Theory.

The main component of the optical isolator is the Faraday rotator. The magnetic field, formula_1, applied to the Faraday rotator causes a rotation in the polarization of the light due to the Faraday effect. The angle of rotation, formula_2, is given by, where, formula_4 is the Verdet constant of the material (amorphous or crystalline solid, or liquid, or crystalline liquid, or vaprous, or gaseous) of which the rotator is made, and formula_5 is the length of the rotator. This is shown in Figure 2. Specifically for an optical isolator, the values are chosen to give a rotation of 45°.  It has been shown that a crucial requirement for any kind of optical isolator (not only the Faraday isolator) is some kind of non-reciprocal optics

Polarization dependent isolator.

The polarization dependent isolator, or Faraday isolator, is made of three parts, an input polarizer (polarized vertically), a Faraday rotator, and an output polarizer, called an analyzer (polarized at 45°).  Light traveling in the forward direction becomes polarized vertically by the input polarizer. The Faraday rotator will rotate the polarization by 45°. The analyzer then enables the light to be transmitted through the isolator.  Light traveling in the backward direction becomes polarized at 45° by the analyzer. The Faraday rotator will again rotate the polarization by 45°. This means the light is polarized horizontally (the direction of rotation is not sensitive to the direction of propagation). Since the polarizer is vertically aligned, the light will be extinguished.  Figure 2 shows a Faraday rotator with an input polarizer, and an output analyzer. For a polarization dependent isolator, the angle between the polarizer and the analyzer, formula_2, is set to 45°. The Faraday rotator is chosen to give a 45° rotation.  Polarization dependent isolators are typically used in free space optical systems. This is because the polarization of the source is typically maintained by the system. In optical fibre systems, the polarization direction is typically dispersed in non polarization maintaining systems. Hence the angle of polarization will lead to a loss.

Polarization independent isolator.

The polarization independent isolator is made of three parts, an input birefringent wedge (with its ordinary polarization direction vertical and its extraordinary polarization direction horizontal), a Faraday rotator, and an output birefringent wedge (with its ordinary polarization direction at 45°, and its extraordinary polarization direction at −45°).  Light traveling in the forward direction is split by the input birefringent wedge into its vertical (0°) and horizontal (90°) components, called the ordinary ray (o-ray) and the extraordinary ray (e-ray) respectively. The Faraday rotator rotates both the o-ray and e-ray by 45°. This means the o-ray is now at 45°, and the e-ray is at −45°. The output birefringent wedge then recombines the two components.  Light traveling in the backward direction is separated into the o-ray at 45, and the e-ray at −45° by the birefringent wedge. The Faraday Rotator again rotates both the rays by 45°. Now the o-ray is at 90°, and the e-ray is at 0°. Instead of being focused by the second birefringent wedge, the rays diverge.  Typically collimators are used on either side of the isolator. In the transmitted direction the beam is split and then combined and focused into the output collimator. In the isolated direction the beam is split, and then diverged, so it does not focus at the collimator.  Figure 3 shows the propagation of light through a polarization independent isolator. The forward travelling light is shown in blue, and the backward propagating light is shown in red. The rays were traced using an ordinary refractive index of 2, and an extraordinary refractive index of 3. The wedge angle is 7°.

The Faraday rotator.

The most important optical element in an isolator is the Faraday rotator. The characteristics that one looks for in a Faraday rotator optic include a high Verdet constant, low absorption coefficient, low non-linear refractive index and high damage threshold. Also, to prevent self-focusing and other thermal related effects, the optic should be as short as possible. The two most commonly used materials for the 700–1100 nm range are terbium doped borosilicate glass and terbium gallium garnet crystal (TGG). For long distance fibre communication, typically at 1310 nm or 1550 nm, yttrium iron garnet crystals are used (YIG). Commercial YIG based Faraday isolators reach isolations higher than 30 dB.  Optical isolators are different from 1/4 wave plate based isolators because the Faraday rotator provides non-reciprocal rotation while maintaining linear polarization. That is, the polarization rotation due to the Faraday rotator is always in the same relative direction. So in the forward direction, the rotation is positive 45°. In the reverse direction, the rotation is −45°. This is due to the change in the relative magnetic field direction, positive one way, negative the other. This then adds to a total of 90° when the light travels in the forward direction and then the negative direction. This allows the higher isolation to be achieved.

Optical isolators and thermodynamics.

It might seem at first glance that a device that allows light to flow in only one direction would violate Kirchhoff's law and the second law of thermodynamics, by allowing light energy to flow from a cold object to a hot object and blocking it in the other direction, but the violation is avoided because the isolator must absorb (not reflect) the light from the hot object and will eventually reradiate it to the cold one. Attempts to re-route the photons back to their source unavoidably involve creating a route by which other photons can travel from the hot body to the cold one, avoiding the paradox.

An optical isolator, or optical diode, is an optical component which allows the transmission of light in only one direction. It is typically used to prevent unwanted feedback into an optical oscillator, such as a laser cavity.

Un isolateur optique ou diode optique est un composant optique permettant la propagation de la lumière en sens unique. Ce type de composants est généralement utilisé pour éliminer les réflexions parasites dans un oscillateur paramétrique optique, tel qu'une cavité laser. Les isolateurs optiques utilisent l'effet Faraday (lequel fait tourner la polarisation par un effet magnéto-optique), et plus précisément le composant destiné à cet effet : le rotateur de Faraday.


Early years.

Pavlo Lazarenko was born in a village of Karpivka (Shyroke Raion) that is located just outside a former Inhulets city (today part of Kryvyi Rih) on 23 January 1953 in peasant family (gardener). In 1970 he worked as a driver in the kolkhoz "Zoria Komunizma" (Dawn of Communism) in Shyroke Raion. From May 1971 to June 1973 Lazarenko served in the Soviet Army on the border with Afghanistan. After that in 1973-1978 he studied at the in Agronomic Department.

Career.

After graduating Lazarenko received a specialty of agronomist. From 1978 to 1983 he worked as agronomist, chief agronomist, and head of kolkhoz administration in the Kalinin kolkhoz, Novomoskovsk Raion.  In 1984, Lazarenko was appointed a head of agricultural department of Tsarychanka Raion. From 1985 to 1987 he worked as a Communist party functionary in Tsarychanka Raion. In 1987-90 Lazarenko worked for the Communist Party of Dnipropetrovsk region in agricultural production and food industry sectors. In February 1990 he was elected a head of Agro-Industrial Complex of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. In August 1991 Lazarenko was elected as the first deputy of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Governor office, while he also was appointed a director of the regional department of agriculture.  In March 1992, the President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk appointed Lazarenko the representative of President of Ukraine in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Lazarenko's candidacy was nominated by the council of working groups conference of the Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian University whose decision was supported by over 200 groups. Leonid Kuchma at that time was proposing another candidacy of Valeriy Pustovoitenko. Lazarenko stayed at the governor position until June 1994. Although he sided with incumbent Kravchuk in the 1994 elections (June–July), he managed to establish close ties with the election winner, Leonid Kuchma. Upon recommendation of the Prime Minister of Ukraine Yevhen Marchuk, the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma appointed Pavlo Lazarenko the First Vice Prime Minister (in Energy Affairs) on 5 September 1995. As the government official in energy affairs, he was charged with a task of negotiating gas supplies with Russia and Turkmenistan. Already next year in 1996 Ukraine reported no debts to the Russian Gazprom (Gas Industries) for the first since its independence. In 1996 Lazarenko became Doctor of Economic Sciences.

Prime minister.

On 28 May 1996, Kuchma confirmed Lazarenko as the Prime Minister of Ukraine within the powers stipulated by the current "Constitutional Agreement". On 10 July 1996, less than two weeks after adopting a new Constitution of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada approved the appointment of prime-minister. On 16 July 1996 Lazarenko survived an attempt on his life when a bomb exploded near his blocked car en route from Kiev to Boryspil airport.  While in charge of the Cabinet, Lazarenko reportedly exercised control over many lucrative business projects and speculatively charged 50 percent of profits for his patronage. At that time, he maintained a close business relationship with Yulia Tymoshenko, then the CEO of "Yedyni Energosystemy Ukrayiny" (United Energy Systems of Ukraine), a monopoly that imported Russian natural gas.  Lazarenko was involved in a prolonged and bitter struggle for economic domination with the emerging "" (an industrial group based in Donetsk). Some Ukrainian media indirectly accused Yevhen Shcherban, the leader of the Liberal Party of Ukraine, of the 1996 assassination attempt on Lazarenko. Conversely, others speculated that Shcherban's murder was a tit-for-tat order by the Prime Minister.  He may have also plotted against Oleksandr Volkov, a close associate of President Kuchma. Reportedly, Volkov became aware of the planned assassination and made a phone call to Lazarenko threatening appropriate revenge.  By mid-1997, Lazarenko had fallen out of favor with Kuchma, who suspected him of making plans to run for presidency in 1999. Kuchma later regretted Lazarenko's appointment as "my gravest mistake".  Lazarenko, who had no previous record of serious illness, was unexpectedly hospitalized in late June 1997. It is speculated that he spent the two weeks of the leave for his supposed sickness in vain attempts to mend fences with Kuchma. Technically, under the Ukrainian labor code law, a hospitalized individual may not be terminated from his position. However, when his dismissal became imminent, Lazarenko resigned on 2 July 1997, on his own initiative.  On 12 May 1998, he was elected to the parliament again from the N40 electoral district of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast as part of Hromada opposition party. In parliament Lazarenko became a leader of the Hromada parliamentary faction. Hromada frequently sided with the Socialist parliamentary faction of Oleksandr Moroz.

Imprisonments and trials.

Lazarenko was detained in December 1998 on money-laundering charges as he crossed by car from France into Switzerland. He was released on bail a few weeks later after giving surety of three million dollars. Details of his arrest in Switzerland led to a political scandal in Ukraine as rumours spread about Lazarenko attempting to cross the Swiss border with a Panamanian passport. The public uproar was in part instigated by President Kuchma's administration, who pressed for Lazarenko's arrest.  The Verkhovna Rada voted to waive Lazarenko's parliamentary immunity on 17 February 1999; however, Lazarenko fled the country on the eve of the parliamentary vote. He initially stopped in Greece but was detained in New York at JFK airport on 20 February 1999, on suspicion of illegally entering the United States. Lazarenko was reported to have a large amount of documents with him, including a Ukrainian diplomatic passport with an outdated U.S. visa, and he requested political asylum. Lazarenko was transferred to a jail in San Francisco, since his family owned a ranch in California. Ukrainian authorities requested his extradition in 2000, after charging him over the 1996 killing of Yevhen Shcherban and two attempts on the lives of high-ranking officials. The office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine also claimed that Lazarenko instigated the assassination of Vadym Hetman in late April 1998.  In the United States, Lazarenko was put on trial for money-laundering, corruption, and fraud. Attorney Daniel Horowitz represented Lazarenko on charges arising out of his operation of the Ukrainian gas business, Doron Weinberg represented him regarding charges of extortion of a business partner. The judge dismissed more than half the charges, but allowed the remaining charges to be presented to the jury for decision. In late May 2004 a federal jury in San Francisco found him guilty of using his position to get rich through a series of business schemes; with Transparency International naming Lazarenko the eighth most corrupt political leader in recent history that the same year. In October 2005, Lazarenko stated his intention to return to Ukraine in order to run in the March 2006 parliamentary elections; however Lazarenko remained under house arrest at an undisclosed location on $86 million bail from June 2004 until August 2006 after being convicted by a twelve-member jury.  Lazarenko was sentenced to 9 years in federal prison on 25 August 2006. On 18 October 2006 an appeal stemming from Lazarenko's conviction (but not the appeal of the conviction) was heard by a three judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which included former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Sandra Day O'Connor sitting by designation. Lazarenko was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution in Dublin, California. U.S. District Court Judge Charles Breyer cut Lazarenko's sentence from 108 to 97 months in prison on 19 November 2009. The court took into account that the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals had dismissed approximately half the counts he was convicted of, leaving convictions only for acts committed 17 years previously. In November 2009 Ukrainian Interior Minister Yuriy Lutsenko stated that if Lazarenko returns to Ukraine he will be detained as he is on the international wanted list.  He was imprisoned at FCI Terminal Island until 1 November 2012. Since then he applied for residency in the United States. According to Lazarenko's defense lawyer Viktor Chevhuz the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services will deal with this application by the end of 2013. According to Chevhuz this could lead to the demand to Lazarenko to leave the country within 72 hours with the right to fly anywhere; "Or a deportation to a country from which he arrived - Greece, because there is no extradition treaty with Ukraine". Chevhuz further expected Lazarenko to not return to Ukraine "as the criminal cases against him, which had been previously dropped, may be reopened". Immediately after his 1 November 2012 release the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine stated that as soon as Lazarenko would return to Ukraine he would be arrested; for his involvement in around 50 criminal cases. Lazarenko owns a luxurious mansion in Marin County, California which was bought with money looted from the Ukrainian budget.  In 2012, the Prosecutor General of Ukraine Viktor Pshonka suspected the involvement of Lazarenko (with Yulia Tymoshenko) in the murder of Donetsk businessman Yevhen Shcherban and Alexander Momot in 1996, and the assassination of banker Vadym Hetman in 1998; Lazarenko has denied involvement in all these cases.

Size of corruption.

According to an official count by the United Nations, approximately $200,000,000 was looted by Lazarenko during 1996–1997 from the government of Ukraine.  Lazarenko is reported to have abused his official authority as the Ukrainian Prime Minister to extort nearly 50 percent of businessman Peter Kiritchenko's $60 million in profits. Lazarenko then ordered him to assist in laundering the proceeds to accounts in Poland, Switzerland, Antigua, and eventually in the United States, where a shell company was used to conceal his property pucrchases. Kiritchenko pleaded guilty to one count of receipt of stolen property and agreed to testify against Lazarenko.  In 1998, he made unlawful transfers of $2.3 million from one Dugsbery account at WestAmerica Bank, which can be traced back to Mr. Lazarenko’s Lady Lake bank account in the Bahamas, to an account at Bank Boston Robertson Stevens. Both the funds in this account and those in a San Francisco EuroFed can be traced back to Lazarenko’s CARPO-53 account, where he deposited funds from the Naukovy fraud and from his extortion of Mr. Kiritchenko's funds. In total, Lazarenko was found to have laundered over $15 million from his Swiss bank account which ultimately ended up in Kiritchenko's EuroFed accounts in San Francisco. A Geneve court in June 2000 tried and convicted in absentia Lazarenko for laundering $6.6 million in illicit proceeds. In a special investigative report conducted by Kelly Carr and Brian Grow, two Reuter's journalists, it is stated that Lazarenko "was once ranked the eighth-most corrupt official in the world by watchdog group Transparency International" and that "Court records submitted in Lazarenko's criminal case and documents from a separate civil lawsuit, as well as interviews with lawyers familiar with the matter, indicate Lazarenko controls a shelf company incorporated in Cheyenne that owns an estimated $72 million in real estate in Ukraine through other companies". That shelf company, a special type of shell company, is named Capital Investments Group.  He acquired majority of his illegal funds through his activities in the gas and energy sector of Ukraine, where he was Energy Minister in the mid-1990s. He was reported by Radio Free Europe to have been guilty of money laundering in the United States and has routinely been on Transparency International's lists of most corrupt officials.  In the 2004 Global Corruption Report, Lazarenko made it into the list of the World's Most Corrupt Leaders. He was listed eighth and was said to have amassed between $114 million to $200 million.  In 2013, US authorities confiscated his $6.75 million California mansion in connection with his money laundering conviction from a decade before. Authorities have also sanctioned the seizure of a Pablo Picasso lithograph he is rumored to possess.

Personal life.

Lazarenko was married to his wife Tamara (born 1954) and has one son and two daughters. According to "The Ukrainian Weekly"; at the time of his arrest in December 1998 Lazarenko's wife and children were living in a mansion worth US$7 million in Novato, near San Francisco. USA. Lazarenko's son is Roman Lazarenko, born April 17, 2001.  Lazarenko's father Ivan Tryfonovych was born in 1926 in the Hnidyn village, Boryspil Raion. Right after his birth he along with his parents moved to the. Father of Ivan Tryfonovych was a market gardener. In 1932 the family moved to Karpivka, where grandfather Tryfon established a market garden of. In 1944 he went to front and never came back. Ivan Tryfonovych also became a gardener and established another garden in Karpivka of. In 1954 he was appointed a head of a local kolkhoz and later in the neighbouring village. In 1956 Ivan Tryfonovych joined the ranks of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.  Lazarenko's older brother Mykola worked as a chairman of the Hnidyn rural council in 1975-86 and later in the Inhulets Ore Enrichment Works. Lazarenko's younger brother Ivan worked in one of agricultural companies of the Novomoskovsk Raion.  Lazarenko is currently married to Oksana Tsykova and has 4 children an attorney in Daniel Horowitz's Law Practice in the California East San Francisco Bay Area

In the media.

Investigative journalism.

Pavlo Lazarenko activity was investigated by many Ukrainian journalists. Among them the most notable success was achieved by the following ones:  In 2008, according to the results of collective investigative journalism, the book "The Phenomenon of Lazarenko. Villain or Genius?" edited by Vadym Klymentyev was published. It was dedicated to the analysis of the politicians’ life course  According to the results of investigations of journalist Borys Filatov two documentaries, that revealed the essence of the charges against Mr. Lazarenko in the U.S., were filmed

Awards.

Lazarenko is a recipient of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise in 1995 and two orders of Saint Volodymyr from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.

Pavlo Ivanovych Lazarenko (; born 23 January 1953) is a former Ukrainian politician and former Prime Minister who in August 2006 was convicted and sentenced to prison in the United States for money laundering, wire fraud and extortion. According to United Nations, approximately US$200 million was embezzled by Lazarenko during 1996–97 from the government of Ukraine.

Pavlo Ivanovych Lazarenko (en ukrainien : "Павло Іванович Лазаренко"), né le, dans le village de "Karpivka", dans l'oblast de Dnipropetrovsk en Ukraine, est un homme d'État ukrainien, Premier ministre ukrainien de 1996 à 1997.


Background.

On 29 March 2013, Dion's official website announced that the singer will perform on the Plains of Abraham in Quebec City on 27 July 2013. 2 April 2013 press release stated that Dion is preparing a one-time special event for Quebec City, her only show outside Las Vegas. She will perform her greatest hits in a show named "Céline... une seule fois" and the concert will be 80% French and 20% English songs. On 16 April 2013, it was revealed that Dion will perform songs from as far back as her 1987 "Incognito" album, including hits from "D'eux" and tracks from her 2012 album "Sans attendre". Dion already performed on the Plains of Abraham on 22 August 2008 in front of 250,000 spectators and a DVD with this show titled "Céline sur les Plaines" was released on 11 November 2008. On 23 April 2013, her official website announced in another press release that Dion will return to France and Belgium in November 2013 for a limited number of exceptional shows, the only ones scheduled in Europe after her 2008's Taking Chances World Tour. Dion will tour to celebrate the success of "Sans attendre", which has sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide. The set list for the "Céline... une seule fois" concert was revealed on 24 May 2013. On 19 June 2013, after selling out all seven dates of the Sans attendre Tour in Belgium and France, Dion added another concert on 4 December 2013. Later, a ninth and last date was added as well.  "Céline... une seule fois" was planned for 60,000 people but in order to ensure comfort and safety, only 42,495 tickets were available and they all sold-out. It took 10,000 hours to install the gigantic stage. Measuring 224 ft (68m) long by 86 ft (26m) wide and weighing 300,000 pounds (136 tons), it was the largest stage in Canada. Dion decided to have a "rock" look with a good dose of glamour and wore during her concert creations by Balmain, Atelier Versace, Elie Saab and Alexandre Vauthier. The actual set list performed in Quebec City differed slightly to the one published before the event. Dion did not perform "Rolling in the Deep", "The Prayer" and "Regarde-moi" from "D'eux" (out of respect for the victims of the recent Lac-Mégantic derailment, as the song's lyrics refer to a train going out of control). Instead she sang the title track from her upcoming English album "Loved Me Back to Life", "Ce n'était qu'un rêve" and Félix Leclerc's "Bozo". While in Quebec City for the concert, Dion was presented the Companion to the Order of Canada, the highest civilian honour in the country, by the Governor General in a ceremony at the Citadel. On 8 August 2013, René Angélil and Dion announced that many elements from the concert in Quebec will be incorporated into the concerts in Europe, a large part of the same repertoire will be used, but in a different way. In Europe, Dion did not perform "Ce n'était qu'un rêve", "Bozo", "Je n'ai pas besoin d'amour" from "Sans attendre" and "Je danse dans ma tête/Des mots qui sonnent/Incognito" medley. Instead she sang: "Where Does My Heart Beat Now", "Water and a Flame", "At Seventeen", "Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)", "Regarde-moi", "Tout l'or des hommes", "Je ne vous oublie pas" and "Immensité".

Content.

On 14 April 2014, Dion's official website announced that the one-night only "Céline... une seule fois" show on the historic Plains of Abraham in Quebec City will be released on 19 May 2014. The set titled "Céline une seule fois / Live 2013" will include a DVD/Blu-ray of the entire concert and two live CDs which also include four bonus tracks from Dion's 2013 sold-out Paris shows. The show opens with "Ce n'était qu'un rêve", Dion's debut single from 1981, and contains her greatest hits, including tracks from her recent commercially successful French-language release "Sans attendre" and the world debut of the single "Loved Me Back to Life" from her same-titled album, released later that year. Taped shortly after the Lac-Mégantic derailment, Dion dedicated the show to the victims of the train crash that killed forty-seven on 6 July 2013. The four bonus tracks include: "Tout l'or des hommes", "Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)", "Water and a Flame" and "Regarde-moi" from "D'eux". The concert also includes duet with Jean-Marc Couture on "J'irai où tu iras". Couture, winner of "Star Académie" in 2012, was also the opening act for "Céline... une seule fois". The performance of "Loved Me Back to Life" was used as a music video for this single and released on 18 September 2013.

Singles.

"Celle qui m'a tout appris" was chosen as the first single from "Céline une seule fois / Live 2013" and fourth from "Sans attendre". On 8 April 2014, it was sent to radio in France. On 29 April 2014, the song was also released to Canadian radio stations. The music video for "Celle qui m'a tout appris" taken from the "Céline... une seule fois" concert was uploaded onto Dion's official Vevo channel on 6 May 2014.

Promotion.

On 10 August 2013, "Céline... une seule fois" became available on Quebec's Vidéotron pay TV and pay-per-view (PPV). On 29 November 2013, the concert re-titled "Celine Dion Only Once" was broadcast in Latin America on DirecTV (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela). In December 2013, it was also broadcast on three European channels: Swiss RTS Deux (24 December), French D8 (25 December) and Belgian La Une (31 December; rebroadcast on 5 January 2014). On 20 April 2014, "Céline... une seule fois " was broadcast on TVA in Canada. It was later nominated for the Félix Award for Television Show of the Year - Music but lost to "La Voix". The trailer for "Céline une seule fois / Live 2013" was uploaded onto Dion's official Vevo channel on 28 April 2014. Four days later, Dion's official website released photos from the "Céline une seule fois / Live 2013" booklet.

Commercial performance.

"Céline une seule fois / Live 2013" was released in selected countries as an audio/video combo but charted on the album charts only. It peaked inside top ten in France (number two), Belgium Wallonia (number four), Canada (number ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and number four in Quebec) and China (number one on the Western Albums Chart and number three on the Overall Albums Chart). "Céline une seule fois / Live 2013" has sold 18,547 copies in the first week in France, and debuted at the second position, losing to Coldplay's "Ghost Stories". In Canada, it has sold 5,319 units in the first week and entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number ten. In the second week, the album fell to number three in France selling 10,271 copies and went down to number fourteen in Canada with sales of 2,032 units. In the third and fourth week in France, "Céline une seule fois / Live 2013" fell to number eight and fourteen, selling 5,200 and 4,500 copies respectively. The album has sold over 64,100 copies in France and was certified Gold in December 2014. It also reached number eleven on the main chart in Switzerland (and number five on the Romandy chart), and peaked inside top forty in the Netherlands, Belgium Flanders, Italy and on the Korean International Albums Chart.

Céline une seule fois / Live 2013 is a live album/home video by Canadian singer, Celine Dion. It was released on 16 May 2014 as a three-disc set (2CD/DVD and 2CD/Blu-ray). The album/video was recorded on 27 July 2013 on the historic Plains of Abraham in Quebec City during the one-night only "Céline... une seule fois" show. The CD also includes four bonus tracks recorded in Paris during Dion's sold-out Tournée Européenne 2013 in November and December 2013.

Céline... une seule fois / Live 2013 est un album live de Céline Dion sorti le sous forme d'un coffret de trois disques : 2 CD et un DVD ou 2 CD et un Blu-ray.


Observations.

A gamma-ray burst (GRB) is a highly luminous flash of gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation. GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites, a series of spacecraft designed to detect nuclear explosions.  GRB 970228 was detected on 28 February 1997 at 02:58 UTC by the Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GRBM) and one of the Wide Field Cameras (WFCs) on board BeppoSAX, an Italian–Dutch satellite originally designed to study X-rays. The burst lasted around 80 seconds and had multiple peaks in its light curve. Gamma-ray bursts have very diverse time profiles, and it is not fully understood why some bursts have multiple peaks and some have only one. One possible explanation is that multiple peaks are formed when the source of the gamma-ray burst undergoes precession. Within a few hours, the BeppoSAX team used the X-ray detection to determine the burst's position with an error box—a small area around the specific position to account for the error in the position—of 3 arcminutes. The burst was also detected by the Ulysses space probe.  About one and nine days later, optical images of the error box were taken with the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma; comparison of the images revealed a fading point source located at a right ascension of and a declination of, providing the first arcsecond-accuracy localization of any Gamma-ray burst.  Later images after the point source faded revealed a faint galaxy at almost the same position, the presumed host galaxy of the burst; a chance position coincidence was unlikely but possible, so the cosmological origin of GRBs was not conclusive until observations of GRB 970508 about two months later.

Afterglow.

In 1993, Bohdan Paczyński and James E. Rhoads published an article arguing that, regardless of the type of explosion that causes GRBs, the extreme energetics of GRBs meant that matter from the host body must be ejected at relativistic speeds during the explosion. They predicted that the interaction between the ejecta and interstellar matter would create a shock front. Should this shock front occur in a magnetic field, accelerated electrons in it would emit long-lasting synchrotron radiation in the radio frequencies, a phenomenon that would later be referred to as a radio afterglow. Jonathan Katz later concluded that this lower-energy emission would not be limited to radio waves, but should range in frequency from radio waves to x-rays, including visible light.  The Narrow Field Instruments on board BeppoSAX began making observations of the GRB 970228's position within eight hours of its detection. A transient x-ray source was detected which faded with a power-law slope in the days following the burst. This x-ray afterglow was the first GRB afterglow ever detected. Power-law decays have since been recognized as a common feature in GRB afterglows, although most afterglows decay at differing rates during different phases of their lifetimes.  Optical images were taken of GRB 970228's position on 1 and 8 March using the William Herschel Telescope and the Isaac Newton Telescope. Comparison of the images revealed an object which had decreased in luminosity in both visible light and infrared light. This was the burst's optical afterglow. Deeper follow-up observations using the New Technology Telescope showed that the afterglow coincided with a distant, small galaxy: the first evidence of the extragalactic, cosmological nature of Gamma-ray bursts. After the gamma-ray bursts itself had faded away, very deep observations taken with the Keck telescopes showed the underlying galaxy to have a redshift of 0.695. The predicted radio afterglow was never detected for this burst. At the time of this burst's discovery, GRBs were believed to emit radiation isotropically. The afterglows from this burst and several others—such as GRB 970508 and GRB 971214—provided early evidence that GRBs emit radiation in collimated jets, a characteristic which lowers the total energy output of a burst by several orders of magnitude.

Supernova relation.

Daniel Reichart of the University of Chicago and Titus Galama of the University of Amsterdam independently analyzed GRB 970228's optical light curve, both concluding that the host object may have undergone a supernova explosion several weeks before the gamma-ray burst occurred.  Galama analyzed the light curve of the burst and found that its luminosity decayed at different rates at different times. The luminosity decayed more slowly between March 6 and April 7 than it did before and after these dates. Galama concluded that the earlier light curve had been dominated by the burst itself, whereas the later light curve was produced by the underlying Type Ic supernova. Reichart noted that the late afterglow was redder than the early afterglow, an observation which conflicted with the then-preferred relativistic fireball model for the gamma-ray burst emission mechanism. He also observed that the only GRB with a similar temporal profile was GRB 980326, for which a supernova relation had already been proposed by Joshua Bloom.  An alternative explanation for the light curves of GRB 970228 and GRB 980326 involved dust echoes. Although GRB 980326 did not provide enough information to definitively rule out this explanation, Reichart showed that the light curve of GRB 970228 could only have been caused by a supernova. Definitive evidence linking gamma-ray bursts and supernovae was eventually found in the spectrum of GRB 020813 and the afterglow of GRB 030329. However, supernova-like features only become apparent in the weeks following a burst, leaving the possibility that very early luminosity variations could be explained by dust echoes.

Host galaxy.

During the night between 12 and 13 March, Jorge Melnick made observations of the region with the New Technology Telescope. He discovered a faint nebular patch at the burst's position, almost certainly a distant galaxy. Although there was a remote chance that the burst and this galaxy were unrelated, their positional coincidence provided strong evidence that GRBs occur in distant galaxies rather than within the Milky Way. This conclusion was later supported by observations of GRB 970508, the first burst to have its redshift determined.  The position of the burst's afterglow was measurably offset from the centroid of the host galaxy, effectively ruling out the possibility that the burst originated in an active galactic nucleus. The redshift of the galaxy was later determined to be z = 0.695, which corresponds to a distance of approximately. At this distance, the burst would have released a total of assuming isotropic emission.

GRB 970228 was the first gamma-ray burst (GRB) for which an afterglow was observed. It was detected on 28 February 1997 at 02:58 UTC. Since 1993, physicists had predicted GRBs to be followed by a lower-energy afterglow (in wavelengths such as radio waves, x-rays, and even visible light), but until this event, GRBs had only been observed in highly luminous bursts of high-energy gamma rays (the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation); this resulted in large positional uncertainties which left their nature very unclear.

GRB 970228 est un sursaut gamma observé le 28 février 1997 dans une galaxie située entre. Il est le premier sursaut gamma où une émission rémanente a été détectée.


Career.

Early career.

Slavchev started his career at home-town club Septemvri Sofia, joining their youth system as a six-year-old. In the 2006–07 season, he became a goalscorer for their youth team. In 2007, Slavchev joined Slavia Sofia and was part of the side that won the Bulgarian U-15 Championship in the 2007–08 season.

Litex Lovech.

Slavchev joined the Litex's first team in October 2010. He made his debut during the 2010–11 season, on 31 October 2010 in a 2–0 home win over Slavia Sofia, coming on as a substitute for Hristo Yanev.  In July 2011, Slavchev joined Chavdar Etropole on a season-long loan deal. In the 2011–12 season, he earned 13 appearances in the B PFG(second division of Bulgarian football).  In the summer of 2012, he returned to Litex. On 4 November 2012, in the league match against Cherno More, he marked his first goal in the A PFG in a 4–1 victory.

Sporting CP.

On 19 May 2014, Slavchev signed with Portuguese side Sporting CP on a five-year deal, for a reported fee of 2,5 million euro.

Loans to Bolton, Apollon and Lechia.

On 2 February 2015 Slavchev joined Bolton Wanderers until the end of the season. He made his debut for the team in the English Championship on 7 February 2015 in a match against Derby County. It was his only match for Bolton after Slavchev got injured and was ruled out until the end of the season.  On 11 August 2015, Slavchev joined the Cypriot team Apollon Limassol on loan for the 2015–16 season. He made his debut on 23 August 2015, scoring the winning goal after added time. On 19 May 2016 Apollon won the Cypriot Cup.  Slavchev had an injury at the end of the 2015-2016 season. Sporting decided to loan him out in order for him to gain more experience and to reach full fitness. On 17 August 2016, Slavchev joined Polish club Lechia Gdańsk, on a season-long loan, where he would play alongside fellow Bulgarian footballer, Milen Gamakov. Slavchev made his debut for the team on 9 September 2016, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1-0 win against KS Cracovia. He scored his first goal for the team on 11 March 2018, in a 1-3 home loss against Legia Warszawa.  Slavchev spent a trial period at Birmingham City during the summer of 2017.

Qarabağ.

On 5 July 2018, Slavchev signed a three-year contract with Qarabağ FK.

Levski Sofia.

After agreeing to rescind his contract with the Azerbaijani side, Slavchev returned to his home country. On 22 December 2019 he signed a 3-year deal with Levski Sofia. He made his official debut for the "bluemen" on 15 February 2020, in the 0:0 league draw with CSKA Sofia in The Eternal Derby, coming on as an early substitute before being replaced himself towards the end of the match due to injury issues.

International career.

In September 2009, he was called for Bulgaria U17 by coach Atanas Zhelev and took part in the UEFA U-17 European championship. In 2011, he was called up for the UEFA U-19 European Championship. In 2012, he got his first call-up for the national youth team by coach Mihail Madanski.  In 2013, he was called up for Bulgaria by Lyuboslav Penev for the 2014 World Cup qualification games against Malta and Denmark. On 15 October 2013, in the last match for the qualifications for the 2014 FIFA World Cup against the Czech Republic, he made his debut for the first team as a substitute.  On 25 March 2016, Slavchev came on as a substitute during the magnificent 0-1 away win over Portugal. On 13 November 2016, he played the full 90 minutes in the 1:0 win over Belarus in a 2018 World Cup qualifier.

Simeon Slavchev (; born 25 September 1993) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bulgarian club Levski Sofia and the Bulgaria national football team.

Simeon Nenchev Slavchev (en ), dit Simeon Slavchev, est un footballeur international bulgare né le à Sofia (Bulgarie). Il évolue au poste de milieu de terrain au Levski Sofia.


Club career.

Guimarães.

Born in Vila Nova de Famalicão, Braga District, Oliveira was a youth product at Vitória de Guimarães, joining the club's ranks at the age of 13. He made his professional debut in the 2011–12 season, on loan to F.C. Penafiel in the second division.  Oliveira returned for the 2012–13 campaign, but started with the reserves also in the second level. His first official appearance with the main squad occurred on 5 January 2013, as he played the full 90 minutes in a 0–0 away draw against Gil Vicente F.C. for the Primeira Liga championship; he also contributed with four appearances in the Minho team's successful campaign in the Portuguese Cup, including the final win over S.L. Benfica.

Sporting.

On 19 May 2014, Oliveira signed a five-year deal with fellow league side Sporting CP. He appeared in 40 competitive games in his first year and scored three goals, helping to a third-place finish and the subsequent qualification to the UEFA Champions League; he made his debut in the competition on 30 September 2014, coming on as a 64th-minute substitute for Maurício in a 0–1 group stage home loss to Chelsea.  Subsequently, Oliveira was only third or fourth-choice stopper for the Jorge Jesus-led side.

Eibar.

On 17 July 2017, Oliveira moved to SD Eibar on a four-year contract; in the process, the €3.5 million transfer fee paid for his services became the Spanish club's highest ever, whilst Sporting remained entitled to 30% of his rights and a rebuy option after the first three years. He finished his first season in La Liga with 26 appearances, as his team finished in ninth place.  Oliveira scored his goal in the Spanish top division on 17 August 2019, but he also put on past his own net in the 1–2 away defeat against RCD Mallorca.

International career.

Oliveira earned 46 caps for Portugal at youth level, including 23 for the under-21s. He made his debut with the full side on 31 March 2015, starting in a 0–2 friendly defeat against Cape Verde in Estoril.

Honours.

Club.

Vitória Guimarães  Sporting

Paulo André Rodrigues de Oliveira (born 8 January 1992) is a Portuguese footballer who plays for Spanish club SD Eibar as a central defender.

Paulo André Rodrigues de Oliveira, dit Paulo Oliveira, est un footballeur international portugais né le à Vila Nova de Famalicão. Il évolue au poste de défenseur central à la SD Eibar.


Development.

Concept.

The season focuses on the misadventures of Gumball Watterson, a blue 12-year-old cat, along with his adopted brother, Darwin, a 10-year-old goldfish. Together, they cause mischief among their family, as well as with the wide array of students at Elmore Junior High, where they attend middle school. In a behind-the-scenes video documenting the production of the second season, creator Ben Bocquelet expanded on the development of some of the characters, and how they are based on interactions from his childhood.

Production.

The first season began filming on November 2, 2010 and ended filming on September 13, 2011. The first season premiered in the US on May 3, 2011 with the episode "The DVD" and ended March 12, 2012 with the episode "The Fight" almost a year later. The world premiere of the show was on May 11, 2011 on Cartoon Network UK with the episode "The Mystery".  Two episodes, entitled "The Mom" and "The Pizza", were written for this season, but never produced. However, the concept of the former was reused in the show's third season's episode "The Mothers"; and the concept of the latter was reused in the show's second season's episode "The Job" but then, it became an episode of the show's third season with the same name "The Pizza" and the second was later produced (but with some changes) in the show's third season. Two episodes more never produced like the aforementioned, but their plots and titles are still unknown.

Reception.

Ratings.

The season premiere "The DVD" was watched by 2.120 million viewers in the United States, and received a 0.4 rating in the 18–49 demographic Nielsen household rating. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, which means that the episode was seen by 0.8 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds at the time of the broadcast. This season had an average of 2.00 million viewers per episode in the United States. The first episode was broadcast on a Tuesday at 8:30 P.M. All episodes from The Responsible to The Club were broadcast Mondays at 7:30 P.M. The remainder of the season, starting with The Wand, was broadcast Tuesdays at 7:30 P.M.

Critical reception.

"The A.V. Club"s Noel Murray graded the DVD release of the series' first 12 episodes a B+, writing that "what sets ["The Amazing World of Gumball"] apart from the many other super-silly, semi-anarchic cartoons on cable these days is that it features such a well-developed world, where even with the eclectic character designs, there are recognizable traits and tendencies." "Z." of GeekDad gave the first volume DVD a positive review; he praised the season for having "genuine heart even as the plots themselves transition from well-worn TV tropes to all out madness." He panned the lack of extra features on the disc, but said "[the disc] at least gives viewers the opportunity to experience the show's delightful theme song,... often truncated during television broadcasts".  Tyler Foster of DVD Talk gave the first season a lukewarm review. In reviewing the first DVD volume, he praised the "knockout" visuals but felt the animation was "relatively simple, even when it's going exaggerated for a gag." He was weary of the morals presented in the premiere, and found the comedy throughout the volume "anemic". He criticized the lack of extra features on the disk, saying the single character gallery "was so anemic I can't even give it half a star." DVD Verdict reviewer Paul Pritchard gave the first volume 88 out of 100. He praised the season for its visuals, which he felt complemented the series' "anarchic nature". He stated that while the moral lessons aimed toward family audiences, he stated that, "in something of a twist, such lessons are completely lost on Gumball and his pals—something I personally took great delight in." However, he wrote that the lack of a selection extras was "pretty poor." Mac McEntire of the same website also applauded the season's visuals but stated "laughs are hit or miss", and that the randomness of the humor was "its biggest detriment"; he gave the second volume 75 out of 100. Nancy Basile of About.com favored "The Ghost" out of the third DVD volume; she praised the series as a "smart, fast-paced, hilarious cartoon."

Episodes.

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The first season of the British-American animated comedy children's television series "The Amazing World of Gumball" originally aired from May 3, 2011 to March 13, 2012 on Cartoon Network. Consisting of 36 episodes, the season premiered with the episode "The DVD" and concluded with the episode "The Fight". The season premiere was watched by 2.120 million viewers in the United States.

La première saison de la série d'animation britannico-américaine Le Monde incroyable de Gumball ("") est originellement diffusée le sur la chaîne télévisée américaine. Composée de 36 épisodes, la saison débute avec l'épisode "Le DVD" et se termine avec "La Bagarre". Le premier épisode est regardé par 2,1 millions de téléspectateurs américains.


Club career.

Fulham.

Having joined Fulham from AFC Wimbledon at the age of 13, Roberts signed his first professional contract shortly after his 17th birthday in February 2014, tying himself to the club until the summer of 2016. Roberts described signing the contract as "one of the best feelings I've ever had in my life".  Roberts was named among Fulham's substitutes for the first time on 15 March 2014 for a Premier League game against Newcastle United, with Fulham manager Felix Magath describing Roberts after the match as "an extraordinary talent". On 22 March 2014, he made his debut as a 55th-minute substitute in a Premier League defeat to Manchester City. On 5 May, he scored in the second leg of the 2014 FA Youth Cup final, which Fulham lost 7–6 on aggregate to Chelsea. Roberts' first appearance of the 2014–2015 campaign came as a substitute in Fulham's opening day fixture at Ipswich Town on 9 August, where he managed to grab an assist shortly after coming on. He made his first start for the Cottagers on 20 August 2014 in a home match against Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Manchester City.

On 19 July 2015, Roberts signed for Manchester City on a long-term deal for an undisclosed fee, believed to be in the region of £12 million. Roberts made his debut coming on as a substitute for Jesús Navas against Real Madrid in the pre-season 2015 International Champions Cup. On 22 September 2015, Roberts made his first team debut for Manchester City when he came on as a substitute during a 4–1 win against Sunderland in the League Cup. He made his league debut for Manchester City in a 4–1 loss to Tottenham Hotspur, coming on as a substitute for Sergio Agüero.  On 29 January 2016, it was reported that Celtic had agreed an 18-month loan deal with Manchester City for Roberts, while the player was in Glasgow for a medical. The transfer was confirmed on 1 February. He played for the U20 side a couple of days later in a 4–0 win over Motherwell, scoring Celtic's fourth in the last minute and providing assists for the other three goals. Roberts made his first team debut for Celtic on 20 February 2016, coming on a substitute for the final few minutes of Celtic's 3–0 league win over Inverness CT at Celtic Park. He was given his first starting appearance on 2 March in a league match at home against Dundee. Celtic could only draw 0–0, but Roberts was noted to have looked "sharp" and showed "flashes of his talent".  On 2 April 2016, Roberts scored his first competitive club goal, netting a brace for Celtic in a 3–1 come-from-behind win over Hearts. Following an impressive run of form during which he netted three goals, Roberts was named Scottish Player of the Month for April. He scored another brace on 8 May in a 3–2 win over Aberdeen, in the process helping Celtic clinch the Scottish Premiership title. Roberts scored another goal on the final day of the season in a 7–0 drubbing of Motherwell, thereby ending the campaign with 7 goals in 12 appearances for Celtic.  Roberts made his first ever Champions League appearance on 20 July 2016, starting and scoring in a 3–0 win over Lincoln Red Imps. He had previously rejected the opportunity to represent England at the U19 European Championship in order to help Celtic progress to the Champions League proper. On 6 December 2016, Roberts scored an impressive solo goal and was named man of the match in a Champions League match against his parent club Manchester City. He finished the 2016–2017 season with 43 appearances and 15 goals, helping Celtic to complete an unbeaten domestic season, in which the club secured its sixth consecutive league title.  On 28 August 2017, it was announced that Roberts had rejoined Celtic on a new season-long loan. In November, during a match against Motherwell, Roberts suffered a hamstring injury and was sidelined for a number of months. He made his return against the same opposition on 18 March 2018 when he came on a substitute for James Forrest in a 0–0 draw.  Roberts joined Manchester City's Spanish partner club Girona for the 2018–19 season, with Manchester City saying that the ideal next stage in Robert's development would be testing himself in La Liga, one of the world's most technical leagues. At the time of signing he was the only English player playing in the Spanish top flight and he made his debut the following day as a substitute against Real Valladolid. He endured a difficult campaign, however, and failed to score in 19 league appearances as the club suffered relegation to the Segunda División.  Roberts was the first new addition to most-recent Championship winners and therefore newly-promoted Premier League club Norwich City, signing for them on a season-long loan. On 2 January 2020, Roberts joined Middlesbrough on loan until the end of the season. He had been recalled by Manchester City due to a lack of games for Norwich.

International career.

Roberts has represented England at under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels. He played an integral role in England's victory at the 2014 European Under-17 Championship in Malta, scoring three goals, grabbing four assists and being named in the team of the tournament.  In August 2014 Roberts received his first call up to the England under-19 squad. Despite being just 17 years old at the time, Roberts played a big part in the England under-19 team's progression through the 2015 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualifying round. In the three group games played by England under-19, Roberts recorded a total of four goals and four assists. He had previously rejected the chance to be in the England squad at the U19 European Championship in order to help Celtic progress to the Champions League proper. Roberts was also expected to be selected for the England under-20 squad in the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup, but he instead opted to play for Celtic in the 2017 Scottish Cup Final.

Personal life.

Roberts was born in Kingston upon Thames, Greater London. His parents are both from Merseyside and he is a fan of Liverpool. He is an alumnus of Wimbledon College.

Honours.

Celtic  England U17  Individual

Patrick John Joseph Roberts (born 5 February 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Middlesbrough, on loan from Manchester City. He has previously played for Fulham, Celtic and Girona.

Patrick John Joseph Roberts, né le à Kingston upon Thames, est un footballeur anglais qui évolue au poste de milieu de terrain au Middlesbrough FC, en prêt de Manchester City.


History.

The Urban Music Awards recognise the achievement of urban-based artists, producers, club nights, DJs, radio stations, record labels and artist from the current R&B, hip hop, neo soul, jazz, and dance music scene.  The winners are selected by an online public vote.

The Urban Music Awards in USA.

The 2009 Urban Music Awards were held on 17 July 2009 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City and returning to London on 1 November for the UK version of the show. The 2009 return was covered by major international press, including "OK! Magazine", the "Daily Express", and the "Insider". 2009 also saw the launch of the Best Asian Act category to celebrate artists and musicians of Asian origin, which was widely covered within the Asian media worldwide.

2003: 1st Year.

The awards took place in Hammersmith Palais.

2004.

The awards took place at the Barbican.

2005.

The venue was Wembley Arena

2006.

The awards took place in the Grand Connaught Rooms.

2007.

2008.

Venue: 02 Arena

2009.

Location: Wembley Arena

2010.

Location: Grand Connaught

2011.

Location: Porchester

2012.

Location: Grand Connaught

2013.

Location: Grand Connaught

2014.

Winners for the Urban Music Awards 2014 included:

2015.

In 2015 the UMA events returned in London. Over 770,000 votes were received online. The show was hosted by founder, Jordan Kensington and singer/songwriter, Kiera Weathers. The awards included performances from Big Narstie, Kid Army, Kym Mazell, Rough Copy, Kelvin Jones, Chos3n and Young Kings. The UMA official house band, the Dominos provided the backdrop to music performed on stage by Macklemoore and a collaboration of "Ready or Not" by Fugees featuring the hosts. Lady Leshurr won record three awards for UMA Best Music Video 2015, Best Female Act 2015, and Best HipHop Act 2015.  The winners of the 13th annual Urban Music Awards

The Urban Music Awards (UMA) is a hip-hop, R&B, dance, and soul music awards ceremony launched by Jordan Kensington in 2003 and now held in several countries.

Les Urban Music Awards, est une cérémonie de récompense des artistes Hip-hop, R&B, soul et danse. Elle a lieu tous les ans depuis 2003 et elle est présente dans 6 pays. La cérémonie de remise des prix est organisée chaque année par qui est à la tête de l'entreprise Invincible Media Group. La version américaine de remise des prix, UMA USA a été lancé le à Hammerstein Ballroom. Accueillis par Foxy Brown et Spragga Benz, parmi les lauréats on retrouvait Danity Kane, Jay-Z), Grandmaster Flash, Sean Paul, Beyonce, Bobby V, Enrique Iglesias, Rihanna, Lupe Fiasco, Mary Mary, Amy Winehouse, Leona Lewis...


Shooting.

A man wearing a cap, carrying several bags and armed with a handgun and a Kalashnikov rifle arrived at the Jewish Museum of Belgium, near the Sablon in central Brussels, at around half past three. He then opened fire, killing three people on site and critically wounding a fourth, who was soon taken to hospital and who died of his injuries on 6 June. The attack lasted less than 90 seconds, after which the shooter fled the scene on foot and was partially captured by security cameras. According to police, he headed into a different part of downtown Brussels before disappearing. According to security camera footage, the attacker appeared to wear a baseball-type cap covering-up his head, and a chest-mounted camera, like Mohammed Merah, who filmed his acts during the 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings, although it was stated that the camera failed during filming.  The Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Didier Reynders, happened to be in the vicinity of the museum and heard the gunshots. The Minister of the Interior, Joëlle Milquet, was also nearby and arrived on the scene a few minutes later.

Victims.

Four people were killed in the shooting. Two of the victims were Israelis, Emmanuel and Miriam Riva, a middle-aged couple on holiday from Tel Aviv, while a French woman named Dominique Sabrier was the third victim.  A young Belgian man who worked at the museum, Alexandre Strens, was critically wounded and died of his wounds on 6 June. He was born in Morocco to a Jewish mother and Algerian Berber father, and his body was returned to Taza, Morocco, for burial in a Muslim cemetery.

Investigation.

A nationwide manhunt was launched for the attacker, who was described as being of medium height and athletic build, and wearing a dark baseball cap. His image, partly obscured, was captured on CCTV. A man who was seen driving from the museum was detained, but released after questioning, and remains a witness in the investigation. Deputy prosecutor Ine Van Wymersch said the shooter "probably acted alone, was armed and well prepared." She stated that the motive for the attack was still "open". The attack was being investigated as a terrorist incident.

Perpetrator.

Mehdi Nemmouche (; born 17 April 1985), a 29-year-old French citizen, was arrested on 30 May 2014 at the Saint-Charles railway station in Marseille in connection with the shooting. Nemmouche is suspected to have returned to France from fighting for Islamist rebels in the Syrian Civil War in 2013. He appears to have recorded a video bearing the flag of the rebel group Islamic State in Iraq and Syria.  Nemmouche was born in Roubaix. His father abandoned his mother before he was born and he was raised primarily by his grandmother and in group homes. Prior to leaving for Syria, he already had a long criminal history, including arrests for armed robbery, vehicle theft, and vandalism. He reportedly told hostages in Syria he was planning an attack in Paris on Bastille Day.  Nemmouche had previously spent five years in prison where he is suspected to have been radicalized. He left for Syria only three weeks after being released from prison in September 2012. He was the first European volunteer in the Syrian war who committed attacks upon returning to Europe. A number of items were recovered from a bag he was carrying while being detained, including a Kalashnikov rifle, a.38 Special revolver, nearly 330 rounds of ammunition for both weapons, gun parts, cameras, clothing, and a gas mask. A hidden file containing a 40-second video was discovered in one of the cameras; in it, Nemmouche's weapons are recorded and a voice, believed to belong to Nemmouche by police, claimed responsibility for the museum shooting in an audio commentary. He was said to have had a white sheet emblazoned with the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.  Nemmouche, who has Algerian as well as French citizenship, resisted extradition to Belgium. He has denied the charges against him. On 29 July 2014, Nemmouche was extradited to Belgium.  Analysis of a telephone call made by Abdelhamid Abaaoud established that he was in contact with Nemmouche during January 2014. Abaaoud was the ringleader of a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris that occurred on 13 November 2015.

Indictment.

The Belgian federal prosecutor's office, which was responsible for the investigation, requested the "council chamber" of the tribunal of first instance of Brussels to start indictment proceedings for Nemmouche and Bendrer at the end of 2017. The federal prosecutor's office also requested that the charges against a third suspect, a friend of Bendrer who had been implicated, be dismissed. On 25 January 2018, the council chamber ruled on the requests: Nemmouche and Bendrer were referred to the "chamber of indictment" of the court of appeal of Brussels, but so was the third suspect. Despite the request of the federal prosecutor's office, the charges against the latter were thus not dismissed.  On 19 April 2018, the chamber of indictment ruled on the issue: Nemmouche and Bendrer were formally indicted, but contrary to the council chamber the chamber of indictment considered the evidence against the third suspect to be too weak. The third suspect was thus not indicted and the charges against him dismissed. This meant that only Nemmouche and Bendrer would stand trial for the terrorist attack before the court of assizes.

Court trial.

Hearings.

Preliminary proceedings.

In January 2019, the trial of Mehdi Nemmouche and Nacer Bendrer, who was accused of being an accomplice, started before the court of assizes of Brussels. In the Belgian criminal justice system, a court of assizes holds jury trials for the most serious crimes. It is a non-permanent court that is only composed once a case has been referred to it by means of an indictment. A few weeks before the actual start of the trial, a preliminary hearing took place on 20 December 2018, during which a list of about 120 witnesses, which were to be heard in the case, was decided on. A request by Nemmouche's defence attorneys to adjourn the case was refused.  On 7 January 2019, three days before the start of the actual trial, the members of the jury were selected. For the jury selection, 200 Belgian citizens were summoned to the Palace of Justice of Brussels, where the trial was held. After a dozen of prospective jurors were challenged by both the defence and the prosecution, eight men and four women were eventually empaneled as jurors. An additional twelve people were also selected as alternate jurors.

Accusation.

On 10 January 2019, the actual trial started with the prosecution reading the 195-page "act of accusation" to the court and jury, wherein it described the charges brought against the two men and the evidence gathered during the investigation. On 15 January, the defence attorneys of Nemmouche, amongst which Henri Laquay and Sebastien Courtoy, presented their "act of defence" in turn, in which they listed seven main arguments against the charges. They focused on the perceived lack of DNA traces on some of the material evidence, and accused the Mossad (foreign intelligence agency of Israel) of having set up Nemmouche. According to the defence, the Riva couple that were killed in the shooting were not tourists, but members of the Mossad. They also accused the Belgian investigators of being complicit and having doctored the evidence to frame Nemmouche. After the presentation of the defence, the presiding judge questioned both accused. Nemmouche admitted to being in the possession of the weapons, but denied having committed the attack. He refused to answer any further questions. Bendrer in turn answered the questions of the judge. He admitted Nemmouche asked to provide him with weapons, but denied having done so.

Testimonies.

Over the next weeks, the court heard the testimonies of the firsthand witnesses, first responders, investigators, experts, and family members of both the victims and the accused. An important testimony was that of two French journalists, Didier François and Nicolas Hénin, who had been held hostage from 2013 to 2014 in Syria by ISIS operatives. They testified that Nemmouche, under the alias "Abu Omar", was one of their guards and torturers, and described him as being "sadistic, playful and narcissistic". The former director of the prison in Salon-de-Provence, France, in which both accused had been incarcerated in the past, testified that Nemmouche had radicalised during his prison stay. There was disagreement whether Bendrer also adhered to radical Islamic beliefs at the time. During the hearings, the investigators also rejected the assertion that the Riva couple were intelligence officers for the Mossad, as did attorneys of the Riva couple's family. Whilst the wife, Miriam Riva, did work for the Mossad until her retirement, she did so as an accountant and never came into contact with any intelligence operations, they stated.  A few incidents occurred during the trial hearings as well. Specifically, some jurors had to be replaced by alternate jurors for various reasons, such as illness or speaking out of court. In addition, on 29 January 2019, a dossier related to the case was stolen from the office of an attorney for one of the civil parties. The theft did not have an impact on the trial though.

Closing arguments.

After all witnesses were heard, closing arguments were presented by all parties starting from 18 February 2019. First the attorneys for the "civil parties" (aggrieved parties seeking compensation, such as the victims' families) presented their arguments, and the following week the prosecution and defence did so too. According to the prosecution, it was clear that Nemmouche was the perpetrator of the attack. Bendrer on the other hand was not aware of what Nemmouche was going to do with the weapons he supplied, according to the prosecution, and should therefor not be found guilty of being a co-author but rather of being an accomplice in the attack (i.e. Bendrer's help was not indispensable in committing the attack). The defence of Nemmouche in turn brought up a number of arguments that in their view would prove Nemmouche was not the perpetrator, but rather the victim of an elaborate set-up. Amongst other things, they mentioned a lack of footage from security cameras other than those of the museum, accused the two French journalists who testified during the trial of lying, and suggested Nemmouche's DNA material was planted at the scene after the attack. According to the defence, Nemmouche was recruited by Iranian and Lebanese security services after being released from prison in 2012, and went to Syria to infiltrate ISIS on their behalf, after which he was sent to Brussels. They claimed that the victims were in fact Mossad operatives who were liquidated by the aforementioned security services, and that Nemmouche was used as a scapegoat.  On 4 March 2019, all parties were given the opportunity to reply to each other's arguments. The civil parties and the prosecution decried the defence's claims that Nemmouche was set up as conspiratorial, incoherent and false. They also took offence to the defence trying to shift the blame for the attack to the victims. The defence in turn held on to its arguments. The next day, the accused were given the last word before the jury would retire to consider its verdict. Whilst Nemmouche had remained silent throughout the trial up to that point, he did speak shortly. He endorsed the plea of his attorneys and stated he was indeed framed. Bendrer also spoke and stated he was afraid to be convicted.

Verdict.

Mehdi Nemmouche.

On 7 March 2019, Mehdi Nemmouche was found guilty by the jury of the terrorist murders of the four individuals in the museum attack, and of the illegal possession of the weapons used in the attack. In the reasoning the jury gave for its verdict, required by Belgian law, the main evidence against Nemmouche was summed up. The evidence against Nemmouche that convinced the jury included the fact he was carrying the weapons used in the attack with him when he was arrested in Marseille, together with the clothing the perpetrator worn as seen on the security footage from the museum. Both the weapons and the clothing had his DNA on them, and gunshot residue was also found on the clothing in question. A footprint of the sneakers he had with him was found on the entrance door of the museum. When he was arrested, he was also carrying some electronic media with him, on which videos were discovered wherein Nemmouche claimed responsibility for the attack in the name of ISIS. An ISIS flag used in the videos was found along the weapons Nemmouche had with him upon his arrest. On other electronic media belonging to Nemmouche data was discovered, such as web browsing history, which proved Nemmouche had been planning the attack. Eyewitnesses identified Nemmouche as being the perpetrator. Lastly, on a computer belonging to Najim Laachraoui, one of the suicide bombers of the 2016 Brussels bombings, conversations were discovered wherein Nemmouche was described as a "brother", and plans were discussed to liberate him from his incarceration.  The jury considered that the material evidence and eyewitness testimony proved Nemmouche was the perpetrator of the attack. Based on the security footage of the museum, the expert testimony of the medical examiners who examined the bodies of the victims, and the type of weapons used, the jury found Nemmouche had the intention to kill. The jury furthermore affirmed the premeditated nature of the killings based on the preparatory acts Nemmouche carried out, such as the procurement of the weapons he used. The terrorist intentions of Nemmouche were upheld based on his jihadist stay in Syria from 2013 to 2014, the videos he made in which he claimed responsibility for the attacks in the name of ISIS, and the conversations about Nemmouche retained from Najim Laachraoui's computer. The verdict also rejected the claim that Nemmouche was set up by intelligence officials. The jury lamented that the defence did not bring forward any element that would support those allegations. The existence of a set-up was therefor deemed to lack "sufficient plausibility and credibility".

Nacer Bendrer.

Aside from Nemmouche, the jury also found Nacer Bendrer guilty of weapons crimes and of being the co-author, and not just the accomplice, of the terrorist attack by supplying the weapons and ammunitions Nemmouche used. According to Belgian law, being the co-author of a crime means that one's aid was indispensable in the commission of the crime, i.e. that the crime would not have happened without this aid. The verdict stated Bendrer was aware of Nemmouche's radicalisation and adherence to Islamic extremist beliefs from when they got to know each other in 2009, during their incarceration in Salon-de-Provence, France. Telephone data showed that, after having had no contact for four years, Nemmouche sought contact again with Bendrer on 9 April 2014, after which Bendrer traveled to Brussels a few days later. After numerous contacts since, Nemmouche traveled to Bendrer's hometown Marseille, France on 24 April 2014, and telephone data pinpointed him in the area of Bendrer's home around that time. After Nemmouche's return to Brussels, all contact ceased between them two. Investigators testified they took steps to hide their communications and encounters, by for example switching between multiple phone numbers and SIM cards.  The jury concluded their encounters could only have served to provide Nemmouche with weapons, because of the absence of any other plausible reason Bendrer had to travel to Brussels, because of the absence of any other source where Nemmouche could have procured the weapons from, and because Bendrer had later also admitted to investigators to have supplied Nemmouche with the weapons. As to the defence's argument that Bendrer did not know to which crime he would contribute, the jury retorted that Bendrer wilfully omitted to inform himself. The jury found that Bendrer should have known the weapons would be used to perform a terrorist act, based on their nature and based on the radicalisation of Nemmouche that Bendrer was aware of.

Sentence.

After the guilty verdict for both men, a sentencing hearing was held on 11 March 2019. Nemmouche and Bendrer could both have been sentenced to life imprisonment for the crimes they had been found guilty of. The prosecution did not see any mitigating circumstances on the part of Nemmouche, and requested a sentence of life imprisonment for him. Regarding the second accused, the prosecution requested a somewhat lighter sentence of 30 years of imprisonment for Bendrer because he did not directly participate in the killings. The prosecution also requested to sentence both men to a 15-year period of judicial surveillance. This provision would mean that if they would ever be released on parole, they would be monitored by a sentence enforcement court, which could potentially revoke their release and order their incarceration for an additional 15 years. Bendrer's defence stressed he should not be treated the same way as Nemmouche, and that him having to live with the label of "terrorist" for the rest of his life was already a punishment in itself. Nemmouche's defence chose not to present any argument about the sentence.  After the court deliberated with the jury on the penalty, as per Belgian law, both men were sentenced on 12 March 2019: Nemmouche was sentenced to life imprisonment, while Bendrer received a 15-year prison sentence. In addition, Nemmouche was sentenced to a 15-year period of judicial surveillance, and Bendrer to a 5-year period of such surveillance. In its judgment, the court stated that the terrorist attack on the Jewish Museum constituted an attack on the fundamental values of Belgian society, in particular the freedom of religion of the Jewish community of Belgium. The court considered Nemmouche's troubled upbringing to be no mitigating circumstance for such a grave act, and it also took into account the violent nature of the murders, Nemmouche's rejection of the "rechtsstaat", and his complete lack of empathy and respect for his victims, amongst other factors. According to the court, he presented a high risk of recidivism. Regarding Bendrer on the other hand, the court described him as having played a decisive role in the attack by supplying the weapons used to Nemmouche. The court considered he knew what they would be used for, and was indifferent to the consequences to others. However, the court also upheld some mitigating circumstances, such as Bendrer having steered clear of any Islamic extremism since his arrest, and him having shown empathy and regret for the victims. Bendrer was deemed to present a low risk of recidivism.

Damages.

Bendrer later lodged an appeal in cassation against his conviction with the Court of Cassation. This meant the civil part of the proceedings before the court of assizes (without the jury) with regards to damages had to be postponed. On 18 September 2019, the Court of Cassation rejected the appeal, which established the criminal sentence as final.  Subsequently, on 22 October 2019 the court of assizes awarded 985,000 euro in damages to the victims' next of kin and the Jewish Museum, to be paid by both convicts.

Reactions.

Domestic.

Government.

Belgium's Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo condemned the attack. "In Belgium we are not accustomed to such acts of barbarity," he said. Belgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders, who arrived at the museum shortly after the shooting, wrote on Twitter: "Shocked by the murders committed at the Jewish Museum, my thoughts go to the victims that I saw on the site and their families". Minister of the Interior, Joëlle Milquet speculated that anti-Semitism might be behind the shootings and Brussels Mayor Yvan Mayeur described them as a likely terrorist attack. Belgian politician Mischaël Modrikamen, leader of a small conservative party and himself a member of Belgium's Jewish community, said "Sadly, however, the actual attack comes as no surprise to us after years of living in an atmosphere of rampant anti-Semitism that often leads to violence."

Organizations.

Joel Rubinfeld of the Belgian League Against Antisemitism described the act as "the inevitable result of a climate that distills hatred... it will be necessary to use all legal means to silence the preachers of this hate who are responsible for spreading this virus of anti-Jewish hatred", specifically mentioning the anti-Zionist and Holocaust-denying representative, Laurent Louis, and controversial Black French comedian Dieudonné M'bala M'bala. Louis denied Rubinfeld's accusations, suggesting that the attack could have been a false flag operation seeking to discredit him and his political party, "Debout Les Belges!" (Rise Up, Belgians), on the eve of the Belgian federal elections. The League of Muslims in Belgium condemned the attack as "barbaric". In a statement the league said, "These crimes with racist and anti-Semitic accents are unfortunately likely to reverse in our country the efforts of all those who, on a daily basis, are working for a society where everyone, regardless of his religious and philosophical beliefs, can live in dignity and respect."

International.

Countries.

French President François Hollande condemned the "horrifying killings with the greatest force." In a statement, he expressed France's solidarity with neighboring Belgium and condolences to the families of victims. Pope Francis, who was visiting the Middle East at the time of the attacks, said he was deeply saddened by the killings in "this criminal act of anti-Semitic hatred". "My thoughts go out to those who lost their lives in the attack in Brussels," he said. "I entrust the victims to God." Israeli President Shimon Peres also called upon European leaders to act against "any form of anti-Semitism" which he said was "rearing its head across the continent". Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman blamed anti-Israel incitement, especially in Europe, for the shooting, stating, "There are elements in Europe that rush to condemn the construction of a flat in Jerusalem but who do not rush to condemn, or offer only a weak condemnation of the murder of Jews here or in Europe itself." He praised Elio Di Rupo, who telephoned to express condolences and update the Israeli leader on the investigation. Lieberman further stated that the attack was the result of European antisemitism and incitement against the Jewish State.  Italian President Giorgio Napolitano recalled "the needing to keep in guard and be ready to wear out every regurgitation of antisemitism" and declared "I am always close to the world of Jewish communities yet again harshly hit". Ministry of Interior Angelino Alfano declared "Dead and injured from the Bruxelles' attack are also our dead and injured" and stressed that "there are no motives in the world that can allow all of this". Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Mark Rutte, conveyed his condolences to the prime ministers of Belgium and Israel. The Dutch minister of Foreign affairs, Frans Timmermans, expressed his solidarity to his Belgian colleague. He said that he was shocked by the cowardly attack. Carl Bildt, Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs, wrote on Twitter: "Despicable attack on the Jewish Museum in Brussels. An affront against the values our modern Europe represents." Birgitta Ohlsson, Minister for EU Affairs, also wrote on Twitter: "I'm shocked about the anti-Semitic attack at the Jewish Museum in Brussels just one Day before the elections to the European Parliament." Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement, offering condolences to the victims' families. In written statement, "Turkey hopes the attack was not related to "racist or anti-Semitic" motives. Or else we will be very concerned over the result of the latest EU Parliament elections, which was very disappointing."

Organizations.

Roger Cukierman, head of French Jewish Association (CRIF), called for more resources to be given to the French foreign intelligence service, the DGSE, to track militants returning to France from Syria. The European Jewish Association's General Director, Rabbi Menachem Margolin, thanked the European leaders who had condemned the attack for their remarks, but stressed that, "condemnation after a predictable attack is nothing but a way to cleanse one’s conscience...There is a need to establish a pan-European taskforce in order to annihilate anti-Semitism." He later added that, "Such an attack was to be expected in light of rising anti-Semitism in Europe. The governments of Europe have to take steps, words aren't enough." A spokesman for United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon said in a statement that the Secretary General "reiterates his strong condemnation of all forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and trusts that Belgian authorities will do everything possible to bring the perpetrator or perpetrators of this crime to justice swiftly." World Jewish Congress President Ronald S. Lauder reacted with shock, saying "Two years after Toulouse, and on the eve of the European elections, this despicable attack is yet another terrible reminder of the kind of threats Europe's Jews are currently facing."

On 24 May 2014, a gunman opened fire at the Jewish Museum of Belgium in Brussels, killing four people. Three died at the scene; a fourth was taken to the hospital and died on 6 June. On 30 May 2014, Mehdi Nemmouche, a 29-year-old French national of Algerian origin, was arrested at Marseille in connection with the shooting. He is believed to have spent over a year in Syria and had links with radical Islamists.

L’attentat du musée juif de Belgique est un attentat terroriste islamiste qui a eu lieu le samedi à Bruxelles. Un homme, après être entré dans l'édifice, abat quatre personnes à l'aide d'un revolver puis d'un fusil d'assaut.


Route description.

Cheyenne to Wheatland.

I-25 enters Laramie County concurrent with US 87 from Weld County, Colorado, southwest of Cheyenne and briefly runs parallel to a BNSF Railway line. The four-lane Interstate has its first interchange, a diamond interchange with Wyoming Highway 223 (WYO 223) (Terry Ranch Road), and crosses over the Union Pacific Railroad's Speer Subdivision rail line and over the BNSF rail line. I-25 meets High Plains Road at a dumbbell interchange, then has a diverging diamond interchange with WYO 212 (College Drive), a junction that serves as the southern end of Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.). The freeway has a cloverleaf interchange with I-80, crosses over the Union Pacific's Laramie Subdivision and US 30 (Lincolnway), and has a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with US 30, which here is also part of I-80 Bus..  I-25 continues north along the western edge of the city of Cheyenne and along the eastern edge of Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, which is served by the next three interchanges. The highway has a five-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with Missile Drive, crosses over a BNSF rail yard, and has a diamond interchange with Randall Road, which leads to Pershing Boulevard. I-25 reconnects with its business route at Central Avenue, where US 85 joins the Interstate. The freeway has a dumbbell interchange with Vandehei Street before leaving the city of Cheyenne and passing through the unincorporated area of Ranchettes. I-25 has an interchange with WYO 211 (Horse Creek Road) before US 85 splits to the northeast. There is no direct access from southbound I-25 to northbound US 85 at the latter interchange; southbound traffic uses the WYO 211 interchange to turn around to access northbound US 85.  I-25 continues through sparsely populated northern Laramie County, where the Interstate crosses Lodgepole Creek and has five interchanges with minor roads: Ridley Road, an unnamed road only marked as Exit 25, Whitaker Road, Nimmo Road, and an unnamed road that serves the Little Bear Community. The Interstate enters Platte County at its interchange with Bear Creek Road. I-25's first population center north of Cheyenne is Chugwater, where the highway crosses over a BNSF rail line and Chugwater Creek, has an interchange with WYO 211 and WYO 313 in town, and has an interchange with WYO 321 (Ty Basin Road) north of town. Those two interchanges serve as the termini for Chugwater's I-25 Bus.. The Interstate meets the western end of WYO 314 (Slater Road) west of Slater; has minor interchanges with Hunton Road, Antelope Road, and Bordeaux Road; and meets the eastern end of WYO 34.

Wheatland to Casper.

I-25's next serves the town of Wheatland, the county seat of Platte County. Wheatland's I-25 Bus. splits off onto Mariposa Boulevard and provides access to WYO 310 and WYO 312. The Interstate and business route reconvene at the north end of town. I-25 has minor interchanges with Laramie River Road near its crossing of the Laramie River and with Johnson Road. The Interstate meets US 26 at a directional T interchange at Dwyer Junction, and the U.S. Highway joins I-25 and US 87 heading north. I-25 has minor interchanges with El Rancho Road and an unnamed access road to Middle Bear around a junction with the southern end of WYO 319 (Cassa Road). The Interstate has an interchange with WYO 319 Spur in the town of Glendo, then parallels WYO 319 and the BNSF rail line northwest into Converse County to the west of the Glendo Reservoir, an impoundment of the North Platte River. I-25 crosses over the North Platte River and a BNSF rail line at Orin, where the Interstate has an interchange with and is joined by US 20; this interchange serves as the western terminus of US 18.  I-25, US 87, US 20, and US 26 head west to Douglas, the county seat of Converse County. I-25 Bus. and its companion business routes—US 87 Bus., US 20 Bus., and US 26 Bus.—split northwest from a trumpet interchange into the city while I-25 and the mainline U.S. Highways pass to the south of the city. I-25 crosses over the BNSF rail line and the North Platte River, then curves northwest to meet the business routes at a trumpet interchange on the west side of the city near the business routes' intersection with WYO 59, which leads north to Gillette. I-25 continues west through interchanges with the western end of WYO 96 (La Prele Road), Inez Road, the road south to Ayres Natural Bridge, Barber Road, and Bixby Road. US 87, US 20, and US 26 diverge from I-25 east of Glenrock. I-25 Bus. joins the U.S. Highways in heading northwest toward the town, then reconnects with I-25 via WYO 95 (Deer Creek Road) south of town. I-25 enters Natrona County and has interchanges with WYO 253 (Hat Six Road) and WYO 258 (Wyoming Boulevard), which serves the town of Evansville to the north.

Casper to Buffalo.

I-25 briefly parallels US 87, US 20, and US 26 (Yellowstone Highway) and enters the city of Casper at a complex junction—the complexity is explained in the description for I-25 Bus.—where the Interstate crosses over Yellowstone Highway, the three U.S. Highways join I-25, I-25 Bus. splits from the Interstate to serve downtown Casper, and US 87 Bus., US 20 Bus., and US 26 Bus. split from the mainline U.S. Highways on Yellowstone Avenue. I-25, US 87, US 20, and US 26 cross over the BNSF rail line and are paralleled by a pair of frontage roads, F Street to the north and E Street to the south. There are several slip ramps between I-25 and the frontage roads serving the three streets that connect the portion of Casper north of the BNSF rail line to downtown Casper. The first street, which is Bryan Stock Trail north of the Interstate and Beverly Street to the south, is part of the complex junction between the mainline Interstate and U.S. Highways and their business routes. The second street is McKinley Street, and the third street, Center Street, which carries the northmost portion of I-25 Bus. and US 87 Bus. E Street begins from an exit ramp to Center Street as I-25 and F Street cross the North Platte River. West of the river, the freeway has a diamond interchange with WYO 220 (Poplar Street), then curves north and has a diamond interchange with US 20 and US 26, which split west toward Shoshoni and Casper–Natrona County International Airport, and the access road to the Casper Events Center.  I-25 leaves the city of Casper and has an interchange with WYO 254 (Wardwell Road) next to unincorporated Hartrandt and the town of Bar Nunn. The Interstate has an interchange with Ormsby Road in the Homa Hills area on the northern edge of the Casper populated area. I-25 has minor interchanges with Ranch Road and an unnamed road marketed as Exit 223, then connects with the south end of WYO 387, which serves Midwest to the east, before entering Johnson County. The freeway has interchanges with Tisdale Mountain Road and Powder River Road just north of the highway's crossing of the South Fork of the Powder River. I-25 meets the southern end of WYO 196 (TTT Road) and parallels the state highway to Kaycee, where the highway crosses the Middle Fork of the Powder River and has an interchange with WYO 191. North of Kaycee, I-25 crosses the North Fork of the Powder River and has minor interchanges with Reno Road, Middle Fork Road, and Trabing Road and a crossings of two branches of Crazy Woman Creek near the Middle Fork interchange. The final I-25 Bus. and its companion, US 87 Bus., split off to the south of the town of Buffalo, the county seat of Johnson County. East of the town, I-25 has an interchange with US 16, which also carries I-90 Bus.. The Interstate reaches its northern terminus at a directional T interchange with I-90. US 87 continues north along westbound I-90 toward Sheridan and Billings; I-90 also heads east toward Gillette. Buffalo's I-25 Bus. and US 87 Bus. have their northern termini at a partial interchange just west of the I-25–I-90 junction.

Business routes.

I-25 has seven Interstate business loops in Wyoming.

Interstate 25 (I-25) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Las Cruces, New Mexico, to Buffalo, Wyoming. In Wyoming, the Interstate Highway runs from the Colorado state line near Cheyenne north to its national terminus at I-90 near Buffalo. I-25 connects Wyoming's largest city and capital, Cheyenne, with its second largest city, Casper, and the smaller communities of Wheatland, Douglas, and Buffalo. The highway also connects those cities with Denver and Billings via I-90. I-25 runs concurrently with U.S. Route 87 (US 87) for almost its entire course in Wyoming. The highway also has extensive concurrencies with US 20 and US 26 along its east–west segment through the North Platte River valley. The Interstate has business loops through Cheyenne, Chugwater, Wheatland, Douglas, Glenrock, Casper, and Buffalo.

L'interstate 25 au Wyoming est un segment de l'interstate 25, une autoroute inter-États américaine qui relie dans un axe nord-sud les secteurs de l'est des Rocheuses américaines. Elle assure notamment le lien entre l'Interstate 10, Albuquerque, Santa Fe, toute la région centrale du Colorado en incluant Denver ainsi que l'est du Wyoming en desservant Cheyenne et Casper.