Discovery.

Stuxnet, discovered by Sergey Ulasen, initially spread via Microsoft Windows, and targeted Siemens industrial control systems. While it is not the first time that hackers have targeted industrial systems, nor the first publicly known intentional act of cyberwarfare to be implemented, it is the first discovered malware that spies on and subverts industrial systems, and the first to include a programmable logic controller (PLC) rootkit.  The worm initially spreads indiscriminately, but includes a highly specialized malware payload that is designed to target only Siemens supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems that are configured to control and monitor specific industrial processes. Stuxnet infects PLCs by subverting the Step-7 software application that is used to reprogram these devices.  Different variants of Stuxnet targeted five Iranian organizations, with the probable target widely suspected to be uranium enrichment infrastructure in Iran; Symantec noted in August 2010 that 60% of the infected computers worldwide were in Iran. Siemens stated that the worm has caused no damage to its customers, but the Iran nuclear program, which uses embargoed Siemens equipment procured secretly, has been damaged by Stuxnet. Kaspersky Lab concluded that the sophisticated attack could only have been conducted

History.

The worm was at first identified by the security company VirusBlokAda in mid-June 2010. Journalist Brian Krebs's blog posting on 15 July 2010 was the first widely read report on the worm. The original name given by VirusBlokAda was "Rootkit.Tmphider;" Symantec however called it "W32.Temphid," later changing to "W32.Stuxnet." Its current name is derived from a combination of some keywords in the software (".stub" and "mrxnet.sys"). The reason for the discovery at this time is attributed to the virus accidentally spreading beyond its intended target (the Natanz plant) due to a programming error introduced in an update; this led to the worm spreading to an engineer's computer that had been connected to the centrifuges, and spreading further when the engineer returned home and connected his computer to the internet.  Kaspersky Lab experts at first estimated that

Affected countries.

A study of the spread of Stuxnet by Symantec showed that the main affected countries in the early days of

Operation.

Unlike most malware, Stuxnet does little harm to computers and networks that do not meet specific configuration requirements; "The attackers took great care to make sure that only their designated targets were hit... It was a marksman's job." While the worm is promiscuous, it makes itself inert if Siemens software is not found on infected computers, and contains safeguards to prevent each infected computer from spreading the worm to more than three others, and to erase itself on 24 June 2012.  For its targets, Stuxnet contains, among other things, code for a man-in-the-middle attack that fakes industrial process control sensor signals so an infected system does not shut down due to detected abnormal behavior. Such complexity is very unusual for malware. The worm consists of a layered attack against three different systems:

Windows infection.

Stuxnet attacked Windows systems using an unprecedented four zero-day attacks (plus the CPLINK vulnerability and a vulnerability used by the Conficker worm). It is initially spread using infected removable drives such as USB flash drives, which contain Windows shortcut files to initiate executable code. The worm then uses other exploits and techniques such as peer-to-peer remote procedure call (RPC) to infect and update other computers inside private networks that are not directly connected to the Internet. The number of zero-day exploits used is unusual, as they are highly valued and malware creators do not typically make use of (and thus simultaneously make visible) four different zero-day exploits in the same worm. Amongst these exploits were remote code execution on a computer with Printer Sharing enabled, and the LNK/PIF vulnerability, in which file execution is

Step 7 software infection.

According to researcher Ralph Langner, once installed on a Windows system Stuxnet infects project files belonging to Siemens' WinCC/PCS 7 SCADA control software (Step 7), and subverts a key communication library of WinCC called codice_1. Doing so intercepts communications between the WinCC software running under Windows and the target Siemens PLC devices

PLC infection.

The entirety of the Stuxnet code has not yet been disclosed, but its payload targets only those SCADA configurations that meet criteria that it is programmed to identify.  Stuxnet requires specific slave variable-frequency drives (frequency converter drives) to be attached to the targeted Siemens S7-300 system and its associated modules. It only attacks those PLC systems with variable-frequency drives from two specific vendors: Vacon based in Finland and Fararo Paya based in Iran. Furthermore, it monitors the frequency of

Removal.

Siemens has released a detection and removal tool for Stuxnet. Siemens recommends contacting customer support if an infection is detected and advises installing Microsoft updates for security vulnerabilities and prohibiting the use of third-party USB flash drives. Siemens also advises immediately upgrading password access codes.

Control system security.

Prevention of control system security incidents, such as from viral infections like Stuxnet, is a topic that is being addressed in both the public and the private sector.  The US Department of Homeland Security National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) operates the Control System Security Program (CSSP). The program operates a specialized computer emergency response team called the Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team (ICS-CERT), conducts a biannual conference (), provides training, publishes recommended practices, and provides a self-assessment tool. As part of a Department of Homeland Security plan to improve American computer security, in 2008 it and the Idaho

Target and origin.

Experts believe that Stuxnet required the largest and costliest development effort in malware history. Developing its many abilities would have required a team of highly capable programmers, in-depth knowledge of industrial processes, and an interest in attacking industrial infrastructure. Eric Byres, who has years of experience maintaining and troubleshooting Siemens systems, told "Wired" that writing the code would have taken many man-months, if not man-years. Symantec estimates that the group developing Stuxnet would have consisted of between five and thirty people, and would have taken six months to prepare. "The Guardian", the BBC and "The New York Times" all claimed that (unnamed) experts studying Stuxnet believe the complexity of the code indicates that only a nation-state would have the abilities to produce it. The self-destruct and other safeguards within the code implied that a Western government was responsible, or at least is responsible for its development. However, software security expert Bruce Schneier initially condemned the 2010 news coverage of Stuxnet as hype, stating that it was almost entirely based on speculation. But after subsequent research, Schneier stated in 2012 that "we can now conclusively link Stuxnet to the centrifuge structure at the Natanz nuclear enrichment lab in Iran".

Iran as a target.

Ralph Langner, the researcher who identified that Stuxnet infected PLCs, first speculated publicly in September 2010 that the malware was of Israeli origin, and that it targeted Iranian nuclear facilities. However Langner more recently, at a TED conference, recorded in February 2011, stated that, "My opinion is that the Mossad is involved, but that the leading force is not Israel. The leading force behind Stuxnet is the cyber superpower – there is only one; and that's the United States." Kevin Hogan, Senior Director of Security Response at Symantec, reported that most infected systems were in Iran (about 60%), which has led to speculation that it may have been deliberately targeting "high-value infrastructure" in Iran including either the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant or the Natanz nuclear facility. Langner called the malware "a one-shot weapon" and said that the intended target was probably hit, although he admitted this was speculation. Another German researcher and spokesman of the German-based Chaos Computer Club, Frank Rieger, was the first to speculate that Natanz was the target.

Natanz nuclear facilities.

According to the Israeli newspaper "Haaretz", in September 2010 experts on Iran and computer security specialists were increasingly convinced that Stuxnet was meant "to sabotage the uranium enrichment facility at Natanz – where the centrifuge operational capacity had dropped over the past year by 30 percent." On 23 November 2010 it was announced that uranium enrichment at Natanz had ceased several times because of a series of major technical problems. A "serious nuclear accident" (supposedly the shutdown of some of its centrifuges) occurred at the site in the first half of 2009, which is speculated to have forced Gholam Reza Aghazadeh, the head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) to resign. Statistics published by the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) show that the number of enrichment centrifuges operational in Iran mysteriously declined from about 4,700 to about 3,900 beginning around the time the nuclear incident WikiLeaks mentioned would have occurred. The Institute for Science

Iranian reaction.

The Associated Press reported that the semi-official Iranian Students News Agency released a statement on 24 September 2010 stating that experts from the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran met in the previous week to discuss how Stuxnet could be removed from their systems. According to analysts, such as David Albright, Western intelligence agencies had been attempting to sabotage the Iranian nuclear program for some time.  The head of the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant told Reuters that only the personal computers of staff at the plant had been infected by Stuxnet and the state-run newspaper "Iran Daily" quoted Reza Taghipour, Iran's telecommunications minister, as

Israel.

Israel, through Unit 8200, has been speculated to be the country behind Stuxnet in many media reports and by experts such as Richard A. Falkenrath, former Senior Director for Policy and Plans within the US Office of Homeland Security. Yossi Melman, who covers intelligence for Israeli newspaper "Haaretz" and wrote a book about Israeli intelligence, also suspected that Israel was involved, noting that Meir Dagan, the former (up until 2011) head of the national intelligence agency Mossad, had his term extended in 2009 because he was said to be involved in important projects. Additionally, in

United States.

There has also been testimony on the involvement of the United States and its collaboration with Israel, with one report stating that "there is vanishingly little doubt that [it] played a role in creating the worm." It has been reported that the United States, under one of its most secret programs, initiated by the Bush administration and accelerated by the Obama administration, has sought to destroy Iran's nuclear program by novel methods such as undermining Iranian computer systems. A diplomatic cable obtained by WikiLeaks showed how the United States was advised to target Iran's nuclear abilities through 'covert sabotage'. A New York Times article as early as January 2009 credited a then unspecified program with preventing an Israeli military attack on Iran where some of the efforts focused on ways to destabilize the centrifuges. A "Wired" article claimed that Stuxnet "is believed to have been created by the United States".  The fact that John Bumgarner, a former intelligence officer and

Joint effort and other states and targets.

In April 2011 Iranian government official Gholam Reza Jalali stated that an investigation had concluded that the United States and Israel were behind the Stuxnet attack. Frank Rieger stated that three European countries' intelligence agencies agreed that Stuxnet was a joint United States-Israel effort. The code for the Windows injector and the PLC payload differ in style, likely implying collaboration. Other experts believe that a US-Israel cooperation is unlikely because "the level of trust between the two countries' intelligence and military establishments is not high."  A Wired magazine article about US General Keith B. Alexander stated: "And he and his cyber warriors have already launched their first attack. The cyber weapon that came to be known as Stuxnet was created and built by the NSA in partnership with the CIA and Israeli intelligence in the mid-2000s."  China, Jordan,

Deployment in North Korea.

According to a report by Reuters, the NSA also tried to sabotage North Korea's nuclear program using a version of Stuxnet. The operation was reportedly launched in tandem with the attack that targeted

Stuxnet 2.0 cyberattack.

Gholamreza Jalali, Iran's chief of the National Passive Defence Organisation (NPDO), claims that his country fended off a Stuxnet-like attack targeting the country's telecom infrastructure. Iran's

Related malware.

"Stuxnet's Secret Twin".

A November 2013 article in Foreign Policy magazine claims existence of an earlier, much more sophisticated attack on the centrifuge complex at Natanz, focused on increasing centrifuge failure rate over a long time period by stealthily inducing uranium

Duqu.

On 1 September 2011, a new worm was found, thought to be related to Stuxnet. The Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security (CrySyS) of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics analyzed the malware, naming the threat Duqu. Symantec, based on this report, continued the analysis of the threat, calling it "nearly identical to Stuxnet, but with a completely different purpose", and published a

Flame.

In May 2012, the new malware "Flame" was found, thought to be related to Stuxnet. Researchers named the program "Flame" after the name of one of its modules. After

Triton.

In December 2017 it was reported that the safety systems of an unidentified power station, believed to be in Saudi Arabia, were compromised, when the Triconex industrial safety

Media coverage.

Since 2010, there has been extensive international media coverage on Stuxnet and its aftermath. In early commentary, "The Economist" pointed out that Stuxnet was "a new kind of cyber-attack." On 8 July 2011, "Wired" then published an article detailing how network security experts were able to decipher the origins of Stuxnet. In that piece, Kim Zetter claimed that Stuxnet's "cost–benefit ratio is still in question." Later commentators tended to focus on the strategic significance of Stuxnet as a cyber weapon. Following the Wired piece, Holger Stark called Stuxnet the "first digital weapon of geopolitical importance, it could change the way wars are fought." Meanwhile, Eddie Walsh referred to Stuxnet as "the world's newest high-end asymmetric threat." Ultimately, some claim that the "extensive media coverage afforded to Stuxnet has only served as an advertisement for the vulnerabilities used by various cybercriminal groups." While that may be the case, the media coverage has also increased awareness of cyber security threats.  Alex Gibney's 2016 documentary "Zero Days" covers the phenomenon around Stuxnet.A zero-day (also known as 0-day) vulnerability is a computer-software vulnerability that is unknown to, or unaddressed by, those who should be interested in mitigating the vulnerability (including the vendor of the target software). Until the vulnerability is mitigated, hackers can exploit it to adversely affect computer programs, data, additional computers or a network. An exploit directed at a zero-day is called a zero-day exploit, or zero-day attack.  In 2016, it was revealed that General James Cartwright, the former head of the U.S. Strategic Command, had leaked information related to Stuxnet. He later plead guilty for lying to FBI agents pursuing an investigation into the leak. On 17 January 2017, he was granted a full pardon in this case by President Obama, thus expunging his conviction.

Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm, first uncovered in 2010, thought to have been in development since at least 2005. Stuxnet targets supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to the nuclear program of Iran. Although neither country has openly admitted responsibility, the worm is widely understood to be a cyberweapon built jointly by the United States and Israel.

Stuxnet est un ver informatique découvert en 2010 qui aurait été conçu par la NSA en collaboration avec l'unité israélienne 8200 pour s'attaquer aux centrifugeuses iraniennes d’enrichissement d'uranium. Le programme a été initié sous l'administration Bush et a continué sous l'administration Obama. Il fait partie de l'opération Olympic Games, et ses caractéristiques le classent parmi les APT.


Significance of SFC.

SFC is dependent on engine design, but differences in the SFC between different engines using the same underlying technology tend to be quite small. Increasing overall pressure ratio on jet engines tends to decrease SFC.  In practical applications, other factors are usually highly significant in determining the fuel efficiency of a particular engine design in that particular application. For instance, in aircraft, turbine (jet and turboprop) engines are typically much smaller and lighter than equivalently powerful piston engine designs, both properties reducing the levels of drag on the plane and reducing the amount of power needed to move the aircraft. Therefore, turbines are more efficient for aircraft propulsion than might be indicated by a simplistic look at the table below.  SFC varies with throttle setting, altitude and climate. For jet engines, flight speed also has a significant effect upon SFC; SFC is roughly proportional to air speed (actually exhaust velocity), but speed along the ground is also proportional to air speed. Since work done is force times distance, mechanical power is force times speed. Thus, although the nominal SFC is a useful measure of fuel efficiency, it should be divided by speed to get a way to compare engines that fly at different speeds.  For example, Concorde cruised at 1354 mph, or 7.15 million feet per hour, with its engines giving an SFC of 1.195 lb/(lbf·h) (see below); this means the engines transferred 5.98 million foot pounds per pound of fuel (17.9 MJ/kg), equivalent to an SFC of 0.50 lb/(lbf·h) for a subsonic aircraft flying at 570 mph, which would be better than even modern engines; the Olympus 593 used in the Concorde was the world's most efficient jet engine. However, Concorde ultimately has a heavier airframe and, due to being supersonic, is less aerodynamically efficient, i.e., the lift to drag ratio is far lower. In general, the total fuel burn of a complete aircraft is of far more importance to the customer.

Typical values of SFC for thrust engines.

The following table gives the efficiency for several engines when running at 80% throttle, which is approximately what is used in cruising, giving a minimum SFC. The efficiency is the amount of power propelling the plane divided by the rate of energy consumption. Since the power equals thrust times speed, the efficiency is given by where V is speed and h is the energy content per unit mass of fuel (probably the lower heating value is used here).

Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) is the fuel efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust output. TSFC may also be thought of as fuel consumption (grams/second) per unit of thrust (kilonewtons, or kN). It is thus thrust-specific, meaning that the fuel consumption is divided by the thrust.

La consommation spécifique CS (en anglais : specific fuel consumption - SFC), est un terme technique qui est utilisé pour quantifier le rendement énergétique d'un moteur par rapport à sa puissance ou sa poussée. Il permet de comparer le rendement de moteurs différents.


Name.

Iñupiat (), formerly Inyupik, is the plural form of the name for the people. The singular form is Iñupiaq (), which also sometimes refers to the language. Iñupiak () is the dual form. The roots are "iñuk" "person" and "-piaq" "real", i.e., an endonym meaning "real people".

Groups.

Ethnic groups.

The Iñupiat people are made up of the following communities,

Regional corporations.

In 1971, the Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act established thirteen Alaskan Native Regional Corporations. The purpose of the regional corporations were to create institutions in which Native Alaskans would generate venues to provide services for its members, whom were incorporated as "shareholders". Alaskan Native Regional Corporations pose many challenges as participation in extractive capitalism is often in conflict with Native Alaskans subsistence lifestyles that require the health of the ecosystems. Three regional corporations are located in the lands of the Iñupiat. These are the following.

Tribal Governments.

Prior to colonization, Iñupiat, like all Indigenous Peoples, exercised sovereignty based on complex social structures and order. Despite the transfer of land from Russia to the U.S. and eventual annexation of Alaska, Iñupiat sovereignty continues to be articulated in various ways. A limited form of this sovereignty has been recognized by Federal Indian Law, which outlines the relationship of between the federal government and American Indians. The Federal Indian Law recognized Tribal governments as having limited self-determination. In 1993, the federal government extended federal recognition to Alaskan Natives tribes. Tribal governments created avenues for tribes to contract with the federal government to manage programs that directly benefit Native peoples. Throughout Iñupiat lands, there are various regional and village tribal governments. The tribal governments vary in structure and services provided, but often are related to the social wellbeing of the communities. Services included but are not limited to education, housing, tribal services, and supporting healthy families and cultural connection to place and community.

Languages.

Inuit, the language and the people, extend borders and dialects across the Circumpolar North. Inuit are the Native inhabitants of Northern Alaskan, Canada, and Greenland. Inuit languages have differing names depending on the region it is in spoken in. In Northern Alaskan, the Inuit language is called Iñupiat. Within Alaskan Iñupiat, there are four major dialects: North Slope, Malimiut, Bering Straits, and Qawiaraq. Prior to western contact, the Iñupiat dialects flourished. Due to harsh assimilation efforts in Native American boarding schools, Natives were punished for speaking their language. Now only 2,000 of the approximately 24,500 Iñupiat people can speak their Native tongue.  Revitalization efforts have focused on Alaskan Native languages and ways of life. Located in Kotzebue, Alaska, an Iñupiat language immersion school called, Nikaitchuat Ilisagviat, was established in 1998. The immersion school's mission is to "instill the knowledge of Iñupiaq identity, dignity, respect and to cultivate a love of lifelong learning". There are many courses being offered at the various campuses apart of the University of Alaska system. University of Alaska Fairbanks offers an online course called Beginning Iñupiaq Eskimo, an introductory course to the Iñupiaq language open to both speakers and non-speakers of Iñupiaq. University of Alaska Anchorage offers multiple levels of Elementary Iñupiaq Language and Alaskan Native language apprenticeship and fluency intensive courses. Since 2017, a grassroots group of Iñupiat language learners organized Iḷisaqativut, a two-week Iñupiaq language intensive that is held throughout communities in the Iñupiat region. The first gathering was held in Utqiaġvik (Utqiagvik) in 2017, Siqnasuaq (Nome) in 2018, and Qikiqtaġruk (Kotzebue) in 2019.  Several Inupiat people developed pictographic writing systems in the early twentieth century. It is known as Alaskan Picture Writing.

History.

Along with other Inuit groups, the Iñupiaq originate from the Thule culture. Circa 300 B.C., the Thule migrated from islands in the Bering Sea to what now is Alaska.  Iñupiaq groups, in common with Inuit-speaking groups, often have a name ending in "miut," which means 'a people of'. One example is the "Nunamiut," a generic term for inland Iñupiaq caribou hunters. During a period of starvation and an influenza epidemic (likely introduced by American and European whaling crews,) most of these people moved to the coast or other parts of Alaska between 1890 and 1910. A number of Nunamiut returned to the mountains in the 1930s.  By 1950, most Nunamiut groups, such as the Killikmiut, had coalesced in Anaktuvuk Pass, a village in north-central Alaska. Some of the Nunamiut remained nomadic until the 1950s.  The Iditarod Trail's antecedents were the native trails of the Dena'ina and Deg Hit'an Athabaskan Indians and the Inupiaq Eskimos.

Subsistence.

Iñupiat people are hunter-gatherers, as are most Arctic peoples. Iñupiat people continue to rely heavily on subsistence hunting and fishing. Depending on their location, they harvest walrus, seal, whale, polar bears, caribou, and fish. Both the inland (Nunamiut) and coastal (Taġiumiut, i.e. Tikiġaġmiut) Iñupiat depend greatly on fish. Throughout the seasons when they are available food staples also include ducks, geese, rabbits, berries, roots, and shoots.  The inland Iñupiat also hunt caribou, Dall sheep, grizzly bear, and moose. The coastal Iñupiat hunt walrus, seals, beluga whales, and bowhead whales. Cautiously, polar bear also is hunted.  The capture of a whale benefits each member of an Iñupiat community, as the animal is butchered and its meat and blubber are allocated according to a traditional formula. Even city-dwelling relatives, thousands of miles away, are entitled to a share of each whale killed by the hunters of their ancestral village. Maktak, which is the skin and blubber of bowhead and other whales, is rich in vitamins A and C. The vitamin C content of meats is destroyed by cooking, so consumption of raw meats and these vitamin-rich foods contributes to good health in a population with limited access to fruits and vegetables.  A major value within subsistence hunting is the utilization of the whole catch or animal. This is demonstrated in the utilization of the hides to turn into clothing, as seen with seal skin, moose and caribou hides, polar bear hides. Fur from rabbits, beaver, marten, otter, and squirrels are also utilized to adorn clothing for warmth. These hides and furs are used to make parkas, mukluks, hats, gloves, and slippers. Qiviut is also gathered as Muskox shed their underlayer of fur and it is spun into wool to make scarves, hats, and gloves. The use of the animal's hides and fur have kept Iñupiat warm throughout the harsh conditions of their homelands, as many of the materials provide natural waterproof or windproof qualities. Other animal parts that have been utilized are the walrus intestines that are made into dance drums and qayaq or umiaq, traditional skin boats.  The walrus tusks of ivory and the baleen of bowhead whales are also utilized as Native expressions of art. The use of these sensitive materials are inline with the practice of utilizing the gifts from the animals that are subsisted. There are protective policies on the harvesting of walrus and whales. The harvest of walrus solely for the use of ivory is highly looked down upon as well as prohibited by federal law with lengthy and costly punishments.  Since the 1970s, oil and other resources have been an important revenue source for the Iñupiat. The Alaska Pipeline connects the Prudhoe Bay wells with the port of Valdez in south-central Alaska. Because of the oil drilling in Alaska's arid north, however, the traditional way of whaling is coming into conflict with one of the modern world's most pressing demands: finding more oil.  The Iñupiat eat a variety of berries and when mixed with tallow, make a traditional dessert. They also mix the berries with rosehips and highbush cranberries and boil them into a syrup.

Culture.

Traditionally, some Iñupiat people lived in sedentary communities, while others were nomadic. Some villages in the area have been occupied by indigenous groups for more than 10,000 years.  The Nalukataq is a spring whaling festival among Iñupiat. The festival celebrates traditional whale hunting and honors the whale's spirit as it gave its physical body to feed entire villages. The whale's spirit is honored by dance groups from across the North performing songs and dances.  The Iñupiat Ilitqusiat is a list of values that define Iñupiat people. It was created by elders in Kotzebue, Alaska, yet the values resonate with and have been articulated similarly by other Iñupiat communities. These values include: respect for elders, hard work, hunter's success, family roles, humor, respect for nature, knowledge of family tree, respect for others, sharing, love for children, cooperation, avoid conflict, responsibility to tribe, humility, and spirituality.  These values serve as guideposts of how Iñupiat are to live their lives. They inform and can be derived from Iñupiat subsistence practices.  There is one Iñupiat culture-oriented institute of higher education, Iḷisaġvik College, located in Utqiagvik.

Current issues.

Iñupiat people have grown more concerned in recent years that climate change is threatening their traditional lifestyle. The warming trend in the Arctic affects their lifestyle in numerous ways, for example: thinning sea ice makes it more difficult to harvest bowhead whales, seals, walrus, and other traditional foods as it changes the migration patterns of marine mammals that rely on iceflows and the thinning sea ice can result in people falling through the ice; warmer winters make travel more dangerous and less predictable as more storms form; later-forming sea ice contributes to increased flooding and erosion along the coast as there is an increase in fall storms, directly imperiling many coastal villages. The Inuit Circumpolar Council, a group representing indigenous peoples of the Arctic, has made the case that climate change represents a threat to their human rights.  As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the Iñupiat population in the United States numbered more than 19,000. Most of them live in Alaska.

Iñupiat territories.

North Slope Borough : Anaktuvuk Pass (Anaqtuuvak, Naqsraq), Atqasuk (Atqasuk), Utqiagvik (Utqiaġvik, Ukpiaġvik), Kaktovik (Qaagtuviġmiut), Nuiqsut (Nuiqsat), Point Hope (Tikiġaq), Point Lay (Kali), Wainwright (Ulġuniq) Northwest Arctic Borough : Ambler (Ivisaappaat), Buckland (Nunatchiaq), Deering (Ipnatchiaq), Kiana (Katyaak, Katyaaq), Kivalina (Kivalliñiq), Kobuk (Laugviik), Kotzebue (Qikiqtaġruk), Noatak (Nuataaq ), Noorvik (Nuurvik), Selawik (Siilvik, Akuligaq ), Shungnak (Isiŋnaq, Nuurviuraq) Nome Census Area : Brevig Mission (Sitaisaq, Sinauraq), Diomede (Inalik), Golovin (Siŋik), Koyuk (Quyuk), Nome (Siqnazuaq), Shaktoolik (Saqtuliq), Shishmaref\ (Qiġiqtaq), Stebbins (Tapqaq), Teller (Tala), Wales (Kiŋigin), White Mountain (Natchirsvik), Unalakleet (Uŋalaqłiq)

The Iñupiat (or Inupiat, Iñupiaq or Inupiaq) are a group of Alaska Natives, whose traditional territory roughly spans northeast from Norton Sound on the Bering Sea to the northernmost part of the Canada–United States border. Their current communities include 34 villages across "Iñupiat Nunaŋat" (Iñupiaq lands) including seven Alaskan villages in the North Slope Borough, affiliated with the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation; eleven villages in Northwest Arctic Borough; and sixteen villages affiliated with the Bering Straits Regional Corporation.

Les Iñupiat (au singulier : Iñupiaq ; au duel, Iñupiak ; mot formé sur l’inuite "iñuk-piaq" « vraie personne ») ou Inupiks sont un peuple autochtone d'Alaska vivant dans les "" de Northwest Arctic et North Slope au large du détroit de Béring.


History.

It would have provided additional power for the ISS as well as roll axis control capability for the orbital facility. If the Science Power Platform had been delivered to the ISS, it would have been attached to the zenith port of Zvezda, a position currently occupied by MRM-2. The SPP would have had eight solar arrays and a robotic arm provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) dedicated to maintaining the SPP.  The SPP's robotic arm (European Robotic Arm) is still planned to be part of the station, and to be launched together with the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module. the tentative launch date has slipped to mid-2018.  An agreement was reached in March 2006 by the Russians and NASA in order to provide part of the power the Russian segments need from the four American solar arrays. Originally the SPP should have made the power supply of the four Russian modules independent from the power supply of the rest of the station. The already-made pressurised hull of a static test article for this component is now being used for the Russian Mini Research Module 1, which launched on STS-132 in 2010. MRM1 is docked to the Zarya nadir port.  RKK Energia, the manufacturer of the ROS components, has proposed to execute something similar to the original ISS plan with the addition of a Nodal Module (with six docking ports) and two additional science/energy modules to the segment around 2013-2015. The science/power modules would have solar arrays similar to the SPP, but unlike it the truss structure would be much smaller.

The Science Power Platform (SPP) (, "Sci-Energy Platform") was a planned Russian element of the International Space Station (ISS) that was intended to be delivered to the ISS by a Russian Proton rocket or Zenit rocket (it was originally designed to be part of Mir-2) but was shifted to launch by Space Shuttle as part as a tradeoff agreement on other parts of the ISS.

La plate-forme Science/Énergie Science Power Platform (SPP) () était un élément russe, planifié, de la Station spatiale internationale (ISS), conçue à l'origine pour faire partie de Mir-2.


Early years.

Richard Hendrix was raised in Athens, Alabama, born the son of two educators. He began his athletic career at the young age of five by playing basketball for the local recreation center. He played soccer, tennis, baseball and football on a competitive level where he was considered a standout on his respective teams. Hendrix attended Athens High School, the same high school that produced NFL pro bowler Philip Rivers.  At Athens High he was a four-year starter on the varsity basketball team, where he was coached by his father, Venard Hendrix. He was named 5A Player of the Year and selected as Alabama Mr. Basketball in 2005. Hendrix finished his career 92 double-doubles, nine triple doubles, and two quadruple doubles. Hendrix scored 2,915 points in his career and currently holds Alabama high school state records (www.ahsaa.com) for career rebounds (1,820) and blocked shots (667). Hendrix is considered one of the most decorated prep basketball players in Alabama high school history. He was selected as a two-time "Parade" All-American and as a participant in the 2005 McDonald's All-American Boys Game. Hendrix played AAU basketball with the Alabama Lasers Youth Inc.  Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Hendrix was listed as the No. 3 power forward and the No. 9 player in the nation in 2005.

College career.

After a decorated high school career, Hendrix chose to attend the University of Alabama over the University of North Carolina. Hendrix teamed up with future NBA player Alonzo Gee and future European professional players Ronald Steele, Chuck Davis, Jermareo Davidson, and Mykal Riley. Under Head Coach Mark Gottfried, Hendrix and the Crimson Tide experienced its share of highs and lows. After an All-SEC performance in his junior season, Hendrix decided to forgo his final year of college eligibility and opt for the 2008 NBA draft. Hendrix attained his bachelor's degree in Public Relations during his 3 years at "The Capstone."

Professional career.

NBA.

Hendrix was drafted by the Golden State Warriors with 49th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft. Hendrix competed in the preseason for the Warriors registering a double double of 12 points and 13 rebounds in his debut against the Oklahoma City Thunder before making the final roster. After spending several weeks on the inactive list, Hendrix was assigned to the NBA Developmental league. His rights were released by the Warriors on December 18, 2008 to create roster space for the return of Monta Ellis from injury. Hendrix played for the Indiana Pacers in the Orlando Pro Summer League and later the Atlanta Hawks in the NBA Summer League in 2010.

D-League.

On November 14, 2008, the Golden State Warriors assigned Hendrix to play for their minor league affiliate the Bakersfield Jam. His rights were released by the Golden State Warriors on December 18, 2008, ending his tenure with the Jam.  On December 28, 2008, Hendrix was acquired by the Dakota Wizards, a National Basketball Association Development League team based in Bismarck, North Dakota. Hendrix led the D-League in total rebounds for the 2008–09 season.  He was named to the 2009 NBDL All-Star Game on February 3, 2009. Hendrix was selected as a starter on the Red Team and helped lead his team to 113–103 victory. Hendrix finished the game with 11 points, 6 rebounds, 3 steals, and 2 assist in 20 minutes of playing time.

Europe.

In July 2009, Hendrix signed a one-year contract with Liga ACB team CB Granada. Hendrix helped lead the club the most wins in club history as a member of the Spanish 1st Division. He was awarded the ACB Rising Star Award as the best newcomer in the Spanish league.  On June 30, 2010 Hendrix signed a two-year contract with EuroLeague contenders Tel Aviv.  In June 2012, he signed a two-year deal with Italian team Emporio Armani Milano. However, after averaging only 3.7 points and 3 rebounds over 10 games in the EuroLeague season, he was loaned to the Russian team Lokomotiv Kuban Krasnodar for the rest of the season. On July 16, 2013, it was officially confirmed that Lokomotiv Kuban extended a contract with Hendrix for three more seasons. In July 2015, he parted ways with Lokomotiv.  On July 23, 2015, Hendrix signed a one-year deal with Spanish club Unicaja. On March 9, 2016, he left Unicaja and signed a deal with his former team Maccabi Tel Aviv until the end of the 2016–17 season. On August 20, 2016, he was released by Maccabi. Two days later, he signed with Spanish club Gran Canaria for the rest of the season.  On July 14, 2017, Hendrix signed with Turkish club Galatasaray for the 2017–18 season.  On August 19, 2019, he has signed with Osaka Evessa of the B.League. He averaged 16 points, 10 rebounds and 3 assists per game. Hendrix signed with Niigata Albirex BB on June 17, 2020.

Venard Richard Hendrix (Macedonian: Венард Ричард Хендрикс; born November 15, 1986) is an American-Macedonian professional basketball player for Niigata Albirex BB of the B.League. He also represents Macedonia in the international competitions. Hendrix attended the University of Alabama, where he played for the Crimson Tide. He was drafted with 49th pick in the second round of the 2008 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors.

Richard Hendrix, né le à Decatur (Alabama), est un joueur américano-macédonien de basket-ball, évoluant au Mans en première division française.


Life and works.

Borlase was born on 2 February 1695/6 at Pendeen, of an ancient family originating at St Wenn. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford from 1713, and in 1719 he was ordained. In 1722 he was presented to the rectory of Ludgvan, and in 1732 he obtained in addition the vicarage of St Just, his native parish. The garden of the Rectory (now known as Hogus House) was established by Borlase; during the reign of Queen Victoria the garden was further developed by a successor, Arthur Boscawen, and was known for its fine collection of trees and shrubs.  Between 1744 and 1746, Borlase was active against the Methodist preachers in his capacity of magistrate. Various Methodist preachers were seized on warrants issued by him and press-ganged to serve on Royal Navy ships abroad. In "John Wesley's Diary" there is an account of how Borlase personally laid hands on Wesley, "to serve his majesty", but withdrew when he realised that Wesley was a gentleman.  In the parish of Ludgvan were rich copper works, abounding with mineral and metallic fossils, of which he made a collection, and thus was led to study somewhat minutely the natural history of Cornwall. In 1750, he was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society; and in 1754 he published, at Oxford, his "Antiquities of Cornwall" (2nd ed., London, 1769). His next publication was "Observations on the Ancient and Present State of the Islands of Scilly, and their Importance to the Trade of Great Britain" (Oxford, 1756). In 1758 there appeared his "Natural History of Cornwall" which includes a chapter on the inhabitants and their native language (about one ninth of the whole).  He presented to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, a variety of fossils and antiquities, which he had described in his works, and received the thanks of the university and the degree of Doctor of Civil Law. Borlase was well acquainted with most of the leading literary men of the time, particularly with Alexander Pope, with whom he kept up a long correspondence, and for whose grotto at Twickenham he furnished the greater part of the fossils and minerals. He also sent collections of mineral and fossil specimens to Dr William Oliver and to a number of natural historians in Europe.

Family and character.

In 1724, William Borlase married Anne Smith. The couple had six sons, of whom two died in infancy. Of the remaining four, three became churchmen. Anne Borlase died in 1769. Borlase's elder brother was Walter Borlase, who served as vicar of Madron, and also as mayor of Penzance. His great-great-grandson was William Copeland Borlase (1848–1899), an antiquarian who was influenced by his ancestor's archaeological work.  Borlase was a conscientious minister to his parishioners, politically conservative, and an amateur painter. Some of his papers are preserved in Penzance at the Morrab Library.

William Borlase (2 February 169631 August 1772), Cornish antiquary, geologist and naturalist. From 1722, he was Rector of Ludgvan, Cornwall, where he died. He is remembered for his works "The Antiquities of Cornwall" (1754; 2nd ed., 1769) and "The Natural History of Cornwall" (1758), although his plans for a parish-by-parish county history were abandoned.

William Borlase ( - ) est un antiquaire, géologue et naturaliste anglais. Il est né à Pendeen. Il fit des études au Collège d'Exeter au sein de l'université d'Oxford en Angleterre.


Early life and career.

Bohan was born in Paris and grew up in Sceaux. As a child, Marc Bohan was encouraged into fashion by his mother, who worked as a milliner.  After school at the Lycée Lakanal, in 1945 he secured a job at Robert Piguet where he remained for four years.  In 1949 he accepted a job as an assistant to Edward Molyneux. He worked as a designer for Madeleine de Rauch in 1952, before briefly opening his own Paris salon and producing one collection in 1953. In 1954, Bohan was offered a job at Jean Patou, designing the haute couture collection, where he stayed until 1958. In 1991 he was appointed for two years as guest-professor for fashion design at the University of Applied Arts Vienna / Austria.

Designer at Christian Dior.

From 1958 to 1960 Bohan designed for the Christian Dior, London line. In September 1960, Dior's creative director Yves Saint Laurent was called up for military service; Bohan was promoted to replace him.  His deceptively simple, elegant designs drew their inspiration from the 1920s, and rejected the extremes of contemporary fashion. One notable collection in 1966 was inspired by the Russian style of Dr Zhivago.  Bohan's classic pieces are now found in museum collections around the world. In 2009, the Musee Christian Dior at Granville held a major Bohan retrospective.  In 1989 Bohan left Dior, before joining for the house of Norman Hartnell in London, where he worked for the label until 1992. Bohan has since designed under his own name.

Notable clients.

Bohan designed for Princess Grace of Monaco, Lynn Wyatt, and Betsy Bloomingdale. Princess Grace supported Bohan by opening the Baby Dior boutique in 1967. Actress Sophia Loren was among his many clients.  Jacqueline Kennedy admired Bohan's designs and had them adapted by Oleg Cassini and Chez Ninon.  In 1976, Bohan was chosen to design the wedding dress of Silvia Sommerlath at her wedding to King Carl Gustaf of Sweden.  Two years later, he designed the wedding gown of Princess Caroline of Monaco for her 1978 wedding to Philippe Junot.

Personal life.

Bohan's first wife, Dominique Gaborit, whom he married in 1950, died in 1962. He then married Huguette Rinjonneau. They had one daughter: Marie-Anne.  Bohan has a home at a restored 18th-century country house in Burgundy.

Marc Roger Maurice Louis Bohan (born 22 August 1926) is a French fashion designer, best known for his 30-year career at the house of Dior.

Marc Bohan, né Marc Roger Maurice Louis Bohan le à Paris, est un grand couturier français ayant passé une trentaine d'années chez Dior.


Biography.

Vroom was born in Haarlem. Much of what is known of his life comes from his biography by Karel van Mander, who devoted four pages to him in his "Schilder-boeck", which reads as an adventure story, complete with freezing his pants to a mountain top and nearly starving to death on a rock with a group that discussed cannibalism as a possible survival strategy.  Though it is unknown at what age he started on his travels, Vroom was born into a family of artists and began his career as a pottery (faience) painter and when his mother remarried, was no older than 19 when he rebelled against his stepfather who insisted he stick to pottery painting, by boarding a ship for Spain (Sevilla) and from thence via Livorno and Florence to Rome.  In Florence he was patronized around 1585–87 by Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici, later Grand Duke of Tuscany. While there he became a pupil of Paulus Bril. He went back and forth to Venice, where he earned money as a majolica painter.  When he returned north, he travelled via Milan, Genoa, Albisola (a ceramics center where he again earned money painting ceramics), Turin (where he met the Haarlem painter Jan Kraeck), and Lyon (via a mountain pass where his pants froze to the summit rock). From there he travelled to Paris, where he met a painter from Leiden, and from there he went to Rouen, where he became mortally ill but was saved by a woman who bandaged his head.  There he boarded a ship homewards and was back in Haarlem in 1590, the year he married, before travelling to Danzig (now Gdańsk) to visit his uncle, Frederick Henricksz, who was city architect there, and where he painted an altarpiece.  During his next journey, this time to Portugal, he survived shipwreck, but was threatened with execution as "an English pirate" - from which he was saved by being recognized as a Catholic from his salvaged devotional paintings, which convinced the monks on the beach that he and his companions were not "heathen Protestants" (Vroom, having been to Italy, had coached his fellow survivors in the catechism). Having been granted free passage, Vroom travelled to St. Huves (Setubal), where he recorded his adventures in a painting that he sold to a painter there.  When he decided to return to Haarlem, he got off the ship at the last minute due to a premonition, being called a "crazy painter". The ship sank in the Øresund near Helsingor and in Haarlem Vroom was reported dead. However, he had written to his wife, who thus discovered he was still alive. He eventually died in Haarlem, in his late seventies.

Tapestry designs.

When he did return to Haarlem, it was as an artist of international repute and soon afterwards he received two commissions for tapestry designs, one of which, from Lord Howard of Effingham, was for a series of ten tapestries depicting the defeat of the Spanish Armada of 1588, by the English under Howard’s overall command as Lord Admiral. Executed in Brussels in 1592–95, the tapestries later decorated the House of Lords, Westminster, and were fortunately recorded in engravings before they were destroyed by fire in 1834.

Legacy.

Vroom recorded important engagements of the Dutch and English fleets in his oil paintings, giving a detailed portrayal of ships. Most of the pieces described by Van Mander are lost, and his greatest commissions were obtained after Van Mander's death. Vroom's large and decorative battles, ceremonial scenes and beach views introduced novel compositional devices to be taken up by younger Dutch marinists. The Haarlem marine painters Hans Goderis, Cornelis Verbeeck and Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen were all directly influenced by him. He became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke and his pupils included Aert Anthonisz, Nicolaes de Kemp, Jan Porcellis, and his sons Cornelis Hendriksz Vroom and Frederik Hendricksz Vroom.

Works.

Among his more famous historical scenes included the 1607 Battle of Gibraltar and the arrival of various dignitaries in Amsterdam, including Protestant leader Frederick V, Elector Palatine of Bohemia who had been exiled by the Holy Roman Emperor.

Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom (c.1562 – February 4, 1640 (buried)) was a Dutch Golden Age painter credited with being the founder of Dutch marine art or seascape painting. Beginning with the "birds-eye" viewpoint of earlier Netherlandish marine art, his later works show a view from lower down, and more realistic depiction of the seas themselves. He is not to be confused with his son and pupil Cornelis Vroom.

Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom (circa 1563, Haarlem -, Haarlem) est un peintre néerlandais connu pour ses œuvres illustrant des marines et des batailles maritimes historiques. Il est considéré comme le fondateur du genre de peinture marine aux Pays-Bas pendant le siècle d'or néerlandais.


History.

The store was founded by Jack Cole and Carl Cole, the former owners of Coles Bookstore.  At the time of its opening in November 1980, in a converted building that had housed the Olympia bowling alley, it was unchallenged in its claim as the biggest bookstore in the world. Although it retained the name, the Guinness Book of World Records listed the Barnes & Noble College Booksellers location on Fifth Avenue in New York City as the largest bookstore in the world based on floor space, although Powell's Books of Portland, Oregon, is usually considered the largest based on shelf-space. Nevertheless, World's Biggest Bookstore claimed the title on the basis that it carried the most titles. The Barnes & Noble location closed in early 2014. On December 22, 2010, Maruzen and Junkodou Shoten opened a 73 000 square foot (6804 m2) bookstore in the Umeda district of Osaka, Japan, overtaking these other three in terms of floor space. The store made a brief appearance in the movie "Short Circuit 2" when the main character, a robot named Johnny 5, enters the store and creates chaos as he reads through the books.  On June 20, 2012, it was reported that the lease on the store's building, set to expire at the end of 2013, would not be renewed, and the store would close.  In November 2013 it was announced that the property at 20 Edward Street had been sold to Lifetime Developments, and the store would close in mid-February and vacate the building by April. In February 2014, a press release by Paracom Realty Corporation stated that the site would be redeveloped and leased to four restaurants designed by Turner Fleisher Architects. The closure date was revised to the end of March 2014. The bookstore closed for the last time on March 30, 2014. The structure was demolished in November 2014.

Advertising.

In the late 1990s, with customers' book shopping habits radically changing after the launch of Chapters and Indigo, the store chose to play up its "no frills" image with an advertising campaign that included the following slogans:  These self-deprecating slogans are in the style of Toronto's landmark bargain store, Honest Ed's.

The World's Biggest Bookstore was a bookstore in Toronto, Canada, at 20 Edward St, just north of the Toronto Eaton Centre and the Atrium on Bay. Operating from 1980 until 2014, the three-storey store covered 64,000 square feet and was noted for its bright lights and over 20 kilometres of bookshelves.

World's Biggest Bookstore est une ancienne librairie géante située dans la ville de Toronto, en Ontario, au Canada, appartenant à la chaîne de magasins canadienne Indigo Books and Music.


Life and career.

He was born in London, England in 1861 and was educated at Marlborough College. He attended Oxford University for two years, but quit. To appease his parents for this failure, he agreed to take lessons in painting in London.  Philip did study painting seriously. His skill was great and he exhibited his work in well-known galleries in London and Paris. The Royal Academy exhibited his work eleven times between 1898 and 1918, and his work was also shown in the Paris Salon of 1900. There he exhibited his portrait of his father, now in the National Portrait Gallery. He painted portraits of many well-known persons of the time.  His most famous work, "The Vampire" (1897), depicting a woman straddling an unconscious man, was believed to have been modelled by the actress Mrs Patrick Campbell, with whom Burne-Jones had been associated romantically. The painting also inspired his cousin Rudyard Kipling's poem of the same name. Robert G. Vignola's "The Vampire" (1913) features "The Vampire Dance" which is directly influenced by the painting.  Having a famous father was difficult for him, and it was Philip's fate in life that his work was often compared unfavourably with that of his father.  Upon his father's death in 1898, Philip succeeded to the title of baronet that had been bestowed on his father during 1894. It is said that his father had accepted the title only because Philip was keen to inherit it.  Burne-Jones visited the United States during 1902, where he was popular in fashionable society. He lived most of his life in London, where he died in 1926.

Sir Philip William Burne-Jones, 2nd Baronet (1 October 1861 – 21 June 1926) was the first child of the British Pre-Raphaelite artist Sir Edward Burne-Jones and his wife Georgiana Macdonald. He became a well-known painter in his own right, producing more than 60 paintings, including portraits, landscapes, and poetic fantasies.

Philip Burne-Jones, (1861–1926) est le premier enfant de l'artiste britannique préraphaéliste Sir Edward Burne-Jones. Il devint un peintre reconnu, produisant plus de 60 peintures, dont des portraits, des paysages et des fantaisies poétiques.


History.

The original Saxon church on the site was dedicated to St Edmund the King and Martyr. In 1137 it was given to the Priory of St Bartholomew. During the Crusades in the 12th century the church was renamed St Edmund and the Holy Sepulchre, in reference to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, by soldiers who passed by the church on the way to the Holy Lands. The name eventually became contracted to St Sepulchre.  The church is today the largest parish church in the City. It was completely rebuilt in the 15th century but was gutted by the Great Fire of London in 1666, which left only the outer walls, the tower and the porch standing. Modified in the 18th century, the church underwent extensive restoration in 1878. It narrowly avoided destruction in the Second World War, although the 18th-century watch-house in its churchyard (erected to deter grave-robbers) was destroyed and had to be rebuilt.  The interior of the church is a wide, roomy space with a coffered ceiling installed in 1834. The Vicars' old residence has recently been renovated into a modern living quarter. During the reign of Mary I in 1555, St Sepulchre's vicar, John Rogers, was burned as a heretic.

The bell.

St Sepulchre is named in the nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons" as the "bells of Old Bailey". In 1605, London merchant tailor Mr. John Dowe paid the parish £50 to buy a handbell on the condition that it would be rung to mark the execution of a prisoner at the nearby gallows at Newgate. This handbell, known as the Execution Bell, now resides in a glass case to the south of the nave. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the clerk of St Sepulchre's was responsible for ringing a handbell outside the condemned man's cell in Newgate Prison the night before his execution and announcing the news by repeating the following "wholesome advice": Given its proximity to both Newgate Prison and the Old Bailey, the bells in its tower, in addition to the usual functions of marking time, were rung to announce executions. On the day of the execution, the bells were tolled as the condemned were led to Tyburn.

Musicians' Chapel.

In the north aisle of the church is the Musicians' Chapel. This Chapel (formerly a chapel dedicated to Stephen Harding) was dedicated The Musicians' Chapel by Dr W.R. Matthews, Dean of St Paul's, on 2 January 1955 in the presence of many distinguished musicians including an orchestra conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent and the BBC Singers. The ashes of the conductor Sir Henry Wood, C.H., founder of the Promenade Concerts, who learnt to play the organ at the church as a boy, had been interred in the Chapel a decade earlier. There are four windows commemorating Sir Henry Wood, John Ireland, the singer Dame Nellie Melba, Walter Carroll respectively. The Chapel contains the Musicians' Book of Remembrance and both the Chapel and the Book of Remembrance are maintained by the Friends of the Musicians' Chapel. A Service of Thanksgiving for those named in the Book of Remembrance is held at the church each year as well as a Requiem close to All Souls' Day. Many concerts and memorial events for musicians have been held in the church over the years. In 2017 the Rector caused a storm in the media by ending the hiring scheme and excluding many choirs from singing and rehearsing in the church. A protest was held about this and many prominent musicians including John Rutter protested against the church decision. Attempts to mediate failed.

Military link.

The south aisle of the church holds the regimental chapel of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (merged to form the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers), and its gardens are a memorial garden to that regiment. The west end of the north aisle has various memorials connected with the City of London Rifles (the 6th Battalion London Regiment). The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.

Organ.

The north aisle is dominated by a splendid organ built by Renatus Harris in 1670. The swell was added by John Byfield in c.1730. The organ was enlarged in 1817 by James Hancock and by John Gray in 1828 and 1835, and Gray and Davison in 1849, 1852 and 1855. It was rebuilt in 1932 by Harrison and Harrison. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. It is not currently playable, and a Makin digital organ is used when required for services.

St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, also known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Holborn), is an Anglican church in the City of London. It is located on Holborn Viaduct, almost opposite the Old Bailey. In medieval times it stood just outside ("without") the now-demolished old city wall, near the Newgate. It has been a living of St John's College, Oxford, since 1622 and is part of the area designated the "Newgate Street Conservation Area" (No. 6) by the City of London Corporation.

St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, ("Saint Sépulchre-hors-Newgate" en français) également connue sous le nom de "Church of the Holy Sepulchre" (église du Saint-Sépulcre en français), est une église anglicane de la ville de Londres. Elle est située sur l'Holborn Viaduct.


Career.

Amateur.

Romine attended Trabuco Hills High School in Mission Viejo, California. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 36th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft, but he opted to attend Arizona State University, where he played for the Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team. In 2006, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Romine was drafted out of Arizona State by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the fifth round of the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

In 2008 he led the entire Angels' organization and the Midwest League with 62 stolen bases. In 2010 he was named to the Texas League All Star Team. Romine was promoted to the Angels on September 24, 2010, making his major league debut that day. He played four games with the Angels during the rest of the season, batting 1-for-11 (.091) and getting his first major league hit on September 26.  Romine was called up to the majors again on June 12, 2011, after an injury sidelined Alberto Callaspo. Romine saw action in 10 games with the Angels and batted.125 with a stolen base. During the 2012 season, Romine appeared in 12 games with the Angels. He posted a.412 batting average (7-for-17) and tallied his first career RBI and a stolen base.  In 2013, Romine saw increased playing time with the Angels, playing in 47 games. He averaged.259/.308/.287 in 108 at-bats, with 10 RBIs and three doubles, his first big league extra-base hits, and one stolen base.

Detroit Tigers.

On March 21, 2014, Romine was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for left handed pitcher José Álvarez. On May 23, Romine hit his first career home run in a game against the Texas Rangers. On August 22, Romine made his first pitching appearance in the eighth inning of a 20–6 loss to the Minnesota Twins. Romine allowed three runs on four hits, including back-to-back home runs. In a career-high 251 at-bats, Romine hit.227/.279/.275 on the season, with 2 home runs and 12 RBIs, while stealing 12 bases in 14 attempts.  On April 29, 2015, Romine made just his second start of the 2015 season and went 4-for-4 in a game against the Minnesota Twins. It was his first career 4-hit game. Romine appeared in a career-high 109 games for Detroit in 2015, though many of his appearances were as a late-inning defensive replacement or pinch runner. He batted.255/.307/.315 with 2 home runs and 15 RBIs, with 10 stolen bases, in 184 at-bats.  On January 14, 2016, the Tigers avoided arbitration with Romine, agreeing on a one-year, $900,000 contract.  On June 18, Romine pitched 0.2 innings in the 9th inning of a 16-5 loss to the Kansas City Royals. He allowed no hits, walked 2 batters, and was not charged with a run. Following the demotion of Anthony Gose and an injury to Cameron Maybin, the Tigers began using Romine in center field for the first time in his career. He made 13 starts and appeared in 22 total games at the position in 2016. Romine hit.236/.304/.322 with 2 home runs and 16 RBIs in 174 at-bats during the 2016 season, and was a perfect 8-for-8 in stolen bases. He played eight different positions during the season, with 44 games at third base, 22 games in center field, 20 games at first base, 14 games at shortstop, 12 games at second base, two games at right field, one game at left field and one game at pitcher. Following the season, Romine was awarded the Bill McAdam 10th Man Award, as voted by Detroit Baseball Society On January 13, 2017, the Tigers avoided arbitration with Romine, agreeing on a one-year, $1.3 million contract. Romine hit his first career grand slam on April 12 in a 5-3 win against the Minnesota Twins.  On September 30, Romine became the fifth player in major league history to play all nine positions in a single game, and the first player to do so since Shane Halter in 2000. During the 2017 season, Romine set career highs in games (124) and at-bats (318), hitting.233/.289/.336 for the year with 17 doubles, four home runs and 25 RBIs. During the season he played 2nd base (27 games, 17 starts), center field (24 G, 20 GS), 3rd base (23 G, 5 GS), 1st base (22 G, 4 GS), left field (18 G, 15 GS), right field (11 G, 9 GS), shortstop (10 G, 9 GS), pitcher (2 G), and catcher (1 G).

Seattle Mariners.

On November 2, 2017, Romine was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Mariners. In 2018 with Seattle he batted.210/.260/.244 with 2 RBIs and one stolen base in 119 at bats, while playing every position but catcher. He elected free agency on October 29, 2018.

Philadelphia Phillies.

On January 11, 2019, Romine signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies. Prior to the season, he exercised an opt-out clause in his contract and was released by the Phillies on March 23, 2019. However, two days later, he re-signed to another minor league contract with the team. In 2019 with the Class AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs he batted.289./342/.408 with 8 home runs, 53 RBIs, and 21 stolen bases (4th in the International League) in 380 at bats. He became a free agent following the 2019 season.

Chicago White Sox.

On January 21, 2020, Romine signed a minor league deal with the Chicago White Sox.

Personal life.

Romine's father, Kevin Romine, was a utility outfielder for the Boston Red Sox for his entire career (1985–1991), and his younger brother, Austin Romine, is a major league catcher.

Andrew James Romine (born December 24, 1985) is an American professional baseball utility player for the Chicago White Sox organization. Romine has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels, Detroit Tigers, and Seattle Mariners. He is the brother of MLB catcher Austin Romine. On September 30, 2017, Romine became the fifth player in major league history to play all nine defensive positions in a single game.

Andrew James Romine (né le 24 décembre 1985 à Winter Haven, Floride, États-Unis) est un joueur d'arrêt-court des Tigers de Détroit de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


Life.

He was born in 1085 into a noble family of Vercelli in northwest Italy and brought up by a relation after the death of his parents. He undertook a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. On his pilgrimage to Compostela, William asked a blacksmith to make an iron implement that would encircle his body and increase his suffering, and he wore it throughout the pilgrimage.  After he returned to Italy, he intended to go to Jerusalem and for this purpose he reached South Italy, but he was beaten up and robbed by thieves. William considered this misfortune a sign of God's will to stay in South Italy and spread the message of Christ. Because of this, he decided not to travel to Jerusalem anymore and to settle in South Italy, on the summit of Monte Vergine (then known as Monte Vergiliana) between Nola and Benevento, where he lived as a hermit. Here he attracted a number of followers and founded the Monastery of Montevergine.  While at Montevergine, William of Vercelli is stated as having performed miracles. Roger II of Sicily served as a patron to William, who founded many monasteries for men and women in Sicily. The "Catholic Encyclopedia" states that Roger built a monastery opposite his palace at Salerno in order to have William always near him.  The inflow of the faithful was for the priests the opportunity to exercise their ministry, and the hermit life that William sought was compromised. Moreover, his confreres did not tolerate that lifestyle too austere and full of privations. Therefore, he left Montevergine in 1128 and settled on the plains in Goleto, in the territory of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, between Campania and Basilicata, where he began a new monastic experience, a double monastery built mostly by women.  Subsequently, he founded several other monasteries of the same rule, but mostly remained in Goleto except for some trips to Apulia. Eventually he died in Goleto on June 25, 1142. His remains were buried in Goleto, where they stayed until they were transferred to Montevergine on September 2, 1807, as ordered by the king of Naples Gioacchino Murat. Some of his relics are also located in other cathedrals (Benevento) and Italian churches. Catholic tradition states that William foresaw his own imminent death "by special revelation".

Sources.

The most reliable source concerning William of Vercelli's life is the "Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae", written in the first half of the 13th century, thus shortly thereafter. The remaining later sources contain corrupt or even invented accounts on his life, therefore they are unreliable although not necessarily false, as primary sources may have been lost.

The Miracle of the Wolf.

According to all the sources, including the earliest source, "Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae", all of which are close to Catholicism, he performed many miracles. The best-known miracle was and still is the "Miracle of the Wolf" (1591). Because of this, he is often depicted in company with a "domesticated" wolf, even in the monastery of Montevergine. One day a wolf hunted and killed a donkey the saint used for towing and other tasks. The saint then turned to the wolf and ordered the beast to offer himself to do all the donkey's previous tasks. The wild beast reportedly became tame, and the people who met the saint were astonished to see such a docile wolf.

At king Roger II's court.

Hagiographer Tommaso Costo (1591) wrote that king Roger II of Sicily had heard about William of Montevergine, and thus he wanted to meet him. The king reportedly was living in Salerno at that time. Reportedly, while visiting the king, a prostitute wanted to prove the genuineness of his faith, and, complicit with the king, tried to get into William of Montevergine's bed who, in response, put burning embers on his bed and there he lay down, inviting the prostitute to follow his example. Reportedly the woman repented of her mistake and switched to a more religious life.  Posthumous sources add further details, stating that the prostitute had been called Agnes and that, after conversion, she had built a monastery in Venosa, where she led a monastic life with other women, being called "Blessed Agnes of Venosa". Hagiographer Tommaso Costo, as early as in the 16th century, dismissed the second part of the story, there being no mention of it in the main and most reliable source, the "Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae".

William of Montevergine, or William of Vercelli, (1085 – 25 June 1142) was a Catholic hermit and the founder of the Congregation of Monte Vergine, or "Williamites". He is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.

Guillaume de Verceil, aussi appelé Guillaume de Montevergine (né en 1085 à Vercelli, au Piémont – mort le à Goleto, en Campanie) est un ermite et le fondateur de l'ordre de Montevergine. Il est reconnu comme saint par l'Église.


Towns and villages.

There is currently only one town in the district:

History.

Aichi District was one of the ancient subdivisions of Owari Province, and its name (under a variety of spellings) appears in Nara period records and artifacts recovered from the ruins of Heijō-kyō Palace. It was occasionally referred to as, although the present name appears to have become standard after the middle of the Edo period. During the Sengoku period, this area was the stronghold of the Oda clan and was the birthplace of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, it came under the control of Owari Domain.  Following the Meiji Restoration, in 1871, former Owari Domain was renamed Nagoya Prefecture. However, for reasons still unclear, the name was changed to Aichi Prefecture. With the formal establishment of the municipality system on October 1, 1887, the modern Aichi District was established, with two towns (Atsuta and Narumi) and 46 villages. Yobitsugi was raised to town status on July 12, 1897, followed by Chikusa on February 13, 1902, and Aichi on December 10, 1904. In a major cadastral reorganization in 1906-1907, the number of remaining villages was reduced from 41 to 16, and the town of Atsuta was annexed by the city of Nagoya. The town of Shimonoisshiki was created on July 6, 1917. In another cadastral reform in 1921, the number of villages was reduced from 16 to 7, with the towns of Aichi and Yobitsugi annexed by Nagoya. The city of Nagoya further annexed Shimonoisshiki in March 1937, leaving the district with one town and 7 villages at the eve of World War II.  On February 11, 1955, the village of Hanyama merged into the city of Seto. Later that year, on April 5, 1955, the village of Chotaka merged into Chikusa-ku, Nagoya. The village of Tempaku (later Tempaku-ku) merged into Showa-ku, Nagoya. On January 1, 1957 Toyoake gained town status, following by Nisshin on January 1, 1958. On April 1, 1963 Narumi merged into Midori-ku, Nagoya.  Tōgō gained town status on April 1, 1970, followed by Nagakute on April 1, 1971. Toyoake was elevated to city status on August 1, 1972, followed by Nisshin on October 1, 1994. On January 4, 2012 – The town of Nagakute gained city status.  This left Aichi District with one municipality.

As of 1 October 2019, the district had an estimated population of 44,109 and a population density of 2,446 persons per km2. Its total area was 18.03 km2.

Le est un district de la préfecture d'Aichi au Japon. Au, sa population était de habitants pour une superficie de.


Gameplay.

"Guinness World Records: The Videogame" contains 36 mini-games based on real-world record attempts. The player can select 12 avatars, and can travel around a globe-like map that allows them to select minigames. Beating minigames allows the player to unlock more minigames and outfits for their avatars. Minigames involve attempting to beat a world record as fast as possible, such as building the highest skyscraper in a Tetris style minigame, attempting the world's highest BMX stunt jump, and eating a jumbo jet as fast as possible. The player's score is placed on a scoreboard at the end of the round, and is then compared over the internet to other player's scores. The game shows trivia about real-life world records on the menu and during loading screens.

Reception.

"Guinness World Records: The Videogame" received mixed reviews from critics upon release. On Metacritic, the game holds scores of 70/100 for the Nintendo DS version based on 4 reviews, and 67/100 for the Wii version based on 12 reviews. On GameRankings, the game holds scores of 70.00% for the DS version based on 4 reviews, and 67.50% for the Wii version based on 16 reviews.  Reviewing the DS and Wii version for IGN, Mark Thomas praised the games strange minigames, comparing it positively to Warioware, before ending the review with, "[...] But even then there are a couple of more fully-fledged gems in this pack that are addictive enough to warrant keeping the game handy long after you've been declared the best, the tallest, the strongest and the smartest with every record there is." Writing for Nintendo World Report and reviewing both versions, Francesca DiMola found the games lack of similarity to actual World Records disappointing and the games boring, saying, "The lack of identity and direction is unfulfilling, and while a select group of mini-games are entertaining and original, many of them feel generic and bland.". Writing for Eurogamer and reviewing the Wii version, Simon Parkin found the idea to be interesting, ending the review with "[...] Guinness World Records is the best mini-game collection we've played on the Wii, in part because of the content but principally because of its context."

Guinness World Records: The Videogame is a party video game based on the Guinness World Records series of books of world records. Developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, the game was released on November 7, 2008 in Europe and Australasia, and on November 11, 2008 in North America. The game involves attempting to beat real-life world records through minigames. The game saw mixed to positive reviews upon release, and was considered better than most minigame compilations that were on Nintendo consoles at the time.

Le Mondial des records, le jeu vidéo officiel () est un sorti en 2008 sur Nintendo DS et Wii. Il a été développé par TT Fusion et édité par Warner Bros. Interactive. Il a ensuite été porté sur iPhone et iPod Touch.


Plot.

Overview.

Laura, a nude model, returns to her small-town hometown after learning her ex-boyfriend has begun a relationship with her aunt Cynthia.

Synopsis.

During a photo shoot, nude model Laura (Isadora Edison) receives a phone call from her sister Winnifred (Chelsea Mundae). Laura learns that her ex-boyfriend, high-powered attorney Nelson Nyland (John Samuel Jordan), is dating her aunt Cynthia (Tina Tyler); not only that, they are making plans to move in together. While she tells Winnie that's she's pleased, Laura is emotionally hurt.  After hanging up, Laura asks her photographer, Jennine (Andrea Davis), for a few weeks off. Jennine agrees, commenting that she has some good shots for her editor. Intercut with a montage of Laura and Jennine having sex, Jennine comments that she has "an awful schoolgirl crush" on Laura. Laura is initially put off, but then passionately kisses Jennine.  Meanwhile, in Meadow Springs, Nelson visits his law partner, and sister, Judith (Kay Kirtland). Judith invites Nelson out to a romantic dinner, but Nelson explains that he is expected by Cynthia.  At Cynthia's cabin, Nelson arrives to find Cynthia seductively rubbing herself. Making himself comfortable, Nelson approaches her from behind and cups her breasts. After several minutes of foreplay, they retire to the bedroom.  At a cafe, Winnie (Chelsea Mundae) asks her co-worker Louise (A.J. Khan) why she pushed Winnie so hard into telling Laura about Cynthia and Nelson. Louise admits that she is a potential novelist, and that she is writing an exposé about the town's sexual goings-on. The scene then intercuts with both Nelson and Cynthia, and Laura and Jennine having sex.

Production.

Originally titled "Lust for Laura", the film was written for Misty Mundae and Julian Wells. Mundae initially agreed, but in time backed out, wanting to get out of the porn industry. Wells left the project soon afterwards.  To replace his stars, producer Michael Raso turned to redhead Isadora Edison, who had made an impression on him in the film "SpiderBabe". For the role of Cynthia, he wanted an older woman and turned to porn veteran Tina Tyler. Tyler had worked with Joe Sarno before, and enjoyed the script. Since the film dealt with incest, the first question Tyler asked was "are you sure the content is legal?" Sarno countered that as long as the actors weren't related, they should be fine.  As with most, if not all, of Joe Sarno's films, the sex scenes were written around the plot, instead of the plot written around the sex scenes.

DVD extras.

The extras were spread over two DVD's.  The first DVD includes a ten-minute featurette titled “"Inside Suburban Secrets"” which shares comments and insights about the film from cast and crew.  The second DVD includes a film trailer for the project, as well as selection of trailers for other Joseph W. Sarno films, as well as two additional featurette's. The first is titled “"Lake Placid Film Festival"” as an in depth look at the festival, and the other one titled “"Behind the Scenes"” sharing more on set clips and comments from cast and crew. The principle DVD extra is the 82 minute television “"Hot T.V. Cut"” version.  Rounding out the extras are liner notes about Joseph W. Sarno and this film.

Reception.

"DVD Verdict" praised the film and concluded their analysis and review by writing it was "a worthy entry into Sarno's extensive filmography. He doesn't break new ground, but he does prove himself once again. Sometimes plodding and admittedly overlong, Suburban Secrets bristles often enough to make it a great softcore film."  "10,000 Bullets" praised Joseph W. Sarno, and wrote that the film "shows he still has what it takes to make" what they specifically refer to as "a soft core masterpiece." While acting was gently criticized, they also wrote the film "does feature some great performances from A.J. Khan and Isadora Edison." Toward the DVD and its including the shorter television version, they wrote "Even though it is cool that an alternate version of the film was included" they felt the "shorter version pales in comparison to Joseph W. Sarno’s director’s cut."  "Plume Noire" notes that the film assembled "a cast of regular people doing wild things" and writes "while lead actress Isadora Edison is fairly attractive, don't expect any model-types here, as from curvy and anorexic women to old people, you will get your fair share of realism," and also supposes that with his being past 70, viewers might assume that filmmaker Joe Sarno "lost his approach to sensuality", and agrees with their own supposition by writing ""Suburban Secrets" is a quite dull affair in general."  "Exploitation Retrospect" panned the film, decrying its packaging and promotion and calling the film itself lousy.

Suburban Secrets (US television title Lust for Laura) is a 2004 sexploitation and softcore adult film, written and directed by Joseph W. Sarno. The film stars Isadora Edison, Tina Tyler, Kay Kirtland, and Chelsea Mundae. Seduction Cinema regular A.J. Khan also appears, in a film where the director transposes the theme of his 1976 "classic" "Misty" into a modern-day environment.

Suburban Secrets est un film américain réalisé par Joseph W. Sarno et sorti en 2004. À l'origine, le film devait s'appeler Lust for Laura.