Organization.

Mission.

Alkarama is an NGO defending the victims of human rights violations in the Arab world – including violations of the right to life, to physical and mental integrity, and to Civil and Political Rights – by using in priority international law mechanisms. Alkarama also helps to promote a culture of human rights in the Arab world.  Although it recognises the indivisibility of human rights, Alkarama has given priority to the defence of people subjected or at risk of extrajudicial killing, enforced disappearance, torture, and arbitrary detention, as Alkarama regards these violations of the right to life, physical integrity, and civil and political rights as common in this region.  To end these violations, Alkarama cooperates with local and national civil society activists and international organisations for the promotion and protection of human rights, as well as governments and other entities likely to act on the human rights situation.  By engaging international mechanisms, Alkarama offers support and a last resort to the victims of these human rights violations, so that they achieve respect for their rights against the failure or inefficiency of their country's justice system.  Alkarama also works for a strong international system of human rights protection, which reinforces the regional, national, and local protection systems. In, particular, it contributes to fill the information gaps, and to increase the attention of international human rights protection mechanisms on human rights violations taking place in the Arab World. Alkarama encourages States to strengthen their national laws to defend and promote human rights.  Finally, Alkarama contributes to the promotion of the culture of human rights, by ensuring that the various groups that make up the civil society in these countries are familiar with the concept of human rights and are mobilising around it, know their rights and claim them, and feel protected by law.  Through its projects, Alkarama provides these actors the necessary tools so that they can assert their rights both nationally and internationally.

Goals.

1. Document and denounce human rights violations in the Arab world  2. Provide moral and judicial assistance to the victims of human rights violations  3. Pursue the perpetrators of human rights violations and fight impunity  4. Encourage, and campaign for governments to respect human rights  5. Spread the culture of human rights in Arab societies  6. Train human rights defenders  7. Support any initiative which reinforces the protection of citizens against human rights violations  8. Be an effective organization

Focus.

Alkarama focuses on the most serious human rights violations, i.e. violations that relate to the right to life, human dignity, bodily integrity and freedom. The idea behind Alkarama's specific mandate is that only when citizens are free from the most serious human rights abuses that individuals can freely and effectively call for all of their rights and ensure the rule of law in their countries.

(i) Extrajudicial Killings.

According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR):  Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.  The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions intervenes on cases of executions outside the legal framework or without the proper legal safeguards: capital punishment following an unfair trial, deaths in custody, deaths due to excessive use of force by law enforcement officials, deaths due to attacks by States security forces, violations of the right to life in armed conflict, genocide, and the imminent expulsion of persons to a country where their lives are in danger.

(ii) Enforced Disappearance.

According to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (CED):  Enforced disappearance is considered to be the arrest, detention, abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the State or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorisation, support or acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the law.  A tool of repression  Many of the governments of the Arab World use disappearances to silence opposition members and terrorize the population.  Algeria is a notable example of this practice. Alkarama has presented over 1,000 cases of disappearances to the United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID). The number of disappeared in Algeria is estimated at between 10,000 and 20,000 – the Algerian government admitted to 6,164 in 2005; the Algerian national human rights institution, the Commission Nationale Consultative de Promotion et de Protection des Droits de l'Homme (CNCPPDH) to 8,023.

(iii) Torture.

According to the Convention against Torture (CAT):  Torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.  Upon receipt of information about cases of torture from its representatives and civil society contacts in the Arab world, Alkarama writes a communication to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture (SRT) with details of the case.

(iv) Arbitrary Detention.

According to the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WGAD):  Deprivation of liberty is arbitrary if the case falls into one of the following three categories:  1. When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty [...] (Category I)  2. When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Category II)  3. When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial spelled out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (Category III). (WGAD, Fact Sheet No. 26)  Arbitrary Detention in the Arab World: the United Nation's Opinion  Arab governments often arrest and detain political opponents and human rights defenders in order to quiet their criticism of government policies and behaviour. The opinions issued by the WGAD can then be used in local and international advocacy against these detentions, be brought up with the governments and authorities directly, and can lead to enough pressure to have these individuals released in some cases. Many governments are very sensitive to their international image and human rights record.

History.

2004: Creation of Alkarama.

Alkarama was created as a Swiss association in July 2004 by Qatari and Algerian human rights defenders – Abdulrahman Al Naimi, Rachid Mesli and Abbas Aroua – to contribute to an Arab World where all individuals live free, in dignity, and protected by the rule of law. With this goal in mind, the founders decided to address the most serious violations of human dignity, physical integrity and freedom, namely extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, torture, and arbitrary detention, with the hope that individuals who no longer fear being subjected to these violations can speak and act freely to call for their rights and ensure the rule of law in their countries.  At the time of Alkarama's creation, the United Nations (UN) mechanisms established to protect human rights worldwide rarely acted upon violations in the Arab region. Identifying this gap, Alkarama decided that in order to bring these violations to an end, Alkarama would act through the UN's mechanisms specific to bring these human rights violations to an end. In doing so, Alkarama would also fulfill its objective to contribute to a better understanding of human rights and raise awareness of the UN's human rights protection mechanisms in the Arab civil society, including amongst social groups who often viewed these instruments as ineffective or understood rights as Western concepts, in particular Islamist groups, political opposition parties, and journalists.  By acting as a bridge between the victims in the Arab world and the UN Special Procedures experts, whilst building the capacity of local activists to directly access UN mechanisms and use the decisions they adopt to call for the respect of human rights in their countries, Alkarama gave itself the means to achieve its two main objectives simultaneously. This involves speaking directly and regularly with victims and their families, lawyers, or local activists to document individual cases of human rights violations; and submitting these cases to the UN mechanisms for them to request the relevant government authorities to remedy to the situation.  Between 2004 and 2007, Rachid Mesli, at the time Alkarama's sole employee in Geneva, submitted around 400 individual cases to the UN Special Procedures, leading to these mechanisms' action with a number of Arab States, and a noticeable improvement of the situation for many of the victims. Following up on its successes and growing needs, in 2005 Alkarama recruited Country Representatives in Lebanon and Yemen in order to follow the human rights situation in these countries and document further cases of violations to submit to the UN. Alkarama's website was launched the same year.

2007: Alkarama Foundation.

In April 2007, in the face of an ever-increasing workload and in order to undertake the necessary changes in capital and human resources, Alkarama registers as a Foundation under Swiss law. This change in status aimed to ensure greater stability and transparency, by enabling the Swiss authorities to review the organisation's financial records on a yearly basis.

2007: Working with UN Treaty Bodies.

As of 2007, Alkarama began working with the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies – in particular the Committee Against Torture (CAT), the Human Rights Committee (HRCttee) and the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) instituted by the newly established Human Rights Council (HRC) – by submitting alternative information regarding the Arab State's implementation of the relevant treaties at every stage of their review process. In doing so, Alkarama provides the CAT and HRCttee expert, as well as members of the (HRC) access to information from civil society actors as well as concrete cases of violations of numerous articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention Against Torture and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).

2009: Working to strengthen national human rights institutions.

In 2009, facing the increasingly negative roles played by National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs), Alkarama begins providing independent information from local civil society actors about these institutions to the International Coordinating Committee on (ICC-NHRIs), which regularly reviews the status of these institutions, resulting in a number of reforms within these institutions.

2009: Launch of the Alkarama Award for Human Rights Defenders.

Also in 2009, Alkarama launched the Alkarama Award for Human Rights Defenders, a symbolic reward attributed every year to an individual or organisation that has significantly contributed to the promotion and protection of human rights in the Arab world (to read more about the Award and the previous laureates, click here). Through this award, Alkarama was able to fulfill two objectives: to bring attention to the work of human rights defenders (HRDs) in the Arab world, whilst providing the UN, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the media, and the general public an opportunity to learn about the individual heroes struggling for the promotion and protection of human rights in the Arab region.

2011 (During the "Arab Spring" and after): Acting as a major relay of information.

As the events of 2011 began to unfold in the Arab World, Alkarama stood alongside those calling for the respect of their rights and became a major relay of information for the UN mechanisms and the media, on the uprisings in Egypt, Libya, Yemen and then Syria. With Country Representatives in Egypt, Lebanon and Yemen, as well as several visits to Libya, Alkarama was able to closely monitor the violations occurring, reporting them in real time whilst raising awareness amongst the new groups rising to power of their obligation to respect human rights.

Alkarama Today.

Alkarama today is made up of nine full-time employees in Geneva, and five representatives in the Arab World. It also trains about 10 interns per year in its Legal or Media Departments.  Although founded in 2004 as a society, since 2007 Alkarama has been a registered Swiss Foundation.  Alkarama is a trilingual organisation, publishing material in Arabic, English and French.

Alleged link to terrorist groups.

As an NGO working on a daily basis with the United Nations human rights protection mechanisms by submitting to these UN bodies detailed information on serious human rights violations committed by States in the region, Alkarama has often been the victim of defamation campaigns, whilst several members of its staff have been targeted – in their own capacity and not necessarily because of their relation with Alkarama – such as Executive Director, Mourad Dhina and Legal Director, Rachid Mesli, both victims of international arrest warrants issued by the Algerian government; as well as founding member and former Chairman of the Foundation's Council, Abdulrahman Al Naimi, listed by the U.S. Treasury as an “Al Qaeda financier” although the charges were never substantiated.  Among others, on 2 September 2014, the Lebanese newspaper, As-Safir published an article entitled The Founder of the Cham Al Islam movement, a prominent activist within Alkarama, which openly accuses Alkarama of "supporting terrorism" and "spreading anarchy". In the following couple of days, these allegations were echoed in the Hezbollah-affiliated Lebanese information channel, Al Manar, in Syrian governmental news sites, RTV.gov and Al Tawra, as well as in Saudi-run news site on Syria, Al Akhbar Al Youm. On 3 September, Commentary, a magazine founded by the American Jewish Committee in 1945, accused Alkarama of being run by an "Al Qaeda financier", in reference to Alkarama's Founder, Mr Abdulrahman Al Naimi.  On 14 October 2014, the Swiss newspaper, Le Temps published an article entitled The town of Geneva funded an NGO accused of links with Al Qaeda, which was relayed by other Swiss media outlets. The article relied exclusively on the unproven listing of one of Alkarama's three founding members as an “Al Qaeda financier” (see below). A month later, Le Temps published a feature by Alkarama's Legal Director, Rachid Mesli, speaking of the difficulty to defend human rights in the Arab World, explaining that in the Arab World, those who dare criticise authoritarian regimes or demand more freedom are accused of terrorism to stifle any criticism or demand to take part in the country's political life. "“It is therefore not surprising that Alkarama, which defends victims of this repression, finds itself vilified and attacked by these regimes; that international NGOs such as the Council on American-Islamic Relations and Islamic Relief find themselves on the UAE’s list of terrorist organisations along with ISIL and Al Qaeda; and that the former Chairman of our Foundation, Dr Abdulrahman Al Naimi, a university Professor, a Qatari human rights activist and a former Amnesty prisoner of conscience be banned from several countries – including the UAE and Saudi Arabia,”" explained Me Mesli.  The current president of Alkarama's Board of Trustees, Khalifa al-Rabban, is a Founding Member and Member of the Board of Trustees of the Global Anti-Aggression Campaign (GAAC) alongside Abdulrahman Al Naimi. An online portal for articles on human-rights matters in the Arab World, the GAAC's founding statement, written by Alkarama founding member Abdulrahman Al Naimi, claims that Islam is under siege and that the organisation seeks to confront the Western “aggressor.” GAAC has also hosted Hamas leaders.  Alkarama unambiguously and irrevocably denies all these accusations, but the Foundation can only work in a spirit of full transparency. You can find details of its cases below.

2012: Arrest and detention of Mourad Dhina in Paris.

In 2012, Alkarama's Executive Director, Dr Mourad Dhina, who had openly called for democratic change in Algeria for years was detained in France for six months on a request from the Algerian authorities to have him extradited to the country. The French court released him when they received documents from the Algerian authorities, which were so incoherent and lacking any evidence that the French prosecutor qualified them as "grotesque". Dr. Dhina returned to Alkarama after having spent almost 6 months at the Prison de la Santé in Paris.

2013: Listing of one of Alkarama's three founding members, Pr. Al Naimi, by the United States Department of the Treasury.

On 18 December 2013, the United States Department of Treasury listed one of Alkarama's three founding members, Pr. Abdulrahman Al Naimi as a “Specially Designated Global Terrorist” for having supposedly "“provided money and material support and conveyed communications to Al Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen for more than a decade.”"[1] In addition, the U.S. Treasury claimed that Naimi had “reportedly oversaw the transfer of over $2 million per month to al-Qa’ida in Iraq for a period of time” and “served as an interlocutor between al-Qaida in Iraq leaders and Qatar-based donors.” Speaking to the Financial Times from Istanbul, Al Naimi denied the charges leveled against him.[2] Al Naimi is also a secretary general of the Global Anti-Aggression Campaign, an online NGO that has hosted Hamas leaders and released anti-Semitic and anti-Western writings. Following the listing, Pr. Al Naimi resigned from the Foundation to avoid any misinterpretation. However, the Alkarama Council decided to reject the resignation of Mr. Al Naimi after initially accepting it. In July 2014, Naimi stepped down as president and Member of the Board of Alkarama.  It is important to note, however, that the charges brought by the U.S. Treasury against him were made against his own person, and not the Foundation. Besides, the U.S. Treasury has not submitted any evidence or proof of its allegations against Pr Al Naimi, who denies all charges as a whole, and is willing, as he officially notified the American authorities, to appear in person before a court to establish the falsity of the charges pressed against him. Al Naimi has, however, received widespread media coverage for his support to terrorist groups.

2014: Listing of Alkarama as a terrorist organisation by the United Arab Emirates.

On 15 November 2014, the Emirates News Agency released a list of 85 organisations "“designated as terrorist organisations and groups in implementation of Federal Law No. 7 for 2014 on combating terrorist crimes”" issued by Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nayhan with the aim to "“raise awareness in society about these organisations.”"  The list, which includes internationally recognised terrorist organisations, such as Al-Qaeda or Dae’sh (the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant - ISIL), also includes several Muslim associations in Europe and international NGOs, such as the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) and Islamic Relief. “Alkarama organisation” also appears in that list, but despite numerous attempts to contact Emirati officials on this matter, the Alkarama Foundation never received an official confirmation and therefore considers itself not concerned by that listing.

2015: Arrest of Rachid Mesli in Italy.

Me Rachid Mesli, Legal Director at Alkarama, was arrested at the Swiss-Italian border on 19 August 2015 on the basis of an international arrest warrant issued by the Algerian authorities in April 2002, which claims that he had ""provided telephone information to terrorist groups movements,"" and ""attempted to supply terrorist groups with cameras and phones,"" twisting his work as a human rights lawyer, in constant contact with victims of human rights abuses and their families.  On 22 August, the Italian justice decided to put him under house arrest instead of keeping him in Aosta prison, following several calls from various NGOs, institutions and personalities, as well as an important media coverage of his case.  On 15 September 2015, recognizing Me Mesli's important work in the promotion and protection of human rights in the Arab World, as well as the strong risks of torture that he would incur if he was extradited to Algeria, the Turin Court decided to release him without waiting for the end of the 40-day period by which the Algerian authorities can submit their formal request for extradition.  Eventually, on 16 December 2015, the Italian court rejected the extradition request after noting all the inconsistencies in the international arrest warrant. The court considered the charges against Me Mesli were the result of ""political persecution"" and asserted that ""his human rights activities have nothing to do with terrorism.""  And on 13 May 2016, the Commission for the Control of Interpol's Files decided, after a long legal battle, to drop the international arrest warrant issued in 2003 by the Algerian authorities against Me Mesli, for their lack of cooperation as well as their failure to provide any form of clarification on his case.

Advocacy on behalf of terrorism supporters.

In April 2004, Alkarama issued a report condemning the arrest by Qatari authorities of a number of individuals with ties to terrorism. The Alkarama Foundation report did not mention their activities in support of terrorism but called on Qatar to release the arbitrarily detained individuals. The report listed Ibrahim Issa al-Bakr, Salim Hasan al-Kuwari, Abd al-Latif Bin Abdullah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari, Khalid Saeed al-Bounein and others as the detainees which Alkarama demanded be released.  The U.S. Treasury claimed that in the early 2000s, when Alkarama released its advocacy report, Ibrahim Issa al-Bakr was “working to raise money to support terrorism” and was involved in a jihadist network. In 2014, the U.S. government designated Ibrahim Issa al-Bakr as an al-Qaeda supporter and Specially Designated Global Terrorist who worked with a Lebanon-based network to procure and transport weapons to Syria with the help of an al-Qaeda associate in Syria. In January 2015, al-Bakr was added by the United Nations to the al-Qaeda Sanctions List of individuals subject to an assets freeze and travel ban.  Salim Hasan al-Kuwari is a Qatari national and US-designated financier and facilitator of al-Qaeda. The U.S. Treasury claimed that Kuwari supports al-Qaeda through Iran-based al-Qaeda associates and has provided “hundreds of thousands of dollars in financial support to al-Qaeda. In 2009, Alkarama submitted Kuwari’s case to the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WGAD).  Abd al-Latif Bin Abdullah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari, a Qatar-based al-Qaeda facilitator who worked alongside Hassan Ghul and Ibrahim Isa Muhammad al-Bakr to transfer money to al-Qaeda in Pakistan. Al-Kawari was also a coordinator of Madid Ahl al-Sham, an online fundraising campaign used to fund al-Nusra Front militants in Syria and transfer weapons and supplies to the terrorist group. Khalid Saeed al-Bounein was a coordinator for Madid Ahl al-Sham alongside SDGTs Abd al-Latif Bin Abdullah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari and Sa’d bin Sa’d Muhammad Shariyan al-Ka’bi. Al-Bounein is listed as a point of contact for donations to the campaign that was cited by a Nusra Front member as the “preferred conduit” for donations. Al-Bounein was also listed as a point of contact in a partner charity fundraiser led by Eid Charity and Madid Ahl al-Sham.

Alkarama ( / ISO 233: / Dignity) is an independent Swiss-based human rights non-governmental organization established in 2004 to assist all those in the Arab World subjected to, or at risk for, extrajudicial killings, disappearances, torture, and arbitrary detention. Acting as a bridge between individual victims in the Arab World and international human rights mechanisms, Alkarama works towards an Arab World where all individuals live free, with dignity, and protected by the rule of law.

La Fondation Alkarama (en arabe : / "al-karāmah li-ḥuqūq al-’insān" ; en français : « dignité ») est une organisation non gouvernementale de défense des droits de l'homme basée à Genève et créée en 2004 pour soutenir tous les individus, dans le monde arabe, soumis ou à risque d'exécution sommaire, de disparition forcée, de torture ou de détention arbitraire. Œuvrant, Alkarama utilise les mécanismes du droit international pour dénoncer les violations des droits de l'homme dans les pays arabes.


Structure.

The semicircular canals are a component of the bony labyrinth that are at right angles from each other. At one end of each of the semicircular canals is a dilated sac called an osseous ampulla which is more than twice the diameter of the canal. Each ampulla contains an ampulla crest, the crista ampullaris which consists of a thick gelatinous cap called a cupula and many hair cells. The superior and posterior semicircular canals are oriented vertically at right angles to each other. The lateral semicircular canal is about a 30-degree angle from the horizontal plane. The orientations of the canals cause a different canal to be stimulated by movement of the head in different planes, and more than one canal is stimulated at once if the movement is off those planes. The lateral canal detects angular acceleration of the head when the head is turned and the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements when the head is moved up or down. When the head changes position, the endolymph in the canals lags behind due to inertia and this acts on the cupula which bends the cilia of the hair cells. The stimulation of the hair cells sends the message to the brain that acceleration is taking place. The ampullae open into the vestibule by five orifices, one of the apertures being common to two of the canals.  Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously.

Horizontal semicircular canal.

The "lateral" or "horizontal canal" (external semicircular canal) is the shortest of the three canals. Movement of fluid within this canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis (i.e. the neck), or in other words rotation in the transverse plane. This occurs, for example, when you turn your head to the left and right- hand sides before crossing a road  It measures from 12 to 15 mm., and its arch is directed horizontally backward and laterally; thus each semicircular canal stands at right angles to the other two. Its ampullated end corresponds to the upper and lateral angle of the vestibule, just above the oval window, where it opens close to the ampullated end of the superior canal; its opposite end opens at the upper and back part of the vestibule. The lateral canal of one ear is very nearly in the same plane as that of the other.

Superior semicircular canal.

The "superior or anterior semicircular canal" is a part of the vestibular system and detects rotations of the head in around the lateral axis, or in other words rotation in the sagittal plane. This occurs, for example, when nodding your head.  It is 15 to 20 mm in length, is vertical in direction, and is placed transversely to the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal bone, on the anterior surface of which its arch forms a round projection. It describes about two-thirds of a circle. Its lateral extremity is ampullated, and opens into the upper part of the vestibule; the opposite end joins with the upper part of the posterior canal to form the "crus commune", which opens into the upper and medial part of the vestibule.

Posterior semicircular canal.

The "posterior semicircular canal" is a part of the vestibular system that detects rotation of the head around the antero-posterior (sagittal) axis, or in other words rotation in the coronal plane. This occurs, for example, when you move your head to touch your shoulders, or when doing a cartwheel.  It is directed superiorly, as per its nomenclature, and posteriorly, nearly parallel to the posterior surface of the petrous bone. The vestibular aqueduct is immediately medial to it. The posterior canal is part of the bony labyrinth and is used by the vestibular system to detect rotations of the head in the coronal plane. It is the longest of the three canals, measuring from 18 to 22 mm. Its lower or ampullated end opens into the lower and back part of the vestibule, its upper into the crus commune.

Development.

Findings from a 2009 study demonstrated a critical late role for BMP 2b in the morphogenesis of semicircular canals in the zebrafish inner ear. It is suspected that the role of bmp2 in semicircular canal duct outgrowth is likely to be conserved between different vertebrate species.  Additionally, it has been found that the two semicircular canals found in the lamprey inner ear are developmentally similar to the superior and posterior canals found in humans, as the canals of both organisms arise from two depressions in the otic vesicle during early development. These depressions first form in lampreys between the 11 and 42 millimeter larval stages and form in zebrafish 57 hours post-fertilization

Function.

The semicircular ducts provide sensory input for experiences of rotary movements. They are oriented along the pitch, roll, and yaw axes.  Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains motion sensors within the fluids. At the base of each canal, the bony region of the canal is enlarged which opens into the utricle and has a dilated sac at one end called the osseous ampullae. Within the ampulla is a mound of hair cells and supporting cells called crista ampullaris. These hair cells have many cytoplasmic projections on the apical surface called stereocilia which are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the head rotates the duct moves but the endolymph lags behind owing to inertia. This deflects the cupula and bends the stereocilia within. The bending of these stereocilia alters an electric signal that is transmitted to the brain. Within approximately 10 seconds of achieving constant motion, the endolymph catches up with the movement of the duct and the cupula is no longer affected, stopping the sensation of acceleration. The specific gravity of the cupula is comparable to that of the surrounding endolymph. Consequently, the cupula is not displaced by gravity, unlike the otolithic membranes of the utricle and saccule. As with macular hair cells, hair cells of the crista ampullaris will depolarise when the stereocilia deflect towards the kinocilium. Deflection in the opposite direction results in hyperpolarisation and inhibition. In the horizontal canal, ampullopetal flow is necessary for hair-cell stimulation, whereas ampullofugal flow is necessary for the anterior and posterior canals.  This adjustment period is in part the cause of an illusion known as "the leans" often experienced by pilots. As a pilot enters a turn, hair cells in the semicircular canals are stimulated, telling the brain that the aircraft, and the pilot, are no longer moving in a straight line but rather making a banked turn. If the pilot were to sustain a constant rate turn, the endolymph would eventually catch up with the ducts and cease to deflect the cupula. The pilot would no longer feel as if the aircraft was in a turn. As the pilot exits the turn, the semicircular canals are stimulated to make the pilot think that they are now turning in the opposite direction rather than flying straight and level. In response to this, the pilot will often lean in the direction of the original turn in an attempt to compensate for this illusion. A more serious form of this is called a graveyard spiral. Rather than the pilot leaning in the direction of the original turn, they may actually reenter the turn. As the endolymph stabilizes, the semicircular canals stop registering the gradual turn and the aircraft slowly loses altitude until impact with the ground.

History.

Jean Pierre Flourens, by destroying the horizontal semicircular canal of pigeons, noted that they continue to fly in a circle, showing the purpose of the semicircular canals.

The semicircular canals or semicircular ducts are three semicircular, interconnected tubes located in the innermost part of each ear, the inner ear. The three canals are the horizontal, superior and posterior semicircular canals.

Les canaux semi-circulaires (CSC) sont trois tubes semi-circulaires interconnectés, situés dans la partie la plus interne de chaque oreille, l'oreille interne. Les trois canaux sont les canaux semi-circulaires horizontal, supérieur et postérieur.


Early life.

Greenfield was born on August 9, 1928 to a Jewish family in Pavlovo in Carpathian Ruthenia, a small village located in the southeastern tip of Slovakia in what is now Ukraine. At age 14, Greenfield was rounded up along with his father, mother, two sisters, brother and grandparents. All were brought to the Auschwitz concentration camp.  In 1939 when Martin was 10 years old he started to notice a discrimination between people. That's when things started to go downhill for his and his immediate family members. Once his and his family were all deported to Auschwitz, his two sisters, baby brother and grandparents were immediately sent to the gas chamber. Martin's mother was sent to go with Martin and his father to work but she couldn't let go over her baby boy. Therefore she was sent to the gas chamber with the rest of her family leaving Martin and his father left behind. With Martin and his father being the only ones left, Martin's father thought they had a better chance of survival if they were to separate, so that's what they did. Once they separated, a week before Martin was liberated, his father had died. At the age of fifteen Martin was working in a concentration camp. Of the time being there Martin learned the power behind clothing. He was beaten for accidentally ripping a Nazis shirt. After getting beaten by the Nazi he later had stolen the shirt that he had accidentally tore. Martin’s first tailoring session started with the shirt that he repaired. Once it was repaired he wore it under his uniform all throughout his time working at concentration camps. Wearing the shirt made him realize that clothes possess power, this became an inspiration to Martin and helped him survive the Holocaust. This experience was a contributing factor to how he became one of the most successful and famous men’s tailors of America.  Near the end of World War II, Greenfield was moved along with other Auschwitz prisoners to the Buchenwald concentration camp. In April 1945, the American army stormed the camp, and liberated its prisoners. As the troops passed through the camp, Greenfield stopped a young rabbi who was serving as a U.S. Army chaplain and asked him, "where was God?". The rabbi, Herschel Schacter, later told Greenfield that he had never forgotten the question. Later, General Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived to supervise the liberation, and Greenfield shook his hand; coincidentally, standing next to Greenfield at the time was Elie Wiesel, who would later become famous writing about his time in the concentration camps.  Soon after the liberation, Greenfield and another teenage survivor set out to kill the wife of the mayor, who had previously had Greenfield beaten for trying to eat food intended for her pet rabbits. When they found her, she was carrying her newborn baby, and Greenfield relented; he has described that moment as when he "became human again".  Greenfield spent the next two years in Europe, looking for his remaining immediate family, who unbeknownst to him had all been killed. His father was killed one week before his camp was liberated. In 1947, at the age of 19, he boarded a ship to the United States, and stayed with wealthy relatives in Baltimore. Soon afterward, he moved to New York City, where an aunt of his lived.

Career.

In 1947, a Czech immigrant guided him to GGG Clothing, a clothing manufacturer in the East Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, where he was hired as a "floor boy". Over the next decade, his tailoring skills and reputation grew. His first major client, in the early 1950s, was General Eisenhower, then preparing to run for the presidency.  In 1977, Greenfield bought GGG Clothing, and renamed it to Martin Greenfield Clothiers. The company would grow from six employees at the time to 117 by 2010.  Among Greenfield's list of clients are U.S. presidents Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, Barack Obama and Donald Trump; General Colin Powell, actor Paul Newman, Cardinal Edward Egan, athletes Patrick Ewing, Shaquille O’Neal, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony & Wayne Gretzky and New York City political figures Michael Bloomberg and Ray Kelly.  Greenfield and his company have served as the tailor for men's suits for fashion lines including DKNY, Brooks Brothers, Neiman Marcus and Rag & Bone.  His company also created the suits for the 1920s-set HBO television show "Boardwalk Empire".

Personal life.

Greenfield married his wife, Arlene, in 1956. They have two sons, Jay and Tod. Both sons work at Martin Greenfield Clothiers, and Jay, his elder son, serves as executive vice president. His personal memoir, entitled "Measure of a Man: From Auschwitz Survivor to Presidents' Tailor", was published in 2014.

Martin Greenfield (born Maxmilian Grunfeld on August 9, 1928 in Pavlovo, Czechoslovakia) is an American master tailor, based in Brooklyn, New York, specializing in men's suits. He has been described as the best men’s tailor in the United States. His list of clients includes six U.S. Presidents, as well as other notable politicians and celebrities. His company, Martin Greenfield Clothiers, has also fashioned men's suits for clothing lines DKNY and Rag & Bone, and the television show "Boardwalk Empire".

Martin Greenfield, né Maxmilian Grunfeld le en Tchécoslovaquie, est un maître tailleur américain. Basé à Brooklyn, il est spécialisé dans les costumes pour hommes.


Club career.

Born in San Fernando, Cádiz, Andalusia, Yordi started his professional career with Sevilla FC, moving in 1996 to Atlético Madrid. He spent the vast majority of his only season with the "Colchoneros" with the B-team, winning the "Pichichi Trophy" award in Segunda División and being called up two the main squad only twice, once for the UEFA Champions League; on 23 June 1997, he played 30 minutes in a 0–3 home loss against CD Tenerife, in the last matchday.  In the summer of 1997, Yordi signed with Real Zaragoza where he stayed for seven seasons, one in the second level, being a very important attacking contributor although almost always off the bench: in 2000–01, for instance, as the Aragonese side won the Copa del Rey, he only started in ten of 31 La Liga matches, scoring four times for a final 17th position – barely out of the relegation zone.  In February 2002, Zaragoza loaned Yordi to Blackburn Rovers. During his time at Ewood Park, he came on as a substitute as his team won the 2002 Football League Cup and also netted twice in the Premier League, against Southampton and Middlesbrough. Subsequently, he returned to his country and represented Getafe CF and RCD Mallorca, appearing sparingly for the latter club (both in the top level).  32-year-old Yordi slightly revived his career with Xerez CD, in division two. After a poor first season, he was the competition's top scorer in 2007–08, netting 20 goals as the Andalusians barely avoided relegation while also adopting "Jorge" as his shirt name.  On 19 July 2008, Yordi left Xerez and signed for another side in the region, Córdoba CF (also in the second tier), retiring at the end of the campaign at the age of 34.

Honours.

Club.

Zaragoza  Blackburn Rovers

Jorge González Díaz (born 14 September 1974), known as Yordi, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a striker.

Jorge González Díaz, plus connu sous le nom de Yordi, né le à San Fernando en Espagne, est un footballeur espagnol qui évolue au poste d'attaquant.


Theory.

Under steady state and laminar flow condition, Klinkenberg demonstrated that the permeability of porous media to gases is approximately a linear function of the reciprocal pressure.  When Klinkenberg defined the interactions to be considered, he supposed the existence of a layer (sometimes called Knudsen layer), thinner than molecular mean free path, adjacent to the pore's wall where only molecules-wall collisions would occur and collisions among molecules could be ignored. Thus the slippage velocity, as obtained from the Klinkenberg's approach, captures the contribution of molecule-wall interactions and when this velocity is zero, the Poiseuille velocity profile (which results from molecule-molecule interactions) is recovered. However, Klinkenberg's formulation ignores the transition flow region, where neither molecule-molecule nor molecule-wall interactions can be neglected because both are playing a relevant role. The feasibility of Klinkenberg linear function of the reciprocal pressure depends on the Knudsen number. For Knudsen numbers from 0.01 to 0.1 the Klinkenberg approach is acceptable.

Application.

Permeability is measured in the laboratory by encasing a core plug of known length and diameter in an air-tight sleeve (the Hassler Sleeve). A fluid of known viscosity is injected into the core plug while mounted in a steel chamber. The samples are either full diameter core samples that are intervals of whole core cut, typically 6 inches long, or 1-in plugs drilled from the cores. The pressure drop across the sample and the flow rate are measured and permeability is calculated using Darcy's law.  Normally, either nitrogen or brine can be used as a fluid. When high rates of flow can be maintained, the results are comparable. At low rates, air permeability will be higher than brine permeability. This is because gas does not adhere to the pore walls as liquid does, and the slippage of gases along the pore walls gives rise to an apparent dependence of permeability on pressure. This is called the Klinkenberg effect, and it is especially important in low-permeable rocks.  In probe permeametry (mini-permeameter) measurement nitrogen gas is injected from the probe into core through a probe sealed to a core slab by a gasket. The gas flows from the end of a small-diameter tube that is sealed against the core surface. The pressure in the probe and the corresponding volumetric gas flow rate is measured together. The gas permeability is determined by the equation:  Where,  Obviously what can be obtained from minipermeameter measurement is gas permeability. Gas slippage will occur during the measurement because nitrogen is injected quickly from probe to core and it is very difficult to get to equilibrium in very short time span. Therefore, to get the permeability equivalent to the brine permeability at formation condition Klinkenberg calibration is necessary.

In petroleum engineering, a Klinkenberg correction is a procedure for calibration of permeability data obtained from a minipermeameter device. A more accurate correction factor can be obtained using Knudsen correction. When using nitrogen gas for core plug measurements, the Klinkenberg correction is usually necessary due to the so-called Klinkenberg gas slippage effect. This takes place when the pore space approaches the mean free path of the gas

L'équation de Darcy-Klinkenberg décrit la perméation de gaz dans un milieu poreux en régime raréfié, c'est-à-dire lorsque le libre parcours moyen dans le gaz est du même ordre de grandeur que la taille caractéristique des pores. Elle a d'abord été établie par L. J. Klinkenberg dans un cadre restreint où les effets de raréfaction sont faibles, en utilisant une approche phénoménologique s'appuyant sur l'expérience. Les effets ont ensuite été établis par la théorie, d'abord par la méthode du « gaz poussiéreux » basée sur la méthode de Chapman-Enskog appliquée à un milieu homogène dans lequel l'une des espèces (le solide) à une grande masse qui le rend immobile. De nos jours les méthodes d'homogénéisation des équations cinétiques permettent d'obtenir des résultats rigoureux qui ne sont limités que par la connaissance de l'interaction gaz-solide au niveau microscopique. La loi issue de cette analyse est nommée loi de Darcy-Klinkenberg par extension du domaine.


Production.

Approximately 3,436 units were built between 1954 and 1959

Rebuilds.

There were 40 GP9M units built that are included in the 3,441 units built for United States railroads. A GP9M was built with parts from another older EMD locomotive, either an F unit or a damaged GP7. The use of parts from these older locomotives caused the GP9Ms to have a lower power rating than a GP9. This would be either if the donor locomotive was an FT/F2 or from F3/F7/GP7 locomotives.  Many rebuilt GP9s remain in service today with shortline railroads and industrial operators. Some remain in rebuilt form on some major Class I railroads, as switcher locomotives although most Class 1 roads stopped using these locomotives by the 1980s. Canadian National still has many GP9RM locomotives in operation, as of 2016. Canadian Pacific had many GP9u locomotives in operation; however, they were all retired in 2015.  Several GP9s were rebuilt with a CAT 3512 and re-classified as GP15C.  Illinois Central Railroad rebuilt some of its GP9s with their front (short) hood reduced in height for improved crew visibility. The IC designated these rebuilt locomotives GP10.

Preservation.

At least 23 GP9 locomotives have been preserved at various railroad museums, as "park engines", and as excursion engines according to The Diesel Shop:

Current operators.

The Northwestern Pacific Railroad rosters an ex-Burlington Northern GP9, now in the NWP's "Bloody Nose" paint scheme, for mainly switching and MOW operations in Northern California. The Buffalo & Pittsburgh Railroad operates a former N&W GP9, now numbered 626. Its home yard is the Bradford, PA yard. The California Western Railroad, better known as the "Skunk Train," has three GP9s in their fleet. The Santa Maria Valley Railroad operates a former Milwaukee Road GP9 numbered 1801.  In the mid 1980s to early 1990s Guilford Rail System (now Pan Am Railways) started painting and renumbering their GP9 fleet into the Guilford Transportation scheme with the Springfield Terminal name on the side. Pan Am Railways still rosters 6 of the 50 GP9s that are left, the rest either having been scrapped or sold. The last 6 GP9s still rostered on PAR are 51, 52, 62, 71, 72, and 77. The 77 was painted into the Boston and Maine maroon and gold "Minuteman" scheme for Pan Am's heritage fleet, and the 52 was painted in the Maine Central green scheme.  The Hartwell Railroad operates former Chicago and North Western GP9 4556, née Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific 1315.  The Vintage Locomotive Society currently operates two GP9 locomotives: No. 4138 was built by General Motors Diesel (GMD) in November 1958 for the Grand Trunk Western (which eventually became part of Canadian National Railway). It was donated by CN to the Society in August 2002. 4138 is used on the Prairie Dog Central Railway in regular service and in some charter service. It acts as backup power should steam locomotive No. 3 be unavailable. No. 1685 was built by General Motors Diesel (GMD) in March 1957 for the Midland Railway Company of Manitoba as locomotive No. 2 (which became Burlington Northern Manitoba Limited No. 2, then BNSF No. 1685). BNSF donated it to the society in July 2010. Prairie Dog Central Railway operates the 1685 for both regular service and in some charter service as well as a backup when the steam locomotive No. 3 or 4138 isn't available.  CN still has a strong fleet of GP9 locomotives in service, designated as GP9RM, which were rebuilt in the 1980s. They use the following number series: 4000s, 4100s, 7000s, and 7200s.  Other operators of GP9s and their variants/rebuilds include:

An EMD GP9 is a four-axle road switcher diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division produced between 1954 and 1959 and it is powered by a sixteen-cylinder engine which generated. The GP9 succeeded the GP7. The lettering "GP" stands for "general purpose". This locomotive type was offered both with and without control cabs; locomotives built without control cabs were called GP9B locomotives.

Un EMD GP9 est un modèle de locomotive diesel-électrique à quatre essieux, construite par General Motors Electro-Motive Division aux États-Unis, et par General Motors Diesel au Canada entre et. La production aux États-Unis a pris fin en, tandis que treize unités ont été construites au Canada, incluant les deux dernières unités, en.


Early life and career.

Katherine Marlea Clark was born July 17, 1963, in New Haven, Connecticut. She attended St. Lawrence University, Cornell Law School, and Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. She studied in Nagoya, Japan, in 1983.  In her early career, she worked as an attorney in Chicago. She then moved to Colorado where she worked as a clerk for a federal judge Alfred Albert Arraj of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado and later as a staff attorney for the Colorado District Attorneys' Council. She moved to Massachusetts in 1995 and became general counsel for the state Office of Child Care Services.

Local politics.

In 2001, Clark moved to Melrose, where she was elected to the Melrose School Committee, taking her seat in January 2002. Clark first ran for the Massachusetts Senate in 2004 but lost to Republican incumbent Richard Tisei. In January 2005, she was unanimously elected chairwoman of the Melrose School Committee. In 2006, she decided to run for the 32nd Middlesex seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives when incumbent Mike Festa began a run for Middlesex district attorney but withdrew after he dropped out of the race.  Clark was appointed co-chair of Victory 2006, the state Democratic Party's campaign and fundraising effort for the 2006 gubernatorial election. She spent some time as Chief of Policy and Government Relations in the Massachusetts Attorney General's office.

Massachusetts legislature.

Massachusetts House of Representatives.

Festa resigned his state House seat in October 2007 to become Secretary of Elder Affairs in the Deval Patrick Administration, and Clark entered the special election to succeed him. During the campaign, she emphasized her experience as an attorney and made "developing stability in state aid" her top policy issue. She won the Democratic primary in January with 65% of the vote, defeating two other Melrose Democrats. She defeated Republican real estate businessman Mark B. Hutchison 63 to 37 percent. In November 2008, she won re-election to a full term unopposed.  Sworn in March 13, 2008, she represented Melrose and Wakefield. Clark served on the Education, Judiciary, and Municipalities and Regional Government committees.

Massachusetts Senate.

When Tisei resigned his state Senate seat to run for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, she ran for his seat. In the Democratic primary, she defeated Stoneham attorney Michael S. Day 64%-36%. She defeated Republican Craig Spadafora in the November 2010 general election 52%-48%.  Clark was sworn in January 5, 2011. She is a pro-choice legislator and has been endorsed in her campaigns by both NARAL Pro-Choice Massachusetts and the Planned Parenthood Advocacy Fund.  In 2011, she was co-chair of the Joint Committee on Public Service, where she was lead author of the Senate version of a bill to reform municipal pensions. For her work in 2011, she received legislator of the year awards from the Massachusetts Municipal Association and the Massachusetts Police Association. In 2012, she authored a law that takes steps to ensure that all Massachusetts students are reading at grade level by third grade. Also in 2012, her bill extending restraining orders in domestic violence cases to also cover victims' pets, which are often used as pawns in abusive relationships, was signed as part of a larger law on animal shelters. In 2013, she co-sponsored a bill expanding the state's wiretapping authority, which was strictly limited under existing law, in order to help police better investigate violent street crime. At the same time, she co-sponsored a bill to secure electronic privacy protections, requiring police to have probable cause before investigating the electronic records of individuals. She filed another bill tightening sex offender laws, imposing stricter penalties and making offender data more accessible to agencies and the public. The Women's Bar Association of Massachusetts honored Clark as their 2013 Legislator of the Year for her service on women's issues.  Clark's committee assignments in the state Senate were as follows:

Congressional career.

Clark was the Democratic nominee in the 2013 special election for the U.S. House of Representatives in. The district's longtime incumbent, Ed Markey, had just been elected to the United States Senate six months into his 19th term. In a heavily-contested Democratic primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district—she was endorsed by Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley and also received the endorsement of EMILY's List. On October 15, 2013, she won the Democratic primary with a plurality of 32% of the vote. Her closest competitor was Middlesex County Sheriff Peter Koutoujian, who won 22% of the vote. On December 10, 2013, as expected, she easily won the special election.  Clark was sworn into office December 12, 2013, and sits on the House Appropriations Committee. In a 2014 interview with "The Boston Globe", she compared the television series "House of Cards" to life in Washington, saying "It's exactly like here; minus the murders."  Clark was unopposed in her bid for a full term in 2014.  In March 2015, Clark decided not to attend the speech by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu before a joint session of Congress. Clark affirmed a commitment to maintaining and strengthening the relationship between the U.S. and Israel but noted that the invitation was offered without first consulting the Obama administration.  Clark has introduced legislation in response to Internet harassment, most notably resulting from the Gamergate controversy, and she has advocated for more stringent enforcement of existing laws. After introducing legislation that would criminalize "swatting" (falsely reporting an ongoing critical incident to dispatch an emergency response), she was herself targeted by a false report of an active shooter at her home.  In January 2017, Clark announced a boycott of the inauguration of Donald Trump. She was part of a small group of House and Senate members who chose to boycott Trump's swearing-in ceremony. Her reasons, according to "The Boston Globe", for not attending were due to her desire not to "normalize" Trump's promotion of "bigoted, misogynist, anti-Semitic, and racist claims."  She is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus.

House Democratic Caucus Vice Chair.

On November 28, 2018, it was announced that Clark had defeated California Congressman Pete Aguilar to succeed Linda Sánchez as Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus.

Personal life.

Clark is married to Rodney S. Dowell, Chief Bar Counsel for the Massachusetts Board of Bar Overseers, the state entity that regulates the legal profession in Massachusetts. They live in Melrose and have three sons, Addison, Jared, and Nathaniel Dowell.

Katherine Marlea Clark (born July 17, 1963) is an American politician who has served as the United States Representative for Massachusetts's 5th congressional district since 2013. The district includes many of the northern and western suburbs of Boston, such as Medford, Framingham, Woburn, and Clark's hometown of Melrose. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 2008 to 2011 and a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 2011 to 2013.

Katherine Marlea Clark, née le à New Haven, est une femme politique américaine, représentante démocrate du Massachusetts à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis depuis 2013.


High school career.

Jones played high school basketball at St. Anthony, in Jersey City, New Jersey, where he was part of the team that won the Non-Public B state championship in 2011.

College career.

Jones played college basketball at Robert Morris, from 2011 to 2015. During his senior year, he averaged 14.3 points 5.9 rebounds, and 1.4 assists per game.

Professional career.

Following the close of his college career, Jones failed to be drafted in the 2015 NBA draft. On July 7, 2015, Jones joined Liège Basket of the Belgian League. He went on to average 14.3 points 5.2 rebounds, and 1.5 assists per game in 31 Belgian League games.  The following season, he signed with Hyères-Toulon of the French LNB Pro A. On January 4, 2017, Jones left Hyeres-Toulon, and joined the Greek club Promitheas Patras, for the rest of the season, as he replaced Lasan Kromah on the team's squad.  On July 15, 2017, Jones joined PAOK Thessaloniki of the Greek League. He averaged 9.3 points and 5.7 rebounds per game.  On July 19, 2018, Jones joined local rivals Aris. On July 1, 2019, he parted ways with the Greek club.  In summer 2019, Jones initially signed with his third Greek team, Panionios, but on September 10, 2019, his contract was bought out by German club Medi Bayreuth, which also competes in the FIBA Europe Cup.  On January 14, 2020, he signed with Ionikos Nikaias of the Greek Basket League.

Lucious "Lucky" Jones (born April 22, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for Kauhajoki Karhu of the Korisliiga. He played college basketball for Robert Morris, from 2011 until 2015. Jones entered the 2015 NBA draft, but did not get selected.

Lucious L. Jones dit Lucky Jones, né le à Newark au New Jersey, est un joueur américain de basket-ball. Il évolue aux postes d'arrière et d'ailier.


Coventry Bears Rugby League Football Club

History.

Coventry Bears were formed in 1998 by a group of university students led by Alan Robinson. They made an approach to Keith Fairbrother, the Coventry rugby union club's Chairman and one time rugby league player, with a plan to form a team to play from Coundon Road Stadium.  The club were admitted into the Rugby League Conference for the 2000 season and were unbeaten by any club within their division. They then won their quarter-final against Manchester Knights before being narrowly defeated by only one point in the semi-finals at Super League club Warrington Wolves’ Wilderspool Stadium. Further success followed in 2001 with the Bears reaching the Grand Final at Webb Ellis Road, Rugby, only to lose out by a very narrow margin in a match against Teesside Steelers. The following season Coventry won the Rugby League Conference Grand Final in September 2002 when they beat Hemel Stags at Cheltenham. Following on from this success the club applied for, and won, elevation to the newly formed National League Three.  The Bears reached the National League Three Grand Final in 2004, winning comfortably. The following season Coventry Bears RLFC experienced difficulties and chose to resign from the National League to take time to rebuild and regroup. 2006 saw the return of the Bears as a Rugby League Conference Midlands Premier side, and the club finished the season in second place. They went on to beat Leicester Phoenix in the qualifying semi-final to set up a Midlands Grand Final with Nottingham Outlaws, which ended in defeat.  Coventry defeated Nottingham Outlaws in 2007 to win the Midlands Premier and also won the Kilkenny 9s, The Bears went on to finish as runners-up to St Albans Centurions losing 28-20 in the final of the Harry Jepson Trophy. In 2008, the Bears finished as runners up in the Midlands Premier to Nottingham. In 2010, Coventry linked up with Super League side Wigan Warriors.

2015–present: League 1.

They were accepted into the semi-professional ranks of League 1 for the 2015 season, and entered their newly formed reserve side into the Conference League South in the same season. They finished their first semi-professional season in 12th place.

Stadiums.

1998–2004: Coundon Road.

The Bears moved into Coundon Road shortly after their formation in 1998. The ground had been owned and operated by sister rugby union club Coventry R.F.C. They stayed there for six years until the ground was sold and demolished in 2004. Both clubs moved out to the newly built Butts Park Arena at the other side of Coventry.

2004–present: Butts Park Arena.

The stadium was built in 2004 and currently has one stand, the East Stand, which has a capacity of 3,000 and includes a number of conference and banqueting facilities. The West Stand which was a temporary structure holding 1,000 was removed at the end of the 2005–06 season on grounds of health and safety.

2020 transfers.

Gains  Losses

Juniors.

Coventry Bears' junior teams take part in the Midlands Junior League.

Honours.

League  Cups  Nines  Women

The Coventry Bears are a semi-professional Rugby League club based in Coventry, England, formed in 1998. Their major honours include winning the National League 3 title in 2004 (now called Rugby League Conference National Division) and the Rugby League Conference in 2002. They play at the Butts Park Arena, and have a selection of youth teams.

Coventry Bears RLFC ou les Bears de Coventry est un club professionnel anglais de rugby à XIII basé à Coventry. Il évolue en League 1 depuis 2015, il s'agit de la troisième division du championnat de rugby à XIII d'Angleterre.


Career.

Pre-debut.

In 2010, Park Boram finished as the Top 8 on "SuperStar K2". Talking about her experience in the singing competition, she stated: "I also gained the experience of performing on stage through "Superstar K2". I realized that I need to feel comfortable in order to not make mistakes." She signed and trained in Jellyfish Entertainment before moving to CJ E&M's subsidiary MMO Entertainment for her debut. In 2011, Park recorded the song "Always" for SBS's "49 Days" soundtrack. At the end of 2011, Jellyfish Entertainment released a Christmas-themed single featuring the company's artists, including Park. In March 2014, she made a surprise appearance in Hong Dae Kwang's "Thank You My Love" music video. Before her debut, she gained attention for having lost 32 kg since her "Superstar K2" days.

2014–present: Debut with "Beautiful", "Celepretty" and "Orange Moon".

Park Boram made her debuted with released digital single "Beautiful" featuring rapper Zico on August 7, 2014. She made official debuted stage at SBS "Inkigayo" on August 10, 2014. "Beautiful" peaked at number 2 on "Gaon". On November 12, 2014, Park appeared in Natthew's music video for his single "Love Will Be Ok" as his love interest.  On January 22, 2015, Park released soundtrack "Falling" for drama "Hyde, Jekyll, Me." On April 23, Park's first mini album "Celepretty" was released with same naming for the lead single. Her single reached to number 7 on "Gaon". On May 15, Park released a single called "Super Body", which was to promote CJ's dietary drink "Fat Down", with her as their model. On June 19, she appeared in Mamamoo's "Um Oh Ah Yeh" music video. That month, she also released collaboration "Pretty Bae" with singer Lee Hyun. On September 21, Park featured in Park Kyung's solo track, "Ordinary Love", which peaked at number 3 on "Gaon" Digital charts. She and Eric Nam attended "The Walk", a virtual experience event held at the Yongsan CGV in Seoul on October 12. Park performed as part of the line-up for KCON 2015 JEJU. On October 7, Park returned with release ballad single since her debut called "Sorry", which peaked at number 30. On November 28, Park released soundtrack "혜화동 (혹은 쌍문동) (Hyehwadong (Or Ssangmundong))" for drama "Reply 1988."  Park released an acoustic single called "Dynamic Love" on April 21, 2016.  Park also appeared as a contestant on the singing competition program King of Mask Singer as "I Am Completely Shrill-Voiced".  On July 13, 2017, Park return to release her second mini album called "Orange Moon" with title track "넌 왜? (Why, You?)" featuring artist Samuel Seo.  On December 1, 2017, Park released soundtrack "꿈만 같아 (Like A Dream)" for drama "Prison Playbook."  Park released a ballad single titled "애쓰지 마요 (Will Be Fine)" on February 13, 2018.  On April 6, 2018, Park Boram released a digital single titled "말려줘 (Please, Stop Me)", featuring Lil Boi of Geeks.  In October 2018, Park signed with new agency Huayi Brothers.

Personal life.

Park was born on March 1, 1994 in Chuncheon, South Korea. She has older and younger brothers. In 2010, her father died and on October 3, 2017, her mother died due to an illness.  On December 5, 2017, Park confirmed to be dating singer and actor Seo In-guk. They have been dating since 2015.  On May 23, 2018, reports said the two singers recently broke up, and their agencies confirmed, "Seo In Guk and Park Bo Ram broke up about a month ago." Reportedly, Seo In Guk and Park Bo Ram naturally grew apart before they decided to go their separate ways.

Park Bo-ram (; born March 1, 1994) is a South Korean singer. She took a part in Mnet's "SuperStar K2" and finished in eighth place. Park made her debut with release digital single "Beautiful" featuring Zico on August 7, 2014. That year, she won Artist of the Year for August at the Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards and was nominated for Best New Artist at the Mnet Asian Music Awards, Golden Disk Awards, and Melon Music Awards.

Park Bo-ram (hangeul: 박보람; née le ) est une chanteuse sud-coréenne. Elle a participé à "Superstar K2" de Mnet et a fini à la huitième place. Elle a fait ses débuts avec la sortie de son single digital "Beautiful" en featuring avec Zico le. Cette année-là, elle a remporté le prix de l'Artiste de l'année pour août aux Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards et a été nominée comme Meilleure nouvelle artiste aux Mnet Asian Music Awards, aux Golden Disk Awards ainsi qu'aux MelOn Music Awards.


Life and career.

De Lue studied at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and later served as an assistant to sculptors Richard Henry Recchia and Robert P. Baker. This was followed by five years in Paris where he continued his study, while working as an assistant to various French artists. He returned to the United States where he was engaged by Bryant Baker. In 1940 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1943.  In 1941, De Lue won a competition to create sculpture for the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse Building in Philadelphia, and from then on he stopped being an assistant for other artists and only worked on his own commissions and creations.  De Lue's works can be found in many museums across America. Like many other sculptors of his generation, he executed architectural works. He was also a prolific designer of medals and medallions.  De Lue taught at the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City during the early 1940s. In 1960, he won two Henry Hering Awards, given by the National Sculpture Society for outstanding collaboration between a sculptor and an architect, for the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer, France, and for the Stations of the Cross at the Loyola Jesuit Seminary in Shrub Oak, New York. In 1967, De Lue won the American Numismatic Society's "J. Sanford Saltus Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Art of the Medal", known as the "Saltus Award".  Beginning in 1964, for many years De Lue was a Trustee of Brookgreen Gardens, as well as Chairman of the Art Committee.  In his later years, De Lue and his wife Naomi (who served as a model for many of his statues) lived in the Leonardo section of Middletown Township, New Jersey, a small shore town with a bayside beach and long-distance view of lower Manhattan. De Lue cited the 23rd Psalm and the words "He leadeth me beside the still waters..." as the inspiration by which he arrived in Leonardo from New York City. Although he continued to maintain his NYC apartment, it was in his Leonardo studio that many of his largest statues were made. One of the last was a commission by a private individual intended for the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas. The bigger-than-life statue of Bowie, Travis and Crockett was considered "too violent" by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas for placement in a sacred chapel. A compromise was sought, that the statue be installed outside the building in the large courtyard rather than inside. DeLue and his patron, a wealthy Texan, preferred the statue be installed in the interior space for which it was made. Unfortunately, the impasse was never resolved in De Lue's lifetime.  Donald and Naomi De Lue are buried in Old Bridge Township, New Jersey.

References.

Notes Further reading

Donald Harcourt De Lue (October 5, 1897, Boston, Massachusetts – August 26, 1988, Leonardo, New Jersey) was an American sculptor, best known for his public monuments.

Donald Harcourt De Lue ne le à Boston dans le Massachusetts et mort le à Leonardo dans le New Jersey est un sculpteur américain auteur de nombreux monuments publics aux États-Unis.


Education and personal life.

Rokita grew up in Munster, Indiana and attended Munster High School. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he was an Eli Lilly Fellow and a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He has a law degree from IUPUI's Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. Rokita was a practicing attorney. In 1997 he joined the secretary of state's office as general counsel. He later became deputy secretary of state.  In 2000, Rokita served as legal counsel for seven Florida counties during the recount for the George W. Bush presidential campaign.  Rokita is a member of the Director's Circle of the Indiana Council for Economic Education, the state bar association, the Knights of Columbus, and the National Rifle Association. He has also served as Chair of NASS's New Millennium Young Voters Summit of 2004, chair of the standing Voter Participation Committee and vice chair of the Securities Regulation Committee.  Rokita formerly lived in Clermont, an "included town" in Indianapolis under the Unigov system. The 2010 round of redistricting cut out the 4th's share of Indianapolis and Marion County, leaving Rokita's home 500 yards outside the new 4th's eastern border. Members of Congress are required to live only in the state they represent, but it is a strong convention that they live within their district's borders. In 2012 Rokita ran for reelection from his home in Clermont, but he later bought a home near Brownsburg, a western suburb of Indianapolis within the 4th district.

Volunteer work.

Rokita's oldest son, Teddy, suffers from Angelman syndrome. Rokita and his wife, Kathy, are active in promoting awareness of the syndrome. They participate in and organize charity walks related to Angelman. He has cited his son's ailment in policy speeches.  A commercial-rated pilot, Rokita volunteers his time by flying people in need of non-emergency medical care to hospitals and clinics throughout the Midwest for treatment with organizations that include Veterans Airlift Command and Angel Flight.  He is a member of the Indiana chapter of the International Flying Farmers. He also served as member of the Saint Vincent Hospital Foundation Board of Directors.

Indiana Secretary of State.

Elected in 2002, Todd Rokita became the youngest Secretary of state in the United States at the time. As secretary of state, he visited each of Indiana's 92 counties at least once per year. Rokita was named as one of the "40 under 40" by the "Indianapolis Business Journal in 2005".  Rokita was active in the National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS), and after serving as the elected treasurer, he became the President for the 2007–08 term. He was elected by his peers nationally to serve on the nine-member federal executive board of the Election Assistance Commission. The commission is charged by law to address election reform issues on a nationwide basis. Rokita has testified about Indiana's voting reform efforts before the United States Congress.

Voter identification.

In 2005, Rokita helped craft and implement Indiana's voter photo identification law. The law required voters who cast their ballots at the Indiana polling locations to show government issued photo identification. As one of the first states to require photo identification for voting, the Indiana law was viewed to be one of the strictest voter identification laws at the time.  Rokita was a named defendant when Indiana's voter identification case went before the U.S. Supreme Court on January 9, 2008; the combined cases of "Crawford v. Marion County Election Board" (07-21) and "Indiana Democratic Party v. Rokita" (07-25). In April 2008, the Supreme Court upheld Indiana's voter photo ID law. Rokita noted as a result of the Supreme Court decision that "The Indiana case is still very much the law of the land and I don’t expect that to change."

Rethinking Redistricting.

In September 2009, Rokita outlined a plan called "Rethinking Redistricting" to reform how Indiana's legislative districts are drawn to reduce gerrymandering. He proposed making it a felony for lawmakers to use political data or incumbents' addresses when drawing electoral maps. Rokita said boundaries should follow existing county and township lines, and that each of the 50 Senate districts should be divided into two House districts, claiming that would lead to more competitive legislative elections.  The reform plan sought to achieve these five objectives:

U.S. House of Representatives.

Tenure.

Rokita served as vice-chairman of the United States House Committee on the Budget.

Legislation.

Agriculture.

He co-sponsored the Farm Dust Regulation Prevention Act – passing the House in March 2011 – in order to prevent the "significant burden on small businesses for little obvious environmental benefit." Rokita also co-sponsored the Preserving America's Family Farms Act – which passed the House in July 2012 – citing Indiana's dependence on youth work on family farms.

Education.

As Chairman of the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education, he had an active role in crafting the Every Student Succeeds Act, which reauthorized the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act. In May, Rokita introduced bipartisan legislation to help students and parents with student loan debt. His legislation would allow student loan borrowers to refinance loans and have access to lower market rate loans.  In 2015, Rokita and Senator Marco Rubio introduced the Education Opportunities Act, legislation to expand school choice options for low- and middle-income families to help them attend the school of their choice.  On April 2, 2014, Rokita introduced the Strengthening Education through Research Act (H.R. 4366; 113th Congress). The bill would amend and reauthorize the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 and would authorize the appropriation of $615 million for fiscal year 2015 and $3.8 billion over the 2015–19 period to support federal educational research, statistical analysis, and other activities.

Aviation.

Rokita co-wrote legislation that directed the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to reform and modernize the medical certification for small aircraft pilots. In 2017, he received the Hartranft Award from the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) for contributions to general aviation. In October 2018, he received the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) American Spirit Award for his leadership and work with business aviation in Congress.

Gun law.

Rokita voted in favor of a bill "Requiring State Reciprocity for Carrying Concealed Firearms" in November 2011.

Tax reform.

In 2017, Rokita voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Following the passage of tax reform, Rokita introduced the "Creating Relief and Useful Middle-Class Benefits and Savings" (CRUMBS) Act. The legislation was introduced in response to Nancy Pelosi's comments that bonuses as a result of tax reform amounted to "crumbs." Rokita's bill would have made bonuses received by individuals in 2018 tax-free up to $2,500. The legislation earned the praise of pro-tax cut organizations like Americans for Tax Reform and FreedomWorks.  The American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime Congressional rating of 93%.

Committee assignments.

Rokita previously served on the Committee on House Administration.

Political campaigns.

On June 15, 2002, Rokita won the Republican nomination for Indiana Secretary of State at the state convention over Mike Delph, then an aide to U.S. Representative Dan Burton, Marion County Coroner John McGodd, and then-Vanderburgh County Commissioner Richard Mourdock. Rokita went on to win the general election with 53.4% of the vote.  Rokita received the Republican nomination again in 2006 and won the general election with 51.1% of the vote in a year when Democrats took five of Indiana's nine congressional seats.  On February 1, 2010, three days after Congressman Steve Buyer of said that he would retire at the end of his term, Rokita posted an announcement on Facebook making clear his intentions to run for the open seat. Buyer's announcement touched off a free-for-all among area Republicans to succeed him. Ultimately, 13 candidates entered the Republican primary, including Rokita.  With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+14, the 4th is one of the most Republican districts in the Eastern Time Zone and tied for the second-most Republican in the state (behind the 5th District). It was taken for granted that whoever won the primary would be heavily favored to be the district's next representative. Rokita won the primary with 42% of the vote and the general election with 68.6% of the vote.  Rokita won the general election in 2012 with 62% of the vote.  Rokita won the Republican nomination in 2014 with 71% of the vote. He won the general election with 67% of the vote over John Dale, a teacher at Western Boone High School.  Rokita won the Republican nomination in 2016 with 60% of the vote. In the general election, he faced John Dale in a rematch from 2014. Rokita was reelected with 65% of the vote to Dale's 30%. Libertarian Steven M. Mayoras received 5%.  On August 8, 2017, Rokita announced his intention to run for the U.S. Senate in 2018 against Democratic incumbent Joe Donnelly. He lost the Republican primary election to Mike Braun, coming in second with 30% of the vote.

Political positions.

Domestic issues.

Education.

Rokita supports charter schools, school choice, and reducing the role of the Department of Education in setting education policy.

Energy and oil.

Rokita believes "in an all-of-the-above policy that utilizes all available resources and technologies, so long as such resources and technologies are supported by the free market."

Environment.

Rokita has a 4% lifetime voting rating from the League of Conservation Voters, an environmentalist group. In 2016, the group gave him a 0% rating. He does not accept the scientific consensus that human activity is the driving factor of climate change, and at a 2013 town-hall event called the idea that climate change was caused by human activity "arrogant."

Gun law.

Rokita has stated: "I'm proud of my 'A' rating from the NRA" and has said that he will "protect our 2nd Amendment right to keep and bear arms."

Health care.

Rokita supports repealing Obamacare. He opposes health care regulations that increase the national debt, earning a "B" rating by the National Taxpayers Union 2011 Positions on Tax and Spending.

Economic issues.

Agriculture.

Rokita opposes direct federal government regulation of agriculture. A representative of a heavy-farming district in Indiana, he supports deregulating agriculture, earning him an "A" rating from the American Farm Bureau Federation.

National debt and federal spending.

Rokita has said, "Unless we get our government spending under control, we will unfairly burden the next generation with massive amounts of debt. We need to reform these programs to solve the problem."

International issues.

Immigration and refugees.

In 2017, Rokita introduced the Stopping Lawless Actions of Politicians (SLAP) Act, some of the most aggressive anti-sanctuary city legislation to date in congress. The legislation would introduce fines and jail time for state and local politicians who ignored federal immigration laws and ICE detainers. The legislation received praise from conservative media and garnered support by anti-illegal immigrant organizations like NumbersUSA. The Indiana chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union criticized the legislation, saying it was an effort to "bully" local communities into enforcing federal immigration laws.  Rokita supported President Trump's 2017 executive order temporarily banning citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the U.S.  In 2014, Rokita expressed concern that border agents could come in contact with illegal immigrants carrying the Ebola virus, saying, "from a public-health standpoint" it is important to know who is coming across the southern border, citing the Ebola virus epidemic spreading in Africa and news reports indicating that nationals from 75 different countries had been apprehended between 2010 and 2014 illegally crossing the Mexico-United States border.

Social issues.

Abortion.

Rokita opposes abortion and has maintained a 100% pro-life voting record according to the National Right to Life Committee. He holds that "every life is a precious gift from God that begins from the moment of conception."

Cannabis.

Rokita has a "D" rating from NORML for his voting history on cannabis-related causes. He opposes recreational use of marijuana, citing concern that it is a "gateway drug" to more dangerous narcotics. He expressed willingness to support legalization of some medical uses for marijuana only if the THC is removed, on the grounds that it may help people like his son Teddy, who has a rare neuro-genetic disorder called Angelman syndrome.  Rokita is a supporter of industrial hemp, having voted to allow its production. In December 2018 he told a group of local Republicans that legalizing industrial hemp "could help the farming community."

Tribal lands.

Rokita authored the Tribal Labor Sovereignty Act. The bill would "make clear that the National Labor Relations Board has no jurisdiction over businesses owned and operated by an Indian tribe and located on tribal land." It cleared the House as of 2018, but has not been considered in the Senate.

Donald Trump.

During his time in Congress, Rokita voted in line with President Donald Trump 90% of the time. During the Republican primary for the 2018 United States Senate election in Indiana, Rokita earned the support of the chair and vice chair of 2016 Trump campaign in Indiana. In May 2019, the White House announced that he would be nominated by Trump to serve on the AMTRAK Board of Directors.

Theodore Edward Rokita (born February 9, 1970) is an American politician who served as the member of the United States House of Representatives from from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he served two terms as Secretary of State of Indiana from 2002 to 2010. When Rokita was elected to office in 2002 at age 32, he became the youngest secretary of state in the United States at the time.

Theodore Edward Rokita dit Todd Rokita, né le à Chicago, est un homme politique américain, élu républicain de l’Indiana à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis depuis 2011.


History.

Company founder Jessica Alba was inspired by the 2008 birth of her first child, Honor, and her own history of childhood illnesses to create a company that provided an alternative to the prevalent baby products with ingredients such as petrochemicals and synthetic fragrances. She was compelled to become serious about this venture when one of her mother's baby laundry recommendations caused her to have a welt outbreak.  It took Alba three years to find her business partners Brian Lee, Sean Kane, and Christopher Gavigan. Despite advice that she should start small with a singular focus, Alba launched the company in 2012 with 17 products. Christopher Gavigan wrote the book, Healthy Child Healthy World, that addresses all the different toxins that children are exposed to in traditional household products.  In the U.S., the F.D.A has banned fewer than a dozen harmful chemicals, while in Europe more than 1,300 chemicals are deemed unsafe for household products. With this research, Alba and Gavigan decided to create a company that avoids putting those 1,300 chemicals in its products.  While building her company, Alba has lobbied the United States Congress to make testing of consumer products in the marketplace for chemical inputs more stringent. The company has a strong charitable mission that has been likened to Toms Shoes, Warby Parker, and Etsy. It donates products, revenues, and labor.  The Honest Company's 2013 sales were $50 million. Honest raised $70 million from venture capitalists in the summer of 2014 in preparation for an imminent initial public offering. As of August 2014, the company's products were available at retail stores in the United States and Canada. The financing put a value on the company of $1 billion. Prior to the 2014 round of financing led by Wellington Management Company, the company had raised $52 million in financing from ICONIQ Capital, General Catalyst Partners, Institutional Venture Partners and Lightspeed Venture Partners.  The company had plans to expand to England and Australia, but the summer 2014 funding was primarily to prepare for a launch in China. A company press release said the funding was to aid product development and expansion. In November 2014, the company had 275 employees and was projected to do $150 million in sales. 80% of its sales were online via a monthly subscription service with the remainder being done in department stores and discount warehouses. The company eventually totaled $170 million in sales in 2014.  In July 2015, Jessica Alba announced that The Honest Company would be moving its headquarters from 2700 Pennsylvania Avenue in Santa Monica to the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles in early 2016. The following month, it announced a new round of funding generated an additional $100 million of venture capital, implying a valuation of $1.7 billion. In late 2015, the company acquired Alt12 Apps, the makers of popular apps such as Baby Bump, Pink Pad, and Kidfolio. As of August 2015, the company had never employed traditional media such as print ads, television or billboards.  In March 2017, The Honest Company announced that Clorox veteran Nick Vlahos would replace Brian Lee as Chief Executive Officer. Vlahos worked to grow several Clorox brands, including Burt's Bees, Brita and Green Works. At that time, it was announced that Brian Lee would remain on the board in an advisory role. In early May some customers were having trouble with the baby wipes because they had dark spots on the wipes. Tests were done and it was confirmed that there were mold in some products. The company apologized for the problem and reassured that their products are safe and mold free.  The packaging on the products are colorful and they reflect on the four different scents. In front of the product they have labeled what chemicals that they don't put in their products. The chemicals that they don't use are said to be dangerous and potentially harmful chemicals. On the back of the products they have listed the safe chemicals that they use.  In October 2017, The Honest Company closed a series E round of funding. After settling two lawsuits in the summer of 2017, the valuation was set at $19.60 per share down from the Series D shares sold in 2015 at $45.75. Thus, the company's value was below 1 billion.

Products and distribution.

The Honest Company markets its products as safe and eco-friendly. The company also touts its Honestly Free Guarantee that it does not use "health-compromising chemicals or compounds", including a specific list of products it promises to never allow in its products. Whole Foods and Costco were The Honest Company's initial retail distributors. The company began selling in Target Corporation on June 15, 2014. Other stores that carried the company's products by mid 2014 included Buy Buy Baby and Nordstrom. By the end of the third quarter of 2014, the company carried 90 products. Its leading selling product was diapers, at the time.  In 2015, a controversy surrounding Honest's SPF 30 sunblock occurred when multiple customers complained of skin burns. These reports occurred shortly after the product had been repackaged and reformulated with reduced zinc oxide levels to improve aesthetics.  In March 2016, it was reported by "The Wall Street Journal" that Honest's liquid laundry detergent product contained "a significant amount" of sodium lauryl sulfate or SLS, a synthetic surfactant that the company claimed it would "never consider for use in anything. Period." In an immediate response to the WSJ article, The Honest Company stated that its product does not contain SLS, but does contain sodium coco sulfate which is characterised by The Honest Co. as the "gentler alternative" to SLS. However, sodium coco sulfate is a mixture of synthetic chemicals composed primarily of SLS. Honest's detergent is sourced from Earth Friendly Products (EFP) which did not test for SLS. EFP in turn purchased untested chemicals from Trichromatic West which also did not test for SLS. EFP had removed its claims of SLS-free product from its own website in late 2015.  In April 2016, "Good Morning America" reported that The Honest Company was being sued for representing its infant formula as organic even though this product contains 11 synthetic substances prohibited under federal law in organic products. Honest Company stated that the infant formula had been FDA approved and certified USDA Organic in accordance with the National Organic Program. In December 2016, The Los Angeles Superior Court entered judgement for The Honest Company, dismissing the complaint permanently.  In October 2016, it was reported that some customers had experienced difficulty when trying to cancel subscriptions to the company's recurring diaper service. Shortly thereafter, Honest announced it would release a new online cancellation feature. The brand began selling its products at CVS and Babies R Us in spring 2017, and on Amazon in July 2017.

Honest Beauty.

On September 9, 2015, the company opened the Honest Beauty brand as a separate entity with its own website and logo. Honest Beauty launched with an 83 element product line (17 skin-care products and a 66-piece makeup range). Its products are derived from botanicals free of parabens, phthalates, petrolatum, sulfates and chemical sunscreens. The launch took place at Trump SoHo in New York. Beginning September 25 of that year, the brand opened a brick and mortar presence in a six-month pop-up retail shop in The Grove. The brand began selling the beauty line at Target in spring 2017.  The Honest beauty line can be bought on their website honestbeauty.com. They have also put their products at Ulta Beauty, Target, Sephora and Walgreens. They have about 83 products ranging from makeup to skincare products and hair care line. The company created this line because their clients were asking the founders to create a beauty line that is safe and clean from potentially harmful chemicals. By late 2016, The Honest Beauty was looking to be sold in Western Europe and Australia. Honest Beauty has reportedly reached more than 10 million dollars in retail sales as of October 2016. Honest Beauty is the only planned set of products slated for the company's 2019 debut in Western Europe (Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Poland, the Netherlands, and Austria) in the Douglas stores that was announced in May 2018.

The Honest Company is an American consumer goods company, founded by actress Jessica Alba, that emphasizes household products to supply the marketplace for ethical consumerism. The company had $250 million in 2016 sales, and was valued shy of $1 billion as of October 2017. The Honest Company has raised multiple rounds of venture capital, and was anticipating an initial public offering as of 2016. Honest serves the United States and Canada, and plans to launch its beauty line products in Western Europe in 2019.

The Honest Company est une entreprise spécialisée dans les produits biologiques pour les enfants et pour la maison, créée par Jessica Alba en 2011.


O binding mechanism.

The mechanism of dioxygen binding is unusual. Most O carriers operate via formation of dioxygen complexes, but hemerythrin holds the O as a hydroperoxide (HO, or -OOH). The site that binds O consists of a pair of iron centres. The iron atoms are bound to the protein through the carboxylate side chains of a glutamate and aspartates as well as through five histidine residues. Hemerythrin and myohemerythrin are often described according to oxidation and ligation states of the iron center:  The uptake of O by hemerythrin is accompanied by two-electron oxidation of the diferrous centre to produce a hydroperoxide (OOH) complex. The binding of O is roughly described in this diagram:  Deoxyhemerythrin contains two high-spin ferrous ions bridged by hydroxyl group (A). One iron is hexacoordinate and another is pentacoordinate. A hydroxyl group serves as a bridging ligand but also functions as a proton donor to the O substrate. This proton-transfer result in the formation of a single oxygen atom (μ-oxo) bridge in oxy- and methemerythrin. O binds to the pentacoordinate Fe centre at the vacant coordination site (B). Then electrons are transferred from the ferrous ions to generate the binuclear ferric (Fe,Fe) centre with bound peroxide (C).

Quaternary structure and cooperativity.

Hemerythrin typically exists as a homooctamer or heterooctamer composed of α- and β-type subunits of 13–14 kDa each, although some species have dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric hemerythrins. Each subunit has a four-α-helix fold binding a binuclear iron centre. Because of its size hemerythrin is usually found in cells or "corpuscles" in the blood rather than free floating.  Unlike hemoglobin, most hemerythrins lack cooperative binding to oxygen, making it roughly 1/4 as efficient as hemoglobin. In some brachiopods though, hemerythrin shows cooperative binding of O. Cooperative binding is achieved by interactions between subunits: the oxygenation of one subunit increases the affinity of a second unit for oxygen.  Hemerythrin affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) is actually lower than its affinity for O, unlike hemoglobin which has a very high affinity for CO. Hemerythrin's low affinity for CO poisoning reflects the role of hydrogen-bonding in the binding of O, a pathway mode that is incompatible with CO complexes which usually do not engage in hydrogen bonding.

Hemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domain.

The hemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domain occurs as a duplicated domain in hemerythrins, myohemerythrins and related proteins. This domain binds iron in hemerythrin, but can bind other metals in related proteins, such as cadmium in the "Nereis diversicolor" hemerythrin. It is also found in the NorA protein from "Cupriavidus necator", this protein is a regulator of response to nitric oxide, which suggests a different set-up for its metal ligands. A protein from "Cryptococcus neoformans" (Filobasidiella neoformans) that contains haemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domains is also involved in nitric oxide response. A "Staphylococcus aureus" protein containing this domain, iron-sulfur cluster repair protein ScdA, has been noted to be important when the organism switches to living in environments with low oxygen concentrations; perhaps this protein acts as an oxygen store or scavenger.

Hemerythrin (also spelled haemerythrin;, ) is an oligomeric protein responsible for oxygen (O) transport in the marine invertebrate phyla of sipunculids, priapulids, brachiopods, and in a single annelid worm genus, "Magelona". Myohemerythrin is a monomeric O-binding protein found in the muscles of marine invertebrates. Hemerythrin and myohemerythrin are essentially colorless when deoxygenated, but turn a violet-pink in the oxygenated state.

L'hémérythrine est une métalloprotéine oligomérique assurant le transport de l'oxygène chez des invertébrés marins tels que les siponcles, les priapulides, les brachiopodes et chez un unique genre de polychètes, "Magelona". La myohémérythrine est une métalloprotéine monomérique présente dans les muscles de ces invertébrés marins. Hémérythrine et myohémérythrine sont essentiellement incolores lorsqu'elles sont désoxygénées, et virent au rose violacé lorsqu'elles sont oxygénées.