History.

The fluid coupling originates from the work of Hermann Föttinger, who was the chief designer at the AG Vulcan Works in Stettin. His patents from 1905 covered both fluid couplings and torque converters.  A Mr Bauer of the Vulcan-Werke collaborated with English engineer Harold Sinclair of Hydraulic Coupling Patents Limited to adapt the Föttinger coupling to vehicle transmission in an attempt to mitigate the lurching Sinclair had experienced while riding on London buses during the 1920s Following Sinclair's discussions with the London General Omnibus Company begun in October 1926, and trials on an Associated Daimler bus chassis, Percy Martin of Daimler decided to apply the principle to the Daimler group's private cars.  During 1930 The Daimler Company of Coventry, England began to introduce a transmission system using a fluid coupling and Wilson self-changing gearbox for buses and their flagship cars. By 1933 the system was used in all new Daimler, Lanchester and BSA vehicles produced by the group from heavy commercial vehicles to small cars. It was soon extended to Daimler's military vehicles. These couplings are described as constructed under Vulcan-Sinclair and Daimler patents.  In 1939 General Motors Corporation introduced Hydramatic drive, the first fully automatic automotive transmission system installed in a mass-produced automobile. The Hydramatic employed a fluid coupling.  The first diesel locomotives using fluid couplings were also produced in the 1930s

Overview.

A fluid coupling consists of three components, plus the hydraulic fluid:  The driving turbine, known as the 'pump', (or "driving torus") is rotated by the prime mover, which is typically an internal combustion engine or electric motor. The impeller's motion imparts both outwards linear and rotational motion to the fluid.  The hydraulic fluid is directed by the 'pump' whose shape forces the flow in the direction of the 'output turbine' (or "driven torus"). Here, any difference in the angular velocities of 'input stage' and 'output stage' result in a net force on the 'output turbine' causing a torque; thus causing it to rotate in the same direction as the pump.  The motion of the fluid is effectively toroidal - travelling in one direction on paths that can be visualised as being on the surface of a torus:

Stall speed.

An important characteristic of a fluid coupling is its stall speed. The stall speed is defined as the highest speed at which the pump can turn when the output turbine is locked and full input torque (at the stall speed) is applied. Under stall conditions all of the engine's power at that speed would be dissipated in the fluid coupling as heat, possibly leading to damage.

Step-circuit coupling.

A modification to the simple fluid coupling is the step-circuit coupling which was formerly manufactured as the "STC coupling" by the Fluidrive Engineering Company.  The STC coupling contains a reservoir to which some, but not all, of the oil gravitates when the output shaft is stalled. This reduces the "drag" on the input shaft, resulting in reduced fuel consumption when idling and a reduction in the vehicle's tendency to "creep".  When the output shaft begins to rotate, the oil is thrown out of the reservoir by centrifugal force, and returns to the main body of the coupling, so that normal power transmission is restored.

Slip.

A fluid coupling cannot develop output torque when the input and output angular velocities are identical. Hence a fluid coupling cannot achieve 100 percent power transmission efficiency. Due to slippage that will occur in any fluid coupling under load, some power will always be lost in fluid friction and turbulence, and dissipated as heat. Like other fluid dynamical devices, its efficiency tends to increase gradually with increasing scale, as measured by the Reynolds number.

Hydraulic fluid.

As a fluid coupling operates kinetically, low-viscosity fluids are preferred. Generally speaking, multi-grade motor oils or automatic transmission fluids are used. Increasing density of the fluid increases the amount of torque that can be transmitted at a given input speed. However, hydraulic fluids, much like other fluids, are subject to changes in viscosity with temperature change. This leads to a change in transmission performance and so where unwanted performance/efficiency change has to be kept to a minimum, a motor oil or automatic transmission fluid, with a high viscosity index should be used.

Hydrodynamic braking.

Fluid couplings can also act as hydrodynamic brakes, dissipating rotational energy as heat through frictional forces (both viscous and fluid/container). When a fluid coupling is used for braking it is also known as a "retarder".

Scoop control.

Correct operation of a fluid coupling depends on it being correctly filled with fluid. An under-filled coupling will be unable to transmit the full torque, and the limited fluid volume is also likely to overheat, often with damage to the seals.  If a coupling is deliberately designed to operate safely when under-filled, usually by providing an ample fluid reservoir which is not engaged with the impeller, then controlling its fill level may be used to control the torque which it can transmit, and in some cases to also control the speed of a load.  Controlling the fill level is done with a'scoop', a non-rotating pipe which enters the rotating coupling through a central, fixed hub. By moving this scoop, either rotating it or extending it, it scoops up fluid from the coupling and returns it to a holding tank outside the coupling. The oil may be pumped back into the coupling when needed, or some designs use a gravity feed - the scoop's action is enough to lift fluid into this holding tank, powered by the coupling's rotation.  Scoop control can be used for easily managed and stepless control of the transmission of very large torques. The Fell diesel locomotive, a British experimental diesel railway locomotive of the 1950s, used four engines and four couplings, each with independent scoop control, to engage each engine in turn. It is commonly used to provide variable speed drives.

Applications.

Industrial.

Fluid couplings are used in many industrial application involving rotational power, especially in machine drives that involve high-inertia starts or constant cyclic loading.

Rail transportation.

Fluid couplings are found in some Diesel locomotives as part of the power transmission system. Self-Changing Gears made semi-automatic transmissions for British Rail, and Voith manufacture turbo-transmissions for diesel multiple units which contain various combinations of fluid couplings and torque converters.

Automotive.

Fluid couplings were used in a variety of early semi-automatic transmissions and automatic transmissions. Since the late 1940s, the hydrodynamic torque converter has replaced the fluid coupling in automotive applications.  In automotive applications, the pump typically is connected to the flywheel of the engine—in fact, the coupling's enclosure may be part of the flywheel proper, and thus is turned by the engine's crankshaft. The turbine is connected to the input shaft of the transmission. While the transmission is in gear, as engine speed increases, torque is transferred from the engine to the input shaft by the motion of the fluid, propelling the vehicle. In this regard, the behaviour of the fluid coupling strongly resembles that of a mechanical clutch driving a manual transmission.  Fluid flywheels, as distinct from torque converters, are best known for their use in Daimler cars in conjunction with a Wilson pre-selector gearbox. Daimler used these throughout their range of luxury cars, until switching to automatic gearboxes with the 1958 Majestic. Daimler and Alvis were both also known for their military vehicles and armoured cars, some of which also used the combination of pre-selector gearbox and fluid flywheel.

Aviation.

The most prominent use of fluid couplings in aeronautical applications was in the DB 601, DB 603 and DB 605 engines where it was used as a barometrically controlled hydraulic clutch for the centrifugal compressor and the Wright turbo-compound reciprocating engine, in which three power recovery turbines extracted approximately 20 percent of the energy or about from the engine's exhaust gases and then, using three fluid couplings and gearing, converted low-torque high-speed turbine rotation to low-speed, high-torque output to drive the propeller.

Calculations.

Generally speaking, the power transmitting capability of a given fluid coupling is strongly related to pump speed, a characteristic that generally works well with applications where the applied load does not fluctuate to a great degree. The torque transmitting capacity of any hydrodynamic coupling can be described by the expression formula_1, where formula_2 is the mass density of the fluid, formula_3 is the impeller speed, and formula_4 is the impeller diameter. In the case of automotive applications, where loading can vary to considerable extremes, formula_1 is only an approximation. Stop-and-go driving will tend to operate the coupling in its least efficient range, causing an adverse effect on fuel economy.

Manufacture.

Fluid couplings are relatively simple components to produce. For example, the turbines can be aluminium castings or steel stampings and the housing can also be a casting or made from stamped or forged steel.  Manufacturers of industrial fluid couplings include Voith, Transfluid, TwinDisc, Siemens, Parag, Fluidomat, Reuland Electric and TRI Transmission and Bearing Corp.

Patents.

This is not an exhaustive list but is intended to give an idea of the development of fluid couplings in the 20th century.

A fluid coupling or hydraulic coupling is a hydrodynamic or 'hydrokinetic' device used to transmit rotating mechanical power. It has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical clutch. It also has widespread application in marine and industrial machine drives, where variable speed operation and controlled start-up without shock loading of the power transmission system is essential.

Un accouplement fluide ou hydraulique est une transmission de puissance utilisée en automobile comme alternative à l'embrayage. Mais elle trouve aussi de nombreuses applications dans la construction navale et l'industrie mettant en jeu des régimes variables ou nécessitant un effort progressif, sans à-coups.


History.

In 2009 PHPanywhere (the predecessor of Codeanywhere) was launched, which was a web-based FTP client and text editor, designed for PHP. That project stayed idle until May 22, 2013 when the founders launched Codeanywhere. It was founded by Croatians Ivan Burazin and Vedran Jukić, who reside in Split, Croatia.  Codeanywhere raised $600,000 from World Wide Web Hosting on July 15, 2013 when Ben Welch-Bolen became a board member. In August 2014 Codeanywhere was accepted in Techstars’s Fall Boston Class. In 2014, as part of the TechCrunch Disrupt NY Conference, the audience voted Codeanywhere the best company in Startup Alley.

Recent development.

Before version 6.0, Codeanywhere had a mobile app for the client's code editing, however, the app was not really the Codeanywhere browser-based Cloud IDE, as it was a fundamental version whose clients were only able to use some core features when the clients were far away from the computer. Moreover, in August 2017, Codeanywhere launched a new app supporting comprehensive features for the clients, not only just a basic mobile code editor, but it became a robust mobile IDE on Android devices. It was huge progress for clients to "code anywhere". On the other hand, it had not yet been released on iOS and BlackBerry.  By February 9, 2019, Codeanywhere became the best Cloud IDE as compared with 41 other Cloud IDEs which are generated by the highly positive users' recommendation history. This ranking was determined by 927 users considering 42 options and was analyzed using the Slant algorithm. Codeanywhere received 90 points, making it the most popular Cloud IDE.

Implementation steps.

Step 1: Creating an Account Click the "Sign up" button (which is located at the top right-hand corner) to get in the register page Fill in your email address and your desired password (Third-party application can be used such as "Google" or "Facebook") Remember to click the checkbox to verify your human identity Finish the registering by clicking the "Register" button  Step 2: Activating Account Email for verifying the account will be sent to the filled in the location Click the hyperlink embedded in the email Codeanywhere support can be contacted for further assistance  Step 3: Build a Container Go to "File", and click the "New Connections", then "Container" Choose which predefined stack you will use Wait until the container is deployed  Step 4: Create an app Create a file and write coding Save it and click "Run" button

Educational Usage.

Compared to desktop IDE tools users, Codeanywhere users spend less time on installing and configuring an IDE for different languages. Besides, since Codeanywhere users can write, compile and debug their codes on the company's servers instead of their own computers, the tool can be used in low configuration systems. This makes Codeanywhere a tool suitable for beginners learning some basic programming knowledge, as they might not have well-equipped computers.

Limitation.

In Codeanywhere, users can simply sign up and get started programming for free 7 day trial. The basic functions and features are provided to the free trial users, while only use one container is provided. Besides, to maintain the best possible performance and free services to other users, Codeanywhere will clean up users' containers if they are not used for more than three weeks. And after the termination of containers, Codeanywhere will not restore the container as well as the date inside. Until March 1, 2019, Codeanywhere had a free plan.  In order to upgrade and get more advanced services, users could also choose different plans that Codeanywhere provided. Until February 17, 2018, Codeanywhere provided four different plans, named Starters, Freelancer, Professional, and Business. As for the price, it differs from plan to plan, and the billed type (users can choose either paid monthly or annually).

Codeanywhere is a cross-platform cloud integrated development environment created by Codeanywhere, Inc. Codeanywhere enables users to instantly write, edit, collaborate and run web development projects from a web browser and any mobile device.

Codeanywhere est un IDE cloud multiplateforme (environnement de développement intégré) créé par Codeanywhere, Inc. Il permet aux utilisateurs d'écrire, de modifier, de collaborer et d'exécuter instantanément des projets de développement Web à partir d'un navigateur Web et de tout appareil mobile.


History.

The tower was used by General William Roy in his trigonometric survey linking the nearby Royal Greenwich Observatory with the Paris Observatory; a 36 inch (0.91 m) theodolite (now in London's Science Museum) was temporarily installed on its roof. This Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790) led to the formation of the Ordnance Survey. In 1848, the Royal Engineers used the castle for their survey of London.  Following Lady James' death in 1798, the building passed through the hands of various landowners, including John Blades, a former Sheriff of London, a Mr Barlow (ship owner) who built nearby Castle Wood House, and Thomas Jackson (a railway and docks contractor of Eltham Park). On Aug 18th 1845, the tower was visited by diarist William Copeland Astbury, who recorded the tower, layout, ownership and condition. In 1922, the tower was purchased by London County Council and it became a local visitor attraction with a ground-floor tearoom serving drinks and cakes. In 1986, when the GLC was abolished, responsibility for Severndroog passed to Greenwich Council.

Restoration.

In 1988, the local council could no longer afford the building's upkeep and it was boarded up. In 2002, a community group, the Severndroog Castle Building Preservation Trust, was established. In 2004, it featured in the BBC TV series "Restoration" (presented by Griff Rhys Jones, Ptolemy Dean and Marianne Suhr, producer-director Paul Coueslant) - with the aim of gaining support for a programme of work to restore the building and open it to the public.  In July 2013 work began on renovating the castle, funded by a £595,000 Heritage Lottery Fund grant, and it was officially reopened to the public on 20 July 2014.  The Green Chain Walk and Capital Ring long-distance paths go through "Eltham Common" and "Castle Wood" and past the castle between Shooter's Hill and Eltham.  The entire castle, or just the William James room on the second floor, can be hired for weddings, functions, private events and meetings. The castle is open to the public.

Severndroog Castle is a folly situated in Oxleas Wood, on Shooter's Hill in south-east London in the Royal Borough of Greenwich. It was designed by architect Richard Jupp, with the first stone laid on 2 April 1784.

Le château de Severndroog est une folie située à Oxleas Wood, sur Shooter's Hill, dans le sud-est de Londres, dans le Royal Borough de Greenwich. Il a été conçu par l'architecte Richard Jupp, avec la première pierre posée le 2 avril 1784.


Club career.

Tenerife.

Born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, González started playing in CD Tenerife's youth setup. He later appeared with the first team in the 2014 pre-season, being also called up to the match against SD Ponferradina on 22 August 2014.  On 24 August 2014, before even having appeared with the B-side, González played his first match as a professional, coming on as a substitute for Iker Guarrotxena in the 62nd minute of a 0–1 away loss to Ponferradina for the Segunda División. and thus becoming the second-youngest debutant for the club. He scored his first goal in the competition on 31 January of the following year, but in a 2–3 away defeat against Albacete Balompié.

Real Madrid.

González signed with Real Madrid on 25 July 2017, being assigned to the reserves in Segunda División B. He made his competitive debut for the first team on 31 October 2018, replacing Marco Asensio and scoring the final goal in a 4–0 victory at UD Melilla for the Copa del Rey's round of 32. His maiden La Liga appearance took place the following 13 January, when he played the entire second half of a 2–1 away victory over Real Betis after coming on for the injured Karim Benzema.

Udinese.

On 19 July 2019, González signed a five-year contract with Udinese Calcio of the Italian Serie A. On 13 August, however, he returned to his home country after agreeing to a one-year loan deal at SD Huesca.

Cristo Ramón González Pérez (born 24 October 1997) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a forward for SD Huesca, on loan from Italian club Udinese Calcio.

Cristo Ramón González Pérez, ou plus simplement appelé Cristo, né le 24 octobre 1997, est un footballeur espagnol qui joue comme attaquant pour la SD Huesca, où il est prêté par le club italien Udinese Calcio.


Geography.

The Vestfold Hills are largely snow and ice-free and are thus classified as an Antarctic oasis. They contain a great variety of lake systems with over 300 lakes and ponds including what is possibly the largest concentration of meromictic (stratified) lakes in the world. This region contains 37 permanently stratified water bodies, including six marine basins and seven seasonally isolated marine basins (SIMBs). These stratified basins also have great variety. They range in salinity from 4 g L to 235 g L, in temperature from, in depth from, in area from and surface level from below to above sea level. The region contains a large lake, Lake Burton, as well as the smaller Krok Lake.

History and naming.

The Vestfold Hills were discovered and a landing was made in the northern portion on February 20, 1935, by Captain Klarius Mikkelsen together with his wife and seven crew members (including the ship's dentist, Lief Sørsdal) of the Norwegian whaling ship "Thorshavn" sent out by Lars Christensen. Mrs Caroline Mikkelsen thereby became the first woman to set foot on the Antarctic continent.  The Vestfold Hills are named after Vestfold, a county in Norway where Sandefjord, headquarters of the whaling industry, is located. This hill area and its off-lying islands were mapped from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37). Further brief landings were made by Lincoln Ellsworth and several claims made by Hubert Wilkins in 1939. and the area was photographed from the air by USN Operation Highjump (1946–47). Landings were made and exploration carried out in 1954 and 1955 by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) led by Phillip Law. Davis Station was established by ANARE in January 1957.

The Vestfold Hills are rounded, rocky, coastal hills, in extent, on the north side of Sorsdal Glacier on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. The hills are subdivided by three west-trending peninsulas bounded by narrow fjords. Most of the hills range between in height, with the highest summit reaching nearly.

Les Collines de Vestfold sont des collines côtières arrondies et rocheuses, d'une superficie de, situées au nord du Glacier de Sorsdal, sur la Côte d'Ingrid-Christensen dans la Terre de la Princesse-Élisabeth, en Antarctique. Les collines sont subdivisées par trois péninsules orientées vers l'ouest et délimitées par d'étroits fjords. La plupart des collines ont une hauteur comprise entre et, le sommet le plus élevé atteignant près de.


Overview.

Color filters are needed because the typical photosensors detect light intensity with little or no wavelength specificity, and therefore cannot separate color information. Since sensors are made of semiconductors they obey solid-state physics.  The color filters filter the light by wavelength range, such that the separate filtered intensities include information about the color of light. For example, the Bayer filter (shown to the right) gives information about the intensity of light in red, green, and blue (RGB) wavelength regions. The raw image data captured by the image sensor is then converted to a full-color image (with intensities of all three primary colors represented at each pixel) by a demosaicing algorithm which is tailored for each type of color filter. The spectral transmittance of the CFA elements along with the demosaicing algorithm jointly determine the color rendition. The sensor's passband quantum efficiency and span of the CFA's spectral responses are typically wider than the visible spectrum, thus all visible colors can be distinguished. The responses of the filters do not generally correspond to the CIE color matching functions, so a color translation is required to convert the tristimulus values into a common, absolute color space.  The Foveon X3 sensor uses a different structure such that a pixel utilizes properties of multi-junctions to stack blue, green, and red sensors on top of each other. This arrangement does not require a demosaicing algorithm because each pixel has information about each color. Dick Merrill of Foveon distinguishes the approaches as "vertical color filter" for the Foveon X3 versus "lateral color filter" for the CFA.

RGBW sensor.

An RGBW matrix (from red, green, blue, white) is a CFA that includes "white" or transparent filter elements that allow the photodiode to respond to all colors of light; that is, some cells are "panchromatic", and more of the light is detected, rather than absorbed, compared to the Bayer matrix. Sugiyama filed for a patent on such an arrangement in 2005. Kodak announced several RGBW CFA patents in 2007, all of which have the property that when the panchromatic cells are ignored, the remaining color filtered cells are arranged such that their data can be processed with a standard Bayer demosaicing algorithm.

CYGM sensor.

A CYGM matrix (cyan, yellow, green, magenta) is a CFA that uses mostly secondary colors, again to allow more of the incident light to be detected rather than absorbed. Other variants include CMY and CMYW matrices.

Manufacture of the CFA.

Diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ)-novolac photoresist is one material used as the carrier for making color filters from color dyes or pigments. There is some interference between the dyes and the ultraviolet light needed to properly expose the polymer, though solutions have been found for this problem. Color photoresists sometimes used include those with chemical monikers CMCR101R, CMCR101G, CMCR101B, CMCR106R, CMCR106G, and CMCR106B.  A few sources discuss other specific chemical substances, attending optical properties, and optimal manufacturing processes of color filter arrays.  For instance, Nakamura said that materials for on-chip color filter arrays fall into two categories: pigment and dye. Pigment based CFAs have become the dominant option because they offer higher heat resistance and light resistance compared to dye based CFAs. In either case, thicknesses ranging up to 1 micrometre are readily available.  Theuwissen says "Previously, the color filter was fabricated on a separate glass plate and glued to the CCD (Ishikawa 81), but nowadays, all single-chip color cameras are provided with an imager which has the color filter on-chip processed (Dillon 78) and not as a hybrid." He provides a bibliography focusing on the number, types, aliasing effects, moire patterns, and spatial frequencies of the absorptive filters.  Some sources indicate that the CFA can be manufactured separately and affixed after the sensor has been manufactured, while other sensors have the CFA manufactured directly on the surface of the imager. Theuwissen makes no mention of the materials utilized in CFA manufacture.  At least one early example of an on-chip design utilized gelatin filters (Aoki et al., 1982). The gelatin is sectionalized, via photolithography, and subsequently dyed. Aoki reveals that a CYWG arrangement was used, with the G filter being an overlap of the Y and C filters.  Filter materials are manufacturer specific. Adams et al. state "Several factors influence the CFA's design. First, the individual CFA filters are usually layers of transmissive (absorptive) organic or pigment dyes. Ensuring that the dyes have the right mechanical properties—such as ease of application, durability, and resistance to humidity and other atmospheric stresses—is a challenging task. This makes it difficult, at best, to fine-tune the spectral responsivities.".  Given that the CFAs are deposited on the image sensor surface at the BEOL (back end of line, the later stages of the integrated circuit manufacturing line), where a low-temperature regime must be rigidly observed (due to the low melting temperature of the aluminum metalized "wires" and the substrate mobility of the dopants implanted within the bulk silicon), organics would be preferred over glass. On the other hand, some CVD silicon oxide processes are low temperature processes.  Ocean Optics has indicated that their patented dichroic filter CFA process (alternating thin films of ZnS and Cryolite) can be applied to spectroscopic CCDs. Gersteltec sells photoresists that possesses color filter properties.

Some pigment and dye molecules used in CFAs.

In U.S.P.# 4,808,501, Carl Chiulli cites the use of 5 chemicals, three of which are C.I. #12715, AKA Solvent Red 8; Solvent Yellow 88; and C.I. # 61551, Solvent Blue 36. In U.S.P. # 5,096,801 Koya "et al.", of Fuji Photo Film company, list some 150-200 chemical structures, mainly azo dyes and pyrazolone-diazenyl, but fail to provide chemical names, CAS Registry numbers, or Colour Index numbers.

Optically efficient CFA implementation.

Nakamura provides a schematic and bibliographic items illustrating the importance of microlenses, their f-number, and the interplay with the CFA and CCD array. Further, a short discussion of anti-reflection films is offered, though Janesick's work appears is more concerned with photon–silicon interaction. Early work on microlenses and on the three-CCD/prism cameras stress the importance of a fully integrated design solution for CFAs. The camera system, as a whole, benefits from careful consideration of CFA technologies and their interplay with other sensor properties.

In digital imaging, a color filter array (CFA), or color filter mosaic (CFM), is a mosaic of tiny color filters placed over the pixel sensors of an image sensor to capture color information.

En photographie, une matrice de filtres colorés est une mosaïque de filtres colorés placée sur les photosites d'un capteur photographique qui permet la séparation des couleurs. Cette dernière étape est indispensable lors de la captation en vue de la reproduction des couleurs. En effet, l'Homme étant un animal trichromate, il est nécessaire de recueillir au minimum trois lumières colorées différentes judicieusement choisies. Il existe plusieurs matrices, mais, le plus fréquemment, les couleurs rouge, verte et bleu sont les mieux indiqués.


Biography.

John Elmer Milholland was born in Lewis, New York on May 20, 1860 to John and Mary Moore Milholland. His parents were Irish immigrants, and when he was three their house burned down. His mother and sister were killed, and his father returned with Milholland to Ireland. After two years, Milholland returned to America, where his father opened a confectioners shop. Educated at Paterson High School, Milholland was aided by William Walter Phelps and attended New York University.  After two years, he dropped out and became a journalist, working for the "Ticonderoga Sentinel", which he eventually bought. Milholland subsequently sold the paper and was employed by the "New York Tribune", where he reached chief editorial writer. Milholland's friend Harry Reid urged Benjamin Harrison to appoint Milholland as chief inspector of immigration for the Port of New York. Reid was nominated for vice president, in large part through the work of Milholland, for which he was named assistant secretary of the National Republican Party. Milholland soon destroyed his political career by campaigning against Tammany Hall politicians.  He also invested in the Batcheller Pneumatic Tube Co., eventually becoming its president. The corporation worked on the first pneumatic tube lines in New York City (see Pneumatic tube mail in New York City). Expanding into other markets, by 1900, Milholland was worth $500,000. An antiexpansionist, Milholland soon moved to London, where he founded the International Union Club, which supported the Boers. In 1904, he created a syndicate that controlled much of the pneumatic mail in Europe.  He used the large amounts of money he earned to fund several civil-rights activists, first Booker T. Washington, and later W. E. B. Du Bois. Milholland was criticized for these donations, and was soon removed from the board of the corporation. He then expanded his funding of civil rights, funding Mary Ovington, and investing in Phipps Houses; as well as helping to organize the Constitution League, a forerunner of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). "The NAACP was founded in part because of Milholland's financial support of Ovington, as she used the money he gave her to travel and recruit people to answer "the Call" to create the NAACP. Milholland was the NAACP's first treasurer." Milholland married Jean Torrey, and had three children, Vida, John and Inez Milholland. Vida and Inez were both notable women's rights activists. In 1911, he attended the First Universal Races Congress. He died on June 29, 1925, at his home on 247 Fifth Avenue, after a short illness.  In February 1928, a bust of Milholland was unveiled at the Norman School in Pennsylvania. A bust to him was also erected at Howard University.

John Elmer Milholland (May 20, 1860 – June 29, 1925) was an American businessman. He served as the first treasurer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Milholland was an editor at the "New-York Tribune" for twelve years. His company spearheaded work on early pneumatic tubes in New York City.

John Elmer Milholland (né le et mort le ) est un homme d'affaires américain, son entreprise dirige notamment les travaux sur les premiers tubes pneumatiques pour le courrier à New York. Il est le premier trésorier de l'Association nationale pour l'avancement des personnes de couleur (NAACP). Il est aussi rédacteur au "New-York Tribune" pendant douze ans.


Features.

Screenshots.

Greenshot offers several modes for creating a Screenshot: "Capture region" allows to select an area of the screen by dragging a green rectangle to the desired position and size. "Capture last region" is used to re-capture exactly the same area that was captured before. "Capture window" creates a screenshot of the active or a selected window (depending on the user's settings). "Capture fullscreen" captures the complete screen(s). "Capture Internet Explorer" allows creating a scrolling capture of websites that are larger than the browser window when opened in Internet Explorer.

Image editor.

If the user needs to add annotations, highlightings or obfuscations to the screenshot the built-in image editor can be used. Greenshot's image editor is a basic vector graphics editor; however, it offers some pixel-based filters. It allows to draw basic shapes (rectangles, ellipses, lines, arrows and freehand) and add text to a screenshot. Special filter tools are present to highlight text or an area, as well as obfuscating tools (blur / pixelize) which can be used to wipe out sensitive data from a screenshot. Each tool comes with its set of settings, e.g. line color and thickness or an option to drop a shadow.

Export for further use.

Using the image editor is optional, all export options are available from its top toolbar and menu. However the user can configure Greenshot to skip this step and pass the screenshot to other destinations directly. Options are copying the image to the clipboard as Bitmap, sending it to a printer, saving it to the file system (using a user-defined pattern for the filename) or attaching it to a new e-mail message. Since version 1.0 a destination picker is available to select the export destination dynamically after every screenshot, along with several plugins for specialized export to third party applications (e.g. Microsoft Office programs, Paint.NET) and platforms (e.g. Dropbox, JIRA).

Downloads.

By July 2014 the program has been downloaded over 5 million times from SourceForge and almost 2 million downloads were counted in 2013. As of July 2014, The CNET download page counted a total of more than 110,000 downloads. In addition, Greenshot is also available for download at other software portals like Softpedia and Softonic.com.

Reviews.

CNET.com staff has rated version 1.0 of Greenshot 5 of 5 stars, highlighting the possibility to select destinations dynamically and the "surprisingly sophisticated" image editor. Techworld.com concludes that "there are more powerful screen capture tools around" but still gave 4 of 5 stars for Greenshot's "general ease of use". Nick Mead of Softonic also emphasizes the program's easiness as well as the possibilities for annotation and configuration, but criticizes unneeded visual effects when doing the screen capture, rating Greenshot 7 of 10.

Greenshot is a free and open-source screenshot program for Microsoft Windows. It is developed by Thomas Braun, Jens Klingen and Robin Krom and is published under GNU General Public License, hosted by GitHub. Greenshot is also available for macOS, but as proprietary software through the App Store.

Greenshot est un programme de capture d'écran gratuit et open-source pour Microsoft Windows. Il est développé par Thomas Braun, Jens Klingen et Robin Krom et est publié sous licence publique générale GNU (GNU General Public License). Il est hébergé par GitHub.


Format.

The show follows the same general format as the other editions of the show. The players are split between two or three "tribes", are taken to a remote isolated location and are forced to live off the land with meager supplies for 39 days (36 in the "Celebrity Showdown" seasons). Frequent physical and mental challenges are used to pit the teams against each other for rewards, such as food or luxuries, or for "immunity", forcing the other tribe to attend "Tribal Council", where they must vote off one of their members.  When 10 players are remaining, the tribes are merged into a single tribe, and competitions are on an individual basis; winning immunity prevents that player from being voted out. All of the players that are voted out at this stage form the "Tribal Council Jury". Once down to three people (two in the 1st season), a final Tribal Council is held where the remaining players plead their case to the Jury as to why they should win the game. The jury then votes for which player should be considered the "Pinoy Sole Survivor" and be awarded the grand prize of P3,000,000.

Deviations.

While the show was aired on a daily basis rather than once a week, all elements of the "Survivor" franchise were otherwise present. The show uses the theme music for the British version composed by Russ Landau, who made the "Ancient Voices" series of theme scores for the American version. It has further been re-arranged and added with tribal and ethnic flavors by local Filipino composer Diwa de Leon and chant vocals were performed by Evan Britanico.  One unique difference in this franchise is in the status of castaways who are evacuated to the hospital nearest to the setting of the game. Instead of being declared as eliminated at the point of evacuation, a castaway being sent to the hospital due to apparent injury or ailment is reminded to return to the game within 24 hours; otherwise, they are officially declared as eliminated from the game. One exception was with "Survivor Philippines: Celebrity Doubles Showdown" castaway, Stef Prescott, who had been brought to a hospital in Manila after she was bitten by a Philippine cobra at Bulan camp. She was on treatment and observation for two days. Throughout the two-day absence from the game, she missed the actual Tribal Shuffle twist, a Tribal Immunity Challenge, and a Tribal Council. She came back on Day 13. Of the eight castaways across four seasons so far who were sent to the hospital with this reminder, all returned to the game, with one (Niña Ortiz from the first season) deciding to leave soon after her return from the hospital due to injury.  Another deviation in this franchise is the choice of the merge name, which is done beforehand by the producers. The merged tribe's name normally follows the naming pattern of those of the initial competing tribes. Many other "Survivor" versions usually let members of the new merged tribe make up their new tribal name.  In another deviation, the reunion specials were pre-recorded and were aired in the first Sunday after the final results were announced, which commonly happened in Fridays. One exception was with the reunion special of the fourth season, to be aired in the second Sunday after the live finale. In the American editions, the reunion special is usually aired live immediately after the final results are announced.

Survivor Philippines is a Philippine television reality competition show broadcast by GMA Network. The show is the Philippine version of the television series "Survivor". Originally hosted by Paolo Bediones, it premiered on September 15, 2008 on the network's Telebabad line up. The show concluded on February 19, 2012 with a total of 269 episodes and 4 seasons. Richard Gutierrez served as the host for the final two seasons. Since, it aired internationally (except North America) on GMA Pinoy TV.

Survivor Philippines est une émission de télévision philippine diffusée par GMA Network. L'émission est la version philippine de l'émission américaine "Survivor".


History.

Sri Lanka National Front.

The Sri Lanka National Front (Sri Lanka Jathika Peramuna) contested the 2001 parliamentary election in 15 of the 22 electoral districts but failed to win any seats in Parliament after securing only 719 votes (0.01%) across the country. The SLNF contested the 2004 parliamentary election in 17 of the 22 electoral districts but failed to win any seats in Parliament after securing only 493 votes (0.01%) across the country. SLNF leader Wimal Geeganage contested the 2005 presidential election and came in eighth after securing 6,639 votes (0.07%).  The SLNF contested the 2010 parliamentary election in 19 of the 22 electoral districts but failed to win any seats in Parliament after securing only 5,313 votes (0.07%) across the country. Geeganage contested the 2015 presidential election and came in 19th (and last) after securing 1,826 votes (0.02%).

Our Sri Lanka Freedom Front.

In 2015 the SLNF changed its name to Our Sri Lanka Freedom Front (Ape Sri Lanka Nidahas Peramuna) and its symbol from cricket bat to flower bud. In early 2016 OSLFF leader Geeganage hinted that there would be change in the party leadership's soon.

Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna.

In November 2016 OSLFF relaunched itself as the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna, a front for the Joint Opposition, and appointed former Foreign Minister G. L. Peiris, a Rajapaksa ally, as its chairman. Attorney-at-law Sagara Kariyawasam was the front's secretary and its symbol was the flower bud. Kariyawasam is a former Sri Lanka Freedom Party organiser and has served as attorney for Mahinda Rajapaksa and his brother Gotabhaya Rajapaksa. Basil Rajapaksa, another brother of Mahinda Rajapaksa, joined the SLPP shortly after it was formed.  Local elections were held on 10 February 2018. The SLPP contested for the election under its flower bud symbol.

The Sri Lanka People's Front (; ), commonly known by its Sinhalese name Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP), is a Sri Lankan political front. Previously a minor political party known as the Sri Lanka National Front (SLNF) and Our Sri Lanka Freedom Front (OSLFF), it was relaunched in 2016 as the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna and became the home for members of the United People's Freedom Alliance loyal to its former leader Mahinda Rajapaksa.

Le Front du peuple du Sri Lanka, communément connu sous sa forme cingalaise Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (en ; en ), est un parti politique sri lankais.


History.

The history of the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape dates back 210 million years ago when one of the earliest plant-eating dinosaurs, "Plateosauravus" (Euskelosaurus), was known to have lived in the area.  The Mapungubwe area became a focus of agricultural research in the 1920s through the efforts of the botanist Illtyd Buller Pole-Evans. Pole Evans was instrumental in the creation of the Botanical Survey Advisory Committee, which was tasked with coordinating botanical research throughout the Union of South Africa. One of the network of botanical and research stations set up by the Botanical Survey was situated in the Mapungubwe area. At the request of General Smuts, the government set aside a block of nine farms in this area as a preserve for wildlife and natural vegetation in 1918. A few years later this became known as the Dongola Botanical Reserve.  Pole Evans set about expanding the Dongola Botanical Reserve. By the early 1940s, the reserve had grown to include 27 farms, including Greefswald, the property on which the Mapungubwe Hill is situated. Pole Evans lobbied to have the reserve proclaimed as a national park, with the support of Prime Minister Jan Smuts. In 1944, Minister of Lands Andrew Conroy proposed the formation of the Dongola Wild Life Sanctuary, which would include 124 farms, 86 of which were privately owned. This proposal was strongly opposed by the National Party, then the official opposition in parliament and the National Parks Board of Trustees. In one of the longest running debates in the history of the South African parliament, supporters argued that it was necessary to conserve the country's natural assets, that the land set aside for the proposed reserve was unsuitable for agricultural purposes and that the area had a rich archaeology which should be protected. Those opposed to the establishment of the reserve argued that it was unacceptable to alienate agricultural land for wildlife conservation, to expropriate private land or to evict people from land they had occupied for generations. The debate, which has become known as the "Battle of Dongola", resulted in the declaration of a much reduced area as the Dongola Wildlife Sanctuary, after members of the ruling United Party voted in favour of the proposal. The National Party won the elections in 1948, and the sanctuary was abolished in 1949. Expropriated farms were returned to their original farmers, farms owned by the state were allocated for resettlement and funds returned to donors.  In 1967, another proposal to protect the area was initiated and the Vhembe Nature Reserve, comprising three farms, including Greefswald, was established as a Transvaal provincial reserve.  In 1993, De Beers Consolidated Mines, which had established the Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve on land that adjoins Greefswald, called for the area to be declared a national park. In 1995 the South African National Parks Board and the Limpopo provincial government signed an agreement committing themselves to the establishment of the new national park. The Vhembe Dongola National Park was proclaimed on 9 April 1998.  The Vhembe Dongola National Park was renamed Mapungubwe National Park and opened officially on Heritage Day, 24 September 2004. In the 21st century, Mapungubwe has been embraced as a site of significance by South Africans and the international community. The Mapungubwe National Park was declared in 1998. The Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (MCL) was declared as a National Heritage Site in 2001 and it was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2003.  With the park's UNESCO World Heritage Status, a building has been constructed that houses a museum section with many of the artefacts uncovered in the park on display. Information on the park's history and biology is also available at the Interpretive Centre.

Flora and fauna.

Vegetation.

The numerous habitat types have resulted in high species diversity.  There are at least 24 "Acacia" species and 8 "Commiphora" species, amongst others. Other vegetation of the area is a typically short fairly dense growth of shrubby Mopane trees, generally associated with a number of other trees and shrubs and a somewhat sparse and tufted grassveld. The riparian fringe of the Limpopo is of prime importance from the point of view of conservation. It is a dense vegetation community with a closed canopy which occurs in the rich alluvial deposits along the river.  The most striking trees in this community fever trees, ana trees, leadwoods, fig trees and acacias. Extensive patches of this vegetation have been cleared for cultivation elsewhere along the length of the Limpopo River. The Limpopo floodplain has allowed some trees to grow to massive sizes. Nyala berry trees and ana trees can get particularly big.  There are also some very large baobabs in the park, with one specimen having a circumference of.

Birds.

387 bird species have been recorded in Mapungubwe National Park and over 400 species occur in the region.  There is a high density of Verreaux's (black) eagle in this craggy landscape and other raptors are also prominent.  Particularly enticing is an abundance of cuckoo species in summer with up to eleven species being found, including the rarer common and thick-billed cuckoos.  An interesting attraction of the park is the occurrence of species typical of the arid western regions of the country (e.g. southern pied babbler, crimson-breasted shrike and black-faced waxbill) occur alongside species associated with the moister Lowveld habitat of the Kruger National Park.  The Limpopo Tree-top Boardwalk and hide is a magnificent facility allowing the visitor into the trees alongside the birds or looking down on those that forage on the ground and lower strata. Meyer's parrots, white-crested helmetshrikes, Meve's (longtailed) starlings and some flycatcher species will be seen. Both tropical and southern boubous occur.  The yellow-bellied greenbul, Meve's (long-tailed) starling, black-backed puffback and tropical boubou can be seen, and southern pied babbler and Natal spurfowl (francolin) are very vocal as are orange-breasted and grey-headed bush-shrikes and grey-backed camaroptera (bleating warbler).  Several species of owl including barn, African and white-faced scops, Verreaux's (giant) eagle, pearl-spotted and Pel's fishing owl occur in Mapungubwe National Park.  Kori bustards are prominent while chestnut-backed sparrow-larks and wattled starlings are nomadic, but may be abundant. Temminck's coursers and ground hornbills may also be seen in this habitat, as will a number of swallows.  The Limpopo Floodplain in flood is a paradise for aquatic birds. Grey crowned cranes, up to seven stork species and several wader, heron, crake and duck species will be seen in these wet times.  There are many stands of Lala palms and collared palm thrushes have been recorded.  Other specials that occur in Mapungubwe National Park include great white pelican, white-backed night heron, bat hawk, augur buzzard, African hobby, Dickinson's kestrel, green sandpiper, three-banded courser, blue-spotted wood dove, grey-headed parrot, Senegal coucal, pennant-winged nightjar, blue-cheeked bee-eater, broad-billed and racket-tailed roller, African golden oriole and olive-tree warbler.

Mammals.

Most of the large African game species occur in Mapungubwe National Park. When the Limpopo River is not in flood, they roam freely across it to Botswana and Zimbabwe and back.  Current species include; elephant, hippopotamus, white rhinoceros, lion, leopard, cheetah, Cape wild dog, spotted hyena, brown hyena, eland, blue wildebeest, kudu, zebra, bushbuck, waterbuck, impala, klipspringer, duiker, steenbok, red hartebeest, oryx, giraffe, warthog, bush pig, aardvark and baboon.  There are numerous smaller game species, including badgers, civets, porcupine, caracal, vervet monkey, and a host of smaller species.  The wildlife park is also known to be home to at least 17 species of bats. Fruit bats are attracted to the fig trees along the Limpopo River banks, including tree roosting Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat and the cave dwelling Egyptian fruit bat.  Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit together with South Luangwa National Park.

Reptiles.

Rock monitor lizard, water monitor lizard, giant plated lizard, rainbow skink, ground agama and speckled thick toed gecko have all been seen in Mapungubwe National Park. There are estimated to be at least thirty-two species of snake in the park, although only fifteen have thus far been confirmed. Some of these species include the southern African python, snouted cobra, black mamba, both horned and puff adders, and at least three species of whip or sand snakes. Nile crocodile occur in and along the Limpopo River.

Threats.

The status of the park as part of the transfrontier conservation area is severely threatened by the planned exploitation of coal reserves in the immediate vicinity of the reserve. An open-cast coal mine and power plant are planned in the buffer zone of the national park, which threaten its natural and cultural value.. In addition, the large amount of water required for the mining activities will impact the ecology of a large part of the region.

Mapungubwe National Park is a national park in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It is located by the Kolope River, south of the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers and about to the NE of the Venetia Diamond Mine. The National Park borders Mapesu Private Game Reserve to the south. It abuts on the border with Botswana and Zimbabwe, and forms part of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. It was established in 1995 and covers an area of over. The park protects the historical site of Mapungubwe Hill, which was the capital of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe, as well as the wildlife and riverine forests along the Limpopo River. The Mapungubwe Hill was the site of a community dating back to the Iron Age. Evidences have shown that it was a prosperous community. Archaeologists also uncovered the famous golden rhino figurine from the site. It is one of the few places in Africa that has both meerkats and Nile crocodiles.

Le Parc national de Mapungubwe est un parc national de la province du Limpopo, en Afrique du Sud. Il est situé près de la rivière Kolope, au sud de la confluence des rivières Limpopo et Shashe et à environ 15 kilomètres au nord-est de la mine de diamant de Venetia.


Early life.

Yoo was born on January 24, 1994, in Bangbae-dong in the Seocho District of Seoul. He is the second and younger son of his father and fashion brand business-owning mother. He lived in a wealthy household up until the 1997 Asian financial crisis; his family struggled financially thereafter. They lived in a container home for a period of time and his father moved away. Yoo lived in a villa in Yongin with his mother and they moved into a basement room in Seoul. He spent his youth playing video games and, in sixth grade, wanted to become a pro-gamer. In his second year of middle school, Yoo sang during a talent show with a group of friends; he described the cheers for an encore "only for me". The following year, he enrolled in a music hagwon where he began receiving music lessons.

Career.

Careering beginnings and B.A.P.

Yoo auditioned at several music agencies as a high school student. After spending tens months in communication, he became a trainee under JYP Entertainment and was slated to debut in a group at the time. He ultimately left the record company one year later citing "personal reasons". He auditioned for TS Entertainment and was signed to the label soon after.  Yoo was revealed as a member of idol sextet B.A.P on January 18, 2012, where he served as the main vocalist. The group debuted eight days later with its single album "Warrior". In November 2014, the group filed a lawsuit against its agency. The members sought to nullify its contract with the company citing "unfair conditions and profit distribution". In August of the following year, the two parties ultimately settled and B.A.P resumed its activities under TS Entertainment. In August and December 2018, Yongguk and Zelo left the group and record label following the expiration of their contracts, respectively. Yoo and the remaining three members left the agency in February 2019, leading the dissolution of B.A.P.

As a soloist.

Yoo established an independent record label to release his solo music. He released his debut mini-album "Fancy" on April 19. Yoo was cast as the lead role in JTBC's app drama series "Kim Seul Gi Genius" as the lead character. The app was released on iOS and Android and the first episode was made available to watch on May 18, 2019. It will be made available for streaming in November 2019. Yoo also joined the cast of TvN D's variety, 'Mileage Soccer' where celebrities played soccer with various soccer teams in Korea to raise money for charity.  On August 29, 2019, it was announced that Yoo had signed an exclusive contract with a new agency, DMost Entertainment. Under DMost Entertainment, Yoo would continue to pursue music as well as acting and variety. Yoo was cast in his first major television role in the KBS drama "Woman of 9.9 Billion" which began airing in November. Yoo also participated in his first OST for the drama. The song, ""그녀가 처음 울던날"" is a remake of Kim Kwang Seok's song of the same name.  Yoo made his comeback with his second mini-album "O,on" on October 22.

Yoo Young-jae (; born January 24, 1994), also known mononymously as Youngjae, is a South Korean singer and actor. He debuted as an idol in the six-member group B.A.P under TS Entertainment, where he served as the main vocalist from 2012 to its dissolution in 2019. He released his debut mini-album "Fancy" in April.

Yoo Young-jae (coréen : 유영재) né le à Séoul, est un chanteur et danseur sud-coréen. Il est surtout connu pour avoir été un membre du boys band de K-pop B.A.P de 2012 à 2019, en tant que chanteur principal. Young-jae a commencé sa carrière en tant que soliste en avril 2019 avec la sortie de son premier mini-album "Fancy".


Description.

There are two dimensions in aiming a weapon:  The projectile trajectory is affected by atmospheric conditions, the velocity of the projectile, the difference in altitude between the firer and the target, and other factors. Direct fire sights may include mechanisms to compensate for some of these. Handguns and rifles, machine guns, anti-tank guns, tank main guns, many types of unguided rockets (although missiles, mortars, howitzers, rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers, and artillery in general, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles, etc., are indirect), and guns mounted in aircraft are examples of weapons primarily designed for direct fire.  NATO defines indirect fire as "Fire delivered at a target which cannot be seen by the aimer." The implication is that azimuth and/or elevation 'aiming' is done using instrumental methods. Hence indirect fire means applying 'firing data' to azimuth and elevation sights and laying these sights. Indirect fire can be used when the target is visible from the firing position. However, it is mostly used when the target is at longer range and invisible to the firer due to the terrain. Longer range uses a higher trajectory, and in theory maximum range is achieved with an elevation angle of 45 degrees. Indirect fire is most commonly associated with field artillery (although field artillery was originally and until after World War I a direct fire weapon, hence the bullet-shields fitted to the carriages of guns such as the famous M1897 75 mm) and mortars. It is also used with naval guns against shore targets, sometimes with machine guns, and has been used with tank and anti-tank guns and by anti-aircraft guns against surface targets.  It is reasonable to assume that original purpose of indirect fire was to enable fire from a 'covered position', one where gunners can not be seen and engaged by their enemies (that and as the range of artillery lengthened, it was impossible to see the target past all the intervening terrain). The concealment aspect remains important, but from World War I equally important was the capability to concentrate the fire of many artillery batteries at the same target or set of targets. This became increasingly important as the range of artillery increased, allowing each battery to have an ever-greater area of influence, but required command and control arrangements to enable concentration of fire. The physical laws of ballistics means that guns firing larger and heavier projectile can send them further than smaller-calibre guns firing lighter shells. By the end of the 20th century, the typical maximum range for the most common guns was about 24 to 30 km, up from about 8 km in World War I.  During World War I, covered positions moved further back and indirect fire evolved to allow any point within range to be attacked, "firepower mobility", without moving the firers. If the target cannot be seen from the gun position, there has to be a means of identifying targets and correcting aim according to fall of shot. The position of some targets may be identified by a headquarters from various sources of information (spotters): observers on the ground, in aircraft, or in observation balloons. The development of electrical communication immensely simplified reporting, and enabled many widely dispersed firers to concentrate their fire on one target.  Until the introduction of smart munitions the trajectory of the projectile could not be altered once fired.

History.

Indirect arrow fire by archers was commonly used by ancient armies. It was used during both battles and sieges.  For several centuries Coehorn mortars were fired indirectly because their fixed elevation meant range was determined by the amount of propelling powder. It is also reasonable conjecture that if these mortars were used from inside fortifications their targets may have been invisible to them and therefore met the definition of indirect fire.  It could also be argued that Niccolò Tartaglia's invention of the "gunner's quadrant" (see clinometer) in the 16th century introduced indirect fire guns because it enabled gunlaying by instrument instead of line of sight. This instrument was basically a carpenter's set square with a graduated arc and plumb-bob placed in the muzzle to measure an elevation. There are suggestions, based on an account in "Livre de Canonerie" published in 1561 and reproduced in "Revue d'Artillerie" of March 1908, that indirect fire was used by the Burgundians in the 16th Century. The Russians seem to have used something similar at Paltzig in 1759 where they fired over trees, and their instructions of the time indicate this was a normal practice. These methods probably involved an aiming point positioned in line with the target. The earliest example of indirect fire adjusted by an observer seems to be during the defence of Hougoumont in the Battle of Waterloo where a battery of the Royal Horse Artillery fired an indirect Shrapnel barrage against advancing French troops using corrections given by the commander of an adjacent battery with a direct line of sight.  Modern indirect fire dates from the late 19th century. In 1882 a Russian, Lt Col K. G. Guk, published "Field Artillery Fire from Covered Positions" that described a better method of indirect laying (instead of aiming points in line with the target). In essence, this was the geometry of using angles to aiming points that could be in any direction relative to the target. The problem was the lack of an azimuth instrument to enable it; clinometers for elevation already existed. The Germans solved this problem by inventing the lining-plane in about 1890. This was a gun-mounted rotatable open sight, mounted in alignment with the bore, and able to measure large angles from it. Similar designs, usually able to measure angles in a full circle, were widely adopted over the following decade. By the early 1900s the open sight was sometimes replaced by a telescope and the term goniometer had replaced "lining-plane" in English.  The first incontrovertible, documented use of indirect fire in war using Guk's methods, albeit without lining-plane sights, was on 26 October 1899 by British gunners during the Second Boer War. Although both sides demonstrated early on in the conflict that could use the technique effectively, in many subsequent battles, British commanders nonetheless ordered artillery to be "less timid" and to move forward to address troops' concerns about their guns abandoning them. The British used improvised gun arcs with howitzers; the sighting arrangements used by the Boers with their German and French guns is unclear.  The early goniometric devices suffered from the problem that the layer (gun aimer) had to move around to look through the sight. This was very unsatisfactory if the aiming point was not to the front, particularly on larger guns. The solution was a periscopic panoramic sight, with the eyepiece to the rear and the rotatable top of the sight above the height of the layer's head. The German Goertz 1906 design was selected by both the British and the Russians. The British adopted the name "Dial Sight" for this instrument; the US used "Panoramic Telescope"; the Russia used "".  Elevations were measured by a clinometer, a device using a spirit level to measure a vertical angle from the horizontal plane. These could be separate instruments placed on a surface parallel to the axis of the bore or physically integrated into some form of sight mount. Some guns had clinometers graduated in distances instead of angles. Clinometers had several other names including "gunner's level", "range scale", "elevation drum" and "gunner’s quadrant" and several different configurations. Those graduated in ranges were specific to a type of gun.  These arrangements lasted for most of the 20th century until robust, reliable and cost-effectively accurate gyroscopes provided a means of pointing gun or launcher in any required azimuth and elevation, thereby enabling indirect fire without using external aiming points. These devices use gyros in all three axes to determine current elevation, azimuth and trunnion tilt.

Related issues.

Before a gun or launcher can be aimed, it must be oriented towards a known azimuth, or at least towards a target area. Initially, the angle between the aiming point and target area is deduced, or estimated, and set on the azimuth sight. Each gun is then laid on the aiming point, with this angle in order to keep them aimed roughly parallel to each other. However, for artillery another instrument, called either a director (United Kingdom) or aiming circle (United States), became widespread and eventually the primary method of orienting guns in most if not all armies. After being oriented and pointed in the required direction a gun recorded angles to one or more aiming points.  Indirect fire needs a command and control arrangement to allot guns to targets and direct their fire. The latter may involve ground or air observers or technical devices and systems. Fire may be either "adjusted" or "predicted". The latter (originally called "map shooting") means firing data is calculated to include corrections for non-standard conditions. It also requires the target location to be precisely known relative to the gun location. Predicted fire was introduced in World War I.  Adjusting (originally "ranging") means some form of observation is used to correct the fall of shot onto the target; there are several possible reasons for this:  Adjusted and predicted fire are not mutually exclusive, the former may use predicted data and the later may need adjusting in some circumstances.  There are two approaches to the azimuth that orients the guns of a battery for indirect fire. Originally "zero", meaning 6400 mils, 360 degrees or their equivalent, was set at whatever the direction the oriented gun was pointed. Firing data was a deflection or switch from this zero.  The other method was to set the sight at the actual grid bearing in which the gun was oriented, and firing data was the actual bearing to the target. The latter reduces sources of mistakes and made it easier to check that the guns were correctly laid. By the late 1950s, most armies had adopted the bearing method, the notable exception being the United States.

Indirect fire is aiming and firing a projectile without relying on a direct line of sight between the gun and its target, as in the case of direct fire. Aiming is performed by calculating azimuth and inclination, and may include correcting aim by observing the fall of shot and calculating new angles.

Le tir indirect est une technique militaire, principalement utilisée dans l'artillerie, qui a pour objectif de tirer sur une cible non visible directement depuis l'arme qui tire. Il n'y a pas de ligne direct entre l'arme et la cible (a contrario du tir direct). La visée est effectuée en calculant l'azimut et l'inclinaison (ou angle) et peut inclure la correction de la visée en observant la chute du tir et en calculant de nouveaux angles.


Story.

The player begins on the island of Castanet and discovers that a divine tree which once stood in the middle of the Harvest Goddess' pond has begun to weaken, the creatures are beginning to leave the island, and the five bells have lost their power. Only the strength of the Harvest King can revive the earth and bring the tree back to life, but he is nowhere to be found. The player must ring the five bells, bring the Harvest King back to the island, and help revive the Goddess' Tree, while at the same time running a large farm plantation. The player must grow and sell their crops to make money to buy things and furnish their ranch house. There are lots of crops to grow, including beans, tomatoes, potatoes, and many more.

Children.

Some time after the player is married, the wife will have a child. She gives birth in the town clinic, while the husband stays in the waiting room. Afterwards, the nurse will present them with their new son or daughter. The player will be able to play with their child while he or she is a toddler. There are special events in the child's life such as "Crawling", "Walking", "Talking", and "Growing Up."  One of the benefits of marriage is that the player can ask their spouse and children to handle some of the farm responsibilities. Another benefit of marriage is that they can take their spouse and children to festivals by taking them on walks.  Unlike "Tree of Tranquility" and other "Harvest Moon" titles, apart from "Harvest Moon SNES", the player is allowed two children to their family instead of the previous only child option.  Depending on the person the player marries, their child can have different attributes and types of personalities. They can have the same hair and eye color as the player's spouse, and possess some of these traits based on their spouse's own personality: Quiet, Scholarly, Fiery, and Romantic.

Animals.

Although some animals from "Harvest Moon: Tree of Tranquility" return, the official website describes the game as feeling like a circus. The animals are divided into four categories: circus, livestock, poultry, and pets. Circus animals can't be kept as pets, however. Once again, Horses are not the only ride-able animal. If the player has 5 hearts or more with any farm animal (excluding chickens, ducks and silkworms), they can ride them around. All the ride-able animals have different walking/running speed. Horses and ostriches are the fastest, followed by the sheep and goat, and then the cow. The higher their heart level, the faster they go. The livestock (excluding ostriches, ducks, chickens and silkworms) can be different colors. Cows can be brown, black or white and black, horses can be white, brown, grey or black. Sheep can be either white or black, goats can also be white or black.  As with previous games, cows and goats produce milk, cheese and butter, while chickens, ostriches and ducks produce eggs and mayonnaise. In addition, sheep, who used to produce wool exclusively, can produce milk, cheese and butter as well. Silkworms, which were introduced in "Tree of Tranquility", produce silk cocoons, that can be shipped as is, or turned into silk yarn. In addition to being able to buy young animals from Hanna, such as foals and calves, the player can also buy the adult forms of these animals, but at more of a cost.

"Harvest Moon: Animal Parade" is also the last entry in the series to be produced by series creator Yasuhiro Wada.

Harvest Moon : Parade des animaux (牧場物語わくわくアニマルマーチ, "Bokujō Monogatari: Waku Waku Animaru Māchi") est un jeu vidéo de rôle et de simulation de vie développé par Marvelous Entertainment et sorti en 2008 sur Wii.


Gameplay.

"Lego Creator" was initially conceived of as an 'Evergreen' replication of the physical toy. Starting with the 'Town' range, the game would expand at each release with the addition of further product themes. Functionality would also be enhanced with each 'content pack'.  Ultimately, individual ranges remained independent, and emphasis shifted to a play experience, with reduced emphasis on freeform construction. Originally, it had been hoped that sheer scale of unlimited bricks might offset the loss of tactile merit, but such hope was compromised by the computers of the day. Plans included being able to build content, which could be seamlessly dropped into separate Lego video games. This was dropped as the complexity of doing so was further explored. By the time the Harry Potter theme was introduced to the game, the series had shifted far from the original premise of freeform LEGO construction. Instead, the product moved toward a more limited build environment, but with superior gameplay.  In addition to the regular bricks in an assortment of colors, there are specified "Action Bricks", which move or make noise. Examples include the hinge, propeller, and siren. There is also a "Destructa Brick", a 1x2 tile with an image of dynamite superimposed on it. This can be used to destroy models in Play Mode, although the player's creations will automatically rebuild when returning to Build Mode. Minifigures can also be used, and can stand, sit, or walk, and can be set to drive vehicles set to a path or road. In play mode, minifigures and vehicles can travel around the environment, special bricks can be interacted with, the sky can be set from day to night, and the player can control or see from the perspective of any minifigures set to move around, vehicles, and security cameras. Minifigures make gibberish sounds during play mode, and the game's instruction manual details how to replace the audio files for these sounds with custom files.

Awards.

"Lego Creator" received 4 awards: Computer Game Developers Spotlight Award, Best New Children's Game; CODIE Software Publishers Association Excellence in Software Awards, Best New Home Creativity Software (US); "Top 100 Family Tested", Family PC Magazine; and PIN Quality Mark Gold Award, Parents Information. It was also nominated at the 2nd annual interactive achievement awards for computer children's game of the year.

Sequels.

"Lego Creator" was followed by three sequels.

"Lego Creator: Knights' Kingdom".

"" is a medieval-themed construction and management simulation video game developed by Superscape and published by Lego Software in 2000. It is a stand-alone sequel to "Lego Creator" and is based on the first incarnation of the Lego Knights' Kingdom theme.

"Lego Creator: Harry Potter".

"Lego Creator: Harry Potter" is a construction and management simulation video game based on the based on the Harry Potter film "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" and the Lego Harry Potter brand of building block sets. It was developed by Superscape and published by Lego Software in late 2001. It is the first Lego game based on a licensed property. In the game, the player can build Harry Potter-themed worlds and complete challenges.  "Lego Creator: Harry Potter" is related to the film version of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" and allows the player to play as various different characters and go into four general areas, plus 5 extra areas. The area of Inside Hogwarts school has four place-able extra rooms to reach other areas, including Professor Snape's Potions Class and the Forbidden Corridor. The game includes many features that give the player a lot of creative ability. Features include taking control of minifigures and animals, driving the Hogwarts Express, changing the weather from rain to snow to night to day, casting spells and flying on broomsticks, and creating your own minifigures and models with classical and Harry Potter style Lego faces, bodies, cloaks and even wands; while the workshop contains castle pieces, to extras, to standard pieces.

"Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets".

"Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" is the sequel to "Lego Creator: Harry Potter", which focuses on the second movie, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets". This is the only "Lego Creator" installment not to be developed by Superscape, instead being developed by Qube Software and published by Electronic Arts and Lego Interactive.  While the sequel contains many of the same features as the debut game, more additional features were added to enhance the player's creative ability, including more models, more worlds, and more minifigures. Certain characters or animals can reach certain areas of the game. Completing tasks will unlock different worlds and models the player can use in their own world. These tasks are tutorials, which show the user all the features of the program.

Lego Creator is a sandbox game for Microsoft Windows, which involves building with virtual Lego elements. The game has no missions, objectives, challenges, or money constraints. The game was released in November 1998.

Lego Creator est un jeu de construction sorti en novembre 1998 sur Windows. Il consiste à construire avec des éléments Lego virtuels. Le jeu a la particularité de ne pas avoir de mission ni d'objectif.


Invention and development.

Herbert Skinner (1872–1931), pioneer motorist and an active participant in the development of the petrol engine, invented his Union carburettor in 1904. His much younger brother, Carl (Thomas Carlisle) Skinner (1882–1958), also a motoring enthusiast, had joined the Farman Automobile Co in London in 1899. He helped Herbert to develop the carburettor. Herbert's son could remember his mother sewing the first leather bellows. It would be given on loan to The Science Museum, South Kensington in 1934. In 1905, Herbert applied for a patent, which was granted in early 1906. Later, Carl sold his interest in footwear business Lilley & Skinner and became a partner in G Wailes & Co of Euston Road, London, manufacturers of their carburettor. Herbert continued to develop and patent improvements through to the 1920s, including the replacement of the leather bellows by a brass piston, even though he was a full-time director and divisional manager of Lilley & Skinner.

S. U. Company Limited.

S. U. Company Limited — Skinner-Union — was incorporated in August 1910 to acquire Herbert's carburettor inventions, and it began manufacture of the carburettors in a factory at Prince of Wales Road, Kentish Town, in North London. Sales were slow.  Following the outbreak of war in 1914, carburettor production nearly stopped, with the factory making machine gun parts and some aircraft carburettors. With peace in 1918, production resumed, but sales remained slow and the company was not profitable, so Carl Skinner approached his customer, W. R. Morris, and managed to sell him the business. Carl Skinner (T C Skinner) became a director of Morris's privately-held empire, and remained managing director of S.U. until he retired in 1948 aged 65. Production was moved to the W R Morris-owned Wolseley factory at Adderley Park, Birmingham. In 1936, W R Morris sold many of his privately-held businesses, including S. U., to his listed company, Morris Motors.

The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited.

Manufacture continued, now by The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited, which was incorporated 15 September 1936, as part of the Morris Organization, later known as the Nuffield Organization. The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited of 1936 was voluntarily liquidated in December 1994.  In 1996, the name and rights were acquired by Burlen Fuel Systems Limited of Salisbury, which incorporated an entirely new company with the name The S.U. Carburetter Company Limited, which continues to manufacture carburettors, pumps and components, mainly for the classic car market.

Applications.

S.U. carburettors were widely used not only in Morris's Morris and MG products but Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Rover, Riley, Turner, Austin, Jaguar, Triumph and Swedish Volvo, Saab 99 automobiles for much of the twentieth century. S.U. also produced carburettors for aircraft engines including the early versions of the Rolls-Royce Merlin, but these were of the conventional fixed-jet updraught type rather than the firm's patented constant-depression design.  They remained on production cars through to 1993 in the Mini and the Maestro by which time the company had become part of the Rover Group.  Hitachi also built carburettors based on the SU design which were used on the Datsun 240Z, Datsun 260Z and other Datsun Cars. While these appear the same, only their needles are interchangeable.

Operating principle.

A similar description of the below content can be found here:  SU carburettors featured a variable venturi controlled by a piston. This piston has a tapered, conical metering rod (usually referred to as a "needle") that fits inside an orifice ("jet") which admits fuel into the airstream passing through the carburettor. Since the needle is tapered, as it rises and falls it opens and closes the opening in the jet, regulating the passage of fuel, so the movement of the piston controls the amount of fuel delivered, depending on engine demand. The exact dimensions of the taper are tailored during engine development.  The flow of air through the venturi creates a reduced static pressure in the venturi. This pressure drop is communicated to the upper side of the piston via an air passage. The underside of the piston is open to atmospheric pressure. The difference in pressure between the two sides of the piston lifts the piston. Opposing this are the weight of the piston and the force of a spring that is compressed by the piston rising. Because the spring is operating over a very small part of its possible range of extension, its force is approximately constant. Under steady state conditions the upwards and downwards forces on the piston are equal and opposite, and the piston does not move.  If the airflow into the engine is increased - by opening the throttle plate (usually referred to as the "butterfly"), or by allowing the engine revs to rise with the throttle plate at a constant setting - the pressure drop in the venturi increases, the pressure above the piston falls, and the piston is pushed upwards, increasing the size of the venturi, until the pressure drop in the venturi returns to its nominal level. Similarly if the airflow into the engine is reduced, the piston will fall. The result is that the pressure drop in the venturi remains the same regardless of the speed of the airflow - hence the name "constant depression" for carburettors operating on this principle - but the piston rises and falls according to the rate of air delivery.  Since the position of the piston controls the position of the needle in the jet and thus the open area of the jet, while the depression in the venturi sucking fuel out of the jet remains constant, the rate of fuel delivery is always a definite function of the rate of air delivery. The precise nature of the function is determined by the profile of the needle. With appropriate selection of the needle, the fuel delivery can be matched much more closely to the demands of the engine than is possible with the more common fixed-venturi carburettor, an inherently inaccurate device whose design must incorporate many complex fudges to obtain usable accuracy of fuelling. The well-controlled conditions under which the jet is operating also make it possible to obtain good and consistent atomisation of the fuel under all operating conditions.  This self-adjusting nature makes the selection of the maximum venturi diameter (colloquially, but inaccurately, referred to as "choke size") much less critical than with a fixed-venturi carburettor.  To prevent erratic and sudden movements of the piston it is damped by light oil (20W Grade) in a dashpot, which requires periodic replenishment. The damping is asymmetrical: it heavily resists upwards movement of the piston. This serves as the equivalent of an "accelerator pump" on traditional carburettors by temporarily increasing the speed of air through the venturi when the throttle is suddenly opened, thus increasing the richness of the mixture.  SU carburettors do not have a conventional choke flap, which in a fixed-jet carburettor enriches the mixture for starting the engine from cold by restricting the air supply upstream of the venturi. Instead a mechanism lowers the jet assembly, which has the same effect as the needle rising in normal operation - namely increasing the supply of fuel so that the carburettor will now deliver an enriched mixture at all engine speeds and throttle positions. The 'choke' mechanism on an SU carburettor usually also incorporates a system for holding the throttle plate slightly open to raise the engine's idling speed and prevent stalling at low speeds due to the rich mixture.  The beauty of the SU lies in its simplicity and lack of multiple jets and ease of adjustment. Adjustment is accomplished by altering the starting position of the jet relative to the needle on a fine screw (26TPI for most pre-HIF versions). At first sight, the principle appears to bear a similarity to that of the slide carburettor, which was previously used on many motorcycles. The slide carburettor has the same piston and main needle as an SU carburettor, however the piston/needle position is directly actuated by a physical connection to the throttle cable rather than indirectly by venturi airflow as with an SU carburettor. This piston actuation difference is the significant distinction between a slide and an SU carburettor. The piston in a slide carburettor is controlled by the operator's demands rather than the demands of the engine. This means that the metering of the fuel can be inaccurate unless the vehicle is travelling at a constant speed at a constant throttle setting - conditions rarely encountered except on motorways. This inaccuracy results in fuel waste, particularly as the carburettor must be set slightly rich to avoid a lean condition (which can cause engine damage). For this reason Japanese motorcycle manufacturers ceased to fit slide carburettors and substituted constant-depression carburettors, which are essentially miniature SUs. It is also possible - indeed, easy - to retrofit an SU carburettor to a bike that was originally manufactured with a slide carburettor, and obtain improved fuel economy and more tractable low-speed behaviour.  One of the downsides of the constant depression carburettor is in high performance applications. Since it relies on restricting air flow in order to produce enrichment during acceleration, the throttle response lacks punch. By contrast, the fixed choke design adds extra fuel under these conditions using its accelerator pump.

SU carburettor types.

SU carburettors were supplied in several throat sizes in both Imperial (inch) and metric (millimetre) measurement.  The carburettor identification is made by letter prefix which indicates the float type:  The Imperial sizes include 1-1/8", 1-1/4", 1-1/2", 1-3/4", 1-7/8", and 2", although not every type (H, HD, HS, HIF) was offered in every size.  There were also H models made in 2-1/4" and 2-1/2", now obsolete. Special purpose-built carburetors (Norman) were made as large as 3".  To determine the throat size from the serial number: If the final number (after one, two or three letters, beginning with H) has 1 digit, multiply this number by 1/8", then add 1". For example, if the serial number is HS6, the final number is 6: 6/8 = 3/4", add 1, total is 1-3/4", etc.  If the final number has 2 digits, it is the throat size in mm. For example, if the serial number is HIF38, the final number is 38, size is 38 mm etc.

SU fuel pumps.

In 1929 SU introduced the Petrolift electric fuel pump which could be fitted as a substitute for the vacuum type pumps common at the time. This was superseded in 1932 by the L type fuel pump which used a solenoid to operate a diaphragm pump.

SU carburettors are a brand of carburettor of the constant-depression type. The design was in quantity production for much of the twentieth century.

Les carburateurs S.U. sont une marque de carburateur de type à dépression constante. Ce type de carburateurs fut produit en très grande quantité pendant une grande partie du. Le terme S.U. signifie «Skinners Union», rappelant l'association des deux frères Skinner.


Gameplay.

The game is a 'falling block' title, a la "Tetris", and features many similar blocks. The objective of the game is to form 3×3 squares to clear blocks and reach a set objective (unless playing in endless mode). Once a 3×3 square has been formed, more pieces can be attached to form more 3×3 squares and clear other blocks on the screen. These chains will remain on screen until a piece is placed which does not add to it.  The single-player section features an arcade mode, a story mode which adds concepts such as useless blocks, and an endless mode. The game also contains two player multiplayer via WiFi, which supports both single-cart and multi-cart play.  To reach your goal you use blocks to provide your ship Penko with fuel - a series of 3×3 blocks, or Trioncube, will start a chain reaction that fuels your ship. If you break the series of 3×3's or you over-stack, all the blocks turn into coins and the chain is broken.  Test your skills: With four modes, there are endless challenges. Travel through 8 planets to defeat the Space Monster on Arcade Mode, tackle 45 missions to rescue the Princess, take the challenge to reach up to Dimension 99 and more.  Challenge a friend: Invite a friend, or match up against Hell Metal to test your stacking skills.  Customize your experience: with 50 effects and 10 screen Arts, the options are endless on how to create your very own look.  Different shapes, different strategies: With five different shapes, strategize to create your ultimate chain without breaking the 3x3 stacks.

Story.

The Princess has disappeared! Someone must save her! As the Captain of the mighty ship Penko (which looks like a fat penguin), you will embark on a journey to return her to safety. She is flying through space and encounters many situations, she gets kidnapped by the evil Hell Metal, gets eaten by a big purple blob, gets sucked into a black hole and gets caught on a dark big king creature clothes. You have to save her from all this. Then you can return her to the king and collect the reward.

Development.

"Trioncube" was developed by Bandai Namco Games. The game was chiefly designed by Kouji Asuna and was produced by Hideo Yoshizawa, known for his work on the "Mr. Driller" series of puzzle games. The idea for the game came to Asuna while he was at home, watching television after a bath. He had been working on a separate puzzle game at the time and was stuck on how to bring the project together. "Something just clicked in my head as soon as this certain shape appeared on the screen," he explained. "That was the moment "Trioncube" started to <nowiki>[materialize]</nowiki> in my head." Asuna wanted to make "Trioncube" unique by emphasizing large combos rather than clearing lines. Asuna considered utilizing the DS touchscreen for moving blocks, but chose not to because "it didn’t really feel natural or make things easier". The game's "cute" aesthetic was also intentional, evolving from a more basic interface to one the design team hoped would appeal to both younger and female players.

Reception.

The game is said to be far too easy, with the slow pace of the game giving a lack of challenge and making it dull. "ONM" mentioned that the game was not as addictive as Tetris, and there were better puzzle games on the DS.

Trioncube, fully titled in Japan, is a puzzle video game developed by Bandai Namco Games and released for the Nintendo DS.

Trioncube (気持ちよさ連鎖パズル トリオンキューブ, "Kimochiyosa Rensa Puzzle Trioncube") est un jeu vidéo de puzzle développé par Namco et sorti en 2006 sur Nintendo DS.