Family.

Sophie was born in Wartburg Castle, near Eisenach in Thuringia, central Germany on 20 March 1224, the eldest daughter and second child of Louis IV of Thuringia and St. Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of King Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania. The "Cronica Reinhardsbrunnensis" recorded Sophie's birth: "1224 mensis tercio XX die" to "beata Elisabeth" of "filiam Sophiam in castro Wartburg". When Sophie was three years old, her father embarked for the Sixth Crusade, and died unexpectedly of a fever on his way to the Holy Land. Her brother Hermann succeeded as landgrave; however, their uncle Henry Raspe acted as his regent. Sophie and her two siblings were sent away on the orders of their mother's manipulative confessor, Konrad of Marburg. They were placed in Bollenstein Castle, under the supervision of their great-uncle Egbert, Bishop of Bamberg. When Sophie was seven, her mother died, leaving her and her siblings orphans. Upon Elisabeth's death, which had occurred in 1231, Henry Raspe assumed control of Thuringia, becoming its "de facto" landgrave; and Sophie's brother eventually died in 1241, never having reigned.

War of the Thuringian Succession.

When Sophie's uncle, Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia died without issue in 1247, Sophie entered into a dispute over the succession to the Ludowinger territories of Thuringia and Hesse to which she was a claimant; her rivals were her cousin, Henry III, Margrave of Meissen and the Archbishopric of Mainz, which claimed the territories as fiefs of the Archbishop. This dispute led to the War of the Thuringian Succession, which lasted for 17 years. Sophie, who was backed by the Hessian nobility, achieved a partial victory in 1264 as she managed to win Hesse, with her son, Henry succeeding as the first landgrave by right of his mother; whereas her cousin, Henry received Thuringia. The outcome of the dispute was the emergence of Hesse as an independent landgraviate, which eventually became a powerful territorial principality.

Marriage and issue.

In 1241 at the age of 17, Sophie married Henry II, Duke of Brabant and Lothier as his second wife. Her marriage was recorded in the "Annales Parchenses". She was his only wife to be styled Duchess of Brabant and Lothier, as Henry's first wife Marie of Hohenstaufen had died just six months before he succeeded his father to the dukedom. Together Henry and Sophie had two children:  Sophie also had six stepchildren from her husband's first marriage to Marie.  She was described as having been an "energetic and courageous woman, proud of her saintly ancestry". She began all her letters and charters with the following: "We, Sophie, duchess of Brabant, daughter of St. Elisabeth".  After the death of her husband, Sophie resided in a castle situated beside the Dijle river in the village of Sint-Agatha-Rode, Brabant.  She died on 29 May 1275 in Marburg, and was buried in Villers Abbey in Brabant. There is a statue representing her and her son Henry in the square in front of the town hall in Marburg.

Sophie of Thuringia (20 March 1224 – 29 May 1275) was the second wife and only Duchess consort of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and Lothier. She was the heiress of Hesse which she passed on to her son, Henry upon her retention of the territory following her partial victory in the War of the Thuringian Succession in which she was one of the belligerents. Sophie was the founder of the Brabant dynasty of Hesse.

Sophie de Thuringe, née le près d'Eisenach en Thuringe et morte le, fut duchesse de Brabant en tant que deuxième épouse du duc Henri II. Elle est l'ancêtre de la maison de Hesse.


History.

Cabot Corporation was founded by Godfrey Lowell Cabot in 1882 when he applied for a patent for a "carbon black making apparatus". The company incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1960.  In 1993, a team of Cabot researchers developed a process for modifying the surface of carbon, allowing chemists and researchers to prepare surface modified carbon black products with properties never before associated with carbon materials. This breakthrough led to the development of new technologies and products including aqueous inkjet colorants, for printer ink the basis of Cabot's Inkjet Colorants business unit, which was founded in 1996.  In 2003, Cabot developed a commercialized process that allows continuous production of aerogels under ambient conditions, which was the start of the company’s Aerogel business. In 2009, Cabot completed construction of and began operating two additional rubber black production plants at its carbon black plant in Tianjin, China, increasing capacity to 150,000 metric tons. In July 2012, Cabot purchased Norit NV, the largest producer of activated carbon, for $1.1 billion.  Cabot sold its Supermetals business, which produced tantalum, niobium and related alloys, in 2011 to Global Advanced Metals Pty Ltd.

Safety, health and environmental.

Safety record.

The company has reduced total recordable injuries by over 25% in the last five years. However, the company experienced two fatalities in 2011. The severity of incidents has caused the company to look at all aspects of workplace safety.

Environmental record.

Sam Bodman, CEO of Cabot during the coltan boom, was appointed in December 2004 to serve as President Bush’s Secretary of Energy. Under Bodman’s leadership from 1987 to 2000, according to Jason Leopold, Cabot was one of the U.S.’s largest polluters, accounting for 60,000 tons of airborne toxic emissions annually.  Cabot reduced its Environmental Non-Conformance events (ENCs), from a high of over 80 incidences in 2008, to 17 in FY 2012. The company defines an environmental non-conformance event as a reportable spill or release, a Notice of Violation, a public complaint or certain permit deviations.  The company invested over $35 million in FY 2011 on environmentally-related capital projects to improve efficiency and maintain regulatory compliance. The company’s goal is a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emission intensity by 2020, using 2005 as the baseline year. One example of greenhouse gas reduction is a heat recovery advancement project to convert exhaust heat to steam at the company’s fumed metal oxides plant in Rheinfelden, Germany. The steam produced is used in the plant if needed or sold to a neighboring company. The project has the potential to reduce GHG emissions by 1,400 MTs each year.

Responsible care.

In 2010 Cabot joined the American Chemistry Council, and as such is obliged to implement the Council’s Responsible Care program as part of a global initiative. Cabot is implementing RC 14001, which incorporates the requirements of both the ACC Responsible Care and the ISO 14001 Management Systems, for all its manufacturing facilities, beginning with those in North America.

Sustainability.

Cabot’s 2010/2011 sustainability report, titled "Sustainability Matters: Cabot Corporation’s 2010/2011 Sustainability Report," met all the informational requirements to receive an Application Level C certification from the Global Reporting Initiatives. Cabot’s adherence to GRI reporting standards affirms its commitment to more transparent and thorough reporting.

Awards.

In 2012, Cabot Corporation was selected as a Bronze Winner for the Ninth Annual Team Massachusetts Economic Impact Awards. They were also selected as one of CR Magazine’s 100 Best Corporate Citizens for 2012.  The American Chemistry Council honored Cabot with the Responsible Care Performance Award in April 2012 for helping the ACC meet industry-wide safety and product stewardship targets. In April 2012, Cabot ranked forty-fourth among the top 100 leading companies that demonstrated superior management, mitigation and adaptation in the field of climate innovation. Cabot was awarded a 2012 Leadership Award for the Massachusetts Excellence in Commuter Options Awards.

Board of directors.

Cabot Corporation’s Board of Directors is chaired by non-executive John F. O'Brien, retired President and Chief Executive Officer Allmerica Financial Corp.

Cabot Foundation.

In 1953, the non-profit Cabot Corporation Foundation, Inc. was established, and the Foundation's charter was amended in 1992 to permit grants to qualified charitable organizations outside of the United States. Cabot has offered aid to earthquake victims in Japan, and the Outward Bound organization.

Cabot Corporation is an American specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The company operates in over 20 countries with 36 manufacturing plants, eight research and development facilities and 28 sales offices.

Cabot Corporation () est une entreprise ("corporation") américaine, active depuis plus d'un siècle dans le domaine de la chimie fine et plus récemment de certains produits spéciaux (fluides de forage).


History.

Planning before the attack on the Soviet Union.

Originally the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories (), Alfred Rosenberg envisioned usage of the term Baltenland ("Baltic Land") before the summer of 1941 for the area that would eventually be known as "Ostland". Otto Bräutigam, a major colleague of Rosenberg at the time, opposed this idea. In a later declaration he alleged that Rosenberg (himself a Baltic German), was influenced by his "Baltic friends" in forwarding this initiative, in which a "Baltic Reichskommissariat" with the addition of Belarus would be formed, "and with this the White Ruthenians would also be regarded as Balts". A more important additional colleague of Rosenberg, Georg Leibbrandt, spoke out against this. He argued that the sympathy of the Baltic peoples, who would naturally want the use of their own terminology, could be lost entirely. They would therefore not be won over either as supporters of the German war effort, nor as racially valuable settlers for the region.

After Operation Barbarossa.

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, vast areas were conquered to Germany's east. At first these areas would remain under military occupation by Wehrmacht authorities (Army Group Rear Areas), but as soon as the military situation allowed it, a more permanent form of administration under German rule for these territories would be instituted.  A Führer Decree of 17 July 1941 provided for this move. It established Reichskommissariats in the east, as administrative units of the Greater German Reich. The structure of the Reichskommissariats was defined by the same decree. Each of these territories would be led by a German civil governor known as a Reichskommissar appointed by Hitler and answerable only to him. The official appointed for Ostland was Hinrich Lohse, the "Oberpräsident" and "Gauleiter" of Schleswig-Holstein. Local government in the Reichskommissariat was to be organized under a "National Director" ("Reichskomissar") in Estonia, a "General Director" in Latvia and a "General Adviser" in Lithuania.  Rosenberg's ministerial authority was, in practice, severely limited. The first reason was that many of the practicalities were determined elsewhere: the Wehrmacht and the SS managed the military and security aspects, Fritz Sauckel as Reich Director of Labour had control over manpower and working areas, Hermann Göring and Albert Speer had total management of economic aspects in the territories and the Reich Postal Service administered the Eastern territories' postal services. These German central government interventions in the affairs of Ostland overriding the appropriate ministries were known as "special administrations" ("Sonderverwaltungen"). Later, from September 1941, the civil administration that had been decreed in the previous July was actually set up. Lohse and Erich Koch objected to these breaches of their supposed responsibilities, seeking to administer their territories with the independence and authority of Gauleiters. On 1 April 1942, an "arbeitsbereich" (lit. "working sphere", a name for the party cadre organisation outside the Reich proper) was established in the civilian-administered parts of the occupied Soviet territories, whereupon Koch and Lohse gradually ceased communication with Rosenberg, preferring to deal directly with Adolf Hitler through Martin Bormann and the Party Chancellery. In the process they also displaced all other actors including notably the SS, except in central Belarus where HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski had a special command encompassing both military and civil administration territories and engaged in Nazi security warfare.  In July 1941, the civil administration was declared in much of the occupied Soviet territories before one had materialised in the field. A power vacuum emerged which the SS filled with its SS and Police Leadership Structure, exercising unlimited power over security and policing which it gave up only grudgingly in the autumn when civil administration came into being; indeed Heinrich Himmler would use various tactics until as late as 1943 in unsuccessful efforts to regain this power. This partly explains the strained relations between the SS and the civil administration. In Ostland, matters were further complicated by the personality of the local superior SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln, attacked by the SS's opponents for his alleged corruption, brutality and mindless foolhardiness.

German plans.

The short-term political objectives for Ostland differed from those for the Ukraine, the Caucasus or the Moscow regions. The Baltic lands, which were to be joined together with Belarus (to serve as a spacious hinterland of the coastal areas), would be organised as one Germanized protectorate prior to union with Germany itself in the near future. Rosenberg said that these lands had a fundamentally "European" character, resulting from 700 years of history under Swedish, Danish, and German rule, and should therefore provide Germany with "Lebensraum", an opinion shared by Hitler and other leading Nazis. The Belarusians, however, were considered by the scholars of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories as "little and weak peasant people" dwelling in "folkish indifference", but also "the most harmless and because of this the least dangerous for us of all the peoples in the Eastern Space" and an ideal object of exploitation. Rosenberg suggested that Belarus will be in the future an appropriate reception area of various undesirable population elements from the Baltic part of Ostland and German-occupied Poland. He also toyed with the idea of turning the country into a huge nature reserve.  The regime planned to encourage the post-war settlement of Germans to the region, seeing it as a region traditionally inhabited by Germans (see the Teutonic Order and the Northern Crusades) that had been overrun by Slavs. During the war itself in Pskov province ethnic Germans were resettled from Romania with some Dutch. The settlement of Dutch settlers was encouraged by the "Nederlandsche Oost-Compagnie", a Dutch-German organisation.  Historical German and Germanic-sounding placenames were also retained (or introduced) for many Baltic cities, such as "Reval" (Tallinn), "Kauen" (Kaunas), and "Dünaburg" (Daugavpils), among many others. To underscore the region's planned incorporation into Germany some Nazi ideologists further suggested the future use of the names "Peipusland" for Estonia and "Dünaland" for Latvia once they had become part of Germany. The ancient Russian city of Novgorod, the easternmost foreign trading post of the Hanseatic League, was to be renamed "Holmgard". During the occupation, the Germans also published a "local" German-language newspaper, the "Deutsche Zeitung im Ostland".

Administrative and territorial organization.

The Reichskommissariat Ostland was sub-divided into four "General Regions" ("Generalbezirke"), namely Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and White Ruthenia (Belarus), headed by a "Generalkommissar". The regions were further divided into "Districts" ("Kreisgebiete"). In the three Baltic states their previous counties (Es:Maakonad, Lv:Aprinka, Lt:Apskritys) were also retained as a further sub-division ("Kreise"). The conquered territories further to the east were under military control for the entirety of the war. The intention was to include these territories in the anticipated future extension of Ostland. This would have incorporated Ingria ("Ingermannland"), as well as the Smolensk, Pskov, and Novgorod areas into the Reichskommissariat. Estonia's new eastern border was planned to be extent to the Leningrad-Novgorod line, with Lake Ilmen and Volkhov River forming the new eastern border of the Baltic country, while Latvia was to reach the Velikiye Luki region. Belarus was to extend east to include the Smolensk region. The local administration of the Reichskommissariat Ostland was headed by "Reichskommissar" Hinrich Lohse. Below him there was an administrative hierarchy: a "Generalkomissar" led each "Generalbezirk", while "Gebietskommissars" administered "Kreisgebieten", respectively. The German administrative center for the entire region, as well as the seat of the "Reichskommissar", was in Riga, Latvia.

"Generalbezirk Estland" (Estonia).

District seat: Reval (Tallinn)  Ruled by Generalkommissar.  Subdivided into seven "Kreisgebiete":

"Generalbezirk Lettland" (Latvia).

District seat: Riga  Ruled by Generalkommissar Otto-Heinrich Drechsler.  Subdivided into six "Kreisgebiete":

"Generalbezirk Litauen" (Lithuania).

District seat: Kauen (Kaunas).  Ruled by Generalkommissar Theodor Adrian von Renteln.  Subdivided into six "Kreisgebiete":

"Generalbezirk Weißruthenien" (Belarus).

Set up across the territory of the Belarusian SSR (including West Belarus, previously Wilno and Nowogródek regions of the eastern territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union). District seat: Minsk. Ruled by Generalkommissar Wilhelm Kube (1941-1943) and Curt von Gottberg (1943-1944).  On 1 April 1944, "Generalbezirk Weißruthenien" was detached from Reichskommissariat Ostland and was placed directly under the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories.

Other authorities.

In March 1943, Wilhelm Kube succeeded in installing the Belarusian Central Rada (a collaborationist puppet regime), which existed concurrently with the German civil administration.  The military command was controlled by the "Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Ostland" ("Military Commander Ostland"). He was responsible for security within the occupied territories, to protect traffic connections and to record the harvest. These commanders were :

Policies.

Upon taking control, Hinrich Lohse proclaimed the official decree ("Verkündungsblatt für das Ostland") on November 15, 1941, whereby all Soviet state and party properties in the Baltic area and Belarus were confiscated and transferred to the German administration.  In Ostland, the administration returned lands nationalised by the Soviets to the former peasant owners. In towns and cities, small workshops, industries and businesses were returned to their former owners, subject to promises to pay taxes and quotas to the authorities. Jewish properties were confiscated. In Belarus, a state enterprise was established to manage all former Soviet government properties. One of the German administrators was General commissar Wilhelm Kube.  "Ostgesellschaften" (state monopolies) and so-called "Patenfirmen", private industrial companies linked to the German government, were quickly appointed to manage confiscated enterprises. The Hermann Göring Workshops, Mannesmann, IG Farben and Siemens assumed control of all former Soviet state enterprises in Ostland and Ukraine. An example of this was the takeover, by Daimler-Benz and Vomag, of heavy repair workshops, in Riga and Kiev, for the maintenance of all captured Russian T-34 and KV-1 tanks, linked with their repair workshops in Germany.  In Belarus, the German authorities lamented the "Jewish-Bolshevik" policies that had allegedly denied the people knowledge of the basic concepts of private property, ownership, or personal initiative. Unlike the Baltic area, where the authorities saw that "during the war and the occupation's first stages, the population gave examples of sincere collaboration, a way for possibly giving some liberty to autonomous administration".

Economic exploitation.

According to Schwerin von Krosigk, the Reich Minister of Finances, until February 1944, Reich Government receiving in concept of occupation costs and taxes (in million of RM) 753,6 RM. The German Ministry of East Affairs required Lohse and the Reichskommissar in Ukraine to deliver immediately slave labor from the occupied territories to Germany: 380,000 farm workers and 247,000 industrial workers.  The Germans viewed the Slavs as a pool of slave work labor for use by the German Reich; if necessary they could be worked to death.

Extermination of the Jews in Ostland.

At the time of the German invasion in June 1941 there were significant Jewish minorities in Ostland — nearly 480,000 people. To these were added deportees from Austria, Germany, and elsewhere.  Jews were confined to Nazi ghettos in Riga and Kauen, which rapidly became overcrowded and squalid. From these they were taken to execution sites.  The Soviet Red Army reported the discovery of Vilna and Kauen extermination centres as apparently part of the Nazi "Final Solution". The extermination of the resident Jews began almost immediately after the invasion and was later extended to the deportees.  In autumn 1943, the ghettos were "liquidated", and the remaining occupants were moved to camps at Kaiserwald and Stutthof near Danzig or, if not capable of work, killed.

Government figures.

Aside from the German political leaders mentioned above, including Reich Minister Alfred Rosenberg, General Commissar Karl-Siegmund Litzmann and General Commissar Wilhelm Kube, the regional collaborationist structures across "Reichskommissariat Ostland" included Estonian political leaders such as Hjalmar Mäe, Oskar Angelus, Alfred Wendt (or Vendt), Otto Leesment, Hans Saar, Oskar Öpik, Arnold Radik, Johannes Soodla; Latvian political leaders with Oskars Dankers, and ; Lithuanian political leaders: Juozas Ambrazevičius, and Petras Kubiliūnas; as well as the Belarusian nationalist leaders from the Belarusian Central Council.

Partisan movement.

German and local security authorities were kept busy by Soviet partisan activities in Belarus. They noted that "infected zones" of partisan action included an area of 500 or 600 km2, around Minsk, Pinsk, Gomel, Briansk, Smolensk and Vitebsk, including the principal roads and railways in these areas.

Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) in 1941 during World War II. It became the civilian occupation regime in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and the western part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. German planning documents initially referred to an equivalent Reichskommissariat Baltenland ("Baltic Land"). The political organization for this territory – after an initial period of military administration before its establishment – involved a German civilian administration, nominally under the authority of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories led by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, but actually controlled by the Nazi official Hinrich Lohse, its appointed Reichskommissar.

Le (abrégé RKO) est une entité administrative mise en place par le Troisième Reich sur des territoires conquis en 1941 lors de l'opération Barbarossa. Il comprend les territoires des pays baltes (Estonie, Lettonie et Lituanie) et une partie de la Biélorussie. Décidé lors de la conférence du, il fait suite à l'euphorie des premiers succès contre l'Armée rouge, à laquelle participaient notamment Adolf Hitler et Alfred Rosenberg, le Reichskommissariat se transforme rapidement en champs clos de massacres de masse de Juifs de toute l'Europe et de Slaves en vue de réaliser le schéma directeur de l'Est. Cette politique entraîne la création de mouvements de résistance puissamment organisés, dont l'action se révèle décisive lors de la reconquête de ces territoires par les Soviétiques au début de (opération "Bagration").


Championnat de Saint-Marin de football 2011-2012

Participating teams.

Because there is no promotion or relegation in the league, the same 15 teams who competed in the league last season competed in the league this season.

Venues.

The teams do not have grounds of their own due to restricted space in San Marino. Each match was randomly assigned to one of the following grounds:

Regular season.

The 15 clubs are split into two groups; one with eight clubs and another with seven clubs.

Group A.

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Group B.

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Results.

All teams will play twice against the teams within their own group and once against the teams from the other group. This means that the clubs in the eight-club group will play 21 matches each while the clubs in the seven-club group will play 20 matches each during the regular season.

Play-off.

The playoff was held in a double-eliminination format. Both group winners earned byes in the first and second round.

Second Round.

La Fiorita were eliminated. They have qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League by winning the 2011–12 Coppa Titano.

Third Round.

Faetano were eliminated.

Fourth Round.

Cosmos were eliminated.

Final.

The winner of the final will qualify for the first qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, while the runner-up will qualify for the first qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.

The 2011–12 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio season was the twenty-seventh since its establishment. The season began with the first regular season games on 17 September 2011 and is scheduled to end with the play-off final in May 2012. Tre Fiori are the defending league champions, having won their seventh Sammarinese championship and third-in-a-row last season. The title was won by S.P. Tre Penne.

La saison 2011-2012 du championnat saint-marinais de football est la vingt-septième édition de la première division saint-marinaise. Les quinze clubs participants répartis en deux groupes affrontent à deux reprises les équipes de leur groupe et une fois celle de l'autre groupe, les trois premiers de chaque groupe se retrouvent en playoffs pour se disputer la victoire finale.


Early life and education.

Thomas Tryon was born on January 14, 1926, in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Arthur Lane Tryon, a clothier and owner of Stackpole, Moore & Tryon (he is often erroneously identified as the son of silent screen actor Glenn Tryon). He served in the United States Navy in the Pacific from 1943–1946 during and after World War II. Upon return from the U.S. Navy, he attended and graduated from Yale University.

Acting career.

Tryon studied acting at NYC's Neighborhood Playhouse under the tutelage of Sanford Meisner.

Broadway.

He appeared in the 1952 original Broadway production of "Wish You Were Here", a long-running musical that starred Jack Cassidy, Patricia Marand and Sheila Bond.

Early appearances.

Tryon appeared in "The Way of the World" (1955). He also guest starred in 1955 as Antoine De More in the two-part episode "King of the Dakotas" of NBC's western anthology series "Frontier".

Paramount.

Tryon was signed to a long term contract to Paramount. His film debut was in "The Scarlet Hour" (1956) at Paramount, directed by Michael Curtiz. It was a crime drama about a man whose married lover persuades him to commit a robbery; Tryon was second billed. He was top billed in a low budget war film at Allied Artists, "Screaming Eagles" (1956), then supported Charlton Heston and Anne Baxter in "Three Violent People" (1956) at Paramount. He was announced for, but did not end up appearing in, "Short Cut to Hell".  Tryon's work was mostly in TV though, appearing in "Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre", "The 20th Century-Fox Hour", "Playhouse 90" (an adaptation of "Charley's Aunt"), "Zane Grey Theater", "Studio 57", "Matinee Theatre", and "Lux Video Theatre". He had a support role in RKO's "The Unholy Wife" (1957) billed after Rod Steiger and Diana Dors. He had the lead in a low budget science fiction film at Paramount, "I Married a Monster from Outer Space" (1958). Tryon appeared in the lead in "The Mark Hanford Story" (February 26, 1958) on NBC's "Wagon Train". He portrayed an educated half-breed outraged at his father, Jack Hanford (played by Onslow Stevens), for having mistreated Mark's Cheyenne mother. Kathleen Crowley portrayed Ann Jamison, a young woman that the senior Hanford plans to marry after the self-banishment and then suicide of Mark's mother. His other television roles included "The Restless Gun", "General Electric Theater", "The Millionaire", "The Big Valley", and "The Joseph Cotten Show".

"Texas John Slaughter".

Tryon played Texas John Slaughter for Disney in a series of TV movies for Disney which ran from 1958 to 1961. The role was based on actual historical figure John Slaughter. He was considered but eventually passed over for the role of Janet Leigh's lover, Sam Loomis, in the classic thriller, "Psycho" (1960); the role went to John Gavin.

20th Century Fox.

Tryon starred in "The Story of Ruth" (1960) at 20th Century Fox. For that studio he appeared in "Marines, Let's Go" (1961). Disney borrowed him to star in a satire about the space age, "Moon Pilot" (1962). He was one of many names in "The Longest Day" (1962) at Fox. In 1962, Tryon was cast to play the role of Stephen Burkett ("Adam") in the unfinished Marilyn Monroe-Dean Martin comedy film, "Something's Got to Give", directed by George Cukor, but lost that role after Monroe was fired from the movie. He guest starred on "Dr. Kildare" and "The Virginian".

Otto Preminger.

Tryon's greatest role was as an ambitious Catholic priest in "The Cardinal" (1963). The film was a box office hit and Tryon received a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. However, that honor barely compensated for the trauma and abuse he suffered at the hands of director Otto Preminger. At one point during filming, Preminger fired Tryon in front of his parents when they visited the set, then rehired him after being satisfied that Tryon had been sufficiently humiliated.  "Finally, I was in a position of being able to pick my roles," said Tryon in 1986. "But I didn't like the movie. I didn't like me in the movie. To this day, I cannot look at that film. It's because of Preminger. He was a tyrant who ruled by terror. He tied me up in knots. He screamed at me. He called me names. He said I was lazy. He said I was a fool. He never cursed me. His insults were far more personal." Tryon guest starred on "Kraft Suspense Theatre" then was reunited with Preminger in "In Harm's Way" (1965).  He had the lead in "The Glory Guys" (1965).

Later acting career.

He was part of a live television performance of "The Fall of the House of Usher". He also co-wrote a song, ""I Wish I Was"," which appeared on an obscure record by Dick Kallman, star of the short-lived and now largely forgotten 1965 television sitcom, "Hank". Other television roles include episodes of "The Big Valley", "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre" and the 1967 TV movie remake "Winchester '73". Tryon went to Australia to make "Color Me Dead" (1969).

Writing career.

Disillusioned with acting, Tryon retired from the profession in 1969 and began writing horror and mystery novels. He was successful, overcoming skepticism about a classically handsome movie star suddenly turning novelist. He also moved into film financing, being executive producer on "Johnny Got His Gun" (1971).  His best-known work is "The Other" (1971), about a boy whose evil twin brother may or may not be responsible for a series of deaths in a small rural community in the 1930s. He adapted his novel into a film released the following year, which starred Diana Muldaur, Uta Hagen, and John Ritter. "Harvest Home" (1973), about the dark pagan rituals being practiced in a small New England town, was adapted as "The Dark Secret of Harvest Home" (1978), a television mini-series starring Bette Davis.  An extensive critical analysis of Tryon's horror novels can be found in S. T. Joshi's book "The Modern Weird Tale" (2001). His other books include "Crowned Heads", a collection of novellas inspired by the legends of Hollywood. Tryon sold the film rights to Universal to make four films based on the novellas. The first of these novellas, "Fedora," about a reclusive former film actress whose relationship with her plastic surgeon is similar to that between a drug addict and her pusher, was later converted to a feature film directed by Billy Wilder.  Other novellas in the collection were based on the murder of former silent screen star Ramón Novarro, and the quasi-Oedipal relationship between actor Clifton Webb and his mother. "Lady" (1974) concerns the friendship between an eight-year-old boy and a charming widow in 1930s New England and the secret he discovers about her. His novel "The Night of the Moonbow" (1989) tells the story of a boy driven to violent means by the constant harassment he receives at a boys summer camp. "Night Magic," written in 1991, was posthumously published in 1995.

Personal life.

In 1955, Tryon married Ann L. Noyes, the daughter of stockbroker Joseph Leo Lilienthal and his wife, the former Edna Arnstein. She was the former wife of Thomas Ewing Noyes, with whom she had been a theatrical producer. The Tryons divorced in 1958, and Ann Tryon resumed her previous married name. She died in 1966.  During the 1970s, he was in a romantic relationship with Clive Clerk, one of the original cast members of "A Chorus Line" and an interior designer who decorated Tryon's apartment on Central Park West in New York City, which was featured in "Architectural Digest". From 1973 to 1977, Tryon was in a relationship with Calvin Culver, also known as Casey Donovan, a gay porn star.

Death.

Tryon died of stomach cancer on September 4, 1991 at the age of 65 in Los Angeles, California.

Thomas "Tom" Tryon (January 14, 1926September 4, 1991) was an American film and television actor as well as a novelist. He is best known for playing the title role in the film "The Cardinal" (1963), featured roles in the war films "The Longest Day" (1962) and "In Harm's Way" (1965) with John Wayne, and especially the Walt Disney television character "Texas John Slaughter" (1958–1961). He later turned to the writing of prose fiction and screenplays, and wrote several science fiction, horror and mystery novels.

Tom Tryon, ou Thomas Tryon, est un acteur, scénariste et écrivain américain, né le à Hartford au Connecticut et mort le à Los Angeles en Californie.


Club career.

On loan from Panathinaikos in 2007–08, Zaradoukas helped Panserraikos earn promotion from Beta Ethniki to the Greek Super League.  Following his successful season with Panserraikos, Panathinaikos loaned Zaradoukas to Ethnikos Piraeus – another strong Beta Ethniki club trying to earn promotion to the Super League – for the 2008–09 season.  In September 2011, Zaradoukas was released on free transfer, due to the relegation of Olympiakos Volou for involvement in match-fixing scandals and signed a 2-year contract with Olympiakos F.C.. On 29 December 2011 he signed a six-month loan deal with PAS Giannina, as he didn't feature in the plans of his coach. He scored his first goal for Pas Giannina against Kerkyra on 4 February 2012. On 18 January 2013, he signed a six-month loan with Aris. He made his debut 2 days later in a home draw against AEK.  In June 2013, Zaradoukas was released from Olympiakos, and he signed a two-years contract with Asteras Tripolis. He made his debut with the club on 18 August 2013 in a home draw against PAS Giannina. At the beginning of 2014, Zaradoukas signed a six-month contract with Platanias and made his debut with the club on 3 March 2014 in a 1-2 home loss against PAS Giannina. On 10 July 2015, Zaradoukas was released from Platanias.  In July 2015, Zaradoukas signed a contract with Skoda Xanthi for an undisclosed fee

International career.

On 10 August 2011, he debuted for the Greek national team, after a call-up by national coach Fernando Santos in a friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina. His first competitive match for the national team was during a successful 1–0 win against Israel for the EURO 2012 qualification round.

Giannis Zaradoukas (; born 12 December 1985) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a left back for Gamma Ethniki club Marko.

Giánnis Zaradoúkas (en grec : ), est un footballeur grec né le à Athènes. Il évolue au poste de défenseur.


Background and composition.

"Addicted to You" was written by Dominican rapper and record producer Edward Bello, American record producer John Hill, Luis Fernando Ochoa and Shakira, for the singer's ninth studio album "Sale el Sol". The album marked the first time she worked with Bello, who is better known by his stage name El Cata, and their collaboration started after Shakira expressed her desire to experiment with merengue music, saying "I grew up listening to merengue— that was a big part of my life, and I was missing it". Merengue is a type of music and dance originating in the Dominican Republic, and after being referred to Bello by American rapper Pitbull, Shakira travelled to the country and began recording sessions with him in his "tiny" studio in Santo Domingo. Bello talked about his collaboration with Shakira, saying "If I was thinking that this little studio was going to be in the world’s vision at this time, I wouldn’t believe it". On 14 March 2012, Shakira's official website announced that "Addicted to You" would be the fifth and final single to be released from "Sale el Sol". It was made available for digital download on Amazon.com and ITunes by Epic Records a day earlier.  According to Shakira, "Sale el Sol" has three "directions", one of which is the "Latino, tropical side" of the album. "Addicted to You", along with other tracks "Loca and "Rabiosa", is a primary example of this musical direction. In addition to merengue, "Addicted to You" is influenced by reggaeton music and features "a very 70's chorus and Copacabana sounds". Despite having an English title, the words "Addicted to You" are only sung in the chorus, and the rest of the song is sung entirely in Spanish. Lyrically, it details Shakira's infatuation with a lover.

Reception.

Critical reception towards "Addicted to You" was mostly positive. Jennifer Schaffer from "The Stanford Daily" commented that the song prevents the listener from getting "lulled" and "hurries back to the hip-swaying dance beat". Michelle Morgante from "The Boston Globe" picked the song as an example of Shakira's "new merengue-rock hybrid that lays down bare horn riffs over a driving beat in a groove that is irresistible". Carlos Macias from Terra USA, however, gave it a negative review and criticized its use of a "cheap keyboard that drives the tune reminds us of music played at weddings and "quinceañeras"". In 2013, "Latina" included "Addicted to You" on their list of "The 13 Best Songs in Spanglish" and commented that "If non-Spanish speakers can’t pick up the language after listening to this track, then we feel bad for you, son". At the 28th International Dance Music Awards held in 2013, "Addicted to You" was nominated for "Best Latin Dance Track". It was also nominated at the 2013 "Billboard" Latin Music Awards for Latin Pop Song of the Year. El Cata received an ASCAP Latin award at the Pop category for his composition of the song.  Commercially, "Addicted to You" was a particular success in Mexico. It peaked at number one on the Monitor Latino chart in the region, and was later certified platinum by the Mexican Association of Phonograph Producers (AMPROFON) for shipments of 60,000 units. Elsewhere, the song reached number one on the Polish Airplay chart. In France and Spain, the song peaked at numbers 15 and 14, respectively. "Addicted to You" also performed well on the Latin record charts in the United States. It peaked at number nine on the US "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart and stayed on the chart for a total 20 weeks. It peaked at number three on both the Latin Pop Airplay and Tropical Songs charts, staying on the charts for a total of 26 and 13 weeks, respectively. The song was acknowledged as an award-winning song at the 2011 BMI Latin Awards.

Music video.

The accompanying music video for "Addicted to You" was directed by Anthony Mandler in a one-day period in Valencia, California. The video premiered worldwide on 2 May 2012, and became a "trending topic" on online social networking and microblogging service Twitter following its release. The plot-less music video features Shakira singing the song in various locations while "writhing around" on a bed in candlelit room, dancing in front of "some foliage" in the streets of an "old Spanish style" town, and "splashing around in a bathtub".  Critical reception of the video was generally positive. Jenna Hally Rubenstein from MTV praised Shakira's appearance in the video, saying she looks "insanely "en pointe"" while "doing that ridic Shakira hip move nobody else can replicate ". Becky Bain from Idolator commented that the video is a "complete success" in case "the main draw of watching a Shakira video is to watch the Colombian singer swivel her honest hips around pretty backdrops while wearing revealing clothing". The video became immensely popular on video-sharing website YouTube, and was marked "Vevo Certified" by joint venture music video website Vevo for reaching more than 100 million views.

"Addicted to You" is a song recorded by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira for her ninth studio album "Sale el Sol" (2010). The song was released as the fifth and final single from the album by Epic Records, on 13 March 2012. "Addicted to You" was written by Shakira, El Cata, John Hill and Luis Fernando Ochoa, and is a merengue-influenced song on the album. The song also draws prominent influences from reggaeton music, and lyrically describes Shakira's infatuation for a lover. Despite having an English title, the majority of the song is sung in Spanish.

Addicted to You est le cinquième single de la chanteuse colombienne Shakira extrait de son troisième album bilingue "Sale el Sol". La chanson est écrite et produite par Shakira, Luis Fernando Ochoa, El Cata, et par John Hill. Elle sort sous format numérique le en même temps que la version radio.


Toponymy.

The most likely origin of the "West-" in Westbury is simply that the town is near the western edge of the county of Wiltshire, the bounds of which have been much the same since the Anglo-Saxon period.  The "-bury" part of the name is a form of "borough", which has cognates in many languages, such as the German "-burg" and the Greek "-pyrgos". It carries the idea of a hill or fortified town. In Wiltshire, "-bury" often indicates an Iron Age or Bronze Age fortified hill fort, and such a site is to be found immediately above the Westbury White Horse.

Location.

Westbury is in the far west of Wiltshire, close to the border with Somerset. It lies at the northwestern edge of Salisbury Plain, southeast of the city of Bath, approximately south of the county town of Trowbridge and north of the garrison town of Warminster. The villages in the Westbury postal area are Bratton, Chapmanslade, Dilton Marsh, Edington, Heywood and Hawkeridge, and Coulston. Also nearby are Upton Scudamore, North Bradley, and Yarnbrook; and Rudge, Standerwick, Beckington and Frome in Somerset.  Suburbs of Westbury include Frogmore, Bitham Park, and the Ham (north and east), Chalford, Leigh Park, and Westbury Leigh (south). Westbury Leigh is sometimes considered a separate village, with its own church and chapel, although it has always been within the town's boundaries. Leigh Park is a large housing estate developed since the late 1990s immediately to the north of Westbury Leigh, and includes a large medical centre, a community hall, and a district centre with a Tesco Express store.

Features and history.

In the past, Westbury was sometimes known as Westbury-under-the-Plain to distinguish it from other towns of the same name. Westbury is nestled under the northwestern bluffs of Salisbury Plain, and it is there that the town's most famous feature can be seen: the Westbury White Horse. It is sometimes claimed locally that the White Horse was first cut into the chalk face as long ago as the year 878, to commemorate the victory of Alfred the Great over the Danes in the Battle of Eðandun (probably, but not certainly, at the nearby village of Edington). However, scholars believe this to be an invention of the late 18th century, and no evidence has yet been found for the existence of the horse before the 1720s. The form of the current White Horse dates from 1778, when it was restored. In the 1950s it was decided that the horse would be more easily maintained if it were set in concrete and painted white. The horse's original form may have been quite different from the horse seen today. One 18th-century engraving shows the horse facing to the right, but in its current form it faces to the left.  Westbury centres on its historic marketplace, with the churchyard of All Saints' Church (14th century) behind it. All Saints' has a heavy ring of bells, an Erasmus Bible, a 16th-century clock with no face constructed by a local blacksmith, and a marble bust of William Phipps by Robert Taylor. The west window of the church was donated by Abraham Laverton, who also built Prospect Square (1869) and the nearby Laverton Institute (1873), which he donated to a local charity, known today as "the Laverton". The Central Tower of the church rises to 84 feet (26 metres) in height.  In the early part of September 1877, there was found on Bremeridge Farm, in the parish of Dilton Marsh, Wilts, belonging to Charles Paul Phipps, esq. of Chalcot House, a hoard of 32 gold coins. They were found during repairs and improvements of the homestead, about a foot and a half below the surface, in the courtyard, piled, one above another, without any appearance of a purse or box.  Until the 1940s, the Westbury Hill Fair was an important annual event, mostly for the sale of sheep.  The town has been home to the Army Officer Selection Board and the Cadet Force Commissioning Board, located at Leighton House, since 1949. Its closure was announced in 2016.  A former Lafarge cement production plant lies about northeast of the town centre; production ceased in 2009 but the site remains in use as a distribution centre. From 1961 until its demolition in 2016, the plant's chimney was the tallest unsupported structure in southwestern England.

Governance.

The majority of local government functions (including schools, roads, social services, waste disposal, emergency planning, leisure services, development control, refuse collection and street cleaning) are carried out by Wiltshire Council, a unitary authority. Westbury is divided into three council divisions, each electing one member of Wiltshire Council.  Westbury is a civil parish with an elected town council of fifteen members. This has significant consultative roles, in addition to increasing responsibility for services in the town. The chairman of the town council has the title of Mayor of Westbury which is a wholly ceremonial role. The council has taken over the running of the town's play areas, toilets and flower planting from Wiltshire Council and has supplemented reduced services from Wiltshire Council with its own staff. The council also runs the Grade II listed Laverton Institute which serves as the town hall and as a venue for events and meetings.  The parliamentary constituency of Westbury dated back to the 15th century, but the name was abandoned in 2010, when the town and most of the former constituency became part of the new South West Wiltshire constituency.  Before the parliamentary reforms of the mid-19th century, Westbury was considered a pocket borough, at one point having as few as twenty-four electors. This status led to gifts to the town from the owners of the parliamentary borough, including the notable former town hall in the Market Place, donated by Sir Manasseh Masseh Lopes.

Sport and leisure.

Westbury has one of the oldest working Victorian swimming pools in the country, built in 1887 by William Laverton.  Westbury has a Non-League football club Westbury United F.C. who play at the Meadow Lane ground in the Western League Division One (English football's tenth tier). The non-league Rugby Football Club (RFC), Westbury RFC, has both male and female teams who play at White Horse Country Park.  The Leighton sports field at Wellhead Lane was laid out as a cricket field by the mill-owning Lavertons. In 1890 W. G. Grace played in W. H. Laverton's XI against a team called the Australians.

Education.

Westbury has one secondary school, two primary schools, a junior school and an infants school. The secondary school, Matravers School, has a sixth form offering a range of subjects. It serves Westbury and the surrounding villages including Chapmanslade, Bratton, Dilton Marsh and Edington.  Westbury Leigh C of E Primary School was moved from Westbury Leigh to the neighbouring Leigh Park estate. Bitham Brook Primary School mainly serves the western part of the town. Westbury C of E Junior School serves the central part of the town and takes children from Year 3 to Year 6. It is fed by Westbury Infant School, which takes children from Reception to Year 2.  The closest further and higher education establishments are at Wiltshire College's Trowbridge campus, 41⁄2 miles to the north; and the University of Bath, 18 miles to the northwest.

Transport.

Road transport.

The A350 road passes through the town and a controversial Westbury Bypass was once proposed which would have reduced traffic in parts of the town but would have had a negative effect on the landscape on the east of the town. The eastern bypass scheme was eventually rejected after an Independent Planning Inquiry recommended against it in 2009. The town remains a bottleneck on the A350 route.

Railway transport.

The town is an important junction point on the railway network, as it lies at the point where the Reading to Taunton line, forming a link from London Paddington to Penzance, intersects the Wessex Main Line, linking Bristol and Bath Spa to Salisbury and Southampton. Westbury railway station is northwest of the town centre. A smaller station, Dilton Marsh, is to the southwest of the town centre between the suburbs of Dilton Marsh and Westbury Leigh; this former "halt" is a request stop.

Media.

Westbury is served by a fortnightly free newspaper, the "White Horse News", named after the defining feature on the edge of the town. The newspaper is delivered to all homes in the town and the nearby villages of Bratton, Dilton Marsh and Edington, amongst others. Westbury is also served by the weekly "Warminster Journal" and "Wiltshire Times", and a radio station, The Breeze.

Westbury is a town and civil parish in the west of the English county of Wiltshire, most famous for the Westbury White Horse.

Westbury est une ville du Wiltshire, en Angleterre. Elle est située dans l'ouest du comté, à au sud-est de Bath. Au moment du recensement de 2019, elle comptait 14 447 habitants.


Early years.

In the early years he led a twin career as composer and sales manager for the Hother Hellenberg perfume company. He published records and music scores in collaboration with Sven Rye, Gull-Maj Norin, Greta Keller and others

1946–1947 military service.

During the serving of the Danish military service in the aftermath of World War II he created a soldier's singing choir with which he toured in Denmark and abroad. The choir performed in the State Radio and published a record of their own. HM Frederik IX, King of Denmark, expressed his gratitude for the actions as it helped restore morale in post-war Europe.  In contemporary concerts organized by Gösta Schwarck Ib Schønberg appeared as well as a young teenager Bent Fabricius Bjerre, who played along with his newly established orchestra. Later in life, Gösta Schwarck was often heard referring to his experience from his time as a soldier as the learning period during which the seeds were laid out for his later work as impresario.

1947–1998 The Gösta Schwarck "Sales Organization".

Starting in 1946, he was self-employed and set up a nationwide sales organization "(Salgsorganisationen Gösta Schwarck)" based on Adelgade 18 and later Vesterbrogade 27. With the motto "a new article every week" the start-up provided Denmark with cosmetics, health, clothing, new inventions and imports. Items included "The Invisible Comb", "Grand Massette" and Denmark's first Bikini bathing suit designed by his sister and artist Christel. The first Miss Denmark pageants and various types of Variety Shows organized by Gösta Schwarck during this time was used as a promotional platform for his company's products.

1954–1960 beauty pageants.

During a business lunch at Dyrehavsbakken he became acquainted with Albert V. Unruh, a theatre director who owned a playhouse that suffered from a strongly declining turnover. With Gösta Schwarck helping with marketing, ideas, sales and promotion, long queues of visitors were seen only a few days later, in front of the theater, which would otherwise have gone bankrupt. In this period Gösta Schwarck organised national beauty pageants and his organisation was the Danish representative of Miss Europe, Miss World and Miss Universe. In 1958 MGM actor Errol Flynn accepted an invitation to come from the US and participate in the panel of judges - during this he discovered Gösta Schwarck's musical talent and promoted him to his own agents. According to Gösta Schwarck's own records he was offered career opportunities in Hollywood that he turned down.

1957–2010 concert management.

After a serious car accident in Hamburg in 1954 Gösta Schwarck focused on classical music. A dedicated concert management organisation was established and the profits from his cosmetics company was funneled directly into making it possible for some of the greatest classical contemporary musicians to come to a small country like Denmark. Alexander Borovsky, Nikita Magaloff, Shura Cherkassky, Yury Boukoff, Walter Klien, Jakob Gimpel, Sviatoslav Richter, Adam Harasiewicz, Grigory Sokolov and others sat at the grand pianos in Danish concert halls and Victor Schiøler wrote a long, open letter where he praised the actions by Gösta Schwarck with the introductory words "The Danish music scene owes much to you."  At the age of 40 years he refined his piano skills with an education at The Royal Danish Academy of Music and graduated as a concert pianist under the supervision of Herman D. Koppel. His musical studies were carried out alongside running his cosmetics company, newly established concert management and taking care of a growing family.  In later years he moved away from the piano art and continued to moved to other art forms to organize nationwide tours for the Vienna Boys' Choir, Vlach and Janacek Quartet, Carlo Zecchi, Kyung-Wha Chung, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Alexander Lazarev and others and invited famous voices as Boris Christov Christa Ludwig Mirella Freni, Teresa Berganza, Ghena Dimitrova and others to Denmark. In 1975 he married the young Bulgarian pianist Assia Zlatkowa.  In the mid-1980s, Gösta Schwarck was the first in Denmark to get the Soviet Bolshoi Opera to Denmark.  Within the same year he announced that he would set up Verdi's Aida with 264 participants at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen.  In 1988, he became the first in Denmark - and Scandinavia - to persuade the late Luciano Pavarotti to visit the capital with the Royal Danish Orchestra as the orchestra. After experiencing several issues with the financing, he mortgaged his own house and put all of his personal belongings at risk to be able to make the event happen. After he had paved the way and shown that such spectacular events were possible in Denmark, the national Radio of Denmark and other large organisations followed in his footsteps years later with similar events.  Gösta Schwarck was responsible for organizing thousands of unique cultural events, both within and outside of Denmark. All of this he achieved in parallel with the running of his wholesale company "Salgsorganisationen Gösta Schwarck" which later became the mail order company "Euro Pharma ApS" which all helped finance the cultural events. During the first 20–30 years, he set their own personal finances over the track and posted their own money into the music, only driven by the desire to create unprecedented and unparalleled events.

1970–2008 international honors.

Through the years he was shown honor with orders, medals and governmental acknowledgements from Germany, France, USA, Russia, the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Israel and Hungary. In 1977, he was conferred upon with a degree of Honorary Doctor from the Chicago Conservatory. The greatest honor came in 2008 when he was awarded the Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius by the Bulgarian president - The highest honor that can be assigned by the head of state in recognition of special efforts in art and science. He was never granted similar honors in his home country, despite of his contributions to Denmark.

Gösta Ernst Poul Schwarck (1915–2012) was a Danish composer and businessman. He was mostly known for his activities as impresario for which he was eventually conferred upon as Doctor of Music.

Gösta Ernst Poul Schwarck (-) est un compositeur danois et un homme d'affaires. Il est surtout connu pour ses activités d'imprésario pour lesquelles le titre de Docteur en Musique lui a été conféré.


Civil war.

Few records survive from this early period and accounts from the Western Zhou period cover little beyond a list of kings with uncertain dates. King Wu died two or three years after the conquest. Because his son, King Cheng of Zhou was young, his brother, the Duke of Zhou assisted the young and inexperienced king as regent. Wu's other brothers (Shu Du of Cai, Guan Shu, and Huo Shu), concerned about the Duke of Zhou's growing power, formed an alliance with Wu Geng and other regional rulers and Shang remnants in the rebellion of the Three Guards. The Duke of Zhou stamped out this rebellion and conquered more territory to bring other people under Zhou rule.  The Duke formulated the Mandate of Heaven doctrine to counter Shang claims to a divine right of rule and founded Luoyang as an eastern capital. With a feudal "fengjian" system, royal relatives and generals were given fiefs in the east, including Luoyang, Jin, Ying, Lu, Qi and Yan. While this was designed to maintain Zhou authority as it expanded its rule over a larger amount of territory, many of these became major states when the dynasty weakened. When the Duke of Zhou stepped down as regent, the remainder of Cheng's reign and that of his son King Kang of Zhou seem to have been peaceful and prosperous.

Further kings.

The fourth king, King Zhao of Zhou led an army south against Chu and was killed along with a large part of the Zhou army. The fifth king, King Mu of Zhou is remembered for his legendary visit to the Queen Mother of the West. Territory was lost to the Xu Rong in the southeast. The kingdom seems to have weakened during Mu's long reign, possibly because the familial relationship between Zhou Kings and regional rulers thinned over generations so that fiefs that were originally held by royal brothers were now held by third and fourth cousins; peripheral territories also developed local power and prestige on par with that of the Zhou royal family.  The reigns of the next four kings (King Gong of Zhou, King Yi of Zhou (Ji Jian), King Xiao of Zhou, and King Yi of Zhou (Ji Xie)) are poorly documented. The ninth king is said to have boiled the Duke of Qi in a cauldron, implying that the vassals were no longer obedient. The tenth king, King Li of Zhou (877–841 BC) was forced into exile and power was held for fourteen years by the Gonghe Regency. Li's overthrow may have been accompanied by China's first recorded peasant rebellion. When Li died in exile, Gonghe retired and power passed to Li's son King Xuan of Zhou (827–782 BC). King Xuan worked to restore royal authority, though regional lords became less obedient later in his reign. The twelfth and last king of the Western Zhou period was King You of Zhou (781–771 BC). When You replaced his wife with a concubine, the former queen's powerful father, the Marquess of Shen, joined forces with Quanrong barbarians to sack the western capital of Haojing and kill King You in 771 BC. His killing resulted to beginning wars between local states which continued until Qin unification of China. Some scholars have surmised that the sack of Haojing might have been connected to a Scythian raid from the Altai before their westward expansion. Most of the Zhou nobles withdrew from the Wei River valley and the capital was reestablished downriver at the old eastern capital of Chengzhou near modern-day Luoyang. This was the start of the Eastern Zhou period, which is customarily divided into the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.  It is possible that the Zhou kings derived most of their income from royal lands in the Wei valley. This would explain the sudden loss of royal power when the Zhou were driven east, but the matter is hard to prove. In recent decades, archaeologists have found a significant number of treasure hoards that were buried in the Wei valley about the time the Zhou were expelled. This implies that the Zhou nobles were suddenly driven from their homes and hoped to return, but never did.

The Western Zhou (; c. 1045 – 771 BC) was the first half of the Zhou dynasty of ancient China. It began when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye and ended when the Quanrong nomads sacked its capital Haojing and killed King You of Zhou in 771 BC.

La dynastie Zhou de l'Ouest (ou Zhou occidentaux, ) est une phase de l'histoire chinoise qui va d'environ 1046 à 771 av. J.-C. Elle doit son nom à la dynastie qui exerce alors la domination sur une vaste partie de la Chine, la dynastie Zhou, et au fait que celle-ci est alors établie dans des régions occidentales. Lui succède la période de la dynastie Zhou orientale (, 771 — 256 av. J.-C.), qui voit un déplacement de la capitale des Zhou à l'est, à Luoyi et un affaiblissement de la dynastie qui n'exerce plus de domination effective sur les pays chinois.


History.

The kingdom was sited on the eastern or Left Bank of the Mekong, south of the Right Bank principality of Khong Chiam where the Mun River joins; and east of where the Mekong makes a sharp bend to the west to return abruptly and flow southeasterly down to what is now Cambodia. Bassac, the capital city, was on the right bank, near where the Bassac River joins the Mekong, connecting to Phnom Penh.  Due to scarcity of information from the periods known as the Post-Angkor Period, the Khorat Plateau seems to have been largely depopulated, and Left Bank principalities began to repopulate the Right. In 1718, a Lao emigration in the company of an official in the service of King Nokasad founded Muang Suwannaphum as the first recorded population of Lao in the Chi River valley—indeed anywhere in the interior of the plateau.  At the beginning the 19th century, and ignoring the worldwide agricultural disaster accompanying the 1816 Year Without a Summer, Bassac was said to be on a prosperous trade route as the outlet for cardamon, rubber, wax, resin, skins, horns, and slaves from the east bank to Ubon, Khorat, and Bangkok. The region then fell victim to Siamese and French struggles to extend suzerainty.  After the Laotian Rebellion of 1826–1829, Suwannaphum lost its status and Champasak was reduced to vassalage. The Siamese-Cambodian War of 1831–1834 reduced the entire region to vassalage of the Nguyen Dynasty, a situation soon further complicated by the French striving in the same region to establish what was to become French Indochina.  Following the Franco-Siamese War of 1893, the Left Bank fell under French rule as an administrative block, with its royalty stripped of many privileges; French colonial administration of Lao kingdoms impoverished the region. The 1893 treaty called for a twenty-five-kilometer-wide demilitarized zone along the Right Bank, which made Siamese control impossible. It soon became a haven for lawless characters from both banks of the river. Lack of clear chains of authority resulted in turmoil in the whole region, and in what was known to the Siamese side as the "Holy Man's Rebellion".  Ong Keo and Ong Kommandam of the Bolaven Plateau Alak people, led the initial resistance against French control, which evolved into the Holy Man's Rebellion. The concomitant right-bank Holy Man's Rebellion of 1901–1902 was a short-lived phenomenon. Following legal action against captured local leaders of the movement, the Thai government considered the case of the rebellion closed. The right-bank dependencies were absorbed into the Siamese Northeast Monthon, Isan (), and the House of Na Champassak continued to rule autonomously. In 1904, prior to the Franco-Siamese Treaty, the kingdom's capital was transferred to the French rule and was placed under the control of French Cambodia. Despite historical claims by Cambodia, Champassak lost jurisdiction over the province of Stung Treng and in return regained the city of Champasak. In addition, the provinces of Kontum and Pleiku were ceded to French administration in Annam.

The Kingdom of Champasak (Lao: ຈໍາປາສັກ [càmpàːsák]) or Bassac, (1713–1904) was a Lao kingdom under Nokasad, a grandson of King Sourigna Vongsa, the last king of Lan Xang; and son-in-law of the Cambodian King Chey Chettha IV. Bassac and the neighboring principalities of Attapeu and Stung Treng, emerged as power centers under what was later to be described as the Mandala Southeast Asian political model.

Le royaume de Champassak est l'un des trois petits états (avec le Royaume de Luang Prabang et celui de Vientiane) qui se sont constitués lors du démembrement du royaume de Lan Xang au début du.


Early life.

Wei-Yin Chen was born in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan. He attended Ciao-Tou Junior High School and Kaoyuan Vocational High School, which was also attended by former Major League pitcher Tsao Chin-Hui and several other Chinese Professional Baseball League players.

Professional career.

Chunichi Dragons.

He was a pitcher for the Chunichi Dragons in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) from 2004 through 2011. Chen had Tommy John surgery at the end of 2006 season. His best season in Japan came in 2009 when he posted a 1.54 earned run average (ERA) to lead the league. When he came out of the Nippon League, FanGraphs described him as being an extreme control pitcher with poor velocity. A clause implemented into his contract with Chunichi allowed him to opt out after the 2011 season at age 26.

Baltimore Orioles.

2012 season.

After the 2011 season, Chen signed as an international free agent with the Baltimore Orioles. Chen was the first Taiwanese player ever signed by the Orioles. He made his MLB debut on April 10, 2012 against the New York Yankees in Baltimore. The game was broadcast live on national television in native Taiwan, and Chen totaled 5 innings and gave up two earned runs striking out six in a no-decision that the Orioles would later go on to lose in extra innings. In total, Chen finished the season leading the team with 32 starts during which he totaled 12 wins and 11 losses and posted an ERA of 4.02 in 192.2 innings pitched. In 2012, Chen was "the only constant in the (Orioles) rotation" and was consistent throughout the year. Chen finished fourth in the AL for Rookie of the Year voting.

2013 season.

Coming out of spring training, Chen won the number two spot in the Orioles' starting rotation behind Jason Hammel. Chen set a goal to throw 200 innings on the season. In his first three starts, he lacked run support and went 0–2 despite posting a 4.00 ERA. On May 15, 2013, the Orioles placed Chen on the disabled list, his first-ever stint there, with an injury to his right oblique. In his return from the disabled list on July 10, 2013, Chen pitched seven innings in a matchup against the Texas Rangers striking out four and allowing three hits, earning the win. Overall in 2013, Chen finished 7–7 with a 4.07 ERA in 23 starts. During the 2013 off-season, Chen underwent knee surgery to remove bone spurs.

2014 season.

Chen pitched a season-high of eight strikeouts in a win against the Seattle Mariners on August 1, 2014. He dedicated the win to victims of the 2014 Kaohsiung gas explosions, which occurred hours earlier in his hometown. On September 10, Chen picked up his 15th win of the season against the Boston Red Sox and carried a perfect game into the sixth inning until Dan Butler's first major league hit. Chen finished the season with a 16–6 record and 3.54 ERA over 185 2/3 innings. In game 3 of the 2014 ALCS on October 14, Chen pitched 5 1/3 innings on 80 pitches and gave up 2 runs in a loss against the Kansas City Royals. Chen became the first Taiwanese pitcher to start an ALCS game.

2015 season.

On June 26, 2015, Chen became the second Taiwanese-born player to have 100 career starts in the major leagues (after Chien-Ming Wang), allowing two runs and striking out five over six innings in a no decision against the Cleveland Indians. Despite only recording a 4–5 record at the break, Chen pitched to a 2.78 ERA and a 1.09 WHIP, along with 90 strikeouts in 110 innings over the first half of the season. Chen finished the season with an 11–8 record and a career-best 3.34 ERA over innings pitched.

Miami Marlins.

2016 season.

On January 13, 2016, Chen agreed to a five-year contract worth US$80 million with the Miami Marlins. Chen was named the starting pitcher for the opening day of the 2016 season, becoming the second Taiwanese pitcher to make a start on opening day since Chien-Ming Wang in 2008. On January 25, 2017, Chen was announced as the cover athlete for the Taiwanese version of MLB The Show 17. In his first season as a Marlin, Chen went 5-5 in 22 starts after spending some time on the disabled list with an injury. He posted the worst ERA of his career, finishing at 4.96 in 123 innings.

2017 season.

On April 8, Chen hit his first major league hit, an infield single off New York Mets' Starting Pitcher Zack Wheeler. He was placed on the disabled list after 5 starts due to a partial UCL tear. He was activated off the disabled list on September 4 and would pitch out of the bullpen.

2018 season.

Chen made his first start on April 28 vs. the Rockies after going almost a year without a big league start, getting the win, pitching 5 1/3 innings giving up just 1 run on 4 hits, 2 walks and 3 strikeouts. On July 24, Chen hit his first major league double, off Atlanta Braves' Starting Pitcher Julio Teherán.

2019 season.

Chen was designated for assignment on November 20, 2019. He was released and became a free agent on November 27.

Seattle Mariners.

On January 30, 2020, Chen signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners.

International career.

Chen played for the Chinese Taipei National Team in the 2004 and 2008 Olympic Games.

Scouting report.

Chen is an "extreme flyball pitcher", at one point having an HR/9 innings of 1.3, way above MLB average. Chen pitches from a three-quarters arm slot and throws a four-seam fastball averaging 91–92 mph (tops out at 95–96 mph). In addition, he throws a two-seamer, a slider, a changeup, and an occasional curveball. Since he previously pitched in Japan where he started on five days rest rather than four, with the Orioles he initially had durability issues and was 0–4 in his last seven starts in 2012. Chen has been described as a legitimate middle-of-the-rotation starter. An opposing scout said, "I watched Wei-Yin Chen and swore I was watching Tom Glavine. He has such an effortless delivery and an above-average change up, and knows how to pitch inside."

Philanthropy.

In 2012, Chen started a baseball scholarship program for Taiwanese students, contributing funds based on statistical milestones reached per season. He expanded the charity's efforts in 2015, to cover animal protection and children's welfare.

Wei-Yin Chen (; born July 21, 1985) is a Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher in the Seattle Mariners organization. He previously played in the Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles and Miami Marlins, and in the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chunichi Dragons.

Chen Wei-Yin (né le à Kaohsiung, Taïwan) est un lanceur gaucher des Marlins de Miami de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA–CONMEBOL play-off)

Political circumstances.

Salvador Allende had been elected to power in Chile in 1970, but was overthrown by Augusto Pinochet in a coup d'état in September 1973, during which thousands of people deemed undesirable by the new regime were taken to the Estadio Nacional in Santiago, tortured and killed; this continued until 7 November. The football match between the Soviet Union and Chile in the same stadium was scheduled for 21 November.

Prior qualification.

Soviet Union.

The Soviet's qualification started on 13 October 1972 with a 1–0 loss to France, away in Paris. Five days later they faced the Republic of Ireland in Dublin and won 2–1. Their home matches were played in May 1973. On 13 May they won against the Irish by 1–0, and thirteen days later beat the French 2–0 with both goals coming in the last ten minutes. Their placement in the play-off was by being in Group 9 of the nine European groups rather than having the worst record of the qualifiers.

Chile.

Chile was placed in Group 3 of the CONMEBOL qualification alongside Peru and Venezuela although the Venezuelans withdrew. On 29 April 1973 Chile was defeated 2–0 by the Peruvians in Lima. In the home game on 13 May 1973 Chile won 2–0, making both teams equal on points and goal difference. A play-off was held on neutral ground in Montevideo, Uruguay, where Chile triumphed 2–1 to face the Soviets.

Matches.

First leg.

After the coup, the new regime had banned all Chileans from leaving the country: in addition due to its anti-communism it did not have a favourable view of the national team playing in the homeland of its staunch enemy. However, at the same time it was desirable to portray an image of normality, so the Pinochet regime let the national team travel on the condition that no one made political statements, since their relatives were under military surveillance. Some of the team members, like Véliz or Caszely, were politically close to the Allende government. In addition, the Soviet Union, an ally of the overthrown government, had condemned the military coup and did not recognise the new government, with which it broke diplomatic relations.  At Moscow airport no Chilean authority received the team. In addition, Elías Figueroa and Carlos Caszely were detained by the immigration authorities for alleged irregularities in their passports. Leonardo Véliz told the Chilean newspaper La Tercera that "In Moscow, I was approached by a Chilean student from Lumumba University, the son of a communist militant. I told him to forget to return to Chile, because any red dye was going to be a danger to his integrity".  The first leg was played in Moscow on 26 September, two weeks after the coup, which brought a political dimension to the match. The Soviet authorities banned the entry of journalists and cameras into the stadium. It was a very tense game that was almost cancelled due to rumours of arrests of Chilean players in exchange for the release of political prisoners. The final result was a goalless draw.  The Soviet government and media were humiliated by the result, hoping for an easy victory on home soil.

Second leg.

In the face of criticism of the regime regarding abuses against detainees, the Football Federation of Chile suggested other scenarios, but the military junta, in an effort to improve the climate of opinion, insisted on demonstrating normality and at the same time defeating communism playing on home ground. The Russians demanded to play the game in a neutral country, which both Chile and FIFA rejected.  FIFA established a commission that inspected the National Stadium, which had been prepared for the occasion but which still had about 7,000 detainees. According to testimony of Gregorio Mena Barrales, a politician imprisoned in that stadium, that commission "visited the field, walked around the court, looked with distant eyes at the prisoners and gave the opinion: In the stadium you could play." While the FIFA commission examined the stadium, the detainees were hidden inside. Before the match, the detainees were transferred to a detention site in the Atacama Desert.  But the Soviets never travelled, claiming political and security issues, arguing that the National Stadium was an illegal detention centre where more than 7000 political prisoners were crowded and where many dissidents were tortured after the coup d'état against Salvador Allende. The USSR's decision was supported by several of its allied countries, especially by East Germany which was already classified and threatened not to appear at the World Cup event. The Soviets sent a letter to FIFA explaining that "For moral considerations, Soviets can not at this time play in the stadium of Santiago, splashed with the blood of the Chilean patriots".  Chile demanded a compensation of $300,000 if the Soviets did not appear, claiming that they could not place the tickets for sale and the cost of preparing the game. FIFA declared the match a 2–0 walkover victory for Chile. However, FIFA arranged for the match to be held anyway. The match was attended by only 15,000 people. The game lasted 30 seconds, which took the Chilean team to score a goal from the kickoff. When they arrived in the area, as they had agreed, it was the captain, Francisco "Chamaco" Valdés, who scored the empty goal.  In later years, some members of the Soviet team stated that they thought that their government did not want to lose to a country with a different political ideology and that instead they won a moral victory in the eyes of the world.

Aftermath.

Chile.

The Chileans were drawn alongside the hosts West Germany and two first-time entrants: East Germany and Australia. In the first game, Chile lost 1–0 to West Germany, the goal being scored by Paul Breitner in the first half. Sergio Ahumada equalised for Chile in the second game to draw against the East Germans, but a 0–0 draw to Australia eliminated Chile from the World Cup. The two German teams advanced.

Soviet Union.

A period of decline started for the Soviets as they also missed out on the 1978 FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championships of 1976 and 1980.

The 1973 play-off for a place in the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany, between the national football teams of the Soviet Union and Chile, is notable for the political circumstances that marked the second leg of the play-off on 21 November 1973. It was scheduled to take place in the Estadio Nacional de Chile in Santiago, the Chilean capital. There had been a coup d'état in Chile two months before, immediately after which people deemed undesirable to the new regime of Augusto Pinochet had been held captive and executed in the stadium. The Soviet Union asked FIFA to find a different venue in Chile; when agreement could not be reached, the Soviet team did not take the field and was disqualified from the tournament, giving the Chilean team a victory by walkover. However, the match was still organised by FIFA as normal, but without any away team present. Chile scored 1–0 in an empty goal, and then the referee blew the game off. Chile advanced to the 1974 World Cup, where they were eliminated in the first round.

Le match de football Chili - URSS du est un match de football opposant, de façon fictive, l’équipe du Chili de football à celle de l'URSS à l'Estadio Nacional de Chile, remporté un but à zéro par le Chili sans adversaire. L'URSS ayant déclaré forfait pour ce match de pour des raisons liées au coup d'État du 11 septembre 1973 au Chili, elle fut éliminée par la FIFA sur application de l’article 22 de son règlement et déclarée perdante sur tapis sur le score de 2 à 0 (le match aller à Moscou s'était terminé sur un score nul 0 à 0). Malgré tout, la junte militaire décide d’organiser un simulacre de rencontre pour célébrer sa qualification et transforme l’événement en un spectacle de propagande. Le but est inscrit par Francisco Valdés.


Making fire.

Remains of fire was found in La Cotte. In fact, the earliest dates obtained for artifacts at the site (238,000 BP) come from thermoluminescence dating of burnt flint.

Cultural evolution.

The immense timespan represented by the Paleolithic artifacts at La Cotte—nearly 200,000 years—saw considerable cultural changes among the prehistoric users of the site. The earliest stone tools, dated between around 240,000 years to 200,000 BP, are fairly typical of early Middle Paleolithic sites. From around 200,000 BP, however, there is noticeable elaboration in the procedures used to manufacture stone implements, with an increased use of Levallois (prepared core) techniques, and an increased efficiency of raw material usage as tools were resharpened and reused for multiple purposes throughout their ‘lifetimes’. Dated at approximately 180,000 BP, two impressive piles of animal bones, consisting of selected cuts of mammoths and woolly rhinoceros, appear to have been dragged beneath an overhang after being butchered. These innovations mark a transition stage between Middle and Upper Paleolithic subsistence strategies.

Excavation timeline.

Excavations have taken place from around 1910 onwards.  Robert R. Marett (1866–1943) worked on the palaeolithic site from 1910–1914, recovering some hominid teeth and other remains of habitation by Neanderthal man. He published "The Site, Fauna, and Industry of La Cotte de St. Brelade, Jersey" (Archaeologia LXVII, 1916). The teeth were dated using new techniques in 2013, this analysis put them at between 100,000 and 47,000 years old.  In 1911, Arthur Smith Woodward (director of the geology department at the British Museum of Natural History) was asked by R.R. Marrett to inspected the findings at La Cotte. At the time, Woodward was engaged in the archaeological discovery of "Piltdown man", which later became notorious as a hoax, and he used a comparison of findings at La Cotte to argue for an early dating of his Piltdown material.  The Cambridge University excavations of the 1960s and 1970s found important examples of remains of Pleistocene mammals carried into La Cotte, including a pile of bones and teeth of woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros. Prince Charles took part (as a student) in these excavations, directed by Professor C.M.B. McBurney, which were later published.  Katharine Scott, in 1980, published an article on the hunting methods used by Neanderthals at La Cotte in which she argues that they stampeded and drove the mammoths off the nearby cliffs, but this theory has since been disputed.  In 2010 excavations were renewed at La Cotte by a multi-disciplinary team from British Institutions including UCL, The British Museum the University of Southampton and University of Wales Trinity Saint Davids. These on-going excavations revealed new archaeological levels at the site and determined the presence of deposits younger than 47,000 years ago still present at the site.

La Cotte de St Brelade is a Paleolithic site of early habitation in Saint Brélade, Jersey. "Cotte" means "cave" in Jèrriais. The cave is also known as "Lé Creux ès Fées" (The Fairies' Cave).

La Cotte (ou ""Lé Creux ès Fées"") est un site moustérien (paléolithique) situé le long de la côte de Saint-Brélade sur l'île de Jersey.


History.

The Meteorology department first began its study of convective storms with the use of a 3 cm wavelength radar in the early 1950s. In 1962, they upgraded to a 10 cm, and in 1966, dual wavelength capability was added. After several modifications, the radar was placed on top of the newly completed Eller O&M Building in 1973. In 1992, the Aggie Doppler RADar was born with the installation of doppler capability. A final upgrade to the pedestal, removal of the side dishes, new processor, and work station occurred in 1997.

AN/CPS-9.

In the early 1950s, the department received a 3-cm weather radar, AN/CPS-9, from the US Air Force. Using this 3-cm radar, researchers studied mid-latitude mesoscale systems, severe storms, and land-falling cyclones. The AN/CPS-9 model was the first purpose-built weather radar.

April 5, 1956, tornado warning.

"The modified APS-2F at Texas A&M University, although not formally a part of the Texas Tornado Warning Network, was used at least once for warning purposes (Bigler 1956). On 5 April 1956, a tornado that produced damage in Bryan and College Station, Texas, was detected by the Texas A&M University radar. At noon that day, the Weather Bureau Forecast Center at Kansas City, Missouri, had issued what we would today call a tornado watch for an area just to the north of Bryan. The Texas A&M University radar observed strong, tall, hook-shaped echoes with V-notch signatures after 1400 LT. At 1445 LT, Texas A&M University meteorologists called the Bryan Police Department and forecast that a tornado would touch down 30 min. later. Actual damage started at 1509 LT. Texas A&M University also warned the College Station Consolidated School System, which decided to keep the children in their school buildings instead of releasing them at the scheduled time of 1500 LT. This is probably the first warning based solely on interpretation of radar data and is a good example of effective interaction between warning meteorologists and the local community. Today, with improved warning dissemination methods, increased community preparedness, and better radar capabilities and coverage, it would be less likely that a research team would be issuing warnings to communities directly."

WSR/TAMU-1 and TAMU-ADRAD.

In 1962, a longer wavelength radar, 10-cm, was constructed and designated WSR/TAMU-1. The TAMU-1 was updated in 1966 to allow dual wavelength operations. After several modifications, the radar was placed on top of the newly completed Eller O&M Building in 1973. More modifications were made in 1989 in anticipation of adding Doppler capability.  One of the storms that was tracked with this radar was Hurricane Alicia in 1983. As the storm made landfall, the Galveston NWS office lost its radar. The A&M radar tracked the remnants as they moved inland.  The integration of a Lassen Research PSP-32 processor in 1992 enabled Doppler capability. The new system was renamed the TAMU Aggie Doppler Radar (TAMU-ADRAD). This system was updated in 1993. A final upgrade to the pedestal, removal of the side dishes, new processor, and work station occurred in 1997. Starting in October 1998, live radar pictures from the ADRAD were available online during storms.  In 2016, ADRAD data became available for use by the National Weather Service offices and research teams through Gibson Ridge Analyst software (GRLevelX).

Radar properties.

The current antenna is a parabolic solid with a 4.88 meter (16 foot) diameter. It is situated 172.5 meters (566 feet) above mean sea level. It rotates at 2.5 RPM (15 degrees per second) or 4.5 RPM maximum (27 degrees per second). Elevation can be set from -1 to 90 degrees.  The transmitter is an Enterprise Electronics DWSR-88S, operating on a wavelength of 10.56 cm (corresponding to 2840 MHz). This frequency is in the S band, which is also used by the NEXRAD network. Peak power is 1 megawatt.

See also.

Texas A&M University is also a partner in the Smart-R mobile research radars. See the following for more information - https://web.archive.org/web/20060418035945/http://www.met.tamu.edu/smartr/Smart-R.html

The Aggie Doppler Radar (ADRAD) is a Doppler weather radar located on the roof of the Eller Oceanography & Meteorology Building on the Texas A&M University campus in College Station, Texas.

Le radar Doppler Aggie (en anglais Aggie Doppler radar ou ADRAD ) est un radar Doppler pulsé situé sur l'immeuble du "Eller Oceanography & Meteorology" sur le campus de l'université Texas A&M à College Station au Texas. Ce radar est le dernier en date de plusieurs radars opérés par l’université pour l'étude des nuages et des précipitations.