchback joined the lineup. The names of the equipment levels changed to "E" and "DL". At some point claimed power dropped to 64 and 72 hp respectively for the small and large engines, while the 1.6 was only available with the automatic transmission. In August 1983, for the 1984 model year (which was to be the last year of this model of Colt), the GTS Turbo model arrived along with a naturally aspirated GTS package, similar to the earlier RS one. Unique for North America - the turbocharged Colt/Mirages sold elsewhere had a 1.4-litre engine - this used the fuel-injected 1.6-litre 4G32T engine also seen in the next-generation Colt, providing at 5500 rpm and considerable performance. It, too, featured the eight speed Twin Stick transmission and also received ventilated brakes in front. Both GTS models, available with three-door bodywork only, received a larger gas tank rather than the E and DL's tank. They also featured a sporty appearance with uprated suspension, blacked out trim details, and a sizable front air dam.

Fifth generation.

In 1984, the fifth generation Dodge/Plymouth Colt appeared (model year 1985). A carbureted 68 hp 1468 cc four was the base engine, while the upscale Premier four-door sedan and GTS Turbo models received the 4G32BT turbocharged 1.6-litre already seen in the last model year of the previous Colts. A first for FWD Colts was the availability of a three-box sedan body, though this was no longer available after 1986. From 1988 (and lasting until 1991), this car was also marketed as the "Eagle Vista" in Canada. There was also a five-door minivan/station wagon called the Dodge/Plymouth "Colt Vista"; this was simply a rebadged Mitsubishi Chariot.  Early cars have small rectangular headlights in black inserts, while later models received more aerodynamic, flush-fitting units. The lowest priced model was the "E" (for economy), followed by the "DL" and topped by the turbocharged (but short-lived) Premier and GTS Turbo.  The Colt wagon, while never available with the turbocharged engine, did receive a more powerful 1,755 cc engine in the four-wheel-drive version. Unlike the FWD version, the DL 4x4 was not available with an automatic transmission. While the hatchback Colts were replaced for 1989, the Colt wagon continued to be available until the 1991 introduction of the Mitsubishi RVR-based Colt wagon, which also replaced the Colt Vista. This car was also marketed as the Eagle Vista wagon in Canada.

Sixth generation.

In 1989, Eagle began marketing its Summit as another rebadged Mitsubishi Mirage.  Since the demise of the Dodge Omni/Plymouth Horizon in 1990, the Colt was the only subcompact in the Dodge and Plymouth lineups. The Colt sedan was not sold in the United States for the sixth generation (though it was sold in Canada), as it would be replaced by the Dodge Shadow/Plymouth Sundance liftbacks in the Dodge/Plymouth lineup for 1989. In Canada only the Eagle Vista, a carryover model that replaced the Colt sedan continued when the Colt underwent a redesign. The sedan bodywork was available to American consumers as an Eagle Summit, however. Dodge and Plymouth Colt sedans returned for 1993-1994 as a variant of the next generation Eagle Summit. The Dodge/Plymouth Colt, Eagle Summit, and Mitsubishi Mirage of this generation used a 1.5 or 1.6-litre inline-four engine.  A model powered by the 1.6-litre 4G61T turbocharged four-cylinder was produced for the 1989 model year only. There are a rumored 1500 of these special editions to have been produced. The engine was only offered in the Mirage and the Colt GT Turbo, which were distinguished by their ground effects and spoilers (although these parts were also available for a price as add-ons to other model ranges) and by their extra features not normally found on base model ranges such as power seats, power windows, power locks, and power mirrors, special colored interior and seats, as well as a 150 mph/9000 rpm gauge cluster. The Turbo Colt/Mirage Turbo was one of "Car and Driver" magazine's Ten Best for 1989. A naturally aspirated version of this engine was available for the following years Colt GT, with power down to 113 hp.  Power of the 1.5-litre 4G15 was up to thanks to multi-point fuel injection. Top speed was.  The Colt Wagon was redesigned in 1991, now based on the RVR, and continued in production until the 1996 model year.

Seventh generation.

The seventh generation of the Colt was the same as Plymouth's version, and also the same as the Eagle Summit. As usual, they were all simply badge-engineered versions of the Mitsubishi Mirage/Lancer. The two-door coupe bodystyle was unique to the North American market. There was no hatchback version of the seventh generation Dodge/Plymouth Colt. Originally available in Base and GL versions, the ES (with supposedly more sporting intentions) was added later.  1.5 and 1.8 litre four-cylinder engines were used, with the larger engine originally only available to four-door Colts. While the sporting variants offered in the sixth generation were not renewed, the two-door ES was available with the more powerful sixteen-valve SOHC 1.8 for the 1994 model year. The smaller engine has while the larger version has. The previous Colt Wagon (Mitsubishi RVR) continued to be sold until 1996, while the Dodge Colt was replaced by the new Neon after the 1994 model year.

Related versions.

The Plymouth Cricket nameplate was used (in addition to Dodge Colt) on Galants sold in Canada between mid-1973 and 1975, after Chrysler stopped using the Plymouth Cricket name for a rebadged Hillman Avenger-based model sourced from the United Kingdom (and sold across North America between 1971 and 1973).  The Plymouth Arrow was offered from 1976 to 1980 as a rebadged version of the Mitsubishi Lancer Celeste, not to be confused with the rebadged Mitsubishi truck sold as the Plymouth Arrow starting in 1979.

The Dodge Colt is a subcompact car manufactured by Mitsubishi Motors and marketed by Dodge for model years 1971-1994 as captive imports. Badge engineered variants included the Plymouth Champ and Plymouth Colt, marketed by Plymouth.

La Dodge Colt et les Plymouth Champ et Plymouth Colt, sont des automobiles de Dodge et Plymouth entre 1970 et 1994.