Life and work.

Meinecke was born in Vienna but grew up in Istanbul after his father accepted a position as director and stage designer at the City Theatre. He attended the German School in Istanbul, graduating in 1959. He studied art history, archaeology and Islamic studies in Vienna and Hamburg, and graduated in 1968 with a dissertation on "Faience decoration of Seljuk religious buildings in Asia Minor". During this time he also traveled widely in Turkey and Turkic Central Asia.  After graduation he joined the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo in 1969 and devoted himself to preserving architecturally and historically significant buildings in the old town, especially those from the Mamluk period. One result of this work was the extensive study that formed his professorial thesis in 1978: "Mamluk architecture in Egypt and Syria". This preservation work included a 1980 collaboration on restoration of the 10th-century Fatimid Darb Qirmiz Quarter in Cairo, for which he was among the recipients of the 1983 Aga Khan Award for Architecture.  Meinecke taught at the University of Hamburg from 1977 to 1980, and during this period he was also a consultant for UNESCO. In 1979 he founded the Damascus branch of the German Archaeological Institute. Meinecke led several important excavations in the years that followed, including at Raqqa (in modern Syria), where the late eighth-century palace complex of Harun al-Rashid was excavated starting in 1982.  In 1988, Meinecke succeeded Klaus Brisch as director of the Museum of Islamic Art in Berlin-Dahlem. After the reunification of East and West Berlin and the merging of museum collections, Meinecke was appointed director of the reunited Museum for Islamic Art in 1992. In 1995, he suddenly collapsed on the stairs to his office and died. After Meinecke's death, his position as director was filled by Volkmar Enderlein, the longtime head of the Islamic collection of Museum Island.

Michael Meinecke (6 November 1941 – 10 January 1995) was a German art historian, archaeologist and Islamic studies scholar who was director of the Museum of Islamic Art in Berlin from 1988 to 1995.

Michael Meinecke est un historien de l'art et archéologue allemand, né à Vienne le et décédé à Berlin le. Spécialiste en sciences islamiques, il a été directeur du musée d'Art de l'Islam ("Museum für Islamische Kunst") intégré au Pergamon Museum de Berlin de 1988 à 1995.


History.

The origin of the name comes from the Dakota word "chanhasen" meaning "sugar-maple tree" ("chan", tree; "haza", a tree with sap). The northern metro area Hassan Township carries the latter morpheme of the word to avoid confusion. Chanhassen merged with Chanhassen Township in 1967, bringing the population to 4,200. Chanhassen was ranked as the #2 best place to live in America in 2009 by "Money" magazine, and fourth among small towns rated as best places to live in 2013.

Geography.

Chanhassen is located at.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water. Although the bulk of Chanhassen is in Carver County, a small portion also extends into Hennepin County.  U.S. Highway 212 and Minnesota State Highways 5 and 41 are three of the main routes in Chanhassen.  Township 116 North, Range 23 West, Fifth Principal Meridian of the Public Land Survey System.

Demographics.

According to data from the US Census Bureau the median household income (using data from 2008-2012) for Chanhassen was $103,462. For the same time period the per capita income was $46,305. Three percent of the population was living below the poverty line.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 22,952 people, 8,352 households, and 6,257 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 8,679 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 92.5% White, 1.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 3.9% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.  There were 8,352 households, of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.9% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.1% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.23.  The median age in the city was 39.3 years. 30.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 32.3% were from 45 to 64; and 7.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 20,321 people, 6,914 households, and 5,524 families living in the city. The population density was 978.1 people per square mile (377.6/km). There were 7,013 housing units at an average density of 337.6 per square mile (130.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 94.90% White, 0.75% African American, 0.15% Native American, 2.83% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.98% of the population.  There were 6,914 households, out of which 51.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.2% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.1% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.33.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.6% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 37.0% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.

Points of interest.

Chanhassen is home to several attractions that are well-recognized throughout the state and even nationally.

Chanhassen Dinner Theatres.

Chanhassen Dinner Theatres is the nation's largest professional dinner theatre, and the largest privately owned restaurant in the state of Minnesota. Since 1968, more than 200 plays have been produced and played to more than ten million guests.

Education.

Chanhassen is split between two school districts. Most of the city is in District 112 (Chaska School District), with most Chanhassen students attending Chanhassen High School, Chaska Middle School West, Pioneer Ridge Middleschool, Chanhassen Elementary, and Bluff Creek Elementary. Northern sections of Chanhassen are a part of District 276 (Minnetonka School District), with most Chanhassen students attending Minnetonka High School, Minnetonka Middle School East, Minnetonka Middle School West, Clear Springs Elementary, and Scenic Heights Elementary. Also, some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute. Chapel Hill Academy and St. Hubert School are private primary education institutions located in downtown Chanhassen.

Politics.

Chanhassen is located in Minnesota's 3rd congressional district, represented by Dean Phillips, a Democrat. President George W. Bush was the first sitting United States president to visit Chanhassen. He held a rally on October 9, 2004 at Chanhassen's City Center Park during the United States presidential elections of 2004.

Economy.

Companies with headquarters in Chanhassen include:

Top employers.

According to the City's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Recreation.

The city of Chanhassen places a strong emphasis on parks, open space, trails and recreation.

Beaches.

Chanhassen has five public beaches.

Trails.

Chanhassen prides itself on providing a comprehensive, multipurpose trail system. The city has built and maintains 70 miles of trails. Many of the city's trails are located in natural resource corridors.

Skate Park.

The Chanhassen Skate Park was installed in September 1999. The park is located between City Hall and the downtown fire station. It features a wedge, quarter pipe, half pipe, hotbox, doobie roller, spine and grind rails.

Sports.

Many youth sports programs are offered through the Chanhassen Athletic Association, including baseball, softball, basketball, and soccer.  Chanhassen is also home to the Chanhassen Red Birds amateur baseball team (2018 Class B State Champions).

Fishing.

Several well-producing lakes in Chanhassen keep the sportsmen busy year-round with fishing during the warm months and ice fishing when the lakes freeze-over. Both Lake Minnewashta and Lake Ann contain large and aggressive northern pike for the adept anglers.

Media.

The Chanhassen Villager is the city's official weekly newspaper.

Chanhassen is a city southwest of Minneapolis in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 22,952 at the 2010 census.

La ville de est située dans les comtés de Carver et Hennepin, dans l’État du Minnesota, au sud-ouest de Minneapolis, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Crash.

On 22 December 1992 Flight 1103 took off from Benina International Airport near Benghazi on a domestic flight to Tripoli International Airport. At an altitude of during the Boeing 727's approach to Tripoli airport, the aircraft collided with an Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 and disintegrated, resulting in the death of all 157 passengers and crew. The two crew members of the MiG-23 ejected before impact and survived.

Investigation and aftermath.

The official explanation and air accident investigation report both blamed a collision with a Libyan Air Force MiG-23; the pilot and instructor of the MiG were imprisoned.  After the crash, a spokesman for the Libyan Civil Authority stated he had been forbidden from releasing any information about the crash, including which planes had been involved. A mass grave was prepared for the victims outside of Tripoli with poor international relations denying the bodies of international victims being returned to their families.  Twenty years later, after the fall of Muammar Gaddafi, Abdel Majid Tayari, the instructor in the MiG-23 aircraft, challenged the official version of events, claiming that Flight 1103 was deliberately destroyed, because he saw its tail falling before his aircraft suffered a strong impact (from either the shock wave of the explosion that destroyed the Boeing 727 or a piece of wreckage) and he was forced to eject from his aircraft along with his trainee. In a statement Majid Tayari claims there was no air collision, but conceded that the planes were too close to one another.  Ali Aujali, who served as a Libyan diplomat both under Gaddafi and under the National Transitional Council, claims that Gaddafi ordered that the Boeing 727, whose flight was assigned the number 1103, be shot down exactly four years to the day after the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 in order to demonstrate the negative effects of international sanctions imposed on Libya. According to Aujali, the dictator originally ordered a bomb with a timer to be in the aircraft, but when this failed to explode, he "ordered the [aircraft] to be knocked out of the sky". The widow of one British victim has claimed Libyan families of victims had asked if she had tested her husband's passports for explosive residue. Numerous theories follow the idea that Gaddafi had a hand in the crash, with claims that Gaddafi exploited the accident and used it as propaganda against sanctions from the Pan Am Flight 103 crash.

Memorials.

The first memorial for the crash was held near Tripoli, Libya in 2012. The ceremony was attended by families and friends of the victims, and politicians.

Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103 was a Boeing 727-2L5 with 10 crew and 147 passengers on board that collided with a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 on 22 December 1992. All 157 people onboard flight 1103 were killed, while the crew of the MiG-23 ejected and survived. It was the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in Libya at the time.

Le vol 1103 Libyan Arab Airlines est un Boeing 727 avec 10 membres d'équipage et 147 passagers à bord qui s'est désintégré le. L'avion assurait un vol intérieur entre l'aéroport de Benina près de Benghazi et l'aéroport international de Tripoli. À une altitude de 3 500 pieds (1 067 m) au cours de sa phase d'approche de l'aéroport de Tripoli, quelque chose s'est passé résultant en la désintégration de l'avion et la mort de tous les 157 passagers et membres d'équipage. L'explication officielle affirme qu'une collision s'est produite avec un MiG-23 de l'armée de l'air libyenne ; le pilote et l'instructeur du MiG ont été ensuite emprisonnés.


Life.

On 15 March 1430 Margareta married firstly with Herman I, Count of Montfort-Pfannberg-Bregenz. They had four children, three sons —Herman II (born in 1431), George I (born in 1433) and Johann III (born in 1434)— and one daughter —Barbara (born in 1435)—. Count Hermann I died on 24 July 1435.  In December 1444 Margareta married secondly with Władysław, Duke of both half Głogów and Ścinawa, member of the Cieszyn branch of the House of Piast. They had no children.  Władysław died on 14 February 1460. In his will, he leave all his domains to Margareta (as her dower) and his brother Przemysław II; however, soon Przemysław II took the effective government over all his late brother's domains.  Margareta, dispossessed from the rule over her lands, remained in Głogów, even after her brother-in-law Przemysław II lost the sovereignty over the half Głogów and Ścinawa in 1476, when King Matthias Corvinus annexed this lands to the Bohemian crown. Recognized her authority (although purely formal) over her, Margareta had to face the ambitions of Jan II the Mad, Duke of Żagań, who wanted to obtain the direct control over half Głogów and Ścinawa.  Casimir II, nephew of Władysław and Przemysław II, claimed his rights over half Głogów and Ścinawa as the only male heir of the whole Cieszyn branch. Soon, he was sworn by the Głogów city council ruler of the city as guardian of Margareta; however, he was defeated by Jan II's forces shortly after. At the end, Casimir II renounced to all his claims over Władysław's inheritance in exchange of a monetary compensation from King Matthias Corvinus in 1479.  Now Margareta was forced to defend the city alone from Jan II the Mad. She maintained the resistance in Głogów until 1 May 1480, when, after a siege of seven weeks, Jan II finally conquered the city, and the Duchy of Głogów was finally reunited after almost 150 years of separation. Margareta died two months later.

References.

Margareta of Celje (,, ) (1411 – 22 July 1480) was a noblewoman member of the Slovenian House of Celje and by marriage Duchess of both half Głogów and Ścinawa.

Marguerite de Cilley (,, ) (née en 1411 – ) est une princesse slovène issue de la maison de Cilley ou Celje qui gouverne comme douairière la moitié de Głogów et de Ścinawa dans le duché de Silésie de 1460 à 1476.


Region.

The spicy and sour fish dish is known widely in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. It is part of the culinary heritage of both Minangkabau and also Malay traditions, thus its exact origin is unclear. The Minang "asam padeh" can be easily found throughout Padang restaurants in Indonesia and Malaysia.  It has become a typical cuisine of Malays from eastern shoes of Sumatra - Jambi, Riau, Riau Islands, and as far north in Aceh and across the Straits of Malacca in Johore, Malacca and Singapore. The spice mixture and the fish used might be slightly different according to the area.

Preparation.

The main ingredients in "asam pedas" are usually seafood or freshwater fish. They are cooked in "asam" (tamarind) fruit juice with chilli and spices.  The cooking process involves soaking the pulp of the tamarind fruit until it is soft and then squeezing out the juice for cooking the fish. "Asam" paste may be substituted for convenience. Vegetables such as "terong" or "brinjals" (Indian eggplants), okra and tomatoes are added.  Fish and seafood — such as mackerel, mackerel tuna, tuna, skipjack tuna, red snapper, gourami, pangasius, hemibagrus or cuttlefish — either the whole body or sometimes only the fish heads are added to make a spicy and tart fish stew. It is important that the fish remain intact for serving so generally the fish is added last.  In Indonesia, the most common fish used in asam pedas is "tongkol" (mackerel tuna).  "Kaeng som" is the Thai version of "asam pedas". In Bengal, India there is a similar dish is called "Macher tak" (sour fish).

Asam pedas (Indonesian and Malay: "Asam Pedas", Minangkabau: "Asam Padeh", ) is a Minangkabau and Malay sour and spicy fish stew dish. It is from Indonesia and is popular in Malaysia.

Lasam pedas (en minangkabau : "asam padeh", littéralement « amer et épicé ») est un ragout minangkabau, à la fois populaire en Indonésie et en Malaisie.


Union Jayhawkers and Confederate bushwhackers.

The term "bushwhacker" came into wide use during the American Civil War (1861-1865). It became particularly associated with the pro-Confederate secessionist guerrillas of Missouri, where such warfare was most intense. Guerrilla warfare also wracked Kentucky, Tennessee, northern Georgia, Arkansas, and western Virginia (including the new state of West Virginia), among other locations. Two bands operated in California in 1864.  Pro-Union guerrilla fighters in Kansas were called "Jayhawkers". They were involved in cross-border raids into Missouri. In some areas, particularly the Appalachian regions of Tennessee and North Carolina, the term "bushwhackers" was used for Confederate partisans who attacked Union forces. Residents of southern Alabama used the name in the same manner.

Partisan rangers.

In most areas, irregular warfare operated as an adjunct to conventional military operations. The title adopted by the Confederate government in formally authorizing such insurgents was "partisan ranger". One of them was Col. John Singleton Mosby, who carried out raids on Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley and northern Virginia. He also raided to the north in Kentucky and Tennessee. Partisan rangers were also authorized in Arkansas.  In Missouri, however, secessionist bushwhackers operated outside of the Confederate chain of command. On occasion, a prominent bushwhacker chieftain might receive formal Confederate rank, as in the case of William Clarke Quantrill. Or they might receive written orders from a Confederate general, as "Bloody Bill" Anderson did in October 1864 during a large-scale Confederate incursion into Missouri, or as when Joseph C. Porter was authorized by Gen. Sterling Price to recruit in northeast Missouri. Missouri guerrillas frequently assisted Confederate recruiters in Union-held territory. For the most part, however, Missouri's bushwhacker squads were self-organized groups of young men, predominantly from the slave-holding counties along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. They independently organized and fought against Federal forces and their Unionist neighbors, both in Kansas and Missouri. Their actions were in retaliation for what they considered a Federal invasion of their home state.

Atrocities.

The conflict with Confederate bushwhackers rapidly escalated into a succession of atrocities committed in Missouri by both sides. Hostage-taking and banishment were employed by local District and Union commanders to punish secessionist sympathizers. Individual families, including that of Jesse and Frank James and the maternal grandparents and mother of future President Harry Truman, were banished from Missouri.  Union troops often executed or tortured suspects without trial and burned the homes of guerrillas and those suspected of aiding or harboring them. If official credentials were doubted, the suspects were often executed, as in the case of Lt. Col. Frisby McCullough after the Battle of Kirksville. Bushwhackers retaliated by ambushing federal soldiers and frequently going house to house and executing Unionist sympathizers.  One of the most vicious actions during the Civil War by the bushwhackers was the Lawrence Massacre. William Quantrill led a raid in August 1863 on Lawrence, Kansas, burning the town and murdering some 150 men and boys in Lawrence. Bushwhackers justified the raid as retaliation for the Sacking of Osceola, Missouri two years earlier, in which the town was set aflame and at least nine men killed, and for the deaths of five female relatives of bushwhackers killed in the collapse of a Kansas City, Missouri jail. To end guerrilla raids into Kansas, the Union commander of the District of the Border, which comprised counties along the Missouri-Kansas state line, Thomas Ewing, Jr. ordered the total depopulation of Jackson, Cass, Bates, and northern Vernon counties in Missouri under his General Order No. 11. Near 25 thousand rural inhabitants had to go to areas near Union camps or leave the state; their houses were burned to prevent them from returning; altogether, twenty-two hundred square miles of western Missouri became a desolation by the end of September 1863. A minister, George Miller, who lived in Kansas City, wrote, "For miles and miles we saw nothing but lone chimneys. It seemed like a vast cemetery — not a living thing to break the silence." The District of the Border became known as the "burnt district."  The Missouri-Arkansas border had been desolated as well. The "Little Rock Arkansas Gazette" wrote in August 1866:  In other areas of Missouri, properties were also pillaged and destroyed by both warring sides since atrocities during the Civil War were in many ways a continuation of Bleeding Kansas violence.

Centralia Massacre.

Besides the attack on Lawrence, the most notorious by Confederate bushwhackers was the murder of 24 unarmed Union soldiers pulled from a train in the Centralia Massacre in retaliation for the earlier execution of a number of Anderson's own men. In an ambush of pursuing Union forces shortly thereafter, the bushwhackers killed well over 100 Federal troops. In October 1864, "Bloody Bill" Anderson was tricked into an ambush and killed by state militiamen under the command of Col. Samuel P. Cox. Anderson's body was displayed following his death.

Jesse James.

The guerrilla conflict in Missouri was, in many respects, a civil war within the Civil War. Jesse James began to fight as an insurgent in 1864. During months of often intense combat, he battled only fellow Missourians, ranging from Missouri regiments of U.S. Volunteer troops, to state militia, to unarmed Unionist civilians. The single confirmed instance of his exchanging fire with Federal troops from another state occurred a month after the 1865 surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, during a near-fatal encounter with Wisconsin cavalrymen. In the course of the war, James' mother and sister were arrested, his stepfather tortured, and his family banished temporarily from Missouri by state militiamen— all Unionist Missourians

Postwar banditry.

After the end of the war, the survivors of Anderson's band (including the James brothers) remained together under the leadership of Archie Clement, one of Anderson's lieutenants. In February 1866, they began a series of armed robberies. This group became known as the James-Younger Gang, after the death or capture of the older outlaws (including Clement) and the addition of former bushwhacker Cole Younger and his brothers. In December 1869, Jesse James became the most famous of this group when he emerged as the prime suspect in the robbery of the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin, Missouri, and the murder of cashier John W. Sheets. During Jesse James's flight from the scene, he declared that he had killed Samuel P. Cox and had taken revenge for Bloody Bill Anderson's death. (Cox lived in Gallatin, and the killer apparently mistook Sheets for the former militia officer.) Throughout James' criminal career, he often wrote to the newspapers portraying himself as a bushwhacker, and rallying the support of former Confederates and other Missourians who were harmed by Federal authorities during the Civil War and Reconstruction.  After the end of the war in 1865, the Mason Henry Gang continued as outlaws in Southern California with a price on their heads for the November 1864 "Copperhead Murders" in the San Joaquin Valley of three men they believed to be Republicans. Tom McCauley, known as 'James' or 'Jim Henry,' was killed in a shootout with a posse from San Bernardino on September 14 of that year, in San Jacinto Canyon, in what was then San Diego County. John Mason was killed by a fellow gang member for the reward in April 1866 near Fort Tejon in Kern County.  In 1867, near Nevada, Missouri, a band of bushwhackers shot and killed Sheriff Joseph Bailey, a former Union brigadier general, who was attempting to arrest them. Among those suspected of his killing was William McWaters, who once rode with Anderson and Quantrill.

Bushwhacking was a form of guerrilla warfare common during the American Revolutionary War, American Civil War and other conflicts in which there were large areas of contested land and few governmental resources to control these tracts. This was particularly prevalent in rural areas during the Civil War where there were sharp divisions between those favoring the Union and Confederacy in the conflict. The perpetrators of the attacks were called bushwhackers. The term "bushwhacking" is still in use today to describe ambushes done with the aim of attrition.

Le bushwhacker (l'orthographe "bushwacker" se rencontre aussi) est un combattant irrégulier pro-confédéré du Missouri durant la guerre de Sécession (1861-1865). Leurs actions se concentraient dans les zones rurales, sur les arrières ennemis et jamais sur le front. C'était l'équivalent sudiste des jayhawkers nordistes.


Life.

Early life.

Pierre de Porcaro was born to a long-established Breton family in Dinan, Brittany, in August 1904. He was ordained to the priesthood at Versailles in 1929, and worked at the seminary there as a master of Roman history. In 1935 he became the vicar of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, outside Paris, where he was particularly known for his work with Catholic youth groups.

The Second World War.

De Porcaro was called up when war broke out in 1939, and he was captured, along with the rest of his unit, during the Battle for France in June 1940. He was originally sent to Stalag IX-B as a prisoner of war, but was subsequently released as "clean" in August 1941. Returning to Saint-Germain, he continued his work as a local priest until 1943, when the Bishop of Versailles, Monsignor Roland-Gosselin, asked him to travel to Germany and minister clandestinely to French forced labourers. Catholic priests were under great danger in Germany, but de Porcaro accepted the mission, writing:  Accepting the mission, he travelled to Germany as part of the Service du travail obligatoire programme, by which Vichy France provided thousands of French workers to Nazi Germany as forced labour. De Porcaro worked at a cardboard factory in Dresden during the day, and pursued his ministry by night, when he held popular masses in secret, with the complicity of a local German priest. He wore a special scouting belt around his waist as a sign to other French workers that he was secretly a priest. His cover was blown, though, after a written denunciation by a fellow Frenchman, and he was arrested in September 1944, and eventually, in January 1945, sent to Dachau concentration camp, where he was interned in a block filled with other Catholic priests.

Death.

Conditions in the camp were deteriorating at this point in the war, and disease was a serious problem. De Porcaro contracted typhus in February (almost certainly from ministering to sick Frenchmen in the camp), and ultimately died of the disease on 12 March 1945, just over a month before the camp was liberated by the American army.

Legacy.

The seminary buildings of Versailles are named after him (the "Maisons Pierre de Porcaro"), and the current Bishop of Versailles, Monsignor Éric Aumonier, has initiated plans to have de Porcaro beatified. There is also a commemorative statue of him in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

The Abbé Pierre de Porcaro (; 1904–1945) was a French Roman Catholic priest who worked as an undercover minister during the Second World War. He was eventually captured by the Nazis and died in Dachau concentration camp.

Pierre de Porcaro, né le à Dinan (Côtes-du-Nord) et mort le au camp de concentration de Dachau, est un prêtre du diocèse de Versailles.


Structure and features.

Google intended Project Ara to lower the entry barrier for phone hardware manufacturers so there could be "hundreds of thousands of developers" instead of the existing oligarchy of phone manufacturers.  The Project Ara concept consisted of modules inserted into metal endoskeletal frames known as "endos". The frame would be the only component manufactured by Google. The frame was the switch to the on-device network linking all the modules together. Google planned two sizes of frames on launch; a "mini" frame about the size of a Nokia 3310 and a "medium" frame about the size of a Nexus 5. Google also planned a "large", phablet frame about the size of a Samsung Galaxy Note 3 to be released in the future. Frames have slots on the front for the display and other modules. On the back are additional slots for modules. Each frame was expected to cost around US$15. The data from the modules can be transferred at up to 10 Gbit/s per connection. The 2×2 modules have two connections and would allow up to 20 Gbit/s.  Modules would provide common smartphone features, such as cameras and speakers, but could also provide more specialized features, such as medical devices, receipt printers, laser pointers, pico projectors, night vision sensors, or game controller buttons. Each slot on the frame accepted any module of the correct size. The front slots are of various heights and took up the whole width of the frame. The rear slots had standard sizes of 1×1, 1×2 and 2×2. Modules were to be hot-swapped without turning the phone off. The frame also included a small backup battery so the main battery can be hot-swapped. Modules were originally to be secured with electropermanent magnets, but this was replaced by a different method. The enclosures of the modules were planned to be 3D-printed, but due to the lack of development in the technology Google opted instead for a customizable molded case.  Google intended to sell a starter kit where the bill of materials is US$50 and includes a frame, display, battery, low-end CPU and WiFi. Google planned to provide an open development process for modules, and would not have required manufacturers to pay a license fee. Modules were to be available both at an official Google store and at third-party retailers. Similarly to Android apps, an Ara device would be configured by default to only accept modules officially certified by Google, but users would have been able to disable this.

Project team.

Project Ara was developed and was led by Paul Eremenko, who in 2015 became CEO of the Airbus Group Silicon Valley technology and business innovation center. The project fell under Regina Dugan, who runs Google's Advanced Technology and Projects (ATAP) organization. Both Eremenko and Dugan worked previously at DARPA, where Eremenko originated the fractionated spacecraft concept and ran the Adaptive Vehicle Make program before heading the Tactical Technology office. The core Project Ara team at Google consisted of three people, with most of the work being done by outside contractors, such as NK Labs, a Massachusetts-based engineering firm. NK Labs then subcontracted the firm Leaflabs to do firmware development, and they later became the primary firmware developers in a direct contract with Google. The concept design of the Frame and Modules was created by NewDealDesign of San Francisco. That concept was selected from 11 different configurations analyzed by the joint team. The company 3D Systems was contracted to experiment with 3D printing of electrical components, which could further the goal of mass customization.

Development.

Prior to its acquisition of Motorola Mobility in 2011, Google had previously acquired some patents related to modular mobile phones from Modu. Initial exploration of this concept began in 2012 and work started on April 1, 2013. Dutch designer Dave Hakkens announced the Phonebloks modular phone concept independently in September 2013. Motorola publicly announced Project Ara on October 29, 2013 and said they will be working collaboratively with Phonebloks although the original team, consisting of internal and external resources, continued working together without any change to its original design and technology. Motorola went on a 5-month road trip throughout the United States in 2013 called "MAKEwithMOTO" to gauge consumer interest in customized phones. Interested developers, testers, or users could sign up to be Ara Scouts.  The first version of the developers' kit relied on a prototype implementation of the Ara on-device network using the Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) UniPro protocol implemented on FPGA and running over an Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) physical layer with modules connecting via retractable pins. Subsequent versions were to be built around a much more efficient and higher performance ASIC implementation of UniPro, running over a capacitive M-PHY physical layer. A near-working prototype of an Ara smartphone was demonstrated at Google I/O 2014, but it froze on the boot screen.  In January 2015, Google unveiled the "Spiral 2" prototype, and that it planned to test market a later revision of the system in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico later in the year. Google chose the region due to it having a large mobile phone market, and because it is still subject to U.S. telecommunications laws—allowing for continued correspondence with the FCC. However, in August 2015, Google announced that the Ara pilot in Puerto Rico had been delayed indefinitely, and that the company would instead hold pilots in "a few locations" in the U.S. some time in 2016.  At Google I/O 2016, the company unveiled a new development model, the "Developer Edition". The new iteration featured notable changes to the original concept; the device now consisted of a base phone with core components that cannot be upgraded, including the antenna, battery, display, sensors, and system-on-chip, and extensible with modules for adding features such as a secondary display or replacement cameras and speakers. Google announced that it planned to ship the Developer Edition in late 2016, and perform a consumer launch of Project Ara in 2017.  On September 2, 2016, Google confirmed that Project Ara had been shelved.

Reception.

Initial reception to an earlier but similar modular phone concept—Phonebloks—was mixed, citing possible infeasibility, lack of a working prototype, as well as other production and development concerns. Project Ara's launch followed shortly after the launch of Phonebloks and better addressed some of the production and development issues since it had OEM backing, but other issues were raised about the Project Ara modular concept.  Potential issues with the modular concept include a tradeoff between volumetric efficiency and modularity, as the framework interface holding the device would increase overall size and weight. Eremenko says modularity would create a difference of less than 25% in size, power, and weight to components, and he believes that is an acceptable trade-off for the added flexibility. The current prototype is 9.7mm thick, slightly thicker than conventional smartphones. Additional issues include regulatory approval; the FCC tests single configurations for approval, not modular configurations. Google said the FCC "[had] been encouraging so far".

Project Ara was a modular smartphone project under development by Google. The project was originally headed by the Advanced Technology and Projects team within Motorola Mobility while it was a Google subsidiary. Google retained the ATAP group when selling Motorola to Lenovo, and it was placed under the stewardship of the Android development staff; Ara was later split off as an independent operation. Google stated that Project Ara was being designed to be utilized by "6 billion people": 1 billion current smartphone users, and 5 billion feature phone users.

Le projet Ara visait à produire des smartphones modulaires, mobiles multifonctions composés de modules (blocs) amovibles ayant chacun une fonction particulière (appareil photo numérique, écran, processeur...).


Name.

The name "Lærdalsøyri" is derived from the local river which flows through the village. The first element is the genitive case of the old name of the river "Lærr" (now the river is called Lærdalselvi) and the last element is "dalr" which means "valley" or "dale." The meaning of the old river name is unknown. The last element "-øyri" is the finite form of "øyr" which means "sandbank"; it is similar to the word ayre which is used in Scotland and Orkney.

History.

The village center is listed as a national "heritage village" and tourists come to see the old city center with its 161 wooden houses that date from 1700-1800. Old Lærdalsøyri used to be a trading port between east and west in Norway. It is located near the head of Sognefjord, one of the longest fjords in Norway, which meant sea-going ships could carry goods deep inland before landing them at the village for the over-land journey into eastern Norway.  Historically, several of the County Governors of Nordre Bergenhus lived in Lærdalsøyri while in office including Christian Ulrik Kastrup, Michael Conrad Sophus Emil Aubert, and Johan Collett Falsen.

2014 fire.

At 22:56 (11:56 pm) on 18 January 2014, local fire departments were alerted to a fire in a residence on the "Kyrkjegata" road. Winds fanned the flames towards the town center, and the fire spread to a nearby forest, threatening the Old Lærdalsøyri heritage area. The town was evacuated at 00:30 (12:30 am), with residents evacuated to a hotel in the nearby municipality of Aurland. By 04:00 in the morning, over thirty houses were in flames. More than 100 firefighters from various regional fire departments were involved in attempts to control the fire, with firefighters and equipment from Haukåsen airport in Sogndal being called out to assist. A Westland Sea King brought firefighters from the town of Florø, and 60 personnel from the Norwegian Civil Defence participated. Two Bell 412 from the Royal Norwegian Air Force arrived to assist, and soldiers from the Norwegian Home Guard secured the perimeter.

Lærdalsøyri is the administrative centre of Lærdal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located along the Lærdalselvi river where it empties into the Lærdalsfjorden, a branch off of the main Sognefjorden. The village is located about north of the village of Tønjum at the east end of the Lærdal Tunnel which is part of the European route E16 highway. It sits about northwest of the village of Borgund and about across the fjord from the village of Kaupanger in Sogndal Municipality. Hauge Church is located in the village, and serves as the main church for the parish.

Lærdalsøyri est une ville de Norvège dans la kommune de Lærdal, dans le Comté de Sogn og Fjordane. La population était de 1,120 habitants en 2013.


History.

Formerly Brooklyn Township, the township split in 1860, with the southeast village later incorporating into Brooklyn Center and Crystal. Settlers from Michigan formally established the township and named it after their hometown of Brooklyn, Michigan. Brooklyn Park incorporated as a village in 1954, and incorporated as a city in 1969.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which are land and, or 1.87%, are water. The Mississippi River forms the eastern boundary of the city, separating it from Coon Rapids and Fridley in Anoka County.  Interstates 94 and 694 are located in the far southern portion of Brooklyn Park. U.S. Highway 169 is located near the western part of the city. State Highway 252, a north–south highway, is located near the eastern portion of the city. State Highway 610 runs east–west through the northern portion of Brooklyn Park. County Road 81 also serves as one of the main routes.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 75,781 people, 26,229 households, and 18,763 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 27,841 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 52.2% White, 24.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 15.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.6% from other races, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.4% of the population.  There were 26,229 households of which 41.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.5% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.40.  The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 29% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.1% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 7.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.

2000 census.

According to the 2000 census, there were 67,388 people, 24,432 households, and 17,346 families living in the city. The population density was 2,586.1 people per square mile (998.4 per km). There were 24,846 housing units at an average density of 953.5 per square mile (368.1 per km). The racial makeup of the city was 71.44% White, 14.33% African American, 0.57% Native American, 9.22% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.49% from other races, and 2.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race totaled 4,481 residents in the city. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.88% of the population.  There were 24,432 households out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.26.  In the city, the age distribution of the population showed 28.8% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 5.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.  The median household income/owner occupied was $88,972. The median household income/renter occupied was $42,541. The combined median income for a household in the city was $64,297. The per capita income for the city was $23,199. About 3.8% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

Parks and recreation.

The Three Rivers Figure Skating Club operates out of the Brooklyn Park Community Activity Center.

Government.

Brooklyn Park is served by a six-member city council, two members for each voting district within the city. The three districts are West, East, and Central. The mayor is Jeffrey Lunde, who won a 12-way special election in April 2011 with 31% of the vote.

Education.

Brooklyn Park is served by three school districts: Osseo Area School District 279, Anoka-Hennepin School District 11, and Robbinsdale School District 281.  High schools serving Brooklyn Park:  Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.  Maranatha Christian Academy, a private high school, and St. Alphonsus Parish School, a Catholic school, are also in Brooklyn Park.  Colleges include North Hennepin Community College, Hennepin Technical College and Rasmussen College.

Brooklyn Park is the sixth largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The city is on the west bank of the Mississippi River, upstream from (north of) downtown Minneapolis in northern Hennepin County. Brooklyn Park is a northwest suburb of the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

La ville américaine de est située dans le comté de Hennepin, dans l’État du Minnesota. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s’élevait à.


Church and state.

The EU is a secular body, i.e., there is a separation of church and state. There are no formal ties to any religion and no mention of any specific religion in any current or proposed treaty. Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon have included proposals to mention Christianity and/or God in the preamble of the text. This call has been supported by Christian religious leaders, most notably the Pope. However explicit inclusion of a link to religion faced opposition from secularists and the final Constitution referred to Europe's "Religious and Humanist inheritance". A second attempt to include Christianity in the treaty was undertaken in 2007 with the drafting of the Treaty of Lisbon. Angela Merkel promised the Pope that she would use her influence during Germany's presidency to try to include a reference to Christianity and God in the treaty. This has provoked opposition, not least in the German press, and as this inclusion may have caused problems in reaching a final agreement, this attempt was given up. Of the Union's 27 states, only three have an official state religion, these being Denmark (Church of Denmark), Greece (Church of Greece), and Malta (Catholic Church). Some other churches have a close relationship with the state. Until 2000, the Church of Sweden was the state church of Sweden.  In the secularising EU, The Vatican has been vocal against a perceived "militant atheism". It based this on a number of events, for example: the rejection of religious references in the Constitution and Treaty of Lisbon, the rejection by Parliament of Rocco Buttiglione as Justice Commissioner in 2004, while at the same time Parliament approved Peter Mandelson (who is gay) as Trade Commissioner, and the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain. The European Parliament has also been calling for same-sex marriages to be recognised across the EU. Meanwhile, states such as Latvia and Poland have rejected legislation designed to stop discrimination against homosexuals. This has been stated to be on religious grounds, with homosexual behaviour described as "unnatural", and the Catholic Church influencing public opinion. The difference of opinion between these countries and Brussels has been damaging relations.  Due to the rise of other religions, and some intolerance towards them, the EU Commission now regularly meets with different religious leaders. In November 2005, a delegation from the European Humanist Federation was invited to a meeting by Commissioner-President Barroso. This was the first time a humanist group had been consulted in this manner by the Commission. President Romano Prodi has refused such meetings, despite meeting various religious leaders, causing some resentment by humanists.

Secularisation.

Atheism and agnosticism have increased among the general population in Europe, with falling church attendance and membership in many countries. The countries where the most people reported no religious belief were France (40%), Czech Republic (37%), Sweden (34%), the Netherlands (30%), Estonia (29%), Germany (27%), Belgium (27%) and Slovenia (26%). In such countries, even those who have a faith can be disdainful of organised religion. The most religious societies are those in Romania with 1% non-believers and Malta with 2% non-believers. Across the EU, belief was higher among: the elderly, those with strict upbringings, those with the lowest levels of formal education, those leaning towards right-wing politics, and those more concerned with moral and ethical issues in science and technology over risk-benefit analysis.  In 2012, the highest ever number of births outside of marriage were recorded in the European Union, at 40%, with first-births out of wedlock and cohabitation figures being even higher. Seven EU countries recorded a majority of births outside of marriage - Estonia (59% in 2014), Bulgaria (58.8% in 2014), Slovenia (58.3% in 2014), France (57.4% in 2014), Sweden (54.4% in 2013), Belgium (52.3% in 2012), and Denmark (51.5% in 2013). These countries tend to be some of the less religious ones.

Religiosity.

Most EU countries have experienced a decline in church attendance, as well as a decline in the number of people professing belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the EU Member States state that they believe there is a God, 26% state that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% state that they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer. According to a recent study (Dogan, Mattei, Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline), 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. The situation of religion varies between countries in European Union. A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in Western Europe (especially in the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Luxembourg and Czech Republic) has been noted and called "Post-Christian Europe". Also, in the most populous Eastern European country and EU Member State Poland there has been a sharp reduction in church attendance since 2005, although with 41.5% in 2009 it is still well above the single digit figures that are so typical for Sunday service attendance in other EU countries.  The following is a list of European countries ranked by religiosity, based on the rate of belief, according to the 2010 Eurobarometer survey. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey asked whether the person "believes there is a God", "believes there is some sort of spirit or life force" or "doesn't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".

Diversity.

Immigration has increasingly introduced faiths not originally of significant adherence into Europe, most notably Islam.  It was estimated that the Union's Muslim population in 2009 was 13 million people. The country with the largest number of Muslims in western Europe is believed to be France with an estimated 6–7 million (though the French census does not ask religious questions) followed by Germany (4.5 million), the United Kingdom (2.7 million) and Italy (1.5 million). Aside from Turkey, the other possible future member to have a majority of Muslims are Albania and Bosnia, although other Balkan states like Montenegro and Macedonia also have sizeable Muslim populations. Kosovo is also a Muslim majority area. A series of clashes and incidents connected to the religion have occurred in recent years, including: the murder of Theo van Gogh, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, and the 7 July 2005 London bombings. In response to extremism, some figures, such as Justice Freedom & Security Commissioner Franco Frattini, have suggested creating a "European Islam" – a branch of the Islamic faith that is compatible with European values.  Judaism has had a long history in Europe going back to the Roman Empire. Prior to the Holocaust, the area of the European Union had a Jewish population of 5,375,000 but they were largely exterminated in Nazi concentration camps. In 2002, the EU had a Jewish population of barely over a million, including about 519,000 in France and about 273,500 in the United Kingdom. This can be compared with about 5.8 million Jews living in Israel. In view of the history of persecution of Jews in Europe, antisemitism remains a matter of attention within the EU.

Religion in the European Union is diverse. The largest religion in the EU is Christianity, which accounted for 72.8% of EU population. Smaller groups include those of Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism, and some East Asian religions, most concentrated in Germany and France. Also present are revival movements of pre-Christianity European folk religions including Heathenism, Rodnovery, Romuva, and Druidry.

La religion dans l'Union européenne comprend la diversité de ce qui fait ses pays membres groupés dans une union européenne peu impliquée sur ce sujet, dans une forme de laïcité, qui n'impacte pas significativement le fonctionnement des institutions de l'Union européenne.


Rolling stock.

, services on the line are operated using a fleet of 23 six-car 6000 series trainsets (sets 01 to 23) and one six-car 1000 series (set 24).  The entire fleet of 24 sets is scheduled to be replaced with a new fleet of six-car trains delivered in two batches. The first of 11 new 7000 series sets was delivered in 2019. They are scheduled to enter service in March 2020.

6000 series.

The 6000 series trainsets (01 to 23) are formed as follows, with all cars motored.  Priority seating is provided in each car, and wheelchair spaces are provided in the end cars.

1000 series.

The 1000 series trainset (24) is formed as follows, with four of the six cars motored.  Priority seating is provided in each car, and wheelchair spaces are provided in the end cars.

History.

Plans to build a new transit system linking the city centre of Hiroshima with the suburban area to the northwest were first proposed in July 1977.  The third-sector Hiroshima Rapid Transit was founded in 1987, funded primarily by the city of Hiroshima. Groundbreaking for the rapid transit line project began on February 28, 1989, and construction would continue over a five-year period. However, on March 14, 1991, 15 people were killed when a girder collapsed on a section of the line's elevated viaduct near the station's construction site. The line opened for revenue service on August 20, 1994.  When the line originally opened in 1994, it had 21 stations, of which provided the line's only transfer with a JR West line (the Kabe Line). On March 14, 2015, opened as an infill station between Hakushima and Jōhoku in order to provide a transfer point with the Sanyo Main Line.

, also known as the, is a rubber-tired transit system operated by Hiroshima Rapid Transit in Hiroshima, Japan. Astram opened August 20, 1994 for the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima. The line connects central Hiroshima and Hiroshima Big Arch, which was the main stadium of the Asian Games. On March 14, 2015, a new station, Shin-Hakushima, opened to make a new connection between the Astram Line and JR lines.

Le métro d'Hiroshima, surnommé, officiellement appelé, est un métro sur pneumatiques appartenant à la compagnie. Il a été mis en service le à Hiroshima, au Japon, pour les Jeux asiatiques.


History.

A post office called Pillager has been in operation since 1886. The city was named after the Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians.

Geography.

Pillager is located in Sylvan Township (T133N R30W), on the left (North) bank of the Crow Wing River, just East of Lake Placid. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, is land and is water.  Minnesota State Highway 210 and County Road 1 are the main routes in the community.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 469 people, 190 households, and 124 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 218 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 96.8% White, 0.2% African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.  There were 190 households of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.7% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.99.  The median age in the city was 36.1 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.7% male and 49.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 420 people, 167 households, and 106 families living in the city. The population density was 655.3 people per square mile (253.4/km2). There were 181 housing units at an average density of 282.4 per square mile (109.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.38% White, 1.43% Native American, 0.95% Asian, and 0.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of the population.  There were 167 households out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.03.  In the city, the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $29,375, and the median income for a family was $34,792. Males had a median income of $25,962 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,291. About 6.2% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Pillager is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 469 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area.

La ville américaine de est située dans le comté de Cass, dans l’État du Minnesota. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s’élevait à.


Club career.

Chitiva started his top-flight career in 1997 playing for Millonarios in his hometown of Bogotá in Colombia. In 2001, Chitiva was signed by Mexico's Pachuca, at the recommendation of the team's Colombian goalkeeper and captain Miguel Calero. Chitiva has been ever present in the Pachuca side ever since and a driving force in the team's four domestic Mexican titles (2001, 2003, 2006, 2007) since his arrival. Chitiva's ability to deliver the killer cross and finish in the box with timely runs have made him a hero to the Pachuca fans.  Most recently, Chitiva helped lead Pachuca to its historic capture of the South American Cup Copa Sudamericana - the first intercontinental title victory for a Mexican side.  In July 2011 he returned to Pachuca for the Apertura 2011 to finally retire as one of the most notable players in Pachuca's history.

International career.

Chitiva applied and received dual citizenship in Mexico so that Pachuca no longer has to use a foreigner spot for him in their roster. Chitiva remains, however, fiercely loyal to his Colombian heritage and has stated his desire to play for his nation's full national team on numerous occasions.  Former Colombian coach, Jorge Luis Pinto, capped the Pachuca player for two friendly matches against Switzerland and Paraguay in late March 2007. Although he entered as a substitute late in the Switzerland game, he helped finish the Colombian win with a final 3rd goal. He was also a crucial element in the 2–0 defeat against Paraguay three days later on March 28, 2007.

Club Honors.

C.F. Pachuca

Andrés Chitiva Espinoza (born August 13, 1979) is a retired Colombian footballer who last played for CF Pachuca on the Primera División Mexicana. He was a pacy left winger who possessed great speed, dribbling skills and crossing ability.

Andrés Chitiva Espinoza (né le à Bogota en Colombie) est un joueur de football international colombien, qui évoluait au poste de milieu de terrain.


Early life and rise to fame.

Jeanne Carolyn Stephenson was born in 1945 in Stamford, Texas. As a teenager, she married Mickey Riley and gave birth to a daughter, Kim Michelle Riley on January 11, 1966. Later, they moved to Nashville, Tennessee, after receiving a letter from Weldon Myrick, who heard a demo tape of Jeannie's and believed she could be successful.  In Nashville, Riley worked as a secretary for Passkey Music while recording demos on the side.  Riley's career was stagnant until former Mercury Records producer Shelby Singleton received a demo tape of Riley's voice. Singleton was starting and succeeding with his own label, Plantation Records, at the time. He worked with Riley in the recording of the Tom T. Hall demo song that Singleton saw potential in, "Harper Valley PTA." The record quickly became one of the best-known country music songs of all time. Riley was the first woman to hold the Number 1 spot on the Pop and Country charts at the same time.

The success of "Harper Valley PTA".

"Harper Valley PTA" was released in 1968. Written by Tom T. Hall, the single immediately became a hit for Riley and went to top both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Hot Country Songs charts, a feat not repeated by a female artist until Dolly Parton's 1981 hit "9 to 5". The track is about a widowed woman by the name of Mrs. Johnson, who confronts a group of members of the PTA after her daughter brings home a note from school that is critical of her mother's (Mrs. Johnson's) habits of wearing miniskirts, going out with men, and other behavior of which they do not approve. The climax of the song comes when Mrs. Johnson turns the tables on the PTA and exposes their hypocrisy one member at a time, noting that their private behavior is far worse than what their letter criticized her for.  Riley became an overnight sensation as the single earned her the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and was named the Country Music Association Single of the Year. Riley also became one of the few country artists ever nominated in the major pop Grammy Award categories of "Best New Artist" and "Record of the Year". Globally it sold over five and a half million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. just four weeks after the song's release. The album of the same name sold over one million units to gain a further gold disc for Riley.  The song was a phenomenon which led to Riley making country music history in 1969 as the first female vocalist to have her own major network variety special, "Harper Valley U.S.A.", which she hosted along with Jerry Reed and featured performances by Mel Tillis and the song's writer, Tom T. Hall.  The song spawned a 1978 film and a 1981-83 television series, both titled "Harper Valley PTA" and both starring Barbara Eden as the widow Mrs. Johnson.

After "Harper Valley PTA".

During the late 1960s and into the very early 1970s, Riley ranked among the most popular female vocalists in the country music industry. She had five Grammy Award nominations and four Country Music Association nominations, and performed a duet with Loretta Lynn. She had success on the country charts again, but on a lesser scale.  Other hits following "Harper Valley PTA" include "The Girl Most Likely," "There Never Was A Time," "The Rib," "The Back Side of Dallas," "Country Girl," "Oh Singer," and "Good Enough to Be Your Wife."  Riley became known as much for her sex appeal and beauty as for her music, foreshadowing Shania Twain and other contemporary female vocalists by nearly three decades. At a time when many country queens were keeping a wholesome image by wearing gingham dresses, Riley kept in tune with typical late-1960s fashion by donning miniskirts and go-go boots for her stage outfits (somewhat in the character of the protagonist in "PTA"). Her mod persona opened many doors (and perhaps started a sexual revolution) in country music, as hemlines of other female country artists' stage outfits began rising in the years that followed. But Riley herself was not comfortable with her image, and she eventually abandoned it for a more conservative wardrobe (floor-length gowns and ankle-length dresses typically worn by conservative female country artists). In the 1993 CBS documentary "The Woman of Country", she noted that during the "Harper Valley" period, it was largely her publicist and manager who were responsible for creating and playing up her sexy image (replicating somewhat the look of the protagonist in the song).

Late 1970s and the 1980s.

Riley's great success brought a number of offers from Hollywood, and she appeared with Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Bette Davis, Tom Jones, Ed Sullivan and others on various television programs.  Riley left Plantation Records for MGM Records in 1972, recording several albums, but only two of her singles from the period, "Good Morning Country Rain" and "Give Myself A Party," cracked the top 30. Later stints at Mercury Records and Warner Bros. Records produced only a couple of charted singles, but Riley remained highly in demand as a concert artist well into the 1980s.  In the 1970s, she became a born again Christian and began recording gospel music. As result of her conversion, she distanced herself from "PTA" for a time, due to its content. However, the song remained part of her live set and she still performs it in her shows. In 1980, she published her autobiography, "From Harper Valley to the Mountain Top," which told her story of stardom in pop music to moving more into gospel music. The following year, she released a new gospel album with the same title.

Discography.

Charted B-sides.

Note: The single of "Things Go Better With Love" and "The Back Side of Dallas" seems to have been published in several different formats. Some label "Things Go Better..." as the A side while others do not letter the sides. One photo available online of an unlettered single has the "Back Side..." side stamped "PLUG SIDE". Evidently the label changed its mind at least once about which side to promote.

Jeannie C. Riley (born Jeanne Carolyn Stephenson; October 19, 1945) is an American country music and gospel singer. She is best known for her 1968 country and pop hit "Harper Valley PTA", which missed by one week simultaneously becoming the "Billboard" Country and Pop number-one hit.

Jeannie C. Riley, née Jeanne Carolyn Stephenson le à Anson au Texas, est une chanteuse américaine de country. Elle est principalement connue pour la chanson "Harper Valley P.T.A." avec laquelle elle obtient un Grammy Award en 1968.


Description.

The commission is composed of a maximum of eighteen members including a president, and is assigned a full-time secretary at the Vatican, Father Robert W. Oliver, an American priest from New York and a member of the Brotherhood of Hope, who was appointed by Pope Francis on September 10, 2014. Oliver previously served as the Promoter of Justice (chief church prosecutor) at the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which prosecutes sex crimes committed by priests and other church personnel. He also served as a priest consultant to the archdiocesan review board and an ecclesiastical judge of the Archdiocese of Boston, under Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley. Oliver was ordained in 2000 for the Boston archdiocese.  Commission member Marie Collins has criticized the Vatican for failing to sufficiently fund the panel, a problem she claims could jeopardize the commission’s work. The commission has been advised to consider raising its own funds to complete the work.

Commission members.

In December 2014, Pope Francis added new members, including an abuse survivor and more experts (four more women and four more men, from five continents) to the commission, bringing the total to 17 members, according to a December 17, 2014, online news story article by Carol Glatz of Catholic News Service (CNS). The new members are abuse survivor Peter Saunders, the chief executive officer of the UK-based National Association for People Abused in Childhood (NAPAC); Krysten Winter-Green; Bill Kilgallon; Precious Blood Sister Hermenegild Makoro; Kathleen McCormack; Religious Sisters of Charity Kayula Lesa; Gabriel Dy-Liacco; Baroness Sheila Hollins and the Luis Manuel Ali Herrera.  Also included is Marie Collins. A native of Ireland, she assisted the Archdiocese of Dublin in establishing its Child Protection Services. She is considered a key addition to the commission, since she herself was abused by a priest when she was a child; Humberto Miguel Yáñez, SJ, Director of the Department of Moral Theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University; Hans Zollner, SJ, President of the Centre for Child Protection of the Pontifical Gregorian University and Director and Professor of the Institute of Psychology; Hon. Hanna Suchocka, former Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland and Ambassador of Poland to the Holy See; Claudio Papale, canon lawyer and a civil lawyer, professor of canon law at the Pontifical Urban University, and an official of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith; and Catherine Bonnet, a child psychiatrist, psychotherapist, researcher, and author.

2018 Relaunch.

Following term expiration of the Commission's members in December 2017, On February 17, 2018, Pope Francis officially relaunched the commission. The new Commission will consist of 16 members, with seven members of the previous returning and nine new members added, and will once again have Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley return as President. Among the new members are several experts from English-speaking countries: the Hon. Neville Owen from Australia; Sr Jane Bertelsen, FMDM, from the United Kingdom; and Ms. Teresa Kettelkamp from the United States. The commission will include eight men and eight women. Baroness Hollins, who will no longer serve as a member of the Vatican Commission, will chair the working group to research and develop a proposal on the International Survivor Advisory Panel (ISAP) and will lead the presentation to the April plenary meeting.

May 2015 statutes approved.

On 21 April the Cardinal Secretary of State approved by mandate of the Supreme Pontiff, ad experimentum for three years, the Statute of the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors, the draft of which had been presented for approval by Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley, O.F.M. Cap., President of the same Commission.

Statutes.

The commission received its statutes on May 8, 2015. The statutes include detail on its role as a purely advisory body at the service of the Pope for the purposes of promoting local responsibility in the particular Churches for the protection of all minors and vulnerable adults. The statutes also describe the staffing of the commission, which is composed of a maximum of eighteen members and a President appointed by the Pope for a period of three years, which may be reconfirmed, and a secretary is appointed to the commission by the Pope as well.  The Commission is convened in Plenary Assembly twice each year. On the request of two-thirds of the Members, and with the consent of the President, an extraordinary Plenary Assembly can be convened.  The commission may create working groups of its members, who may present proposals to the complete groups.  The languages employed by the Commission are Italian, Spanish and English.  [00772-EN.01] [Original text: Italian]

Chirograph.

Pope Francis issued a Chirograph for the Institution of a Pontifical Commission for the Protection of minors (22 March 2014)  In it he notes: "Many painful actions have caused a profound examination of conscience for the entire Church, leading us to request forgiveness from the victims and from our society for the harm that has been caused. This response to these actions is the firm beginning for initiatives of many different types, which are intended to repair the damage, to attain justice, and to prevent, by all means possible, the recurrence of similar incidents in the future."  He asks the Commission to promote local responsibility in churches, uniting their efforts to those of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, currently under the leadership of Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller. He calls for the protection of all children and vulnerable adults, regardless of their religion.

Developments.

In June, 2015, the commission urged Pope Francis to establish a Vatican tribunal to judge bishops accused of failing to protect children from sexual abuse.  Three members of the commission met in 2015 with the commission’s president, Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley, to voice their objection to Francis’ appointment of Bishop Juan Barros Madrid to lead the Diocese of Osorno in Chile. Barros has been accused of complicity in an abuse case there. Bishop Barros was a close associate of a Santiago priest the Vatican found guilty of sexual abuse in 2011, Fernando Karadima. Father Karadima’s victims claim Barros was aware of the abuse but did not protest, and subsequently failed to support the victims.  In February 2016 the commission met amid increasing criticism that Pope Francis needs to deliver on his promise of “zero tolerance” for sexual abuse and cover-ups by church clerics. The members watched the Oscar-nominated film "Spotlight" together. The movie dramatizes the 2001 experience of the Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative team at the Boston Globe as they uncovered and exposed systematic sex abuse and subsequent cover-ups by clergy and members of the church hierarchy in Boston.  In February 2017 the lone abuse victim, Marie Collins, left on the commission resigned.

The Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors () is an institution within the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church instituted by Pope Francis on 22 March 2014. The commission received its statutes on 8 May 2015 as part of the Catholic Church's efforts to deal with the scandal of sex abuse of minors. Its singular purpose is to propose initiatives that could protect children from pedophiles in the church. It is headed by Boston's Cardinal Archbishop, Sean P. O'Malley, O.F.M. Cap., who was selected by Pope Francis for this task; earlier O'Malley had been sent to Boston to correct troubles relating to the issue under his predecessor, Bernard Cardinal Law. The creation of the commission was announced in 2013 after Francis was criticized by victims' groups who questioned his understanding of the full scope of the problem. Following a slow start, the commission has, as of 2015, begun meeting with bishops and sponsoring training for church staff worldwide. The most significant proposal of the commission, the creation of an in-house Vatican tribunal to judge cases of bishops who are accused of failing to protect victims, was approved by Francis but has not been implemented.

La Commission pontificale pour la protection des mineurs est une institution de l'Église catholique créée par le pape François le pour la protection des mineurs. Elle est dirigée par le cardinal Seán O'Malley.


Life.

Fryderyk (in English, "Frederick") Skarbek lived during a complex historic period: beginning in independent Poland, continuing from 1793 in Prussian Poland, later in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–13) created by Napoleon, then from 1815 in the Kingdom of Poland, whose king was the Tsar of Russia.

Childhood and education (1792-1818).

Fryderyk Skarbek was born in Toruń, son of Kacper Skarbek, whose aristocratic family had roots dating back to medieval times, and of Ludwika Fenger, daughter of a rich Toruń merchant of German descent. He was the first of four children. Around 1800 the family, which had lived at Izbica Kujawska, moved to Żelazowa Wola. In 1802 Nicolas Chopin (the composer's father) was hired as the children's teacher.  In 1808 Fryderyk graduated from the Warsaw Lyceum (a secondary school in Warsaw). In 1809 he left for Paris, where he studied economics. He became, while absent in Paris, vicariously godfather to the composer Frédéric Chopin (1810–49), who had been born on the Skarbek estate in Żelazowa Wola. In 1812 he returned to Poland and worked as a translator in the Duchy's administration; then he devoted some years to local administration of the Sochaczew district.  Skarbek married twice:

Professor and sociologist.

In 1818 he became professor of economics at the University of Warsaw. He received a doctorate from the University of Kraków in 1819.  In 1820-30 he published several books on economics, in Polish (1821, 1824) and in French (1829).  Under the influence of Stanislaw Staszic, he became interested in questions concerning the poor, charity houses, and prisons; he worked for the department of prisons and charitable establishments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. When in 1828 he went to Paris to publish a book, the government commissioned him to report on prisons in Holland and Great Britain. Upon returning to Warsaw, he designed the Pawiak prison (completed 1835).  He was a pioneer in economic theory, and his 1829 work, "Théorie des richesses sociales" (Theory of Social Wealth), influenced Karl Marx's theory of labor. He also authored dramas and novels.

1830-31 crisis.

Politically, Skarbek favored accommodation with the Russian authorities. In November 1830, at the outbreak of the Polish November 1830 Uprising against Russia, he was in Saint Petersburg, Russia, having been summoned by Tsar Nicholas I to inspect Russian prisons.  He remained in Russia for the duration of the Uprising. In March 1831 he became a member of the Provisional Council of the Kingdom, and he returned to Poland only after Warsaw had been captured in September 1831 by Russian General Ivan Paskevich.

Late career (1832-58).

Despite Russian Poland's deteriorating situation under Paskevich as Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland (1831–55) — with the changing of the Constitution in 1832, the closing of Warsaw University in 1833, the promotion of Russification — Skarbek went on to serve in the administration, as president of the Central Council of Welfare Charity Works, and later as president of the Directorate of Insurance.  Tsar Nicholas I awarded him the Order of Saint Stanislaus, Second Class; and in 1846 gave him the Russian hereditary title of Count, after Skarbek had failed to obtain confirmation of a previous hereditary title of count.  In 1854 Skarbek became director of the Justice Committee (Minister of Justice).  He retired in 1858 and returned to scholarly and literary work, including his "Memoirs" which were published in 1876. He died in Warsaw in 1866, of sepsis.

Fryderyk Florian Skarbek (15 February 1792 – 25 September 1866), a member of the Polish nobility, was an economist, novelist, historian, social activist, administrator, politician, and penologist who designed the Pawiak Prison of World War II ill fame.

Frédéric Skarbek (en polonais "Fryderyk Florian Skarbek"), né le à Toruń (Pologne) et mort le à Varsovie, est un écrivain, penseur social et homme politique polonais, particulièrement connu en raison de ses liens avec la famille de Frédéric Chopin.


History.

According to Livy, Satricum was an Alban colony, and a member of the Latin League of 499 BC. In c. 488 BC it was taken by the Volsci. In 386 BC a force made up of Volscians of the town of Antium, Hernici and Latins rebelled against Rome and gathered near Satricum. After a battle with the Romans which was stopped by rain, the Latins and Hernici left and returned home. The Volsci retreated to Satricum, which was taken by storm. In 385 BC the Romans planted a colony with 2000 colonists at Satricum. In 382 BC a joint force of Volsci and Latins from the city of Praeneste took Satricum despite strong resistance by the Roman colonists. In 381 BC the Romans levied four legions and marched on Satricum. There was a fierce battle which the Romans won. In 377 BC a joint Latin and Volscian force encamped near Satricum. It was routed by the Romans and fled to Antium. A quarrel then broke out between the Antiates and the Latins. The former were minded to give up, while the latter did not and left. The Antiates surrendered their city and lands. The Latins burned Satricum in revenge, sparing only the temple of Mater Matuta. In 348 BC the Volsci rebuilt the city. 346 BC Antium sent envoys to the cities of the Latins to try to stir a war. The Romans attacked Satricum. They defeated an army of Antiates and other Volsci which had been levied in advance. These fled to Satricum. The Romans besieged this town and 4000 of the enemy surrendered. The town was destroyed and burnt. The temple of Mater Matuta was spared a second time. After this, we hear of this town only in connection with the temple of Mater Matuta.

Identification and history of research.

Antonio Nibby mistakenly identified ancient Satricum with the low hill at, then known as the Tenuta di Conca, surrounded by tufa cliffs, 1.5 km ESE of present-day Le Ferriere, on which were still scanty remains of walling in rectangular blocks of the same material. In 1896, the hill above Le Ferriere yielded remains of an archaic and early Classical sanctuary ascribed to Mater Matuta, during excavations begun under the direction of Prof. H. Graillot of the University of Bordeaux, member of the French School of Rome. After two weeks, this work was suspended by order of the Italian government, and then resumed under the supervision of Felice Barnabei, Raniero Mengarelli, and A. Cozza. The objects discovered were brought to the Villa Giulia Museum at Rome.  After some cursory investigations during the 1950s, the site of Satricum was brought to light again in 1977, as a result of a concerted effort by the Italian authorities to rescue the antiquities in the Roman "campagna" that were acutely threatened by large-scale urbanisation and agricultural reform. The alarm was first made public by the exhibition "Civiltà del Lazio primitivo" at Rome (1976). As a result, the Royal Dutch Institute at Rome was invited by the "Comitato per l'Archeologia laziale" to participate in a rescue project and to ascertain the state of preservation of the site.  Since 1977, a comprehensive research program at the site has been carried out through annual excavation and study campaigns. This concerned, first of all, activities by the Royal Dutch Institute at Rome (C. M. Stibbe), later joined by the Universities of Groningen (prof. M. Kleibrink) and Nijmegen (prof. J. de Waele). As of 1990, the project is being executed by the University of Amsterdam alone, under the direction of prof. Marijke Gnade.

Results.

Several inscriptions bearing the name of Mater Matuta have now made undisputed the identification of the city on and around the acropolis directly to the south of today's Le Ferriere with ancient Satricum. There remains, however, some discussion on the equation, proposed by C.M. Stibbe, of Satricum with the legendary city of "Suessa Pometia."  The sanctuary on top op the acropolis was re-excavated in 1978-1981. Metrological analyses by Prof. J. de Waele, published in 1981 convincingly demonstrated a succession of three building phases dated from the late 7th to the early 5th century BC. Further investigations in the subsoil showed a particularly large, rather isolated hut to have preceded them, possibly with a religious function. Evidence for a large number of other huts of various shapes testify to a concentrated use of the acropolis during Latial periods II-IV (1000 - 580 BC).  The three temples succeeding one another are characterized by Etrusco-Ionian, Campanian, and central-Italic traditions, respectively, in material, technology, and artistic background, evidencing the character of Satricum as a true crossroads of regionally competing, or successive, cultures. The discovery, in 1977, of the "Lapis Satricanus" re-used in the foundations of the last temple and bore the name Publius Valerius (possibly to be identified with Publius Valerius Poplicola) perhaps confirms to the political connections between Satricum and Republican Rome.  The Archaic Period at Satricum is evidenced by a number of large courtyard buildings on and at the foot of the acropolis. To the NE, a network of large roads, amongst which a "Sacra Via", in combination with a dense urban build-up have been traced, documenting various phases from the 6th to 4th century BC.  Among the more surprising recent (1981) findings is a large necropolis dated to the 5th and 4th century BC, within the "agger" in the SW corner of the Archaic city. The material culture of the populace buried here, yielding "i.a." a rare inscription on a lead miniature axe bearing the inscription "iukus|ko|efiei" shows strong connections with the Volscian traditions best known from the interior regions of the Apennine Peninsula. In fact, the discovery corroborates the historical traditions of the Volscians conquering Satricum in 488 BC. Tombs of this kind have successively been found both on the very top of the acropolis and intermixed with the remains of roads in the NW city area.  In addition to ongoing fieldwork, the storerooms and archives of the Villa Giulia Museum have gradually become accessible for advanced research. Thus the precise details are now known of the circumstances that led to the first excavation campaign by Graillot, the Italian government's intervention, and the subsequent neglect of the Satricum objects in the Villa Giulia. In addition, many object categories have now been properly studied and published (finds from the Archaic Votive Deposit, from the Orientalising and Archaic necropolises to the NE of the city, and the architectural terracottas of the sanctuary).

Bibliography.

Excavation updates.

Preliminary reports have been appearing frequently since 1978 in the scholarly periodicals "Archeologia Laziale, Bulletin Vereniging Antieke Beschaving", "Mededelingen van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome" and Lazio & Sabina.

Satricum (modern ), an ancient town of Latium vetus, lay on the right bank of the Astura river some SE of Rome in a low-lying region south of the Alban Hills, at the NW border of the Pontine Marshes. It was directly accessible from Rome via a road running roughly parallel to the Via Appia.

Satricum est une cité antique du Latium. Le site archéologique se trouve sur une colline dominant la localité de Le Ferriere, dans la commune de Latina, à une soixantaine de kilomètres au sud-est de Rome. On y a fouillé les vestiges d'un temple de Mater Matuta, des habitats et deux nécropoles.


S-Bahn station.

The Warschauer Straße S-Bahn station is located on the eastern side of Warschauer Bridge. The station's current configuration consists of a temporary footbridge and two platforms, one for trains inbound towards the city center, the other outbound towards Ostkreuz and Lichtenberg. The first station building opened on 11 August 1884 and stood until 1903. The second station building, designed by Karl Cornelius, stood from 1903 until 1924. The third station building, designed by Richard Brademann and constructed in 1924, was heavily damaged due to the destruction of Warschauer Bridge during World War II and required extensive reconstruction and alteration.  The station remained largely unchanged for decades. Warschauer Straße station was reconstructed in 1983, and a new platform opened on 20 December 1986. This was in order to provide greater transport access to the increasingly developed northeast districts of the city, Neu-Hohenschönhausen and Marzahn. Due to a lack of maintenance, the station building developed acute structural defects and was closed in late 2004. Soon after, the station building and platform access were demolished in April 2005 and replaced with a temporary walkway and stairs.  As part of a long term renovation and reconstruction project for S-Bahn Ostkreuz, Warschauer Straße, and Ostbahnhof stations, a new reception building and two new central platforms are being built at S-Bahn Warschauer Straße station. March 2012 saw the removal from service and demolition of platforms B and C. The newly rebuilt platform B returned to operation in May 2013 with only one edge of the platform active. Construction planners initially planned to begin construction of the new entrance hall in the summer of 2013, with an opening in 2016. Construction began in 2016 and has progressed quickly to the point where the concrete and steel of the new building has been completed. On Sunday 2 July, two of the temporary Imbiss street food huts were torn down, to be followed in time by the remainder, when the temporary foot bridge along the side of the new station building is also removed.

Nearby landmarks.

The Oberbaumbrücke, the East Side Gallery as well as the Mercedes-Benz Arena (former O2 World arena) can be reached on foot. Three discothèques are located in the basement vaults of the U-Bahn building: The Matrix Club, since 1996, one of the biggest venues in Berlin with up to nine bars and five dancefloors, the "Narva Lounge" and the "Busche".

Line information.

The station is served by the S-Bahn lines S3, S5, S7, S75 and S9, as well as the subway line U1. Access to tram lines M10 and M13, as well as the city bus is also locally possible.

Warschauer Straße station is an S-Bahn and U-Bahn station on Warschauer Straße on the northern bank of the river Spree in the Friedrichshain neighborhood of Berlin, Germany. The two train stations as well as the street tram that terminates adjacent to the U-Bahn station together accommodate over 85,000 passengers daily.

La gare de Berlin Warschauer Straße (allemand : "Rue de Varsovie") est une gare du S-bahn de Berlin sur le Stadtbahn à Berlin-Friedrichshain. La station est située sur le flanc est du pont de Varsovie ("Warschauer Brücke") qui surplombe les voies. On y accède à partir du Pont de Varsovie par un pont piétonnier perpendiculaire.


History.

The DF-5 was designed under the leadership of Tu Shou'e [屠守锷]] at the China Academy of Launch Technology (CALT); Li Xu'e [李绪鄂]] served as deputy chief designer. The missile was produced at the China's Factory 211 (Capital Astronautics Co. [首都航天机械公司], also known as the Capital Machine Factory [首都机械厂]).  The DF-5 was first flight tested in 1971, with final tests into the Pacific Ocean in May 1980. Two silo-based missiles were put into 'trial operational deployment' in 1981. It had a range of 10,000 to 12,000 km which allowed it to threaten the western portions of the United States. Beginning in 1986 the Chinese started developing the improved DF-5A, with range increased to over 15,000 km and a more accurate guidance system. The DF-5A upgrade increased the throw-weight of the system from 3,000 kg to 3,200 kg.

Deployment.

As with the DF-4, initially the DF-5 was stored in a horizontal position in tunnels under high mountains, and are launched immediately outside the mouth of the tunnel. The missiles must be moved into the open and fueled prior to firing, an operational mode dubbed "chu men fang pao" (firing a cannon outdoors), with the fueling operation apparently requiring about two hours. The initial deployment of a pair of DF-5s in silos in Central China was completed in 1981. That portion of the DF-5A force that is deployed in silos could be maintained in a ready-to-fire status. In order to enhance the survivability of these missiles, China has constructed a large number of decoy silos which consist of shallow holes excavations with headworks that resemble operational silos.  According to the US National Air and Space Intelligence Center, as of 1998 the deployed DF-5 force consisted of "about 25" missiles. From early 1999 to 2008 the total deployed DF-5 force was generally estimated at about 20 missiles. As of 2017, there were about 20 operational DF-5 launchers.

Variants.

DF-5B.

According to a 2015 US report, "Business Insider", "Jane's Defence Weekly", and "The Diplomat", China had begun to MIRV its DF-5s. It is believed about three to eight warheads can be placed on each MIRVed missile.  An improved version, named DF-5B, was shown to the public during the parade in Beijing celebrating 70 years since the end of World War II on 3 September 2015. By that time, the DoD estimated China of having approximately 20 DF-5 ICBMs, with 10 of them being DF-5B variants containing MIRVs. Although China has had the technology to field MIRV warheads for decades, they have only recently begun to do so, likely in response to the development of the American ballistic missile defense system. The DF-5B supposedly has an increased throw weight of 5000 kg.

DF-5C.

China has begun testing a new variant of a DF-5 missile, which has a MIRV with 10 nuclear warheads. It is called the DF-5C.

The Dongfeng 5 () or DF-5 is a second-generation two stage Chinese intercontinental ballistic missile. It has a length of 32.6 m and a diameter of 3.35 m. It weighs in at 183,000 kilograms and it has an estimated range of 12,000 to 15,000 kilometers. The DF-5 had its first flight in 1971 and was in operational service 10 years later. One of the limitations of the missile is that it takes between 30 and 60 minutes to fuel. The DF-5 is due to be replaced by the solid-fuelled DF-41. Around 2015, the newest variant DF-5B force are believed to have received a MIRV upgrade; according to "Business Insider", with DF-5B: "China has the ability to deliver nuclear warheads nearly anywhere on earth (outside of South America, at least)".

Le DF-5, ou Dong Feng-5, (du, signifiant ), est un missile balistique intercontinental développé par la Chine. Ce missile bi-étages, pesant environ, utilise une propulsion à ergols liquides stockables. Sa portée est comprise entre et il peut emporter une à plusieurs têtes nucléaires. Il a effectué son premier vol en 1971 et est entré en service en 1981. La Chine dispose en 2016 d'une vingtaine de missiles, déployés en silo ou dans des tunnels. La première génération des lanceurs chinois – les Longue Marche 2, 3 et 4 – qui ont placé en orbite plus de spatiaux, sont directement dérivés du DF-5.