Early life.

Paget was born in 1689, the son of Hon. Henry Paget, later Earl of Uxbridge, and his wife Mary Catesby, daughter of Thomas Catesby of Whiston, Northamptonshire. He was admitted at Clare College, Cambridge on 20 April 1705 and matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford on 19 April 1707 aged 18. His father was much concerned in 1710 to obtain Paget's release when he was taken prisoner by French forces during the War of the Spanish Succession, as he tried to make his way in southern Germany to Italy.

Political career.

At the 1715 general election, Paget was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Staffordshire. In 1719 he was appointed Gentleman of the Bedchamber to George, Prince of Wales. He was returned without contest again as MP for Staffordshire in 1722. At the 1727 general election he chose to stand for Middlesex as a Whig, but was defeated. He never stood for parliament again but was promoted to Lord of the bedchamber to King George II in 1727. In 1736, he resigned his post at court on grounds of ill-health.

Literary works.

Paget composed pieces in verse and prose - according to Horace Walpole ‘in the intervals of bad weather in hunting seasons’. His verse has been described as exhibiting a "tough cynicism". Walpole said his works included much good sense but not much poetry. They included: His writings were collected in "Miscellanies in Prose and Verse"(1741).

Death and legacy.

Paget died at West Drayton on 4 February 1742 (N.S.), and was buried on 19 February in Westminster Abbey. He had married Lady Elizabeth Egerton, daughter of John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgwater on 6 May 1718, in Gray's Inn Chapel. They had two sons:

Thomas Catesby Paget or Pagett (1689 – 4 February 1742) styled Hon. Thomas Catesby Paget from 1712 to 1714, and subsequently with the courtesy title Lord Paget, was an English writer and politician, who sat in the House of Commons from 1715 to 1727 and served in the household of King George II.

Thomas Catesby Paget ou Pagett (1689 - ) appelé Hon. Thomas Catesby Paget de 1712 à 1714, puis Lord Paget, écrivain et homme politique anglais, a siégé à la Chambre des communes de 1715 à 1727 et a fait partie de la maison du roi George II.


Liberty (comté d'Allegheny, Pennsylvanie)

Geography.

Liberty is located at (40.326302, -79.856101). It is bounded by Port Vue and McKeesport to the north, Versailles and the Youghiogheny River to the east, Lincoln to the south, and Glassport to the west.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of, of which is land and, or 4.00%, is water.

Education.

Liberty Borough is served by the South Allegheny School District.

Taxes.

School tax millage rate- The South Allegheny SD (shared with three other municipalities) in 2017 was 17.24. This ranked 41st highest/most expensive out of Allegheny County's 45 school districts, between McKeesport SD (40th highest) and Chartiers Valley SD (42nd highest).

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,670 people, 1,125 households, and 768 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,856.7 people per square mile (715.9/km2). There were 1,162 housing units at an average density of 808.1/sq mi (311.6/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.98% White, 1.46% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population.  There were 1,125 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.89.  In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.3 males.  The median income for a household in the borough was $35,264, and the median income for a family was $42,857. Males had a median income of $35,685 versus $22,304 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,491. About 5.6% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

Liberty is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,551 at the 2010 census. The mayor of Liberty is currently Jane Weigand.

Liberty est un borough situé dans le comté d'Allegheny, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de. Il est incorporé le.


Biography.

Lewis was born in Chicago, though some sources state Louisville, Kentucky, on September 4, 1905 (September 3 and 13 have also been cited as his date of birth in various sources). In his youth he was influenced by the pianist Jimmy Yancey. His father, a guitarist who made two recordings of his own, introduced Meade to music and arranged for him to have violin lessons. He gave up the violin at age 16, shortly after his father's death, and switched to the piano. The nickname "Lux" was given to him by his boyhood friends. He would imitate a couple of characters from a popular comic strip in Chicago, Alphonse and Gaston, and stroke an imaginary beard as part of the routine. His friends started calling him the Duke of Luxembourg because of this, and the name stuck for the rest of his life. He became friends with Albert Ammons during childhood, a friendship that would last throughout their lives. They went to the same school together briefly, and they practiced and learned the piano together on the Ammons family piano.  A 1927 rendition of "Honky Tonk Train Blues”, released by Paramount Records, marked his recording debut. He remade it for Parlophone in 1935 and for Victor in 1937, and a recording exists of a radio show, "Camel Caravan", broadcast from New York City in 1939, which includes "Honky Tonk Train Blues”. His performance at John Hammond's historic "From Spirituals to Swing" concert at Carnegie Hall in 1938 brought Lewis to public attention. Following the event, Lewis and two other performers from that concert, Albert Ammons and Pete Johnson, often appeared as a trio and became the leading boogie-woogie pianists of the day.  They had an extended engagement at Café Society, toured as a trio, and inspired the formation of Blue Note Records in 1939. Their success led to a decade-long boogie-woogie craze, with big-band swing treatments by Tommy Dorsey, Will Bradley, and others; and numerous country boogie and early rock-and-roll songs.  Lewis appeared in the movies "New Orleans" (1947) and "Nightmare" (1956). He also appeared, uncredited, in the movie "It's a Wonderful Life", playing piano in the scene where George Bailey gets thrown out of Nick's Bar.  Lewis was fond of the Minneapolis area, where a niece lived, and would visit as often as he could. He appeared annually at the White House Restaurant (no longer extant) in Golden Valley. He began a successful three-week engagement there in May 1964. Around 2 a.m. on Sunday, June 7, Lewis left the parking lot of the White House and headed east on Olson Memorial Highway, when his Chrysler Imperial was rear-ended by a vehicle driven by one Ronald Bates, who was traveling an estimated 80 mph. Lewis's car was pushed 400 feet and crashed into a tree; he was killed instantly. He was 58. Bates survived, but his passenger died the following day.

Legacy.

Lewis' best-known work, "Honky Tonk Train Blues”, has been recorded in various contexts, often in a big band arrangement. Early recordings of the piece by artists other than Lewis include performances by Adrian Rollini, Frankie Trumbauer, classical harpsichordist Sylvia Marlowe, theater organist George Wright (with drummer Cozy Cole, under the title "Organ Boogie"), and Bob Zurke with Bob Crosby's orchestra. Keith Emerson of Emerson, Lake & Palmer often included it in his repertoire and had a Top 30 hit with it in 1976.  Lewis was mentioned in Chapter 81 of author Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle". Lewis is also mentioned in Ross Macdonald's novel "The Moving Target" and in Keith Richards's autobiography "Life".  On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Meade Lux Lewis among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Anderson Meade Lewis (September 4, 1905 – June 7, 1964), known as Meade Lux Lewis, was an American pianist and composer, noted for his playing in the boogie-woogie style. His best-known work, "Honky Tonk Train Blues”, has been recorded by many artists.

Meade Lux Lewis (né Meade Anderson Lewis le à Chicago et mort le à Minneapolis) est un compositeur, pianiste américain, l'un des principaux interprètes de boogie-woogie.


Tournament format.

The 2019 China Championship was the fourth edition of the China Championship, first held in 2016. The event featured 64 players with a wildcard and qualifying round. Matches were played as best-of-9- until the semi-finals. At the semi-final stage, both matches were played as best-of-11-frames, and the two session final as best-of-19-frames.

Prize fund.

The event featured a total prize fund of £751,000, with the winner receiving £150,000. This was slightly higher than the 2018 prize fund of £725,000 with the same denomination for the winner. A breakdown of prize money at the event is shown below:

Tournament summary.

Qualifying for the event was played over one round, and a pre-qualifier wildcard round. Qualifying took place between 15 and 18 August 2019 at the Barnsley Metrodome in Barnsley, England featuring 64 matches. Participants included players on the World Snooker Tour and invited amateur players.

Early rounds (first–fourth round).

Defending champion Mark Selby won his opening first round match, defeating Chen Feilong. Selby trailed 1–2, before Selby won three of the next four to win the match 5–3. Selby defeated Martin Gould, and then Chris Wakelin both 5–2 to reach the quarter-finals. Three-time world champion Mark Williams defeated Kishan Hirani in an all Welsh opening round match 5–1. Williams defeated Luo Honghao and Luca Brecel to reach the quarter-finals. Former world champion Graeme Dott lost on a to Norwegian Kurt Maflin during the first round 5–4. Maflin then defeated Jordan Brown to play four-time world champion John Higgins. Four-time world champion Higgins led their match 3–0, before Maflin won five frames in-a-row to win the match, and reach the quarter-finals.  Having amassed a 15-match winning streak, Judd Trump lost in the third round to Joe Perry 5–2. Trump had not lost a match since April, and won the prior two tournaments that he played in, the World Snooker Championship and the International Championship. The 2005 world champion Shaun Murphy also reached the quarter-finals. He defeated Yuan Sijun, Ryan Day, and Matthew Selt all 5–3. Barry Hawkins defeated Liam Highfield, Mitchell Mann and Zhao Xintong to reach the last-8. Iranian Hossein Vafaei defeated Tom Ford, Kyren Wilson and Anthony McGill to reach the quarter-finals.  Former world number one Ding Junhui also lost his opening match where he lost 5–3 to Zhao Xintong. Mark Allen won his opening match against Anthony Hamilton 5–3, also making the highest break of the tournament, a 145. Allen subsequently lost in the second round to Noppon Saengkham 5–4. Saengkham lost the third round to David Gilbert.

Later rounds (quarter-final–final).

The quarter-finals were played on 27 September. Defending champion Selby played Hawkins in the first quarter-final. The pair were always within one frame between scores, and were tied at 4–4. Selby made match's highest break of 98 in the deciding frame to claim a 5–4 victory. Shaun Murphy drew Kurt Maflin, Murphy lead the match throughout and won 5–2. Having defeated the reigning world champion in the round prior, Joe Perry was defeated by Hossein Vafaei. In winning the match, Vafaei reached only his third ranking semi-final. In the last quarter-final match, Mark Williams defeated David Gilbert 5–1.  The semi-finals were played on 28 September, as best-of-11-frames matches. The first match had Murphy defeat Selby. Murphy won the first three frames of the match, before Selby won three of the next four with breaks of 100, and 101. Murphy won the next two frames to win the match 6–3. The second semi-final was contested between Vafaei and Williams. Vafaei had never played in a ranking event final, but reached this stage at the 2017 China Open, and the 2019 Welsh Open. Williams had lost only six frames in the prior five matches. Williams won the first three frames, and four of the first five to lead 4–1, before Vafaei made a 134 break to trail 4–2. Williams won frame seven, to be one away from victory, but Vafaei won three frames in-a-row to take the match to a deciding frame. Williams made a, and made a 96 break to win the match. He later commented, "[he] could play that another 20 times and [he] wouldn't get it".  The final was played on 29 September, a best-of-19-frames match played over two. The final was contested between Shaun Murphy (who had defeated Yuan Sijun, Ryan Day, Matthew Selt, Kurt Maflin and Mark Selby to reach the final), and Mark Williams (who defeated Kishan Hirani, Luo Honghao, Luca Brecel, David Gilbert, and Hossein Vafaei). This was Williams' 35th ranking event final, event final and Murphy's 20th. Murphy had reached the final of both of the prior two tournaments, the International Championship and the Shanghai Masters, but had not won any of his prior five tournament finals. Williams, in comparison, had won all of his last five finals.  The first session ended 5–4 in favour of Murphy, with Williams tying the match in frame 10. Murphy made breaks of 75, 76, 103 and 79 in four consecutive frames to lead 9–5. With his opponent one frame from winning the event, Williams won the next four frames, including a break of 132 in frame 18 to force a deciding frame. Murphy was the first player to get a chance in the frame, scoring 69, enough to force Williams to require a. Williams made a break of 30, and attempted to play a snooker. However, Murphy potted the last remaining to win the frame and match. After his win, he would comment that the break in the deciding frame was "one of the best breaks of [his] life". Murphy's last victory was over 18 months prior, and had struggled during the 2018/19 season, which he called the "worst run" of his career.

Main draw.

The main draw of the event featured 64 players. Players in bold denote match winners.

Qualifying.

Qualifying for the event took place between 15 and 18 August 2019 at the Barnsley Metrodome in Barnsley, England. Matches involving four wildcard players, Mark Selby and Chen Feilong, Yan Bingtao and Mei Xiwen, Ding Junhui and Brandon Sargeant, Ken Doherty, Tom Ford, Judd Trump and James Wattana, were held over and played in Guangzhou. Matches were played as best-of-9-frames. Players in bold denote match winners.

Century breaks.

Main stage centuries.

There were a total of 58 century breaks made during the tournament. Mark Allen made the highest break of the event, a 145. The break was made in frame five of the first round win over Anthony Hamilton.

Qualifying stage centuries.

There were a total of 28 century breaks made during the qualifying tournament preceding the event.

The 2019 China Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 23 to 29 September 2019. The event was held at the Guangzhou Tianhe Sports Centre in Guangzhou, China. Qualifying for the event took place from 15 to 18 August 2019 at the Barnsley Metrodome in Barnsley, England. The tournament was the fourth edition of the China Championship and the third ranking event of the 2019/2020 season.

Le championnat de Chine 2019 est un tournoi professionnel de snooker et de niveau classé dont l'action s'est déroulée du 23 au au Guangzhou Tianhe Sports Centre à Canton, en Chine. Il s'agissait de la quatrième édition du tournoi.


Early life.

Herbert was the second son of Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke and his wife Margaret Sawyer, daughter of Sir Robert Sawyer who died in 1692. In 1706, he succeeded to his mother's estates and inherited Highclere from his maternal grandfather, who entailed his estates on the unborn younger sons of his daughter. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 5 July 1709, aged 16. Before 1723, he married Mary Smith, daughter of John Smith, Speaker of the House of Commons.

Career.

Herbert was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Wilton at the 1722 general election on his father's interest. He was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to George I in 1723. He was returned again for Wilton at the 1727 general election following the death of George I, and was appointed Commissioner of revenue for Ireland in 1727. At the 1734 general election he was returned again for Wilton. He was transferred to become Lord of Trade in 1737. He retained the post until 1751 but it was later said by Pelham ‘he has been of the Board of Trade upwards of 20 years, tho’ in it I believe not as many times’. He was returned as MP for Wilton at the general elections of 1741 and 1747. In 1750 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire for six years. He was appointed surveyor general of crown lands by Pelham in 1751. He was returned again for Wilton in the general elections of 1754 and 1761. He is not known to have made a speech in Parliament. For most of his career, he held minor government posts, and voted for successive Administrations in all recorded divisions. Rockingham classified him in November 1766 as prepared to serve any Administration.

Death and legacy.

Herbert died on 25 April 1769. His brothers Hon. Nicholas, Thomas and William Herbert were also MPs. He left Highclere to his nephew Henry Herbert, son of his brother William.

Robert Sawyer Herbert (28 January 1693 – 1769) of Highclere, Hampshire, was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons for 46 years from 1722 to 1768.

Robert Sawyer Herbert (-) de Highclere, dans le Hampshire, est un homme politique britannique qui siège à la Chambre des communes pendant 46 ans de 1722 à 1768.


Character overview.

"Prisoner #97R492. Convicted November 7, 1997 - Murder in the first degree, assault. Sentence: Life imprisonment, eligible for parole in 25 years."  A sadistic racist, Robson is imprisoned for murdering a black man who he saw walking home with his girlfriend. In Oz, Robson acts as Vernon Schillinger's main lieutenant and is one of the most savage members of the Aryan Brotherhood. He is highly regarded by Schillinger until a dentist tells Robson that he had implanted the gums of an African-American into Robson's mouth. Once word gets around, Schillinger casts Robson out of the Brotherhood even though Robson cuts the skin grafts out of his mouth. Without the protection of the Brotherhood, Robson does whatever is necessary to survive, becoming Wolfgang Cutler's sex slave so that Cutler would protect him. Unknowingly, Robson contracts HIV from Cutler. Along with Shirley Bellinger and Moses Deyell, Robson is never housed in Emerald City, and is the only one of the three to survive the series.  During his time in the series, Robson is the main enforcer of the Aryans and takes a sadistic pleasure in committing horrific acts of violence and sexual abuse against weaker inmates. Robson is however seen as the weakest and most cowardly member of the Aryans when he is up against stronger inmates. His time as Cutler's slave changes him, however, and at the climax of the series he begins to feel some remorse for his actions.

Season 2.

In 1997, Robson is forced to bunk with his current cellmate, Peter Vinyard as well as Tobias Beecher and Bob Rebadow, since Emerald City had transferred all of its inmates over to his cellblock after the riot. The whole prison is now under lockdown until things settle down, but until then, the cellblock is overcrowded. Robson tries to force Beecher to perform fellatio on him, but Beecher turns the tables on him by biting off the tip of his penis.

Season 3.

Robson reappears, this time as a full-fledged member of the Aryan Brotherhood inside of Oz. He serves little purpose in season 3 other than following Schillinger's schemes and encouraging him to do whatever he needs to do to maintain the power of the Brotherhood. He also participates in Oz's boxing tournament, as the Aryans' representative. He faced Cyril O'Reily, but unbeknownst to him, Cyril's older brother Ryan had spiked Robson's drinking water with chloral hydrate (stolen and smuggled from the prison hospital) to make sure Cyril wouldn't lose. Robson, incapacitated by the drug, loses the fight.

Season 4.

For the first half of the season, Robson is mainly seen as a supporter of Schillinger and the rest of his Aryan brothers, aiding in whatever plot he could. In the latter half, however, he slowly evolves into a more significant character. When Schillinger begins to spend more time with Christian leader Jeremiah Cloutier, Robson temporarily runs the Aryan Brotherhood's business, gradually becoming disillusioned with his former mentor. He is thrown into The Hole after getting in a fight over a joke that the Muslims overheard. Robson blames Muslim leader Kareem Said, and forms an alliance with black inmate Leroy Tidd, who also hated Said for killing his friend, Simon Adebisi. The two plot to kill Said. Tidd pretends to convert to Islam to get close to Said. However, when Tidd's conversion becomes genuine, he pulls out of the plan. Robson then bullies a younger inmate named Carl Jenkins into killing Said by promising to initiate him into the Brotherhood, as well as threatening to sell him as a sex slave (i.e. a "prag") to the black inmates if he fails. Jenkins kills Tidd instead when Tidd protects Said, and is thrown into solitary confinement. Cloutier, on Said's behalf, approaches Jenkins and convinces him to give up Robson as the man who ordered the murder. Jenkins does so, but later commits suicide for fear of the Aryans' retaliation. Since prison authorities have no testimony against Robson; he is released from solitary and cleared of the charge. He then enrages Said by taunting him about the deaths of Tidd and Jenkins. Said beats Robson unconscious, further escalating the war between the Aryans and the Muslims. By this time, Schillinger has resumed running the Brotherhood, much to Robson's relief. The war worsens when the Muslims protect Beecher, Schillinger's longtime enemy, when he comes up for parole. When Robson and Schillinger taunt Beecher for losing his parole, Said shanks both of them. They both end up in the hospital with severe stab wounds and deepened rancor toward Beecher and Said.

Season 5.

Both Robson and Schillinger return to Oz after recovering from their wounds, ready to take revenge. The war is put on hold, however, when Schillinger participates in interaction sessions with Said, Beecher, and Sister Peter Marie to help prevent more violence. When Schillinger finds out that Chucky Pancamo, leader of the Sicilians, had his son Hank killed, he goes after them, and Robson himself shanks Pancamo, putting him in the hospital. Later, Peter Schibetta attempts to stab Schillinger. Schibetta is beaten and gang-raped by Robson, Schillinger, and another Aryan who simultaneously taunt Schibetta with racial slurs and references to his rape by Adebisi.  Soon afterward, two new white inmates, Franklin Winthrop and Adam Guenzel, arrive in Oz to serve time for raping a college girl. They are young, scared and weak, and the Aryans used this weakness to their advantage. In Unit B, the Aryans save Winthrop from an overweight black inmate named Clarence Seroy who tries to rape him — only to keep him as their sexual slave. After parading Winthrop in drag, Robson tells Beecher he would rape Guenzel (a family friend). Beecher then enlists the Italians to protect Guenzel. In the gym, Robson tries to rape Guenzel, but Frank Urbano defends him and puts Robson in the hospital. Schillinger manipulates Guenzel into turning against Beecher, who then retracts his protection. Robson then kills a young Muslim named Ahmad Lalar with the help of another Aryan inmate.  When Robson visits the infirmary, prison dentist Dr. Tariq Faraj tells him that he has gum disease and needs new gums grafted from a cadaver. Robson hurls racial slurs at the Pakistani dentist, but agrees to the surgery. After the surgery, however, Faraj takes revenge by telling Robson that his new gums are from a black man. Panicked, Robson asks Schillinger for advice, and Schillinger confers with the outside leader of the Aryan nations. The two leaders conclude that, if in fact Robson received these gums, then he is to be cast out of the gang, as he is no longer considered "pure". Faraj secretly pays black inmate Arnold "Poet" Jackson to spread the word about Robson's gums, which actually are those of a black man. In the cafeteria, Poet and Ryan O'Reilly, who hate Robson, announce to the entire prison population that Robson has "dirty ghetto gums." Furious, Robson demands to know whose gums were put in his mouth and attacks Faraj, who, after hitting him in the mouth with a phone, lets him know his gums were purposefully donated by a black man. Robson is thrown into the hole and as the outside Aryan Nation leaders learn of this, Schillinger reluctantly kicks Robson out of the Brotherhood. Desperate to get back in, he buys heroin to use as an anaesthetic in an attempt to personally remove his new gums with a razorblade. The heroin turns out to be woefully inadequate as a painkiller, with Robson being almost immediately overcome with severe pain and bringing guards to his cell with his loud screams. After being thrown in solitary, Robson is next seen with the gums fully attached.

Season 6.

In the final season of "Oz", Pancamo recovers from the shank wound Robson gave him and is released from the infirmary. With no allies to back him up, Robson now faces a grave threat from the Italians. He asks for protection from the Aryans, who refuse, except for Wolfgang Cutler, who agrees to protect Robson in return for Robson becoming his sex slave. After talking with Sister Pete, Robson reveals that he was raped by his father when he was six years old, and asks if it is acceptable to do "anything" to survive. Afterwards, Robson accepts Cutler's offer, who immediately sodomizes him with a spoon. Cutler then forces him to dress in drag and perform bizarre sexual favors. In return, Cutler defends Robson (now his cellmate) from Pancamo. The Italians then offer Robson a deal: they would call a truce if he kills Cutler. Robson tells Sister Pete that Cutler is suicidal and then persuades Cutler to try auto-erotic asphyxiation. The next morning Cutler's body is found in his cell, hanging by a noose tied to the bunkbed. The authorities rule Cutler's death as a suicide.  Robson is allowed to re-enter the Brotherhood and now is free from both Cutler and the Italians, but his rape still haunts him. During a visit with his wife, he violently manhandles her to the point where she called him a "cocksucker." Angered, Robson assaults her and ends up, once again, in The Hole. Remorseful, he goes to psychotherapy sessions and a rape support group. At the support group meeting, he learns from the other inmates, who all finish their stories of being violated with the phrase "I had no choice." He briefly recovers his equilibrium, but soon learns that he is HIV-positive. Department of Corrections standards mean that he is transferred to Unit F, the AIDS ward. Before he goes, he thanks the support group for helping him through the trauma and says that he initially blamed Cutler for his infection, but since he had unprotected sex before, he comes to claim the responsibility as his.  In the extended version of the finale "Exeunt Omnes", Robson is shown once again allowing himself to be raped by black inmate Clarence Seroy (Robson knowing that Seroy will become infected). He then tells Schillinger that he will be transferred to the AIDS ward. As Seroy walks by them, he tells Schillinger that he raped Robson. Schillinger, disgusted that Robson would let a black man rape him, throws Robson out of the Brotherhood for good, with Robson stating that he doesn't care and that not all of the inmates living in the AIDS ward are gay. Robson then tells Seroy to get tested because he might be HIV-positive. Angered, Seroy punches Robson before he is taken away by the COs. Robson then taunts a terrified Schillinger with his blood. He is later transferred out of Oz when the prison becomes contaminated by anthrax; meanwhile, Seroy learns he has been infected with HIV after raping Robson.

James Robson is a fictional character in the television series "Oz", portrayed by R.E. Rodgers. Originally, Robson was supposed to be on for one episode ("The Tip") and then never to be seen again. However, series creator Tom Fontana was impressed by Rodgers, so Robson became a regular from the third season to the final episode.

James Robson est un personnage de fiction de la série télévisée "Oz", interprété par R. E. Rodgers. Il est le principal lieutenant de Vernon Schillinger.


Club career.

In winter 2016, at the age of 19, Sousa joined Al Arabi club in the Stars League for half a season 2015–2016. The following season he was loaned to Al-Markhiya in the Second Division. Sousa left the team before 5 rounds than end, then moved to Denmark.

Vejle Boldklub.

On 9 February 2017, Vejle Boldklub announced that Sousa had traveled with the team at training camp in Turkey prior to spring in the 2016–2017 season. The club also wrote that Sousa on the 12 day training camp would sign its agreement with the traditional club.  He established himself from the start of the spring season as a starter in the club, but scored first his first VB goal on May 7, when he delivered a direct free kick to VB at 1–1 home against AB.  In the following 2017–2018 season, he scored 9 goals in league and scored up to 8 VB scores in 28 matches. Thus he was a crucial player in Vejle Boldklub's return to Danish Superliga.  He started the 2018–2019 season in Superliga to score Vejle Boldklub's first goal this season when he put VB ahead of 1–0 in what ended up being a 3–1 victory over Hobro IK. He also followed up in the subsequent two matches against Brøndby IF and AGF, respectively. Prior to the third match in the season against AGF, Sousa extended its contract with VB until summer 2021.  On 16 July 2019 it was confirmed, that Sousa had extended his contract with Vejle and would be loaned out to Belgian club Sint-Truidense.

Allan Gonçalves Sousa (born 27 January 1997), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Sint-Truiden on loan from Danish club Vejle Boldklub.

Allan Sousa, de son nom complet Allan Gonçalves Sousa, né le, est un footballeur brésilien. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant au Saint-Trond VV.


Description.

Well-developed leaves with 5-9 lobes; abaxial surfaces of leaves pubescent, but not densely so; infructescence rarely longer than 2 cm, with bracts and bracteoles less than 1 cm long, and notable spinulose-ciliate Inflorescences: staminate inflorescences erect, 15–25 cm, flower anthers without glands; pistillate inflorescences spikes, conelike, ovoid; bracteole ovate-orbiculate, 7–10 mm, pilose, margins densely ciliate-hairy. Infructescences pendulous, green, conelike, ovoid to oblong, (1-)1.5-3(-4) cm; bracteoles without yellow glands.

Dispersal.

Seeds germinate in early spring, but plants may continue to emerge if conditions are favorable. Seeds can be dispersed by number of agents including humans, animals, machines, and flood waters.

Distribution and habitat.

"Humulus japonicus" originates in temperate regions of Asia and the Tropics of Vietnam, but has become an invasive species in North America since it was imported in the 1800s. The plant has been immensely successful in North America, where it has an enormous range. It can be found throughout eastern Canada and the eastern half of the United States. In the United States "Humulus japonicus" has a lateral range from North Dakota to Maine and a vertical range from Minnesota to Georgia. Japanese hops grow well given plentiful sunlight, moisture, and nutrient rich soil, and are most commonly found along stream banks and floodplains. Japanese hops do not grow as well in shaded areas and drier soils. In milder climates, it can survive the winter.

Ecological threat.

The Japanese hop can adapt well to new environments. Its range and distribution in North America prove that it can thrive in a wide range of environments, from the southern regions of the U.S. to the far reaches of northern of Canada. It can grow and cover any area quickly. Thousands of hop plants can grow in one acre, and they can blanket a majority of the local vegetation. The vines grow rapidly during the summer, climbing up and over everything in their path, and can form dense mats several feet deep, blocking light to plants underneath.

Humulus japonicus, known as wild hop or Japanese hop, synonym "H. scandens", is an ornamental plant in the family Cannabaceae. Originally found in temperate parts of Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Russia) and the tropical environment of Vietnam, it was imported to North America in the 1800s for use in an Asian tonic and as an ornamental plant. Since its arrival in North America, it has spread widely. It can be found throughout the Northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada. It is considered an invasive species in North America. The composition and chemistry of its oils differ from those of its relative the common hop, "Humulus lupulus." As a result, the Japanese hop is not used in the production of beer.

Humulopsis scandens, le houblon japonais, est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des "Cannabaceae", originaire d'Asie de l'Est. C'est l'unique espèce du genre "Humulopsis" (genre monotypique)


Career.

Karting.

Ilott was one of the most successful karting drivers of his generation. Making his debut in 2008, he began to impress in 2011, winning in the Formula Kart Stars and finishing third in the German Junior Karting Championship, both in KF3. The next year, 2012, he remained in KF3 with Chiesa Corse Team. In 2012, Callum puts himself in the radar at age of 13: winning the WSK Masters Series and the WSK Final Cup, and finishing runner up in the WSK Euro Series and CIK-FIA World Cup. He was selected as the youngest ever WSK Driver of the Year. In 2013 he contested in KF2 and KF machinery. Winning in KF2 th 42° Trofeo delle Industrie. In KF he won the WSK Final Cup. In 2014, with Zanardi Strakka Racing he finished fourth in the CIK-FIA World Championship, third in the WSK Champions Cup, and won the WSK Super Masters Series and the CIK-FIA European Championship.

Toyota Racing Series.

Callum Ilott made his single-seater debut in the Toyota Racing Series with ETEC Motorsport, using a helmet with the Red Bull livery, but unofficially announced as a member of the Red Bull drivers' development program. He took a fourth in the seventh race, and in Taupo was the quickest in the practice sessions. In he finished near the podium. He finished 16th in the championship, being fast in qualifying and practices but struggled for race pace. After the championship, he was confirmed as a Red Bull Racing Junior Team driver.

Formula Three.

Ilott stepped up to Formula Three in 2015, racing in the FIA European Formula 3 Championship with Carlin at age of 16. Despite being a rookie, his pace placed him as one of the title contenders before the start of the season. He tested F3 machinery and Formula Renault 2.0 to accumulate experience before his Formula 3 debut. In the preseason testing, Ilott made his first impressions, finishing sixth in his first collective test and second in wet conditions on his second day. Ilott achieved one podium at the Nürburgring, finished seventh in the Rookie Championship and twelfth in the overall standings.  For the 2016 season, Ilott switched to Van Amersfoort Racing alongside rookies Pedro Piquet, Harrison Newey and Anthoine Hubert. In the second race of the first round at Circuit Paul Ricard, Ilott took his first victory in the sport and a second victory at the Red Bull Ring resulting in an overall sixth-place finish.  On 22 November 2016, Ilott was confirmed to be racing with Prema Powerteam for the 2017 season. He improved to fourth in the driver standings, losing to his teammate Maximilian Günther by 39 points. Ilott won six races and finished another six races on the podium. After his 2017 FIA F3 campaign he was included to the Ferrari Driver Academy.

GP2 Series.

In December 2016, Ilott tested with ART Grand Prix in the post-season test at Yas Marina.

GP3 Series.

After GP3 Series tests at Abu Dhabi it was announced that Ilott was scheduled to race with ART Grand Prix in the 2018 GP3 Series. He finished in 3rd place, only behind teammates Nikita Mazepin and the late Anthoine Hubert. He scored seven podiums, two of them being victories.

FIA Formula 2.

In July 2017, Ilott made his debut at the sixth round at Silverstone with Trident Racing. He finished both races outside the top-ten positions.  The following year, Ilott partook in the post-season test with Trident and Charouz Racing System.  In January 2019, the Ferrari Driver Academy announced Ilott would make a full-time switch to the championship by joining Sauber Junior Team by Charouz alongside Juan Manuel Correa. He finished his rookie season in 11th position in the overall standings by securing two podiums in the sprint races in Catalunya and Sochi respectively and his maiden Pole Position in Monza.  In 2020, Ilott will leave Sauber Junior Team by Charouz and join FIA Formula 2 Teams' Vice-Champion UNI-Virtuosi Racing alongside Guanyu Zhou and will remain in the Ferrari Driver Academy.

Racing record.

Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results.

Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

Callum Ilott (born 11 November 1998) is a British racing driver. He is a current member of the Ferrari Driver Academy, and Sauber Junior Team by Charouz and a former member of the Red Bull Junior Team.

Callum Ilott, né le à Cambridge (Angleterre) est un pilote automobile anglais. Pour la saison 2020, il participe au championnat de Formule 2 au sein de l'écurie Virtuosi Racing aux côtés du chinois Guanyu Zhou.


Method.

Although the concept of catching fish with only the use of the arm in the water is simple, the process of noodling is more complicated. The choice of catfish as the prey is not arbitrary, but comes from the circumstances of their habitat. During the spawn, catfish will dig or enter a hole underneath a structure submerged in the water. The female will lay the eggs in the hole and the male will guard the eggs. When the eggs become fry, they will leave and the male will also leave the hole. To begin, a noodler goes underwater to depths ranging from only a few feet to twenty feet and places his hand inside a discovered catfish hole. If all goes as planned, the catfish will swim forward and latch onto the fisherman's hand, usually as a defensive maneuver, in order to try to escape the hole. If the fish is particularly large, the noodler can hook the hand around its gills.  Most noodlers have spotters who help them bring the catfish in, either to shore or to their boat; noodling in pairs is considered important for safety, and also makes it a more social activity, with noodling partners often forming long-term partnerships.  A typical weight for a flathead catfish caught by noodling is 40 lb (18 kg).

Noodling as a sport.

On "Late Night with David Letterman" in 1989, Jerry Rider climbed into a tank with a catfish and caught it using his bare hands. For a time Rider became the face of noodling, and appeared in countless news stories and numerous newspaper articles around this time as well. Though he is no longer considered the "face of noodling", Rider is still a prominent and active noodler, appearing in both a Discovery Channel's "Dirty Jobs" pilot episode and in the History Channel's current television series "Mudcats". Rider even traveled to India to demonstrate noodling while visiting the country for the weekend. Most of these stories were light-hearted variety pieces with little information; very few of them looked at the practice as a serious sport, as noodlers may have wanted.  The closest thing to a serious examination of noodling accessible to popular culture was a documentary released in 2001 called "Okie Noodling", directed by local documentarian Bradley Beesley. The documentary covers the history and current practice of noodling as it is practiced in Oklahoma. During the course of the documentary the realization that there were no official noodling contests spawned the First Annual Okie Noodling Tournament held in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma. The tournament brought in young people from across Oklahoma to a sport mostly passed down from father to son. The release of the documentary and its subsequent airing on PBS affiliates has, if not made the sport more popular, raised its profile to more than just a local phenomenon.  Although not mentioning women in noodling explicitly, through interviews "Okie Noodling" helps to explain women's relationship to the sport. Although some women relate stories of times they have noodled, the majority of practicing noodlers were and are men. Many of the male noodlers explained how they began noodling when their father took them out, and how they planned to bring their sons into the world of noodling. Also, as others who have written on noodling have expressed, if noodling is to be considered a sport, then (at least to outsiders) it is most definitely an extreme sport, which tend to draw a disproportionate number of male followers.

Dangers.

Noodling can result in superficial cuts and minor wounds to the noodler. This can be reduced by wearing gloves and other protective clothing. Losing fingers is also a risk, whether from the bite or infection. Most holes are deep enough that diving is needed, so there can be a danger of drowning. A person with confident swimming abilities may be caught off guard by the sudden added strain of carrying a large fish to the surface. Spotters can alleviate this danger, but it is still present. A wounded noodler ten to twenty feet underwater might not be able to return safely to the surface and may drown. Clothes may get tangled or snagged on roots or rocks, so some noodlers wear only denim shorts.  The greatest physical threat posed to noodlers, however, comes from other forms of aquatic life found in catfish holes. Far more dangerous than catfish are alligators, snakes, beavers, muskrats and snapping turtles, who will take over abandoned catfish holes as homes of their own. Deaths have been reported in many states, most notably Florida, Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana as the wildlife is particularly stacked against human entry in waters greater than three foot depth. More than one death in a singular incident was reported in Oklahoma in 2009 and later confirmed by Field and Stream, those deaths were due to a nearby dam structure causing surging water currents that overpowered noodling anglers. Both men involved during the practice had been confirmed as noodling when they were unfortunately killed. Neither of the deceased Oklahoma individuals were determined to be wearing life safety vests or flotation devices when their bodies were found according to Oklahoma State troopers.

In popular culture.

Noodling has often featured in or been referred to in popular media, including for example, the "King of the Hill" episode "The Redneck on Rainey Street", an episode of the TV series "Cougar Town", the 2009 movie "Leaves of Grass", which featured Keri Russell as a noodler, the 2009 film "Fish Tank", the Ben 10 Omniverse episode "Gone Fishin"', and the 2016 movie Deepwater Horizon. It has also been featured on various networks such as the Discovery Channel, History Channel and Animal Planet.  The popular Noodler's brand of fountain pen ink was named in reference to noodling, described as "a southern sport that attempts to equalize the struggle between man and animal in the quest for a sense of fair play", and many bottles of ink depict images of catfish.  Brad Leone and Matty Matheson went noodling for an episode of the Bon Appétit YouTube series "It's Alive" which was published in September 2019.

Noodling is fishing for catfish using one's bare hands, and is practiced primarily in the southern United States. The noodler places their hand inside a discovered catfish hole. Many other names are used in different regions for the same activity.

Le (anglicisme) est une technique de pêche à mains nues des poissons-chats et silures. Pratiquée dans le Sud des États-Unis, cette technique consiste à placer sa main ou son bras dans le trou d'un poisson et d'attendre que la main soit avalée par le poisson.


List of first generation home video game consoles

Liste des consoles de jeux vidéo de première génération

Repetition and similarities.

Naming.

Possibly due to it being a new technology, unknown by most of the public, manufacturers placed emphasis on what the console was, and what it could do, with little to tell them apart. The most common elements were usually:  This led to many consoles being nearly identical in name, possibly leading to market confusion.

Identical consoles.

A lot of the consoles were either copies of others, had very similar form factors with different inputs, or were just distributed under different names in different regions. An example being the Binatone line, being also released simultaneously under the names "Mentor" and "Tokyo". Name changes are most commonly exemplified by the Sears Tele-Games line, which consisted of existing Coleco, APF and Atari Consoles, only difference being the Sears branding; Other examples include;

Clone consoles.

Although most consoles are near identical game play wise, due to the use of the same integrated circuits, some consoles were more blatant on their copying, and tried to mimic specific consoles. An example of what is possibly the first clone video game console is the Spanish Overkal created by Inter Electrónica S. A. in 1974, that cloned the Magnavox Odyssey released two years earlier in the US, and in Europe by ITT as the Odyssee one year earlier, with similar shape, controllers, color scheme, and even all the accessories included, such as the poker chips, paper money, play board, and even the overlays;

Light Gun Functionality.

Some consoles had light gun style games included in the system alongside the other sports games modes. While supported, some consoles included the accessory in the box, while others needed to be purchased separately. The first Light Gun, the shotgun that worked with the Odyssey and came with the game Shooting Gallery was an optional game. Some were later included with the console in a bundle.  Some guns, like the one on the Coleco Telstar Marksman, came with a removable stock and barrel parts to attach to the gun depending on play style.  Light Guns of this era have realistic proportions, shape and color, due to the fact that during the 70's and 80's there were no laws against the depiction of realistic weapons in children's toys. While some manufacturers later chose to use bright colors and more sci-fi designs, the prohibition of such designs in the US only came in 1992.

Market saturation.

Video game crash of 1977.

While the video game crash of 1983 lasted three years without innovation and further stagnation, the video game crash of 1977 was a more instantaneous event, because what caused it was the existence of cartridge based consoles like the Fairchild Channel F the year before, and the popular Atari 2600, among many others that were available on the market.  Being able to purchase new, better and different games for the same console at a reduced price, instead of several identical consoles that occupied more space and a connection on the TV, lead to the fall of dedicated consoles, in favor of better technologies. The transition was abrupt, so manufacturers scrambled to replace or sell aging tech.  Atari considered creating a second cartridge console to implement their surplus of processors from their dedicated line of consoles, which took the form of the Atari Game Brain to be released in 1978, but the plan ultimately fell through, as it would create confusion with their more successful console, and so it was canceled.  While these consoles mostly disappeared from America in 1978, in other regions of the world, most notably Europe and Japan, these consoles were thriving, as second generation consoles didn't have a strong presence. This led to a family of clone consoles that had their CPUs in individual cartridges.

Permanence in the market.

More than 200 different companies were involved in the first generation, and while more than half only released one console, it's still a large number of companies compared to the 20 that partook on the second generation.  There were only manufacturers to create consoles past the first generation. The rest never entered the video game console market again. When only counting those who took part in the Second Generation, meaning companies that released a new platform after first generation, there's only 12.  Nintendo is the only company that participated in the first generation that still presently manufactures video game consoles.

List of systems.

The following is a list in alphabetical order of the manufacturers, followed by the name of the console, release year, integrated chip if it had one, and whether it came with a light gun or the option to buy one separately. This list is in no way complete, as there are hundreds of consoles, some with color, name, or hardware variations.  For comparison, there are'home platforms starting with the second generation, and'handheld consoles, totaling.

Released systems.

There are first-generation home video game consoles in this list but more than 900 are known to exist. ∑ items.

Canceled Systems.

A lot of systems were released, but some were cancelled during development or never made it to market, with some prototypes existing.  There are known first-generation home video game consoles that were never released.

The first generation of video game consoles lasted approximately 12 years. The first console of the generation was the 1972 Magnavox Odyssey, and the final one was the 1978 Elwro Television Game 10 (TVG-10), later sold by PPZ Ameprod from 1981 until 1984. The last new console release of the generation was most likely the Compu-Vision 440 by radio manufacturer Bentley in 1983, although other systems were also released in that year. The first console generation overlaps with the second and third generations, which comprise more advanced consoles than the first generation and lasted from 1976–1992 and 1983–2003.

Cet article présente une liste non exhaustive de consoles de jeux vidéo de première génération. Plus de 900 y sont répertoriées.


History.

1850s.

In previous years, the same type of dress might have been called an evening dress, having very similar features; low-cut neckline, a tight bodice, a large skirt and (sometimes) bare arms. The ball gown at this time had similar features, a full skirt supported by a petticoat, a tight waist achieved by a corset or bodice with a stay to keep the subject upright and with perfect posture, off the shoulder style and with bare arms.  In the coming years, the introduction of the sewing machine changed the dress market. Middle-class people could now produce their own dresses and with more quality and efficiency than before when they were made by hand. Upper class members of society might still have had their dresses made by a designer but with the turn around time decreased. Around this time was also the introduction of chemical dyes. This dramatically changed the range of colors that dresses could be produced in. This time was encompassed within the Romantic period, which coincided with the Victorian era. During this time the crinoline was introduced as well as demure sleeves, which puffed up around the arm.

1860–1864.

Skirts had developed an overall bell shape but with extra fullness at the back.

1865–1867.

Skirts lost their front shape and were altered to lay more flat against the body while the sides and back gained fullness with pleating techniques. Oftentimes a long train was attached to the back of the skirt.

1868–1878.

For the next 10 years the fullness in the back of the skirts increased further with the use of the bustle.

1878–1884.

The bustle went out of style because it was not needed anymore for the fullness in the back of the dress. The material instead was gathered and fell down the back which ended with a long train.

1890–1900.

The hourglass shape emerged which was known for a narrow waist. It was achieved by having a cone-shaped skirt that was narrow at the waist and gained fullness near the bottom.  After the end of World War II, in 1947, Christian Dior introduced his "New Look" of nipped-in waistlines and full skirts.

1950s.

Previously, ball gowns were worn for private events and parties, but in the mid-20th century, private events turned into public ones. As the century progressed, traditional events become less important while ones like charity events took its place. In 21st century culture, galas and red carpet events are showcases for extravagant gowns to be in the public eye. In Britain, when Elizabeth II terminated formal court events in 1957, the more public events, like a charity ball, arose in popularity because it was open to anyone who could afford to buy a ticket.  Designer dresses were typically part of a designer's collection, having it altered for the wearer. Designers need to know where the dress will be worn to avoid two people from matching. But if the original wearer decides to wear the dress to another event afterwards, the possibility of matching is increased. In modern times, designers must understand that their pieces of work will be criticized and also praised as a result of the internet and paparazzi.

Etiquette.

The first forms of the 21st century term “Debutante ball” or “Cotillion” emerged in the mid 19th century with what was called a “coming out ball”. These events were meant to show off the women who were now of marriageable age. Traditionally the debutantes will wear all white, but with varying styles of dress. While the style of dress can vary, strapless and sleeveless variations are popular and are typically worn with long white gloves and can be accessorized with bouquets, and sometimes a fan. For most of the 19th century, a headdress with veiling was a popular style as well as a full train attached at the waist and in later years it would attach to the shoulders.The traditional ideals of the debutante ball vary based on location in the USA. The debutantes in New Orleans could be seen wearing jeweled crowns and dresses with Medici collars with elongated trains. Texas has variations within its various regions. In Laredo, middle class debutantes wear beaded suede garments. In San Antonio, the dresses are of elaborate colors and covered in beads of different designs. The beads add extensive weight having some dresses weigh in at about 75 lbs.  Another coming of age event is the Quinceanera, an event in Latin American cultures when a girl turns 15. Their gowns are often very brightly colored and resemble traditional ball gowns with very full ruffled or ruched skirts.

First Lady's Collection.

In 1912, Helen Taft along with collection founders Cassie Mason Myers Julian-James, Rose Gouverneur Hoes, and the Smithsonian Institution started the “First Ladies Collection.” It is customary for the first lady of the United States to donate the dress she wears to the inauguration ball but it is not required. Every first lady is represented in the collection although they are not all inaugural dresses. Mrs. Taft started this tradition when she donated her dress that she wore during President Taft's inauguration. Typically the dresses were added to the collection after the first lady had left office but in 1955 the publics uproar to see Mamie Eisenhower's inaugural dress was so strong that the Smithsonian changed their policy and added her dress immediately, not waiting until she left office.

A ball gown, ballgown or gown is a type of evening gown worn to a ball or a formal event. Most versions are cut off the shoulder with a low décolletage, exposed arms, and long bouffant styled skirts. Such gowns are typically worn with a stole (a formal shawl in expensive fabric), cape or cloak in lieu of a coat, couture or vintage jewelry and opera-length gloves. Where "state decorations" are to be worn, they are on a bow pinned to the chest, and married women wear a tiara if they have one. Although artificial fabrics are now sometimes used, the most common fabrics are satin, silk, taffeta and velvet with trimmings of lace, pearls, sequins, embroidery, ruffles, ribbons, rosettes and ruching.

Une robe de bal est une robe de soirée portée lors d'un bal ou d'un événement officiel. Dans la majorité, les modèles dégagent les épaules et les bras et présentent un décolleté bas ainsi que de longues jupes bouffantes. Ces robes sont généralement assorties d'une étole (un châle de cérémonie en tissu coûteux), une cape ou un manteau, des bijoux modernes ou d'époque et des gants longs. Si la porteuse doit arborer des « décorations d'État », celles-ci sont piquées sur un nœud épinglé à la poitrine ; les femmes mariées portent un diadème si elles en possèdent. Bien que des étoffes artificielles soient parfois utilisées, ces robes sont habituellement en satin, soie, taffetas et velours, avec des garnitures de dentelle, des perles, des paillettes, des broderies, des volants, des rubans, des rosettes et des fronces.


Élection à la direction des Libéraux-démocrates de 2017

Background.

In the 2017 general election, the Liberal Democrats gained four seats compared to the previous election despite a falling share of the vote, maintaining the party as the fourth largest in the House of Commons. Some prominent Liberal Democrat MPs who lost their seats in the 2015 election regained their seats, including Cable, Ed Davey and Jo Swinson. Former party leader Nick Clegg lost his seat.  Tim Farron, the party's leader, was re-elected in his Westmorland and Lonsdale constituency with a significantly reduced majority. He announced he would step down as party leader on 14 June 2017, a week after the election, citing difficulty in reconciling his faith and his leadership. He remained as party leader until the 20 July, when he was succeeded by Vince Cable following an uncontested leadership election.

Election rules.

The timetable for the leadership election was determined by the party's Federal Executive, under Article 17.4 of the Liberal Democrat constitution.  Liberal Democrat leadership elections use the alternative vote (instant runoff) system, with all Liberal Democrat party members being entitled to vote under a "one member, one vote" system.  Candidates had to be current Liberal Democrat MPs. Article 17.5 of the Liberal Democrat constitution requires that any candidate wishing to stand must be a Member of Parliament and must have the support of:

Timetable.

The election timetable was as follows:

Campaign.

Despite being the bookmakers' favourite, Jo Swinson announced on 18 June that she would not stand for the leadership. She explained that she had decided to contest the deputy leadership before hearing of Farron's resignation and that she had decided that the deputy leadership was the right role for her at the time. On 20 June, Swinson was elected unopposed as deputy leader. This left Ed Davey, Norman Lamb and Vince Cable as the most likely contenders. Cable declared his candidacy on 20 June.  There was some speculation that Swinson had chosen to support Cable to lead for two or three years before taking over the leadership herself, given his age compared to other potential leadership candidates. "The Daily Telegraph" claimed that Swinson and Cable had agreed a deal to this effect. While both Swinson and Cable denied this, Cable did tell the Telegraph that "it is a simple fact of life if I decided in three years' time to let someone else take over she is ideally placed to do it".  Lamb had stood in the last leadership election, and has been praised for his work on mental health. He was expected to be more centrist and less stridently oppositional to Brexit, and his abstention on the vote for the Article 50 notification triggering Brexit was seen as a potential weakness within the strongly pro-EU party. He declined to stand, and explained his decision in an article in "The Guardian", calling for the party to better engage with those who voted for Brexit.  Davey originally planned to support Swinson. He has been associated with the "" wing of the party. On 27 June, Davey announced he would not be standing for the leadership, citing "the need to be there for my young children and not continually away from home".  After Davey's announcement, "The Guardian" observed: "Nominations do not close until next month, but Cable is the only candidate to have declared and there is no other Lib Dem MP seen as having the potential to beat him in a contest". By 3 July 2017, ten of the eleven other Liberal Democrat MPs had declared they would not be standing; this left Christine Jardine, who was only elected to Parliament in June 2017, as the only remaining potential challenger who had not declared their intent. By 14 July, Vince Cable claimed that every other MP had pledged to support him.

Opinion polling.

Before close of nominations.

The following survey was conducted before the close of nominations and therefore includes candidates who did not put themselves forward.

Result.

At 16:00 on 20 July 2017, Vince Cable was the only nominated candidate and was declared leader of the Liberal Democrats.

The 2017 Liberal Democrats leadership election was held following the resignation of Tim Farron as leader on 14 June 2017, after just under two years as leader of the Liberal Democrats. At the close of applications on 20 July 2017, Vince Cable was the only nominated candidate and was therefore declared the new leader of the party.

L'élection à la direction des Libéraux-démocrates de 2017 a eu lieu du au, pour élire le nouveau chef de file du parti, après la démission de Tim Farron.


History.

The name Hurstville is derived from the English 'hurst', meaning 'a wooded eminence', and 'ville', meaning 'town'.

Aboriginal culture.

Although it is unknown when they first settled in the Hurstville area, the first inhabitants were Indigenous Australians. At the time of the arrival of the First Fleet, the Indigenous Australians residing in the area were of the Eora tribe, whose numbers spanned along the Georges River, from Botany Bay to present-day Liverpool.

European settlement.

The first sustained contact between members of the First Fleet and the Eora tribe, occurred on 20 January 1788 within the boundaries of the present City of Hurstville at Lugarno and Oatley, at Lime Kiln Bay on the Georges River, as recorded by Lieutenant Philip Gidley King in his diary. While Governor Philip explored the south side of the Georges River around Como, King with a party of one other officer and three marines in a six-oared rowboat aimed for the highest point they could see on the north side, probably at Lugarno, and landed at a place they named Lance Point. Although first contact with the Indigenous Australians led to a small altercation where a spear was thrown and a shot fired, later in the day when the party rowed up Lime Kiln Bay towards present day Mortdale they were greeted in a friendly manner by both men and women, and what could only be described as Australia's first picnic took place as food and drink were shared between the two peoples. After a long summer afternoon of mutual contact and conviviality the British sailors rowed back to their ship moored at Botany Bay (see Haworth R.J. 2012, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol. 14 pp. 1–28, for a reconstruction of King's boat journey and likely route).  The land of the Hurstville region was granted by the government of the new colony of New South Wales to two men: Captain John Townson and his brother Robert Townson in 1808. Captain John Townson was granted 1950 acres (7.9 km2) of land which is now occupied by the suburb of Hurstville and part of Bexley. Robert Townson was granted the land which is now occupied by Penshurst, Mortdale and parts of Peakhurst. In the same year, in the area now known as Riverwood land grants were made to Jane Trotter, Mary Shepley, Charles Doudall, and James Ryan. Later in 1816 another land grant in the same area was given to Mary Redman.  In 1809, Captain John Townson was granted an additional 250 acres (1 km2) in the area now occupied by Kingsgrove and Beverly Hills. The Townson brothers were not happy with the land that they were given because it was not suitable for the farming of sheep for wool and it is likely that the brothers never occupied their land. In 1812, a wealthy merchant named Simeon Lord bought the land of Captain John Townson and named it "Lord's Forest". When Lord died, the land became the property of John Rose Holden and James Holt of the Bank of NSW.

Sproule family.

"Gladwyn" is an historic, Italianate house at 96 Queens Road. It was built in 1893 by John Sproule, a local builder and alderman of Hurstville Council, who had acquired the land two years previously. It changed hands many times and was known as "Gladwyn" by 1906. Hurstville Council eventually acquired the house in 1986. It has been restored and adapted for commercial use, as well as serving as the base for the Hurstville Archival Research and Local Studies Centre. It is heritage-listed at state and local level.  In 1895, Ann Sproule bought land on the opposite side of Queens Road from the Winn brothers of Newcastle, New South Wales. John Sproule then built "Yarra-Mundi" in 1897, and lived there until 1904. The house then changed hands a number of times over the years. In 1981 it was acquired by the Danebank Church of England School for Girls. The school later sold the house in 2003 and it was subsequently adapted for commercial use. It is heritage-listed.

Development.

A dam with a roadway on top was constructed on the Cooks River at Tempe in 1839. In 1843, the road that was to become known as Forest Road was extended from the dam to a hand-winched punt in Lugarno. On the other side of the river, the road continued all the way to Wollongong; however, it was only suitable for travellers on horseback. The new road opened up the Hurstville region and created a settlement at Bottle Forest, now known as Heathcote.  In 1850, the Lord Forest estate was purchased by Michael Gannon (1800–61), who subdivided it into small farms along what is now Croydon Road and three larger farms that were purchased by Dent, Peake, and Ibbotson. The area became known as Gannon's Forest. The land originally granted to Robert Townson was purchased by John Connell in 1830 and, following his death in 1849, the estate was inherited by his grandsons, Elias Pearson Laycock and John Connell Laycock.  The Gannon's Forest post office opened in 1881. The local school was named "Hurstville" by School Inspector MacIntyre when it was established in 1876. When the railway station opened on 15 October 1884, it took the name Hurstville, from the school. Hurstville municipality was incorporated in 1887 and, in 1988, Hurstville was declared a city. The Centenary Bakery on Forest Road is a historic building that has been preserved and once housed a museum. The St George Regional Museum is now located in another historic building in MacMahon Street.  The Hurstville train crash on 3 August 1920 resulted in five people killed and fifty injured. It involved the collision of two steam trains, one arriving from Central Railway Station, which plunged into the back of the other, which was stationary at Hurstville railway station, bound for Sutherland.  Hurstville's residential developments are a mixture of low-density housing, medium-density flats, and high-density apartment buildings.

Economy.

Hurstville is the central business district of the St George area. It is a large, multiethnic suburb with a multitude of commercial buildings and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline.  The commercial area is centred on the main street, Forest Road, on the northern side of Hurstville Railway station. Forest Road is the main shopping street which features branches of many retail shops as well as numerous banks and other financial institutions. The commercial developments also extend to surrounding streets concentrated from Queens Road to The Avenue and on the southern side of Hurstville Railway station, around Ormonde Parade. The commercial developments extend further along Forest Road, west towards Penshurst and east towards Bexley.

Retail and shopping.

Hurstville has two major shopping centres, Westfield Hurstville and Hurstville Central. There are also a few smaller shopping centres such as Hurstville Times Plaza, East Quarter, Metro Centre, Hurstville City Centre and Union Arcade.

Restaurants and cafes.

Hurstville has a wide variety of restaurants and cafes and is known as a major dining destination in the St George area of Sydney. There are a large number of Chinese (including Cantonese), Japanese and Korean restaurants and eateries.

Other.

The administrative offices of the City of Hurstville are located in the Hurstville Civic Centre in MacMahon Street. This street also features a number of historic buildings such as the Friendly Pharmacy, old Fire Station, Ritz Hotel and Hurstville Museum & Gallery (formerly known as the St George Regional Museum), which houses the cake decorating collection formerly held at the Australian Cakes and Sugar Art Museum. Hurstville City Library is located nearby on Queens Road.

Culture.

The St Clair Recording Studio operated for about a year from December 1965 to December 1966 and recorded the Bee Gees among other musicians. AC/DC played at the Hurstville Civic Centre (Marana Hall/Rivoli Hall) on eight occasions between 1974-1977.  A karaoke place opened in 2011 near the Meridian Hotel, the first ever one in Hurstville.  The Hurstville Museum & Gallery focuses on local history, art, and culture. According to the Museum's website, it "is home to high quality exhibitions, a diverse range of public programs and a collection of approximately 5,000 objects and artworks from the local area."

Transport.

Hurstville railway station is a major station on the Illawarra line of the Sydney Trains network. All Suburban and all Intercity trains stop at Hurstville. Hurstville is 20 minutes from Sydney Central railway station on the express service. Hurstville is a major bus interchange with bus services departing from Forest Road and Ormonde Parade. Hurstville is also serviced by St George Community Transport, a HACC funded transport service for the Frail Aged, people with disability and their carers.

Churches.

St George's Hurstville Anglican Church, St Michael's Roman Catholic Church, Hurstville Presbyterian Church, Hurstville Church of Christ, Hurstville Uniting Church, Hurstville Seventh-day Adventist Church, Hurstville Assemblies of God, Salvation Army, Church of the Living God.

Population.

Demographics.

The first European settlers in the area were mostly of British and Irish ancestry. From the late 1960s, Hurstville, like many surrounding areas, became home to migrants from all around the world. The first wave of migrants included Greeks and Italians who began moving south from Sydney's inner-city suburbs. They were followed by more European migrants, including many from the former Yugoslavia.  From the 1990s, the Chinese community within Hurstville has grown considerably. Much of this was related to significant migration from Hong Kong during the 1990s and migration from Mainland China during the 2000s. Many local businesses are operated by people of Chinese background, the interests of which are advanced by the St. George Asian Business Association. Hurstville is a hub for Asian groceries, food and services.  According to the 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population, there were 29,822 residents in Hurstville. 27.8% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 36.9%, Nepal 7.1%, Hong Kong 4.0%, Indonesia 1.8% and India 1.5%. 18.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 32.3%, Cantonese 17.9%, Nepali 7.2%, Arabic 2.8% and Greek 2.5%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 42.7%, Catholic 11.8%, Hinduism 8.2% and Buddhism 8.1%. The most common ancestries in Hurstville were Chinese 49.4%, English 6.6%, Nepalese 6.6%, Australian 5.1% and Greek 2.9% and 1.3% Filipinos.

Hurstville is a suburb in southern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is 16 kilometres south of the Sydney CBD and is part of the St George area. Hurstville is the administrative centre of the local government area of the Georges River Council.

Hurstville est une banlieue du sud de Sydney, en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, en Australie. Il se trouve à 16 kilomètres au sud de la CDB de Sydney et fait partie de la région de St George. Hurstville est le centre administratif de la zone de gouvernement local du Conseil de la rivière Georges.


Discovery.

K2-18b was identified as part of the Kepler space telescope program, one of over 1,200 exoplanets discovered during the "Second Light" K2 mission. The discovery of K2-18b was made in 2015, orbiting a red dwarf star (now known as K2-18) with a stellar spectral type of M2.8 about from Earth. The planet was detected through variations in the star's light curve caused by the transit of the planet in front of the star as seen from Earth. The planet was designated "K2-18b" as it was the eighteenth planet discovered during the K2 mission. The predicted relatively low contrast between the planet and its host star would make it easier to observe K2-18b's atmosphere in the future.  In 2017, data from the Spitzer Space Telescope confirmed that K2-18b orbits in the habitable zone around K2-18 with a 33-day period, short enough to allow for observations of multiple K2-18b orbital cycles and improving the statistical significance of the signal. This led to widespread interest in continued observations of K2-18b.  Later studies on K2-18b using the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) and the Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs (CARMENES) instruments also identified a likely second exoplanet, K2-18c, with an estimated mass of in a tighter, 9-day orbit, but this additional planet has not yet been confirmed, and may instead be due to stellar activity.

Location.

K2-18 is in the constellation of Leo, but outside its lion asterism. When first discovered, K2-18's distance from Earth was estimated to be. However, more precise data from the "Gaia" star mapping project has shown K2-18 to be at a distance of. This improved distance measurement helped to refine the properties of the exoplanetary system.

Physical characteristics.

K2-18b orbits K2-18 at about, which lies within the calculated habitable zone for the red dwarf,. The exoplanet has an orbital period of about 33 days, which suggests it is tidally locked, with the same face to its host star. The planet's equilibrium temperature is estimated to be around, due to its stellar irradiance of approximately 94% of Earth's. K2-18b is estimated to have a radius of and a mass of, based on analysis using HARPS and CARMENES instruments as well as followup observations from Spitzer. It was initially considered a mini-Neptune on its 2015 discovery, but improved data on K2-18b has classified it as a super-Earth. A later study from 2019 classified the planet as a sub-Neptune. A comparison of K2-18b's size, orbit, and other features to other detected exoplanets suggests that the planet could support an atmosphere that contains additional gases besides hydrogen and helium.

Discovery of water.

Further studies using the Hubble Space Telescope were performed, corroborating the results of the "Kepler" and "Spitzer" observations and allowing additional measurements of the planet's atmosphere. Two separate analyses by researchers at Université de Montréal and University College London (UCL) of the Hubble data were published in 2019. Both examined spectra of starlight passing through the planet's atmosphere during transits, finding that K2-18b has a hydrogen–helium atmosphere with a high concentration of water vapor, which could range from between 0.01% to 12.5%, up to between 20% and 50%, depending on what other gaseous species are present in the atmosphere. At the upper concentration levels, the water vapor would be sufficiently high to form clouds. The UCL-led study was published on 11 September 2019 in the journal "Nature Astronomy"; the study led from the Université de Montréal was posted one day earlier on the preprint server arXiv.org and later published in "The Astrophysical Journal Letters". The UCL-led analysis detected water with a statistical significance of 3.6 standard deviations, equivalent to a confidence level of 99.97%.  This was the first super-Earth exoplanet within a star's habitable zone whose atmosphere was detected, and the first discovery of water in a habitable-zone exoplanet. Water had previously been detected in the atmospheres of non-habitable-zone exoplanets such as HD 209458 b, XO-1b, WASP-12b, WASP-17b, and WASP-19b.  Astronomers emphasised that the discovery of water in the atmosphere of K2-18b does not mean the planet can support life or is even habitable, as it probably lacks any solid surface or an atmosphere that can support life. Nevertheless, finding water in a habitable zone exoplanet helps understand how planets are formed. A study led by astronomers from the University of Cambridge considered the interior structure of the planet and found a range of possible solutions, from a rocky core with a thick hydrogen envelope to a planet primarily made up of water with a thinner atmosphere. A subset of these solutions could allow for liquid water on the surface of the planet, albeit at temperatures and pressures higher than STP. K2-18b is now expected to be observed with the James Webb Space Telescope, due to launch in 2021, and the ARIEL space telescope, due to launch in 2028. Both will carry instruments designed to determine the composition of exoplanet atmospheres.

K2-18b, also known as EPIC 201912552 b, is an exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf K2-18, located away from Earth. The planet, initially discovered with the Kepler space telescope, is about eight times the mass of Earth, and is thus classified as a super Earth. It has a 33-day orbit within the star's habitable zone.

K2-18 b, également connu sous le nom de EPIC 201912552 b, est une exoplanète en orbite autour de la naine rouge K2-18, située à environ 124 années-lumière (38 pc) de la Terre. La planète, initialement découverte par l'observatoire spatial Kepler, représente environ huit fois la masse de la Terre et est donc classée comme une super-Terre ou, plus vraisemblablement, une mini-Neptune. Elle a une orbite de 33 jours dans la zone habitable de l'étoile, mais il est peu probable qu'elle soit habitable.


Early life.

The second son of Sir Robert Walpole, he was educated at Eton (1718) and King’s College, Cambridge (1725) and studied law at Lincoln's Inn (1723), where he was called to the bar in 1727. He undertook a Grand Tour in Italy in 1730.

Political career.

Walpole first entered Parliament as Member for Lostwithiel in a by-election on 29 April 1730, following the death of Sir Edward Knatchbull earlier that month. He was appointed junior Secretary to the Treasury the same year.  On 2 May 1734, in the next general election, he succeeded his uncle Horatio Walpole as Member of Parliament for Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, retaining the seat for nearly 34 years until the 1768 election, when his first cousin the Hon. Richard Walpole (son of Lord Walpole of Wolterton) replaced him.  On 7 September 1737 the Duke of Devonshire was named Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Walpole his Chief Secretary, though he also continued as Secretary to the Treasury. Walpole was sworn of the Privy Council of Ireland on 8 October that year and stood for Ballyshannon in the Irish House of Commons, a seat he held until 1760.  On 9 May 1739 Edward Walpole's elder brother Robert, Lord Walpole resigned his post of Clerk of the Pells in order to become an Auditor of the Exchequer, and Edward was appointed to succeed him, holding the office until his death. On 27 August 1753 Walpole was made a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath, the order re-founded by his father in 1725.

Family.

Walpole lived for a time at Frogmore House in Windsor, Berkshire which he bought in 1748 and sold in 1766. He then bought a house in Windsor, which he gave to his daughter Laura Keppel in 1778, and spent his last years in Isleworth, where he died in 1784.  He had never married, but had a son (who predeceased him) and three daughters by his partner Dorothy Clement:

Sir Edward Walpole KB PC (Ire) (1706 – 12 January 1784) was a British politician, and a younger son of Sir Robert Walpole, Prime Minister from 1721 to 1742.

Sir Edward Walpole KB PC (Ire) (1706 - ) était un homme politique britannique et un fils cadet de Sir Robert Walpole, Premier ministre de 1721 à 1742.


History.

Historically in the County of Dunbarton, its original name is "Clachan dhu", or 'dark village'. Ben Lomond, the most southerly Munro, dominates the view north over the loch, and the Luss Hills rise to the west of the village.  Saint Kessog brought Christianity to Luss at some uncertain date in the 'Dark Ages'. A number of early medieval and medieval monuments survive in the present churchyard, including simple cross-slabs which may date to as early as the 7th century AD, and a hogback grave-cover of the 11th century. A well-preserved late medieval effigy of a bishop is preserved within the modern church. The present Church of Scotland place of worship was built in 1875 by Sir James Colquhoun, in memory of his father who had drowned in the loch in December 1873. The church is noted for its online services as well as for holding over one hundred weddings per year, mostly for couples from outwith the parish. Luss is the ancestral home of Clan Colquhoun and the McInturners of Luss, a sept of Clan Lamont.

Places of interest.

Nowadays Luss is a conservation village, with a bypass carrying the busy A82 trunk road. In its position just off the main road to the West Highlands, it is visited by many tourists, and has a large car and coach park and a number of tourist-oriented shops. Many of Luss' cottages have been described as picturesque. The village has a kiltmaker and a bagpipe works. In recent years, Luss became famous as a result of being the main outdoor location for the Scottish Television drama series "Take the High Road". Although the programme is no longer made, some in Luss remain proud of the connection: its fictional name, 'Glendarroch', is used for some buildings.  About a mile south of the village, in a cove at Aldochlay, is a small figure on a stone plinth. A contemporary legend evolved that it is a memorial to a child drowned in the loch, but it was in fact erected in 1890 by a local stonemason, who found the statue in a London scrapyard. 'Wee Peter', as he is locally known, was moved to the site after a brief spell near the railway, and has remained there ever since.

Facilities.

The village hosts a water taxi service to Balloch, at the south of the loch, allowing visitors to transfer onwards to Glasgow by train or visit its shopping centre, Lomond Shores. Luss Pier is a popular starting point for boat trips on the loch.  The Loch Lomond Golf Club, which was for a number of years the site of the Barclays Scottish Open, is within the village's borders.

Luss ("Lus", 'herb' in Gaelic) is a village in Argyll & Bute, Scotland, on the west bank of Loch Lomond. The village is within the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.

Luss (en gaélique écossais "Lus", 'herbe') est un village du Comté d'Argyll and Bute, en Écosse, sur la rive ouest du Loch Lomond. Le village fait partie du parc national du Loch Lomond et des Trossachs.


Beliefs and practice.

In their practice the Glasite churches aimed at a strict conformity with the primitive type of Christianity, as understood by them. Each congregation had a plurality of elders, pastors, or bishops, who were chosen according to what were believed to be the instructions of Paul, without regard to previous education or present occupation, and who enjoy a perfect equality in office. To have been married a second time disqualified one for ordination, or for continued tenure of the office of bishop.  In all the action of the church unanimity was considered to be necessary; if any member differed in opinion from the rest, he must either surrender his judgement to that of the church, or be shut out from its communion. To join in prayer with anyone not a member of the denomination was regarded as unlawful, and even to eat or drink with one who had been excommunicated was held to be wrong. The Lord's Supper was observed weekly; and between forenoon and afternoon service every Sunday a love feast was held at which every member was required to be present. This took the form not of symbolic morsels of wine and bread, as in other communions, but a (relatively) substantial meal, a custom leading to the Glasites' nickname of 'Kail Kirk' for the Scotch broth that was served at this setting. This custom may have arisen, in part, as a charitable response to the poverty of most members of this Church and also as a pragmatic response to the length of meetings (particularly the sermons) and the distances some members of the congregation had to travel in order to attend.  At Glasite services, any member who "possesses the gift of edifying the brethren", was allowed to speak. The practice of washing one another's feet was at one time observed; and it was for a long time customary for each brother and sister to receive new members, on admission, with a holy kiss.  "Things strangled and blood" were rigorously abstained from. They disapproved of all lotteries and games of chance. The accumulation of wealth they held to be unscriptural and improper.

Churches.

A church was set up by Glas in Dundee following his suspension by the Church of Scotland, with its congregation becoming known as Glasites. The first meeting house in Perth followed in 1733. Glasite churches were also founded in Paisley, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leith, Arbroath, Montrose, Aberdeen, Dunkeld, Cupar, Galashiels. Buildings built as Glasite chapels survive in Dundee, Edinburgh and Perth (two), Galashiels and possibly elsewhere.

Sandemanian Churches in England.

Glas's views were again advanced beyond Scotland with Sandeman's publication of Letters on Theron and Aspasio in 1757. The resulting correspondence between the leading church elders, Glas and Sandeman, and English pastors, Samuel Pike, John Barnard, and William Cudworth among others, led to the adoption of this primitive form of Christianity for their London congregations beginning in the early 1760s. John Barnard's petition to Robert Sandeman brought the latter south to London from Scotland in April 1761 with his brother William and John Handasyde, an Elder from the Northumberland meeting house. This visit led to the establishment of the first legitimately constituted Sandemanian congregation on 23 March 1762 at "Glover's Hall". To accommodate larger gatherings, this congregation moved initially to the Bull and Mouth-Street, St. Martin's Le Grand, and then to Paul's Alley in the Barbican in the autumn of 1778. This third London meeting house was that of Michael Faraday's youth. The Sandemanians relocated to Barnsbury Grove, in north London, in 1862 where they met until nearly the turn of the century. Michael Faraday was a Deacon at Paul's Alley in the Barbican during the 1830s, an Elder there from 1840 to 1844 and again from 1860 to 1864, the final two years of which were at the Barnsbury Grove meeting house (see 2008 photograph). A plaque was installed in the building indicating his seat of prayer. The building was converted into a telephone exchange, and that end of Barnsbury Grove renamed Faraday Close.

Beyond London.

As the congregation at the Bull and Mouth-Street, St. Martins-le-Grand, London solidified through the inclusion of noted pastors like Samuel Pike in 1765, other English parishes followed their Sandemanian lead. The first response outside London occurred in Yorkshire with followers of Benjamin Ingham. Ingham discreetly sent two of his preachers, James Allen and William Batty, to Scotland to observe Glasite practices in 1761. Of these three Methodist preachers, only Allen fully converted and began to establish Sandemanian meeting houses in Northern England, to include his hometown of Gayle, Kirkby Stephen, Newby, and Kirkby Lonsdale. By 1768 Allen, together with John Barnard and William Cudworth from London, helped establish congregations in York, Norfolk, Colne, Wethersfield, Liverpool, Whitehaven, Trowbridge and Nottingham. Sandeman personally established fewer than a dozen churches in England including Liverpool before he went to America in 1764. The Trowbridge meeting house, in Wiltshire, was the location to which Samuel Pike moved and at which he preached for the final two years until his death in 1773.

Sandemanian Churches in America.

Robert Sandeman sailed into Boston from Glasgow aboard the "George and James", captained by Montgomery, on 18 October 1764. At the invitation of Ezra Stiles, Sandeman preached his first sermon in Newport on 28 November. He spent Christmas and most of January 1765 in Danbury, Connecticut, discussing theology and church governance with Ebenezer White and his followers. Over the next four months Sandeman and his party travelled to New York, Philadelphia, New London, Connecticut, Providence, Rhode Island, and finally Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Sandeman established his first church in Portsmouth on 4 May 1765 accompanied by James Cargill, Andrew Oliphant, and his nephews. Within the month Sandeman returned to Boston and established his second meetinghouse in the home of Edward Foster. From Boston, he returned to Danbury and created his third church among White's followers with Joseph Moss White and himself serving as elders. Sandeman referred to his church as "formal" to distinguish it from Ebenezer White's church that retained traditional church authority.  Colonial resistance to Sandemanianism initially stemmed from the absence of ministerial authority within their congregations. This lack of a central authority challenged the existing social fabric throughout New England which relied upon the "state" to enforce church orthodoxy. As many colonials rose up in protest of punitive Crown policies in the decade following Robert Sandeman's arrival, his followers remained passively loyal, in Paul's footsteps, setting the stage for bitter estrangement between the factions. It was not until Sandeman's passing in 1771 that the remnants of the Danbury church moved to New Haven and formed the fourth church in America. Sandemanians as a whole were labeled “Loyalists” for their pacifist stance, to conform with Paul's teachings, since they did not oppose the crown like so many of their colonial brethren. In addition to passivism, many of the Boston congregation evacuated with the British and went into exile in Halifax, Nova Scotia, further escalating the fears of their colonial brethren. This relocation to Halifax lead to the formation of the fifth church. A Boston printer, Mr. John Howe, followed the British lead to Canada with his family only to return alone with the British army to document the unfolding war story upon its return to New York. Horace Marshall, in his article "History of Danbury", mentions two additional Sandemanian congregations located south of Boston in Newtown and Taunton, Massachusetts. It is not clear what role, if any, Robert Sandeman played in the establishment of these congregations, though the Boston records indicate he performed several marriages in that city during the winter and spring of 1767 to 1768. A great many Loyalist Sandemanians were uprooted during the revolution and lost most of their property. John Howe's story exemplifies this situation. In his case, he sailed to Nova Scotia and became an elder in the congregation that formed.

Decline.

The last of the Sandemanian churches in America ceased to exist in 1890. The London meeting house finally closed in 1984. The last Elder of the Church died in Edinburgh in 1999.  Their exclusiveness in practice, neglect of education for the ministry, and the antinomian tendency of their doctrine contributed to their dissolution. Many Glasites joined the general body of Scottish Congregationalists, and the denomination may now be considered extinct.

Critics of Sandemanianism.

A prominent critic of Sandemanian beliefs was Baptist Andrew Fuller (1754–1815), who published "Strictures on Sandemanianism" (1812), in which he argued that if faith concerns the mind only, then there could be no way to distinguish genuine Christians from nominal Christians. He also argued that knowing Christ is more than mental knowledge of facts about Him; it involves a desire for fellowship with Him and a delight in His presence.  John "Rabbi" Duncan said once that Sandemanianism was "the doctrine of justifying righteousness along with the Popish doctrine of faith."

Sandemanian families and notable members.

Prominent Sandemanian families include the surnames Barnard, Baynes, Baxter, Boosey, Bell, Deacon, Faraday, Leighton, Mann, Vincent, Whitelaw and Young. There was a strong link between the Sandemanians and scientists. Notable members of the Sandemanian Church include William Godwin, Michael Faraday, Charles Wilson Vincent and James Baynes.  The Sandemanian church and its members are mentioned several times in Edward Everett Hale's short story "The Brick Moon". In Hale's short story "My Double, and How He Undid Me," the main character and narrator is a Sandemanian minister.

Archives.

The archives of the Glasite Church are held by Archive Services at the University of Dundee and have attracted researchers from America.

References.

Re citation needed pertaining to Michael Faraday: Ira Brodsky, The History of Wireless, Telescope Books, p 20.

The Glasites or Glassites were a small Christian church founded in about 1730 in Scotland by John Glas. Glas's faith, as part of the First Great Awakening, was spread by his son-in-law Robert Sandeman into England and America, where the members were called Sandemanians.

Les Glasites ou Glassites sont les membres d'une petite église chrétienne fondée vers 1730 en Écosse par. La foi de Glas, dans le cadre du, a été propagée par son beau-fils en Angleterre et aux États-Unis, où les membres ont été appelés Sandemanians.