Geography.

Linden is located south of the center of Cass County at (33.008026, -94.364328). U.S. Route 59 passes through the east side of the city, leading northeast to Atlanta and south to Jefferson.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

At the 2010 census there were 1,988 people, 940 households, and 579 families living in the city. The population density was 640.4 people per square mile (247.5/km2). There were 1,048 housing units at an average density of 297.5 per square mile (115.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.88% White, 19.86% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.66% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.64%.  Of the 940 households 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 36.0% of households were one person and 21.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.86.  The age distribution was 22.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 25.4% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.1 males.  The median household income was $25,250 and the median family income was $35,938. Males had a median income of $29,762 versus $21,731 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,846. About 11.8% of families and 18.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.2% of those under age 18 and 23.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Linden is served by the Linden-Kildare Consolidated Independent School District.

Linden is a city and the county seat of Cass County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,988 at the 2010 census, down from 2,256 at the 2000 census.

La ville américaine de Linden est le siège du comté de Cass, dans l’État du Texas. Elle comptait lors du recensement de 2010.


Campaign and battle.

In 1347, the Teutonic Knights saw an influx of crusaders from France and England, where a truce was made during the Hundred Years' War. Their expedition started in late January 1348, but due to bad weather, the bulk of the forces did not proceed further than Insterburg. A small army led by Grand Commander and future Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode invaded and pillaged central Lithuania (probably areas around Semeliškės, Aukštadvaris, Trakai) for a week before being confronted by Lithuanian troops. The Lithuanian army included contingents from its eastern territories (Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Smolensk) which shows that the army was assembled beforehand, probably for a campaign into the Teutonic territory.  The Knights were in a difficult position: they could cross the frozen Strėva River only a few men at a time and once most of their forces had crossed, the remaining soldiers would be annihilated. The knights had limited supplies and could not wait. The Lithuanians, led by Kęstutis or Narimantas, also had short supplies and decided to attack by hurling arrows and spears injuring a great number. However, at the critical moment the crusaders counter-attacked with their heavy cavalry and the Lithuanians lost their formation. So many of them drowned in the river that Knights could cross it with "dry feet." This episode caused much criticism of the source: the Strėva River is shallow, especially during winter, and could not have caused such a massive drowning.

Aftermath.

As a result of the defeat Lithuanians were weakened: the same year the Knights attacked and pillaged Šiauliai area without much of opposition and destroyed a castle in Veliuona. In the east, Lithuania lost influence in Pskov and Novgorod in 1348 and in Smolensk the following year. The Knights attributed the victory to the Virgin Mary and in her honor Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode established a Cistercian nunnery in Königsberg and a Franciscan monastery in Wehlau. However, due to the change in leadership (the Grand Master Heinrich Dusemer was troubled by poor health and died in 1353) and spreading Black Death, the Knights did not take full advantage of one of the biggest defeats of the Grand Duchy.

The Battle of Strėva, Strebe, or Strawe was fought on 2 February 1348 between the Teutonic Order and the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the banks of the Strėva River, a right tributary of the Neman River, near present-day Žiežmariai. Chronicler Wigand of Marburg publicized this battle as a great victory for the Knights: he claims that some 18,000 Lithuanians were killed or drowned while only 8 knights and 60 other soldiers died on the Order's side. Narimantas and Manvydas, two sons of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, are thought to be killed in the battle.

La bataille de la Streva se déroula le entre les chevaliers teutoniques et l’armée du Grand-duché de Lituanie sur les rives de la rivière Streva un affluent de la rive droite du Niémen près de la ville de Žiežmariai. Wigand de Marbourg clame que 18000 lituaniens furent tués ou noyés alors que l’ordre ne perdit 8 chevaliers et 60 soldats et que ce fut une des plus grandes victoires de l’ordre. Narimantas et Manvydas deux fils du grand-duc Gediminas auraient été tués à cette bataille.


Development.

In 1925, the Soviet Air Force approached TsAGI with a requirement for a heavy bomber with total engine output of 2,000 PS (1,970 hp) and either wheeled or float landing gear. Tupolev OKB started design work in 1926 with the government operational requirements finalized in 1929. The Tupolev TB-1 was taken as the basis for the design and the aircraft was initially powered by Curtiss V-1570 "Conqueror" engines generating 600 PS (590 hp) each, with the intent of switching to Mikulin M-17s (modified BMW VIs) in production. The mock-up was approved on 21 March 1930 and the first prototype was completed on 31 October 1930. The aircraft flew on 22 December 1930 with Mikhail Gromov at the controls and with ski landing gear. Despite almost crashing owing to vibration causing the throttles to close, the test flight was a success. On 20 February 1931, the Soviet Air Force approved mass production of the ANT-6 with M-17 engines.  The prototype was refitted with BMW VIz 500 engines of 730 PS (720 hp) each, larger radiators, and wooden fixed-pitch propellers of TsAGI design. Single-wheel landing gear was deemed too weak and was replaced by tandem bogies with tires. The first pre-production TB-3 4M-17 flew on 4 January 1932 with A. B. Yumashev and I. F. Petrov at the controls. Unexpectedly, subsequent mass-produced aircraft were found to be 10–12% heavier than the prototype, which significantly hampered performance. The discrepancy was discovered to be due to high positive tolerances on raw materials which resulted in steel sheetmetal, pipes, and wires being much thicker than on the carefully constructed prototypes. The aircraft were also more crudely painted with a thick layer of camouflage and lacquer. The factories asked the workers for suggestions on reducing the weight, paying 100 roubles for each removed from the aircraft. In combination with OKB efforts, this resulted in weight savings of almost. Despite this, production aircraft could differ from each other by as much as several hundred kilograms.  In 1933, a single TB-3 4M-17F was streamlined with removal of turrets and bomb shackles, covering of all openings, and fitting of wheel spats. This resulted in only a 4.5% increase in top speed and a similar increase in the range. Tupolev concluded that streamlining was minimally beneficial for large and slow aircraft. To study the effect of corrugated skin, in January–February 1935 a single TB-3 4AM-34R had the corrugations incrementally covered with fabric. This resulted in a 5.5% gain in top speed and a 27.5% increase in the ceiling. The same aircraft demonstrated a significant increase in climb rate when fitted with experimental four-blade propellers.

Design.

The TB-3 was an all-metal aircraft of steel construction, as one of the designs from Andrei Tupolev's design bureau to be based on the 1918-onward all-metal aircraft design practices and technology pioneered by Hugo Junkers. The frame was composed of V-section beams covered with non-stressed corrugated skin ranging from to in thickness. The corrugations were deep and apart. The cantilever wing was supported by four tube-section spars. In 1934, thanks to the development of stronger steel alloys, the wingspan was increased from with a concurrent wing area increase from. Any part of the aircraft could be walked on in soft shoes without damaging the skin, and the leading edges of the wings swung down to form walkways for engine maintenance. Controls were cable-actuated with a variable-incidence tailplane and a trim compensation system in case of engine failures on one side. Fixed main landing gear was not fitted with brakes. The fuel tanks did not have fire or leak protection, although the engines had an internal fire-extinguishing system. The M-17 engines were tuned to provide a maximum theoretical range of without spark plug or carburetor fouling. Defensive armament consisted of light machine guns in five turrets — one in the nose, two on top of mid-fuselage, and one retractable "dustbin" under each wing between the engine nacelles. Later variants moved one of the top fuselage turrets aft of the tail fin.

Operational history.

The TB-3 was used operationally during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol against Japan and in the Winter War with Finland. Although it was officially withdrawn from service in 1939, at the start of the Great Patriotic War on 22 June 1941, the Soviet Air Force had 516 operational TB-3s, with an additional 25 operated by the Soviet Navy. Stationed far from the USSR's western border, the ТB-3s avoided catastrophic losses during the first German air strikes, after which TB-3s from 3rd TBAP (Heavy Bomber Regiment) began flying night bombing missions on 23 June. A shortage of combat-ready aircraft also required daytime use of TB-3s without fighter escort and in this role the bombers, operating at low-to-medium altitudes, suffered heavy losses to enemy fighters and ground fire. By August 1941, TB-3s made up 25% of the Soviet bomber force and, operated by elite air force crews, were flying up to three combat missions per night. The aircraft participated in all major battles through 1943, including the first Battle of Smolensk, the Battle of Moscow, the Battle of Stalingrad, the Siege of Leningrad, and the Battle of Kursk. On 1 July 1945, 18th Air Army still had ten TB-3s on the active roster.  The TB-3 served extensively as a cargo and paratroop transport, carrying up to 35 soldiers in the latter role. In the first five months of the war, the aircraft transported 2,797 tons of cargo and 2,300 personnel.  The TB-3 was also used in several special projects as a fighter mothership in the Zveno project and for delivering light T-27, T-37, and T-38 tanks. On 1 August 1941, a pair of TB-3s in "Zveno-SPB" configuration, each with two Polikarpov I-16 fighters carrying a pair of bombs, destroyed an oil depot with no losses in the port of Constanța, Romania. On 11 and 13 August 1941, "Zveno-SPB" successfully damaged the King Carol I Bridge over the Danube in Romania. Zveno operations ended in the autumn of 1942 due to high vulnerability of the motherships.  In recognition of the role TB-3 played during the war, three aircraft were included in the first post-war air parade on 18 June 1945.

The Tupolev TB-3 (, Tyazholy Bombardirovschik, Heavy Bomber, civilian designation ANT-6) was a heavy bomber aircraft which was deployed by the Soviet Air Force in the 1930s and during World War II. It was the world's first cantilever wing four-engine heavy bomber. Despite obsolescence and being officially withdrawn from service in 1939, the TB-3 performed bomber and transport duties throughout much of World War II. The TB-3 also saw combat as a Zveno project fighter mothership and as a light tank transport.

Le Tupolev TB-3 ou Tupolev ANT-6 (en russe "Туполев ТБ-3/АНТ-6") est un bombardier quadrimoteur. 6 ont été livrés à Force aérienne de la république de Chine durant la guerre sino-japonaise.


Life.

Giovanni Scalvinoni was born on 19 March 1844 to Pietro Scalvinoni and Francesca Poli in Niardo (Brescia). He was baptized Giovanni. His father died of pneumonia when Giovanni was three months old in June 1844. He spent his childhood in Berzo.  As a small child he had great mercy for the poor, giving generously to those who asked, even though his family was in need. From 1855 to 1860 he attended the municipal college in Lovere in the province of Bergamo and he passed with high marks. In 1864 he entered the diocesan seminary of Brescia. He was ordained to the priesthood on 2 June 1867 and held some positions, including that of vice-chancellor of the seminary, but each time he was removed because his innate shyness made in difficult to impose authority. He was assigned as the parochial vicar at the parish of Cevo in Valsaviore. In 1870 he returned to Berzo Inferiore where his duties were to act as a confessor and to direct the local primary school. During the time in the parish he found a need for solitude, prayer and penance. In 1873 he entered the Order of Friars Minor at the Annunciata Convent in the village of Borno. In 1877 he later he made his solemn wows and took the name of "Innocenzo of Berzo".  Except for short assignments of preaching spiritual exercises in some convents in Lombardy, he remained at the Annunicata Convent. There he lived a life of intense abandonment, living the adage of "do good and disappear". He had a deep devotion to the Blessed Sacrament, finding his sustenance in front of the Tabernacle. He also had a devotion to the crucified Jesus Christ, and encouraged penitents to the exercise of the Way of the Cross.  On 3 March 1890 he died in the infirmary of the convent of the Capuchin friars in Bergamo. From 26 to 28 September of the same year his body was transferred to the cemetery of Berzo Inferiore in a trip defined as "the last itinerant adventure connected to the earthly world of the little friar from Berzo". The mortal remains of Innocenzo from Berzo arrived in Vallecamonica some months after his death. Even though the news went slower than now, a great number of people asked the Conventual house, where his body was resting, to have a relic of his mortal remains. Once the people obtained the permission, on 28 September, nearly seven months after his death, the body was arranged in a coffin and then carried on the shoulders of his Franciscan brethren and was taken to his last resting-place.

Beatification.

There are two miracles attributed to the late friar. The first is a cure of a male child at the age of four from an aggressive form of leukemia. The second is the cure of another male child of the age of five from peritonitis.  Pope John XXIII presided over the beatification of Innocenzo da Berzo on 12 November 1961 and made him the patron of both Berzo and of children.

Innocenzo da Berzo (19 March 1844 - 3 March 1890), born Giovanni Scalvinoni, was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Order of Friars Minor - or Capuchin branch of the Franciscan Order. Scalvinoni assumed his new religious name upon his profession as a Capuchin friar.

Giovanni Scalvinoni, connu en religion sous le nom Innoncent de Berzo (en italien, "Innocenzo da Berzo") (né le à Niardo, dans la province de Brescia, alors dans le Royaume lombard-vénitien et mort le à Bergame) est un religieux capucin italien du reconnu bienheureux par l'Église catholique.


North America.

By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, an individual may be named an honorary citizen of the United States. Since 1963, it has been awarded to only eight individuals.  Honorary Canadian citizenship requires unanimous approval in both houses of Parliament. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985; Nelson Mandela in 2001; the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso in 2006; Aung San Suu Kyi in 2007 (revoked in 2018); Prince Karim Aga Khan in 2009; and Malala Yousafzai in 2014.

Europe.

In Germany honorary citizenship is awarded by cities, towns and sometimes federal states. The honorary citizenship ends with the death of the honoured, or, in exceptional cases, when it is taken away by the council or parliament of the city, town, or state. In the case of war criminals, all such honours were taken away by "Article VIII, section II, letter i of the directive 38 of the Allied Control Council for Germany" on October 12, 1946.  In Ireland, honorary citizenship bestowed on a foreigner is full legal citizenship including the right to reside and vote.

Pakistan.

Darren Sammy (born 20 December 1983) is a Saint Lucian all-rounder cricketer who played international cricket for the West Indies. He is a two time T20 World Cup winning captain. The all-rounder will be given honorary Pakistani citizenship on 23rd March 2020 in response to a special request by Peshawar Zalmi ownership in recognition of the role played by the star in promoting the positive image of the country, which was accepted by President of Pakistan..<ref>Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1956 Section 12

Honorary citizenship is a status bestowed by a country on a foreign or native individual whom it considers to be especially admirable or otherwise worthy of the distinction.

Citoyen d’honneur est un titre accordé par une municipalité ou un pays à une personne de la ville ou du pays ou de l'extérieur dont elle veut honorer les mérites, ou pour la remercier de services rendus. Il s'agit d'une distinction.


Architecture.

The LINC-8 contained one PDP-8 CPU and one LINC CPU, partially emulated by the PDP-8. At any one time, the computer was in either 'LINC mode' or 'PDP-8 mode' - both processors could not run in parallel. Instructions were provided to switch between modes. In the LINC-8, all interrupts were handled by the PDP-8 CPU, and programs that relied on the interrupt architecture of the LINC could not be run.  The LINC was a 12-bit ones' complement accumulator machine, whereas the PDP-8, while also a 12-bit accumulator machine, operated in two's complement arithmetic.  Memory addressing on the two architectures was also different. On the LINC, the full address space was divided into 1024-word "segments", two of which were selected for use at any one time: the "instruction field" and the "data field". Direct access of data in the instruction field was possible using 10-bit addresses. The data field could only be indirectly addressed. The Instruction field and Data field are theoretically capable of being chosen from up to 32 areas of 1K 12-bit words each as the maximum architecture is 32K total words. As a practical matter, few LINC-8 systems ever were expanded to 8K total. Memory expansion is accomplished first by adding PDP-8 memory extension hardware and extended memory instructions and a few minor LINC processor modifications to address the memory beyond the basic 4K total. Once this is accomplished, 4K memory "wings" can be added in a daisy-chained buss arrangement, which in theory could be expanded out as many as 7 times to implement the entire 32K. As a practical matter, it is always difficult to implement on the "regular" PDP-8, and, in the case of the LINC-8, it became necessary to slow down the CPU slightly just to add on the first additional 4K.  Thus, as a practical matter, LINC-8 memory segments are limited to segment 0-3, or perhaps 0-7 on the few 8K implementations. However, basic 4K machines cannot address beyond 0-3 while extended memory models could attempt to address segments 0-37 octal even if non-existent memory.  By convention, the segment 0 area is not available for normal fully emulated LINC operations. This is because the PDP-8 program usually known as PROGOFOP is loaded there to handle all interrupts, traps, etc. It is possible to write a program for a "partial" LINC CPU, meaning using only the hardware that actually exists. Whenever an operation is performed that it cannot handle, the PDP-8 operation resumes. However, the LINC operation could have been terminated for a variety of reasons. As such, it is always recommended that PROGOFOP be loaded when attempting to use "complete" LINC programs on this system.  Many operating systems were written for this machine; some were essentially slightly modified versions designed for the original LINC CPU it is partially based on. Bootup conventions allowed an image of a custom version of PROGOFOP to first be loaded, followed by executing tape instructions to load the LINC-based operating system. In some cases, the bootup procedure was accomplished manually right on the LINC console switches; later systems self-started the system after loading PROGOFOP.  Other operating systems are actually more generic and are designed to mostly ignore the LINC side of things. These are PDP-8-only systems, although perhaps custom configured for the vagaries of the specifics of a LINC-8. In some cases, this means that they cannot be run on any other machine; in other cases, the LINC-8 merely represented a normal variation of drivers off of an otherwise non-descript PDP-8 system. An advantage of a PDP-8-based system is that PROGOFOP is superfluous here. If needed, the PDP-8 system could load PROGOFOP as well as a user program primarily LINC-oriented to get at the laboratory peripherals. The LINC convention of the entire first 1K being unavailable reserved for PROGOFOP is exchanged for the far smaller PDP-8 convention of reserving only 07600-07777 or the last 128-word page of the first 4K of the machine. This corresponds to a small reserved area at the end of LINC segment 3 in exchange for much greater overall flexibility.  The PDP-8 divided its memory into 128-word "pages". An instruction could reference the "current page", that being the page where the instruction itself was located, or "page 0", the 128 words of memory at addresses 0-127. Indirect addressing could be used to produce 12-bit addresses. If more than 4K memory is implemented, the indirect addressing is extended to include the Data Field, thus it is possible to access any location indirectly in 32K maximum. Again, hardware limitations of the LINC-8 make it hard to achieve a total size of more than 8K total. Also implemented is the Instruction Field, making it possible to load larger programs into the same addressing space the Data Field controls. Transfer of control can be either direct or indirect as required. The new address is determined by first setting the new Instruction Field value, and then executing a JMP or JMS instruction into the new field's corresponding 12-bit address, thus effecting a 15-bit address overall.  The computer included a number of LINC peripherals, which were controlled by special LINC mode instructions. These devices included analog inputs in the forms of knobs and jacks, relays for control of external equipment, LINCtape drives (the predecessor of the DECtape), an oscilloscope-like cathode ray tube under program control, as well as a Teletype Model 33 ASR. Actually, the CRT is a specially modified unit based on a standard Tektronix oscilloscope modified to only be driven by D-A converters and an intensifier interface; there are no sweep circuits as found in conventional oscilloscopes. Most of the modifications involve custom highly stripped down plug in modules, which also house the actual knobs hooked to the lowest A-D channels. Arguably, this is the precursor to the modern mouse interface; some software utilized knob twirling in a manner that would later suggest the two-dimensional form of a mouse; these are knobs controlling only one parameter at a time, etc.  Some of these peripherals are simulated and are actually peripherals of the PDP-8. Any unimplemented operation stops the LINC CPU and interrupts the PDP-8 processor to handle the specifics. Most notably, the LINCtape is actually a PDP-8 peripheral; the tape class of LINC instructions are trapped and interrupt the PDP-8 which then emulates how a real LINC or PDP-12 would carry out the specifics of the latest tape instruction. Pressing a variety of keys on the seemingly present LINC console all cause PDP-8 interrupts; PROGOFOP is designed to emulate the functions as they would appear on the original LINC.  An interesting feature is the FETCH/EXEC stop, which is implemented in all hardware in the LINC and PDP-12. The hardware, when enabled, continuously monitors instruction execution until specific conditions are met. This will cause a PDP-8 interrupt stalling the LINC program. Simulated console operations can be used to examine memory or make other changes, such as pressing the simulated DO key. The DO key executes any one instruction on the left switch register while the right switch register may have to also be set in the case of double word instructions such as most of the tape class. Booting certain operating systems consists of executing a tape read instruction directly from both sets of switches pressing the simulated DO key followed by pressing the simulated START 20 switch. In essence, the LINC-8 implements all of the functions of the console panel of the "real" LINC, then uses the PDP-8 to simulate most of them.

Purpose.

The LINC-8 was built as a laboratory computer. It was small enough to fit in a laboratory environment, provided modest computing power at a low price, and included hardware capabilities necessary to monitor and control experiments.  The LINCtape magnetic tape drive, designed by Wesley A. Clark for the LINC, was suitable for handling in a laboratory environment, and the tapes could be carelessly pocketed, dropped, or even pierced and cut without losing the data stored on them.

Current status.

In 1969, DEC improved upon the LINC-8 with the PDP-12, a similar combination computer for lab use, and the LINC-8 was cancelled. Few LINC-8 computers were ever built, numbering only in the low hundreds, and so the model is a rare sight today.  As of 2008, a project to emulate the LINC-8 on modern hardware is underway within the Update computer society at Uppsala University.

LINC-8 was the name of a minicomputer manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation between 1966 and 1969. It combined a LINC computer with a PDP-8 in one cabinet, thus being able to run programs written for either of the two architectures.

Le LINC-8 (de l'anglais "Laboratory INstrument Computer") est un mini-ordinateur de la société Digital Equipment produit à partir de l'année 1965.


Mechanics.

The Lettera 22 is an oblique frontstroke typebar typewriter. The typebars strike a red/black inked ribbon, which is positioned between the typebar and the paper by a lever whenever a key is pressed; a small switch located near the upper right side of the keyboard can be used to control the strike position of the ribbon, in order to print with black, red, or no ink (for mimeograph stencils).  Ribbon movement, which also occurs at every keypress, automatically reverses direction when there is no ribbon left on the feed reel; two mechanical sensors, situated next to each wheel, move when the ribbon is put under tension (indicating ribbon end), attaching the appropriate wheel to the ribbon transport mechanism and detaching the other.  The Lettera 22 uses a basket shift or segment shift (that is, the unit including the typebars moves up and down when shifting, as opposed to the carriage shift system). The Lettera 22 is quite compact compared to other 1950s portable typewriters using a basket shift, such as the Smith Corona Sterling or Remington-Rand Quiet-Riter.  The Lettera 22 also features a tabulator setting and clearing system that is controlled from the keyboard, and an innovative margin release that does double duty as a paragraph indentation key (it indents a paragraph when it is held down as the carriage is returned).

Keyboard.

For the Italian market the keyboard is in the QZERTY layout, as with most Italian machines (excluding modern computer keyboards). Aside from the typing keys, the keyboard includes a space bar, two shift keys, one caps lock key, a backspace key and a margin release key. Of these, only the backspace key bears a mark on it (an arrow pointing right), while the other five mentioned are left anonymous.  The character set conspicuously lacks the numbers "0" and "1", which are supposed to be substituted by uppercase "O" and lowercase "l". Although this may seem like a strange absence today, this was actually common on older typewriters.  Also lacking are the keys for uppercase accented vowels, some of which are present in Italian; however, these characters aren't typically found on modern keyboards, either.  The keyboard for the American variant is in the QWERTY layout. Although the character set lacks the number "1", presumably to be replaced by the lowercase "l", the "0" is present. One key has the fractions 1⁄2 and (shifted) 1⁄4, while another has ¢ (cents) and (shifted) @. A British version is slightly different.

In popular culture.

The Olivetti Lettera 22 is mentioned on pg. 15 of Thomas Pynchon's 2009 novel "Inherent Vice".  The novelist Will Self, poet and singer Leonard Cohen and actor Tom Hanks have expressed use and ownership of this typewriter.  Indro Montanelli, the famous Italian journalist and newspaper director, used his Lettera 22 almost everywhere. A monument in Milan's public gardens Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli, inspired from a famous photo of Montanelli from the 1950s, is dedicated to him and his Lettera 22.  German writer Günter Grass had three Olivetti Letteras, which he used exclusively at his homes in Portugal, Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) and Denmark.  American writer Joan Didion mentions her Olivetti Lettera 22 in her book ‘’Where I Was From’’, recalling that she typed her 1963 novel ‘’Run River’’ on it.  William S. Burroughs replaced his Remington typewriter with a Lettera 22 in 1964.

The Olivetti Lettera 22 is a portable mechanical typewriter designed by Marcello Nizzoli in 1949 or, according to the company's current owner Telecom Italia, 1950. This typewriter was very popular in Italy, and it still has many fans. It was awarded the Compasso d'oro prize in 1954. In 1959 the Illinois Institute of Technology chose the "Lettera 22" as the best design product of the last 100 years.

La Lettera 22 est une machine à écrire mécanique portable de la firme Olivetti. Ce produit a connu un énorme succès dans les années 1950, et a reçu des prix aussi bien en Italie (Compasso d'Oro en 1954) qu'à l'étranger (meilleur produit de design du siècle selon l'Illinois Institute of Technology en 1959).


The barracks.

The top of the glen emerges onto the military road, constructed by the British Army in the early 19th century in order to hunt down the United Irishmen guerrillas, holding out in the mountains after the Irish Rebellion of 1798. A barracks was built just off the road in 1806. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the building was vacated by the British Army.  In 1858 the barracks was converted into a reformatory school. St Kevin’s Reformatory was operated by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI). For most of the year, the boys were housed in the rear building, which now stands derelict. On several occasions, boys attempted to escape back to Dublin. In 1878, a young student Shane Bodkin died from exposure on the Featherbeds after trying to leave the school. It closed in 1940.  It was used to house German prisoners of war during the First World War, 1914–18, when Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. During the Second World War, 1939–45, when Ireland was neutral, Glencree housed German Air Force pilots who crashed in Ireland as well as German agents who were captured trying to plan anti-British activities with the IRA.  Under "Operation Shamrock" the Irish Red Cross and the French Sisters of Charity cared for German and Polish war orphans here from 1945 to 1950.  The Glencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliation opened in 1975 to foster better relations between the two communities in Northern Ireland. Currently, they run a broad range of programmes bringing people from global conflict zones to the valley. There are programmes serving youth, women, ex-combatants, the churches, victims and political/economic leaders. Also, the centre provides training in mediation and conflict resolution, as well as hosting a summer school each year on a topic of relevance to the Irish conflict and society. Of late, they have begun broadening their reach to include actors from other global conflicts, most notably from the Middle East, Sri Lanka and Haiti. For many years, the centre ran a volunteer programme that invited adults from around the world to serve from two months to one year on programme and service work. On the site, there is a gift and coffee shop.

German War Cemetery.

Glencree German War Cemetery () was dedicated on 9 July 1961. There are 134 graves. Most are (air force) or (navy) personnel. Fifty-three are identified, 28 are unknown. Six bodies are those of World War I prisoners of war held by the British. Forty-six were German civilian detainees who were being shipped from Britain to Canada for internment when their ship, was torpedoed by a German U-boat,, off Tory Island, County Donegal, on July 1940. Dr Hermann Görtz, an Abwehr spy, is also buried there. Dr Görtz committed suicide after the war when he was informed he would be deported; he feared he would be handed over to the Soviet Union.  The graveyard is administered by the German War Graves Commission ().  Alongside the German Cemetery, on the bank of the Glencree River, a Mass rock can be reached by a narrow riverside path.

Grotto.

In the valley, by the Glencree River, there is a grotto dedicated to Our Lady of Reconciliation.

Youth hostel.

There was previously a youth hostel some metres outside the Glencree gates. The mountains around Glencree are popular for walking. This hostel, operated by An Óige since 1950, was sold 2 May 2006.

Glencree ( from the older Gleann Criothach, which translates as Valley of the Shaking Bog) is a valley in the Wicklow Mountains in eastern Ireland. It is the third-closest valley in the mountains to Dublin city, the first being Glencullen and the second Glenasmole. The River Dargle flows down the valley, which rises to a height of about 400 metres (1,312 feet). The foot of the valley is site of the village of Enniskerry.

Le Glencree () est un glen d'Irlande situé dans les montagnes de Wicklow. La vallée est fermée à l'ouest par Kippure et bordée au sud par War Hill et Djouce. Elle débouche sur le village d'Enniskerry.


High school career.

Thomas attended Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School in Scotch Plains, New Jersey during his freshman and sophomore years. For his junior and senior years, he attended Saint Benedict's Preparatory School. He led the school to two Prep A Division New Jersey State titles with a 56–3 record in his final two seasons while averaging 14.5 points and 6.5 rebounds per game his senior year. In 2005, Thomas played at the USA Basketball Youth Development Festival where he helped the Blue Team win the silver medal with a 3–1 record. Following his senior year, he played in the 2006 McDonald's All-American game.  Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Thomas was listed as the No. 13 small forward and the No. 42 player in the nation in 2006.  After committing to Duke University on April 5, 2006, Thomas played for the Under 18 national team at the FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship where he helped USA win the gold medal.

College career.

Duke (2006–2010).

2006–07 season.

As a freshman, Thomas averaged 4.0 points and 2.5 rebounds per game, while shooting.568 from the field, in 31 games (18 starts).

2007–08 season.

As a sophomore, Thomas averaged 4.3 points and 3.3 rebounds in 18.5 minutes in 32 games (28 starts). He posted a.505 field goal percentage and recorded at least five rebounds 12 times, including eight of Duke's 16 ACC games.  Thomas' career high in points came on November 28, 2008, when he scored 21 against Duquesne. His new career high broke his previous record of 15 points set on November 20, 2006. Thomas' ability to finish shots was a big staple of his improvement. It was said of him, "If he gets the ball within three feet of the basket, chances are he's going to put the ball in the hoop — regardless of whether he's fouled."

2008–09 season.

As a junior, Thomas averaged 5.3 points and 3.6 rebounds while shooting.626 from the field, in 37 games (16 starts). Thomas felt that the biggest difference between this year's Duke team and the ones from the last two years, was experience.

2009–10 season: NCAA championship.

In his senior year, Thomas and All-American point guard Jon Scheyer were co-captains of Duke's team. In January 2010, Thomas had a career-high 12 rebounds against NC State. On February 10, the eighth-ranked Blue Devils held on for a 64–54 victory against rival North Carolina. However, Thomas suffered a severe bone bruise to his right knee early in the second half, forcing him to miss the next game against Maryland.  Thomas helped Duke win the 2010 NCAA championship, their fourth since 1991. In the 2010 NCAA championship game, Duke faced Butler and star swingman Gordon Hayward. The Bulldogs had a chance to win with 3.6 seconds left, but Hayward missed a half-court shot, giving Duke a 61–59 win.  Thomas was named to the 2009–10 ACC All-Defensive Team for 2010 and finished his college basketball career ranked 10th on Duke's all-time list in offensive rebounds (255). In 40 games (39 starts) as a senior, he averaged 4.8 points and 4.9 rebounds in 25.3 minutes per game.

Professional career.

Austin Toros (2010–2012).

Between November 2010 and December 2011, Thomas played in the NBA Development League for the Austin Toros. On December 9, 2011, Thomas signed with the New Orleans Hornets for training camp. He made the Hornets' roster for the start of the lockout-shortened 2011–12 NBA season, but he was later waived by the team on December 31.  On January 4, 2012, Thomas was reacquired by the Austin Toros. He was later selected to play in the 2012 NBA Development League All-Star Game. In 65 games for Austin over two seasons, he averaged 13.4 points, 6.2 rebounds and 1.3 assists per game.

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans (2012–2013).

On February 6, 2012, Thomas was called up by the New Orleans Hornets, signing a 10-day contract with the team. He later signed a second 10-day contract on February 16, and a multi-year deal on February 27.  In 2012–13, Thomas played in 59 games for the Hornets, averaging 2.5 points and 1.9 rebounds per game. In April 2013, the Hornets were renamed the New Orleans Pelicans.  On July 10, 2013, Thomas was waived by the Pelicans. He later re-signed with the Pelicans on August 22, but he managed just five games for the team in 2013–14 before be was waived again on November 12. In 106 games for New Orleans over three seasons, he averaged 3.0 points and 2.3 rebounds in 12.4 minutes per game.

Foshan Dralions (2013–2014).

On December 27, 2013, Thomas signed with the Foshan Dralions for the rest of the 2013–14 CBA season. In 16 games for Foshan, he averaged 26.1 points, 10.8 rebounds, 1.0 assists and 1.6 steals per game.

Oklahoma City Thunder (2014–2015).

On September 29, 2014, Thomas signed with the Oklahoma City Thunder. Thunder head coach Scott Brooks said of Thomas, "Lance is a hard worker. He's a player that can guard multiple positions. He gives you everything he has and that's what you want."

New York Knicks (2015–2019).

On January 5, 2015, Thomas was traded to the New York Knicks in a three-team, six-player trade that also involved the Thunder and the Cleveland Cavaliers. He was waived by the Knicks two days later.  On January 10, Thomas returned to the Knicks on a 10-day contract. He later signed a second 10-day contract on January 21, and a rest-of-season deal on January 31.  On March 22, 2015, Thomas scored a career-high 24 points in a 106–89 loss to the Toronto Raptors.  On July 10, 2015, Thomas re-signed with the Knicks. On December 21, 2015, he tied his career high of 24 points in a 107–99 loss to the Orlando Magic.  On July 8, 2016, Thomas again re-signed with the Knicks.  Prior to the start of the 2017–18 season, Thomas was named co-captain of the Knicks alongside Courtney Lee.  On June 29, 2019, he was waived by the Knicks.  On September 27, 2019, Thomas signed with the Brooklyn Nets, but was waived on October 18.

National team career.

In 2011, Thomas was a member of the US national team that won a bronze medal at the Pan American Games. A year later, Thomas was added to the 2012 USA Men's Select Team roster that trained against the 2012 USA Basketball Men's National Team during its July 6–12 training camp in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Lance Thomas (born April 24, 1988) is an American professional basketball player who most recently played for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Duke University Blue Devils men's basketball team where he started at power forward for the national champion 2010 team.

Lance Thomas, né le à Brooklyn (New York), est un joueur de basket-ball américain. Il évolue aux postes d'ailier et d'ailier fort.


Spanish Civil War.

Following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, across the whole of the part of Spain which called itself 'National', the bishops sought to keep control of the priests that had gone as volunteers with the columns or militias, placing themselves at the orders of the military chiefs. The regulations that Olaechea introduced to preserve discipline over the military chaplains were numerous.

15 November 1936, "No More Blood!".

The most famous of Olaechea's deeds during the Civil War was his sermon of 15 November 1936 "No mas sangre" ("No More Blood"), during the act of granting insignia to the Accion Catolica Feminina. Olaechea condemned the practice, often repeated, of executions that were like lynchings. When a man had been killed at the front and his body brought back to his town, the ceremony often concluded with the rapid execution, without any legal process whatever, of some "rojillos", ( "little reds", meaning "contemptible"), from the locale. Olaechea sought to subdue the murders; " Forgiveness! Forgiveness! No more blood, no more blood! No more blood than Christ the Lord wishes to be spilt, by way of intercession, "on the fields of battle", to save our glorious and shattered fatherland; [-] Catholics! When there arrives in the village the body of a hero who has died in battle and we feel the blood boil in our veins [-] then let there be a man and let there be a woman who, stretch out their arms over him and cry with all their strength 'No! No! Hold back! the blood of our son is blood that redeems us; we can hear his voice, like the voice of Jesus on the cross 'forgive!' Let no one be touched because of our son! Let no one suffer! Let all be forgiven! If you wreak vengeance now, he would curse you, I and my son would curse you'. "  In the villages and towns people knew "who" had voted for "which" party - known leftists were at risk when the funeral of a volunteer was announced. If a person simply had rarely gone to Mass, or practised the sacraments, he was at risk. Olaechea noted the'souls' who had come flocking to the Church that hadn't come before; - " they bring fear with them as well, piercing the soul like a dagger. And we have to win them over with the sincerity of our faith, with the sincerity of our love, with social justice and with charity." In the rebel zone, a life could depend on the testimony of a parish priest concerning the religious practice of the accused. In many localities all that was needed for a person to be shot was for the priest to declare that before the war the accused did not go to Mass. At a different level, the removal of schoolteachers could also depend on the testimonies of parish priests.

Marcelino Olaechea (Marcelino Olaechea Loizaga) (9 January 1889, Baracaldo, Biscay - 21 October 1972, Valencia) was a Spanish Catholic religious, S.D.B, and Bishop of Pamplona during the Spanish Civil War.

Marcelino Olaechea Loizaga, né à Barakaldo le et mort à Valence le, est un religieux salésien espagnol, évêque de Pampelune durant la guerre civile et l'après-guerre (1935-1946) puis archevêque de Valence jusqu'à sa retraite en 1966.


Nuclear weapons.

Research program.

The development of nuclear weapons by the Republic of China has been a contentious issue, as it had been triggered by PRC's first nuclear test in 1964. The U.S., hoping to avoid escalating tensions in the Taiwan Strait, has continually opposed arming the Republic of China with nuclear weapons after 1979. Accordingly, the Republic of China adheres to the principles of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and has stated that it does not intend to produce nuclear weapons, on an official basis. Past nuclear research by the ROC makes it a "threshold" nuclear state.  In 1967, a nuclear weapons program began under the auspices of the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) at the Chungshan Institute of Science and Technology. The Republic of China was able to acquire nuclear technology from abroad (including a research reactor from Canada and low-grade plutonium from the United States) allegedly for a civilian energy system, but in actuality to develop fuel for nuclear weapons.  During the 1970s, the Republic of China had an active program to produce plutonium using heavy water reactors. However, after the International Atomic Energy Agency found evidence of the Republic of China's efforts to produce weapons-grade plutonium, Taipei agreed in September 1976 under U.S. pressure to dismantle its nuclear weapons program. A study by the Mitre Corporation in 1977 included Taiwan in a list of "insecure" nuclear threshold states—states with the technical capability to develop nuclear weapons and the security motivations to seriously contemplate such an option. The other states were Israel, South Africa, South Korea, and Yugoslavia. U.S. intelligence believed that the Republic of China also had designed devices suitable for nuclear testing.  A secret program was revealed when Colonel Chang Hsien-yi, deputy director of nuclear research at INER who was secretly working for the CIA, defected to the U.S. in December 1987 and produced a cache of incriminating documents. General Hau Pei-tsun claimed that scientists in Taiwan had already produced a controlled nuclear reaction. Under pressure from the U.S., the program was halted. A study into the secret program concluded that at the time of Chang's defection, Taiwan was one or two years away from being able to complete a nuclear bomb. In 1987 the warhead design had a diameter of 60-70cm with casing and a weight of 900kg meaning that further miniaturization would have been needed to optimize the weapon for delivery.  During the 1995–1996 Taiwan Strait crisis, then Republic of China President Lee Teng-hui proposed to reactivate the program, but turned down the rhetoric a few days later, saying that although Taiwan was nuclear latent, it "will definitely not" produce nuclear weapons.

Delivery systems.

The Sky Horse ballistic missile system was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s before a combination of pressure from American President Ronald Reagan and internal competition from anti-ballistic missile development programs ended the program in 1982. Faced with an inability to field their desired delivery system planners turned to alternatives.  The secondary delivery vehicle was the AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo, then in development. Weapons designers at CSIST were instructed to design the nuclear weapon to fit within the dimensions of the F-CK-1’s centerline drop tank (~50cm diameter). Modifications to the aircraft would have been required for it to obtain the desired 1,000km range (especially without the centerline drop tank available). The F-CK-1 would not have been able to fulfill the nuclear strike mission until mid-1989 at the very earliest. Early designs called for an unpowered gravity bomb.

Current status.

There is no evidence that the ROC possesses any nuclear weapons or any programs to produce them, although it does have the advanced, state of the art technological ability to develop nuclear weapons as well as the high-tech ability to enrich uranium or process plutonium. The Republic of China's nuclear power plants use imported enriched uranium and are subject to International Atomic Energy Agency inspection.

Chemical weapons.

The Republic of China may be in possession of small quantities of sarin. However, the Republic of China government has stated that any such materials are only for defensive research purposes and that it does not have any intention of producing offensive chemical weapons.

Ratification of international treaties.

The Republic of China ratified the Geneva Protocol on August 7, 1929, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1970 before PRC entered the UN. Following UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 (1971) the United Nations does not recognize the Republic of China as a legitimate political entity, and as such does not recognize any right that the ROC has to join international multilateral treaties. Because of its controversial political status, the ROC has not been allowed to join either the Biological Weapons Convention nor the Chemical Weapons Convention, but it has stated that it will abide by both treaties nevertheless. In addition, the ROC has stated that it will continue to abide by the NPT, notwithstanding Resolution 2758. The ROC was one of the original members of the NPT in 1968. After the People’s Republic of China replaced the ROC at the United Nations in 1971, in effect Taiwan ceased to be active as a participating party to the official NPT activities. However, it signed a trilateral agreement with the United States and the IAEA in 1971 stating that it would continue to abide by the terms of the NPT as a ratification party. While not a member of the IAEA, Taiwan does continue to subscribe to the IAEA’s safeguards under two agreements, INFCIRC/133 and INFCIRC/158.

Taiwan denies having any weapons of mass destruction. There is no evidence of it possessing any chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons, although it has pursued nuclear weapons in the past.

Officiellement, Taïwan ne possède pas d'armes nucléaires et s'interdit d'en développer. Toutefois, par deux fois les autorités taïwanaises ont tenté de mettre au point une bombe atomique. Aujourd'hui, ce pays, de même que le Japon, aurait les moyens scientifiques et techniques de fabriquer ce type d'arme dans des délais d'un à deux ans. En outre, Taïwan possède déjà les vecteurs nécessaires à la projection de ces bombes sur une grande partie de la république populaire de Chine.


Description.

"Mystriosuchus planirostris" measured about, according to a complete skeleton which was found in 1995. The postcranial anatomy of the skeleton suggests that "Mystriosuchus" was more adapted to aquatic life than other known phytosaurs, possessing shorter and more paddle-like limbs as well as just two type of osteoderms as opposed to the higher diversity of other phytosaurs. Cranial morphology is suggestive of a primarily fish eating diet, having long jaws like those of the modern gharials. Several specimens have been recovered from marine fossil sites.  "M. planirostris", as the name implies, has a rather "plain" snout, without osseous ornamentation or crests. "M. westphali", on the other hand, has multiple bony crests along the upper jaw, most prominently at the base and tip of the snout. As keratinous crests are known in phytosaurs, it is possible that "M. planirostris" had soft tissue ornamentation.

Vertebrae.

"Mystriosuchus" possesses many vertebrae, with 25 in the neck and torso, two in the pelvis, and 74 in the tail. The vertebral column is complete and nearly all articulated, although a portion of the tail can only be seen from top view. The vertebrae behind the axis vertebra are platycoelous (one surface flat and one concave), and are approximately rectangular in shape. Because of incomplete preservation, it can't be distinguished where the neck meets the torso, although at least 17 of the 25 vertebrae come from the latter. The trunk vertebrae are lower and wider than the neck vertebrae, but are still lightly built. The pelvic vertebrae have wide ribs which attach to the ilium (largest pelvis bone). The tail is longer than the rest of the body, being 51% of the total length of the taxon. The first 17 vertebrae of the tail are similar to those of the neck and trunk, being platycoelous and subrectangular. Chevrons are present after the fourth vertebra, but are only loosely attached for the beginning of the tail. At the end of the tail the vertebrae become more slanted, and the chevrons form an inverted 'T' shape, which is not seen in other phytosaurs but in sauropterygians or some crocodilians.

Classification.

"Mystriosuchus" used to be placed in its own subfamily, Mystriosuchidae, but subsequent cladistic analysis grouped it with other members of Pseudopalatinae, despite having several physical differences from most of the genera in this group. Originally considered to be a freshwater genus, a recent specimen from Northern Italy has shown that some "Mystriosuchus" specimens lived a completely marine life. In their paper on "Parasuchus", Christian Kammerer and colleagues noted that Mystriosuchini has priority over Pseudopalatinae, so synonymized Pseudopalatinae with Mystriosuchini.  Below is a cladogram from Stocker (2012):

Mystriosuchus (meaning "spoon-crocodile") is an extinct genus of phytosaur that lived in the Late Triassic (middle Norian) in Europe. It was first named by Eberhard Fraas in 1896, and includes two species: "M. westphali" and the type species, "M. planirostris".

Mystriosuchus est un genre éteint de phytosaures du Trias supérieur (Norien moyen) d'Europe, c'est-à-dire ayant vécu il y a environ (millions d'années).


Life.

She was the daughter of Raynald of Châtillon, and Constance, Princess of Antioch.  The exact date of her birth is uncertain. It is assumed that she was born soon after the secret marriage of her parents, which took place before May 1153. The most common belief in historiography was that Agnes was born in 1154. At the baptism she probably received the name of Agnes.

In Constantinople. Marriage.

Her father was captured by the Muslims in November 1160 and was confined in Aleppo for the next fifteen years. Princess Constance died ca. 1163/67, and around 1170 Agnes went to Constantinople, where her older half-sister Maria had been living as the wife of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus. On the Emperor's request, Agnes was married to "Caesar" Alexios (born prince Béla of Hungary), who had been engaged to the Emperor's daughter, Maria Comnena until the birth of Manuel's son, Alexios in 1166. The wedding date of Agnes and Alexios is unknown; is believed that may have occurred about 1168 and no later than 1172. In historiography, there are two precises dated for the wedding: September 1169 and March 1171.  She received the name Anna in the imperial court. In the Hungarians documents she always appeared with her new name, probably because Agnes was rare at that time.

Queen of Hungary.

The new couple went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem where they made a donation for the Knights Hospitaller. In the summer, after the death of King Stephen III of Hungary (4 March 1172), her husband ascended the throne as King Béla III, and they moved to Hungary. Anna was crowned queen alongside her husband at the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Stephen in Székesfehérvár on 13 January 1173.  The spread of French cultural patterns in the Kingdom of Hungary is attributed to Anna/Agnes.  The Queen's activities were also connected with the presence in Hungary of the first Cistercian monks, who came from Burgundy. Anna could keep in touch with Burgundian Cistercians through ancestral linkages. The first Cistercian monastery in Hungary, founded in 1182, was in fact closely associated with three Cistercian abbeys located near Pontigny and the surrounding estates belonged to the Donzy family, from which Anna descended.

Issue.

During her marriage, Anna gave birth to at least six children:  Anna was the ancestress of all subsequent Kings of Hungary, as well as the Hungarian princesses, and by marriage of the Piast Duchesses St. Kinga and Bl. Jolenta of Poland. In addition, from her descended the Kings of Bohemia from the Přemyslid, Luxembourg, Jagiellon and Habsburg families.

Death.

Anna's death date was not recorded in any contemporary source, but it is assumed that she died in the year 1184, although it is possible she died a little earlier than that.

Burial.

Anna was buried at Cathedral Basilica of Saint Stephen in Székesfehérvár. Her remains were confidently identified by archeologists during late 19th century excavations at the ruined cathedral of Székesfehérvár. Her remains were afterwards reinterred at the Mathias Church in Budapest, with those of her husband.

Agnes of Antioch (1154 – c. 1184) was a Queen of Hungary from 1172 until 1184 as the first wife of Béla III.

Agnès de Châtillon ou Agnès d'Antioche, née vers 1154 et morte en 1184, est une reine de Hongrie, épouse du roi Béla III.


Geography.

Mountain View is located on the east side of the island of Hawaii, also known as the Big Isand, at (19.539730, -155.141348). It is bordered by Kurtistown to the northeast, Hawaiian Acres to the east, Fern Acres and Eden Roc to the southeast, Fern Forest to the south, and Volcano to the southwest. Hawaii Route 11 runs through the southeast side of the community, leading north to Hilo and southwest 15 miles to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

At the 2010 census, there were 3,924 people in 1,318 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 69.3 people per square mile (26.7/km2). There were 1,510 housing units at an average density of 26.7 per square mile (10.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 24.90% White, 0.38% African American, 0.71% American Indian & Alaska Native, 16.00% Asian, 9.89% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander, 1.68% from other races, 46.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.41% of the population.  Of the 1,318 households 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size was 2.98.  In the Mountain View CDP the population was spread out with 29.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 12.4% from 25 to 34, 18.0 from 35 to 49, 21.5% from 50 to 64, and 9.7% 65 or older. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 males there were 103.2 females.  The median household income was $26,860 and the median income in 2000 for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income in 2000 of $24,250 versus $22,135 for females. The per capita income for the CDP in 2000 was $13,229. About 23.6% of families and 30.3% of the population were below the poverty line in 2000, including 45.7% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Mountain View is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States located in the District of Puna. The population was 3,924 at the 2010 census, up from 2,799 at the 2000 census.

Mountain View est un "census-designated place" des États-Unis situé dans le district de Puna, dans le comté de Hawaï de l'État du même nom, dans le Sud-Est de l'île d'Hawaï.


Geography and environment.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, all of it land. Soils underlying the Pahoa area are volcanic in origin, deriving from the currently active Kīlauea Volcano. (Earth Metrics Inc., 1986) Kīlauea is one of the Earth's most active volcanoes, with the January 2006 eruption being the longest rift zone eruption in Kīlauea's 200-year recorded history. (Volcanology, 2007) The volcanic soils underlying Pahoa are considered to have been generated by lava flows within the last 125 to 500 years. For example, the eruption of 1840 is known to have deposited a lava flow within of Pahoa. Both Hawaii Route 130 and Hawaii Route 132 enter the town boundaries.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 945 people in 321 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 410.9 people per square mile (160.2/km2). There were 356 housing units at an average density of 154.8 per square mile (60.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 14.92% White, 0.42% African American, 1.48% American Indian & Alaska Native, 43.49% Asian, 12.59% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 26.14% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.56% of the population.  There were 321 households out of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size was 2.94.  The age distribution was 22.3% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 12.0% from 25 to 34, 18.1% from 35 to 49, 23.0% from 50 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 105.0 males. For every 100 males age 18 over there were 95.2 females.  The median income for a household in the CDP at the 2000 census was $33,333, and the median income for a family in 2000 was $43,571. Males had a median income of $26,103 in 2000 versus $23,571 for females. The per capita income for the CDP in 2000 was $13,850. About 15.7% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the poverty line in 2000, including 28.9% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

Culture.

In the Hawaiian language, the word means dagger or knife. The held pointing downwards, such as the statue at Pahoa High and Intermediate School, is a symbol of peace and strength. It is unknown when indigenous Hawaiians settled the area during pre-contact times, but the deep, rich soil and important protected archeological sites in the area suggest a long history of habitation. Legends associated with the Pahoa area are referenced in Hawaii's ancient oral history in the Pele and Hiiaka Myth.  There are two primary schools in the Pahoa area, Pahoa Elementary School and Keonepoko Elementary School, in the Hawaiian Beaches subdivision. There are two secondary schools, Pahoa High and Intermediate School on Pahoa Village Road and the Hawaii Academy of Arts and Sciences.

2014 lava flow.

In June 2014, a lava flow dubbed the June 27th flow started running from a vent in the Puu Ōō cone in a northeast direction towards the villages of Kaohe Homesteads and Pahoa.  In early September it appeared that the lava flow was en route to the small community of Kaohe Homesteads. Community leaders and state officials began to draw up plans for evacuations and the mayor signed an emergency proclamation as the flow approached to within 0.8 miles, a distance it was expected to cover in approximately a week. On September 13, a release from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory stated that the flow had begun to shift away from the subdivision as it had interacted with both the cracks and down-dropped blocks within the East Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano and a natural valley that leveled away from Kaohe Homesteads.  The lava flow then advanced on Pahoa. On October 25, the flow had reached the town's recycling facility, which was closed and temporarily relocated as a result. The flow was quickly advancing on a nearby cemetery and triggered the first series of evacuations. On November 10, the flow claimed one home.  Officials feared that the lava would cover Hawaii Route 130, the only route in and out of Pahoa and of the entire lower Puna section of the island. On October 22, The National Park Service announced that it would help state and county officials create an emergency route along 8 miles of the buried Chain of Craters Road in order to help Puna residents who would potentially lose access to the rest of Hawaii. Construction of the Chain of Craters alternate route began by making a path over a wall of lava rock covering the road in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The eruption eventually stopped short of Route 130, and work on the emergency route was called off in November 2014.

2018 eruption.

The 2018 lower Puna eruption which featured destructive lava flows resulting in the loss of approximately 700 homes, originated in nearby Leilani Estates.

Pahoa () is a census-designated place (CDP) in the District of Puna in Hawai‘i County, Hawai‘i, United States. The population was 962 at the 2000 census. The population dropped by 1.8% to 945 at the 2010 census.

Pahoa est une localité située dans le Sud-Est de l'île d'Hawaï aux États-Unis. C'est une zone de recensement ("census-designated place") appartenant au district de Puna, dans le comté de Hawaï de l'État du même nom.


Life.

Francisco Coll Guitart was born in Gombrèn (Ripoll) in 1812 as the tenth and last son of a wool carder.  His childhood saw his commitment to the education of children and he combined this passion with his formation as a seminarian in Vic (a major town in Osona in Catalonia). He entered when he was just 10. He would later meet and became friends with Antonio Maria Claret. In 1830 he decided to join the Order of Preachers at the Dominican convent in Girona. His studies for the priesthood and Dominican religious life were jeopardized with the suppression of religious orders that occurred in 1835 due to the intervention of the Spanish government. During this time all religious were ejected from their properties and expected to live secular lives. However he did not give up on his vocation and continued to pursue the priesthood and God. On 28 March 1836 he was ordained as a Dominican priest. Coll's pastoral mission was all the more difficult due to the lack of social life and the support of fellow friars that would have been expected before the suppression of the religious orders.  From 1839 to 1850 he worked with the poor and the sick. In 1850 he was appointed as the director of the Dominican Third Order; he was able to reopen a suppressed Dominican convent, which gave him a base for his mission as a priest. In 1854 he worked with those struck with cholera. In 1856 he founded a congregation of Dominican sisters which became known as the Congregation of the Dominican Sisters of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (aka La Annunciata). This group of sisters was founded as a teaching congregation. Guitart decided that the sisters of the congregation should be devoted to those children and adolescents in most need. Thus the first communities were directed to areas of rural Catalonia working in public schools. However, in the beginning, as a result of the socio-political situation – the revolution of September 1868 – the nuns were forced to leave these schools and to found private schools, most of them under the protection of the textile factories.  After founding the first centers in Catalonia, the congregation worked in the mining areas of Asturias, and the towns of Castile and La Mancha. The first overseas base was in Argentina in 1908. In 1955 - after Guitart's death - the congregation began its activities as missionaries in Central America and later to Peru and Chile further south.  At the time of Guitart's death the congregation numbered at 300 sisters with 50 communities; a remarkable fact given the hostile climate of Spain toward religious at that time. At present the members of this congregation work in Europe and has spread to the Americas, Africa and Asia.

Blindness and death.

On 2 December 1869 - while Guitart was preaching in Sallent (in Catalonia) - he was struck blind. From that time on, his health grew worse and declined at a moderate pace. He died on 2 April 1875.  Before his death, the suppression of religious orders was lifted in 1872, which allowed the Dominicans to return to Spain to resume their missions and religious life. The Dominicans found that while orders like theirs were gone it was Guitart who had maintained the structures of the Order, allowing pastoral missions to continue and flourish.  Guitart's dedication to the Dominican life – learning and preaching for the salvation of souls – even in the face of impossible odds was a remarkable character trait. His teachings and legacies continues to grow more so through the work of the Annunciata Sisters in Spain and abroad.

Veneration.

The cause for his canonization commenced in 1928 at Osona in which the title of Servant of God was bestowed upon him.  In 1958 a miraculous healing of a Léonese woman (Justa Barrientos) was attributed to the intercession of Francisco Coll Guitart. This allowed for his beatification to take place on 29 April 1979 in a celebration over which Pope John Paul II presided. In 2008, a second miracle was proven, leading to his canonisation in Saint Peter's Square in a celebration led by Pope Benedict XVI on 11 October 2009.  His liturgical feast is observed each 19 May - his date of baptism. It is celebrated on an annual basis.

Francisco Coll Guitart (Francesc Coll i Guitart in Catalan), 18 May 1812 – 2 April 1875) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest of the Order of Preachers (Dominican Order) and founded the Dominican Sisters of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin.

François ou Francisco Coll Guitart (Gombrèn, - Vic, ), appelé familièrement "Père Coll", était un religieux dominicain espagnol, missionnaire populaire et fondateur de la Congrégation des Sœurs Dominicaines de l'Annonciation ou de l'Anunciata. L'Église catholique l'a reconnu saint le 11 octobre 2009.


Description.

Like other members of the Drosophilidae, "D. suzukii" is small, approximately 2 to 3.5 mm in length and 5 to 6.5 mm in wingspan and looks like its fruit and vinegar fly relatives. Its body is yellow to brown with darker bands on the abdomen and it has red eyes. The male has a distinct dark spot near the tip of each wing; females do not have the spotted wing. The foreleg of the male sports dark bands on the first and second tarsi. The female has a long, sharp, serrated ovipositor. The larvae are small, white, and cylindrical reaching 3.5 mm in length.  When first observed in a new region, "D. suzukii" has often been confused with the western cherry fruit fly ("Rhagoletis indifferens") and was given the short-lasting name cherry vinegar fly. The cherry fruit fly is significantly larger than "D. suzukii" (up to 5 mm) and has a pattern of dark bands on its wings instead of the telltale spot of "D. suzukii". The telltale spots on the wings of male "D. suzukii" have earned it the common name "spotted wing drosophila" (SWD).  Unlike its vinegar fly relatives which are primarily attracted to rotting or fermented fruit, female "D. suzukii" attack fresh, ripe fruit by using their saw-like ovipositor to lay eggs under the fruit's soft skin. The larvae hatch and grow in the fruit, destroying the fruit's commercial value.

Lifecycle.

The lifespan of "D. suzukii" varies greatly between generations; from a few weeks to ten months. Generations hatched early in the year have shorter lifespans than generations hatched after September. Research shows that many of the males and most of the females of the late-hatching generations overwinter in captivity—some living as long as 300 days. Only adults overwinter successfully in the research conducted thus far. In Washington state, "D. suzukii" has been observed in association with two exotic and well-established species of blackberry, "Rubus armeniacus" (= "Rubus discolor") and "Rubus laciniatus" (the Himalayan and Evergreen Blackberries, respectively.). The fly has been observed reproducing on many other species of soft-skinned wild fruit, however, research is still ongoing to determine the quality of individual species as reproductive hosts.  Adults emerge from overwintering when temperatures reach approximately 10 °C (268 degree days). The fertilized female searches for ripe fruit, lands on the fruit, inserts its serrated ovipositor to pierce the skin and deposits a clutch of 1 to 3 eggs per insertion. Females will oviposit on many fruits and in regions of scarce fruit, many females will oviposit on the same fruit. In captivity in Japan, research shows up to 13 generations of "D. suzukii" may hatch per season. A female may lay as many as 300 eggs during its lifespan. With as many as 13 generations per season, and the ability for the female to lay up to 300 eggs each, the potential population size of "D. suzukii" is huge. It is also important to note that males of "D. suzukii" become sterile at 30 °C and population size may be limited in regions that reach that temperature.  The larvae grow inside the fruit. The oviposition site is visible in many fruit by a small pore scar in the skin of the fruit often called a "sting". After 1 or 2 days, the area around the "sting" softens and depresses creating an increasingly visible blemish. The depressions may also exude fluid which may attract infection by secondary bacterial and fungal pathogens. Larvae may leave the fruit, or remain inside it, to pupate.

Economic impact.

The economic impact of "D. suzukii" on fruit crops is negative and significantly affects a wide variety of summer fruit in the United States including cherries, blueberries, grapes, nectarines, pears, plums, pluots, peaches, raspberries, and strawberries. Damage was first noticed in North America in the western states of California, Oregon, and Washington in 2008; yield loss estimates from that year vary widely, with negligible loss in some areas to 80% loss in others depending on location and crop. The $500 million actual loss due to pest damage in 2008—the first year "D. suzukii" was observed in California—is an indication of the potential damage the pest can cause upon introduction to a new location. Economic losses have now been reported across North America and in Europe as the fly has spread to new areas. In 2015 it is estimated that national economic loss for producers in the United States was $700 million. Future losses may decrease as growers learn how to better control the pest, or may keep increasing as the fly continues to spread.

Agricultural management.

Due to the impact of "D. suzukii" on soft fruits, farmers have started to monitor and control it. There are different types of traps, both commercial and home-made, that are effective in monitoring it. Traps that use apple cider vinegar with a whole wheat dough bait have been successful for farmers to both capture and monitor "D. suzukii". Farmers are advised to place these traps in a shaded area as soon as the first fruit is set and to not remove them until the end of harvest. The traps should be checked once a week and farmers should look for the spot on the wing of the males to determine if "D. suzukii" is present.  In areas where "D. suzukii" has already been established or where its activity has been monitored, there are different ways to control it. One way to manage "D. suzukii" is to remove the infested fruit and place it in a plastic bag in the garbage. This method is effective from removing "D. suzukii" from gardens and small areas but is difficult for farmers with larger operations to do this. Farmers can also harvest their soft fruit early which reduces the exposure of fruit to "D. suzukii" and the likelihood of damage.  Farmers have the option of both conventional and organic sprays to control "D. suzukii". Timing of the sprays is important to effectively controlling it. Since "D. suzukii" is more active in the morning and evening those are the best times to control it. Sprays should be in place prior to egg laying and the coverage needs to be thorough because adults often hide in dense portion of the canopy. Depending on the variety of soft fruit and laws in different states and countries, there are many types of organic and conventional sprays that are effective. Different laws and pre-harvest date intervals need to be kept in mind when choosing a type of spray. Most types of sprays need to be applied each week, at a minimum. To prevent resistance to certain sprays, farmers must rotate among different insecticides.

Microbiome.

"Drosophila suzukii," like all insects"," is host to a variety of microorganisms. The intestinal bacterial communities of adult and larval "D. suzukii" collected in its invasive range (USA), were found to be simple and mostly dominated by "Tatumella" "sp." (Enterobacteriaceae). This fly is also infected with a variety of viruses in the wild. Whilst sharing some natural viruses with its close relative "D. melanogaster", "D. suzukii" also harbours a number of unique viruses specific to it alone. Yeasts also form an important part of the "Drosophila" microbiome, with a mutualistic relationships to yeast being described in other "Drosophila" species. The yeast species found to be most frequently associated with "D. suzukii" were "Hanseniaspora uvarum", "Metschnikowia pulcherrima", "Pichia terricola", and "P. kluyveri". Although certain fungal pathogens have been shown to experimentally infect "D. suzukii", the wild fungal infections of "D. suzukii" remain to be explored comprehensively.

Drosophila suzukii, commonly called the spotted wing drosophila or SWD, is a fruit fly. "D. suzukii", originally from southeast Asia, is becoming a major pest species in America and Europe, because it infests fruit early during the ripening stage, in contrast with other "Drosophila" species that infest only rotting fruit.

Drosophila suzukii (le moucheron asiatique ou la drosophile japonaise ou drosophile à ailes tachetées) est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Drosophilidae, originaire d'Asie du Sud-Est. Cette mouche appartient au même sous-groupe du genre "Drosophila" que "Drosophila melanogaster".


History.

Gippsland Aeronautics was founded in 1977 by Peter Furlong as an aircraft maintenance and modification business operating out of Latrobe Regional Airport in Morwell, working for large organisations such as the National Safety Council of Australia and Esso Australia, as well as local commercial operators. In 1984 George Morgan joined Peter Furlong to form Gippsland Aeronautics Pty Ltd as an incorporated entity.  Between 1985 and 1991 Gippsland Aeronautics developed the GA200 agricultural aircraft, following approaches by local aircraft operators to design an agricultural aircraft with better lifting and handling capabilities than other available aircraft. The GA200C Fatman was Type Certificated by the Australian Civil Aviation Authority in 1991. In 1993 the company commenced design work on a new aircraft designated the GA8, to fill a market niche between the six-seater Cessna 206 and the ten-seater Cessna Caravan. The "proof of concept" GA8 Airvan made its first flight in March 1995 and appeared at the Australian International Airshow in Avalon. The prototype GA8 Airvan made its first flight in August 1996. The Airvan then underwent a major flight testing and development program. In 2000 the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority certificated the GA8 Airvan to FAR 23 Amendment 48, and the vehicle began to be exported from December of the following year, with a delivery to Maya Island Air in Belize, Central America.  In 2002 the US Civil Air Patrol appointed Gippsland Aeronautics to supply Airvans, making the CAP the first American organisation to own and fly the Airvan, and the largest fleet owner of the Australian GA8 worldwide. In 2003 the Airvan gained Type Certification in Canada with Avalon Aircraft Corporation of Richmond, British Columbia appointed as the Canadian representative. This was followed by type certification by the US FAA. In 2004 the first Airvan was delivered to a Canadian operator, Wings Over Wilderness, and a Cargo Pod for Airvan was certified by the Australian Civil Aviation Authority.  The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) certified the GA8 Airvan in 2005. The Gippsland Aeronautics Airvan airframe #100 was rolled out in September of the following year. The completion of 100 Airvans was considered to be a significant milestone in Australian aircraft manufacturing. At least three other manufacturers of Australian civil aircraft have built more than 100 aircraft in the post-WW2 era, the others being the Transavia Airtruk (118), the Victa Airtourer (168) and the Government Aircraft Factories (GAF) with 170 twin-engined N22 & N24 Nomads. By February 2007, Gippsland Aeronautics had built 110 GA8 Airvans and 50 GA200 Fatmans.  In December 2009, Mahindra Aerospace Pvt. Ltd. (MAPL), belonging to Mahindra Group of India, bought a 75.1% majority stake in the company. In May 2012 the GA10 had its first flight.

Aircraft.

GA200 Fatman.

The modification of agricultural aircraft to improve capability and safety marked the beginnings of Gippsland Aeronautics' aircraft design and manufacturing business as it stands today. The company increasingly modified five agricultural Piper PA-25 Pawnees in the mid-1980s to the point where it was decided to certify a new design.  In 1991, Gippsland Aeronautics' first indigenous design, the GA200 Fatman, achieved Australian airworthiness certification. The certified production GA200 Fatman (also referred to unofficially as the GA200B) had a lifting capacity of 800 Litres with a 250 hp engine.  In 1993, the company certified a new model, the GA200C Fatman with the capability of lifting one tonne (1050 Litres) with a 300 hp engine, giving the aircraft a 30–50% better performance than any aircraft in its class. In the late 1990s, Fatman production was scaled down to make way for the Airvan.

GA8 Airvan.

Despite the success of the Fatman variants, profitability was too dependent on the roller coaster cycles of the agricultural industry worldwide. Subsequently, Gippsland Aeronautics' second new design, the GA8 Airvan, was conceived by directors/designers Furlong and Morgan as a utility transport to replace the Cessna 206/207 and DHC Beaver. Recognising the Cessna 206 as "one of the world’s best workhorses", the pair saw the potential niche market for a piston-engine aircraft that could carry more passengers. This would improve the operators’ profitability without going to the expense of purchasing a turbine powered aircraft.  Thus the high wing, eight seat GA8 Airvan was born using the design of the GA200C as a basis. Certification commenced in 1993 with the building of the first prototype/proof of concept aircraft.  After eight years in development, the GA8 Airvan was type-certificated by the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority to FAR 23 Amendment 48 requirements in December 2000 and subsequently updated to Amendment 54 status in early 2003. This was followed by certification by the United States Federal Aviation Administration and the Canadian Transport Canada in the same year. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) certificated the Airvan in 2005.  The GA8 Airvan has now achieved export sales in the UK, Holland, Germany, Indonesia, New Zealand, South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Lesotho, USA, Canada and Belize in Central America, in addition to in-country sales in Western Australia, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory.  In October 2006, Gippsland Aeronautics announced that "the turbocharged prototype aircraft has commenced flight testing. The chosen engine is the Lycoming TIO 540 AH1A engine, which is a turbocharged version of the currently installed normally aspirated engine."

Developments and future products.

On 18 June 2008, Gippsland Aeronautics announced it had won bidding to take over the type certificate of the GAF Nomad, and would probably be restarting production. The twin-engined, 18-seat reborn Nomad will be called the GA18, and will be re-engineered with new engines, propellers, glass cockpit and weight-saving measures. It is planned to bring it into service after the development and certification of the new 10-seat GA10.  In December 2009, Mahindra Aerospace Pvt. Ltd. (MAPL), belonging to Mahindra Group of India acquired a 75.1% majority stake.  In March 2011, at the 2011 Australian International Airshow, GippsAero announced the GA10. A development of the 8-seat GA8 Airvan piston-engined aircraft, the GA10 design has been stretched and re-engined with a turboprop engine to increase seating and payload capacity. It is planned for its first flight to take place in October 2011 and be ready for service in March 2013.

GippsAero (formerly Gippsland Aeronautics) is an Australian aircraft manufacturer based at Latrobe Valley Airport in Morwell, Victoria. The company builds single-engined utility aircraft. These include the multi-role GA8 Airvan and the agricultural GA200 Fatman. The company has been majority owned by Indian conglomerate Mahindra Group since 2009.

Gippsland Aeronautics (ou GippsAero) est un constructeur aéronautique australien installé sur l'aéroport de la Vallée Latrobe à Morwell. Depuis 2009, la société est la propriété du groupe indien Mahindra. Ses produits actuels sont le monomoteur 8 places GA8 Airvan et l'avion agricole GA200 Fatman.


Background and chart performances.

The song was written and the music composed by Jean-Michel Padilla, David Ployer and Anthony Sansault, and was produced by Hit Sound Production. It was compared to the songs by Tragédie (a French R&B group), particularly for its catchy refrain, its choreography and its explicit words alluding to sex. The song was also criticized for being too commercial, with poor lyrics. The song features on many French compilations, such as "Hits 2 en 1 été 2006", "Contact Play & Dance Vol. 3" (original club mix), "Starfloor Vol. 5", "NRJ Hits 2007" and "Hit Connection - Best Of 2006".  In France, the single entered at number two on 5 August 2006 and reached number one two weeks later, staying there for five consecutive weeks, then dropped and totaled 15 weeks in the top ten and 25 weeks on the chart. It was the fourth best-selling single of the year. As of August 2014, it is the 73rd best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 346,000 units sold.  In Belgium (Wallonia), the single debuted at number 37 on 30 September 2006, and peaked at number one for a single week on 18 November 2006. It remained for 11 weeks in the top ten and 19 weeks on the chart (Top 40). The single ranked number 30 on the Belgian year-end chart.  In Switzerland, the single charted for 19 weeks, from 20 August to 24 December 2006, and peaked at number 23 in its ninth week.  The band did not manage to duplicate the same performance with its second single, "Hey Girl".

"Façon Sex" is a 2006 song recorded by the French duet Tribal King. This R&B and dancehall song was released in August, 2006, as the first single from their debut album, "Welcome". Charted in francophone countries, "Façon Sex" achieved a great success, particularly in France and Belgium where it topped the singles chart, thus being a summer hit.

Façon Sex est une chanson du duo français Tribal King sortie le 7 août 2006 sous le label Universal Music, produit par PADILLA Jean-Michel, du Label Hit Sound Production single extrait de leur album studio "Welcome". Classé dans trois pays francophones européens, "Façon Sex" a rencontré un succès, atteignant la première place en France et en Wallonie. Il s'agit du titre du groupe le plus vendu.