Location.

The village was located on the north bank of Wadi Karkara, about 1 km south of the Lebanese border, and with a view to the Mediterranean Sea in the west.

History.

A three-aisled Byzantine church (from the 6th or 7th century CE) had been reused as a village house.

Ottoman era.

In 1875 Victor Guérin inspected the place, which he described: "The ruins of this name are scattered over the flanks and summit of a hill, bordered on the south by the deep ravine of Wady Kerkera. Terraces, once regulated by the hand of man and now overgrown with thick underwood, were formerly covered with dwelling-houses whose remains cumber the soil. The foundations of some are still visible. They were small, but tolerably well-built, with regular stones of fair dimensions. On the door, still standing, of one of them, we observe a cross with standing, equal arms set in a niche. Besides these, the ruins of a building measuring twenty-six paces long from west to east, and twenty from north to south, deserve particular attention. It was built with cut stones worked in with much care and without cement. The southern facade was pierced with these doors. Another door, the only one on that side, was constructed in the middle of the western facade; its lintel is lying on the ground. On the east was an apse, whose interior are in place. Within this ancient church are several monolithic columns half hidden by the bushes; they measure 2.50 metres in length, by thirty-five centimetres in diameter. The capitals and the base are wanting, or at all events no longer visible. By the side of this building is observed a sort of subterranean magazine arched in stone with a circular arch. It is partly filled up. On the sumrnit of the hill the vestiges of a town can be recognised. It was approached by a number of steps.'

British Mandate era.

In the 1945 statistics, the village (including Arab al-Aramisha, Jurdayh and Khirbat Idmith) had a population of 360 Muslims. A total of 2,637 dunums of village land were used for cereals, and 16 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards.

1948 and aftermath.

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it was captured by Israel's Oded Brigade on October 31, 1948 during Operation Hiram.  Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. Kibbutz Adamit was founded in 1958 on village land, to the west of the village site. The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village site in 1992: "The site is covered with the debris of houses. It also has a number of wells and caves. The remains of animal shelters are located about away, and about to the east is the rubble of houses used by the Arab al-Qulaytat."  Petersen inspected the place in 1991, and found that the remains of the village consisted of several widely spaced rectangular houses, one storey high. Most houses were made of rough field stones laid dry, but with traces of older coursed masonry in places. The roofs were flat, made of earth on top of short branches, resting on transverse arches.

Khirbat Iribbin () or Khurbet 'Arubbin (meaning "The ruin of Arubbin"), was a Palestinian Arab village in the Upper Galilee, located northeast of the city of Acre. In 1945, it had a built-up land area of over 2,000 dunums and a population of 360 Arab Muslims.

Khirbat Iribbin (en arabe ) ou Khirbat I'ribbîn ou Khurbet 'Arubbin (ce qui signifie « la ruine d’Arubbin ») était un village situé en Galilée supérieure, sur la rive nord de Wadi Karkara, à au nord-est d’Acre et à au sud de la frontière libanaise. Il fut détruit par la brigade Oded pendant la guerre israélo-arabe de 1948.


Career.

Karting.

Born in Saint Petersburg, Shwartzman began karting in 2004 at the age of five. Throughout a seven-year career of karting professionally, he claimed karting titles across Europe (predominantly in Italy).

Formula 4.

In 2014, Shwartzman graduated to single-seaters, partaking in six races of the Italian F4 Championship with Cram Motorsport, finishing sixteenth overall.  The following year, Shwartzman partook in the championship full-time with Mücke Motorsport, claiming two wins and finishing third in the standings behind the Prema Powerteam duo of Ralf Aron and Guanyu Zhou. He also partook in the inaugural ADAC Formula 4 championship, finishing fourth in the standings.

Formula Renault.

In 2016, Shwartzman moved to Formula Renault 2.0 with reigning series champions Josef Kaufmann Racing after testing with the team at Motorland Aragon. He claimed two victories in the Northern European Cup and finished sixth in the standings. In the Eurocup, Shwartzman finished eighth.  For 2017, Shwartzman stayed in Formula Renault 2.0, but decided to switch to the R-ace GP team. He lost thirteen points to his teammate Will Palmer and finished in the third place in the driver standings, but was able to win six races, having podium finish at all rounds excepting Red Bull Ring, and at Circuit Paul Ricard.

GP3 Series.

In November 2016, Shwartzman was listed among the drivers partaking in the post-season test at Yas Marina with Koiranen GP.

Toyota Racing Series.

Shwartzman made his Toyota Racing Series debut during the 2018 off-season, competing for M2 Competition. He finished all fifteen races in the top-five and was the only driver in the season to do so. He won the Denny Hulme Memorial Trophy and the series title, ahead of the M2 teammates Richard Verschoor and Marcus Armstrong, who have raced in the series in 2017.

FIA Formula 3 European Championship.

In September 2017, Shwartzman tested the European Formula 3 machinery with Prema Powerteam. After his tests with Prema he was included into the Ferrari Driver Academy. In December 2017, it was confirmed that he will race for Prema in 2018 FIA Formula 3 European Championship. Shwartzman took his first European Formula 3 win in the third Spielberg race. With his second win in the season finale he outscored another Ferrari Driver Academy member Marcus Armstrong in the drivers' standings, completing the top-three with claiming the rookie title.

FIA Formula 3 Championship.

Following the merger of the FIA Formula 3 European Championship and GP3 Series into the new FIA Formula 3 Championship in 2019, Prema announced Shwartzman as one of its drivers for the inaugural season. Shwartzman qualified on pole for the first Barcelona race and initially finished the race in second before being promoted to race winner following a time penalty to Christian Lundgaard. Following day, he finished fourth.  He took third place at qualifying in Circuit Paul Ricard and finished second in the first race, losing only to his team-mate Jehan Daruvala. After starting from seventh in the grid, at the sprint race, he took his second victory. At the Red Bull Ring Shwartzman qualified only 12th, after suffering from technical issues. He went up to 5th in the first race, and in the next race he was battled with Marcus Armstrong for the victory, but at the final lap made contact. Armstrong later retired, as Shwartzman took the victory, but was given a five-second time penalty for causing a collision, and down to third, behind race winner HWA Racelab driver Jake Hughes, who took victory here last year, and Jehan Daruvala.  At Silverstone he qualified sixth. It looked like he would finish in the same position, but with 3 laps remaining he overtook Christian Lundgaard. Later, Pedro Piquet also overtook him. On Sunday, he finished second with the fastest lap, behind Hitech Grand Prix and race winner Leonardo Pulcini who took two victories in the 2018 GP3 Series – at Sochi and Abu Dhabi – all victories for the Italian were at the feature races. At the Hungaroring, it was the first weekend for the Russian driver to not score any podiums - he qualified P4, but had a very bad start, and he finished only in 5th. A following day, he was on his way to take third position, after his tyres were really bad, and he lost it to Felipe Drugovich. They made contact, Drugovich and Shwartzman later retired. At the Spa-Francorchamps he qualified at 4th position, however, he overtook Jehan Daruvala, and Marcus Armstrong, and he finished in 2nd place. Day later, he finished third behind Yuki Tsunoda, and Marcus Armstrong.  At Monza, he qualified third, and despite a five-place grid penalty, was able to win his third race of the year. In the Sprint, he took eight place by just 0.067 second over Christian Lundgaard and was able to take the final point. Shwartzman took the pole position ahead of his home race at Sochi, but he can't save his race lead on the race lap and finished second behind Armstrong. But his point advantage on Daruvala was enough to clinch the championship title.

FIA Formula 2 Championship.

Shwartzman is contracted to drive for Prema in the 2020 FIA Formula 2 Championship where he will partner Mick Schumacher. However, the season was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic. On 18 April 2020, Shwartzman's father died of Covid-19 aged 52. In an interview, he said that if he wins races, he will dedicate them to his dad.

Racing record.

Career summary.

As Shwartzman was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.

Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results.

Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

Robert Mikhailovich Shwartzman (, born 16 September 1999), is a Russian racing driver due to compete in the 2020 FIA Formula 2 Championship. He is a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy. He is the 2018 Toyota Racing Series champion and the 2019 FIA Formula 3 champion.

Robert Mikhailovich Shwartzman (en ), né le à Saint-Pétersbourg, est un pilote automobile russe, membre de la Ferrari Driver Academy. En 2019, il participe au championnat de Formule 3 FIA avec l'écurie italienne Prema Racing et remporte le championnat à domicile, lors de la course de Sotchi.


History.

The original attraction at Universal Studios Florida was inspired by a small attraction on the long-running Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood, in which the Studio Tour tram passed through several sets from the film and was then attacked by an animatronic shark known as "Jaws" while driving by the Amity Harbor shoreline. This attraction opened in 1976 and continues to operate to this day. For the Universal Studios Florida park/studio project, Universal sought to take the components of the Hollywood tram stop and turn it into its own ride. The original ride was designed by MCA/Universal Planning and Development, in association with Ride & Show Engineering, Inc., which designed the original tour scene. Steven Spielberg, who directed the first film in the series, also served as a creative consultant for the ride.  Following the opening of Jaws within the park on June 7, 1990, it experienced extensive and persistent breakdowns as a result of the elaborate special effects involved, as did fellow original rides Kongfrontation and. However, while Universal was able to eventually contain the technical bugs in the Kong and Earthquake rides at "utmost consistency", the effects in the Jaws ride constantly refused to work at all, resulting in the ride having to be evacuated almost daily. Following the Summer opening of the park, Universal temporarily shut down the ride in August 1990 and sued Ride & Show Engineering, Inc. for failing to properly design the ride. Throughout 1991 and early 1992, Universal attempted to refurbish the effects of the ride for an eventual re-opening, but with no success. Some reports leaked that the high-tech electronics used in the sharks was damaged due to inadequate waterproofing.  Eventually, Universal collaborated with Totally Fun Company, ITEC Entertainment, Intamin and Oceaneering International, who together installed an entirely new ride system and special effects to create an almost entirely new version of the ride. Some of the changes, which resulted in a re-design of the ride, included the replacement of two major ride scenes; the first being where "Jaws" bit onto the tour boat and turned it by 180-degrees (which was replaced with a Gas dock explosion scene); and the second being the finale, which was originally loosely based on the first "Jaws" where the skipper shot a grenade into the shark's mouth causing it to explode underwater (which was replaced by a finale loosely based on the ending for "Jaws 2" where the shark was electrocuted after biting onto an underwater cable attached to a high-voltage barge). Oceaneering provided the animatronic shark for the redesigned ride, their first theme park-based project. The ride was then officially re-opened by Roy Scheider, Lorraine Gary and Steven Spielberg in Spring of 1993.  On March 31, 2001, Jaws officially opened at Universal Studios Japan. The ride system for the attraction was developed by MTS Systems Corporation.  Following the hurricanes that struck Central Florida in 2004, Universal was forced to temporarily close the ride in January 2005 due to the rising cost of petroleum, which was used to fuel the numerous pyrotechnical effects throughout the attraction as well as the tour boats. The ride finally reopened in December 2005, but was listed as "seasonal" and only open on busier days. This lasted until February 2007 when the ride was finally opened full-time again after numerous guest complaints. During the 2005 closure, several renovations were made to the ride. The attraction was further refurbished every year from 2008-2011.  On December 2, 2011, Universal Orlando Resort announced that the Jaws attraction along with the entire Amity area of Universal Studios Florida would close permanently on January 2, 2012, to "make room for an exciting, NEW, experience." (the second phase of The Wizarding World Of Harry Potter.) Severe backlash followed after the announcement. The attraction officially closed on January 2, 2012, at 9:00 pm with Michael Skipper aka "Skip" giving the final voyage to the last lucky group of 48 guests. By the next morning, the entire Amity area was walled off and completely demolished in the following months. The hanging shark statue from the town square remains as a tribute to the ride and can be found in the Fisherman's Wharf area of the San Francisco section of the park. The attraction remains open at Universal Studios Japan as well as the original tram stop at Universal Studios Hollywood.

Ride synopsis.

After the shark nicknamed as "Jaws" was eventually destroyed by Chief Brody, Matt Hooper and Quint in 1974, Brody became a legend in Amity Harbor, and the "Jaws" incident inspired Steven Spielberg's big Hollywood movie. However, the tourism on Amity Island strongly decreased following the incident due to a fear of sharks. However, resident seaman Jake Grundy decided to open a new boat tour on the island which would take guests out to the historic areas where the shark attacks actually occurred, which ultimately brought back tourism to the island.

Queue.

As guests enter "Captain Jake's Amity Boat Tours", they walk through a series of boathouses located near Amity Harbor, which hold various fishing supplies, nautical artifacts and feature numerous overhead television monitors that are tuned to Amity's local TV station, WJWS13: The Station That BITES (which also has the tagline "The station that plays the hits"). The station features a low-budget local talk show entitled "Hey There, Amity!", children's and news programming, ads for local businesses, and promos for classic movies and television shows, many of them from the Universal library. Upon reaching the end of the queue, guests are loaded onto one of Captain Jake's tour boats.

Ride.

After boarding the tour boat, guests learn that they are taking a guided scenic cruise to visit the actual locations of the shark attacks that occurred during that fateful summer of 1974, which were made famous in a popular Hollywood movie that was made not long afterward. The tour boat is piloted by one of Captain Jake's skippers, and is protected by an army surplus 40mm grenade launcher. However, guests are reassured by their skipper that they won't need to use it because no one has seen a shark in the area since 1974.  The tour begins in Amity Harbor as the tour boat passes the homes of Chief Brody, Mayor Larry Vaughn, and various harbor side businesses. As the tour boat approaches a lighthouse situated on top of a rocky jetty, the tour is suddenly interrupted by a radio distress call from a fellow tour boat skipper named Gordon. His call for help turns into screams of horror, followed by mysterious silence. As the skipper contacts the home base in an attempt to find out what is going on with Gordon's boat, the tour boat crosses the jetty to reveal the remains of Gordon's tour boat, "Amity 3", sinking under the water.  Suddenly, a dorsal fin appears out of the water, the fin of what appears to be a great white shark. The fin submerges and swims under the tour boat, rocking it back and forth. Worried, the skipper pulls out the grenade launcher as the dorsal fin rises out of the water on the starboard. Not realizing that it is actually loaded, the skipper fires at the shark, but misses. They try firing the second shot but miss again as the fin sinks back beneath the surface of the water.  The skipper then comes up with the idea to try to hide the tour boat in a nearby boathouse and wait for Chief Brody's arrival. As the skipper brings the tour boat to a stop inside the boathouse and looks for somewhere to tie it up, a sound is heard somewhere near the back of the boathouse. As the nervous skipper tries to figure out what it was, a loud crashing noise breaks the silence as the walls of the boathouse begin to shake. The skipper realizes that the shark is barging itself against the outside of the boathouse trying to break in. The skipper starts to drive off but is unable to get the tour boat to drop into gear. After several tense seconds of fighting with the tour boat's throttle, the skipper finally gets it to drop into gear just as the shark finally breaks a hole through the wall and surfaces inside of the boathouse, grazing the side of the tour boat.  As the tour boat leaves the boathouse, the skipper is informed by Chief Brody over the radio that he'll be there in ten minutes. The skipper replies with "we'll be shark bait in ten minutes" and picks up the grenade launcher again, just as the shark attacks the tour boat near Bridewell's Gas Dock. Unfortunately, the next grenade that the skipper fires strikes the nearby gas dock, which erupts into flames, threatening to engulf the tour boat and its passengers. However, the skipper manages to pilot an escape before the flames reach the tour boat.  As a last resort, the skipper decides to unload everyone at an old fishing pier that happens to be located near a high voltage barge. But just as they reach the pier, the shark's fin reappears heading straight for the tour boat. Suddenly, the shark emerges right next to the tour boat but accidentally bites down onto a submerged power cable from the barge and electrocutes itself. The smell of roasted shark fills the air as the shark disappears into a cloud of steam that engulfs the tour boat. As the steam cloud clears, the burnt corpse of the shark resurfaces and makes one final lunge at the tour boat. But the skipper immediately takes one last shot at it with the grenade launcher and finally hits it, decimating the shark. The guests cheer on the skipper for saving Amity Island and killing the shark.

Jaws is an amusement ride attraction based on the "Jaws" film series and is located at Universal Studios Japan. It originally opened at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando in 1990, and another installation later opened at Universal Studios Japan in 2001. The ride uses tour boats to take guests through a harbor of the fictional Amity Island, which begins as a leisurely tour that is abruptly interrupted by an attack of the famous great white shark. The concept is an expanded version of the "Jaws" miniature attraction featured in the Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood in California. In 2012, the attraction was removed from the Florida theme park to make room for the second phase of expansion for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.

Jaws est une attraction du parc à thème Universal Studios Japan, basée sur les films "Les Dents de la mer" ("Jaws" en version originale). L'attraction place les visiteurs à bord de bateaux d'excursion pour ce qui devrait être une visite tranquille du port d'Amity, mais devient à la place une poursuite entre l'embarcation et un grand requin blanc déterminé. Jaws est une version agrandie d'une attraction du Studio Tour à Universal Studios Hollywood, également inspiré par le film.


Background and education.

Gallagher was born on December 16, 1965 in Providence, Rhode Island. Referred to as African American, she is of biracial ethnicity; her father's heritage was from Cape Verde, in Western Africa (but he was born in the United States), and her mother's background was Caucasian Irish Catholic. Gallagher's mother was a working-class Irish-American and her father was a professional boxer.  In Rhode Island, Gallagher attended Moses Brown, an elite, Quaker college preparatory school. At sixteen, Gallagher entered her first year at Oberlin College in Ohio (1982–1984) and studied writing. Gallagher did not finish her education at Oberlin College and ended up joining a carpenters' union in Seattle. Gallagher studied writing at Oberlin College in Ohio (1982–84). In 1989 she attended Studio 70 in Fort Thomas, Kentucky before earning a degree in fine arts from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston in 1992. Her art education further continued in 1993 at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Maine.

Career.

Gallagher became recognized as an artist in 1995. Prior to her Gagosian showing, Gallagher had solo shows at Mary Boone in Soho, New York and Anthony D'Offay in London, with Mary Boone being her first solo show in New York. Before her art career, Gallagher worked as a commercial fisherman in Alaska and Maine. As her first solo show in New York, Gallagher chose Mary Boone's space because of its neutrality, in which she stated, "because there the abstract qualities of my work stand out first". In 1993, Gallagher continued her art studies at the Skowhegan School of Paintings and Sculpture in Maine.

Work.

Gallagher is an abstract painter and multimedia artist creating minimalist work with subject narratives. Gallagher's influences include the paintings of Agnes Martin and the repetitive writings of Gertrude Stein. Some of Gallagher's work involves repetitively modifying advertising found in African American focused publications such as "Ebony", "Sepia", and "Our World". Her most famous pieces are her grid-like collages of magazines grouped together into larger pieces. Examples of these are "eXelento" (2004), "Afrylic" (2004), and "DeLuxe" (2005). Each of these works contains as many as or more than 60 prints employing techniques of photogravure, spit-bite, collage, cutting, scratching, silkscreen, offset lithography and hand-building. Gallagher also glues notebook paper drawings onto her canvas to create textured surfaces.  Some of Gallagher's early influences while attending the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston were the Darkroom Collective, a group of poets living and working out of Inman Square in Cambridge, MA and would go on to become the art coordinator of the collective. The Darkroom collective allowed Gallagher to explore her talent and apply her culture as an African-American woman to her work. One of her first exhibits took place at the Dark Room in 1989. Some other influences at the Museum School were Susan Denker, Ann Hamilton, Kiki Smith and Laylah Ali.  Themes related to race are often evident in Gallagher's work, sometimes using pictographs, symbols, codes and repetitions. "Sambo lips" and "bug eyes," references to the Black minstrel shows, are often scattered throughout Gallagher's works. Additionally, Gallagher would use these symbols in her collage pieces, inspired by lined yellow paper schoolchildren use. Certain characters are also used repeatedly, such as the image of the nurse or the "Pegleg" character that sometimes populate her page's iconography. Some of her pieces may explicitly reference the issue of race while also having a more subtle undercurrent related to race. She was inspired by the New Negro movement as well as modernist abstraction. Gallagher also uses found historical images in her work. She combines formality (grid lines, ruled paper) with the racial stereotypes to depict the "ordering principles" society imposes."Blackface minstrel is a ghost story, " Gallagher has noted. "It's about loss; there's a black mask and sublimation...[B]lackface minstrel was the first great American abstraction, even before jazz. It's the literal recording of the African body into American public culture. Disembodied eyes and lips float, hostage, in the electric black of the minstrel stage, distorting the African body into American blackface." As well as using racially charged imagery, Gallagher is known to portray bodies and include elements of poetry and pop culture in her work. She uses golden tones to portray the racial binary in society. Her media includes paintings, works on paper, film and video. She has made innovative use of materials, such as creating a unique variation on scrimshaw by carving images into the surface of thick sheets of watercolor paper and drawing with ink, watercolor and pencil. These works depict sea creatures, of the mythical undersea world of Drexciya, which were the progeny of slaves who had drowned. This mythology had been conceived by a musical duo of that name, from Detroit. Gallagher commented upon the process of creating these pieces: "The way that these drawings are made is my version of scrimshaw, the carving into bone that sailors did when they were out whaling. I imagine them in this overwhelming, scary expanse of sea where this kind of cutting would give a focus, a sense of being in control of something." Some of Gallagher's work would also consist of codes made from cut out letters. In some of her early pieces, she painted and drew on sheets of penmanship paper (ruled paper used for handwriting practice) she had pasted onto canvas. Her choice of penmanship paper is significant, in an interview with Jessica Morgan, she says "the sense of a neutral surface that can accommodate any mark seems an ideal way of communicating freedom," which is described by her as "idiosyncratic" and "inscrutable". As her previous work has been critiqued for being too racially charged, her newer work contains less explicit racial images to challenge viewers.  In 1995, Gallagher's work was exhibited at the Whitney Biennial and the Venice Biennale in 2003. Artist Chuck Close created a 2009 tapestry portrait of Gallagher. Gallagher is represented by Gagosian Gallery (New York) and Hauser & Wirth (London). She is based in the United States (New York City) and the Netherlands (Rotterdam).

Awards and fellowships.

Among the honors which Gallagher has earned are:

Selected exhibitions.

Ellen Gallagher's work has been featured in solo exhibitions at numerous galleries and institutions including:  Group exhibitions have included:

Publications.

"Murmur. Orbus" in collaboration with Edgar Cleijne. Hauser & Wirth London/Fruitmarket Gallery Edinburgh (ed.) 2005. English, 5 books holding together with magnet, 990 pages. With "Blizzard of White" (2003, 55 min loop, 16 mm).

Collections.

Gallagher's work is held in many permanent collections including the Addison Gallery of American Art, Goetz Collection, Hamburger Bahnhof, Studio Museum in Harlem, Walker Art Center, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Moderna Museet, Sammlung Goetz and the Centre Georges Pompidou.  Specific works include:

Ellen Gallagher (born December 16, 1965) is an American artist. Her work has been shown in numerous solo and group exhibitions and is held in the permanent collections of many major museums. Her media include painting, works on paper, film and video. Some of her pieces refer to issues of race, and may combine formality with racial stereotypes and depict "ordering principles" society imposes.

Ellen Gallagher, née le 16 décembre 1965, à Providence, Rhode Island, est une plasticienne afro-américaine, connue pour ses œuvres politiques dénonçant les stéréotypes vécus par les Afro-Américains.


Creation.

The Mexican National Guard was launched by President of Mexico Andrés Manual López Obrador in 2019. It has since played a major part in intensifying the enforcement of their immigration policy. Before becoming President of Mexico, Obrador campaigned on a promise to take the military off the streets of Mexico. Shortly after getting into office, Obrador released a plan to create the National Guard under control of the Mexican Armed Forces which would be in charge of "preventing and combating crime". Obrador stated that the new National Guard would be critical to solving Mexico's ongoing security crisis.  On 28 February, Mexico's national legislature voted to approve a 60,000-member national guard. On 30 June 2019, the National Guard was officially established.  A 2019 survey sponsored by "The Washington Post" and Mexico’s newspaper "Reforma" gathered information on public opinion regarding both the new National Guard and illegal immigration to Mexico. The survey was conducted through July 9 to July 14, 2019, among 1,200 Mexicans adults across the country in 100 election districts by way of face-to-face interviews. A 53% majority of Mexicans have voiced their trust in the national guard, with two-thirds of Mexicans saying that they would like the national guard to be in their city, whereas 45% report that they feel more safe with the domestic force.

Deployment at border.

In early June 2019, as part of a deal the United States, Mexico agreed to deploy the newly formed National Guard to their border with Guatemala. While the guard was always intended to enforce immigration policy, it was not intended to do so as soon as announced. President of the United States, Donald Trump, threatened to raise tariffs on Mexico if it did not help to curb Illegal Immigration.  A "Post"-"Reforma" survey was conducted among Mexican adults after a dramatic increase in Mexico’s immigration enforcement following the agreement made in June with the United States. Several analysts had predicted the base for the President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador to be disillusioned when he agreed to heighten Mexico’s immigration enforcement. But he currently maintains a strong 70% job approval rating eight months after assuming office. A 54% majority say that President Obrador is standing up for the interests of Mexico in his dealings with the United States and illegal immigration. Furthermore, 51% of Mexicans support utilizing the country’s recently formed National Guard to repel the migration of illegal immigrants in Mexico.

Command structure.

The law assigns full control of the National Guard to the Secretary of Security and Civilian Protection, who is in charge of all matters related to the work of the NG.  According to article 12 of the Law of the National Guard, the National Guard is organized on five command levels:

Ranks.

According to article 29 of the Law of the National Guard, the ranks are:

The National Guard () is a Mexican gendarmerie with national police functions created in 2019. The National Guard was formed by absorbing units and officers from the Federal Police, Military Police, and Naval Police.

La Garde nationale du Mexique () est une institution armée de nature civile, chargée des mêmes missions que la police nationale des États-Unis mexicains, en garantissant la sécurité publique au nom de l’État fédéral.


Relevance.

PFE is essential to bank regulation under Basel III and Dodd Frank. Fundamentally, to assess the safety of a bank's asset portfolio and the adequacy of its Tier 1 capital (and Tier 2 capital), one needs to evaluate whether it is resilient under severely stressing market moves. Because PFE is a measure of credit exposure, the most relevant stress move for PFE are not those where a large trading loss occurs (as they are when considering an institution's market risk). Instead, the scenarios of significant PFE can often be where the institution makes a large "paper" profit with a counterparty; and therefore accrues a large unsecured claim on that counterparty (a claim that the counterparty may be unable to pay). For example, a trader might buy cheap insurance contracts against a rare but catastrophic risk. The vast majority of the time – and for many years running – the trader will make a small annual loss (the CDS premium) even if the trade has positive expected value. When the rare event occurs, the trader may suddenly have a huge windfall "profit" claim against whoever wrote the "insurance". And this would mean a sudden increase in the relevance of whether or not the 'insurance writing' counterparty can actually pay. The possibility that the counterparty cannot pay (this huge new claim) would create a systematically important "difference" between the theoretical-credit-risk-free profits of the trader (and his institution) and his realized year end profit. Since institutional market risks are hedged, this "difference" could impact the institution's capital not merely as a failure to make excess profits, but actually as a significant net loss (due to losses on the offsetting hedge position). And potentially, exposure to such credit losses could make the "profit-making" trader's institution fail (and default on its own obligations to other companies) thereby causing other companies to suffer credit risk losses and fail (in the same way). The theoretical potential for a cascading series of institutional failures (caused by sudden rises in PFE) is apparent. The cost of avoiding or dealing with these risks can fall on the public (the vast majority of whom will not gain directly from the institutional profits made while accruing large PFE claims). This is for two main reasons. First, government directly (or indirectly) insures many retail deposits (to prevent bank runs and to promote savings), and many quasi-government agencies (e.g.: FNMA, Freddie Mac) have de facto government backing. Second, even when a major firm does not have government insured deposits, it can be "systemically important" (such as AIG) – its failure would potentially cause panic, destroy market liquidity, and precipitate a crash and potential widespread economic contraction / depression. One plan that is intended to reduce the public cost (& private benefit) of the implicit support to "too big to fail" institutions is to reduce the variability and scale of PFE by incentivizing collateralization.

Expected exposure.

The expected exposure (EE) is defined similarly to the PFE, except that the average is used instead of a specific quantile.  The EE represents the estimated average loss at a specific future point of time that a lender would suffer from if the borrower (counterparty) fully defaults on his debt (i.e. if the loss given default (LGD) was 100%).

Potential future exposure (PFE) is the maximum expected credit exposure over a specified period of time calculated at some level of confidence (i.e. at a given quantile).

L'exposition future potentielle ( PFE pour "Potential Future Exposure") est un concept utilisé en finance pour définir l'exposition maximale d'un créancier sur une période donnée, calculée selon un niveau de confiance défini (c'est-à-dire à un quantile donné). Il s'agit d'une mesure du risque de crédit.


History.

All commercial, fruit-bearing Hass avocado trees have been grown from grafted seedlings propagated from a single tree that was grown from a seed bought by Rudolph Hass in 1926 from A. R. Rideout of Whittier, California. At the time, Rideout was getting seeds from any source he could find, even restaurant food scraps. The cultivar this seed came from is not known and may already have been cross-pollinated when Hass bought it.  In 1926, at his 1.5-acre grove at 430 West Road, La Habra Heights, California, Hass planted three seeds he had bought from Rideout, which yielded one strong seedling. After trying and failing at least twice to graft the seedling with branches from Fuerte avocado trees (the leading commercial cultivar at the time), Hass thought of cutting it down but a professional grafter named Caulkins told him the young tree was sound and strong, so he let it be. When the tree began bearing odd, bumpy fruit, his children liked the taste. As the tree's yields grew bigger, Hass easily sold what his family didn't eat to co-workers at the post office. The Hass avocado had one of its first commercial successes at the Model Grocery Store on Colorado Street in Pasadena, California, where chefs working for some of the town's wealthy residents bought the new cultivar's big, nutty-tasting fruit for $1 each, a very high price at the time ().  Hass patented the tree in 1935 (the first US patent on a tree) and made a contract with Whittier nurseryman Harold Brokaw to grow and sell grafted seedlings propagated from its cuttings with Brokaw getting 75% of the proceeds. Brokaw then specialized in the Hass and often sold out of grafted seedlings since, unlike the Fuerte, Hass yields are year-round and also more plentiful, with bigger fruit, a longer shelf life and richer flavor owing to higher oil content. However, Hass made a profit of less than US$5,000 through the patent because cuttings from single trees sold by Brokaw were then propagated to graft whole orchards.  Rudolph Hass carried on as a postman throughout his life and died of a heart attack at Fallbrook Hospital in Fallbrook, California, in 1952, the same year his patent expired and not long after he had established a new orchard.  By the early 21st century the US avocado industry took in over $1 billion a year from the heavy-bearing, high quality Hass cultivar, which accounted for around 80% of all avocados grown worldwide.

The mother tree.

Owing to later suburban sprawl in Southern California, the mother tree stood for many years in front of a residence in La Habra Heights. The tree died when it was 76 years old and was cut down on 11 September 2002 after a ten-year fight with phytophthora (root rot), which often kills avocado trees. Two plaques by the private residence at 426 West Road mark the spot where it grew. The wood was stored in a tree nursery and from this stock, a nephew of Rudolph Hass, Dick Stewart, made keepsakes, jewelry and other gifts. From 2010 to 2013, in mid-May, and starting again in September 2018, the city of La Habra Heights celebrated the Hass avocado at its Annual La Habra Heights Avocado Festival.

Bearing pattern.

Hass avocado trees, like some other cultivars, may only bear well every other year. After a year with low yield, often because of cold, for which the tree does not have much tolerance, yields may be very high the next year. However, the heavy crop can deplete stored carbohydrates, lowering the following season's yield and this can set the tree into a lifelong alternate bearing pattern. Southern California Hass Avocado groves have good soil and drainage, plentiful sunlight and cool gentle winds from the oceans which help the fruit grow. These conditions hold throughout the year, so there are always fresh harvests of Hass avocados in Southern California.

Nutritional value.

Raw avocado is 73% water, 15% fat, 9% carbohydrates, and 2% protein (table). As reliable sources are not available for the micronutrient content specifically of Hass avocados, US Department of Agriculture data for a "commercial variety" is used. A 100 gram reference amount supplies 160 calories and is rich (20% or higher of the Daily Value, DV) in several B vitamins and vitamin K, with moderate content (10-19% DV) of vitamin C, vitamin E, and potassium (right table, USDA nutrient data). Hass avocados contain phytosterols and carotenoids, including lutein and zeaxanthin.  Avocados have diverse fats. For a typical avocado:

The Hass avocado is a cultivar of avocado with dark green–colored, bumpy skin. It was first grown and sold by Southern California mail carrier and amateur horticulturist Rudolph Hass, who also gave it his name.

L'avocat Hass est une variété d'avocat avec une peau bosselée de couleur verte foncée. Au début il a été cultivé et vendu par la société de courrier du sud de la Californie aux États-Unis et par l'horticulteur Rudolph Hass, qui lui a donné son nom.


Participation in the Invincible Armada.

Charge.

Hugo of Montcada was appointed commander of the fleet of Naples. The flagship was the San Lorenzo "Galleass". The "Galleass-galleon" La Girona was part of that fleet. The four "Galleasses" were:

Galleass San Lorenzo.

This ship had 124 sailors, 50 artillery units, 300 sailors and 270 soldiers.  It was built in Naples. It displaced 762 tones and was the largest ship and, according to some, the most splendid of the entire army.

Nautical difficulties.

One of the most difficult variables that made navigating the British Channel so dangerous were (and still are) were the currents caused by the tides. Local pilots had good knowledge of those currents.

Final disaster.

The references to the fact are numerous and not always coincident.  In the confusion brought about by the collisions, a shock rendered unusable the rudder of San Lorenzo. The maneuver with the oars was not sufficiently agile to fight under the attack of the enemies (from the Ark Royal in particular). Hugo of Montcada decided to go to refuge in the port of Calais (under French control and, in theory, neutral). He did not reach the entrance by sailing and the oars, the Galleass tried to enter the port of Calais but bog down near the entrance. Being half lying sideways. The soldiers (probably terrified by the incident) deserted the ship, jumping to the water. Many of them were drowned. Only a few faithful remained aboard.  The English, sent a few bots with soldiers to seize the galeass. Finally Howard sent a reinforcement with the Ark Royal's Panescalm boat and could reduce the last resistance. Hugo of Montcada was shot down with an arquebus shot in his head, and Joan Setantí and other Catalans defenders died as well.

Important testimonial.

According to the work "Armada Invencible", by Cesáreo Fernández Duro, there is a description of the final attack and the death of Hugo of Montcada according to the statements of a slave of the Marquis de Santa Cruz (Volume I, page 118, document K.1467, item 18).

Hugo of Montcada i Gralla was the commander of the "Galleasses" of the Spanish Armada. He was the second son of Francesc I de Montcada, first Marquess of Aitona and Count of Osona, and his wife, Lucrècia Gralla.

Hug de Montcada i Gralla est un militaire barcelonais qui commande les galéasses de Naples de la nommée Invincible Armada. Il meurt en défendant son navire le San Lorenzo, à Calais, en.


Charles Stuart (1er baron Stuart de Rothesay)

Background and education.

Stuart was the son of the Lieutenant-General The Honourable Sir Charles Crichton-Stuart, younger son of Prime-Minister John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. His mother was Louisa Bertie, daughter of Lord Vere Bertie, younger son of Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.

Diplomatic career.

Stuart joined the Diplomatic Service in 1801, and was immediately appointed as Secretary of Legation in Vienna, Holy Roman Empire, a post he held until 1804. He was then sent to Petersburg and this was followed by an assignment in French occupied Spain in 1808. He served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal and Brazil between 1810 and 1814.  He was appointed a Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (KB) in 1812 and sworn of the Privy Council in 1814.  Briefly Ambassador to the Netherlands between February and May 1815, it was during his posting as Ambassador in Spain that he became indispensable to the Duke of Wellington. At the Generals' insistence, he was appointed British Ambassador to France. During Napoleon's Hundred Days, he left Paris and was in Brussels at the start of the Waterloo Campaign, where during his stay he attended the Duchess of Richmond's Ball. After the fall of Napoleon, he escorted the exiled French King Louis XVIII back to Paris, and became British Ambassador there until 1824. In 1815 he was made a Knight-Grand-Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB).  From 1825 to 1826 he was once more Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal and Brazil. In 1825 the Portuguese King John VI named Stuart his plenipotentiary with powers to negotiate and sign with Brazil a Treaty on the recognition of that country's independence. Invested with those powers, Stuart signed the treaty recognising Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825, and on 15 November of the same year the Portuguese King ratified the treaty. He was then created 1st Count of o Machico by Decree of 22 November 1825 by John VI of Portugal and later 1st Marquess of Angra by Decree of 1 May 1826 by Maria II of Portugal, then still in Brazil, and was created the 5th Grand-Cross of the Portuguese Ancient and Very Noble Order of the Tower and Sword, of the Valour, Loyalty and Merit.  In January 1828 he was once again appointed Ambassador to France and was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland as Baron Stuart de Rothesay, of the Isle of Bute, at the same time. He continued as Ambassador to France until November 1830. In 1841 he was made Ambassador to Russia, a post he held until 1844.

Personal life.

Lord Stuart de Rothesay married Lady Elizabeth Margaret, daughter of Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke, on 6 February 1816. They had two daughters:

Highcliffe Castle.

Early retirement from the diplomatic service meant he start on a project to build a new family home. By 1830 he had purchased much of the eastern end of the estate, at Highcliffe, Dorset. Previously had been owned by his forebears, the estate had been sold by his father. He engaged William Donthorne, a founder member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, to design a new Highcliffe Castle. The castle is built on an L shaped plan, oriented on a south-east axis, so the oriel window is central on the south east elevation, providing a vista across the landscaped gardens to a panorama of the needles and Isle of Wight. Used in the building of the house was carved medieval stonework from the Norman Benedictine Abbey of St Peter at Jumieges and from the Grande Maison des Les Andelys. Both of these buildings had fallen into disrepair after the French Revolution. Also included in the castle, were a 16th-century oriel window and a stained glass window.

Later life.

After the Castle was completed, Charles became Ambassador to Russia in 1841. However ill-health caused his return to England and he died at Highcliffe in November 1845, aged 66, when the barony became extinct. He was buried at St Mark's Church, Highcliffe and his memorial can still be seen there. Lady Stuart de Rothesay remained a widow until her death in June 1867.

Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay (2 January 1779 – 6 November 1845), known as Sir Charles Stuart between 1812 and 1828, was a British diplomat. He was twice Ambassador to France and also served as Ambassador to Russia between 1841 and 1844.

Sir Charles Stuart, baron Stuart de Rothesay GC, PC ( - ), connu sous le nom de Sir Charles Stuart entre 1812 et 1828, était un diplomate britannique. Il a été deux fois ambassadeur en France et a également été ambassadeur en Russie entre 1841 et 1844.


Background.

After the fall of Jaffa and Haifa the only remaining Arab towns with access to the Mediterranean Sea were Gaza and Acre. The population of Acre was swollen with refugees from Haifa which had been captured three weeks earlier. There was an outbreak of typhoid in Acre in the first week of May.

The operation.

The operation was carried out by the Carmeli Brigade, commanded by Moshe Carmel. It took place in territory allocated to the Arab State in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which was rejected by the Arab leaders and governments that indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division. The Plan was accepted by the Yishuv, except for its fringes. The operation was launched on 13 May 1948 with the capture of villages east of Acre cutting the town off from the interior. On the night of 16/17 May, a mortar barrage was unleashed on the town and the following night it surrendered. The second phase was launched on 20 May. Carmel's operational order of 19 May read: "To attack in order to conquer, to kill among the men, to destroy and burn the villages...". One of the villages captured, al-Kabri, was singled out for particularly harsh treatment because of the villagers' involvement in the destruction of a convoy two months earlier. The Carmeli Brigade was involved in one further operation in the area on 11 June when they captured the village of al-Birwa. Ten days later a group of around 200 villagers re-took the village and remained there for two days until, on advice from the Arab Liberation Army, they withdrew and the village was retaken by newly established Israeli Army.

Aftermath.

About 5,000-6,000 Palestinians remained in Acre after its conquest—more than were left in Haifa or Jaffa. The inhabitants who remained in the villages, mostly old people or Christians, were gathered together at Mazra'a. Most of the populations either fled to Lebanon or inland to Nazareth. Most buildings in the villages were systematically blown up.

Operation Ben-Ami () was one of the last operations launched by the Haganah before the end of the British Mandate. The first phase of this operation was the capture of Acre. A week later four villages east and north of Acre were captured.

L’Opération "Ben-Ami" (en ) est une opération militaire de la guerre israélo-arabe de 1948. Il s'agit de l’une des dernières opérations lancées par la Haganah avant la fin du mandat britannique en Palestine. La première phase de l’opération fut, en, la capture d’Acre. Une semaine plus tard, plusieurs villages de la région furent capturés et détruits.


History.

PureScript was initially designed by Phil Freeman in 2013. He started to work on PureScript as various attempts to compile Haskell to JavaScript while preserving its semantics (e.g. using Fay, Haste, or GHCJS) didn't work to his satisfaction.  Since then it has been picked up by the community and is developed on GitHub. Additional core tools developed by the community include the dedicated build tool "Pulp", the documentation directory "Pursuit", and the package manager "Spago"

Features.

PureScript features strict evaluation, persistent data structures and type inference. The PureScript type system shares many features with those of similar functional languages like Haskell: algebraic data types and pattern matching, higher kinded types, type classes and functional dependencies, and higher-rank polymorphism. PureScript's type system adds support for row polymorphism and extensible records. However, PureScript lacks support for some of the more advanced features of Haskell like GADTs and type families.  The PureScript compiler attempts to produce readable JavaScript code, where possible. Through a simple FFI interface, it also allows the reuse of existing JavaScript code.  PureScript supports incremental compilation, and the compiler distribution includes support for building source code editor plugins for iterative development. Editor plugins exist for many popular text editors, including Vim, Emacs, Sublime Text, Atom and Visual Studio Code.  PureScript supports type-driven development via its typed holes feature, in which a program can be constructed with missing subexpressions. The compiler will subsequently attempt to infer the types of the missing subexpressions, and report those types to the user. This feature has inspired similar work in the GHC Haskell compiler.

Code Examples.

Here is a minimal "Hello world" program in PureScript: module Main where  import Effect.Console (log)  main = log "Hello World!" Here, the type of the program is inferred and checked by the PureScript compiler. A more verbose version of the same program might include explicit type annotations: module Main where  import Prelude  import Effect (Effect) import Effect.Console (log)  main :: Effect Unit main = log "Hello World!"

PureScript is a strongly-typed, purely-functional programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It can be used to develop web applications, server side apps, and also desktop applications with use of Electron. Its syntax is mostly comparable to that of Haskell. In addition, it introduces row polymorphism and extensible records. Also, contrary to Haskell, PureScript adheres to a strict evaluation strategy.

PureScript est un langage de programmation fonctionnel fortement typé dont la compilation produit du code JavaScript. Il peut être utilisé pour développer des applications web, des applications serveur, et également des applications de bureau grâce au framework Electron. Sa syntaxe est pour l'essentiel comparable à celle d'Haskell. Cependant, le langage introduit un polymorphisme paramétré particulier lié aux enregistrements extensibles : les. De plus, contrairement à Haskell, PureScript adhère à une stratégie d'évaluation stricte.


Gameplay.

"Counter-Strike" is an objective-based, multiplayer first-person shooter. Two opposing teams—the Terrorists and the Counter Terrorists—compete in game modes to complete objectives, such as securing a location to plant or defuse a bomb and rescuing or guarding hostages. At the end of each round, players are rewarded based on their individual performance with in-game currency to spend on more powerful weapons in subsequent rounds. Winning rounds results in more money than losing, and completing objectives such as killing enemy players gives cash bonuses. Uncooperative actions, such as killing teammates, results in a penalty.

Main series.

"Counter-Strike".

Originally a modification for "Half-Life", the rights to "Counter-Strike", as well as the developers working on it, were acquired by Valve in 2000.  The game received a port to Xbox in 2003. It was also ported to OS X and Linux in the form of a beta in January 2013. A full release was published in April 2013.

"Condition Zero".

"Counter-Strike" was followed-up with "Counter-Strike: Condition Zero", developed by Turtle Rock Studios and released in 2004. It used the "Half-Life" GoldSrc engine, similar to its predecessor. Besides the multiplayer mode, it also included a single-player mode with a "full" campaign and bonus levels. The game received mixed reviews in contrast to its predecessor and was quickly followed with a further entry to the series titled "".

"Source".

"Counter-Strike: Source" was the first publicly released game by Valve to run on the Source engine. "Counter-Strike: Source" was initially released as a beta to members of the Valve Cyber Café Program on August 11, 2004. On August 18, 2004, the beta was released to owners of "" and those who had received a "Half-Life 2" voucher bundled with some ATI Radeon video cards. While the original release only included a version for Microsoft Windows, the game eventually received a port to OS X on June 23, 2010 with a Linux port afterwards in 2013.

"Global Offensive".

"Counter-Strike: Global Offensive" was the fourth release in the main, Valve-developed "Counter-Strike" series in 2012. Much like "Counter-Strike: Source" the game runs on the Source engine. It is available on Microsoft Windows, OSX, and Linux, as well as the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles, and is backwards compatible on the Xbox One console.

Spin-offs.

"Neo".

A Japanese arcade adaptation of "Counter-Strike", the original "Half-Life" multiplayer modification. It is published by Namco, and runs on a Linux system. The game involves anime-designed characters in a futuristic designed version of "Counter-Strike". A selection of single-player missions, mini-games, and seasonal events were added to prolong the game's interest with players.

"Online" series.

"Counter-Strike Online" is a free-to-play spin-off available in much of eastern Asia. It was developed by Nexon, with oversight from Valve. It uses a micropayment model that is managed by a custom version of the Steam back-end. Announced in 2012 and aimed at the Asian gaming market, a sequel titled "Counter-Strike Online 2" was developed by Nexon on the Source game engine, and released in 2013.

"Nexon: Studio".

In August 2014, Nexon announced "Counter-Strike Nexon: Zombies", a free-to-play, zombie-themed spin-off, developed on the GoldSrc game engine. On September 23, 2014, an open beta was released on Steam. The game launched on October 7, 2014, featuring 50 maps and 20 game modes. The game features both player versus player modes such as team deathmatch, hostage rescue, bomb defusal, and player versus environment modes such as cooperative campaign missions and base defending. Reception from critics was generally negative with criticism aimed at the game's poor user interface, microtransactions, and dated graphics. On October 30, 2019, "Counter-Strike Nexon: Zombies" was renamed to "Counter-Strike Nexon: Studio".

Competitive play.

"Counter-Strike" has had nearly 20 years of competitive play beginning with the original "Counter-Strike". The first major tournament was hosted in 2001 at the Cyberathlete Professional League. Cyberathlete Professional League, along with World Cyber Games and Electronic Sports World Cup were among the largest tournaments for the "Counter-Strike" series until 2007. In 2013, Valve hosted which became the most prestigious tournament in CS:GO.

Reception.

"Counter-Strike" is considered one of the most influential first person shooters in history. The series has a large competitive community and has become synonymous with first person shooters., the "Counter-Strike" franchise has sold over 25 million units.

Counter-Strike (CS) is a series of multiplayer first-person shooter video games in which teams of terrorists battle to perpetrate an act of terror (bombing, hostage-taking, assassination) while counter-terrorists try to prevent it (bomb defusal, hostage rescue). The series began on Windows in 1999 with the release of the first game, "Counter-Strike". It was initially released as a modification ("mod") for "Half-Life" that was designed by Minh "Gooseman" Le and Jess "Cliffe" Cliffe before the rights to the mod's intellectual property were acquired by Valve, the developers of "Half-Life", who then turned "Counter-Strike" into a retail product.

Counter-Strike (CS) est une série de jeux vidéo de tir à la première personne dans lesquels deux équipes s'affrontent pour perpétrer ou empêcher un acte terroriste (attentat à la bombe, prise d'otage, etc.).


Other names.

In addition to Prince of Ning, Zhu Quan was also known as the Strange Scholar of the Great Ming (, "Da Ming Qi Shi"). As part of his Taoist attempts to avoid death, he adopted the aliases the Emaciated Immortal (, "Qúxiān"), the "Master who Encompasses Emptiness" (, "Hánxūzi"), "Taoist of the Mysterious Continent" or " Taoist of the Mysterious Island" (, "Xuánzhōu Dàoren"), and "Perfected Gentleman of the Marvelous Way of the Unfathomable Emptiness of the Southern Pole" (, "Nánjí Chōngxū Miàodào Zhēnjūn").

History.

Zhu Quan was initially a military commander in service to his father, the Hongwu Emperor who founded the Ming dynasty. He was granted the frontier fief of Ning with his capital at Daning in present-day Chifeng, Inner Mongolia in 1391. He was famous for his mastery of art and war and played an important role during the unrest surrounding the ascension of his teenage nephew, Jianwen Emperor, in 1399.  Under the advice of his Confucian advisors, the Jianwen Emperor summoned his uncle to an audience in the imperial capital Nanjing. Wary of the emperor's intentions, as other uncles were demoted or executed the same year, Zhu Quan refused and lost three of his divisions for insubordination.  Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, was preparing for his own uprising against the emperor and considered it a major point to neutralize Zhu Quan, a talented leader of well-trained troops located behind his lines. Taking advantage of Wu Gao's attack on Yongping near modern Shanhaiguan, the Prince of Yan after crushing Wu Gao's force rode hastily to Daning and feigned defeat and distress. After several days, his forces were in position and successfully captured Zhu Quan as he was seeing his brother off. The official history of the Ming records Daning's evacuation, with Zhu Quan's harem and courtiers removed to Songtingguan and the prince himself kept in the Yan capital at Beiping, but passes over Zhu Di's setting of the entire city to the torch and the destruction of Zhu Quan's extensive library.  From that point, Zhu Quan assisted his brother in his uprising, with the "History of Ming" recording that the Prince of Yan offered to split the entire empire between them. After his elevation as the Yongle Emperor in 1402, however, he swiftly reneged and refused to appoint his brother to lordship over Suzhou or Qiantang, instead giving him a choice only of backwater appointments. He settled upon Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi. After a scare where he was accused of practicing "wugu" sorcery, Zhu Quan essentially retired from any interference with the realm, devoting his time instead to cultural pursuits.  Meeting daily with local or visiting scholars, he pursued immortality. He treasured and revised his "Secret Book of Origins" (, "Yuánshǐ Mìshū"), a text which survived the fire of Daning and sharply attacked Buddhism as a foreign "mourning cult" at odds with Chinese culture and proper governance. His encyclopedia of Taoism, the "Most Pure and Precious Books on the Way of August Heaven" (, "Tiānhuáng Zhìdào Tàiqīngyù Cè"), was so esteemed it joined the Taoist canon. His brother ordered him to complete the "Comprehensive Mirror of Extensive Essays" ("Tongjian Bolun") and was also credited with writing "Family Advice" ("Jia Xun"), "Ceremonial Customs of the Country of Ning" ("Ningguo Yifan"), "The Secret History of the Han and Tang" (, "Hàn-Táng Mìshǐ"), "History Breaks Off" ("Shi Duan"), a "Book of Essays" (, "Wén Pǔ"), a "Book of Poetry" (, "Shī Pǔ"), and several other annotated anthologies. His most successful was his "Tea Manual" (, "Chá Pǔ"). In addition, he personally funded the publication of many rare books and composed several operas.  Zhu Quan is an important figure in the history of the Chinese zither, or "guqin", for his compilation of the important "Manual of the Mysterious and Marvellous" (, "Shénqí Mì Pǔ") in 1425. This is the earliest known large scale collection of qin scores to have survived to the present day.

Family.

Sons.

1. Zhu Panshi (), Hereditary Prince Zhuanghui (), posthumously as Prince Hui of Ning (), created as Hereditary Prince of Ning () in April 1403. He was married to a daughter of Yu Sheng (), Eastern Military Forces Commander () as Hereditary Princess Consort of Ning () in March 1417.
 2. Unnamed, died young.
 3. Zhu Panye (), Commentary Prince Kangxi of Linchuan (). He married to daughter of Huang Fu (), Northern Military Forces Commander () in July 1425, then married to Wang Xing's () daughter in May 1455. Demoted as Commoner in 1461.
 4. Zhu Panyao (), Commentary Prince Anjian of Yichun (). Born in September 1414, title created in July 1428. He married a daughter of Liu Xun (), Jinwu Guard Commander () in October 1430. He died in July 1492 when he was 79, his mother was Lady Wang ().
 5. Zhu Panzhu (), Commentary Prince Anxi of Xinchang (). Born in October 1419, title created in October 1430. He married to daughter of Ge Tan (), Xiaoling Guard Commander () in February 1437. He died in 1459, his title later cancelled due to his not having a son, but he had a daughter, County Princess Nankang ().
 6. Zhu Panmuo (), Commentary Prince Daohui of Xinfeng (), title created in October 1432. He died in January 1437 when he was 19. His title later cancelled due to his not having a son.

Daughters.

1. Commentary Princess Yongxin (), title created in July 1426, married to Gao Heling (), Jinxiang Guard Sheren ().
 2. Commentary Princess Yushan (), title created in July 1426, married to Fang Jingxiang (), Captaincy Sheren ().
 3. Commentary Princess Qingjiang (), title created in February 1426, married to Chen Yi ().
 4. Commentary Princess Fengxin (), title created in 5 February 1426, married to Wang Shuang ().
 5. Commentary Princess Jinxi (), title created February 1426, married to Han Fu (). Died in August 1449.
 6. Commentary Princess Taihe (), title created February 1426, married to Wang Zhanran (), citizen from Poyang County.
 7. Commentary Princess Pengze (), title created February 1426, married to Wang Zhi ().
 8. Commentary Princess Luling (), title created February 1426, married to Tian Yu ().
 9. Commentary Princess Xinyu (), title created February 1426, married to Hu Guangji ().
 10. Commentary Princess Xincheng (), title created February 1426, married to Li Huan ().
 11. Commentary Princess Fuliang (), title created July 1426.
 12. Died Young, no title.
 13. Commentary Princess Nanfeng (), title created February 1426, married to Zhang Wen.
 14. Commentary Princess Yongfeng (), title created June 1427.

Descendants.

Zhu Quan is also the ancestor of the famous Chinese painter Zhu Da.

Zhu Quan (Chinese:,, "Zhū Quán"; 27 May 1378 – 12 October 1448), Prince of Ning (,, "Nìngwáng") was the 17th son of Ming Hongwu Emperor. During his life, he served as a military commander, feudal lord, historian, and playwright. He is also remembered as a great tea connoisseur, a zither player, and composer.

Zhu Quan (Chinois :,, "Zhū Quán" ; 27 mai – Octobre 1448), Prince de Ning,, "Nìngwáng" ) était le 17ème fils de l’empereur Ming Hongwu. Au cours de sa vie, il a exercé les fonctions de commandant militaire, de seigneur féodal, d'historien et de dramaturge. On se souvient également de lui comme d'un grand connaisseur du thé, d'un joueur de cithare et d'un compositeur.


Early life and education.

On March 25, 1876, Clark was born in Chicago, Illinois to a wealthy family. He showed early artistic talent and by age 11 he was taking art classes at Art Institute of Chicago. Clark's art education included training at the Académie Julian (1899). In addition he studied in the atelier of William Merritt Chase and Chase School of Art and Académie Carmen with James MacNeill Whistler.

Career.

Clark spent much of his early career working in Paris, France. Clark served in the United States Army as an aerial photographer during World War I. In the 1920s, Clark taught fine art at Occidental College, and by 1919 he was director of the Stickney Memorial Art School in Pasadena.  His memberships in arts organizations included the Pasadena Society of Artists and the California Art Club. His work was included in the Tonal Impressionism exhibition curated by Harry Muir Kurtzworth in 1937, along with the works of Frank Tenney Johnson, Frank Tolles Chamberlain, and Theodore Lukits which was held in the Los Angeles Art Association Gallery at the Los Angeles Public Library.

Murals.

In addition to landscape paintings, Alson Clark painted murals for the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles, and the fire curtain of the Pasadena Playhouse, depicting a Spanish galleon in full sail.  A group of murals completed in 1929 can still be seen at the former 1st Trust & Savings Bank at 587 East Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena, California. The murals consist of four panels standing approximately ten feet in height, each depicting a major southern California industry: oil drilling, citrus farming, the movies, and shipping.

Personal life.

In 1898, Clark traveled to France. In 1902, Clark returned to the United States. In 1920, Clark married Atta Medora McMullin (1881–1962). In 1920, Clark and his wife moved to the Arroyo Seco area in Pasadena, California.  On March 23, 1949, Clark died while painting in his studio in Pasadena, California. He was 72 years old. Clark is buried at Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.

Alson Skinner Clark (March 25, 1876 – March 23, 1949) was an American Impressionist painter best remembered for his landscapes. Clark was also a photographer, "plein-aire" painter, art educator and muralist.

Alson Skinner Clark né le à Chicago (Illinois) et mort le à Pasadena (Californie) est un peintre impressionniste américain, spécialisé dans la peinture de paysage.


History.

The history of Carrara started in 1989 when a group of individuals founded Ray Dream, Inc., with the idea of creating graphic software for the new Macintosh computers with color displays. Two years later, the first version of their new 3D graphics program, which they named Ray Dream Studio, was released.  In the years that followed, Ray Dream Studio became a successful product having at one time over 200,000 users. In 1996, Ray Dream, Inc., was sold to Fractal Design Corporation (then the developer of Corel Painter and Poser). Fractal Design was in turn acquired by MetaTools (developer of Bryce and KPT) shortly thereafter. The combination of the two companies was given the new name MetaCreations. Around the same time, another 3D graphics program, named Infini-D, was acquired from Specular International. Now owning two 3D graphics programs, MetaCreations decided to merge Ray Dream and Infini-D into one application, giving it the new name Carrara.  MetaCreations released version 1.0 of Carrara with significant bugs. They soon released a patch for the code, then afterwards stopped support of the package. For a short period, the only way Carrara users could get the patch was through other internet sites or Carrara interest groups in different places on the web.  Around the year 2000, when MetaCreations was divesting itself of most of its products, it sold Carrara to a new company named Eovia, founded by former employee Antoine Clappier. Eovia developed Carrara for several versions, culminating with version 5 in 2005. That same year, Eovia shipped a new 3D modeling application, Hexagon.  Eovia made significant upgrades to Carrara, which included the Ray Dream physics engine, originally not licensed in the MetaCreations version of the code. Improvements included soft shadows, caustics, global illumination, and better atmosphere models.  In 2006, Daz 3D (developers of Daz Studio and a line of articulated 3D figures) acquired Eovia along with Carrara and Hexagon. Several former MetaCreations employees moved over to Daz and continued development on Carrara. Daz 3D added posable figures, models for hair, and animation tools. Daz 3D works in an "open development" environment, releasing early and turning to its users for bug reports and feature input.  In May 2010, the company released Carrara 8.0. It included the addition of the Bullet physics engine, with which Carrara can more realistically animate scenes involving collisions of multiple bodies or particles. Daz has also added models for soft-body dynamics, for better cloth and clothing animation.

Carrara is a full-featured 3D computer graphics application featuring figure posing and editing, as well as nature modeling, in addition to traditional modeling, animation, texturing and rendering. The software is also capable of dynamic hair and fur simulations, particle effects, soft body and rigid body dynamics. Carrara is now owned and developed by Daz 3D. Carrara is compatible with Poser and Daz Studio formats of 3D figures and props. It is further supported by a number of 3rd party plug-ins and add-ons.

Carrara est un logiciel de 3D propriétaire permettant la création de poses et de montages, ainsi que de générer des paysages, en plus des traditionnelles modélisation, animation, texturisation et rendu. Le logiciel est également capable de simuler de manière dynamique la fourrure, les effets de particules, et la dynamique de corps souples et rigides. Il est aujourd'hui propriété de DAZ 3D et est compatible avec Poser et avec les formats de modèles 3D de DAZ. Il prend également en charge un certain nombre de plugins et de modules complémentaires tiers.


Naval career.

He entered the navy in 1731, serving in HMS "York" under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh, HMS "Scarborough", and HMS "Oxford" before becoming a lieutenant in 1737. On 23 February 1738, he was sent to HMS "Chatham", again under Capt. Vanbrugh, where he served for two years. He was briefly transferred to HMS "Cumberland" in March 1740 before promotion to captain on 15 July 1740 aboard HMS "Rose".  He was promptly assigned to carry the newly appointed Governor of the Bahamas, John Tinker, to the islands, and remained in the Bahamas until 1746, fighting Spanish privateers and taking a number of prizes. He then returned home and was given command of HMS "Dragon" and sent to the West Indies. On 31 July 1755, he was given command of the Leeward Islands Station as a commodore, arriving aboard HMS "Winchester" in October. Able but stubborn and of a difficult temper, he was involved in quarrels with his predecessor, Thomas Pye, and the local authorities in Antigua. He was promoted rear admiral while there, but refusing to accede to the admiralty’s wish to control some of the patronage at his disposal (declaring in a letter to the secretary “I have friends of my own to provide for”) fell into immediate disfavour with his superiors. On 5 May 1757, he was replaced by Commodore John Moore, and returned to England in October, never to return to active duty. His promotions, however, continued in the usual manner as he gained seniority, culminating in the rank of Admiral of the White. During his stay in the West Indies he profiteered actively from slave trade.  He had entered Parliament for the family's borough of Thirsk in 1747, and held the seat until 1780, when he sought the governorship of Greenwich Hospital. Unsuccessful, he returned as member for Thirsk in April 1784, but died in November of that year. He had inherited the baronetcy from his older brother in 1768.  The Frankland Islands off Queensland were named after him.

Family.

He married Sarah Rhett (of South Carolina, d. 1808) in May 1743 and had a large number of children, of whom nine survived him:

Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, 5th Baronet (26 June 1718 – 21 November 1784) was a British naval officer, MP and slave trader. He was the second son of Henry Frankland and Mary Cross. Frankland was born in the East Indies (probably India), his father being a member of the East India Company and briefly Governor of Bengal.

L'amiral Sir Thomas Frankland, baronnet ( - ) était un officier de la marine britannique, député et marchand d'esclaves. Il était le deuxième fils de Henry Frankland et Mary Cross. Il est né dans les Indes orientales (probablement en Inde), son père étant membre de la Compagnie des Indes et brièvement gouverneur du Bengale.


Early life.

Aisha was born in present day Kassala, close to the present-day border with Eritrea. Both her parents were immigrants to Sudan from Sokoto, Nigeria, having initially passed through the area as pilgrims and then later decided to settle there. Her mother, Hujra, belonged to the Hausa people, while her father, Musa Ahmad Yahiyya, was a "faqīh" (religious scholar) of Fulani origin. The oldest of seven children, Aisha was schooled at her father's "khalwa" (religious school) in Omdurman, where she learned to memorise and recite the Quran. Her later skill in singing has been attributed to her lessons in recitation.

Singing career and later life.

Aisha began to sing professionally at the age of fourteen, and soon achieved a degree of fame as a wedding singer. Her father disapproved of her activities, as female singers were stigmatised in Sudanese society at the time. He attempted to end her career by arranging her marriage, but she subsequently divorced her husband and continued working as a singer. Aisha's career only progressed in the late 1930s, when she was discovered by a representative of an Egyptian record company. She recorded several songs for the company in Cairo, and her music subsequently became popular in Sudanese coffeehouses. Her recordings were done under the name "Aisha al-Falatiya", a reference to her Fulani ancestry.  During World War II, Aisha worked as a troop entertainer, singing for Sudanese soldiers active in the East African and North African Campaigns. In 1942, she became the first female Sudanese singer to perform on radio, singing a selection of her songs for Omdurman Radio (established by the British the previous year). She performed alongside her sister, Jidawwiya, who played the oud and had her own orchestra. The sisters' performance was well-received by the station's listeners, but was condemned by conservative commentators, and several male singers subsequently boycotted the station in protest. At one point, the enduring hostility she faced (both due to her gender and her ethnicity) led her to contemplate moving to Nigeria.  Aisha's continued popularity eventually legitimised the presence of women on public radio, and in her later years she even performed duets with male singers. In total, she recorded over 150 songs during her career, mainly for Omdurman Radio, and remained active into the 1960s. She was best known for her love songs (referred to as "tom-tom" songs, and generally written by male poets), but some of her music was political in nature, and she was known as an advocate of women's rights, workers' rights, anti-colonialism, and Sudanese independence. Aisha lived in Omdurman until her death in 1974, but was also a frequent visitor to Egypt. She was married twice in her life: She got divorced from her first husband, Ibrahim Adbarawi, after two years without having a child. Subsequently, she married Jiddu Kabli with whom she had all her children.

Aisha Musa Ahmad (, b. 1905 – 24 February 1974), better known as Aisha al-Falatiya (also transliterated as Aisha El Falatia (), was a Sudanese singer. Her early career was hindered by prejudice against female performers, but in 1942 she became the first woman to sing on Sudanese radio. Aisha's career continued into the 1960s, and she recorded over 150 songs in total, achieving popularity in both Sudan and Egypt.

Aïcha Musa Ahmad ( ; née en 1905 et morte le ), mieux connue sous le nom Aïcha al-Falatiya (), est une chanteuse soudanaise. Le début de sa carrière est entravé par les clichés sexistes contre les femmes artistes, mais en 1942, elle devient la première femme à chanter à la radio soudanaise. Sa carrière continue dans les années 1950 et 1960, et elle devient célèbre au Soudan et en Égypte avec plus de 150 chansons originales.


Life.

Du Bois was the youngest son of Hendrick Du Bois, and his wife Helena Leonora Sieveri. Born at Antwerp, the family lived in Rotterdam by 1643, where Hendrick was described as a painter and dealer in works of art and where he died in 1647.  From 1646 to 1653 Dubois lived in Haarlem, where he was a pupil of Van Berchem and Wouwermans, and took to painting horses and cattle pictures. In 1653 he traveled with his 13-year older brother Eduard (1619-1696). Here Simon began his career as a painter of small battle-pieces in the Italian fashion. In 1657 he was active in Venice, in 1661 he was back in Rotterdam, but in 1667 he was paid for a portrait he painted in Rome of Alexander VII. He gained a great reputation for his works in this style, and so nearly approached the manner of the great masters then in vogue, that he was able to sell many of his pictures as their works, excusing himself on the ground that, if he put his own name to them, their merit would never be recognised. He had a curious neat way of finishing his figures, which he also employed in portrait-painting; according to Vertue he was induced to turn his hand to this by the advice of a lady friend.  He came to England in 1680, and was fortunate in securing the patronage and friendship of Lord-chancellor Somers, who sat to him for his portrait and paid him liberally. James Elsum wrote an epigram on this portrait of the lord chancellor. Du Bois lived in Covent Garden with his brother, and had plenty of practice, amassing considerable sums of money, which they hoarded together. Late in life, and after his brother's death, about 1707, he married Sarah, daughter of William Van de Velde the younger, but only survived a year, dying in May 1708.  In his will, among legacies to his wife and relations, he left to Lord Somers "my father's and mother's pictures drawn by Van Dyke, and my case of books and the books therein"; and further to his wife "the copper-plates of my father and mother, and the prints printed from the same". These portraits by Vandyck were noted by Gustav Waagen as being in the collection of the Earl of Hardwicke at Wimpole Hall, and were engraved by Cornelis Visscher.

Works.

Among the portraits painted by Du Bois in England were those of Archbishop Tenison, at Lambeth Palace; John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, at Knole Park; Lord Berkeley of Stratton; William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (engraved in mezzotint by Robert Williams, and in line by Jacobus Houbraken); Adrian Beverland (engraved in mezzotint by Isaac Beckett); four portraits of Sir Richard Head, bart., his wife and family (destroyed by A fire at the Pantechnicon in 1874) and others. His widow remarried a Mr. Burgess. Vertue mentions various portraits of Du Bois himself.

Family.

His elder brother, Edward Dubois (December 1619, Antwerp – October 1696, London), was also a painter. He was a "history and landskip painter", according to Vertue, born at Antwerp, and "disciple to one Groenwegen, a landskip painter likewise". He travelled with his brother from Haarlem to Italy, and remained there for 27 years. He also worked some time in Paris, and on his way to Italy executed some works for Charles Emmanuel, duke of Savoy.  In 1680, he came to London, presumably with his brother, and lived with Simon in Covent Garden, where he died at the age of 76. His name appears as publisher on Visscher's prints of the portraits of his parents mentioned above.

Simon Du Bois or Dubois (baptized 26 July 1632, Antwerp – buried 26 May 1706, London) ), was a portrait painter, of Flemish or Dutch origin, active in England from 1685 until his death.

Simon Du Bois ou Dubois, né en 1632 à Anvers et mort en 1708 à Londres, est un portraitiste d'origine flamande ou néerlandaise, actif en Angleterre de 1685 jusqu'à sa mort.


Biography.

He was born at Breslau, the son of a Prussian artillery officer. He was educated at the gymnasia in Mainz and Coburg, and subsequently at Rastenburg in East Prussia. In 1841 he entered the University of Königsberg as a law student, but was expelled for his outspoken liberal opinions. The academic authorities at Breslau and Leipzig were equally intolerant towards him, and it was only in Berlin that he found himself free to pursue his studies. During this period he issued "Lieder der Gegenwart" (“Songs of the present,” 1842) and "Zensurflüchtlinge" (“Refugees from censoring,” 1843) - the poetical fruits of his political enthusiasm. He completed his studies in Berlin, and took the degree of "doctor juris" in Königsberg.  His political views continued to stand in the way of his career, and Gottschall gave up the law to devote himself entirely to literature. He met with immediate success, and beginning as a dramaturge in Königsberg with "Der Blinde von Alcala" (1846) and "Lord Byron in Italien" (1847), he went on to Hamburg where he occupied a similar position. His political and social sympathies with the revolutionary movement of 1848 were shown in the dramas "Wiener Immortellen" (1848), "Lambertine von Méricourt" (1850), and "Ferdinand von Schill" (1851), as well as in his first collection of poems, "Gedichte" (1850), and in a lyric epic, "Die Göttin, ein hohes Lied vom Weibe" (1853).  In 1852 he married Marie, baroness von Seherr-Thoss, and for the next few years lived in Silesia. From this time on, his work became more serene in temper and style. An epic, "Carlo Zeno", was followed by a very successful historical comedy (after the style of Scribe), "Pitt und Fox" (1854), and this by literary and historical studies, whose final titles were: "Die deutsche National Litteratur des XIX. Jahrhunderts" (1892) and "Poetik: Die Dichtkunst und ihre Formen" (1858).  In 1862 he took over the editorship of a newspaper, but in 1864 moved to Leipzig. Gottschall was raised, in 1877, by the king of Prussia to the hereditary nobility with the prefix "von," having been previously made a "Geheimer Hofrat" by the Grand Duke of Weimar. Down to 1887 Gottschall edited the "Brockhaussche Blätter für litterarische Unterhaltung" and the monthly periodical "Unsere Zeit". He died at Leipzig.  Gottschall was also a noted chess player. The "Deutschen Schachbund" (DSB) was founded in Leipzig on 18 July 1877 by athletes and intellectuals such as Adolf Anderssen, Rudolf Gottschall, Hermann Zwanziger, Max Lange and Carl Göring. When the next meeting took place on 15 July 1879 in Leipzig (the 1st DSB Congress), sixty-two clubs had become member of the German Chess Federation (DSB). Hofrat von Gottschall became Chairman and Zwanziger the General Secretary.

Works.

Gottschall's prolific literary productions cover the fields of poetry, novel-writing and literary criticism. Among his volumes of lyric poetry are "Sebastopol" (1856), "Janus" (1873), "Bunte Blüten" (1891). Among his epics, "Carlo Zeno" (1854), "Maja" (1864), dealing with an episode in the Indian Mutiny, and "Merlins Wanderungen" (1887). "Pitt und Fox" (1854) was never surpassed by his other lighter dramas, among which may be mentioned "Die Welt des Schwindels" and "Der Spion von Rheinsberg". The tragedies, "Mazeppa", "Catharine Howard", "Amy Robsart" and "Der Gotze von Venedig", were very successful; and the historical novels, "Im Banne des schwarzen Adlers" (1875; 4th ed., 1884), "Die Erbschaft des Blutes" (1881), "Die Tochter Rübezahls" (1889), and "Verkümmerte Existenzen" (1892), enjoyed a high degree of popularity. His "Die deutsche Nationalliteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts" (1855), and "Poetik" (1858) commanded the respect of all students of literature. Of his many novels, the first, "Im Baune des schwarzen Adlers" (1876), is considered by many critics his best. Gottschall was active as an editor and compiler of anthologies.  Gottschall's collected "Dramatische Werke" appeared in 12 vols. in 1880 (2nd ed., 1884); he also later published many volumes of collected essays and criticisms. See his autobiography, "Aus meiner Jugend" (1898).

Rudolf Gottschall (von Gottschall since 1877; 30 September 1823 – 21 March 1909) was a German poet, dramatist, literary critic and literary historian.

Rudolf Karl Gottschall (puis von Gottschall à compter de 1877 ; né le à Wrocław et mort le à Leipzig) était un dramaturge, poète, historien et critique littéraire allemand.


History.

Tall al-Sumayriyya contains carved stones, a mosaic floor, tombs, columns, and stone capitals. Khirbat Abu 'Ataba has an Islamic shrine and ceramic fragments.  In the Crusader era, it was mentioned in 1277 under the name of "Somelaria". At the time, the village belonged to the Templars. In the hudna of 1283 between Al Mansur Qalawun and the Crusaders, Al-Sumayriyya was still under Crusader rule while in 1291 it had come under Mamluk control.  A building with a court-yard, measuring 60,5 by 57 meters, dating from the Crusader era, has been noted in the village, and a 13th-century glass-factory has been excavated.

Ottoman era.

It was mentioned in the Ottoman defter for the year 1555-6, named "Summayriyah", located in the "Nahiya" of Akka of the "Liwa" of Safad, and with its land designated as "Sahi" land, that is, land belonging to the Sultan.  In 1738 Richard Pococke passed by the place, which he called "Semmars". He thought the name came from "St. Mary's", and noted the remains of a wall of hewn stone, which he thought had belonged to a convent.  A map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 showed the place, named as "El Esmerieh".  In 1875 Victor Guérin found the village had 400 Muslim inhabitants. In 1881, the PEF's "Survey of Western Palestine" described the place as a village of "mud and stone houses, containing about 200 [..] Moslems, situated on the plain, surrounded by a few clumps of olives and figs and arable land; two or three cisterns are in the village, the aqueduct near brings good water."  A population list from about 1887 showed the village to have about 270 inhabitants; all Muslims.

British Mandate era.

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities "Semariyeh" had a population of 307; 300 Muslims and 7 Christians, where all the Christians were Maronite. This had increased in the 1931 census to 392, 390 Muslims, 1 Christian and 1 Jew, in a total of 92 houses.  Al-Sumayriyya had an elementary school for boys, which was founded in 1943. In 1945, it had an enrollment of 60 students. One mosque which remains.  In 1944/1945 the village had a population of 760 Muslims, with a total of 8,542 dunams of land. Of this, 6,854 dunams were allocated to grain crops; 354 dunams were irrigated or planted with orchards, while 28 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

1948, and aftermath.

At the beginning of 1945, al-Sumayriyya's 760 inhabitants were all Arab Muslims. The inhabitants fled as a result of the 14 May 1948 assault on the village by the Carmeli Brigade during Operation Ben-Ami, one day before the official outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The village - along with neighbouring al-Bassa and al-Zib which were also captured in the offensive - was subsequently destroyed, except its mosque.  Lohamei HaGeta'ot and Shomrat are both on village land. Morris writes that Bustan HaGalil was built near its site, however, Khalidi writes that Bustan HaGalil is on the land of Al-Manshiyya. Shavey Tziyon and Regba are close to the northern borders of Al-Sumayriyya, but were established on land that used to belong to Mazra'a.

Al-Sumayriyya (, "Katasir" in Canaanite times, "Someleria" during Crusader rule), was a Palestinian village located six kilometers north of Acre that was depopulated after it was captured by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

Al-Sumayriyya (en, était un village de Palestine mandataire situé à six kilomètres au nord d’Acre qui fut capturé et dépeuplé pendant la guerre israélo-arabe de 1948.


History.

Project Semicolon was founded by Amy Bleuel in 2013, as a tribute to her father, who died by suicide in 2003. She was a Christian.

Amy Bleuel.

Bleuel lived in Wisconsin. After her parents divorced, Bleuel chose to live with her father and his second wife at the age of 6. Since then, Bleuel endured being physically abused by her stepmother. At the age of 8, she was taken into state custody by a child protective service. Bleuel began self-harming and attempting to kill herself after she had been sexually abused at the age of 10, and raped at 13. At the age of 18, Bleuel's father died from suicide, and she was subsequently released from the system. In her early years in college, Bleuel was raped twice and suffered a miscarriage. Bleuel suffered from alcoholism at the age of 30 and had five major suicidal attempts.  Bleuel died on March 23, 2017, aged 31; the cause of death was ruled as suicide. She was romantically involved with her partner David.

Overview.

Project Semicolon defines itself as "dedicated to presenting hope and love for those who are struggling with mental illness, suicide, addiction and self-injury", and "exists to encourage, love and inspire". While they are devoted to achieving lower suicide rates in the U.S. and worldwide, they do not themselves practice psychiatry, and the staff are not trained mental health professionals. Rather, they recommend contacting emergency hotlines (e.g. 9-1-1 or the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline) or seeking mental health professionals. The movement is inclusive for people holding different beliefs or religions.

Advocacy.

Project Semicolon explains that "a semicolon is used when an author could've chosen to end their sentence, but chose not to. The author is you and the sentence is your life".  The movement became prominent in early July 2015. People have started uploading photos of their own semicolon tattoos through social media to support the movement, gaining attention from a variety of mainstream news outlets.  Amy Bleuel remarked on the initial outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, crisis hotlines having reported a major uptick, that "There's valid fear, and fear drives suicide. Also, sadness drives suicide. So these people are feeling this, and it's at an overwhelming extent that they're choosing to go that route."  A book titled "Project Semicolon: Your Story Isn't Over" was released on September 5, 2017. Published by HarperCollins, it is a compilation of stories and photos shared within Project Semicolon's online community.

Support.

To commemorate the 2017 premiere of "13 Reasons Why", a suicide-themed Netflix drama series, co-executive producer Selena Gomez and cast members Alisha Boe and Tommy Dorfman received semicolon tattoos on their wrists.

IGY6;.

There is a nonprofit organization inspired by Project Semicolon called The IGY6; Foundation. It was created by combat veterans to support veterans and first responders, and advocate for suicide prevention and awareness. Like Project Semicolon, it uses identifying tattoos: the phrase "IGY6" is used (meaning "I Got Your 6", or "I Got Your Back"), as well as a semicolon (coming from Project Semicolon, sometimes in the color teal to symbolize PTSD awareness), and occasionally the number 22 (representing a statistic that an average of 22 United States military veterans commit suicide every day).

Project Semicolonstylized as Project ;is an American nonprofit organization known for its advocacy of mental health wellness and its focus as an anti-suicide initiative. Founded in 2013, the movement's aim is "presenting hope and love to those who are struggling with depression, suicide, addiction, and self-injury". They are known for encouraging people to tattoo the punctuation mark semicolon (;) as a form of solidarity between people dealing with mental illness or the death of someone from suicide.

Project Semicolon (littéralement « Projet point-virgule »), stylisé en tant que Project ; est une organisation américaine à but non lucratif connue pour son plaidoyer en faveur d'un meilleur accompagnement des personnes souffrant de troubles psychiques et ses positions anti-suicide.


Design and description.

"Teleost" is of a large commercial stern fishing trawler design. The vessel is long overall with a beam of and a draught of. The vessel is powered by one Caterpillar 3612 geared diesel engine driving one controllable-pitch propeller, creating. The ship is also equipped with two emergency generators; one Caterpillar 3303 and one Caterpillar 3512. This gives the vessel a maximum speed of. "Teleost" carries of diesel fuel, with a range of at and can stay at sea for up to 42 days. The vessel has a complement of 22 with 9 officers and 13 crew and has 15 spare berths.

Service history.

The fishing vessel was initially constructed by Tangen Verft at Kragerø, Norway with the yard number 93. The ship was launched on 12 March 1988 as "Atlantic Champion". The vessel's construction was taken over by Langsten Slip-Batbyggeri AS at their yard in Tomrefjord, Norway and "Atlantic Champion" was completed on 14 July 1988. In 1993, the ship was purchased by Canada for use as a fisheries research vessel. The ship underwent conversion to a fisheries research vessel in 1994. The new name of the ship was chosen in a contest by schoolchildren. The winning selection was the teleost, a type of bony fish. "Teleost" entered service with the Canadian Coast Guard in 1996. is registered in Ottawa, Ontario, but homeported at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.  The vessel carries out surveys of the Newfoundland and Labrador region. "Teleost" is equipped with several types of laboratories. The vessel can also perform search and rescue duties. In September 2009 the Department of Fisheries and Oceans announced invitations for contracts to replace several of the Coast Guard's research vessels, including "Teleost". "Teleost" underwent a $1.6 million refit at St. John's Dockyard in St. John's. The refit was extended past its deadline to 30 March 2018 after additional steel work was required on the ship. "Teleost" was scheduled to replace on the Department of Fisheries and Oceans's fisheries survey on the Georges Bank since the latter was also undergoing a refit, but due to the refit's extension, became unavailable.

CCGS "Teleost" is a Canadian Coast Guard fisheries research vessel. The ship was originally constructed in Norway in 1988 as a commercial fishing trawler named "Atlantic Champion". In 1993, the Canadian government purchased the vessel and after a competition among schoolchildren, the vessel was named "Teleost" by the winner. The vessel was converted to an offshore fisheries research vessel in 1994–1995 and entered service in 1996 with the Canadian Coast Guard. The ship is currently in active service.

Le NGCC "Teleost" est un navire océanographique de la Garde côtière canadienne. Le navire avait été construit en Norvège en 1988 en tant que chalutier de pêche commerciale nommé "Atlantic Champion". En 1993, le gouvernement canadien a acheté le navire et, après une compétition entre écoliers, le navire a été baptisé "Teleost" par le gagnant. Le navire a été converti en navire de recherche hauturière en 1994-1995 et est entré en service en 1996 avec la Garde côtière canadienne. Le navire est actuellement en service actif.