Playing career.

Kirrane began playing hockey as a child on a neighbor's pond with his brothers. In high school, he participated in baseball, track and field, football and ice hockey. In 1948 Kirrane became the youngest member of the United States Olympic ice hockey team. When the team headed to St. Moritz, Switzerland to take part in the Olympic Games, there was a conflict over Olympic eligibility (the tournament was strictly amateur at the time) and two United States teams were sent. It was a situation that nearly caused the cancellation of the entire ice hockey tournament. Eventually a compromise was made. Kirrane's team was allowed to play, but were disqualified from medal contention. In the end the disqualification was unnecessary as the United States finished the tournament in fourth place. Following the Olympics Kirrane continued to play amateur hockey for the Boston Olympics in the Eastern Amateur Hockey League (EAHL), a farm team of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins. He lost out on a chance at an NHL career when he was drafted into the United States Army to serve in the Korean War. When he returned home from the Army, he became a firefighter in his home town of Brookline, Massachusetts. He played one more season in the EAHL this time with the Worcester Warriors. In 1957, two years after his last season in the EAHL, Kirrane again played for the US national team and led his senior team to the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States National Senior Championship.  Leading up to the 1960 Winter Olympics Kirrane had an opportunity to play for Team USA once more. In order to play for the team he had to take an unpaid leave from the fire department. He also needed to sell his pickup truck in order to afford a plane ticket, as at the time players who tried out for the national teams paid their own way. The 1960 team was hastily put together and a few days before the tournament was set to begin head coach Jack Riley planned to add brothers Bill and Bob Cleary. Their late addition caused players to threaten a boycott. However, Kirrane opposed the idea, and stated that he was going to play even if it meant going on the ice alone, after which the talk of a boycott ended. Twelve years after being the youngest player on his first Olympic team Kirrane, the oldest player in 1960, was named team captain.  Team USA entered the tournament as underdogs. They had a "terrific" start to the Olympics but in the championship round had to face Canada and the Soviet Union back to back. The Canadians had dominated the Americans registering a 15–2–2 record in World Championship and Olympic play between 1920 and 1959. However, the United States upset Canada 2–1. Team USA next played the Soviet Union. Similar to the Canadians the Soviets held a 5–0 record against the US leading up to the tournament, outscoring the Americans 21–5 in those games. Team USA pulled off its second straight upset defeating the Soviets 3–2. In their final game the Americans faced Czechoslovakia. A win would give the US the gold, but a loss meant that they would receive silver with the Canadians taking the gold medal. After two periods of play, Team USA trailed 4–3. They rallied with six third period goals to win the game 9–4, earning the United States its first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey. After the medal presentation Kirrane received a congratulatory telegram from fellow Brookline native John F. Kennedy, then a US Senator. When he returned home Kirrane was taken from the airport on top of a firetruck, and a banquet was held in his honor at the Brookline High gym.  Kirrane made one more foray into competitive hockey, playing with the US national team in 1963. Team USA struggled at the World Championships losing all but two games, defeating West Germany 8–4 and tying East Germany 3–3. The United States three points tied them with three other nations, but due to their goal differential, Team USA officially finished last. In 1987 Kirrane was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.

Off the ice.

Kirrane worked 38 years as a firefighter for the Brookline fire department, finishing his career as a Lieutenant on Ladder Co. 2. He married a woman named Pat, and the couple had three children together. He remained close to hockey working as the rink manager for Harvard University's Bright Hockey Center for 15 years. In December 2010, a skating rink in Brookline was named in his honor at Larz Anderson Park. Coincidentally, the rink was constructed on land donated by his former neighbors who owned the pond where he learned to play. He died on September 26, 2016 at the age of 88.

John Joseph "Jack" Kirrane Jr. (; August 20, 1928 – September 26, 2016) was an American former ice hockey player. Kirrane was a member of the United States 1948 Winter Olympics and 1960 Winter Olympics teams, winning the gold medal in 1960. He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987. Kirrane went on to serve 38 years with the Brookline, Massachusetts Fire Department and also spent 15 years as the rink manager of the Bright Hockey Center at Harvard University.

John Joseph Kirrane Jr., dit Jack Kirrane, né le à Brookline dans le Massachusetts aux États-Unis et mort le, est un joueur américain de hockey sur glace qui évoluait au poste de défenseur.


Gameplay.

In "Grid Autosport", the player acts as a racing driver with opportunities to start and build their own racing career via the single-player Career mode, enter competitions with fellow players on the web via the multiplayer Online mode, customise their racing experience (vehicle, circuit, race type, difficulty, etc.) to their own tastes via the single-player Custom Cup mode, and play against each other via the multiplayer Splitscreen mode. It is the first video game in GRID series not to feature Vehicle Customization this time in single player career as only featured in online mode.  The Career mode is divided into seasons before which the player each time has to choose between offers from the game's racing teams. The teams – including the best-in-the-business Ravenwest, making a return from "Race Driver: Grid" – each have different season objectives and sponsor objectives, the achievement of which earns extra experience points (XP) for the players besides those received for their results. Online racing is conducted via RaceNet, Codemasters' community hub on which players can form racing clubs, earn XP and cash as they race and fulfill sponsor objectives, then use their earnings to purchase and upgrade vehicles. Soon after the game's release, they were also presented with sets of specific challenges, called RaceNet Challenges, announced by Codemasters.  "Grid Autosport" emphasises the concept of racing disciplines, making them into the new event categories. There are five main categories: Touring, Endurance, Open Wheel, Tuner, and Street. During Career mode, the player picks a particular event in one of these categories, with each event (a string of races) making up a season. Each discipline features markedly different cars and race types. The latter include standard Races, Endurance races with tire wear enabled, Time Attack events, Drift events, and - as downloadable content (DLC) - Time Trials, Drag and point-to-point Sprint races. These are all accessible in Custom Cup mode as well, in which the player can also choose to participate in certain special event types, such as Checkpoint, Eliminator and Demolition Derby.  Focusing on providing a more realistic driving experience, the studio revamped its damage model, adding new elements, such as a wear and tear system, which means car parts lose performance through general use, and a suspension damage system. It also introduced a new team radio philosophy in which the player itself can request information on car damage, gaps, rival position and teammate position. The player can also ask its engineer to instruct their teammates to attack, defend or hold their position. By popular demand, Codemasters retained its unique Flashback feature from previous Grid installments with which the players can rewind their races a few seconds and resume it earlier, if needed. Cockpit view also made a return, after being absent, very much to the dismay of the core fanbase, in "Grid 2". Aside from such elements, the developers generally decided to strip the game down and do away with everything that stood in the way of raw racing. These features included the "Grid 2" narrator-driven career mode and superfluous menus.

Cars.

The cars in the disciplines of "Grid Autosport" are further divided into tiers and classes of various strength. Some of the highlights of the vehicles on offer are the contemporary BTCC (Class C), Stock Car Brasil (Class A) and V8 Supercars (Super Tourers) of the Touring discipline (e. g. Chevrolet Cruze and Holden Commodore (VF, as well as the present-day and classic GT cars of the Endurance discipline (like the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 (Category B) and the Ford GT40 Mk I), the Dallara DW12 chassis of the IndyCar Series (Formula A) from the Open Wheel discipline, American muscle cars (e. g. the Ford Mustang Boss 302), among others, representing the Tuner discipline and the likes of the Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport and the Koenigsegg Agera R (Hypercars) representing the Street discipline. In total, including DLCs, the game features 103 cars. This is the second video game under Grid series not to feature Toyota cars and First in series to not to feature Chevrolet Corvette.

Tracks.

In the case of the tracks, the main emphasis is on real-world permanent circuits which make up the majority of the courses in the game. These range from classics, such as Spa-Francorchamps, Brands Hatch, Mount Panorama and Indianapolis, to more modern facilities, like the Circuit of the Americas, Sepang, the Red Bull Ring and the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi. City locations with fictionally lined, but mostly real-world streets of San Francisco, Paris, Dubai etc., and - as DLCs - fictional point-to-point tracks in authentic settings complete the picture. In all, players are able to race on 15 real-world permanent circuits, 2 fictional permanent circuits, 7 street circuits, and 4 point-to-point tracks, including additional content, for a total of 28 locations with over 130 configurations.

Development.

"Grid Autosport" was announced on 22 April 2014 via the official Codemasters Blog, less than a year after the release of its predecessor, "Grid 2". Producer Toby Evan-Jones revealed in an interview that the development of the new title began as soon as the development of "Grid 2" came close to a finish. This occurred in the spring of 2013. Evan-Jones had this to say on the short development cycle between the two games and the general intentions with "Grid Autosport":  The game eliminated the so-called TrueFeel handling of "Grid 2", but it did not simply return to the handling of "Race Driver: Grid". Codemasters used a new, improved version of its previous model, better simulating how grip falls away, when the player approaches the slip angle of the tyres. Decision to use the new model, which was tested by "Autosport" magazine experts and racing drivers, was made on 23 January 2014, which was followed by applying it to each car's grip falloff graph and re-tuning the vehicles' individual handling characteristics. According to the company, the shift caused the most difficulties in modeling the behaviour of open wheelers and American muscle cars. It also necessitated re-doing the AI benchmarking work, which was well-underway by then using the old model. The game was built using Codemasters' in-house EGO 3.0 engine.  Graphically, "Grid Autosport" benefitted heavily from optimisation and fine-tuning of said long-standing engine to achieve better performance on low-end machines, while on the other end, support for DirectX 11 features enabled the programmers to improve renderings, especially grass and light, from "Grid 2". On 4 March 2015, Feral Interactive announced that it would port the game to OS X and Linux. The online multiplayer system was also among the areas that Codemasters decided to overhaul compared to "Grid 2", based on fan feedback. The framework of earning XP and cash to purchase own vehicles and garage slots was a result of community criticism towards the previous framework in which the player had a ladder, laid out in advance by the game, to unlock cars. Feedback deemed the old approach too easy to complete. As for the extremely tight development schedule, involving less than twelve months, lead designer James Nicholls said:

Release.

"Grid Autosport" comes in two versions – a standard edition and a special edition, the latter of which is called the Black Edition. It was announced on 8 May 2014 and it includes an extra vehicle (a Mercedes Benz SLS AMG Coupé Black Series), extra sponsors and extra liveries for both offline and online modes. Pre-orders for "Grid Autosport" by retailers began as soon as the initial game announcement was made. Steam pre-orders went online a week later than planned, on 30 May 2014, however, all of those who pre-ordered the title via Steam received the Black Edition at no extra cost compared to the standard edition. Those who owned "Grid 2" received a 10% discount and a free copy of "Dirt Showdown" as well. "Grid Autosport" was officially released on 24 June 2014 in North America and 27 June 2014 in Europe across all three current-gen platforms, PC, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The OS X and Linux port was released on 10 December 2015 by Feral Interactive. Lead designer James Nicholls confirmed as early as the initial game announcement that the game would not make it onto next-gen platforms given the tight timeframes the team worked with during the development process. However, The Xbox 360 version became backwards compatible with the Xbox One in June 2018, four years after their game's release.

Updates & downloadable content.

The game received downloadable content packs until November 2014, usually once in every two weeks. The majority of these can be broken down into two main categories: mini expansions and car packs. Codemasters put out three mini expansions for this Grid title. Perhaps the most eagerly anticipated one of these was the Touring Legends Pack as it featured two new real-world circuits – Donington Park and Silverstone –, five classic BTCC touring cars from the mid-1990s and new single player championships (outside Career mode). Another mini expansion, called Sprint Pack, introduced the Sprint race type to the game, besides featuring four fictional point-to-point tracks and more extra championships. The third one, the Drag Pack, introduced the Drag race type, three drag cars and nine single player championships.  Car packs, of which there were three as well, included the Best of British Pack, which contained three British-originated vehicles, e. g. the McLaren F1 GTR, the Coupé Style Pack, that offered four new coupés, such as the Hyundai Genesis Coupé, and a Road & Track Pack, which added two road-going cars and two racing cars to the game. There has been a number of additional DLC available to the game. For example, a Season Pass was created with which the player practically subscribed to the above six packs at a discount rate. A High Res Texture Pack boosted game textures up to 4K resolution and was made available to download with the base game at the launch for free. A Premium Garage Pack was also released, adding five additional garage spots for online play, and the Black Edition content was later sold as a standalone DLC pack as well. Additionally, a free Demoman Derby DLC was released on 7 November 2014, exclusively on PC, which includes two skins from "Team Fortress 2", and consisting a different environment and billboards which are also based on "Team Fortress 2".  On 15 July 2014, the studio released Boost Pack, a small piece of code to boost career and online XP progression, for the same price as the car packs. Controversy followed as Codemasters Community Manager Ben Walke commented the reason behind the already criticised move was simply that "it sells." Continued patch support of the game saw the developer team repeatedly addressing various emerging save game corruption issues, online playlist issues, etc. They enabled the Time Trial race type (which was missing from the base game due to prolonged technical difficulties), added Oculus Rift support and a virtual rear-view mirror (although, in the case of the latter, only for PC).

Reception.

The game received generally positive reviews. Metacritic gave it an aggregate score of 78/100 for PC and 75/100 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Critics especially praised its more authentic handling model as well as its stripped-down approach to racing and excellent damage system.  The Career mode gained widespread approval for being "simply about winning races and mastering various driving styles" with the ability to switch between disciplines letting the player "go as focused or as broad as [he or she] likes." "GamesRadar+" felt that having a nominated opponent provided "a decent sense of rivalry (...) which gives races more meaning (...) and the experience is richer for having clear rivals to beat." "Eurogamer" called Online mode "a comprehensive suite", one which "a series of [car] mods and upgrades lends persistence" to. "Game Informer" said that it "offers slightly more freedom [than the Career mode]" and its feature set is "varied." The online playing experience was considered "smooth, with no drop outs or lag experienced."  In terms of handling, the reviewers emphasised that the game "still straddles the line between simulation and arcade," but it "definitely leans a little further on the side of realism [than most Codemasters games]" and "it's a significant improvement on Grid 2's awkward dynamics." "Edge" noted that it "offers considerable depth" and its "lively feedback makes for an intense, and satisfying, drive." Despite that, it is "still approachable" and Luke Reilly from IGN found the model to be "fairly forgiving."  The game's artificial intelligence (AI) behaviour was said to be a success, at least in part. The computer-controlled opponents' "defensive driving lines, late-braking overshoots into hairpins, and fiendishly clever cut-backs" can make "a normally disappointing 8th place finish (...) just as rewarding as a win." As for their speed, it is heavily dependent on difficulty levels, of which the lowest allows the player to "thread through 16 positions over the course of three laps with little resistance", while on the hardest "you can spend a whole race exchanging 13th and 14th positions with another car."  "PC Advisor" praised the "immense" variety of cars present in the game as well as the inclusion of "plenty of classics". "Kotaku" added that the "more experienced players will appreciate the subtle differences between their fleet." The title's damage model was critically acclaimed as the above review highlighted that "each car [is] responding accurately to collisions" with the crashes having "a massive effect on performance." "Edge" deemed the system a "triumph." The introduction of tyre wear (in Endurance events) was also welcomed – "GamesRadar+" wrote that "it becomes so integral to the driving process, you'll find yourself looking for the [tyre life] percentage indicators in other modes every time you hear the wheels slip." "Grid Autosport" has a "generous selection of tracks", in which "real-world circuits are the focus" at the expense of "unforgiving (...) and tight" street circuits.  The general graphical qualities of the game were lauded as "magnificent" and "lovely" with "incidental details [on the race track that] make for an engaging race-day atmosphere" being particularly impressing. As for the game interface, "Edge" hailed its "pared-down design (...) with simple, clean (and fast loading) menus." Similarly to graphics, the most positive aspects of sounds were the details; the "nice ambient effects" and the "small touches such as being able to hear the commentators over the track" that make the experience "more immersive." "GamesRadar+" found the new system of being able to request information on the pit channel useful, claiming "you can rely on aural feedback (...) for maximum authenticity."  By far the most heavily criticised feature of the game was, ironically, the returning cockpit view. It is, while "incredibly welcome from a gameplay standpoint, (...) visually they're a slapped-on eyesore, blurred-out in an attempt to hide the lack of detail." IGN remarked that they "lack any working dials or mirrors."  Several reviews mention that they found the AI to be, depending on discipline, too aggressive, so much so that "having an AI take you out at least once a race is (...) to be expected." "Edge" elaborated that "they don't always concede in the same way a human driver might, sticking to their chosen route even though you legitimately out-braked them into a corner." Leaving out pit stops also left some of the critics puzzled. IGN said "it's a bizarre omission (...) that quietly undermines a lot of what Autosport does right", pointing out that suffering a puncture leaves the player with no option to repair the damage.  "Eurogamer" warned that the content-wise excellent Career mode can feel "long and drawn-out" and that "progress in GRID Autosport is slow." GameTrailers added that "the whole experience feels rather clinical." The reception of the request-based team radio was also mixed with "GamesRadar+" arguing that "the pit audio repeats itself far too quickly and doesn't always make perfect sense." Finally, a number of reviewers noted that a lot of cars and tracks are re-used material from earlier Codemasters titles, which feels "stale".

Grid Autosport is a racing video game developed by Codemasters for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Linux, iOS, macOS, Nintendo Switch and Android. It is the ninth game in the "TOCA" series. It aims to move the series back towards "more authentic racing games" following the release of "Grid 2", which Codemasters felt was not as well-received by the company's core fanbase as it was hoped for. The developers consequently introduced major modifications to the handling model and built a lean, race-first oriented design for this title.

Le jeu sort initialement le sur Windows, PlayStation 3 et Xbox 360. Il est ensuite porté par Feral Interactive et sort le sur Linux et macOS. Feral travaille actuellement aussi sur un portage pour iOS et Android dont la sortie est prévue pour l'automne. Le jeu est également rétrocompatible sur Xbox One depuis le. Enfin, une version sur Nintendo Switch est disponible depuis le depuis le.


History.

The stadium was built on the area where the old Madras Zoo was located before it was shifted to its present location in at Vandalur. It was built in 1993 at a cost of in 234 days. In 2012, the Government of Tamil Nadu renovated the indoor stadium at a cost of with a new skating rink. In 2013, Government of Tamil Nadu upgraded the synthetic athletics track, football turf, floodlights and upgrading added a warm up track north of the stadium at a cost of.  In 1993, this stadium in Chennai hosted the Nehru Cup international tournament. It has also hosted the SAF Games football in 1995, and the Jayalalitha Gold Cup international women's tournament, and many pre-Olympic and pre-world cup matches.  The Nehru stadium at Chennai is considered the most favored venue for any international fixture since this stadium is the only football facility in the country which has come up in keeping with the FIFA specifications with regard to the players’ facility, the dressing rooms and security aspects to name a few important parameters.  Back in the eighties the then Corporation stadium (now the modern Nehru Stadium) used to witness houseful audience for even the city league matches. When C.R. Viswanathan, then the Secretary of the Tamil Nadu Football Association, was keen on bringing the Nehru Cup international football tournament to Chennai, a stadium of international standard was required. He approached late Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa with a plan to convert the old Nehru stadium into a brand new ultra-modern facility. The Chief Minister gave her approval and in January 1993 the competition was conducted successfully and the city acquired a facility that was acknowledged to be arguably the best in the country also doubling up as a track and field venue.

Facilities.

The stadium has a seating capacity of 40,000 with a 400m 8-lane synthetic athletics track and a natural football turf. There is an indoor stadium with a seating capacity of 5000 associated with the stadium. Two Beach Volleyball courts, three clay Volleyball courts, one Throw ball court, one Kabaddi field and one Handball court are also available in the complex. There are also facilities for Judo, Weightlifting, Table Tennis, Boxing, Chess and Carrom besides a Fitness Center and a conference hall. The indoor stadium hosts various functions and concerts.

Events.

The stadium hosted nine cricket Test matches between 1956 and 1965. In 1998, it hosted the World Volleyball Grand Prix tournament.

Records.

Football.

The highest goal scoring match in Indian Super League with 6 goals between Chennaiyin FC and Mumbai City FC (5–1) on 28 October 2014 in the 2014 Indian Super League season.

Cricket.

The highest test cricket scores were made by West Indies cricket team with 600–9 and 537–9. The most runs scored here was by Vijay Manjrekar (487 runs), Chandu Borde (431 runs) and Budhi Kunderan (346 runs). The most wickets taken here was by Bapu Nadkarni (20 wickets), Salim Durani (19 wickets) and Subhash Gupte (17 wickets).  Highest opening stand of 413 runs was recorded here by MH Mankad and P Roy against New Zealand.

List of Five Wicket Hauls.

Tests.

12 five wicket hauls in Test matches have been taken at the venue.

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (also known as the Marina Arena) is a multipurpose stadium in Chennai, India. It has a capacity to seat 40,000 people. It hosts football matches and athletic competitions. The complex also houses a multipurpose indoor stadium with a seating capacity of 5,000 which hosts volleyball, basketball, table tennis games. The stadium is also used for functions and concerts. The stadium is named after Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. The stadium earlier hosted cricket Test matches between 1956 and 1965. As of 19 August 2017 it has hosted 9 Tests.

Le Stade Jawaharlal Nehru est un stade de football situé à Chennai en Inde. Il a été construit en 1993 et possède une capacité d'accueil de 40 000 personnes. Il accueille les matchs à domicile du club de football de Chennaiyin.


Purpose.

Every Lindau Meeting consists of a multitude of scientific sessions like plenary lectures and panel discussions as well as a variety of networking and social events. The meetings are not centered on the presentation of research results, but instead, their main goals are the exchange of ideas and the discussion of topics globally relevant to all scientists. The Nobel laureates do not receive any kind of payment for their participation and are free to choose the topics of their presentations. More than 300 are members of the meetings’ "Founders Assembly."  Billed by the organising Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings as their ‘Mission Education’, the aim of the meetings is to facilitate the transfer of knowledge between Nobel laureates and young scientists but also among the international scientific community and the general public. The opportunity for participants to form international networks of scientists is also regarded as a prime objective by the organisers. The meetings' leitmotif is "‘Educate, Inspire, Connect.’"

History.

After World War II, Germany was disconnected from the international scientific community due to the ramifications of the Nazi regime. During this time, hardly any scientific conferences of high value took place in Germany.

Initial idea and establishment.

The two physicians Franz Karl Hein and Gustav Parade from Lindau, a small town located on the Bavarian shore of Lake Constance, conceived the idea of organising a scientific meeting to bring together German researchers and physicians with Nobel laureates. They convinced Count Lennart Bernadotte af Wisborg, a member of the Swedish Royal Family and proprietor of nearby Mainau Island, to call upon his good connections to Sweden's Nobel Committee to support the undertaking. The first meeting, subsequently held in 1951, was dedicated to the fields of medicine and physiology and was attended by seven Nobel laureates, among them Adolf Butenandt and Hans von Euler-Chelpin. After the success of the initial meeting, the scientific scope was broadened to include the other two natural science Nobel Prize disciplines chemistry and physics. Thus, a mode of annually alternating disciplines for the meetings was established.

1954–2000.

In 1954, the Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings was founded and henceforth established as the organising committee of the meetings. Count Lennart was appointed as first president of the Council. Also in 1954, the concept of inviting students and young scientists to the meetings was introduced. This step was seen as a measure to add additional value for society to the meetings. Among the young scientists participating that year were also students from Eastern Germany.  While originally conceived by Hein and Parade as a European meeting of scientists, the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings slowly but steadily became more international. In the beginnings, only students from Lake Constance's bordering countries Germany, Switzerland, and Austria attended but year after year new nations began to send representatives. Since 2000, each Lindau Meeting is attended by young scientists from between 80 and 90 countries.  In 1987, Count Bernadotte resigned from his position as president of the Council due to health reasons and his wife, Countess Sonja Bernadotte af Wisborg, took over.

2000–2008.

Shortly before the turn of the millennium, the future of the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings was endangered due to financial uncertainties. In order to counter this negative development, Countess Sonja Bernadotte expanded the Council and added experts from charitable foundations and public affairs as well as representatives of Stockholm's Nobel Foundation to the committee.  Two main goals of Countess Sonja Bernadotte's aegis were the further internationalisation of the meetings and to improve its public image, both domestically and internationally.  On the occasion of the 50th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in the year 2000, the establishment of the "Foundation Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings" was officially announced. Its main goal since then has been to secure the funding of the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. Upon its creation, over 40 Nobel Laureates joined the Founders Assembly of the foundation and support the continuance of the conference both morally and financially.  The 50th Lindau Meeting in 2000 was also the first interdisciplinary meeting that united Nobel laureates and students from all three natural science disciplines (physics, chemistry and physiology or medicine) of the Nobel Prize.

2008–today.

When Countess Sonja Bernadotte died in October 2008, her daughter, Countess Bettina Bernadotte, was elected President of the Council. She continued her mother's course and worked on establishing further cooperation with research institutions around the world but also introduced educational aspects for society in general to the Lindau Meetings.

Meetings.

Ever since their inception, the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings have taken place in the small Bavarian town of Lindau on the shores of Lake Constance. The city's center is located on an island in the lake that is connected to the mainland via bridges.

Meeting cycle.

The meetings focus alternately on physiology and medicine, physics, and chemistry – the three natural science Nobel Prize disciplines. An interdisciplinary meeting revolving around all three natural sciences is held every five years. In addition, the Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences is held every three years with recipients of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

Scientific programme.

The following session types are currently part of the scientific programme of the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings:

Social programme.

The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings also host several events with social functions like dinners, BBQs and cultural events. Since 2010 one evening of each meeting is dedicated to an alternating partner country. The partner countries so far have been India (2009), the European Union (2010), the United States of America (2011), Singapore (2012), South Korea (2013), Australia (2014), France (2015) and Austria (2016).

Boat trip to Mainau Island.

The last day of each meeting includes both scientific and social programme features with a boat trip to Mainau Island. The visit to the island owned by the Bernadotte family is designed both to let the meetings culminate in a final panel discussion on a topic combining science and society and to give the young scientists the opportunity to visit Mainau – the ‘flower island’.

Participants.

Meetings dedicated to a single discipline are usually attended by about 30–40 Nobel laureates and 500–600 young scientists representing around 80 different countries. In addition, several special guests of honour from politics, industry and academia as well as international journalists attend the meetings.

Application process.

Young scientists who want to participate need to pass a multi-stage application process. The application is open to undergraduates, PhD students and post-doc researchers under the age of 35 who are at the top of their class and do not hold a permanent position yet. Young scientists can only participate once in a Lindau meeting.

Outstanding guests.

Over the years many noteworthy guests of honour have visited the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings: Among them former German Presidents Roman Herzog, Johannes Rau, Horst Köhler and Christian Wulff. Former German President Joachim Gauck gave the opening address at the interdisciplinary meeting in 2015 and German Chancellor Angela Merkel held the opening speech at the 2014 meeting on economic sciences. Further notable guests include philanthropist and software entrepreneur Bill Gates, former President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso and the President of Singapore Tony Tan.

Organisation.

The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are made up of two legal bodies: The "Council" and the "Foundation". While the council's responsibility is to put together the scientific programme and to organise the meetings via its executive secretariat, the foundation's task is to maintain the financial stability of the meetings and to ensure ongoing financial support.

Academic partners.

The council sustains a global network of academic partner institutions that range from national science academies, to universities, foundations and government ministries. Applications for meeting participation need to be addressed to the academic partners, who in turn nominate the best young scientists for the meetings.

Funding.

The Lindau meetings are funded by both public resources and private donations. The costs and funding of each meeting are made public in the annual report of the respective year. Private supporters are listed on the organisation's website and various other publications.

Impact.

Ever since their beginnings, the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings have aimed to facilitate an atmosphere in which scientists could assume more responsibility towards society. Therefore, several political appeals have been issued in Lindau over the years.  The impact these meetings have had on the careers of the roughly 30,000 young scientists, who have participated, is hard to quantify but profound: As one of the supporters put it: "You see the deep inspiration and motivation for the years to come in the eyes of the young researchers when they leave Lindau.”

Global networks.

The meetings provide many networking opportunities for young scientists who in turn form global networks that often yield research collaborations or knowledge transfer not limited by borders or differing cultures.

Mainau declarations.

"See article: Mainau Declaration"  In 1955 at the 5th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting German physics Nobel laureates Max Born and Otto Hahn initiated the ‘Mainau Declaration against the Use of Nuclear Weapons’ that was meant to urge world leaders to abstain from using nuclear weapons. It was initially signed by 18 Nobel laureates attending the meeting, but the number of signatories grew to 52 within a year.  Fifty years later, at the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in the summer of 2015, a second Mainau Declaration was issued, this time making a statement on the need to combat climate change. The declaration was initially signed by 36 attending Nobel laureates who were later joined by 35 additional colleagues.

Mediatheque.

Due to the fact that the Lindau Meetings have such a long tradition and history, a digital and open to the public archive was established. It currently contains about 400 hours of video footage of lectures held by Nobel laureates during the Lindau meetings. In addition, photos, animated educational films and interactive content like virtual tours of Nobel laureates’ laboratories and an interactive map showing the career paths of the laureates are also available. The mediatheque is also used as an educational tool providing topic dossiers and introductions to certain scientific fields that can be used by teachers and professors.

Other projects and outreach.

The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are also actively engaging in outreach projects and science communication based on their "‘Mission Education’" leitmotif. Among these projects are the photo exhibition ‘Sketches of Science’ by German photographer Volker Steger being exhibited world-wide and a permanent exhibition on the history of the meetings in Lindau's city museum. Additional educational content is provided through close collaborations with media partners such as the Nature Publishing Group.

The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are triennial scientific conferences held in Lindau, Bavaria, Germany, since 1951. Their aim is to bring together Nobel laureates and young scientists to foster scientific exchange between different generations and cultures. The meetings assume a unique position amongst international scientific conferences, as from 30 to 65 Nobel laureates attending each edition they are the largest regular congregation of Nobel laureates in the world.

Les rencontres des lauréats du prix Nobel à Lindau (en anglais "Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings") sont des conférences scientifiques annuelles qui ont lieu, depuis 1951, dans la ville de Lindau sur le lac de Constance. Leur objectif est de réunir des lauréats du prix Nobel et de jeunes chercheurs, pour favoriser les échanges scientifiques au-delà des générations et des cultures.


History.

The predecessor of the Single Top 100 started on 23 May 1969 as the "Hilversum 3 Top 30". Originally it was broadcast by the VPRO and ever since December 1970 by the NOS. It was presented by Willem van Kooten. In 1971 Felix Meurders hosted the radio show. He renamed it the "Daverende Dertig". In June 1974 the "Nationale Hitparade" became the official chart of Hilversum 3. It was a top 30 until the number of entries was extended to 50 in June 1978. The TROS took over the programme in 1985. AVRO's popular music chart television programme "TopPop" used the chart from 1974 to 1978 and from 1981 to 1986. The "Nationale Hitparade" became a top 100 in 1987. In February 1993 it was followed by the "Mega Top 50" and in 1997 by the "Mega Top 100". The "Mega Top 50" should not be mixed up with the current 3FM Mega Top 50, which is a different chart, not being solely based on record sales.  Throughout the years, the chart has had several names and lengths:  The "Single Top 100" and predecessors have never had any rules which prevented records from rising in the chart after having dropped. Re-entries occur frequently. The first record that got up again to number 1 was "Soley soley" by Middle of the Road late 1971. "Geef mij je angst" by Guus Meeuwis (in 2005) and 4 Minutes by Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland (in 2008) rose 3 times to number one. "Blijf bij mij" by André Hazes and Gerard Joling even rose 4 times to the top position in 2007.

Year-end charts.

Year-end charts of the Single Top 100 and predecessors were compiled from 1970 until 1978 by adding up points. From 1978 onwards they have been compiled on the basis of record sales.

The Dutch Single Top 100 is a Dutch chart, based on official physical single sales, legal downloads and since July 2013 streaming and composed by Dutch Charts. It is one of the three official charts, the other two being the Dutch Top 40 and the Mega Top 50. The difference is that these charts also include airplay data. The list is especially intended for the music industry and those who take an interest in charts. In Dutch TV programmes the "Single Top 100" is often cited, although it has not been broadcast since December 2006.

Le Single Top 100 est un classement de vente de musique néerlandais se basant sur les ventes physiques de singles, les téléchargements légaux et, depuis 2013, le "streaming". Il est établi par MegaCharts comme le Dutch Top 40 et le Mega Top 50.


Background.

On 6 April 1812, the Siege of Badajoz ended when the Anglo-Portuguese army under the Arthur Wellesley, Earl of Wellington stormed and captured the fortress. The 5,000-man French-Hessian garrison was all killed or captured, while the Allies suffered 4,100 casualties. The capture of Badajoz opened a major invasion route from Portugal into Spain. In 1812, Napoleon became preoccupied with his impending French invasion of Russia. The emperor handed control in Spain to his brother King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan. In May 1812 there were 230,000 French troops in Spain, which Napoleon believed to be an adequate force. Yet half of the total was tied down east of Madrid. Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult's Army of the South had one corps involved in the Siege of Cádiz, a second corps under d'Erlon watching Badajoz, and the remainder occupying Andalusia. To the north, Marshal Auguste de Marmont's Army of Portugal had 52,000 men, but only 35,000 were available after subtracting garrisons. Joseph and Jourdan had 18,000 troops in a central reserve near Madrid.  In May 1812, Hill conducted a successful raid which resulted in the Battle of Almaraz and the destruction of a French bridge across the Tagus River. This limited French communication between Marmont and Soult to the bridge at Toledo. Meanwhile, British engineers led by Henry Sturgeon repaired the broken Alcántara Bridge; this permitted the Allies to transfer troops between the northern and southern sectors two weeks faster than the French were able to. Wellington took 48,000 troops to the northern sector to operate against Marmont, leaving 18,000 with Hill to face d'Erlon's corps. Hill had the British 2nd Infantry Division, John Hamilton's Portuguese Division, three Portuguese infantry regiments at Badajoz, and two British and one Portuguese cavalry brigades under Sir William Erskine, 2nd Baronet. Hill commanded about 7,500 British and 11,000 Portuguese. There were also 4,000 Spanish soldiers under Conde de Penne Villemur and Pablo Morillo.  D'Erlon led a corps of 12,000 French soldiers, including the infantry divisions of d'Erlon and Augustin Darricau and the cavalry brigades of Lallemand and André Thomas Perreimond. D'Erlon's own division was camped at Azuaga and Fuente Obejuna while Darricau's division was out of supporting distance to the north at Zalamea de la Serena. Wellington desired that d'Erlon's force be prevented from reinforcing Marmont. The British commander planned to have Hill and Spanish leader Francisco Ballesteros make alternate threats against Soult's army. If the French tried to press Hill, Ballesteros would move against Seville. If the French concentrated to crush Ballesteros, Hill would push forward. In the event, Ballesteros moved too quickly. The Spaniard decided to strike Nicolas François Conroux's 4,500 troops. On 1 June 1812 in the Second Battle of Bornos, Conroux's men were surprised but they rallied and drove off the 8,500 Spanish troops with 1,500 casualties and four guns. French losses were 400–600 men.

Battle.

When he heard the news of Bornos, Soult sent six infantry battalions and two cavalry regiments to help hunt down Ballesteros. This caused the Spanish general and his soldiers to take refuge under the guns of Gibraltar. Soult wished to smash Ballesteros or capture Tarifa, but when Hill began to advance, the French marshal had to drop his plans. On 7 June, Hill shifted his headquarters to Fuente del Maestre and on 9 June to Zafra. On 11 June, in a reconnaissance in force, Villemur's Spanish cavalry moved from Llerena toward Azuaga while Slade's brigade moved from Llera toward Maguilla. After several hours, Slade's brigade began to bump into French dragoon outposts, which were driven back. Soon afterward, the British dragoons encountered the main body of Lallemand's brigade arrayed in battle order.  Lallemand's 700-strong brigade consisted of the 17th and 27th Dragoon Regiments. Slade commanded about 700 sabres from the 1st "Royal" Dragoon and 3rd Dragoon Guards Regiments. The British may have had a slight numerical advantage. Lallemand retreated to the outskirts of Maguilla where he determined to fight. Slade immediately ordered a charge, with the 1st Dragoons in the first line and the 3rd Dragoon Guards in the second. The French dragoons were completely broken and the British took about 100 prisoners. Instead of reforming his brigade, Slade plunged after the fleeing French, "each regiment vying with the other which should most distinguish itself", as he later proudly reported.  The reckless pursuit continued for several miles beyond Maguilla. Suddenly, there was a cry among the British dragoons, "Look to your right!" Lallemand had held a squadron in reserve, and now this small, but compact force crashed into the disorderly clump of British horsemen. Seeing this sudden turn of events, the main body of Lallemand's dragoons turned on their adversaries and forced them to retreat. It soon became a panicky flight of several miles, despite the appeals of Slade and his officers. The flight ended near Valencia de las Torres, a village about from Maguilla when both sides had exhausted their horses. Slade finally got his survivors into formation and withdrew beyond Llera.  The British lost 22 killed, 26 wounded, and 118 captured, with most of the captured being wounded. Lallemand reported losing 51 killed and wounded, including one officer killed and four wounded. Most of the French who were captured at the beginning of the action escaped. Despite his defeat, Slade reported, "Nothing could exceed the gallantry displayed by both officers and men on this occasion, in which Colonels Calcraft and Clinton, commanding the two regiments, distinguished themselves, as well as all the other officers present".

Commentary.

This was not the only occasion when Wellington's cavalry charged out of control. As examples, historian Charles Oman cited the 20th Light Dragoons at the Battle of Vimeiro, the 23rd Light Dragoons at the Battle of Talavera, and the 13th Light Dragoons at the Battle of Campo Maior. After the battle, a very irritated Wellington wrote to Hill:

Aftermath.

The action at Maguilla had no effect on the campaign. D'Erlon retreated before Hill's advance, while sending a message to Soult that his 6,000 men were beset by 30,000 Allies. In fact, d'Erlon neglected to count Darricau's force, which was under his orders. He believed Hill's corps included the 7th Infantry Division, which was actually with Wellington in the north. Soult, who credited Hill with a more realistic 15,000 Anglo-Portuguese and 5,000 Spaniards, sent d'Erlon a 6,000-man infantry division under Pierre Barrois and a 2,200-strong cavalry division under Pierre Benoît Soult. Marshal Soult ordered d'Erlon to force Hill to fight a battle, or at least prevent him from sending reinforcements to Wellington. Barrois left Seville on 16 June and joined d'Erlon's force on 19 June at Bienvenida. With his own division and Darricau's, d'Erlon had about 18,000 troops.  When Hill heard about Barrois' reinforcement, he withdrew to the old battlefield of La Albuera. The 19,000 Anglo-Portuguese arrived there and entrenched themselves on 21 June. Hill expected to be attacked because the Allies had intercepted messages from King Joseph demanding that d'Erlon assault his foe. Actually, Soult routinely ignored instructions from Madrid and his lieutenant made excuses for not obeying Joseph's orders. From 21 June to 2 July the two opposing forces stood motionless, facing each other. The Anglo-Portuguese soldiers had to endure the stench of the hundreds of imperfectly buried corpses from the Battle of Albuera the previous year. On 1 July, Pierre Soult directed a cavalry reconnaissance of the Allied position, with Louis Ernest Joseph Sparre's brigade on the right, Gilbert Julian Vinot's brigade in the center and Lallemand's brigade on the left. Lallemand routed Villemur's cavalry from Santa Marta with substantial losses. The other two brigades skirmished with the Allied cavalry screen. D'Erlon reported to Soult that Hill had 25,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and plenty of artillery; he believed it would be foolhardy to attack.  Hill broke the deadlock by advancing on 2 July. He expected a battle near Fuente del Maestre on 4 July, but the French withdrew when their left flank was threatened. On 7 July, d'Erlon abandoned a strong position at Valencia de las Torres when Hill again turned his left flank. At this point, d'Erlon was at Azuaga and both armies were in the same positions they were on 19 June, before Hill withdrew to La Albuera. The French commander sent Darricau to Zalamea with the cavalry of Vinot and Sparre. On 27 July, Vinot's cavalry raided Mérida from which they carried off food supplies. Curiously, both Hill and d'Erlon were satisfied that they had contained the enemy. Soult received news of Marmont's decisive defeat at the Battle of Salamanca on 12 August. The evacuation of Andalusia soon began. Hill found d'Erlon's lines empty on 26 August. Hill did not pursue because Wellington summoned him to join the main Allied army. D'Erlon joined Soult's main column at Córdoba on 30 August. Soon, the south of Spain was free from French occupation.

In the Battle of Maguilla (11 June 1812) a British cavalry brigade led by Major General John Slade attacked a similar-sized French cavalry brigade commanded by General of Brigade Charles Lallemand. The British dragoons scored an initial success, routing the French dragoons and capturing a number of them. The British troopers recklessly galloped after their foes, losing all order. At length, the French reserve squadron charged into the British, followed by the French main body which rallied. With the tables turned, the French dragoons chased the British until the horses of both sides were too exhausted for the battle to continue. The action took place during the Peninsular War, near Maguilla, Spain, a distance of northeast of Llerena.

Le combat de Maguilla se déroule le 11 juin 1812 à Maguilla, en Espagne, dans le cadre de la guerre d'indépendance espagnole. Il oppose la cavalerie française du général François Antoine Lallemand à une brigade de cavalerie britannique aux ordres du général. Au cours de l'affrontement, la cavalerie française est initialement repoussée par son homologue britannique avant de parvenir à retourner la situation en sa faveur et à mettre en déroute la brigade Slade. Ce combat, considéré par l'historien Ian Fletcher comme, contribue pour beaucoup à la mauvaise réputation de la cavalerie britannique durant la guerre de la péninsule.


Texas vs. Toronto.

This was the second meeting between the Blue Jays and the Rangers in the postseason, the first being the 2015 American League Division Series in which the Blue Jays defeated the Rangers after losing the first two games at home, which was marked by a controversy-laden deciding Game 5 defined by José Bautista's bat flip. It was also the first series between the two teams since May 15, a game which featured multiple bench clearing skirmishes and the infamous Rougned Odor punch of Bautista.

Game 1, October 6.

The Blue Jays opened the scoring in the third inning with five runs. Ezequiel Carrera walked with one out, moved to second on a wild pitch, then scored on Josh Donaldson's double. Back-to-back singles by Edwin Encarnacion and José Bautista made it 2–0. After Russell Martin walked to load the bases, Troy Tulowitzki cleared them with a triple. Rangers' starter Cole Hamels threw 42 pitches that inning, the most pitches in an inning he had ever thrown. Next inning, Melvin Upton Jr.'s leadoff home run made it 6–0. Rangers' shortstop Elvis Andrus's throwing error to first allowed Devon Travis to reach. He moved to second on a passed ball, then scored on Josh Donaldson's single to make it 7–0 and knock Hamels out of the game. The Rangers bullpen tossed 4 scoreless innings, but after back-to-back singles to lead off the ninth off Jake Diekman, Bautista hit a three-run home run amid boos from the Rangers crowd, giving the Blue Jays a 10–0 lead. Blue Jays' starter Marco Estrada went a strong 8 innings having given up only four hits and one earned run (in the ninth when Andrus hit a leadoff triple and scored on Shin-Soo Choo's groundout) on 98 pitches.

Game 2, October 7.

In Game 2, Texas sent out Yu Darvish, who was unable to participate in Texas's 2015 playoff run due to recovery from Tommy John surgery. In return, the Jays responded with 20-game winner J. A. Happ. The Rangers offense, which mustered only four hits in Game 1, erupted for 13 hits in Game 2. However, three runs was all that Texas could get on the day, as their dismal hitting with runners in scoring position failed to bring home any more baserunners (the Rangers went 2-for-18 in RISP situations, and left 13 men on base). Meanwhile, Darvish gave up only five hits through five innings; however, four of those hits were home runs (a two-run home run to Troy Tulowitzki in the second after a leadoff walk, then three home runs in the fifth to Kevin Pillar, Ezequiel Carrera and Edwin Encarnacion), which tied the MLB playoff record for most home runs given up by a pitcher in a single game. The Rangers scored their first run of the game on three straight one-out singles in the fourth. In the eighth, Francisco Liriano allowed a leadoff double and one out walk before Carlos Gomez's RBI single made it 5–2 Blue Jays. Liriano was then removed from the game due to taking a line-drive off his head and later be diagnosed with a concussion. Toronto manager John Gibbons called upon his closer Roberto Osuna to get a five-out save. Osuna allowed an RBI groundout to Ian Desmond before striking out Carlos Beltran to end the inning. Then he allowed a leadoff double to Adrián Beltré in the bottom of the ninth to bring the tying run to the plate with no outs. The next three Rangers batters went down in order without being able to advance Beltre, giving the Jays a 2–0 series lead heading to Toronto for Game 3. With the loss the Rangers dropped to 1–11 in Division Series home games.

Game 3, October 9.

Looking to eliminate the Rangers from the playoffs for the second consecutive year, the Blue Jays sent American League ERA leader Aaron Sanchez to the mound in Game 3. The Rangers countered with starter Colby Lewis. The Rangers took their first lead of the series in the top of the first with a walk to Carlos Gómez, a stolen base, and back-to-back groundouts. The Blue Jays, though, took that lead away immediately in the bottom of the same inning with a two-run home run by Edwin Encarnación and a shot by Russell Martin, making the score 3–1, Jays. The Rangers chipped away in the third with an Elvis Andrus home run to cut the score to 3–2. But the Blue Jays pulled ahead in the bottom of the same inning on an RBI double by Josh Donaldson that just stayed fair down the right field line and knocked Lewis out of the game, followed by an RBI single by Encarnación off Tony Barnette to make it 5–2. The Rangers made it a one-run game again with a two-run home run to dead center by Rougned Odor. Sanchez would pitch into the sixth inning, leaving with two runners on and a 5–4 lead. Joe Biagini would allow a double to Mitch Moreland that just got out of the reach of Kevin Pillar that scored two runs and gave the Rangers a 6–5 lead. In the bottom of the sixth, a passed ball by Jonathan Lucroy with the bases loaded allowed Troy Tulowitzki to score the tying run. The game would go into the tenth inning tied at six. Rangers pitcher Matt Bush, pitching his third inning of relief, gave up a leadoff double to Donaldson. After an intentional walk to Encarnación and a José Bautista strikeout, Martin hit a ground ball to shortstop Andrus. Andrus flipped the ball to Odor, who recorded the out at second and then threw on to first base in an attempt to double up Martin. But the throw went wide of first, drawing Moreland off the base and allowing Martin to reach safely; in the meantime, Donaldson never stopped running from second base and he was able to score the winning run when he slid safely under Moreland's throw to the plate. Rangers manager Jeff Banister called for a video review to see if Encarnación had interfered with the throw to second but the call was upheld to end the game and series. Odor's error was first time in MLB history that any postseason series ended on an error.

Composite line score.

2016 ALDS (3–0): Toronto Blue Jays beat Texas Rangers

Cleveland vs. Boston.

The Red Sox–Indians series marked the fifth postseason meeting between the two teams, with each team winning two series. Their most recent meeting was in the 2007 American League Championship Series, in which the Red Sox overcame a 3–1 deficit to win the American League pennant.

Game 1, October 6.

Dustin Pedroia led off Game 1 with a double to right field off Trevor Bauer, then moved to third on Brock Holt's single and scored two outs later on Hanley Ramírez's double, but Holt was thrown out trying to score, ending the inning. Jose Ramírez led off the bottom of the second with a double off Rick Porcello and scored on Lonnie Chisenhall's single to tie the game. Andrew Benintendi's leadoff home run in the third put the Red Sox back up 2−1, but in the bottom of the inning, home runs by Roberto Perez, Jason Kipnis, and Francisco Lindor gave the Indians a 4−2 lead. The Red Sox cut the lead to one on Sandy Leon's leadoff home run in the fifth off Bauer, who was replaced by Andrew Miller with two outs in the inning. In the bottom half, Perez hit a leadoff double, moved to second on a sacrifice fly, and scored on Kipnis's single off reliever Drew Pomeranz. Holt's leadoff home run in the eighth off Bryan Shaw made it 5−4, but Cody Allen pitched 1 shutout innings for the save.

Game 2, October 7.

Corey Kluber pitched seven shutout innings in Game 2, allowing three hits and three walks while Dan Otero and Bryan Shaw pitched a perfect eighth and ninth, respectively. Red Sox's David Price, after a perfect first, allowed three straight one-out singles in the second, the last of which to Brandon Guyer scoring Carlos Santana, before Lonnie Chisenhall's three-run home run put the Indians up 4−0. In the fourth, Price allowed a leadoff single to Guyer, then walked Roberto Pérez with one out before being relieved by Matt Barnes. Rajai Davis hit into a forceout at third before Jason Kipnis's single scored Perez. Guyer hit a leadoff single off Barnes in the sixth, then moved to third one out later on Dustin Pedroia's fielding error before scoring on Davis's sacrifice fly off Brad Ziegler to make it 6−0 Indians, who went up two games to none in the series heading to Boston.

Game 3, October 10.

The Indians struck first in Game 3 off Clay Buchholz when with runners on second and third in the fourth with one out, Tyler Naquin drove them both in with a single to right field. In the fifth, Xander Bogaerts singled with one out off Josh Tomlin and scored on Andrew Benintendi's double to make it 2−1 Indians, but in the sixth, Jose Ramirez drew a leadoff walk off Drew Pomeranz, then Coco Crisp homered one out later to put the Indians up 4−1. Dustin Pedroia singled to lead off the bottom of the inning off Tomlin, who was relieved by Andrew Miller. Pedroia moved to third on Mookie Betts's double and scored on David Ortiz's sacrifice fly. In the eighth, pinch hitter Travis Shaw singled with one out off Bryan Shaw. After Betts hit into a force out, Cody Allen relieved Shaw and walked Ortiz before Hanley Ramírez's RBI single made it 4−3 Indians. Allen pitched a scoreless ninth despite allowing a single and walk as the Indians completed a sweep of the Red Sox. This was David Ortiz's 85th and final playoff game.

Composite line score.

2016 ALDS (3–0): Cleveland Indians beat Boston Red Sox

The 2016 American League Division Series (ALDS) were two best-of-five game series to determine the participating teams in the 2016 American League Championship Series of Major League Baseball. The three divisional winners (seeded 1-3) and the winner of a one-game Wild Card playoff played in two series. The divisional winners were the Texas Rangers in the American League West with the first seed by virtue of having the best record in the American League, the Cleveland Indians in the American League Central with the second seed, and the Boston Red Sox in the American League East with the third seed. The Toronto Blue Jays beat the Baltimore Orioles in the Wild Card Game, earning the fourth seed.

Les Séries de divisions de la Ligue américaine de baseball 2016 sont deux séries éliminatoires jouées dans la Ligue américaine de baseball, l'une des deux composantes des Ligues majeures de baseball. Ces deux séries sont jouées du jeudi au lundi.


Biography.

Apprenticeship in Würzburg.

Bernhard Heine was born on August 20, 1800 as the son of a tanner in Schramberg. At the age of ten (according to other references, thirteen) years he was apprenticed to his uncle Johann Georg Heine in Würzburg as an orthopaedic mechanic. Without any enrolment he later attended lectures in medicine at the University of Würzburg. After a number of journeys he took over his own department in his uncle's orthopaedic institute. When Johann Georg moved to the Netherlands in 1829, Bernhard - together with his cousin Joseph Heine - became the head of the Würzburg institution. In 1837 Bernhard Heine married his cousin (Johann Georg's daughter) Anna Heine (*1801).

Inventing the osteotome.

In 1830, after long years of research and development, Bernhard Heine presented a medical tool to his colleagues. It was a "bone saw", which he called "osteotome" and which revolutionized surgical treatment. His invention was a great success among medical experts all over Europe. Heine travelled to other parts of Germany, France and even Russia to present it to other surgeons. In 1836 already a doctoral thesis on the "Osteotome and its application" was published in Munich.  Heine declined an offer of the Russian Tsar Nicholas I to take over the position of an orthopaedic senior consultant at the imperial school in Kronstadt and returned to Würzburg. The Würzburg university awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1836 and an honorary professorship in 1838, although he had never acquired any degree.

Research work on bone formation.

Bernhard Heine acquired valuable knowledge in the field of bone formation and bone regeneration, which is still valid today. He was able to prove that the periosteum, the tissue covering the bones, is decisive in bone regeneration and therefore has to be spared violation in the operating process. Unfortunately his early death did not allow him to publish his findings in a medical work. Since 1844 he had taught "Experimental Physiology" at the Würzburg university as an associate professor, but fell ill with tuberculosis and died on July 31, 1846 on a recreation trip to Switzerland in Glockenthal near Thun. It was not until 1926, eighty years after his death that his research findings were published (see external link biography).

Bernhard Heine (August 20, 1800, Schramberg (Black Forest) – July 31, 1846, Glockenthal near Thun (Switzerland)) was a German physician, bone specialist and the inventor of the osteotome, a medical tool for cutting bones.

Bernhard Heine (né le à Schramberg (Forêt-Noire) – mort le à Glockenthal, près de Thoune (Suisse)) est un médecin allemand, inventeur de l', un outil médical permettant de couper les os.


History.

In 1821 German Heinrich Lohner (1786–1855) established a workshop in Vienna, Austria, establishing himself as a wagonmaster. In 1823 he formed a joint venture with master saddlemaker ("Sattlermeister") Ludwig Laurenzi, "Laurenzi & Lohner". After the death of Ludwig Laurenzi in 1863 the company became "Jacob Lohner & Co." under Heinrich Lohner's son Jacob Lohner (1821–92). Jacob Lohner transformed his father's craft business into a factory eventually manufacturing between 300 and 500 vehicles per year. The company supplied vehicles to the courts of the royal houses of Norway, Sweden, and Romania, as well as to the Austrian emperor; the company received the distinction "k.u.k. Hofwagenlieferant" ("Royal carriagemakers").  In 1887 Jacob Lohner's son Ludwig Lohner (1858–1925) took over the company. He decided that self-powered cars were the future, initially working with Béla Egger, and in 1898 hiring Ferdinand Porsche (from Béla Egger's electricity company). During his employment Porsche designed a number of vehicles. The Lohner Porsche chaise was powered by batteries, with two front wheel electric motors mounted in the wheel hubs. One of his electric vehicles was a popular exhibit at the "Exposition Universelle" (Paris world fair, 1900). Porsche later developed petrol-engined cars with electric transmissions, some versions of which had additional batteries. Vehicles using the petrol electric transmission with hub motors were sold to the German army and to the Viennese fire brigade. Porsche left the Lohner company in 1905, and joined Daimler affiliate company "Österreichische Daimler Motoren Commanditgesellschaft Bierenz Fischer & Co."; vehicles were later built using the Lohner Porsche system under the Mercedes brand of Daimler. In 1909, the firm undertook aircraft manufacture, producing reconnaissance aircraft for the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, and a series of flying-boat patrol aircraft for the Navy, which were later copied by the Italian Macchi aviation firm for the Italian military in World War I. Lohner also produced aircraft for the budding Spanish Air Force.  After World War I the company abandoned aircraft production, and shifted its production to the manufacturing of trams, and coachbodies. During the Great Depression the factory in Floridsdorf shut down.  During the Anschluss with Germany Lohner produced aircraft wings. The plant was damaged in 1944, and post World War II the company was in public administration until 1949 when it was returned to the control of the Lohner family.  In 1949 Lohner began manufacturing scooters and mopeds which were designed by Otto Kauba, a production range that would include the well-known of which was the Lohner L125. the scooter range included popular models such as the "Sissy", L125 and L98, but sales were eventually reduced due to the popularity of the motorcar. Tram production also resumed post World War II.  In 1959, the Lohner factory merged with Rotax which had supplied engines for its motorscooters. During the 1960s contracts included hay-loaders, gun carriages for the Austrian Army, and Bombardier Ski-Doos which were produced under license from 1966 to 1970.  In 1970 the company was acquired by Bombardier purchased a majority of shares in the company and renamed it "Bombardier-Rotax GmbH".

Bombardier Transportation.

Reorganized later as a division of Bombardier-Rotax named "Bombardier Wien Schienenfahrzeuge" (BWS). After Bombardier's acquisition of Adtranz in 2001, the company's production plan designated the Vienna works for carbody production, specialising in Light rail vehicles (LRV).  The company moved to a new plant in the Donaustadt district of Vienna in 2007. As of 2012 the company operates as "Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH & Co. KG", and manufactures trams.

Lohner-Werke or simply "Lohner", was a Viennese luxury coachbuilding firm founded in the 19th century by Jacob Lohner. Around 1900 the firm produced electric-cars, being the first in Austria to do so; the cars were designed by Ferdinand Porsche. During the early 1900s the firm manufactured aircraft, after World War I the company manufactured trams, and after World War II the company began manufacturing scooters and mopeds using engines from Rotax, with which it merged in 1959, forming "Lohner Rotax".

Lohner ou Lohner-Werke ou Lohner-Porsche est un ancien constructeur automobile de haute technologie et de luxe autrichien de 1821, acquis en 1970 par l'industrie canadienne Bombardier / Bombardier Produits récréatifs / Can-Am (BPR). Ferdinand Porsche (1875-1951) y a inventé la première série d'automobile hybride essence électrique de l'histoire de l'automobile.


Demographics.

As of the 2010 census, there were 53,743 people, 22,435 households, and 13,595 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,174.2 people per square mile (1,225.4/km2). There were 22,573 housing units at an average density of 1,327.1 per square mile (512.4/km2). 64% housing units were owner-occupied and 35% of housing units were renter-occupied. The racial makeup of the city was 84.7% White, 3.1% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.5% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.  There were 22,028 households out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families, 37% of which were non-family households with residents over 65 years of age. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.08.  In the city, the population was spread out with 22.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $68,665, and the median income for a family was $52,083. Males had a median income of $42,497 versus $35,963 for females. The per capita income for was $24,976. About 9.1% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.  Weymouth has the 10th highest Irish population in the United States, at 33%. As "white flight" occurred in inner-city Boston exacerbated by the start of the cross-district busing program, in the 1960s and 70s thousands of white (predominantly of Irish descent) Bostonians moved to middle/working class suburbs such as Weymouth and Quincy. The blue collar city culture (example: The Boston accent) of places like South Boston and Dorchester is prevalent in the neighborhoods of Weymouth. Weymouth has colloquially been referred to as "Suburban Southie" and "Southie on the South Shore" due to the high influx of South Boston residents and Irish Catholic culture in the town. This trend continues in a different way again today as some longtime South Boston residents are now being priced out due to gentrification. Many are moving out to the more affordable towns on the South Shore.

Demographic breakdown by ZIP code.

Income.

Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

Geography.

Weymouth is located at (42.206458, −70.945919).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 21.6 square miles (56.0 km2), of which 17.0 square miles (44.1 km2) is land and 4.6 square miles (11.9 km2) (21.29%) is water.  Weymouth contains the Weymouth Back River and the Weymouth Fore River; its surroundings, formerly industrial, are now set aside as parks and natural areas including Webb Memorial State Park. There are many streets named after people and trees.  Weymouth residents often designate which of four 'districts' they live in.  Weymouth is bordered on the north by Hingham Bay and Boston Harbor. Weymouth's territory includes Grape Island, Slate Island, and Sheep Island, all part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. Weymouth is bordered on the west by Quincy, Braintree, and Holbrook. It is bordered on the south by Abington and Rockland. Weymouth is bordered on the east by Hingham.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Weymouth has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Transportation.

Weymouth is served by several MBTA Bus routes as well as three MBTA Commuter Rail stations: two on the Greenbush Line, at Weymouth Landing and near Jackson Square, and one on the Old Colony Line at South Weymouth. Numbered routes that pass through Weymouth include Massachusetts Routes 3, 3A, 18, 53, 58 and 139.

Government.

Weymouth was founded in 1635, from the territory known as Wessagusett which was described in 1622—just two years after the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth. Weymouth held the distinction of having the oldest continuous town meeting form of government, for 365 years. In 1999, Weymouth residents voted to change to a city form of government. David M. Madden was elected as the city's first mayor and took office in 2000.  On July 10, 2007, Mayor David M. Madden announced he would not seek reelection. In 2008, Susan Kay was elected as the new mayor of Weymouth.  On November 3, 2015, Republican state senator Robert L. Hedlund was elected as the new mayor of Weymouth, succeeding long-incumbent mayor Susan M. Kay. Hedlund assumed office on January 4, 2016.  Weymouth is one of the few places in the United States where self-service gas stations are illegal. The ban was introduced in 1977.

Education.

Weymouth High School is the only high school in Weymouth. Prior to 2005, grades eight and nine were housed in Weymouth Junior High while grades ten, eleven, and twelve comprised the High School. This changed with the construction of a new wing on the Junior High building in South Weymouth, which subsequently became the new Weymouth High School housing grades nine through twelve. The old Weymouth High School in East Weymouth was converted into the Maria Weston Chapman Middle School. More than 2,000 students attend the high school. A brand new athletic surface was completed in 2005, giving Weymouth High School an artificial turf field and a track surface.  In 2008 "Boston Magazine" ranked Weymouth High School eighth among Boston-area high schools in academic performance and eighteenth in cost efficiency.  There is one Weymouth Middle School in East Weymouth. There are two campuses and are down the street from each other. The campuses are called Chapman Campus and Adams Campus.  Abigail Adams Middle School has now been set for 5th and 6th grades and Maria Weston Chapman Middle School 7th and 8th grades in 2010. With Chapman going to be rebuilt within the next few years due to poor upkeep of the current school.  There are eight primary schools and one early childhood center, five of which are named after Weymouth's Congressional Medal of Honor recipients.  There is one Public Charter School which Weymouth is associated to  In addition, there are five private schools in Weymouth.

History.

A failed colony.

Weymouth was settled in 1622 as Wessagusset Colony founded by Thomas Weston, who had been the main financial backer of Plymouth Colony. The settlement was a failure, as the 60 men from London were ill-prepared for the hardships required for survival. They also may have lacked the motivation of the Pilgrims, as this colony was purely economic in motivation and the men had not brought their families.  By winter, poor planning and bad management led to supplies running out, and the Plymouth colonists had little to share. The situation grew desperate and Weymouth men began to sell their clothes, hire themselves out as laborers, and even steal from the local Massachusett Indians. The Indians were soon taunting the Weymouth men and robbing them of what little food they gathered clamming and foraging in the woods. By now, many in the colony were starving or ill, and law and order had broken down. The lowest point came when a settler was accused of stealing supplies from the Massachusetts, and the Massachusett leaders demanded the thief's execution; the Weymouth men complied, but legend has it that they may have executed a dying, sick settler instead.  By April 1623, word came of conflict between American Indians and the Virginia colonists, and tension increased between the Wessagusset colonists and the Indians. Massachusetts and other tribes began plotting to attack and destroy what was left of the floundering colony and the more successful Plymouth Colony. Wampanoag Chief Massasoit heard about the plot but soon and fell ill and nearly died. A party from the Plymouth Colony came to his village and nursed him back to health, and he warned them of the plot. Governor William Bradford decided to preempt the planned attack, and sent Myles Standish to Weymouth with the Plymouth militia and their Indian guide Hobbamock to end the threat. Using the promise of a meal of pork, Standish lured five of the more bellicose Massachusett Indians inside the stockade, including Wituwamat, a large man who had belittled Standish because he was short and had bragged about murdering a number of French shipwreck survivors. Once inside, there was a brief struggle and the Indian leaders were killed.  Ten of the original 60 colonists starved to death and two others were killed in conflicts with the Indians. Forty-five colonists joined Plymouth or went north to Maine, and from there most returned to England. Three men who had left the colony to live among the Indians as laborers could not be warned in time and were subsequently killed by them after Standish had released the women and children.  Robert Gorges attempted to form a colony at the site later that year as the center of a more royalist and Anglican system of government for New England. He brought William Morrell as religious leader and expected Governor Bradford to acknowledge his supremacy and act as his agent. Within weeks, the New England winter caused Gorges to leave with most of the settlers. Those who remained formed the nucleus of the permanent settlement. and the oldest in what would become Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, it was officially incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony; the name was changed to Weymouth in 1635 with the addition of 100 families under the leadership of Joseph Hull. These groups experienced some difficulty integrating together, especially due to conflicting pressures from the Puritans of Boston and the Pilgrims of Plymouth, but Weymouth was a stable and prominent town with its current boundaries by 1635. It was included as part of Suffolk County when it was formed on May 10, 1643. The oldest surviving house in Weymouth is the Bickman House (ca. 1650) located at 84 Sea Street.

Post-colonization.

Weymouth was heavily involved in the shoemaking industry from the first years of the 18th century right through to 1973, when the Stetson Shoe Company closed its doors. The building is currently being used for medical offices.  The original town hall was destroyed by fire in 1914 and was replaced in 1928 with a town hall that is a replica of the old Massachusetts State House in Boston. In May 2018, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker designated a tract of land near Lakeview Manor and the eastern and northern borders of Whitman's Pond as an "opportunity zone" under the Congressional Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

Points of interest.

Parks.

Weymouth has 43 parks, playgrounds, memorials, recreation areas and facilities:

Weymouth is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, one of 13 Massachusetts municipalities with city forms of government while retaining "town of" in their official names, it is named after Weymouth, Dorset, a coastal town in England, and is the second-oldest settlement in Massachusetts only to Plymouth, Massachusetts. It is one of the South Shore's more affordable towns and offers a short commute into Boston, MBTA bus and rail service, and a town beach.

Weymouth est une ville située dans le comté de Norfolk, dans l'État du Massachusetts aux États-Unis. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s'élevait à.


History.

Lithon Industries was originally established as an electronics company building navigation, communications and electronic warfare equipment. They diversified and became a much bigger business, with major shipyards, and manufacturing microwave ovens.  It was founded in 1953 by American business executive Charles Bates "Tex" Thornton alongside his associates Roy Ash and Hugh Jamieson. Headquartered in Beverly Hills, California, the original name of the company was 'Electro Dynamics Corporation'. In 1954, with a loan from the Lehman Brothers, Thornton acquired the vacuum tube producer 'Litton Industries Inc' from its founder Charles Litton Sr. for $1.5 million and subsequently adopted its name.  Although Lithon Industries lacked capital in the beginning, Thornton thought that the U.S. Department of Defense would need more sophisticated weapons and that the demand for another large electronics company will increase. During the years, Lithon Industries acquired several other smaller companies and had merged with Monroe Calculating Machine. Monroes used Litton's technological assets and Litton required Monroe's sales and service outlets. During the late 1950s and early 1960s. 50% of Litton's business was with the U.S. Government; besides calculators, they were also producing inertial guidance systems for aircraft, potentiometers, duplexers, etc.  In 1961, Litton acquired Ingalls Shipbuilding for $8 million and subsequently ventured into the production of submarines and oil-drilling equipment. By 1963, Litton Industries reached $500 million with a revenue of $393.8 million. In 1973, after several years of disappointing sales, Thornton replaced Ash with Fred O'Green as president of the company. With the new strategy, Litton sold some of its profit-losing subsidiaries and focused on the profitable ones. The company also succeeded to make a 1.6 billion deal with the Saudi Arabian Air Force. The profits of the company increased from $44 million in 1979 to $78 million in 1983.  During the 1980s, Litton dropped its businesses in publishing, medical products, office furniture, and microwaves and shifted the production to sophisticated technology. As a result of that, the company bought the electronic firms Itek Corp. and Core Laboratories. In the early 1990s, Litton Industries split into separate military and commercial companies. The US$2 billion commercial business, which included Litton's oilfield services, business, and automated assembly line operations, was named Western Atlas, Inc.  In 1998, Litton Industries bought TASC, Inc.. In 2000, TASC sold three stand-alone commercial operations: Adesso Software, WSI (Weather Services International) Corporation and Emerge. The company reported sales of $5.6 billion and a net income of $218 million for the 2000 fiscal year. On December 21, 2000, in a joint statement, Litton Industries and Northrop Grumman announced that the latter will acquire Litton Industries shares in a transaction worth $5.1 billion. The transaction was completed on May 31, 2001 and Northrop Grumman official acquired Litton Industries.

Divisions.

A provisional list of Litton Industries' major divisions:

Litton Industries was a large defense contractor in the United States named after inventor Charles Litton, Sr.. During the 1960s, the company began acquiring many unrelated firms and became one of the largest conglomerates in the United States. At its peak, in addition to many defense-related companies, it also owned both Royal Typewriters and Adler, Moffat major appliances, Stouffer's frozen foods, and various office equipment and furniture companies.

Litton Industries était une société de constructions navales et de systèmes électroniques, qui a fusionné en 2001 avec le groupe Northrop Grumman. Son fondateur était.


Design.

The project is perceived as the follow-on development to the now-canceled Cessna Citation Columbus. Its fuselage cross-section (83.25 inch circular section) is the same as the Cessna Citation Latitude. The aircraft has a T-tail empennage and area rule fuselage contouring. The aluminum wings incorporate moderate winglets. Construction is aluminum for both wing and fuselage. The cabin is 7 inches shorter and 6 inches narrower than the Columbus design.  Initially, the Snecma Silvercrest engine was selected to power the aircraft, however the production model is powered by Honeywell HTF7000 turbofans. The Silvercrest was planned for the larger Citation Hemisphere, but Textron suspended its development in July 2019 as the turbofan did not meet objectives.  Its wings and empennage are similar to the Hawker 4000 with winglets leading to a 5.3 ft. larger wingspan. The moderately super-critical wing have a quarter-chord sweep of 26.8° for its inner section and 28.6° for the outer section. The six-passenger Latitude fuselage has been reinforced and stretched by another row of seats to accommodate eight people in double club. The manufacturer has not announced the final design weights (as of May 2016); BCA estimates a 24,000–25,000 lb. basic operating weight. Cabin height is 6.0 ft., width is 6 ft. 5 in., floor width is 4 ft. 1 in and cabin length is 25 ft.  After a takeoff at below the MTOW, the climb rate is at FL200. At its Mach 0.83, TAS max cruise, fuel flow per side is per hour at FL430 and ISA -4.

Development.

Announced at the May 2012 EBACE and scheduled for introduction in 2017. The first flight-test aircraft completed its first flight on October 8, 2016. The second flew in November, and in March 2017 the third, used to develop avionics and systems and to collect flight simulator data before two others will join the test program. The two aircraft completed 125 flights for more than 250 hours as production of the aircraft commenced at Textron Aviation's Wichita, Kansas facility.  Less than eight months after the first flight and after more than 200 missions for nearly 400 hours, on track for certification later in 2017, the fourth prototype joined the flight-test program on May 6, fully outfitted for interior, environmental control system, pressurization and cabin technologies evaluation. The first production unit was rolled out on June 13, 2017 as the four test aircraft have flown 550 hours and a fifth aircraft will join in summer 2017. In October 2017, test aircraft have completed more than 1,200 flight hours over 600 flights, for a certification expected by the end of 2017 or in early 2018.  In February 2018, as the five aircraft accumulated over 1,000 flights and 2,000 hours, US approval and customer deliveries were expected before the end of the second quarter before European validation six months later. After 3,000 hours on five aircraft, flight testing will conclude by early June 2018, and 200,000 pages of documentation will be completed after a month. As testing has doubled for certification, expanding related documentation, it is expected in the third quarter of 2018 with deliveries from late in this quarter or early in the fourth, less than a year after originally planned. It received a partial exemption for fuel tank flammability requirements applicable through January 2020 to keep its third-quarter approval goal, but a compliance plan had to be submitted by October 1, 2018.  On October 15, 2018, fractional operator NetJets announced the purchase of up to 175 Longitudes, sold for $26 million each, along 150 Citation Hemispheres, priced at $35 million. After 4,050 hours in 1,650 test flights, the Longitude received a provisional FAA type certification on December 20, allowing deliveries in early 2019. The fuel tank flammability requirements were addressed on December 5, with airplanes to be delivered having the definitive installation but limiting it for high elevation airport or RVSM operations, and restricting maintenance. The provisional type certification allowed to begin customer training flights and Textron expects certification in February 2019, while deliveries to NetJets should begin in the third quarter.  On September 23, 2019, Textron Aviation announced its FAA Type Certification, after 6,000 flight hours, 11,000 test points and a world tour. The first was shipped in early October. On December 31, 2019, Netjets took delivery of its first Longitude from its order for 150, expecting to enter service early in the first quarter of 2020.

<section begin="summary" />The Cessna Citation Longitude (Model 700) is a range business jet, part of the Cessna Citation family. Announced at the May 2012 EBACE, it made its first flight on October 8, 2016, with certification obtained in September 2019.

Le Cessna Longitude est un avion d'affaires à réaction en cours de développement qui doit entrer en service en 2017. Il appartient à la gamme Cessna Citation.


Biography.

Early life.

Riphagen was born as the eighth child into a Dutch family in Amsterdam. Riphagen's father worked for the Royal Dutch Navy, while his mother, a homemaker, died when he was six years old. His father married a second time but did not take care of the children because he was an alcoholic. At the age of 14 Dries Riphagen was sent to the notorious merchant-navy training center "Pollux", and from 1923 to 1924 went to sea as an ordinary seaman. Subsequently, he stayed in the United States for two years working for Standard Oil, during which time he came into contact with local criminal circles and learned their methods. His subsequent nickname Al Capone came from this time in the United States.  After his return from the United States, Riphagen joined the National Socialist Dutch Workers' Party (NSNAP), an extremely anti-Semitic minor party whose aim was that the Netherlands should become a province of the German Reich. He became one of the foremost figures of the Amsterdam underworld, known among the pimps on the Rembrandtplein, and developed a taste for jewellery, precious stones and gambling, also dealing in used — sometimes stolen — cars.

World War II.

During the Second World War, Riphagen not only continued his criminal activities but expanded them in profitable co-operation with the German occupiers as a trustworthy ally of the German security service, SD, and later as a member of the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam. It was his task, together with his "colleagues" from the Amsterdam underworld, to uncover the black market as well as to track down Jewish property, which was being commercialized outside the German foreign exchange regulations of the time. As a bonus, the men received five to ten percent of the confiscated goods, but they also slipped many valuables into their own pockets.  Dries Riphagen soon took part in the hunt for Jews ("Judenjagd") together with members of the Olij family, who were feared "Jodenkloppers" (Jew beaters). From 1943 he was part of the Henneicke Column, a group of investigators who searched out Jews who had gone underground. This approximately fifty-strong group was founded in 1942 by Wim Henneicke, the stateless son of a German immigrant. From March 4 to March 31, 1943, the Column, which consisted mainly of professional criminals, handed over 3190 Jews to the German authorities, who deported them to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. A reward of between 7.50 and 40 guilders per person was paid. The Column also coerced Jewish people with the threat of deportation to betray other Jews who had gone into hiding. By the end of 1943, Riphagen had collected a small fortune, which he deposited in various accounts in Belgium and Switzerland. Finally the Henneicke Column was dissolved on the grounds of corruption. Riphagen was employed in the last year of the war by the Hoffmann Group of the SD in Assen, which specialized in the detection of shot-down Allied airmen and weapons that had been dropped to the resistance.  Riphagen played an important role in 1944 in partially rolling-up the underground resistance organisation Identity Cards Centre (Persoonbewijzencentrale), in the course of which the German-Jewish resistance fighter Gerhard Badrian was shot.

After the war.

After the war Dries Riphagen was wanted by the police for the betrayal of Jews as well as Treason, and the public prosecutor considered him responsible for the death of at least 200 people. Riphagen contacted the former resistance fighter and head of police in Enschede, Willem Evert Sanders, who wanted to do a deal with him. Riphagen was not handed over to the official authorities, but was placed under house-arrest as a "private" prisoner in exchange of information on collaborators and German-friendly networks. In February 1946 he escaped; according to rumours, he was helped across the border by his underworld friends in a casket inside a hearse, but according to more recent findings, the escape was organized by two staff members of the Dutch secret service Bureau voor Nationale Veiligheid, Frits and Piet Kerkhoven. From Belgium he spent three months travelling to Spain by bicycle, according to his son Rob.  In May 1946, Riphagen was held in Huesca, Spain because he lacked the necessary personal papers. He was imprisoned, but on the intervention of a Jesuit priest he was released on bail, under the order to get his papers rectified. Thereupon he obtained a Nansen passport, and Frits Kerkhoven provided him with clothes and shoes in which diamonds that he had previously deposited with Kerkhoven were hidden. When he was about to be extradited to the Netherlands — he was now living in Madrid — he flew to Argentina on 21 March 1948 with a friend. His contact address there was also that of a Jesuit priest, but nothing is known of any connection with the so-called "ratlines". The Dutch Ambassador in Buenos Aires, Floris Carcilius Anne Baron van Pallandt, made a request for extradition, which was however only based on lesser offences such as vehicle theft and robbery and which, according to the Argentine judiciary, were already time-barred and for which the submitted evidence was inadequate.  The fact that Riphagen was not handed over to the Netherlands was most likely due to his good connections. He was friends with a member of the Supreme Court of Argentina, Rodolfo Valenzuela, who also served as secretary to President Juan Perón. As a result, he became acquainted with the Presidential couple and remained in contact with Perón until his death. He settled in Belgrano, a district of Buenos Aires, where he ran a photography press office and worked for Perón's secret service as an instructor in anti-communist tactics, imparting whatever knowledge he acquired working for Germany during the war. He also organized boxing competitions at the Luna Park for Jan Olij, his old friend from Amsterdam.  After the Revolucion Libertadora, where Perón was overthrown, Riphagen returned to Europe and travelled around, mainly in Spain, Germany and Switzerland. He preferred to surround himself with wealthy women, who also maintained him. His last known address was in Madrid. In 1973, Dries Riphagen, the "worst war criminal in Amsterdam", died of cancer in Montreux.

Historical re-appraisal in the Netherlands.

In 2010 two Dutch journalists and employees of the newspaper Het Parool, Bart Middelburg and René ter Steege published the book 'Riphagen, 'Al Capone', één van Nederlands grootste oorlogsmisdadigers' (Riphagen, 'Al Capone', one of the Netherlands' greatest war criminals). The book is based on interviews with Dries Riphagen's son, Rob, and Betje Wery, who had collaborated with the Germans.  In 2016 the film "Riphagen" by director Pieter Kuijpers was produced in the Netherlands, the main character being portrayed by actor Jeroen van Koningsbrugge. The screenplay was written by Thomas van der Ree and Paul Jan Nelisse, and based on the book by Middelburg and Ter Steege. In 2017, Dutch TV station VPRO broadcast the film as a three part series.

Bernardus Andries "Dries" Riphagen (7 September 1909 – 13 May 1973) was a Dutch gangster and Nazi collaborator who is best known in the Netherlands for collaborating with the Nazi Germany's "Sicherheitsdienst" (SD) to locate as many Dutch Jews as possible and have them delivered to Nazi concentration camps during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.

Dries Riphagen, né Bernard Andreas Riphagen le à Amsterdam et mort le à Glion (Suisse), est un criminel néerlandais ayant collaboré avec les Nazis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.