Early life.

Ashfaq was born in Malé, the capital of Maldives, where he grew up with his mother and brother Ahmed Ashfan. He reputedly showed a keen interest in football since a very young age,

Club career.

Club Valencia.

2001–02: Beginning of club career.

On 26 October 2001, Ashfaq played his very first match in 2001 POMIS Cup tournament against Thailand's BEC Tero Sasana FC, wearing the Club Valencia jersey for the very first time. Ashfaq got the opportunity in 2001 POMIS Cup, due to the three match suspension faced by Ali Umar. In that match, he created a wonderful chance to score a goal as he edged past two defenders and goalkeeper, but he left for Ali Shiham to score.  Ashfaq scored his first goal for the club after beating the veteran sweeper Kappi and his powerless shot went into the left corner

2003–05: Best player award and top scorer for three years in a row.

In the 2003 season at Club Valencia with 36 goals by his side he ended the season with the Best Player of the Season Award.  On 6 April 2004, Ashfaq played his very first match in an AFC Cup tournament against Hong Kong's Happy Valley AA and he netted a brace on that game which Valencia won by 2–1 in Maldives. However, Happy Valley beat Valencia in the second leg at their home by 3–1 on 21 April 2004. Though, Ashfaq managed to get his name on the score-sheet on that day.  He was the top scorer for three years in a row, scoring 37 goals in 2004 and 34 in 2005. By the age of 20, he had scored 110 goals for Club Valencia.

New Radiant Sports Club.

For the 2006 season, Ashfaq joined New Radiant, who finished third place in the 2005 AFC Cup the previous year. In a team that included other notable players like Ibrahim Fazeel, Ali Umar,

Brunei DPMM FC.

In October 2007, Ashfaq moved to Brunei DPMM FC on a two-month contract, which competed in the Malaysia Super League.  On 18 November 2007, Ashfaq made his debut against Perak FA in the league which ended in favor of Perak by 2 goals. Ashfaq scored his first goal and created two chances in their win over Negeri

VB Sports Club.

He joined VB Sports Club, and became the captain. In his first season, he couldn't manage to show his best potential. But in the second season with VB, he returned to the stage, scoring 33 goals for the club, and played a major role in winning VB, their first ever league title. In 2009, he was named Best Player of the Maldives for the third time, as well as top scorer.  In 2010 season, due to numerous suspensions and

Return to New Radiant.

2012 season.

Ashfaq rejoined New Radiant on 19 December 2011, after being released by VB Sports Club. In season 2012, New Radiant faced VB Sports Club in the first game of the league and Ashfaq managed to score a

2013: New Radiant's Invincibles.

Ashfaq had a challenging, impressive but also one of the successful season with New Radiant in 2013. Ashfaq's first goal of the many came on his first game of the season. He scored the opener from the spot in the FA Charity Shield victory over Maziya by 3–1. In the first game of the league, Ashfaq scored 7 goals for the blues in their win against VB Sports Club by 4 goals to nil.  On 5 March 2013, New Radiant played Sun Hei SC of Hong Kong in the 2013 AFC Cup. Mohamed Umair scored the only goal for New Radiant from a good ball delivered by Ashfaq. New Radiant packed three points in home and departed to Indonesia on 12 March 2013, for their second match in AFC Cup against Persibo Bojonegoro. Ashfaq scored five times against the Indonesian side and caught worldwide attention. On 3 April 2013, Yangon United defeated New Radiant by 2 goals in Myanmar.  Ashfaq suffered a soft tissue injury (left hamstring muscle) and missed two matches in a row in the 2013 AFC Cup against Sun Hei SC and Yangon United. Ashfaq recovered from injury and came back for New

PDRM FA.

2014: MPL Champions and Best Foreign Player in Malaysia.

On 10 December 2013, Ashfaq scored his first unofficial goal for PDRM FA in a friendly match against Penjara, where the match ended with 2–0 for PDRM. He continued his impressive scoring form with PDRM in pre-season tour held in Indonesia from 12 December 2013 to 19 December 2013. He managed to score one goal in each match against Persitara North Jakarta and Kwarta. He also scored twice against Persires Bali Devata FC in a friendly game. PDRM participated in an invitational tournament "Trofeo Persija 2014" on 28 December 2014. PDRM lost two games of the tournament against host team, Persija Jakarta by 2–1 and Arema Cronus by 2–0. He was already adjusting to the game of PDRM on the tournament.  Ashfaq made his official debut for PDRM on 21 January 2014 in Malaysia FA Cup against KL Spa. He also scored his very first competitive goal for PDRM FA in that match. On 27 January 2014, Ashfaq scored his first goal in Malaysia Premier League against Penang while PDRM beat them by 7–1. On 14

2015–16 Top 3 Best Foreign Players in Malaysia & final half-year.

PDRM camped in Hong Kong in December 2014 and played two friendly matches against Pegasus and Hong Kong Rangers. Ashfaq managed to score against Pegasus FC. In January 2015, PDRM travelled to Maldives for an invitation from Maldives FA to play in the 2015 POMIS Cup. PDRM played their first game in POMIS Cup against Ashfaq's previous club, New Radiant, and won the match by 1–0. PDRM's drew with Maziya by 2–2. In the last game on group stage, PDRM won the last game of the group stage by 1–0 after beating the Malaysia Super League side, LionsXII and secured a place from the final of POMIS Cup. PDRM came to the finals with no goal from Ashfaq. But, after an exciting game, PDRM won the final match by 5–4 after beating Maziya in the extra time with a hat-trick from Ashfaq and won the 2015 POMIS Cup title.  Ashfaq and the team were not lucky enough to kick off the league with a win. Even though they lost to LionsXII in the first game in Singapore, However, PDRM did beat the defending champions of the league, Johor Darul Ta'zim, by 1–0 at home. Ashfaq scored a brace against Kelantan as they beat The Red Warriors by 4–0 at Kota Bharu. On FA Cup Round of 32, Ashfaq broke the deadlock against Sabah while PDRM won the game by 3–0 and advanced to Round of 16 of the FA Cup. PDRM lost to Sime Darby by 4–2 on Round of 16 game. Ashfaq suffered a hamstring injury in his right leg while playing against Perak on 14 March 2015 and missed the game against Sarawak. Ashfaq came back on the field on 11 April 2015 and he managed to score a goal

Maziya S&R.

Ashfaq signed the contract with Maziya on a 4-month deal on 12 July 2016 and made his debut against BG Sports in Dhivehi Premier League on 20 July 2016. Ashfaq scored his first

International career.

Ashfaq started his international career in 2004 being part of the Maldives senior national team.

2005–11 SAFF Championship glory and Captaincy.

Ashfaq lost his place for the 2003 SAFF Championship National Squad to his fellow national team striker Ahmed Thariq. Ashfaq's first SAFF Championship was the 2005 SAFF Championship in Karachi. He managed to score two goals against Afghanistan and one against Sri Lanka in the group stage. Maldives were knocked out by India in the semi-final.  Maldives and Sri Lanka co-hosted 2008 SAFF Championship, in which Maldives won their first ever SAFF Championship title. Despite his goalless run throughout the tournament, Ashfaq assisted six goals for the side and was named Most Valuable Player of the tournament. As a result, he was included in the list of Goal.com's Asia's top ten performers of 2008.  Ashfaq became the captain of Maldives national football team at the age of 23, in 2009.

2013: Record breaking year.

Maldives played their first friendly match of 2013 against Pakistan in which the Maldivian drew by 1–1. However, in the second match Maldives won by 3 goals, with two coming from Ashfaq. His first goal was the most notable as he dribbled past 3 defenders and the goal keeper as well.  In the 2013 SAFF Championship held in Nepal, Ashfaq

2014–16: First ever AFC medal and last SAFF Championship.

In the opening match of the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup against Myanmar, Ashfaq set up Mohamed Umair for a goal and scored the final goal himself in a 3–2 defeat. He continued his fine form with two goals in a 2–0 win over Kyrgyzstan. In the last match of the group stage, Maldives drew 0–0 with Palestine and secured a place from semi-final. Even with the greatest skill of Ashfaq, Maldives lost to Philippines by 3–2 in extra time and had to play third place

Player profile.

Style of play.

Ashfaq plays an attacking role, most often playing as a striker. He is frequently cited as "South Asia's best attacking player", he is known for his dribbling ability, agility, speed, on-ball skills and powerful shooting as well as accuracy in passing and shooting. He is predominantly a left footed player, though, he is also able to control the ball and finish well with his right foot.  A prolific goalscorer, being more of an individualistic attacker. He is famous for rounding off goalkeepers and scoring, also for his flair in beating

Exhibition matches.

Malaysia XI vs Tottenham Hotspur.

Former PDRM FA and Malaysia national football team coach, Dollah Salleh gave chance to Ashfaq to take part in the Malaysia XI match against English Premier League side Tottenham Hotspur FC when FA Malaysia decided to include 4 of the foreign players currently playing in Malaysia.  Key Battle  Fourfourtwo.com's key battle for the Malaysia XI and Tottenham Hotspur game was Malaysia XI's striker Ali Ashfaq and the Spurs' Belgian defender Jan Vertonghen.  "Long hailed as one of the best foreign players in Malaysia in recent years, Ashfaq will get to test his ability against arguably one of the best defenders in the Premier League, Jan Vertonghen (if both start the match as predicted). As Tottenham have strong players on both flanks, it might force Malaysia XI wingers to

Malaysia XI vs Liverpool FC.

In July 2015, Ashfaq got the chance to play for Malaysia XI against English Premier League

Outside football.

Personal life.

Ashfaq became a father on 22 October 2006 following birth of a son. The child, Mishal was born

Philanthropy.

Ashfaq met a boy with down syndrome during a practice session. He made the boy's dream come true of meeting him and gave a jersey to the boy in a

Commercial endorsements.

In January 2013, MILO unveiled Ashfaq as their brand ambassador in Maldives. According to Milo, under the ambassadorship program he will feature in the advertisements of Milo in the Maldives. These include TV commercials, billboards, posters and road shows and events conducted by Milo.  In May 2013, the Maldives Olympic Committee appointed Ashfaq as their sports ambassador. He also received Maldives government's green passport as he

Honours.

Club.

PDRM FA  New Radiant

Ali Ashfaq (born 6 September 1985), nicknamed ""Dhagandei"," is a Maldivian professional footballer who plays for Maldivian club Club Green Streets. He is a forward and serves as captain for Maldives. He is widely regarded as one of the best players in South Asian region along with Sunil Chhetri and Bhaichung Bhutia. He is a free-kick specialist and a clinical finisher. His trademark style of scoring is beating couple of defenders and rounding off the keeper to score. He is considered as the best Maldivian footballer ever most notably when he was named as the "World's 2nd Best Top Goal Scorer" in 2013 by IFFHS. He was also named as South Asia's Best Player in 2014 by eultimategoal.com. In March 2016, Ashfaq completed his 50th goal mark for Maldives national team.

Ali Ashfaq, né le à Malé aux Maldives, est un footballeur international maldivien. Il évolue actuellement au poste d'attaquant avec le club de PDRM FA.


Plot.

Arthur Harris is the grumpy husband of Marion, who is terminally ill yet continues to participate with enthusiasm at her local seniors' choir, The OAP'Z. The choirmaster is a young teacher, Elizabeth who is preparing the choir to enter a local musical choir competition called "Shadow Song". Arthur is also estranged from his son, James. Marion's health deteriorates over time until one night when she dies in her sleep. Arthur initially takes this loss severely and cuts himself from his family and the choir. Eventually he agrees to take Marion's place in the choir. The transition proves to be a challenge for Arthur thanks to the unconventional songbook that includes racier songs such as Salt-N-Pepa's "Let's Talk About Sex" and Motörhead's "Ace of Spades". However he grows to enjoy spending time in the choir.  On the eve of the competition, Arthur has an argument with James in a failed attempt to rebuild their relationship and pulls out of the choir. The choir participates in the competition without Arthur. He arrives later but before he can perform with the choir, they are eliminated from the competition by the judges. The choir are on their way to return home in defeat when Arthur stops the bus and storms the musical competition's stage shortly joined by the rest of the choir. They perform again with Arthur singing a solo of "Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)". The choir finishes in third place and returns home triumphant. Arthur and his son, James (who watched him perform in the competition) reconnect on the journey home with James leaving an answering phone message confirming this later.

Soundtrack.

The film is accompanied by a song titled "Unfinished Songs" written by Diane Warren and performed by Celine Dion. The song was included in Dion's 2013 album "Loved Me Back to Life" but with different vocal and musical arrangements.  The song "Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)", performed by the main character in the film, is a Billy Joel song.  The score was composed by Laura Rossi. Lost In The Multiplex's Soundtrek section deemed Rossi's score "lovely", but opined that the OAP'Z songs "aren't particularly funny, they're not that fun to listen to either."

Reception.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 65% based on 100 reviews, with an average rating of 5.91/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "It's unabashedly sentimental, but thanks to reliably powerful performances from a well-rounded veteran cast, "Unfinished Song" proves a sweetly compelling character piece." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Production.

Although the film is set in London it was primarily shot on location in Newcastle upon Tyne and Durham. Filming took place over some six weeks in July and August 2011, and locations included St Francis Community Centre (next to Freeman Hospital), Newcastle City Hall, Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre and Durham Johnston Comprehensive School.  The 2007 documentary film "Young@Heart" also deals with a choir of seniors performing contemporary music.

Song for Marion is a 2012 British-German comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Andrew Williams and starring Terence Stamp, Gemma Arterton, Christopher Eccleston and Vanessa Redgrave. The film was released as Unfinished Song in the United States.

, sorti aux États-Unis sous le titre ", ou Une chanson pour Marion au Québec, est un film britannico-allemand écrit et réalisé par Paul Andrew Williams, présenté en avant-première au Festival de Toronto en 2012 et sorti en 2013.


Early life.

Anderson was born November 5, 1938, in Altheimer, Arkansas, where she was raised. She is the fourth child, and only girl, in a family of six children. In an interview with Jeanette E. Brown, she explains that she did not feel different, despite being the only girl, because "I mostly played sports along with them, like basketball, softball, and that kind of stuff. (...) My youngest brother would play dolls with me and the rest of them would not, but you know, I really didn't think too much about it."  She is the daughter of Elsie Lee Foggie Long, a seamstress, and Charles Long, a sharecropper, with a tenth and third grade education, respectively. They lived in a mixed-race, segregated farming community. Later, both her parents worked at the Pine Bluff Arsenal, her mother in the Armament Division and her father as a janitor. Growing up, she was expected to help with farm work, and years later, explained: "In those days we didn't know we were living in poverty."  However, her parents prioritized her education (in fact, three of her brothers also attended the University of Arkansas). They allowed her to start elementary school at the age of four ("they didn't check very carefully in those days"), by which time she had already learned to read. She attended segregated public schools, including the Altheimer Training School. She was an excellent student who skipped grades, graduating high school valedictorian at age 16, in 1954. The faculty at Altheimer Trainer School was entirely African American, and was highly encouraging of their students. She explained that the teachers "pushed us to succeed, to excel, because they had a vested interest in turning out successful, well-educated students. They cared, intimately, about us doing well." The school offered very little science education, and very little math.  Very few jobs were available for African American women in Altheimer, so Anderson chose to attend college, hoping to pursue a career. She hadn't planned to pursue a career a science, and had instead considered careers in physical education and interior decorating.

Education.

Bachelor's Degree.

Anderson started studying at the Arkansas Agricultural, Mechanical, and Normal College, a state-supported school for African Americans. She received a small scholarship in her first year, followed by a Rockefeller Foundation College Scholarship between 1956 and 1958 in recognition of her stellar grades. As part of the scholarship, she worked as a teaching assistant, helping in the chemistry classes. She also worked during the summer, working in a candy factory in Chicago between her junior and senior years. Despite not having studied chemistry in high school, she had initially signed up to the chemistry courses on a dare, because chemistry was considered to be the most difficult major. She graduated with a degree in Chemistry and Mathematics in 1958, as the valedictorian, "summa cum laude," first in a class of 237. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the commencement speaker at her graduation, and he was a source of inspiration throughout her life.  Though she was accepted to graduate school at Stanford University, she was unable to study there for lack of funding. She was then rejected for a position at the Ralston Purina Company as a chemist because she was African-American. She later said that "they did me a favor by not hiring me, but I didn't realize it at the time."

Master's Degree.

With no other options, Anderson taught geography, reading and arithmetic in seventh grade at a school in Altheimer for six months (even though, by her own admission, "I didn't even know any more about geography than the students did"). She was then offered a National Science Foundation grant by Kimuel Alonzo Huggins, the chair of the Atlanta University chemistry department, to study for a Master's degree in chemistry. Upon her marriage to Leonard Sinclair Anderson in 1960, she almost dropped out of the program due to financial difficulty, despite the fellowship. Dr. Kimuel Huggins intervened again, and provided her with research funding so that she could continue studying in his lab. She accepted, even she "didn't particularly like" his research topic. Anderson earned her Master's degree in organic chemistry at Atlanta in 1961, with a thesis supervised by Dr. Huggins on a novel synthesis process of butadiene, titled: "Studies on 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1,3-Butadiene".  She taught for a year at South Carolina State College in Orangeburg. Anderson then moved back to Atlanta, to Morehouse College. She was contacted by Henry Cecil Ransom McBay, the "father of black chemists in the United States", who had made it his mission to seek out and train talented African American chemists. Anderson worked for him as a chemistry instructor and research assistant for two years. In her own words, Anderson "loved teaching organic chemistry, because, first of all, I learned a whole lot of organic chemistry while I was teaching it." McBay encouraged her to pursue her doctoral studies.

PhD.

Anderson began her doctoral studies at the University of Chicago (McBay's alma mater) in 1965, and received a research and teaching assistantship. In her first year, she was the only Black, full-time organic chemistry student. She tutored white women chemistry students in her first year, but decided to focus on herself when she realized that, due to the prevalent racism of the time, they had advantages she did not have. In her interview with Jeannette E. Brown, she recounts an incident in which she failed a first-year exam (prelims, "the first time I had ever failed anything in my life") and received the recommendation that she should not take it over. Though everyone in the class had failed the prelim, most of them received the recommendation to take it over. When she confronted her advisor, he told her that she had achieved the second highest score in the group. Because of this, Anderson spent the summer looking for a job in Chicago, and poring through her physical organic chemistry textbook. She later received a phone call from the University of Chicago, with a job offer to work with Dr. Leon M. Stock as a research assistant. To test her skills, he set her the assignment which none of his students had so far managed to complete: to make 9-fluora-anthracene from a procedure detailed in a French paper. Anderson, never having studied French, went to the bookstore, bought a French dictionary, translated the paper, and carried out the experiment successfully on her first try. She later took the prelim test again, and passed.  She had enjoyed her experience in Dr. Stock's lab, so she continued her research with him, working on the nuclear magnetic resonance and CF infrared frequency shifts of fluorine-19, and published at least one paper before she had completed her dissertation (which they wrote "over the weekend"). Anderson would work in the lab during the day, then on her dissertation at night at home. She was a pioneer in the field of fluorine Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy ("didn't nobody know how to operate it but me"). Throughout her time at the University of Chicago, she was mentored by Thomas Cole (who later became president of Clark Atlanta University). Cole was working as a teaching assistant, and was the one who taught her the basics of NMR. Anderson received her physical organic chemistry Ph.D. in 1968. Her thesis was titled: "19F Chemical Shifts For Bicyclic and Aromatic Molecules". In the paper which resulted from her thesis, she coins the term "substituent chemical shift".

Career.

Academia.

Anderson chose to conduct her post-doctoral research at a historically Black college ("it didn't make a difference which one") in the wake of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination that year, and considered this her contribution to the United States' Civil Rights Movement. She knew at the time that this choice was considered by some of her friends to be "professional suicide", and she herself believes that she could have accomplished much more in a different setting. However, she was firm in her resolution, and turned down offers from majority white universities over the course of her career. In her interview with Jeannette E. Brown, she explained her motivation: "I wanted to go to a Black college to allow the students to have the opportunity to get the kind of education that I had gotten; because I felt coming from where I came from that it was almost impossible for me to get the kind of training I had gotten. (...) I squeezed through the wire mesh fence." On Dr McBay's advice, Anderson applied for the position of chair at Morris Brown College's department of chemistry in Atlanta. She was awarded the position, and became associate professor at the college. As chair of the chemistry department, she made substantial improvements so that it could be approved by the American Chemical Society. Despite receiving other offers of employment, Anderson chose to remain at Morris Brown because "of the educational philosophy at Morris Brown, in that Morris Brown takes in some of the brightest students there are, but at the same time, Morris Brown allows students who are not in upper echelon to come in here." On top of her teaching commitments, starting in the summer of 1969 Anderson carried out post-doctoral research at the Georgia Institute of Technology, working with Dr. Charles L. Liotta on "Studies on the mechanism of epoxidation".  Anderson explains that when she joined Morris Brown, the Vice President of Academic Affairs told her that it was a teaching institution, and that if she wanted to carry out research, "you do that on your own time." So, she says: "I did it in on my own time. I worked in the evenings and on Saturdays and Sundays. (...) I was determined to do [research]. But more importantly, I love research, and I still love research." Anderson continued her research continued on fluorine-19 and its interactions with other atoms, using it to probe synthesis reactions. Anderson's research has also covered epoxidation mechanisms, solid-fuel rocket propellants, antiviral drug synthesis, fluoridated pharmaceutical compounds, and substituted amantadines. Her work has been applied to antiviral drugs. She received patents for her work in 2001 and 2009.  Throughout her career, she struggled to receive funding, and attributes much of this to the racism of the time. She used money from her own salary to fund her research. In her 2009 interview with Jeanette E. Brown, she explains: "it became clear to me that if I was at Morris Brown College, a college with did not have a history of research in chemistry or biology like that, that nobody was going to give me any money for research. (...) So, I decided, well, I'm going to do research no matter what. (...) I paid [students] out of my pocket, and I charged that on my credit card. Even today, I don't know how much I owe the patent lawyers, but I have paid for all those patents stuff, myself."  In 1973, she became the Fuller E. Callaway Professor of Chemistry and Chair, which she returned to in 1990 after serving as Dean of Academic Affairs from 1984 to 1989. Anderson worked as a National Science Foundation Research Fellow (1981) and Research Consultant (1982) for the Lockheed Georgia Corporation, and later as SCEE Faculty Research Fellow for the U.S Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory at the Edwards Air Force Base (1984). She also worked as a consultant for IPECS Holland, a Dutch chemical and pharmaceutical research company (1990).  Anderson became Morris Brown's interim president twice, from 1992 to 1993 and in 1998, and was Dean of Science and Technology from 1995 to 1997. Since 1999 and, she is the Fuller E. Callaway Professor of Chemistry. Twice, she served as interim president of Morris Brown. As of 2011, Anderson works as assistant to the president of Morris Brown College.  Anderson was named among the brightest scientists in Atlanta, Georgia in 1983 by "Atlanta Magazine". She was also named among the Outstanding Black Educators in Atlanta in the 1991 edition of SuccessGuide.

Outside of academia.

Outside of academia, Anderson was appointed by President Richard Nixon for a six-year term on the Corporation for Public Broadcasting's (CPB) board in 1972. In actuality, she served seven years because of a delay in the confirmation of her successor. While at the CPB, she also served as chair for committees on Minority Training, Minorities and Women, and Human Resources Development, and later as vice chair of the board from 1977 to 1979. Anderson actively worked to encourage positive portrayals of minorities in public broadcasting.  Throughout her career, Anderson has held many board and committee leadership positions, including as chair of the Greater Atlanta Public Broadcasting Study Committee (1974-1976), as Vice president of the Public Broadcasting Atlanta Board (1980-1982), and at Morris Brown College, Chair of the Promotion and Tenure Ad Hoc Appeals Committee (2000), Chair of the Academic Planning Task Force (2003), Chair of the Faculty Retention Task Force (2003) and Chair of the Academic Affairs Council (2004). She has also been on an advisory committee for the U.S Food and Drug Administration.

Personal Life.

She married Leonard Sinclair Anderson, a schoolteacher in 1960. In Chicago, while Anderson was studying for her PhD, Leonard attended the Chicago Conservatory of Music, graduating with a Master's degree. Talking about her marriage, Anderson said: "at that time, you know, we had not been liberated, so we didn't know we weren't supposed to be cooking and cleaning and all that. I did all that, as well as I went through graduate school. I was married. I came home. I cooked and I cleaned and ironed and all of that when I was married."  Leonard and Gloria divorced in 1977. Anderson has one son, Gerald (b. 1961).  In her interview with Jeanette E. Brown, Anderson explained: "I have always had to prove myself wherever I went. I had to prove myself in Chicago. When I proved myself, I didn't have any m ore trouble. When I went to Georgia Tech as a post-doc, I had to prove myself. After I proved myself, I didn't have any problem. (...) The point is, they didn't pay me attention, because they didn't know I knew anything. They didn't think I knew what I was talking about. It has always been that way whenever I present myself in chemistry."  Anderson is quoted as saying, to a group of young scientists, "[You] can do anything that you want to do. You can be anything that you want to be. However, you must be determined. You must work hard. You must not let anyone define who you are and what you can do." She adds, "As Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said at my college commencement, and I paraphrase, 'Don't go out to be the best black scientist, Go out to be the best scientist.' "

Honors.

Anderson is a member of the American Chemical Society, the National Institute of Science, and the National Science Teachers Association.  She has received numerous honors and awards, including:  She received many teaching awards while at Morris Brown College, including:  A number of appreciation plaques have also been dedicated in her honor:

Gloria Long Anderson (born November 5, 1938) is the Fuller E. Callaway Professor of Chemistry at Morris Brown College, and its Vice President for Academic Affairs. She has served as Interim President of Morris Brown, and as Vice Chair of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. She was a pioneer in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and is known for her studies of fluorine-19 and solid rocket propellants.

Gloria Long Anderson, née Gloria Long le à Altheimer, Arkansas, est une chimiste afro-américaine notamment connue pour ses actions en faveur des minorités et des femmes au sein de la communauté universitaire et scientifique.


History.

The first San Sebastian Jazz Festival took place on 10 and 11 September 1966. The following year the festival was moved to July, where it has remained since then. At first, Jazzaldia was an international competition for amateur groups, and the only professional performance was by Mickey Baker.  Plaza de la Trinidad (Trinity Square), a square in the old town at the foot of Mount Urgull, was chosen as the main location of the Festival. This square was built in 1963, designed by the architect Peña Ganchegui to commemorate the centenary of the demolition of the city walls. Plaza de la Trinidad has been the main focus of the festival since then. The small area means that the audience is close to the stage, but in the mid 1970s more famous artists started to perform at Jazzaldia, so more spacious venues were needed, and the shows were moved to Anoeta Velodrome and the Sports Hall.  During the first years of the festival, the programme prioritised mainstream and traditional jazz and blues, with artists such as Milt Buckner, Jo Jones, Cab Calloway, John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters. Some years later, Jazzaldia hosted two performances by Charles Mingus in 1974 and 1977. A concert in the Velodrome by Chick Corea in 1981, attracted 15,000 people. However, over time attendance has decreased.  In 1992, the organisers decided to stop organising concerts in the Velodrome and return to the origins of the festival at Plaza de la Trinidad. Nowadays, there are a dozen stages spread through the city. The festival has increased its attendance each year, and also the age range of attendees, with Zurriola Beach the most popular venue among young people.  Artists who have appeared at the festival include Charles Mingus, Ella Fitzgerald, Oscar Peterson, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, Dexter Gordon, Art Blakey, Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughan, Stan Getz, Don Cherry, Ornette Coleman, Gerry Mulligan, Weather Report, Hank Jones, Sonny Rollins, McCoy Tyner, Wynton Marsalis, B.B. King, Diana Krall, Van Morrison, Liza Minnelli, Pat Metheny, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, Keith Jarrett and Ray Gelato.

Stages.

Jazzaldia combines indoor-ticketed concerts with free concerts performed in open air locations such as Zurriola Beach and the terraces outside the Kursaal. The stages include:

Donostiako Jazzaldia Award.

Since 1994, Heineken Jazzaldia has presented an award to one of the artists performing at the festival, in recognition of their contribution to jazz and influence on following generations of musicians. The award is a plaque engraved with an image of Plaza de la Trinidad. Winners of the award include:

Heineken Jazzaldia, more commonly known as the San Sebastian Jazz Festival, is a jazz festival in San Sebastian, Spain, held every year during the third week of July, and lasting for five days.

Le Festival de Jazz de Saint-Sébastien (nom officiel : Heineken Jazzaldia) a lieu chaque année la troisième semaine de juillet dans la ville basque de Donostia / San Sebastián (Saint-Sébastien), célèbre destination touristique depuis le pour ses paysages, son histoire et son activité culturelle et gastronomique.


Club career.

Early years.

Vernon was born in Jocelyn Avenue, Belfast and when he left school he initially entered the family butcher business. He would eventually return to the same trade after retiring as a player. Vernon also played as a junior with both Spearmint and Dundela. His performances attracted the interest of Liverpool but he rejected their approach and opted to sign for Belfast Celtic instead.

Belfast Celtic.

Together with Jimmy McAlinden, Billy McMillan, Tommy Breen and Charlie Tully, he was a prominent member of the Celtic team managed by Elisha Scott. This team dominated the Irish League during the Second World War era. He played his last game for Celtic on 8 February 1947 against Linfield. Both West Bromwich Albion and Glasgow Celtic declared an interest in signing Vernon but the Celtic manager, Jimmy McGrory, would not meet Belfast Celtic's £8,000 valuation.

West Bromwich Albion.

Vernon eventually signed for West Bromwich Albion in February 1947 for a club record fee of £9,500. In 1949 he captained a West Brom team that also included Davy Walsh and Reg Ryan to promotion from the English Second Division. In the same season he also scored his only goal for the club, on Christmas Day in a 1–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday. On 8 June 1947, together with Davy Walsh, Vernon guested for Shamrock Rovers in a friendly against Everton.

Crusaders.

In 1952 Vernon returned to the Irish League and became player-manager at Crusaders, the club that in 1949 had replaced Belfast Celtic in the league. In 1954 he guided the club to victory in the Ulster Cup, their first ever senior trophy. He left the club at the end of that season and returned to the butcher trade.

International career.

When Vernon began his international career in 1944 there were in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland – based IFA and the Ireland – based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including Vernon played for both teams. In addition Vernon also played twice for a Great Britain XI.

IFA XI.

Between 1944 and 1951, Vernon made 21 appearances for the IFA XI. He made his debut in an 8–4 defeat against a "Combined Services XI" at Windsor Park on 9 September 1944. This team was basically a Great Britain XI and featured, among others, Matt Busby, Stanley Matthews, Tommy Lawton and Stan Mortensen. During the 1945–46 season he also played in the three Victory internationals. On 27 November 1946 he helped the IFA XI gain a 0–0 draw with Scotland. The draw helped the IFA XI finish as runners-up in the 1947 British Home Championship. Vernon also helped the IFA XI gain some further respectable results, including a 2–0 win against Scotland on 4 October 1947 and a 2–2 draw with England at Goodison Park on 5 November 1947. On 12 May 1951 he also helped the IFA XI gain a 2–2 draw with France. Vernon played his last game for the IFA XI on 20 November 1951 in a 2–0 defeat to England.

FAI XI.

In 1946 Vernon also made 2 appearances for the FAI XI. He was one of several players born in Northern Ireland who benefited from the FAI's attempts to establish an all-Ireland influence. In June 1946 when the FAI organised an Iberian tour, Vernon, together with Jimmy McAlinden, Billy McMillan and Paddy Sloan, was one of four Northern Irish players called up. Vernon subsequently played in both the 3–1 defeat to Portugal on 16 June and then helped the FAI XI gain a 1–0 victory against Spain on 23 June.

Great Britain XI.

On 10 May 1947, Vernon, together with Stanley Matthews, Wilf Mannion, Tommy Lawton and Billy Liddell, played for a Great Britain XI against a Europe XI at Hampden Park. The game was arranged to celebrate England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland rejoining FIFA. On 3 December 1951 at Ninian Park he also captained a Great Britain XI against Wales as the Football Association of Wales celebrated their 75th anniversary.

Honours.

As a player.

Belfast Celtic  West Bromwich Albion  Ireland

As player-manager.

Crusaders

John Joseph Vernon (26 September 1918 – 24 August 1981) also referred to as Jackie Vernon, was an Irish footballer who played for, among others, Belfast Celtic and West Bromwich Albion. Vernon was a dual international and played for both Ireland teams – the IFA XI and the FAI XI. He also played on two occasions for a Great Britain XI.

John Joseph Vernon, surnommé Jackie, né le à Belfast et mort le dans la même ville, est un footballeur international nord-irlandais. Il a la particularité d’avoir joué à la même période sous les maillots nationaux de l’Irlande du Nord et de l’État d’Irlande.


History.

The settlement of Mejillones dates back to the first communities of Chango people who inhabited the coastal area from 1825.  Between 1838 and 1839, French businessmen known as ("Brothers Latrille"), contracted mining services of the Copiapino Juan López (miner known as Chango Lopez, considered the founder of Antofagasta), to mine guano deposits located south of Mejillones. In this manner, Luan López began mining around the vicinity of San Luciano hill in 1841. The concession for the mining of this raw material was obtained by Domingo Latrille at the hands of the Bolivian government, which would last until 1842. Between 1841 and 1842, they made the largest shipments of this product to Europe.  In 1845, President of Bolivia Manuel Isidoro Belzu had a small fort built on the south side of Mejillones, to become a minor port of Bolivia. Through project development, the Bolivian government proposed to establish a major port city in the large jurisdiction of Mejillones.  In 1866, Bolivia and Chile mutually agreed to finance the construction of the ("Offices of Administration and Security of Customs") in order to protect the interests of Chilean workers and to implement an export tax on minerals, primarily salt and guano. Subsequently, one of these buildings was transferred to the city of Antofagasta during the War of the Pacific; currently, this building is still in force and designated as the "Regional Museum".  On October 8, 1879, the Battle of Angamos was fought here in front of the peninsula of Angamos between the navies of Chile and Peru, which ended in the Chilean capture of the monitor. Afterward, the increasingly prosperous nitrate industry showed a boom going through the port at Mejillones, where the mineral boarded on the Antofagasta railroad left for foreign ports abroad. During this time, strong waves wreaked havoc on the shipping facilities, which required the reestablishment of Mejillones, this time reborn under the Chilean flag.  Also after the War of the Pacific, administrative organization began, which in the case of Mejillones would involve the preparation of urban planning in agreement with the existing type of port. This work was commissioned to naval engineer Emilio de Vitds. The plan, which was perhaps more realistic than those proposed before, was based on 63 city blocks and was completed with the Foundation Act (), signed by president Germán Riesco and dated February 7, 1906.  In 1970, a majority vote approved the bill presented by Mayor Araya Cuadra to build a theater located across the rear of the Plaza Almirante Latorre. The work was carried out with the grant of a loan by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development in the amount of $500,000. Such funding would not satisfy the completion of the project, and work stopped in 1972 pending the granting of a loan extension that failed to materialize by the time of the coup of the Armed Forces of September 11th of 1973.

Demographics.

According to data from the 2002 census by the National Institute of Statistics, the Mejillones commune has 10,042 inhabitants; of these, 7,888 (78.6%) live in urban areas and 530 (5.3%) in rural areas. At that time, there were 4,654 men and 3,764 women residing in the commune. In the ten years since the previous census of 1992 (pop. 6,315), the population grew 33.3% (2,103 persons). It is expected to grow after the construction of, due to be Chile's biggest sea port, expected to be completed around 2030.

Administration.

As a commune, Mejillones is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years.  Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Mejillones is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Pedro Araya (PRI) and Manuel Rojas (UDI) as part of the 4th electoral district, (together with Antofagasta, Sierra Gorda, and Taltal). The commune is represented in the Senate by Carlos Cantero Ojeda (Ind.) and José Antonio Gómez Urrutia (PRSD) as part of the 2nd senatorial constituency (Antofagasta Region).

Mejillones is a Chilean port city and commune in Antofagasta Province in the Antofagasta Region. Its name is the plural form of the Spanish meaning "mussel", referring to a particularly abundant species and preferred staple food of its indigenous inhabitants. It is situated in the northern side of the Mejillones Peninsula, 60 km north of the city of Antofagasta. To the west, in the northern part of peninsula, is, the site of the naval combat of the same name, fought during the War of the Pacific (1879-1883).

Mejillones est une ville et une commune du Chili de la province d'Antofagasta, elle-même située dans la région d'Antofagasta. En 2012, sa population s'élevait à habitants.


Background.

Thuận Tông was born in 1378 as Trần Ngung, youngest son of the Retired Emperor Trần Nghệ Tông, and his wife, the Queen Thục Đức. After the dethronement and forced suicide of Trần Phế Đế in December 1387, Prince Chiêm Định Trần Ngung, only ten at that time, was chosen by his father for the position of successor as Trần Thuận Tông. The new era name under Thuận Tông's reign was Quang Thái (光泰, 1388–1398).

As emperor.

Although being the Emperor of Vietnam, Phế Đế only reigned in name because it was Nghệ Tông and Hồ Quý Ly who held the real power. In January 1389, Thuận Tông married the eldest daughter of Hồ Quý Ly as Queen Thánh Ngâu.  Less than one year from Thuận Tông's coronation, Chế Bồng Nga continued to attack Đại Việt in October 1389. Under the command of Hồ Quý Ly, Đại Việt's army suffered a heavy defeat in Thanh Hóa which made Hồ Quý Ly fled from the battle and left the position for his subordinate. After this event, Hồ Quý Ly resigned from the military leader and general Trần Khát Chân was appointed by Nghệ Tông to take charge of stopping Champa. In January 1390, Trần Khát Chân had a decisive victory over Champa which resulted in the death of Chế Bồng Nga and thus the stable situation in southern border of Đại Việt. At home, Trần's Dynasty also had to face with several revolts ignited by famine and Chế Bồng Nga's stimulation. In December 1389, the revolt led by monk Phạm Sư Ôn even attacked Thăng Long and forced Nghệ Tông and Thuận Tông flee to Bắc Giang before general Phụ Thế brought his troops from the front line with Champa back to pacify the revolt and kill Phạm Sư Ôn. During the reign of Thuận Tông, Hồ Quý Ly gradually eliminated all opponents in royal court such as Nguyễn Đa Phương, who was forced to commit suicide in 1389, Prince Trang Định Trần Ngạc, who was killed by order of Quý Ly in 1391 or Trần Nhật Chương who was killed after Nghệ Tông's decision in 1392. Trần Nghệ Tông deceased on December 15 of Lunar calendar, 1394 at the age of 73 and left royal court in the total control of Hồ Quý Ly. He began to reform the administrative and examination systems of Trần Dynasty and eventually obliged Thuận Tông to change the capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa in January 1397.  On March 15 of Lunar calendar, 1398, under pressure of Hồ Quý Ly, Thuận Tông, had to cede the throne to his three-year-old son Trần An, now Trần Thiếu Đế, and held the title Retired Emperor at age 20. According to "Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư", actually Hồ Quý Ly wanted to overthrow Thuận Tông but before his death, Nghệ Tông made Quý Ly promise him supporting the Emperor therefore Hồ Quý Ly decided to force Thuận Tông resign before taking over the throne from the new emperor.  Finally, Hồ Quý Ly ordered a general to kill Thuận Tông in 1399 and buried the Retired Emperor in Yên Sinh Lăng. Two powerful figure in royal court Trần Khát Chân and Trần Hãng were also killed not long after the death of Thuận Tông and Trần Dynasty collapsed in 1400 when Hồ Quý Ly established his own dynasty, Hồ Dynasty.

Family.

Trần Thuận Tông had one wife, Queen Thánh Ngâu who was Hồ Quý Ly's daughter and one son, Crown Prince Trần An who became the Emperor Trần Thiếu Đế, the last emperor of Trần Dynasty.  |- style="text-align: center;"

Trần Thuận Tông, (1378–1399), given name Trần Ngung, was the eleventh emperor of the Trần Dynasty who reigned in Đại Việt from 1388 to 1398. He was chosen to succeed to this position by his father, the Retired Emperor Trần Nghệ Tông, after Nghệ Tông decided to dethrone and force Trần Phế Đế to commit suicide. Although holding the position emperor for ten years and retired emperor for one more year, Thuận Tông's reign was totally under the control of Nghệ Tông and Hồ Quý Ly. It was Hồ Quý Ly who obliged Thuận Tông to change the capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa, Hồ Quý Ly was also responsible for the resignation of Thuận Tông as emperor and his death afterward. Only one year after Thuận Tông's death, the Trần Dynasty collapsed while Hồ Quý Ly established his own dynasty, Hồ Dynasty.

Trần Thuận Tông, né sous le nom Trần Ngung en 1378 et mort en 1399, est l'empereur du Đại Việt (ancêtre du Viêt Nam) de 1388 à 1398 et le onzième représentant de la dynastie Trần.


Before the Castle.

The Viking sea-king, Tomrair mac Ailchi, built the first permanent Viking stronghold on Inis Sibhtonn (King's Island) in 922. He used the base to raid the length of the River Shannon from Lough Derg to Lough Ree, pillaging ecclesiastical settlements. In 937 the Limerick Vikings clashed with those of Dublin on Lough Ree and were defeated. In 943 they were defeated again when the chief of the local Dalcassian clan joined with Ceallachán, king of Munster and the Limerick Vikings were forced to pay tribute to the clans. The power of the Vikings never recovered, and they were reduced to the level of a minor clan, however often playing pivotal parts in the endless power struggles of the next few centuries.

Early history.

The arrival of the Anglo-Normans to the area in 1172 changed everything. Domhnall Mór Ó Briain burned the city to the ground in 1174 in a bid to keep it from the hands of the new invaders. After he died in 1194, the Anglo-Normans finally captured the area in 1195 under John, Lord of Ireland. In 1197, Limerick was given its first charter and its first Mayor, Adam Sarvant. A castle, built on the orders of King John and bearing his name, was completed around 1210. The castle was built on the boundary of the River Shannon in order to protect the city from the Gaelic kingdoms to the west and from any rebellion by Norman lords to the east and south. Under the general peace imposed by the Norman rule, Limerick prospered as both a port and a trading centre, partly due to the castle acting as a watchdog on any cargo passing through the port of Limerick. By this time the city was divided into an area became known as "English Town" on King's Island, while another settlement, named "Irish Town" had grown on the south bank of the river. The town of Limerick became so wealthy during this era King John set up a mint in the North West corner of the castle, with pennies and half pennies from this time available to see in Limerick museum today. A 1574 document prepared for the Spanish ambassador attests to its wealth:  Luke Gernon, an English-born judge and resident of Limerick, wrote an equally flattering account of the city in 1620:

Siege of Limerick.

The walls of the castle were severely damaged in the 1642 Siege of Limerick, the first of five sieges of the city in the 17th century. In 1642, the castle was occupied by Protestants fleeing the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and was besieged by an Irish Confederate force under Garret Barry. Barry had no siege artillery so he undermined the walls of King John's Castle by digging away their foundations. Those inside surrendered just before Barry collapsed the walls. However, such was the damage done to the wall's foundations that a section of them had to be pulled down afterward.

2013 Redevelopment.

Between 2011 and 2013, the castle underwent a massive redevelopment, with €5.7 million spent to improve the visitor facilities of the castle. Among the improvements were a brand new visitor centre, interactive exhibitions with computer generated animations, and a cafe with views onto the courtyard and the river.

King John's Castle () is a 13th-century castle located on King's Island in Limerick, Ireland, next to the River Shannon. Although the site dates back to 922 when the Vikings lived on the Island, the castle itself was built on the orders of King John in 1200. One of the best preserved Norman castles in Europe, the walls, towers and fortifications remain today and are visitor attractions. The remains of a Viking settlement were uncovered during archaeological excavations at the site in 1900.

Le château du Roi Jean (en anglais King John’s Castle, aussi appelé "Limerick Castle", château de Limerick) est un château-fort édifié sur King’s Island, une île située sur le fleuve Shannon dans le quartier médiéval de la ville de Limerick, au sud ouest de l’Irlande.


Characteristics.

Among systems used include the Atari 8-bit computer, NEC PC-8801, Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, Amiga, Game Boy, and Mega Drive / Genesis. The sounds produced from these systems can be combined to any degree with traditional instruments, such as guitar and drums, modern synthesizers and drum machines, or vocals and sound effects. Some artists use software-based emulators or virtual synthesizers to recreate the sounds of 8-bit systems, while some use hardware synths, which use the actual sound chips from those systems, such as the Sidstation, Midibox, and trackers.

History.

The term bitpop was coined by artists who separated themselves from pure chiptune, as they used more modern production styles and equipment. The name has connotations of a pun on britpop, using the word bit.  Bitpop uses a mixture of old and new equipment often resulting a sound which is unlike Chiptune although containing 8-bit sourced sounds. For example, a bitpop production may be composed almost entirely of 8-bit sounds but with a live vocal, or overlaid live guitars. Conversely, a bitpop production may be composed almost entirely of live vocals and instruments, but feature a bassline or lead melody provided by an 8-bit device.  One of the pioneers of bitpop music were, with their heavy use of Commodore 64 for their first album in 1992. Being a German-speaking group not using the term bitpop and who don't travel by plane, they remained popular among people listening to industrial music or electroclash.  Bitpop music began gaining popularity towards the end of the 1990s. The first electroclash record, I-F's "Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass" (1997), has been described as "burbling electro in a vocodered homage to Atari-era hi-jinks," particularly "Space Invaders". The Beastie Boys outer-space sci-fi themed album Hello Nasty (1998), included, among other potentially influencing tracks, the distinctively video game sound themed original composition track UNITE; garnering mainstream recognition years ahead of the popular video game tune genre and movement. The trance song "Kernkraft 400" (1999), often played at sports events worldwide, was a remix of a chiptune song written by David Whittaker called "Stardust" for the 1984 Commodore 64 computer game "Lazy Jones".  In 2003, Malcolm McLaren wrote an article on bitpop and chip music. It also noted a planned release in that style by McLaren.  By the mid-2000s, 8-bit chip music began being incorporated in mainstream pop music, used by acts such as Beck (for example, the 2005 song "Girl"), The Killers (for example, the 2004 song "On Top"), and particularly The Postal Service in many of their songs. The low-quality digital MIDI styling of early game music composers such as Hiroshi Miyauchi also began gaining popularity. In 2003, the J-pop girl group Perfume, along with producer Yasutaka Nakata, began producing music combining chiptunes with synthpop and electro house; their breakthrough came in 2007 with "Game", which led to other Japanese female artists using a similar electronic style, including Aira Mitsuki, immi, Mizca, SAWA, Saori@destiny, and Sweet Vacation.  In recent years, 8-bit chiptune sounds, or "video game beats", have been used by a number of mainstream pop artists. Examples in the Western world include artists such as Kesha (most notably in "Tik Tok", the best-selling single of 2010), Robyn, Snoop Dogg, Eminem (for example, "Hellbound"), Nelly Furtado, and Timbaland (see Timbaland plagiarism controversy). The influence of video game sounds can also be heard in contemporary British electronica music by artists such as Dizzee Rascal and Kieran Hebden. Grime music in particular samples sawtooth wave sounds from video games which were popular in East London. Dubstep producers have also been influenced by video game chiptunes, particularly the work of Yuzo Koshiro. In 2010, a BBC article stated that the "sights and sounds of old-school games" (naming "Frogger" and "Donkey Kong" as examples) are "now becoming a part of mainstream music and culture."

Bitpop is a type of electronic music and subgenre of chiptune music, where at least part of the music is made using the sound chips of old 8-bit (or 16-bit) computers and video game consoles.

La bitpop est un genre de musique électronique et sous-genre du chiptune, faisant usage de générateurs de son d'ordinateurs, de console de jeux vidéo et de machine d'arcade 8-bit ou 16-bit.


Demographics.

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Chonchi spans an area of and has 12,572 inhabitants (6,453 men and 6,119 women). Of these, 4,588 (36.5%) lived in urban areas and 7,984 (63.5%) in rural areas. The population grew by 18.3% (1,945 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

History.

Originally Chonchi was a Jesuit mission station with a school which had 150 pupils in 1755, and the town itself was founded in 1767 by order of Don Guil y Gonzaga, the Governor of Chiloé. In 1787 Chonchi had 315 inhabitants. Unification with Chile increased the economic importance of the region and promoted population growth. The 1833 census in Chonchi demonstrated that it was the most important town in south of the island. It became a parish in 1836, resuming its traditional religious significance within the area. A good anchorage made Chonchi a natural stopping place for traffic in the canals and timber exploitation transformed it into a hub for development of the region. The economic activity centred upon Chonchi reached its zenith at the beginning of the 20th century creating an opulent society with an active social circle. The influence of external ideas (Europeans) is clearly apparent in the town.  The pirate Pedro Ñancúpel was a native of Chonchi, being born in Terao 1837.

Architecture and Sights.

The nickname of Chonchi is "Ciudad de los Tres Pisos" which means "Town of three floors". The ground floor corresponds to the harbour and the marine drive with the picturesque market "Feria Artesanal", the second floor consists of the urban architecture around the museum, and the third floor is the main square with the church.

Nearby Attractions.

Nearby attractions include Chiloé National Park and several lakes: Lago Huillinco, Lago Tarahulín, Lago Natri and Lago Tepuhueico.  Huillinco, on "Lago Huillinco", is a village of 943 inhabitants (2002), most of whom are Huilliche with an interesting cemetery.  Cucao is one of the very few settlements on Chiloé on the west coast. It is a village with 424 inhabitants (2000) at the entrance of Chiloé National Park.

Administration.

As a commune, Chonchi is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Pedro Andrade Oyarzún (PDC).  Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Chonchi is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Gabriel Ascencio (PDC) and Alejandro Santana (RN) as part of the 58th electoral district, (together with Castro, Ancud, Quemchi, Dalcahue, Curaco de Vélez, Quinchao, Puqueldón, Queilén, Quellón, Chaitén, Hualaihué, Futaleufú and Palena). The commune is represented in the Senate by Camilo Escalona Medina (PS) and Carlos Kuschel Silva (RN) as part of the 17th senatorial constituency (Los Lagos Region).

Chonchi is a Chilean town and commune located in Los Lagos Region. The commune consists of the town of Chonchi and the following villages:

Chonchi est une commune du Chili faisant partie de la province de Chiloé, elle-même rattachée à la région des Lacs.


Plot.

A mysterious outlaw, known only as The Sidewinder (Victor Jory), is terrorizing Arizona settlers. A rancher whose property was raided, Tex McCloud (Sterling Hayden), and a U.S. Cavalry officer named Blaine (Forrest Tucker) both decide to seek justice. They even make a friendly wager over which one will get to The Sidewinder first.  A wealthy saloon entertainer, Carolina (Arleen Whelan), tries to persuade Tex to also go after Lucky Lee, a mine owner who owes her $20,000. She also tries to seduce Tex, but he's not interested.  After he changes hotel rooms with Lucky's longtime sweetheart, Nora Logan (Barbara Rush), an ambush is attempted by gambler Showdown Calhoun (Richard Arlen) and his partner, who come to the wrong room. Nora is the one they're after, and she becomes a kidnap victim on the stagecoach. For the second time, though, Tex rides to her rescue.  Nora explains that she's involved with Lucky only out of gratitude for one saving her from a similar assault. Lucky offers a theory that Tombstone Jack is the notorious Sidewinder, but after Carolina sneaks up on Tombstone and kills him, Tex and Blaine begin to suspect that Lucky is the man they're after. Turquoise (Carol Thurston), a Ute woman who loves Lucky, knows for a fact he's the outlaw.  Now the marshal for the territory, Tex and a posse go after Lucky, who has snatched Nora and ridden off to a hideout. Lucky conspires with a band of Utes to attack the posse. Carolina and Showdown are killed. Tex and Blaine get to the hideout, but the jealous Turquoise has already killed Lucky, beating them to the punch. The men call off their wager.

Flaming Feather is a 1952 Technicolor Western film directed by Ray Enright and starring Sterling Hayden. The film was shot on location around Oak Creek Canyon near Sedona, Arizona, and at the Montezuma Castle National Monument near Sedona. The local Yavapai Indians, who were employed as extras on the production, refused to enter the cliff-dwellings because they represented the "dwelling place of the dead." Consequently, production was delayed while a band of Navajos was brought in from a reservation 137 miles away to replace them.

Les Flèches brûlées ( pour le titre original) est un western de 1952 réalisé par Ray Enright, avec Sterling Hayden dans le rôle principal.


Early life.

Bogdan Czapski was the only son of Józef Napoleon Czapski (1797-1852) and Countess Eleonora (Laura) Mielzynska (1815-1875). Józef Napoleon Czapski was a colorful character, described by the historian Charles Forbes René de Montalembert as a "célèbre révolutionnaire". As a Lieutenant of the Polish army during the November Uprising, he was awarded for bravery, the Virtuti Militari 4th class. He supported revolutionairy activities in France, Germany and Ireland, travelling under different aliases. He passed away in 1852 from cholera when Bogdan was one year old. His mother, Countess Mielzynska, was from a wealthy family in German Poland and sent him to schools in Switzerland, Paris and Rome. He graduated from the Lycée Bonaparte in Paris. Between 1862 and 1865 his mother, for health reasons, travelled frequently to Italy, where Bogdan as a small boy learned to speak Italian fluently. Countess Czapska would spend the summer seasons in resorts in Germany, mainly in Bad Schwalbach, where she befriended Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, wife of the future king of Prussia and the German Emperor Wilhelm I. During the war years 1870-1871 Bogdan left France and went to Rome, where Pope Pius IX showed him kindness and friendship; Czapski was an eyewitness to the fall of the Papal States and voluntary announcement by the Pope as being a "prisoner of the Vatican." The relationships Czapski established in Rome, were very useful to him later in his "secret diplomacy" allowing him to mediate between the various chancellors of the Second Reich and the Vatican.  In 1871 Czapski started studying law in Vienna, Berlin and Heidelberg, graduating in 1875.Emeryk August Hutten-Czapski Later he wanted to study medicine, but had to give up when he got into politics. He remained a lifelong member of the board of the German Anti- Cancer Society. During his studies he received an invitation to the imperial court of Wilhelm I and Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, who both knew him since childhood. The Emperor discouraged his legal career and advised him to join the army. In 1873, the twenty-two-year-old entered the Prussian army and served as a one-year volunteer with the 2nd Guards Dragoon Regiment in Berlin. Two years later, in August 1875, he was appointed reserve officer of this regiment. In the army Czapski faced the hostility of the powerful Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee and all the officers' Junkers clique of Prussia, who did not allow Poles to higher ranks, so that after many years of service Czapski only reached the degree of Major of the hussars.

Political Life.

Between 1882 and 1883 Bogdan was attached to the German Embassy in Paris From 1884 to 1885 he was Aide-de-Camp of the Governor of Alsace-Lorraine. He was then from 1885 to 1888 Brigade Adjutant in Hannover, and from 1888 to 1896 squadron Commander in Kassel. He served as Castellan of Posen, Member of the Prussian House of Lords, and unofficial aide and advisor to Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. His personal friendship with Friedrich von Holstein and Prince Hohenlohe placed him in the centre of great politics. He was also a close associate of Otto von Bismarck. Czapski was one of the few politicians that in 1900 was shown Chief of Staff Count Alfred von Schlieffen ́s plan to invade France through neutral Belgium. Because of his relationships in the Vatican, he was used permanently as an intermediary in ecclisiastical matters. He contributed to the appointment in 1891 of Archbishop Florian Stablewski of Gniezno and Poznan, and was sent on an unoffcial mission to Rome regarding the occupation of the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg.  Named in 1895 as a hereditary member of the Prussian House of Lords, he left the army and devoted himself exclusively to parliamentary work. He was suitable for confidential missions in Italy like no one else because of his close relations with the long-time Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti and the very influential Milanese banker Joël. In 1905 he organized a meeting between Giolitti and Bernhard von Bülow, and he sent very valuable reports to Berlin about his Roman talks. After the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, he carried out a mission to Romania in order to obtain from the king and the government a promise to keep allied commitments to the central states in case of war.  At the outbreak of the war, on July 31, 1914, the German Emperor (Kaiser), Wilhelm II said to him: "I have decided, if the God would grant us victory, to re-establish an independent Polish State". Wilhem II further said to him an "..an independent Polish state in alliance with which Germany will be, forever secured against Russia". Czapski reported the Polish clergy in Posen had received the news "with jubilation" and that the clergy, in their sermons, had urged the Poles to fight against the Russians. He later served in Eastern affairs in the political department of the General Staff., and he was instructed to promote insurrection in Russian held Poland. Assigned successively to the staffs of Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg and field marshal August von Mackensen, he mediated between them and government in Berlin, as well as with the Polish society. He had also been requested to form a German Legion of Poles as Pilsudski had done in Austria, but after his request for similar concessions for the Poles that Pilsudski had achieved, this matter was dropped, and the recruited Poles joined the Pilsudski Legions. After the Battle of Tannenberg, on behalf of the emperor, on December 23, 1914, he delivered the Marshal's Baton to the victorious Hindenburg in Poznań castle.  The occupation of Warsaw in August 1915 bound him to the end of the war with Polish affairs. Governor-General Hans Hartwig von Beseler, reopened the Warsaw University and the Warsaw Technical University, naming Czapski curator of both institutions. Czapski was an advocate of establishing the Polish state as soon as possible, which would include the Vilnius region and Minsk, During a visit to Warsaw in February 1916, Kaiser Wilhelm reiterated to Czapski, in detail, his plans to make Poland an independent state. He used all his influence to prevent the premature announcement of recruitment of three divisions of Polish volunteers for use by the Central Powers. He was a government commissioner at this institution, as well as at the later Regency Council. He was appointed as a secret counselor, but his reports were not given to Berlin, and his activities had to be limited to mitigate frictions on the spot. He tried to prevent Józef Piłsudski from being arrested, but this situation caused a certain mistrust between him and Beseleer. After the end of the war he left for his Smogulecka Wieś estate in Poznań on November 24, 1918.

Life after the War.

After the resurrection of the Polish State, he became a Polish citizen. He said " I cannot be a Polish citizen while there is no Polish state". He began managing his large estates, formerly under Prussian rule, which included Smogulecka Wieś, inherited from his mother. He was virulently opposed to Józef Piłsudski, of whom he said: " He is totally irresponsible...I wanted to negotiate on this affairs of the legions, and what do you think he said? I am the legend. Can one speak to such a man!" He maintained social relations with his former superiors and friends, but was loyal to the state he became a citizen of. An example of this was when in 1924, he created a foundation in Smogulecka Wieś, approved by the state authorities in 1930, for the promotion of Polish science. In recognition of the merits for the establishment of Warsaw's higher research institutes, the Warsaw University and the Warsaw University of Technology, bestowed upon him the distinction of doctor honoris causa. In November 1933, Ignacy Mościcki, The President of the Republic, awarded Bogdan the Polish Order of Polonia Restituta, Commanders Cross with Star. In the last years of his life he devoted himself to the drafting of his memoirs and the Polish Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, of which he was president since 1926. He died in Poznań on September 7, 1937 and was buried next to his parents in the crypt of the Smogulecki church. Though a very controversial figure, because of his ties with the Germans and Prussians, there was no doubt that Bogdan Hutten-Czapski considered himself a Polish patriot. Though he never married, he named Emeryk August Hutten-Czapski, a distant nephew from the Llituanian Czpaski branch as his heir, who would follow in his footsteps by being very involved with Polish politics, the Vatican and the Knights of Malta.

Bogdan Franciszek Serwacy Hutten-Czapski (Referred to in German contexts as Bogdan Graf von Hutten Czapski) h. Leliwa (b 13 May 1851 in Smogulec, d. 7 September 1937 in Poznan) was a Polish Count, politician, curator of the University of Warsaw and the Warsaw University of Technology, President of the Association of Polish Knights of Malta. Bogdan was the grandson of two Polish generals - Józef Grzegorz Longin Hutten-Czapski (1760-1810) and Stanisław Kostka Mielżyński (1778-1826), associate of Kaiser Wilhelm II, and servant of the Kingdom of Prussia until the end of WWI.

Le comte Bogdan von Hutten-Czapski, né le dans la propriété familiale de Smogulec près d'Exin en Posnanie prussienne et mort le à Poznań, est un aristocrate polonais sujet du royaume de Prusse et de l'Empire allemand avant 1918, homme politique et auteur de "Mémoires", qui faisait partie d'une élite fidèle aux liens unissant la Prusse et la Pologne.


Concerts and recording.

After a grueling schedule, caused in part by the cost of the band's unwieldy "Wall of Sound" public address system, the decision was made to stop touring and performing as the Grateful Dead, short of disbanding. Averaging over 600 speakers powered by a minimum of 48 600-watt amplifiers, the massive and experimental sound reinforcement system advanced the technology but presented an array of physical, audio, and technical difficulties. It required four semi-trailer trucks to transport and, due to the rigging time, necessitated two leapfrogging road crews with separate scaffolding sets. Adding the employees required to operate the band's Grateful Dead Records label (and sub-label Round Records), publishing entity, direct-to-fan mailers, and other business operations, personnel was several hundred.  Bassist Phil Lesh recalled the "stresses and strains associated with large-scale touringtogether with the devastating loss of [lead singer/organist] Pigpenwere starting to create cracks and crevices in our unanimity of purpose.... Too many gigs, too much money spent, and too many people trying to get backstage all added up to a potentially explosive broth. Something had to giveso before it did, we made a decision to take some time off." Drummer Bill Kreutzmann stated "I didn't think the Wall of Sound sounded great, but our interplay at some of those shows was phenomenal. At some point, though, that’s not enough. By the end of 1974, Jerry was done being that kind of hero. He was ready for a change of scene. He needed a break from it. I honored his decision and the rest of us did, too." Although the hiatus was short-lived (the band began recording a new album just months later), a five-date "farewell" run was scheduled for October 16-20, 1974 in San Francisco. In addition to recording the concerts on two 16-track machines, the shows were filmed for a movie release.

Production and mixing.

The completion of "The Grateful Dead Movie" would take nearly three years. In the meantime, band manager Ron Rakow agreed to the delivery of a soundtrack album to United Artists Records in return for additional organizational and film production costs. With lead guitarist Jerry Garcia focused on the film's sound synchronization and editing, Lesh and sound man Owsley Stanley were tasked with finishing the album tie-in first. Rather than a soundtrack for the yet-uncompleted film, the pair separately reviewed the audio from copies of Garcia's work tapes, then selected concert performances for a double-live album.  Because the sound system was stacked behind the band, restricted-frequency differential microphones were used in pairs, to prevent bleed and feedback loops. One was wired out-of-phase in a phase-cancellation scheme requiring the singers to position very close to the microphones. This, along with the lack of a sound/mixing board created sonic anomalies during tape-mixing. Additionally, the drum tracks suffered from distortion. Some vocals were lostparticularly those by backing vocalist Donna Godchaux needing to be dubbed in the studio.  At the time of production, quadraphonic technology appeared ascendant. In anticipation, the album was mixed for the QS standardone of several competing vinyl matrix formats. Rather than a dedicated stereo mix, during mastering the quadraphonic mix was folded down to two channels. Lesh explained he and Bear decided to mix "the whole thing in 'quad'... the result was a glutinous mud bath of sound, through which any music was scarcely discernible. Bear and I went to Rakow, telling him the recordings were unusable. He brushed our objections aside, saying, 'They’ll buy it anyway; we need this record.' It’s a wonder the record was finished; the fact it was releasedagainst my better judgmentshows how desperate we were for product to take up the slack from lack of touring income". Ultimately, by the time the album was released, the Grateful Dead resumed touring. With the movie unfinished, the album was instead promoted in conjunction with the tour.

Release and response.

Although the song does not appear on the album, the title derives from the lyrics of "He's Gone": Like I told you, what I said<br>Steal your face right off your head The cover art prominently features the "Lightning Skull" logo. One of the band's iconic images, it was designed by Owsley Stanley to mark equipment cases, then rendered by Bob Thomas. The graphic previously appeared on the cover of "History of the Grateful Dead, Volume One (Bear's Choice)". The inside of the gatefold features a panel of photos from the concert run at Winterland and one from earlier in the band's history.  Rather than include any of the Dead's trademark extended jams, shorter songs dominate the track list. Coupled with the unflattering sound and performances, the result was received poorly by critics or fans. However, opinion raised over time, particularly following sonically-improved reissues, with the album considered unique in the band's catalog, if not underrated. Along with choosing performances to fit more than one-to-a-side on a vinyl record, Lesh focused on songs not previously released or whose arrangements evolved. However, only two selections on the album were also used wholly or in part in the film ("Casey Jones" & U.S. Blues". An additional track"Sugaree"also appears on the movie's bonus DVD). Most songs were left intact without editing. The exception is "Black-Throated Wind" with its early fade-out. Of the fourteen songs, seven appeared on Grateful Dead albums in studio form. One was released on Weir's solo album, and two on Garcia solo albums. Four others are covers, including two by Chuck Berry.  Band chronicler Blair Jackson explained the reasons Lesh's method for song choice didn't mesh with Deadhead expectation: "[It] had none of the natural flow of a Grateful Dead concert. It was as if someone threw all the songs into a hat, then pulled them out randomly, which is not the way the Grateful Dead operated at all. Their sets, while definitely eclectic, were built piece by piece according to what songs felt right to play at the moment. Garcia's choices affected Weir's choices, and vice versa. "Steal Your Face" consisted mainly of short songs usually played in the lighter first set, and it was devoid of any extended improvisation. Considering the material available from that five-night run, the song selection was mystifying to say the least." Garcia saw the album as a specific statement from the same era as the movie, noting "[Phil] picked out what he liked for his reasons. If anyone wants to have some concept of what Phil likes, that's a good album.... We don't interfere with each other on that level."  "Steal Your Face" was the band's final album released on Grateful Dead Records, as well as their only double album and live album on the label. With GDR's collapse a few months after the album's release, "Steal Your Face" was mostly out of print for over a decade. United Artists Records pressed an edition in 1979, and the album was mastered for CD release in 1989, returning to publication. A re-mastered version was released by Rhino Records in 2004. The number of copies issued in QS-quadraphonic is unknown.  The album was not included in the "Beyond Description (1973–1989)" box set, which otherwise collected all of the albums released in that era. However, concurrent with the set, "The Grateful Dead Movie" was restored and released as a two disc DVD. An additional 5-CD box set, "The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack", featured a much larger sample of the same concert run, sharing only one track with "Steal Your Face" ("Casey Jones", from October 17, in abbreviated form). Three "songs" appear on both albums, but are from different dates: "Stella Blue", "Mississippi Half-Step Uptown Toodeloo", and "U.S. Blues". The album is included in the 2017 Black Friday Record Store Day release of the Grateful Dead Record Collection. The sound quality of this reissue is drastically improved. The liner notes give the following credit “Mastering by David Glasser at Airshow Mastering, Boulder, CO Lacquers by Chris Bellman at Bernie Grundman Mastering, Hollywood, CA Plangent Processes Wow & Flutter Removal by Jamie Howarth.”

Recording dates.

All tracks recorded live at Winterland, San Francisco

Steal Your Face is a live double album by the Grateful Dead, released in June 1976. The album was recorded October 1720, 1974, at San Francisco's Winterland Ballroom, during a "farewell run" that preceded a then-indefinite hiatus. It was the fourth and final album released by the band on their original Grateful Dead Records label. "The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack", a second album from the same run of shows, was released in 2005.

Steal Your Face est un double album du Grateful Dead, enregistré lors des concerts donnés par le groupe au Winterland Ballroom de San Francisco les 16, 17, 18, 19 et. il a été publié en, lors du retour du groupe sur scène. composé au départ de deux disques trente centimètres, il a été réédité en 1989 sous la forme d'un double CD.


Career.

Television.

Jackson appeared in 159 episodes of the TV series "Baywatch", more than any other actor apart from David Hasselhoff, playing Hobie Buchannon from season 2 through season 10 (1991–1999).

Music career.

Jackson was introduced to music by David Hasselhoff, who starred on "Baywatch", on which Jackson appeared. Jackson later supported Hasselhoff on his 1993 European tour and Jackson was signed to Edel Records by Peter Lopez. An Australian musician, Mark Holden, who was working with Hasselhoff, wrote a number of songs and produced the album.

Other.

Jackson was featured in "Vanity Fair's" Hollywood Issue in March 2006. He has been referred to as "Mr. MySpace" and was a guest on "The Tyra Banks Show". Jackson has performed in clubs from London to Las Vegas. Jackson endorsed Ed Hardy Clothing, and has hosted fashion shows around the world for the fashion house.  He appeared on VH1's "Confessions of a Teen Idol", a reality show in which former teen idols attempt to revitalize their careers. In one episode, he claimed he beat out Leonardo DiCaprio for the part of Hobie Buchannon; this was later verified by David Hasselhoff. The show is co-produced by Scott Baio and Jason Hervey.  In 2012, Jeremy worked with PhilaDreams Films on the unreleased independent movie, "Dreams", which was filmed by Thomas J. Walton and Vaughn Goland.  In January 2015, Jackson participated in the United Kingdom reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother" on Channel 5. After four days, producers removed him from the house for opening fellow housemate Chloe Goodman's dressing gown against her will. Jackson was later cautioned by the Hertfordshire Police following their investigation into common assault.

Personal life.

In 2008, a sex tape of Jackson and adult video star Sky Lopez was offered for sale. Jackson asserted that he was physically threatened into giving the tape to men who claimed they represented Lopez.  In an interview on the E! TV special "Child Star Confidential" Jackson stated that problems with drugs contributed to his departure from "Baywatch", but that he had overcome his addiction following rehabilitation. In 2011, Jackson was a fifth-season cast member on "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", which depicted his recovery from steroid addiction.  In 2017, as part of a plea bargain, Jackson was sentenced to 270 days in jail for a 2015 stabbing.

Jeremy Dunn Jackson (born October 16, 1980) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his role as Hobie Buchannon on the television show "Baywatch".

Jeremy Dunn Jackson (né le à (Newport Beach, en Californie) est un acteur et chanteur américain. Il est principalement connu pour le rôle de Hobie Buchannon dans la série télévisée "Alerte à Malibu".


History.

Iron age fort.

This vitrified fort lies on top of a headland which commands extensive views of the Moray Firth. Originally believed to be Ptolemy's Castra Alata, later 'Ptoroton' and the 'Torffness' of the Orkneyinga Saga, it is now known to be of Pictish origin and is thought to be the oldest Pictish fort. It encloses 3 hectares and is three times as large as any other fort of the same period in Scotland. It was defended on the landward side by three banks and ditches which were destroyed during the creation of the harbour and modern village; their age is therefore uncertain. Six striking carved slabs known as the "Burghead Bulls" were discovered during excavations. Dating to 7th Century AD, four of the originals are held locally in Burghead Visitor Centre and Elgin Museum and one each in the Royal Museum, Edinburgh, and the British Museum, London. Much of the fort was destroyed during the building of the village from 1805 to 1809. The Doorie Hill (see below), which marked the junction of the citadel and the bailey, is the only remaining piece of the southern ramparts. Lengths of the eastern and northern ramparts are also still visible.

Chambered well.

The Burghead Well, which lies within the perimeter of the promontory fort, was discovered in 1809. It consists of a flight of stone steps leading down to a chamber containing a tank fed by springs. There is a frieze in the upper walls, a pedestal in the southeast corner and a sunken basin in the northwest corner. The chamber is high, and across with a wide ledge around the edge, and the tank is deep. The discovery was made during excavations for a possible municipal water supply after an elderly fisherman recalled a tradition of a well in the vicinity. Various additions such as re-cutting the steps and deepening the tank were undertaken, but the flow of water proved to be insufficient for the proposed new function. At the time of discovery it was assumed that both the fort and well were of Roman antiquity and it was described as a 'Roman bath'. Later in the 19th century it was suggested that it was an early Christian baptistery possibly associated with the cult of St Aethan, but its origins remain obscure to this day. It is almost certainly of Dark Age provenance and clearly had some ceremonial significance. It is possible that its main purpose was as a water supply for the fort and may suggest a Pictish interest in water spirits. The well is a scheduled monument.

Burning of the Clavie.

A fire festival called the Burning of the Clavie is held on 11 January each year, except when the 11th is a Sunday, in which case it takes place on the 10th. The event starts when the Clavie is lit on Granary Street at 18:00 and normally ends by 19:30.  In 1599 the Parliament of Scotland passed a law which, while retaining the Julian calendar, provided that, beginning in 1600, the first day of the year would be 1 January. In 1752 Great Britain, including Scotland, adopted the Gregorian calendar, removing 11 days from the calendar by stipulating that the day following 2 September would be not 3 September but 14 September. The day that would have been New Year's Day in the old calendar now fell on 12 January of the new calendar. The Burning of the Clavie continues to be celebrated on the former New Year's Evethat is, in the new calendar, on 11 January.  The practice has survived clerical condemnation. On 20 January 1689, the young men of the village were rebuked by the church courts for "having made a burning clavie, paying it superstitious worship, and blessing the boats after the old heathen custom".  The Clavie is a barrel cut down to 17 inches, which is filled with tar and bits of wood. It is nailed onto a pole [which is 4 foot 6 inches long] with a specially forged nail. It has to be specially made to leave a space for the carrier’s head to fit between the staves (6 in all) and allowing him to rest it partly on his shoulders while he carries it. A group of about 15 men known as the Clavie crew, traditionally fishermen and headed by the Clavie king, take turns to carry the burning Clavie on a set route clockwise round the streets of the old part of the town. The Clavie crew stop to present bits of smouldering embers to certain households and the three public houses in the village to bring them good luck for the following year. There are also two set points where they stop to refuel. At the end of the route the Clavie is put onto a stone altar (which was not constructed until the 19th century) upon Doorie Hill, and more fuel is added, often setting the whole side of the hill alight in the process. The barrel eventually collapses and the blazing embers are scattered all over the hilltop before they are collected and given out for good luck, although it is said that in the past the embers were kept as charms against witchcraft, and to kindle the New Year's fire on their cottage hearth. It used to be customary to carry the Clavie round every boat and vessel in the harbour, but this part of the ceremony was later discounted, presumably because it became impossible as the harbour became busier.

Ship Building.

Alexander Stephen founded his company Alexander Stephen and Sons and began shipbuilding at Burghead on the Moray Firth in 1750. For Reference A Shipbuilding History 1750-1932 Alexander Stephen & Sons Ltd. A Record of the Business founded about 1750, by Alexander Stephen at Burghead, and subsequently carried on at Aberdeen, Arbroath, Dundee, and Glasgow.

Education.

Further education.

Moray College is located approximately nine miles away in Elgin.

Politics.

Local government.

Burghead is represented at The Moray Council by the Heldon & Laich ward, from which four councillors are elected. The members elected from this ward as of 3 May 2007 are: Allan Grant Wright (Scottish Conservative and unionist), John Christopher Hogg (Independent), Eric Morrison Mcgillivary (Independent) and David Christie Stewart (Scottish National Party). Moray Council is currently controlled by an Independent/Conservative Coalition.  Burghead was previously represented at Moray Council by the Burghsea ward from which one councillor was elected under the first past the post electoral system. Since 3 May 2007 the STV electoral system has been used in local elections throughout Scotland, which means that Burghead is represented by several councillors in the significantly larger Heldon & Laich ward.

Population (demography).

The population of Burghead in 1991 according to the 1991 Census was 1,495. Data from the 2001 Census showed Burghead's population had risen to 1,640; however, mid-2004 estimates showed the population had risen again slightly to 1,680. The 2001 data makes Burghead the eighth-largest town in Moray behind Keith, Kinloss and Lhanbryde but ahead of Hopeman, Dufftown and Fochabers.  Males in Burghead make up 53.6% of the population; this is higher than the figure of 49.97% for Moray which itself is slightly higher than the 48.05% for Scotland. Males in Burghead do not outnumber females nearly as much over the age of 25 as they do under 25, as the number of males per female is significantly lower over age 25 (1.05) than it is under 25 (1.45).

Economy.

Burghead and the Moray area in general are heavily dependent on RAF Lossiemouth, a Royal Air Force station, and Kinloss Barracks, a barracks for the Royal Engineers, which are located at roughly equal distances on either side of Burghead. Until 2011 Kinloss Barracks was also an RAF station, RAF Kinloss, and in 2005 the stations contributed £156.5 million to the Moray economy, of which £76.6 million was retained and spent locally. The stations have at one time been responsible for providing, directly or indirectly, 21 per cent of all employment in the Moray area.  Other sectors offering significant employment are local authority, construction and real estate, food and drink, transport, tourism, business services and wholesale/retail.  In the past fishing, particularly herring fishing, was a very large part of the economy of Burghead. Langoustine fishing, mainly for the Continental market, now contributes very little to the overall economy; in 2001, fishing accounted for just 2.12% of employment in Burghead.  There is also a large malting plant located in Burghead and a large modern distillery was completed at the junction of the Burghead/Kinloss B9089 road in 2009.  Just outside Burghead there is a large radio transmitter owned by Arqiva, the Burghead transmitting station.

Transport.

Roads.

Three roads converge on Burghead, the B9013, the B9012 and the B9089. The B9013 connects to the A96 (Aberdeen to Inverness) and would generally be used to get to Elgin, the B9012 connects to Elgin via Hopeman and Duffus, and the B9089 connects to Kinloss and to the A96 via the B9011 (Findhorn to Forres).

Sport.

Football.

The town is currently home to two football teams: Burghead Thistle and Burghead United. It was previously home to another football team, the Burghead Anchors.  Burghead Thistle compete in Division Two of the SJFA North Region and play their home games at Forrest Park, just outside Burghead. In 2008 Thistle were awarded the Elginshire Cup without playing in a final after New Elgin and Lossiemouth United were both thrown out of the competition.  Burghead United compete in the Moray District Welfare Premier Division. United share a close rivalry with fellow Premier Division team Hopeman FC, based in the town of Hopeman about 2.5 miles from Burghead.  Golf  Burghead & Duffus Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1896. The club closed at the onset of WW2.

Burghead ( or "The Broch", ) is a small town in Moray, Scotland, about north-west of Elgin. The town is mainly built on a peninsula that projects north-westward into the Moray Firth, meaning that most of the town has sea on three sides. People from Burghead are called Brochers.

Burghead ( ou "The Broch", ) est une petite ville de Moray, en Écosse, à environ 13 km au nord-ouest d'Elgin. La ville est majoritairement construite sur la péninsule qui avance vers le nord-ouest dans le Moray Firth, ce qui signifie que la ville est entourée par la mer sur 3 côtés.


Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal

Biography.

Duchess of Montferrat.

She was born in Turin, as the fifth child of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1562–1630) and Infanta Catherine Micaela of Spain, the daughter of Philip II of Spain. She was married to the future Francis IV, Duke of Mantua (1586–1612) and Montferrat on 19 February 1608. The wedding was celebrated in Turin. In 1612 Margaret's husband succeeded his father, Vincent I, as Duke of Mantua. Their marriage produced three children, but only one daughter, Maria, survived childhood. Francis died in 1612.

Regent of Montferrat.

As the couple had no surviving male issue, Duke Francis' next brother succeeded him in the Duchy of Mantua, whereas in the Duchy of Montferrat he was succeeded by his three-year-old daughter Maria, because it had been historically inherited by females, as it was a margraviate. Indeed, it had been brought to the Mantuan princely dynasty (the House of Gonzaga) by the marriage of Margherita Paleologa, Margravine of Montferrat, in 1531. Accordingly, Maria's claims were asserted and Dowager Duchess Margaret required to be made her regent in Montferrat.  This was a contested inheritance - Maria was a minor for the next decade - and ultimately, Duke Francis' brothers failed to produce any legitimate issue, and the entire inheritance became subject to Mantuan War of Succession (1627–32).  Duchess Margaret's daughter Maria was in 1627 married to Charles, the eldest son of the distant Gonzaga heir-male (at that point Charles I, Duke of Mantua), in order to join two of the Mantuan claims. They had to wage war, but in the end their line prevailed and they commanded universal recognition as Dukes of Mantua and Montferrat.

Vicereine of Portugal.

Upon the death in 1633 of her maternal aunt, Archduchess Isabella Clara Eugenia, ruler of the Low Countries, her brother Victor Amadeus became heir to the rights of their maternal grandmother Elisabeth of Valois, eldest daughter and heiress of Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.  She had ancestral links to Portugal: two of her great-grandmothers (i.e. Empress Isabella and Beatrice, Duchess of Savoy) had been daughters of king Manuel I of Portugal. In 1635, after the demise of the Count of Basto, she was named by her cousin Philip IV of Spain Vicereine of Portugal, at the time in a dynastic union with Spain, where she moved to in 1636. This nomination was the result of the efforts of Diogo Soares, member of the Council of Portugal at Madrid, a friend of the Count-Duke of Olivares and a relative of Miguel de Vasconcelos who, in 1635, would be named secretary of state of Portugal.  As a result of the Portuguese revolution (called the Restoration of Independence) of 1640, Vasconcelos was assassinated and the Duchess of Mantua tried to calm the Portuguese people during demonstrations in the Portuguese "Terreiro do Paço" (at the time Lisbon's main square). The Portuguese proclaimed the Duke of Braganza as their new king. Margaret was surrounded in her headquarters in Lisbon, and her support collapsing, the new potentate allowed her to depart to Spain.  She died in Miranda de Ebro in 1655, her daughter Duchess Maria of Rethel and Montferrat surviving her, with two grandchildren, of whom the daughter Eleanor had in 1651 become the Holy Roman Empress and the son Charles in 1637 the reigning duke of Mantua. At her death, both her grandchildren had already produced great-grandchildren for her.

Issue.

Margaret had three children

External links.

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Margaret of Savoy (28 April 1589 – 26 June 1655) was the last Habsburg Vicereine of Portugal from 1634 to 1640. In Portuguese she is known as "Duquesa de Mântua", being by marriage the Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat. She was also regent of Montferrat during the minority of her daughter from 1612.

Marguerite de Savoie (en italien : "Margherita", espagnol : "Margarita", portugais : "Margarida"), née le à Turin et décédée le à Miranda de Ebro, est une princesse de la maison de Savoie, fille du duc de Savoie, Charles-Emmanuel, devenue duchesse de Mantoue et vice-reine du Portugal (1635-1640).