Geology.

Although the Grapevine Mountains were uplifted relatively recently, most of the rocks that make up the range are over half a billion years old. The gray rocks lining the walls of the western end of Titus Canyon are Cambrian age (570–505 million years old) limestone. These ancient Paleozoic rocks formed at a time when the Death Valley area was submerged beneath tropical seas. By the end of the Precambrian, the continental edge of North America had been planed off by erosion to a gently rounded surface of low relief. The rise and fall of the Cambrian seas periodically shifted the shoreline eastward, flooding the continent, then regressed westward, exposing the limestone layers to erosion.  The sediments have since been upturned, upfolded (forming anticlines), downfolded (forming synclines) and folded back onto themselves (forming recumbent folds).  Although some of the limestone exposed in the walls of Titus Canyon originated from thick mats of algae (stromatolites) that thrived in the warm, shallow Death Valley seas, most of the gray limestone shows little structure. Thousands of feet (hundreds of meters) of this limey goo were deposited in the Death Valley region. Similar limestone layers may be seen at Lake Mead National Recreation Area and at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. At one of the bends in the canyon, megabreccia can be seen.

History.

Timbisha Native Americans carved petroglyphs on some of the rock faces in Titus Canyon, especially near natural springs.  Adjacent to the canyon proper is Leadfield, a former mining town and now ghost town where in the 1920s prospectors mined for ore after hearing exaggerated claims that lead would be easy to find and the living conditions in the area would be easy to endure. Another mining town-ghost town dating from the early 20th century, Rhyolite, Nevada, on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, is also nearby to the east.

Ecology.

Several different types of flowering plants, including the sacred datura, inhabit the area. Desert Bighorn Sheep herds live in Titus Canyon, and the Funeral Mountains, particularly in the Klare Spring area of the canyon.

Access.

Titus Canyon is located above the east side of Death Valley, within Death Valley National Park. Access by foot from the west via Death Valley, or by vehicles from the east via Nevada. The one-way rough dirt road access begins west of the town of Beatty, Nevada. Vehicle travel is allowed only east to west through Titus Canyon, from the Daylight Pass Road−Nevada Highway 374 on the east, over a pass and down to the mouth of the canyon in Death Valley on the west.

Titus Canyon is a deep, narrow gorge cut into the steep face of the Grapevine Mountains of the Mojave Desert, within Death Valley National Park in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada. The canyon features limestone rock formations, petroglyphs, and native plants and wildlife.

Titus Canyon est une gorge profonde et étroite creusée dans la face escarpée des montagnes Grapevine du désert de Mojave, dans le parc national de Death Valley, en Californie. Le canyon présente des formations rocheuses calcaires, des pétroglyphes, ainsi que des plantes et une faune indigènes.


Geography.

Lemoyne is located on the eastern edge of Cumberland County at (40.243389, -76.896532), on the west bank of the Susquehanna River, directly across from Harrisburg. It is bordered to the north by Wormleysburg, to the west by Camp Hill, and to the south by the borough of New Cumberland and Lower Allen Township.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,995 people, 1,926 households, and 999 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,565.8 people per square mile (988.8/km2). There were 2,027 housing units at an average density of 1,301.9 per square mile (501.7/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 96.52% White, 0.58% African American, 0.08% Native American, 1.30% Asian, 0.55% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 1.08% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 1,926 households, out of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.1% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.84.  In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.  The median income for a household in the borough was $39,803, and the median income for a family was $47,438. Males had a median income of $32,284 versus $26,719 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,705. 5.7% of the population and 4.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 4.0% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Lemoyne is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. Lemoyne was incorporated as a borough on May 23, 1905. As of the 2010 census, the borough population was 4,553. It was formerly named "Bridgeport". Lemoyne lies across the Susquehanna River from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania's capital. It is part of the Harrisburg–Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Lemoyne, auparavant baptisé "Bridgeport", est un borough situé au nord-est du comté de Cumberland, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de. Il est incorporé le.


Geography.

Mount Holly Springs is located in south-central Cumberland County at (40.116063, -77.186751), at the northern foot of the South Mountain range. Mountain Creek runs through the center of the borough, exiting the mountains via a water gap between Mount Holly to the west and Keller Hill to the east. Mountain Creek is a tributary of Yellow Breeches Creek, which flows east to the Susquehanna River. The borough limits extend south through the water gap to the Upper Mill area.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of, of which is land and, or 6.45%, is water. The borough is surrounded by South Middleton Township but is a separate municipality.

History.

The Pennsylvania Guide, compiled by the Writers' Program of the Works Progress Administration, briefly described Mt. Holly Springs in 1940, writing that it was:

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,925 people, 836 households, and 541 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,276.8 people per square mile (492.2/km2). There were 926 housing units at an average density of 614.2 per square mile (236.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.82% White, 0.88% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.19% of the population.  There were 836 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.86.  In the borough the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.  The median income for a household in the borough was $40,625, and the median income for a family was $48,333. Males had a median income of $33,731 versus $25,262 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,229. About 5.4% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Mount Holly Springs is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States 25 miles north of Gettysburg, PA. The population was 2,030 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Harrisburg–Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Mount Holly Springs est un borough situé au sud de la partie centrale du comté de Cumberland, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de. Il est incorporé en.


Plot.

Dolemite is a pimp and nightclub owner who is serving 20 years in prison after being set up by a rival, Willie Green (D'Urville Martin) and framed by corruptive detectives (John Kerry) and the mayor (Hy Pyke). After being helped out of jail by Queen Bee (Lady Reed), fellow friend and pimp with lobbying for a pardon, he attempts to rekindle his reputation on the streets while trying to get his "The Total Experience" club back under control. He has to face Green (in league with the mayor to get black votes in exchange for immunity from prosecution) alongside corrupt detectives and drug dealers selling to the community. In the mean time, he trains his women to do kung fu before ultimately coming face to face with Green and the detectives while an FBI agent (Jerry Jones) lurks in the shadows watching the proceedings.

Production.

Moore first developed the character of Dolemite in his stand-up comedy routines, and later appeared on his 1970 debut album, "Eat Out More Often", which reached the top 25 on the "Billboard" 200. He released several more comedy albums using this persona. In 1975, Moore decided to create a film about Dolemite, paying for most of the production out of his own pocket, and using many of his friends and fellow comedians as cast and crew. The film was directed by D'Urville Martin, who appears as the villain Willie Green.

Release.

Critical reception.

Reviews aggregate Rotten Tomatoes assigned the film an approval rating of 64% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 5.32/10.

Home media.

"Dolemite" was released to DVD on September 13, 2005 by Xenon Pictures and also as part of a boxed set ("The Dolemite Collection") on the same date. A widescreen, high definition remastered version, from an original print of the film, was released on Blu-ray disc on April 26, 2016 by Vinegar Syndrome. The Blu-ray also features the previously released open matte version as an alternate "boom mic" presentation.

Sequels.

A sequel, "The Human Tornado", was released in 1976. A second sequel, "The Return of Dolemite", was released in 2002 and was later re-titled "The Dolemite Explosion" for DVD release. A quasi-sequel, "Shaolin Dolemite", starring Rudy Ray Moore as "Monk Ru-Dee", was released in 1999.  The action\comedy movie Black Dynamite starring Michael Jai White (released in 2009) although not a direct sequel, is loosely based off of the original 1975 movie Dolemite. Even though Black Dynamite contains some of the same relative plot, dialogue and characters as Dolemite, it is not a remake or a sequel but an original parodied dedication to the 1975 original.

In popular culture.

The song "Glare" on Big Chief's album "Drive It Off" (1991) opens with a Dolemite quote: "I'm gonna let 'em know that Dolemite is my name, and f***in' up motha f***as is my game!"  Snoop Dogg mentions Dolemite in his final verse on Dr. Dre's 1992 smash single "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang", and the character has also been name dropped in songs by Wu Tang Clan, Easy E, Beastie Boys, Lupe Fiasco, and A$AP Rocky. Additionally, a number of rappers, including Too $hort, Luther Campbell, Big Daddy Kane, and Del the Funky Homosapien have given testimony to the Dolemite's influence on them and on rap generally.  A film about the making of "Dolemite", titled "Dolemite Is My Name" and starring Eddie Murphy as Rudy Ray Moore, was released theatrically and on Netflix in October 2019. Schooly D has a song signifying rapper modeled after Moore's signifying monkey

Dolemite is a 1975 American blaxploitation crime comedy film and is also the name of its principal character, played by Rudy Ray Moore, who co-wrote the film and its soundtrack. Moore, who started his career as a stand-up comedian in the late 1960s, heard a rhymed toast about an urban hero named Dolemite from a regular at the record store where he worked and decided to adopt the persona of Dolemite as an alter ego in his act.

C'est l'un des films de blaxploitation les plus connus, notamment dans la communauté rap noire américaine. Produit avec les fonds propres de Rudy Ray Moore, qui emploie essentiellement ses amis pour le réaliser, le budget du film est estimé à 100 000 US$. Le résultat en est un film aux dialogues très grossiers, avec de très nombreuses erreurs techniques visibles dans le cadre (perches, haut du décor, voire carrément le perchman allongé), et des scènes d'action risibles et peu crédibles. Aucun distributeur ne voulant de son film, Rudy Ray Moore loue alors une salle de cinéma pour l'exploiter et utilise ses amis pour faire la promotion. Le bouche-à-oreille fonctionne dans la communauté noire et les spectateurs se rendent en masse dans la salle. Flairant la bonne affaire, le distributeur, qui avait pourtant refusé à Moore de produire son film, le rachète pour le distribuer dans tout le pays avec des recettes estimées à 12 millions US$.


Gameplay.

Forager combines mechanics commonly seen in idle games with those of an adventure or exploration game. With resources that respawn at a very high rate, the player will find themselves able to harvest massive amounts for crafting and leveling, eventually leading to automated systems to collect resources and produce other products and goods.  The leveling system in the game consists of a large grid of unlockable perks, which also may unlock new tools or craftable objects. Everything the player does from harvesting resources, to crafting objects, to killing enemies, has a positive impact on their XP used to advance levels.  The player is able to simulate a variety of tasks related to cooking, economics, engineering, farming, fishing, hunting, magic, manufacturing, mining, and more.  By obtaining money through crafting, skills, looting, and economic tasks, the player is able to purchase more lands to expand their base, explore new areas, and obtain new classes of resources or encounter new enemies and other NPC.

Development.

The developer of "Forager", Mariano Cavallero, dropped out of school to develop Video Games. For a year he learned how to program Games, unfortunately nobody was interested in his Games at first. After he ran out of money, he moved back home to his mom, who invested her life savings into her sons projects. He started developping "Forager" in a Game Jam but eventually ran out of money again. Before giving up Mariano participated in one last competition, in which he won a trip to the USA to show of his work. A friend he met at a conference was late to a meeting because he was playing "Forager". The person he was meeting had to come look for him, and he showed "Forager" to this person. This Person was working for Humble Bundle and offered a publishing deal for Forager. A year after release on Steam the Game had sold 600'000 times.

Reception.

"Forager" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.  Nathan Grayson wrote a review on Kotaku calling "Forager" an "extremely well-made" game and called it "obviously a labor of love" while also noting that the game was "a crafting game stripped down to its very bones" and stating that players may prefer a game with "more than pure progression".  Jeff Ramos on Polygon says that the games repetitive and tedious nature serve to "make the game's bright moments all the brighter" and says that "in "Forager", grinding is almost all I have to do, and I can hardly pull myself away" praising the game for its use of grind-heavy mechanics.

Forager is an open-world adventure game developed by Argentine studio HopFrog and published by Humble Bundle. The game was officially released for Microsoft Windows and Linux in April 2019, later becoming available for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, and soon to be on mobile.

Forager est un jeu d'aventure en monde ouvert développé par le studio argentin HopFrog et publié par Humble Bundle. Le jeu a été officiellement publié pour Microsoft Windows et Linux en avril 2019, devenant plus tard disponible pour PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch et Xbox One.


Life.

During the eighth century the Cenél Conaill vied with the rival Cenél nEógain for supremacy in the north. His father had been recognized as King of the North as the representative of the high king Domnall Midi (died 763) of the Clann Cholmáin of the southern Ui Neill. However his successors were not and in 763 Niall Frossach (died 778) of the Cenél nEógain had acquired the high kingship of Ireland.  Domnall succeeded his uncle Murchad mac Flaithbertaig as King of the Cenél Conaill upon his assassination in 767. Domnall began to make a bid for supremacy in the north upon the abdication of Niall Frossach in 770 or 772. In 779 the new high king Donnchad Midi (died 797) of Clann Cholmáin made an expedition to the north and took hostages from Domnall who is given the title King of the North in the annals at this time. Domnall asserted his authority with a victory over the Cenél mBógaine, (a branch of the Cenél Conaill in the barony of Banagh, County Donegal) in 784.  In 787 Domnall was defeated in battle by Máel Dúin mac Áedo Alláin (died 788) of the Cenél nEógain and lost his supremacy in the north. Upon the death of Máel Dúin, Domnall made a bid to ragain his supremacy but was defeated in 789 at the Battle of Clóitech (now Clady on the River Finn) by Áed Oirdnide (died 819) of the Cenél nEógain. Áed Oirdnide became high king of Ireland in 798. Domnall was recognized as King of the North in his death notice in the annals in 804 but the circumstances of how he recovered the title are not known.

Domnall mac Áeda Muindeirg (died 804) was a chief of the Cenél Conaill of the northern Uí Néill in modern County Donegal and sometimes styled "King of the North". He was the son of Áed Muinderg (died 747) and grandson of the high king Flaithbertach mac Loingsig (died 765).

Domnall mac Áeda Muindeirg (mort en ) est un chef du Cenél Conaill des Uí Néill du Nord dans l'actuel comté de Donegal en Irlande qui est parfois désigné comme « Rí na Tuaisceart » c'est-à-dire: « "Roi du Nord" ». Il est le fils de Áed Muindearg (mort en 747) et petit-fils de l'Ard ri Erenn Flaithbhertach (mort en 765).


Background.

Allison Wolfe and her sister Cindy were born identical twins in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 9, 1969. Together with their sister Molly, they grew up in Olympia, Washington. Their parents divorced when they were all still young children, and they were raised by their mother, Pat Shively. A radical feminist and self-described lesbian, Shively founded Olympia's Eastside Women's Health Clinic in 1981. It was the first women's clinic in Thurston County, and throughout Shively's two decades of work it was the target of relentless anti-abortion demonstrations. The protests could be harrowing: Wolfe's mother endured verbal and physical abuse, and death threats forced her to go to the clinic armed and wearing a bulletproof vest. (The EWHC was razed in a fire in 2005, set by a still-unidentified arsonist.) Pat Shively died of ovarian cancer in February, 2000, and Wolfe credits her as being a lifelong influence, a feminist role model "almost too big to live up to."  In 1988, Wolfe spent time as an exchange student in Thailand's Krathum Baen District. She returned to attend Evergreen State College in Olympia, and later the University of Oregon at Eugene.

Music career.

Bratmobile.

Wolfe and Molly Neuman wrote about rock music's pervasive sexism in their influential punkzine, "Girl Germs". They took those themes to music when they joined with guitarist Erin Smith to form their own band, Bratmobile, in 1991. Maura Johnston later wrote in "Rolling Stone" that Wolfe's distinctive "disaffected drawl" became "one of the most prominent voices of the early-Nineties riot grrrl movement".  Bratmobile recorded for Kill Rock Stars, an Olympia-based independent label, and released their first full-length album, "Pottymouth", in 1992. The band ended in a rancorous onstage breakup in New York City in 1994.

Cold Cold Hearts.

Wolfe and Smith eventually reunited to form Cold Cold Hearts with an expanded rhythm section provided by drummer Katherine Brown and bassist Natalie Mencinsky ("Nattles"). The band toured extensively and released one self-titled album in 1997.

Deep Lust.

Wolfe later sang with Deep Lust, her first band with male musicians which she lightheartedly describes as "my boy band". Deep Lust formed in early 1999; they toured and released one self-titled album on Kill Rock Stars in February 2000.

Bratmobile reunion.

Bratmobile reformed in 1999 and went on tour with Sleater Kinney. The reunited band released two more albums, "Ladies, Women and Girls" (2000) and "Girls Get Busy" (2002).

Partyline.

Wolfe started a Washington D.C. based band, Partyline, in 2004. The band released two full-length albums, "Girls With Glasses" (2005) and "Zombie Terrorist" (2006).

Sex Stains.

Sex Stains formed in Los Angeles in 2014. The five-person group was the largest outfit Wolfe had worked with yet, and the first in which she had a companion vocalist, Mecca Vazie Andrews. The band released their eponymous debut album on Don Giovanni Records in 2016.  After some personnel changes in 2017, the group was recast as Ex Stains, which performed shows with Wolfe on lead vocals until disbanding in mid-2018.

Other musical groups.

Wolfe has also performed and recorded with various other bands including Alice Bag, Cool Moms, Dig Yr Grave, Hawnay Troof and its offshoot, Baby Truth.

Other works.

Wolfe was one of the primary architects behind the original Ladyfest music festival in Olympia, Washington, in 2000. In later years, Ladyfest festivals have taken place throughout the world and Wolfe has appeared at many of them.  Wolfe holds a master's degree in arts journalism from the University of Southern California. In the 2000s she worked for "The Washington Post"", and edited the punk rock-themed manga series "Nana", refashioning its basic English translation into modern vernacular. Since 2017 she has hosted "I'm In The Band", a podcast on Tidal in which she interviews artists from the punk and indie rock scenes.

Allison Wolfe (born November 9, 1969) is a Los Angeles-based singer, songwriter, writer, and podcaster. As a founding member and lead singer of the punk rock band Bratmobile, she became one of the leading voices of the riot grrl movement.

Allison Wolfe, née le, est une chanteuse, auteur-compositeur, écrivaine et podcaster basée à Los Angeles. En tant que membre fondateur et du groupe de punk rock Bratmobile, elle est devenue l'une des principales voix du mouvement riot grrl.


History.

The first store in Stillwater was founded in 1847 by Daniel and James McHenry. Stillwater was officially separated from Fishing Creek Township in 1899. There were few industries in the borough in the past, and those that did exist had mainly to do with lumber. The Stillwater Covered Bridge No. 134 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Geography.

Stillwater is located in northeastern Columbia County at (41.150244, -76.366751). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of, of which is land and, or 1.32%, is water. Stillwater is northeast of Bloomsburg, the county seat, via Pennsylvania Route 487, which continues north to Benton and beyond. Fishing Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River, runs southward through Stillwater. Stillwater is flat in the middle, with rolling hills in the east and west.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 209 people, 85 households, and 56 families residing in the borough. The population density was 63.1 people per square mile (24.4/km2). There were 96 housing units at an average density of 31.2 per square mile (12.1/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 100.00% White.  There were 85 households, out of which 23.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. Of all households, 27.1% were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.82.  In the borough the population was spread out, with 17.5% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 108.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.  The median income for a household in the borough was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $34,583 versus $25,893 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,879. None of the families and 3.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 4.8% of those over 64.

In popular culture.

The main character of the CBS show "NCIS", Leroy Jethro Gibbs, comes from Stillwater. The sixth season episode "Heartland" takes place in Stillwater as Gibbs is forced to return to his hometown to solve a case, and also confront his estranged father. The real Stillwater was not filmed; as production of NCIS takes place in southern California, the filmed location was the town of Piru. Stillwater is also briefly featured in the seventh season finale, the season eight premiere, and extensively in the eleventh season finale.

Stillwater is a borough in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 209 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Bloomsburg–Berwick Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Stillwater est un borough situé au nord-est de la partie centrale du comté de Columbia, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de. Il est incorporé en.


Early life.

Jennings was the fifteenth child of Philip Jennings of Duddleston Hall, Shropshire and his wife Christian Eyton, daughter of Sir Gerard Eyton of Eyton, Shropshire. He was descended from a Shropshire family which had suffered for its adherence to the Royalist cause during the English Civil War. He married Alice Breton.

Naval career.

Jennings was appointed a lieutenant on HMS "Pearl" in 1687, and served with the same rank in HMS "St David" and HMS "Swallow", before being promoted to the command of the "St Paul", a fireship. In 1690 he was made captain of the newly launched HMS "Experiment", of 32 guns, and employed in cruising off the coast of Ireland, where he intercepted a number of small vessels which were being used as transports by James II's forces. In 1693, Jennings was nominated captain of the "Victory", flagship of Sir John Ashby; later the same year he was transferred to the 62-gun HMS "Mary", in which he went to the Mediterranean with Admiral Russell. In 1696, he was removed to the "Chichester", of 80 guns; and, in the following year, was entrusted with the command of the "Plymouth", with which he captured a St Malo privateer. Shortly afterwards, together with the frigate HMS "Rye", he fell in with three French ships: one quickly surrendered, and Jennings, leaving the "Rye" to look after their prize, pursued the other two and succeeded in compelling one to strike her flag after a vigorous defence. Having conducted their prizes to port, the "Rye" and the "Plymouth" fell in with the "Severn", a British man-of-war, and the three ships steered together for the coast of France, where they took five vessels laden with wine from Bordeaux, and a small ship of war.  On the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, Jennings commanded HMS "Kent" (of 70 guns) under Admiral Rooke at Cadiz and Vigo in 1702, where he played a part in the destruction of the Franco-Spanish fleet. He took part in the capture of Gibraltar, and was captain of the 96-gun HMS "St George" at the Battle of Málaga in 1704. He was knighted for his exploits by Queen Anne on 9 September 1704, and having been promoted to rear admiral in 1705, became Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station in 1706. He was promoted to vice admiral in 1708 and admiral in 1709. His attack on Tenerife in 1706 was unsuccessful. He commanded the fleet off Lisbon from 1708 to 1710, and was later Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet.

Parliamentary career.

At the 1705 English general election, Jennings was returned as Whig Member of Parliament for Queenborough. He was absent from the division on the choice of Speaker on 25 October 1705 and was absent on active service until the winter of 1707–8. Then in November he gave evidence to the Lords on the encouragement of trade in the West Indies and in January 1708 gave evidence on the bill for the encouragement of seamen. He also submitted a paper containing thirteen proposals to improve methods of manning the fleet, of which three were included in a Lords address to the Queen. He was returned again for Queenborough at the 1708 British general election. In parliament, he supported the naturalization of the Palatines in 1709 and voted for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell in 1710. At the 1710 British general election, he was defeated at Queenborough, but was returned in the poll as MP for Portsmouth. However he was unseated on petition on 3 February 1711.  Jennings was returned as MP for Rochester on the Admiralty interest at the 1715 British general election. He voted with the Administration, except on the peerage bill which he opposed. He joined the Board of Admiralty under the Whig government in October 1714 but stood down when the Government fell in April 1717. He returned to the Admiralty Board under the Second Stanhope–Sunderland ministry in March 1718 He was also appointed governor of Greenwich Hospital and Ranger of Greenwich Park from 1720, and presented the marble statue of George II by Rysbrack which stands in the Grand Square of the Hospital. in September 1721, he was advanced to Senior Naval Lord Also in 1721, he acquired Newsells Bury at Barkway in Hertfordshire.. He was becoming deaf, but resigned from the Admiralty Board in June 1727 because he objected to serving under Lord Berkeley, the first Sea lord. He was returned again as MP for Rochester at the 1727 British general election. Although Berkeley was dismissed from the Admiralty board in 1727, Jennings was not keen to return, hoping instead for a promotion or peerage. He was promoted to rear-admiral of England in January 1733, but resigned a year later when Sir John Norris was made admiral of the fleet and commander in chief.

Death and legacy.

Jennings died at Greenwich on 23 December 1743 at the age of 79, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. With his wife Alice, he had one son, George, who duly inherited Newsells.

Sir John Jennings (1664 – 23 December 1743) was a Royal Navy officer and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1705 and 1734. He commanded HMS "Kent" at Cadiz and Vigo in 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station, then Senior Naval Lord and finally Governor of Greenwich Hospital.

Sir John Jennings (1664-) est un officier de la Royal Navy et un homme politique whig qui siège à la Chambre des communes entre 1705 et 1734. Il participe à la guerre de Succession d'Espagne. Il est ensuite commandant en chef de la station de la Jamaïque, puis First Sea Lord et enfin gouverneur de l'hôpital de Greenwich.


Background.

Nazi Germany occupied Poland in 1939 and carried out many atrocities. The 1943 Moscow Declaration stated that Germans judged guilty of war crimes would be sent back to the countries where they had committed their crimes and "judged on the spot by the peoples whom they have outraged." Poland, which suffered heavily due to Nazi atrocities, identified over 12,000 criminals it requested to be extradited; eventually about 2,000 German criminals were extradited to Poland (from 1945 onwards, most before 1949).  The Polish Underground State had its own Special Courts in occupied Poland, which tried and passed sentences on some German war criminals. Communist Polish authorities (of the Polish Committee of National Liberation, PKWN) who did not recognize the Underground State (and in some cases actively persecuted people connected with it) established its own alternative structure, which with the victory of the communist authorities over the Underground State became dominant in post-war Poland. PKWN authorities authorized the establishment of the Special Criminal Courts on 12 September 1944 to try German war criminals. On 22 January 1946, the single-instance Supreme National Tribunal was formed, with a mission to try the main perpetrators of crimes committed by the Third Reich in the occupied Polish territories.

Jurisdiction and powers.

The jurisdiction and powers of the Tribunal were defined in decrees of 22 January and 17 October 1946 and a decree of 11 April 1947. The law applied was a decree of 31 August 1944 "concerning the punishment of fascist-Hitlerite criminals guilty of murder and ill-treatment of civilian population and of prisoners of war, and the punishment of traitors to the Polish Nation."  There was no appeal from the Tribunal's verdicts.

Composition of the tribunal.

The tribunal had three judges, four members of the jury, procurators and defenders.  The best known judge was Emil Stanisław Rappaport.

Trials.

Seven trials were brought before the Supreme National Tribunal in 1946–1948:  The first two of the above trials (of Greiser and Göth) were completed before the sentence was passed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg on 30 September 1946.  The Tribunal also declared that the General Government was a criminal institution.

The Supreme National Tribunal () was a war-crime tribunal active in Stalinist-era Poland from 1946 to 1948. Its aims and purpose were defined by the State National Council in decrees of 22 January and 17 October 1946 and 11 April 1947. The new law was based on an earlier decree of 31 August 1944 issued by the new Soviet-imposed Polish regime, with jurisdiction over "fascist-Hitlerite criminals and traitors to the Polish nation". The Tribunal presided over seven high-profile cases involving a total of 49 individuals.

Le Tribunal national suprême () était un tribunal pour crimes de guerre actif en Pologne à l'époque stalinienne de 1946 à 1948. Ses buts et objectifs ont été définis par le Conseil national de l'État dans des décrets du 22 janvier et du et du. La nouvelle loi était basée sur un décret antérieur du publié par le nouveau régime polonais imposé par les Soviétiques, ayant compétence sur les. Le Tribunal a présidé sept affaires très médiatisées impliquant au total 49 personnes.


Premise.

"Pearson" follows "powerhouse lawyer Jessica Pearson, as she enters the dirty world of Chicago politics."

Episodes.

Backdoor pilot (2018).

"For the backdoor pilot, "No. overall" and "No. in season" refer to the episode's place in the order of episodes of the parent series" Suits.

Production.

Development.

On February 22, 2017, it was announced that USA Network was developing a spin-off series of their show "Suits" set to star Gina Torres as her character Jessica Pearson. The spin-off had been talked about for about a year and a half prior to the announcement. Meetings and negotiations were reportedly in the preliminary stages with no deals with cast and crew members yet in place. The series was expected to be written by "Suits" creator and showrunner, Aaron Korsh, who was also expected to executive and showrun the potential new series. Production companies involved with the potential series were expected to include Universal Cable Productions. On March 1, 2017, it was reported that Gina Torres had signed a deal to produce the series, based on an idea she pitched to Universal Cable Productions, alongside Aaron Korsh.  On August 16, 2017, it was announced that the season seven finale of "Suits" would serve as a backdoor pilot to the spin-off series. The episode was expected to be written by Aaron Korsh and Daniel Arkin, and be directed by Anton Cropper. Additionally, it was reported that executive producers for the new series would include Korsh, Arkin, Torres, Doug Liman, David Bartis, and Gene Klein. On March 8, 2018, it was reported that USA Network had given the production a series order. On May 14, 2018, Gina Torres announced at NBCUniversal's annual upfront presentation in New York City that the series would be titled "Second City". On January 17, 2019, it was announced that the series had been retitled "Pearson". On May 1, 2019, it was reported that the series would premiere on July 17, 2019. On November 1, 2019, the USA Network canceled the series after one season.

Casting.

Alongside the report of her hiring as producer, it was confirmed in March 2017 that Gina Torres would officially star in the potential series. On November 10, 2017, it was announced that Rebecca Rittenhouse and Morgan Spector had joined the main cast of the series. On September 20, 2018, it was reported that Rittenhouse's role had been recast with Bethany Joy Lenz assuming the part. Additionally, it was further announced that Chantel Riley would reprise her guest role from the backdoor pilot in a series regular capacity and that Isabel Arraiza and Eli Goree had been cast in main roles as well.

Filming.

Principal photography for the series commenced on September 20, 2018, in Los Angeles, California. Filming took place in Chicago, Illinois during the week of October 15, 2018 with locations including the Chicago Cultural Center, Grant Park, Chicago City Hall, Millennium Park, and The Loop.

Reception.

Critical response.

On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 72% with an average rating of 6.92/10, based on 18 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though "Pearson" trades the juicy intrigue of "Suits" for straightforward political drama, it works thanks to Gina Torres commanding performance." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 54 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."

Pearson is an American political drama television series created by Aaron Korsh and Daniel Arkin that premiered on USA Network. It is a spin-off of the show "Suits" and stars Gina Torres reprising her role of Jessica Pearson. It premiered on July 17, 2019. In October 2019, the series was cancelled after a single season.

Pearson est une série télévisée de drames politiques américains créée par Aaron Korsh et Daniel Arkin qui a été diffusée en première sur USA Network. C'est un spin-off de la série avec l'actrice Gina Torres qui reprend son rôle de Jessica Pearson. La série a été créée le et a été annulée en octobre 2019 après une seule saison.


Early life and family.

Jackson was born in 44 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin on 28 September 1891. She was the daughter of Howard William "Henry" Jackson (1855-1930), barrister-at-law who was originally from County Fermanagh, and Arabella Emily "Bella" Jackson (née Lane-Joynt) from Dublin. Her father went on to become master of the king's bench and later lord chief justice of chancery from 1919 to 1926. He had been an athlete in his youth, playing cricket as well as competing internationally as an oarman and in rugby, winning the cap against England in 1877. Jackson's mother, Bella, was an accomplished golfer, playing at international competitions for Ireland and in British and Irish championships. Jackson took up golf as a teenager, and became a ladies member of the Island Golf Club in 1908. She was also associated with the Greystones and Royal County Down clubs at times. Her brother, Cyril "Cracker" Jackson, was a tennis player who was the non-playing captain of the 1931 Irish Davis Cup team.

Golfing career.

Jackson was a contemporary of Mabel Harrison and Patricia Jameson, and among the best female golfers in Ireland in the early 20th century. Jackson's golfing career spanned from 1911 to 1935. She won the Irish Ladies Close Amateur Championship six times: 1913 (Lahinch), 1914 (Castlerock), 1919 (Portmarnock), 1920 (Portrush), 1923 (Portmarnock), and 1925 (Lahinch). Winning in 1925 made her the first woman to win the competition six times, overtaking the five championships of May Hezlet. Her unbroken row of four victories from 1913 to 1920, as no competitions were held from 1915 to 1918, equaled that of Rhona Adair. The competition was later renamed the Irish Ladies Golf Championship at her suggestion.  Jackson never won at the British Ladies Amateur. She lost at the semi-finals in 1913, and by just one hole in 1920 and 1921. She won the Golf Illustrated Gold Vase stroke-play competition in 1921, beating the top British female player of the time, Cecil Leitch, and the U.S. Women's Amateur champion Alexa Stirling. Leitch described Jackson in her autobiography as "a long hitter and one of the best players of the present day. Her whole style implies confidence...and equally good at match and medal play".  Jackson first competed for Ireland at international level in the Home Championship in 1913, playing every year until 1934. She was the captain of the Island club team which won in the Irish Ladies Senior Cup in 1928, and a team member when they retained the trophy in 1929. She also served as lady captain of the Island in 1921, having been given "scratch" status by the Ladies Golfing Union in 1920. Jackson was also a keen tennis player, winning the Irish Ladies Doubles tennis championship in 1914 and 1919.  She was known for her height and strength in golf, with a long, powerful drive. Not a stylish player, she was described as "a big strong player with a forceful and rather florid style" (Times, 9 May 1914). The courses in Lahinch and Sunningdale best suited her game. Jackson wrote extensively on golf in a number of publications, and was involved in setting the Standard Scratch Score ratings for golf courses in Ireland with the Irish Ladies' Golfing Union in the early 1930s.

Later life and death.

In the 1930s, Jackson moved to Sunninghill, Berkshire, close to the Sunningdale Golf Club. She competed regularly in club competitions for Camberley Heath and was a member of the Wentworth Club. She died in Berkshire on 21 November 1960.

Arabella Jeanette Charlotte Violet Mowbray "Janet" Jackson (28 September 1891 – 21 November 1960) was an Irish golfer, winner of the Irish Ladies Close Amateur Championship in 1913, 1914, 1919, 1920, 1923 and 1925.

Arabella Jeanette Charlotte Violet Mowbray "Janet" Jackson ( - ) est une golfeuse irlandaise, gagnante du championnat irlandais amateur féminin en 1913, 1914, 1919, 1920, 1923 et 1925.


Early life.

Degtyaryova was born in Kaliningrad (present-day Korolyov, Moscow Oblast), in 1944. Her parents were factory workers and as Degtyaryova was ill as a child, her mother stopped work to look after her.

Career.

She graduated from the State Institute of Theatrical Art, Moscow, in 1965 and performed with the Moscow Youth Theatre from 1965 to 1970. In 1970, she was invited to join the Sovremennik Theater, and played over 30 roles at the theatre during her career. She performed in plays including "Three Sisters" (in the role of Anifisa), "Pygmalion" (in the role of Mrs Pearce) and "Twelfth Night" (in the role of Olivia). In later years, she occasionally appeared at other theatres, including a production of "The Cherry Orchard" at the Anton Chekhov Theatre in 1990, and the play "Gadina" at the New Drama Theatre in 1999.  Degtyaryova also appeared in films and television series, including "Light in the Window" (1980), "Nikolai Vavilov" (1990), "Seeking a Man" and "Cool Route". Her most well-known role was as Agatha Savelieva in "Eternal Call", a long-running Russian television drama series.  Degtyaryova taught acting in a number of educational institutions in Russia including Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography and the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts.  In November 2012, Degtyaryova had a leg amputated due to an untreated infection, and she spent the next two years convalescing. She then returned to perform on stage with the use of a wheelchair, including the role of Evdokia in the play "Women's Time".  Degtyaryova died in Moscow on 9 August 2018 at the age of 74.

Personal life.

Degtyaryova was married for ten years to stage director Yuri Pogrebnichenko, whom she met while with the Moscow Youth Theatre, until they divorced.

Tamara Vasilyevna Degtyaryova (; 29 May 1944 – 9 August 2018) was a Russian stage, television and film actress. In 1979, she received the State Prize of the USSR for her role in the television series "Eternal Call". In 2005 she was made a People's Artist of Russia.

Tamara Degtiareva (Korolev, - Moscou, ) est une actrice russe. En 1979, elle reçoit le Prix d'État de l'URSS pour son rôle dans la série "Eternal Call" et en 2005, elle est faite Artiste du peuple de la Fédération de Russie.


Education.

Strogatz attended high school at Loomis Chaffee from 1972–1976. He then attended Princeton University, graduating summa cum laude with a B.A. in mathematics. Strogatz completed his senior thesis, titled "The mathematics of supercoiled DNA: an essay in geometric biology", under the supervision of Frederick J. Almgren, Jr. Strogatz then studied as a Marshall Scholar at Trinity College, Cambridge from 1980–1982, and then received a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from Harvard University in 1986 for his research on the dynamics of the human sleep-wake cycle.

Career.

After spending three years as a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard and Boston University, Strogatz joined the faculty of the department of mathematics at MIT in 1989. His research on dynamical systems was recognized with a Presidential Young Investigator Award from the National Science Foundation in 1990. In 1994 he moved to Cornell where he is the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Applied Mathematics, as well as a professor of mathematics. From 2004–2010, he was on the external faculty of the Santa Fe Institute.

Research.

Early in his career, Strogatz worked on a variety of problems in mathematical biology, including the geometry of supercoiled DNA, the topology of three-dimensional chemical waves, and the collective behavior of biological oscillators, such as swarms of synchronously flashing fireflies. In the 1990s, his work focused on nonlinear dynamics and chaos applied to physics, engineering, and biology. Several of these projects dealt with coupled oscillators, such as lasers, superconducting Josephson junctions, and crickets that chirp in unison. His more recent work examines complex systems and their consequences in everyday life, such as the role of crowd synchronization in the wobbling of London's Millennium Bridge on its opening day, and the dynamics of structural balance in social systems.  Perhaps his best-known research contribution is his 1998 Nature paper with Duncan Watts, entitled "Collective dynamics of small-world networks". This paper is widely regarded as a seminal contribution to the interdisciplinary field of complex networks, whose applications reach from graph theory and statistical physics to sociology, business, epidemiology, and neuroscience. As one measure of its importance, it was the most highly cited article about networks between 1998 and 2008, and the sixth most highly cited paper in all of physics. It has now been cited more than 40,000 times, according to Google Scholar; as of 17 October 2014, it was the 63rd most highly cited research article of all time.

Writing and outreach.

Strogatz's writing for the general public includes four books and frequent newspaper articles. His book "Sync" was chosen as a Best Book of 2003 by Discover Magazine. His 2009 book "The Calculus of Friendship" was called "a genuine tearjerker" and "part biography, part autobiography and part off-the-beaten-path guide to calculus". His 2012 book, "The Joy of x", won the 2014 Euler Book Prize. It grew out of his series of New York Times columns on the elements of mathematics. These columns were described by the Harvard Business Review as "a model for how mathematics needs to be popularized" and as "must reads for entrepreneurs and executives who grasp that mathematics is now the "lingua franca" of serious business analysis.". Strogatz's second New York Times series, "Me, Myself and Math" appeared in the fall of 2012. His most recent book, "Infinite Powers", was shortlisted for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize and was a New York Times Best Seller. Published in 2019, it "evocatively conveys how calculus illuminates the patterns of the Universe, large and small," according to a review in "Nature".  Strogatz has spoken at TED and is a frequent guest on Radiolab and Science Friday. He also filmed a series of lectures on chaos theory for the Teaching Company’s Great Courses series. In 2020 Strogatz began hosting a podcast for Quanta Magazine called “The Joy of x” in which he chats “with a wide range of scientists about their lives and work.”

Awards.

Strogatz is a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, and the American Mathematical Society.  Strogatz has been lauded for his ability as a teacher and communicator. In 1991 he was honored with the E. M. Baker Memorial Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, MIT's only institute-wide teaching award selected and awarded solely by students. He has also won several teaching awards at Cornell, including Cornell's highest undergraduate teaching prize, the Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellowship (2016). At the national level, Strogatz received the JPBM Communications Award in 2007. Presented annually, this award recognizes outstanding achievement in communicating about mathematics to nonmathematicians. The JPBM represents the American Mathematical Society, the American Statistical Association, the Mathematical Association of America, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. In 2013 he received the AAAS Public Engagement with Science Award for "his exceptional commitment to and passion for conveying the beauty and importance of mathematics to the general public."  Strogatz was selected to be the 2009 Rouse Ball Lecturer at Cambridge and an MIT Mathematics 2011 Simons lecturer.  In 2014 he was awarded the Euler Book Prize by The Mathematical Association of America for "The Joy of x". The award citation describes the book as "a masterpiece of expository writing" and remarks that it is "directed to the millions of readers who claim they never really understood what the mathematics they studied was all about, for whom math was a series of techniques to be mastered for no apparent reason." Along with Ian Stewart, Strogatz was awarded the 2015 Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science.

Steven Henry Strogatz (; born August 13, 1959) is an American mathematician and the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Applied Mathematics at Cornell University. He is known for his work on nonlinear systems, including contributions to the study of synchronization in dynamical systems, for his research in a variety of areas of applied mathematics, including mathematical biology and complex network theory, and for his outreach work in the public communication of mathematics.

Steven Strogatz (né le ) est un mathématicien américain, professeur de mathématiques appliquées à l'université Cornell. Il est principalement connu pour sur ses travaux sur les systèmes non-linéaires, dont l'étude de la synchronisation dans les systèmes dynamiques, ainsi que pour la diversité de recherches en mathématiques appliquées, notamment en biomathématique et dans l'étude des réseaux complexes.


History.

Slavery was introduced to the South early in its history during colonial rule due to the demand for free labor for the harvesting of crops. It would persist through the 17th and 18th centuries but it was not until the invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney in the 1790s that slavery grew very profitable and that the large plantation system developed. In the decade and half between the invention of the Gin and the passage of the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, an enormous increase in the slave trade occurred, furthering the slave system in the United States.

Economic structure.

The antebellum South saw large expansions in agriculture while manufacturing growth remained relatively slow. The southern economy was characterized by a low level of capital accumulation (largely labor-based) and a shortage of liquid capital, which, when aggravated by the need to concentrate on a few staples, the pervasive anti-industrial and anti-urban ideology, and the reduction of southern banking, led to a South dependent on export trade. In contrast to the economies of the North and West, which relied primarily on their own domestic markets, because the southern domestic market consisted primarily of plantations, southern states imported sustenance commodities from the West and manufactured goods from the North.  The plantation system can be seen as the factory system applied to agriculture, with a concentration of labor under skilled management. But while the industrial manufacturing-based labor economy of the North was driven by growing demand, maintenance of the plantation economic system depended upon usage of slave labor that was both abundant and cheap.  The five major commodities of the southern agricultural economy were cotton, grain, tobacco, sugar, and rice, with the production of the leading cash crop, cotton, concentrated in the Deep South (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana).

Efficiency of slave agriculture.

The leading historian of the era was Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, who studied slavery not so much as a political issue between North and South but as a social and economic system. He focused on the large plantations that dominated the South.  Phillips addressed the unprofitability of slave labor and slavery's ill effects on the southern economy. An example of pioneering comparative work was "A Jamaica Slave Plantation" (1914). His methods inspired the "Phillips school" of slavery studies between 1900 and 1950.  Phillips argued that large-scale plantation slavery was efficient and not progressive. It had reached its geographical limits by 1860 or so, and therefore eventually had to fade away (as happened in Brazil). In 1910, he argued in "The Decadence of the Plantation System" that slavery was an unprofitable relic that persisted because it produced social status, honor, and political power. "Most farmers in the South had small- to medium-sized farms with few slaves, but the large plantation owner’s wealth, often reflected in the number of slaves they owned, afforded them considerable prestige and political power."  Phillips contended that masters treated slaves relatively well; his views on that issue were later sharply rejected by Kenneth M. Stampp. His conclusions about the economic decline of slavery were challenged in 1958 by Alfred H. Conrad and John R. Meyer in a landmark study published in the "Journal of Political Economy". Their arguments were further developed by Robert Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, who argued in their 1974 book, "Time on the Cross," that slavery was both efficient and profitable, as long as the price of cotton was high enough. In turn, Fogel and Engerman came under attack from other historians of slavery.

Effects of economy on social structure.

As slavery began to displace indentured servitude as the principal supply of labor in the plantation systems of the South, the economic nature of the institution of slavery aided in the increased inequality of wealth seen in the antebellum South. The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves from Africa drove up prices for slaves, making it profitable for smaller farmers in older settled areas such as Virginia to sell their slaves further south and west. The actuarial risk, or the potential loss in investment of owning slaves from death, disability, etc. was much greater for small plantation owners. Accentuated by the rise in price of slaves seen just prior to the Civil War, the overall costs associated with owning slaves to the individual plantation owner led to the concentration of slave ownership seen at the eve of the Civil War.

Social structure.

Much of the antebellum South was rural and, in line with the plantation system, largely agricultural. With the exception of New Orleans and Baltimore, the slave states had no large cities, and the urban population of the South could not compare to that of the Northeast or even that of the agrarian West. This led to a sharp division in class in the southern states between the landowning, "master" class, poor whites, and slaves, while in the northern and western states, much of the social spectrum was dominated by a wide range of different laboring classes.

Wealth inequality.

The conclusion that, while both the North and the South were characterized by a high degree of inequality during the plantation era, the wealth distribution was much more unequal in the South than in the North arises from studies concerned with the equality of land, slave, and wealth distribution. For example, in certain states and counties, due to the concentration of landholding and slave holding, which were highly correlated, six percent of landowners ended up commanding one-third of the gross income and an even higher portion of the net income. The majority of landowners, who had smaller scale plantations, saw a disproportionately small portion in revenues generated by the slavery-driven plantation system.

Effects of social structure on economy.

While the two largest classes in the South included land- and slave-owners and slaves, various strata of social classes existed within and between the two. In examining class relations and the banking system in the South, the economic exploitation of slave labor can be seen to arise from a need to maintain certain conditions for the existence of slavery and from a need for each of the remaining social strata to remain in status quo. In order to meet conditions where slavery may continue to exist, members of the master class (e.g. white, landowning, slave-owning) had to compete with other members of the master class to maximize the surplus labor extracted from slaves. Likewise, in order to remain within the same class, members of the master class (and each subsumed class below) must expand their claim on revenues derived from the slave labor surplus.

Mercantilist underpinnings.

British mercantilist ideology largely explains the rise of the plantation system in the United States. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries under mercantilism, rulers of nations believed that the accumulation of wealth through a favorable balance of trade was the best way to ensure power. As a result, Britain began to colonize territories across the Atlantic to take advantage of their rich natural resources and encourage exports.  One example of Britain utilizing the colonies for economic gain was tobacco. When tobacco was first discovered as a recreational substance, there was a widespread social backlash in mainland England, spearheaded by King James himself. By the middle of the 17th century, however, the British government had realized the revenue potential of tobacco and quickly changed its official moral stance towards its use. As a result, tobacco plantations sprung up across the American South in large numbers to support European demand. Britain benefitted from the immense volume of tobacco that colonial plantations could produce. By 1670, more than half of all tobacco shipped to England was being re-exported to other countries throughout Europe at a premium. In similar ways Britain was able to profit from other American staple crops, such as cotton, rice, and indigo. As Russell Menard puts it, Britain's capitalizing on increased European demand for these crops "fueled the expansion of the American plantation colonies, transformed the Atlantic into an English inland sea, and led to the creation of the first British Empire."  Many claim that being a part of the British mercantilist system was in the best economic interest of the colonies as well, as they would not have been able to survive as independent economic entities. Robert Haywood, in his article "Mercantilism and South Carolina Agriculture, 1700-1763", argues that "it was unthinkable that any trade could prosper in the straight-jacket of regimented and restricted international trade, without the guiding hand of a powerful protecting government."

Adverse economic effects.

The plantation era, while it was in large part the source of the South's initial economic prosperity, was also the reason why the South lagged in productivity starting in the early- to mid-19th century. Because the plantation system mainly required a large volume of unskilled labor, the South did not have the human capital to succeed when the plantation era was over. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips contends that the plantation "sadly restricted the opportunity of such men as were of better industrial quality than was required for the field gangs." Essentially, men who would have been otherwise capable of performing other skilled jobs were nonetheless relegated to field work because of the nature of the system.  According to the Goldin–Sokoloff hypothesis, in the South, the relative productivity of women and children was higher than in the North, since the relative abilities of a man, woman, or child to pick cotton or harvest tobacco are nearly the same. In the North, however, since the relative productivity of women and children was much lower, factory jobs became attractive, and there arose an abundant supply of labor to fuel the industrial boom. As a result of the misallocation of labor in the South, the system "hindered all diversification in southern industry, and kept the whole community in a state of commercial dependence upon the North."

The Antebellum South (also known as the antebellum era or plantation era) was a period in the history of the Southern United States from the late 18th century until the start of the American Civil War in 1861. This period in the South's history was marked by the economic growth of the region, largely due to its heavy reliance on slavery, and of its political influence on the U.S. federal government. It was also characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the country between abolitionists and supporters of slavery.

LAntebellum South (littéralement le « sud d'avant-guerre ») est une période de l'histoire du sud des États-Unis de la fin du jusqu'au début de la guerre de Sécession en 1861. Cette période de l'histoire est marquée par la croissance économique de cette région en grande partie en raison de sa forte dépendance à l'esclavage et de son influence politique sur le gouvernement fédéral des États-Unis. Elle est également caractérisée par la montée de l'antiesclavagisme et la polarisation progressive du pays entre abolitionnistes et partisans de l'esclavage.


Biography.

McKinney was born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, the second of 10 children born to Daniel and Mercy (Blatchley) McKinney. The family moved to Virginia in the 1770s, and while Daniel fought in the American Revolutionary War, Collin McKinney supported the family; thus, he had no formal schooling. After the war, the family moved to an outpost in what is now Lincoln County, Kentucky.  McKinney married twice in his lifetime, first to Annie (Amy) Moore on Feb 10, 1794, with whom he had four children (James, Ashley, Polly, and Emeline) before her death in 1804, and then again in 1805 to Elizabeth Leek, with whom he had seven more children (William C, twins Amy and Margaret, Anna C, Samuel L, Eliza S, and Younger S).  From 1818 to 1821, McKinney managed the Tennessee estates of Senator George W. Campbell, who was serving as minister to Russia at the time. He also opened a trading post before giving it up and returning to Kentucky. Later, McKinney and many of his relatives moved to Hempstead County, Arkansas, where he was elected as a justice of the peace.  In 1826, McKinney became a friend of Benjamin R. Milam, who was recruiting settlers for the Red River Colony in Northeast Texas of Empressario and British General Arthur G. Wavell. The land grant was an area claimed by both the United States settlers as part of Miller County, Arkansas, as well as by Mexico.  In 1836, McKinney was one of five delegates from the Red River Colony to the Convention of 1836, which called for Texas to declare its independence from Mexico. He was one of five appointed to draft the Texas Declaration of Independence, and at age 70, he was the oldest to sign it. He later became a member of the committee that drafted the Constitution of the Republic of Texas and also served as a delegate from Red River District and County, Texas, to the First, Second, and Fourth Congresses of the Republic of Texas.  In 1846 at age 80, he moved one last time, as a result of one of the worst known floods on the Red River, to the northern portion of the rich blackland prairie of Collin County, Texas, to be near several of his children, although the exact boundary line between Collin and Grayson Counties would not be surveyed and clearly identified for several years. He lived just a few miles southeast of Liberty, Texas, which was soon renamed Mantua by Younger Scott McKinney, who was the founder.  Collin McKinney died at his home in Collin County on September 9, 1861, and was buried in the nearby Van Alstyne Cemetery in the McKinney family plot. A historical marker erected by the Texas Historical Commission honors this Texan who lived over 95 years under the flags of four different nations (United States, Mexico, Texas, Confederacy at the end).  Around 1873, 12 years after Collin McKinney's death, the few inhabitants of Mantua moved several miles northeast to Van Alstyne, Texas, on the new Houston and Texas Central Railway from Sherman to McKinney and on to Galveston. Today, Mantua is a ghost town of Collin County, with just an old, unmarked cemetery.  Both Collin County and McKinney, Texas, its county seat, were named in his honor by the Texas Legislature.  McKinney is credited with suggesting to the Texas Legislature that, as new counties were later created in North and West Texas, the boundaries should be about 30 miles square. This would allow a rider to travel to the county seat, conduct necessary business, and return home, all in one day.

Collin McKinney (April 17, 1766 – September 9, 1861) was a land surveyor, merchant, politician, and lay preacher. He is best known as an important figure in the Texas Revolution, as one of the five individuals who drafted the Texas Declaration of Independence and the oldest person to sign it.

Collin McKinney ( - ) est un arpenteur, un marchand, un politicien et un prédicateur laïc. Il est surtout connu comme étant un personnage important de la révolution texane, l'une des cinq personnes qui ont rédigé la déclaration d'indépendance du Texas et la plus ancienne à l'avoir signée. Le comté de Collin et son siège, la ville de McKinney, au Texas, sont baptisés en sa mémoire.


North Shenango Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania

Geography.

The township is located in western Crawford County, bordered to the west by Ashtabula County in Ohio. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of, of which is land and, or 28.31%, is water. The northern and western sides of the township lie within Pymatuning Reservoir, one of the largest reservoirs in Pennsylvania.  The western half of the township is part of the Pymatuning Central census-designated place, primarily consisting of the unincorporated community of Espyville.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,387 people, 619 households, and 420 families residing in the township. The population density was 73.6 people per square mile (28.4/km2). There were 1,728 housing units at an average density of 91.7/sq mi (35.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.99% White, 0.14% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.07% Pacific Islander, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population.  There were 619 households, out of which 18.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.66.  In the township the population was spread out, with 17.3% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 32.7% from 45 to 64, and 25.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $28,207, and the median income for a family was $34,954. Males had a median income of $30,298 versus $18,846 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,872. About 8.1% of families and 13.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

North Shenango Township is a township in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,410 at the 2010 census.

North Shenango Township est un township, situé au nord du comté de Crawford, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


Steuben Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania

Geography.

Steuben township is located in eastern Crawford County. The borough of Townville, a separate municipality, is surrounded by the western side of the township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.07%, is water.

Natural Features.

Rome Township lies at the southern terminal moraine for glaciation in northwestern Pennsylvania. The eastern half of Steuben Township is drained by Oil Creek and its tributaries, which include Marsh Run and DeWolfe Run. The western side of the township is drained by tributaries to French Creek. The lowest elevation of Steuben Township is at Mystic Park where Oil Creek flows out of the township, while the highest elevation is south of Steuben Corners at the township line with Troy Township.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 908 people, 336 households, and 237 families residing in the township. The population density was 37.0 people per square mile (14.3/km2). There were 413 housing units at an average density of 16.8/sq mi (6.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.24% White, 0.44% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.33% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.11% of the population.  There were 336 households, out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.23.  In the township the population was spread out, with 30.4% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $30,568, and the median income for a family was $35,750. Males had a median income of $32,188 versus $19,773 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,089. About 12.9% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.

Steuben Township is a township in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 804 at the 2010 census, down from 908 at the 2000 census.

Steuben Township est un township, situé à l'est du comté de Crawford, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


Plot.

In 1840s Maryland, a slave state, Araminta "Minty" Ross is newly married to a freedman, John Tubman, but still a slave herself on the Brodess farm, along with her mother and sister, while two other sisters had been sold to another slave owner in the South. Her father, also a freedman, approaches Mr. Brodess about her freedom, as Brodess's own great-grandfather had agreed to free Minty's mother, Harriet "Rit" Ross, and her family when she turned 45. Even though Rit is now 57, Mr. Brodess insists they will always be slaves, and tears up the letter from a lawyer John had hired. Brodess's adult son Gideon mocks Minty for praying for God to take Mr. Brodess, saying God does not care about the prayers of slaves. Mr. Brodess dies shortly afterward, alarming Gideon, who decides to sell Minty as punishment. Minty, who suffers "spells" since being struck in the head as a girl, has a vision of herself escaping to freedom, and she decides to run.  Minty tells John to stay behind, as he would lose his own freedom if caught escaping with her, but plans to meet up with him later. Gideon pursues her to a bridge over a river, where he promises not to sell her, but she jumps anyway, saying she will live free or die. Minty is presumed drowned but successfully makes it to Philadelphia via the Underground Railroad, assisted by Quakers and other abolitionists. In Philadelphia, she meets Marie Buchanon, the fashionable daughter of a freed slave who was born free and is now a boarding-house proprietor, and William Still, an abolitionist and writer. William encourages her to take a new free name, and she calls herself Harriet after her mother. After a few months in Philadelphia, against the advice of Marie and William, Harriet decides to go back for John. She successfully makes it to John's homestead only to find he has remarried, believing she was dead, and is expecting a baby with his new wife.  Devastated, Harriet decides to free her family, but her sister refuses to leave her two children. Harriet continues to return, guiding dozens of slaves to freedom as a conductor on the Underground Railroad, and a myth begins to grow about the person responsible, who is dubbed Moses. However, when the Fugitive Slave Act passes, the escaped slaves are in jeopardy of being brought back even from free states. Gideon is livid when he discovers that she is "Moses," especially as his fellow slave owners demand he compensate them for Harriet freeing their own slaves. Gideon pursues her to Philadelphia along with the slave hunter Bigger Long, who kills Marie. Harriet flees to Canada.  In Canada, Harriet insists that the Underground Railroad must continue. She continues to help runaway slaves flee all the way to Canada, though her sister dies before she can save her. Over time, the Brodess farm falls into financial ruin. Mrs. Brodess vows to catch Harriet, using her sister's children as bait, but Harriet's team overwhelms Gideon's siblings and retrieves the last remaining Brodess slaves. In a final confrontation, Bigger Long winds up shot to death, but Harriet lets Gideon live, telling him of her vision of Gideon's cause defeated by American Civil War.  An epilogue states she personally freed more than 70 slaves on the Underground Railroad and returned as a Union spy during the Civil War, leading 150 black soldiers, who freed over 750 slaves.

Production.

In 2015, Viola Davis was set to star in and produce a Harriet Tubman biopic; however, it never came to fruition. Development on a new film began in May 2016. In February 2017, Cynthia Erivo was cast as Tubman, with Seith Mann then set to direct, from a screenplay by Gregory Allen Howard.  Further development on the film was announced in September 2018, with Focus Features set as the new distributor, Kasi Lemmons attached as director, and Leslie Odom Jr., Joe Alwyn, Jennifer Nettles, and Clarke Peters, and others, added to the cast. Lemmons received co-writer credit with Allen on the final script, and Allen also had the film's "story by" credit. In October, Janelle Monáe was announced as one of several actors newly added to the film, with filming beginning on October 8, 2018 and lasting through December.  "Harriet" was filmed entirely in Virginia, in Richmond, Powhatan, Cumberland, Petersburg, and Mathews. Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County was used for Auburn, New York.

Release.

"Harriet" had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10. It was theatrically released in the United States on November 1, 2019.

Reception.

Box office.

In the United States and Canada, "Harriet" was released alongside "", "Arctic Dogs" and "Motherless Brooklyn", and was projected to gross $7–9 million from 2,059 theaters in its opening weekend. The film grossed $3.9 million on its first day, including $600,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to slightly over-perform, debuting to $11.7 million and finishing fourth. The film made $7.4 million in its second weekend, finishing sixth, and $4.6 million on its third, finishing tenth. The film grossed $43 million at the domestic box office.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 73% based on 213 reviews, with an average rating of 6.59/10. The website's critics' consensus reads, ""Harriet" serves as a sincere tribute to a pivotal figure in American history—albeit one undermined by its frustratingly formulaic approach." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+", while those at PostTrak gave it an average 4.5 out of 5 stars and a 69% "definite recommend."  Reviewing for "The New York Observer", Rex Reed wrote: "With enough terror to satisfy modern audiences and enough underplayed plot movement to save it from conventional biopic trajectory, Harriet holds interest and invites respect. It is still not the great Civil War epic it could have been, but it’s solid enough to work, and Cynthia Erivo's valiant and committed performance is a wonderful achievement." Richard Roeper gave the film three out of four stars in his review for the "Chicago Sun-Times", applauding Erivo's "convincing" and "powerful" acting as well as Lemmons' approach to the story. He wrote: "The crackling historical fiction frames [Tubman's] harrowing rescue missions in fast-paced, quick-cut style."  Some reviewers were less positive. Eric Kohn of "IndieWire" gave the film a "B–", writing that ""Harriet" doesn’t attempt to reinvent the biopic, relying instead on a poignant turn by rising screen talent Cynthia Erivo as its soulful centerpiece, against the gorgeous backdrop of John Toll's cinematography and Terence Blanchard's euphoric score. As a sentimental tribute, it hardly transcends expectations—but Erivo's performance injects a palpable urgency to the material that makes up for missed time." In "Variety", Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Cynthia Erivo plays the escaped slave Harriet Tubman with a mournful fury, but the rest of Kasi Lemmons' biopic is more dutiful than inspired."

Harriet is a 2019 American biographical film about abolitionist Harriet Tubman. Directed by Kasi Lemmons, who wrote the screenplay with Gregory Allen Howard, it stars Cynthia Erivo as Tubman, with Leslie Odom Jr., Joe Alwyn, and Janelle Monáe in supporting roles.

Harriet est un film américain réalisé par Kasi Lemmons, sorti en 2019 qui retrace l'histoire de Harriet Tubman, qui a permis l'évasion de nombreux esclaves du Sud des Etats-Unis après sa fuite en 1849.


Life.

He was born the son of Bell Lloyd of Pontryffyd and Bodfach and succeeded his uncle Sir Edward Pryce Lloyd, 1st Baronet, as second Baronet of Pengwerra in 1795, according to a special remainder in the letters patent. On 11 February 1794 he married Elizabeth, third daughter of Sir Roger Mostyn, 5th Baronet.  He was High Sheriff of Flintshire for 1796, High Sheriff of Caernarvonshire for 1797 and High Sheriff of Merionethshire for 1804. In 1806 he was elected to the House of Commons for Flint Burghs, a seat he held until 1807 and again from 1812 to 1831 and also represented Beaumaris between 1807 and 1812. In 1831, after his wife had inherited the main estates of the unmarried Sir Thomas Mostyn, 6th Baronet, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Mostyn, of Mostyn in County Flint.  He lived at Pengwern, between Rhuddlan and St Asaph in Flintshire, in a house that had been built by his great uncle, Sir Edward Lloyd. A guide book to the area published in 1847 described him as "a genuine Welshman [who] speaks with fluency the language of his country", adding that "his lordship keeps two packs of hounds for the amusement of his friends and the neighbouring gentry; and though in the 78th year of his age, seldom misses mounting his scarlet, particularly if the hounds turn out within eight or ten miles of his mansion."  In 1840 a group of friends and admirers presented him with a portrait of himself, painted by Mary Martha Pearson.  Lord Mostyn died in April 1854, aged 85, and was succeeded in his titles by his son Edward.

Issue.

1. Hon Edward Mostyn Lloyd Mostyn MP born 13 January 1795. Married 20 June 1827 to Lady Harriet Margaret Scott (eldest daughter of the Earl of Clonmel, with issue)  2. Hon. Elizabeth b. 19 August 1796  3. Thomas Price d. 4 August 1800  4. Hon. Essex b. 18 April 1807

Edward Pryce Lloyd, 1st Baron Mostyn (17 September 1768 – 3 April 1854), known as Sir Edward Lloyd, 2nd Baronet from 1795 to 1831, was a British politician.

Edward Pryce Lloyd, baron Mostyn ( - ), connu sous le nom de Sir Edward Lloyd, baronnet de 1795 à 1831, est un homme politique britannique.


Background.

The state of Qi was a regionally powerful polity during the Western Zhou period (1046–771 BC), and as the Zhou dynasty's authority collapsed at the Spring and Autumn period's beginning, Qi grew into the dominating power of eastern China. As result, Qi was in an ideal position to expand its influence when Zheng's short-lived dominance over China declined. Nevertheless, Qi's development into China's predominant state was not just because of this favorable situation, but due to the efforts of two highly capable individuals: Duke Huan and his chancellor and advisor Guan Zhong. Under their leadership, Qi was reformed and became "primus inter pares" among the Chinese states, with Duke Huan rising to Hegemon of China. Toward the end of Huan's long reign (685–643 BC), however, Qi's dominance began to crumble. A military alliance led by Qi failed to stop the growth of the expansionist state of Chu, and even suffered defeat against it during the Battle of Loulin. Duke Huan's authority over the other states declined, a development accelerated by Guan Zhong's death in 645 BC. Having grown ill, the elderly duke also proved to be no longer able to keep the various political factions in his own realm under control.  These factions were led by six of his sons: Zhao, Wukui, Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong. Since all of them were the children of different concubines instead of Duke Huan's three main wives (who bore him no sons), each of these six considered himself entitled to the throne. The officially designated heir was Prince Zhao, and Duke Huan and Guan Zhong even charged the ruler of neighboring Song, Duke Xiang to ensure his succession. With Guan Zhong's death and the old duke of Qi's health worsening, however, Wukui, Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong increasingly voiced their opposition to Zhao's position as designated heir. Their pleas to make one of them the next ruler failed to sway Duke Huan, but he could not prevent them from plotting against each other. In consequence, the brothers gathered followers and prepared for the inevitable showdown between them.

Civil war.

Wukui's ascendancy and chaos.

Duke Huan finally died in late 643 BC. According to the "Guanzi" and some other texts from the Warring States period, he was starved to death by four conspiring officials. Other notable sources for these events, such as the "Zuo Zhuan" and the "Records of the Grand Historian", do not mention this. With the duke dead, the situation at the court escalated. The factions of crown prince Zhao and his rival brothers all took up arms against each other, and the capital city of Linzi descended into violent chaos. Wukui, however, had two powerful allies at the court: Diao, chief of the eunuchs, and Wu (also called Yiya), the chief cook. The "Guanzi" claims these two were among the conspirators who murdered Duke Huan. A party led by Diao and Wu managed to take control of the palace and murdered all rival officials they could capture; the other princes fled for their lives. On 11 November 643 BC, Wukui was crowned the new duke of Qi. Only then was the late Duke Huan finally encoffined; according to different accounts his corpse had laid unattended in his bedchamber for between seven days and three months due to the prevailing chaos, and already began to rot.  Despite his coronation, however, Wukui's rule proved far from secure. While Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong all remained at large, it was Zhao who presented the greatest threat as he had fled to Duke Xiang of Song and asked for assistance. The ruler of Song promptly assembled an alliance against Wukui, consisting of Song, Cao, Wey, and Zou. The armies of these states, led by Duke Xiang and Prince Zhao, proceeded to invade Qi in March 642 BC. Wukui, on the other side, had won the support of the state of Lu, which sent an expeditionary army in order to aid him against the invaders. In the end, however, Wukui was murdered before the conflict could be decided on the battlefield. Growing fearful upon hearing about the Song-led invasion, the people of Qi revolted and put the usurper to death so that they could to welcome Prince Zhao as new duke.

Battle of Yan.

As the news about Wukui's death spread, it was assumed that Zhao's ascendancy to throne had become inevitable, whereupon Cao, Wey and Lu withdrew their armies from Qi. In truth, however, the crown prince's position was not yet secured: As he was about to be enthroned by the people in the capital, Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong returned with their adherents and attacked his party. Thus, Zhao was again forced to escape from Linzi as his rival brothers took control of the government and formed an alliance against him. The crown prince fled to Duke Xiang of Song who still remained in Qi with his army, and requested his help. Meanwhile, the united army of the four brothers sallied forth from Linzi in order to drive the troops of Song from Qi. The two forces met on the battlefield at Yan (modern-day Licheng District, Jinan), where the army of Song won a decisive victory. The four brothers fled from Qi, while Duke Xiang of Song enthroned Zhao at Linzi; from then on, Zhao became known as Duke Xiao of Qi. With the succession war seemingly concluded, the army of Song returned home.  Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong were still active, however, and continued to conspire against the newly crowned duke. Soon after their defeat at Yan, the Beidi invaded and ravaged Qi, probably in order to aid the four brothers. This was not enough to weaken Duke Xiao, however, and Qi was restabilized. Soon after the Beidi attack, the situation had become calm enough for late Duke Huan to be finally buried with a proper ceremony, months after his death.

Aftermath.

After his ascendancy to the throne, Duke Xiao attempted to restore Qi's former predominance in China. This led to a rift in his relationship with Duke Xiang of Song, as he too wanted to become hegemon. Though the two former allies even went to war over this issue, both failed in their efforts and Duke Wen of Jin became the next hegemon. Duke Xiao's line would also not last on Qi's throne, as his son and heir was murdered. The succession crisis thus continued until Prince Yuan took the throne in 608 BC. His descendants would rule Qi until 386 BC, when they were toppled by the Tian clan.

The war of Qi's succession was a civil war in the State of Qi from 643 to 642 BCE, as the sons of Duke Huan of Qi fought against each other for the throne. Their struggle led to chaos in Qi and the intervention of several outside powers, until Duke Huan's intended heir, Prince Zhao (later known as Duke Xiao), emerged victorious. Nevertheless, four of Prince Zhao's rival brothers remained at large and continued to conspire for the throne, leading to a succession crisis that plagued Qi for decades. As result, the succession war and its consequences greatly weakened Qi, which lost its status as China's predominant state.

La guerre de succession de Qi est une guerre civile qui a lieu dans l'État de Qi de 643 à 642 avant notre ère, lorsque les fils du duc Huan de Qi entrent en conflit pour le trône. Leur lutte fait sombrer l'État de Qi dans le chaos et conduit à l'intervention de plusieurs puissances extérieures. Le conflit ne prend fin que lorsque le prince Zhao, connu plus tard sous le nom de Duc XIao, l'héritier désigné par le duc Huan, remporte la victoire. Néanmoins, quatre des frères du prince Zhao restent en liberté et continuent de conspirer pour s'emparer du trône, conduisant à une crise de succession qui déchire Qi pendant des décennies. Finalement, cette guerre de succession et ses conséquences affaiblissent considérablement Qi, qui perd définitivement son statut d'État prédominant de la Chine.


Production.

The series was announced in June 2018, with Richard Price hired to adapt the Stephen King novel. HBO officially commissioned the series in December, with Ben Mendelsohn cast in the lead while serving as a producer. Jason Bateman executive produces and also stars in the series.  In January 2019, the core main cast was set, seeing the additions of Cynthia Erivo, Bill Camp, Mare Winningham, Paddy Considine, Julianne Nicholson, Yul Vazquez, Jeremy Bobb and Marc Menchaca. Hettienne Park and Michael Esper appear in recurring roles.

Related series.

The character of Holly Gibney was first introduced by King in the Bill Hodges trilogy of novels. That trilogy has been adapted into the TV series "Mr. Mercedes", which premiered on Audience in 2017 with Justine Lupe as Gibney. The showrunner Richard Price reworked the character to some extent, without keeping the continuity with the "Mr. Mercedes" TV series or Bill Hodges novels (Price did not watch the series or read the novels), and asked Stephen King to rename the character, but King insisted on keeping the name Holly Gibney.

Reception.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an 82% rating with an average score of 7.39 out of 10 based on 66 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Though "The Outsider"s slow burn isn't always satisfying, it remains watchable thanks to its excellent performances – especially series stand out Cynthia Erivo." On Metacritic, it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Home media.

The 10-episode limited series will be released on Blu-ray and DVD in the United States on July 28, 2020, and features over 40 minutes of behind-the-scenes content.

The Outsider is an American horror crime drama miniseries based on the 2018 novel of the same name by Stephen King. It was ordered to series on December 3, 2018, after being optioned as a miniseries by Media Rights Capital in June 2018. It premiered on HBO on January 12, 2020. It stars Ben Mendelsohn, Bill Camp, Paddy Considine, Julianne Nicholson, Jason Bateman (who also directed the first 2 episodes) and Cynthia Erivo.

En France, elle est diffusée le lendemain, entre le et le sur OCS City. Au Québec, entre le et le sur Super Écran.


High school career.

Alexander was born in Scarborough, Ontario and grew up in Milton, Ontario and attended Orangeville Prep in Orangeville, Ontario, where he would originally play soccer and volleyball before picking up basketball in his junior year. Alexander would become roommates with Denver Nuggets guard Jamal Murray. Additionally, Alexander played AAU basketball with the CIA Bounce, again teaming up with Murray.

College career.

Alexander played college basketball for the Tennessee Volunteers for 4 years. As a senior, he averaged 7.3 points, 6.6 rebounds, 1.7 blocks and 23.8 minutes per game. Alexander helped lead the team to the Sweet Sixteen, shooting 61.4 percent from the field and 42.9 percent from three-point range.

Professional career.

After going undrafted in the 2019 NBA draft, Alexander joined the Miami Heat for the 2019 NBA Summer League. On July 15, 2019, Alexander was signed by the Heat to a training camp contract. Following training camp, Alexander was added to the roster of the Heat's NBA G League affiliate, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. On January 15, 2020, Alexander signed a two-way contract with the Heat. The following day, it was announced that Alexander was sidelined with a knee injury.

Personal life.

Alexander is the son of Joseph and Audrey Alexander. His father Joseph played college basketball for the Niagara Purple Eagles from 1982 to 1986. He has two sisters, named Kayla and Kesia. His sister Kayla is also a professional basketball player for the Chicago Sky of the WNBA.

Kyle John Solomon Alexander (born October 21, 1996) is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract with the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Tennessee Volunteers.

Kyle John Solomon Alexander, né le à Milton dans l'Ontario au Canada, est un joueur canadien de basket-ball qui joue pour le Miami Heat en NBA avec un contrat à double sens. Il évolue vers la position d'ailier fort.