Early life.

Rawlinson was the second son of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet, a soldier, diplomat and expert in Persian antiquities. His mother was Louisa Caroline Harcourt, a daughter of Henry Seymour one of the Tory MPs for Taunton. Two of his uncles, Henry Danby Seymour and Alfred Seymour, were also MPs. His older brother became General Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, who masterminded the Battle of Amiens and the Hundred Days Offensive that brought the fighting of the First World War to a close.  Rawlinson, known to family and friends as "Toby", was born on 17 January 1867 at the family home in Charles Street, Mayfair, in the West End of London. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, after which he was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant into the 17th Lancers.

Sportsman.

Rawlinson was a top-level polo player; he was in the winning teams for the inter-regimental tournament in India in 1889, the Hurlingham Champion Cup in 1896 and 1902, also the Ranelagh Open Cup, the All Ireland Open Cup and others. In the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, he was a member of the Foxhunters Hurlingham polo team which won the Olympic gold medal. He retired from the sport in 1911. Rawlinson was also a keen motor racing driver, resigning from the army to concentrate on the sport. He took part in the 1908 Isle of Man RAC Tourist Trophy ("TT") race, driving his Darracq into 7th place.  On 5 April 1910 Rawlinson became only the third person in the United Kingdom to hold a Royal Aero Club aviators certificate.

France, 1914–15.

At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Rawlinson was 47 and too old to be called up as a reservist. He therefore offered himself and his Hudson sports car to the Royal Automobile Club, who were assembling an "RAC Corps of Volunteer Motor Drivers". Rawlinson was one of twenty-five motorists selected to accompany the British Expeditionary Force to the continent to act as chauffeurs and dispatch carriers for the General Staff. He and the other drivers worked with the British Army in the first battles of the war, his car being adapted by the addition of a machine gun and flying a Union Jack. By October, he had been transferred to a staff position with IV Corps (which was commanded by his brother) and had been given the rank of colonel by Sir John French, despite having left the cavalry as a subaltern. His driving exploits were described in his "Adventures on the Western Front, August, 1914 – June, 1915" (1925).  In the trench warfare that had developed, it became apparent that the British had nothing to match the German "Minenwerfer". While an effective British weapon was in development, Rawlinson acquired 40 obsolete Coehorn mortars from the French army which became known as "Toby mortars" after him; they were first used in action at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915. On 9 May 1915, Rawlinson was injured by a German heavy shell at the Battle of Aubers Ridge and returned to England. While recovering at home on 20 June, he was visited by a staff officer from the War Office with a message stating that commissions could not be issued in the field and that he could not consider himself a serving officer. Despite being "hurt to the very soul" by the manner of his dismissal, Rawlinson went straight to the Admiralty and volunteered his services.

Air defence of London, 1915–17.

On 20 June 1915, Rawlinson was appointed a lieutenant-commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and tasked with raising a new squadron of the RNAS Armoured Car Section. However, in August, he was interviewed by Commodore Murray Sueter RN, who was the commander of London's anti-aircraft defences. Owing to previous experience in the air defence of Paris, Rawlinson was "invited", in his spare time, to suggest improvements to the weapons and ammunition in use, as they had proved ineffective in the first Zeppelin attacks on London in the previous weeks. In September, he was placed under the direct command of Admiral Sir Percy Scott, who had been ordered to establish the London Air Defence Area. Rawlinson was tasked with forming a mobile anti-aircraft battery, using picked men from his armoured car squadron. He set off at once for France, in the hope of obtaining an example of the lorry-mounted "Autocanon de 75 mm 1913" anti-aircraft gun and returned to London with one within 72 hours. This weapon became the nucleus of the Royal Naval Anti-Aircraft Mobile Brigade, under Rawlinson's personal command; it was first used in action against a Zeppelin on 13 October at Moorgate in the City of London. Eventually, the brigade was armed with four French 75mms, two QF 3 inch 20 cwts, and eight QF 3 pounder Vickers with four powerful searchlights, all mounted on lorries. Operating from the stables at Kenwood House, the guns could be rushed to prepared positions around the capital at very short notice. When the army took over the air defence of London in February 1916, the RNVR continued to operate the mobile guns under Army command. In August 1916, the brigade relocated to Norfolk, with the intention of intercepting the Zeppelins as they crossed the coast. Throughout this time, Rawlinson was continually refining the techniques of anti-aircraft gunnery, and claimed to have pioneered the use of acoustic location in detecting aircraft hidden by cloud. In January 1917, the brigade moved to the coast of Essex to counter the threat from German aeroplanes. In May 1917, Rawlinson was offered command of the newly created Western Sub-Command of the London defences, which required a transfer back to the army, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. His new command consisted of 19 gun and 36 searchlight positions. He commanded these assets during the heavy air raids of late 1917.

Intelligence Corps.

In January 1918, Rawlinson tendered his resignation and sought a post in pursuance of "an ardent desire to once more get a little closer to the enemy". In February, he obtained a transfer to the Intelligence Corps with the rank of colonel. Assignments include tours of duty in the Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia during 1918–1922. His mission was to guard the Tiflis-Baku railway, and to oversee the demobilizing of Turkish forces. Under Lionel Dunsterville, he was sent on a mission to the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus.  On his last assignment, to establish whether Turkey was obeying the armistice conditions, Rawlinson and his party were held prisoner in Erzurum by the Turkish authorities, placing the British Government in an awkward position, because his elder brother was a high-ranking military officer. He was eventually released in a prisoner exchange in 1921.  His book "Adventures in the Near East" (1923), chronicles the state of affairs during the armistice days at the end of World War I. In particular, he gives accounts of the landscape after the Russian withdrawal and the beginnings of the Turkish nationalist movement.

Private life.

On 25 June 1890, Alfred Rawlinson married Margarette Kennard, the 6th daughter of William Bunce Greenfield DL. They had four children; twins Alfred Frederick and Honour Louisa were born on 23 August 1900. Honour died aged 12. They had a second daughter, Irene Margarette (died 1974) and a third, Mary, who also died in infancy. Margarette Rawlinson died on 18 September 1907 aged about 49.  On 13 December 1913, Rawlinson married secondly Jean Isabella Griffin Aitkin, an actress also known by her stage name of Jean Aylwin. They were divorced in 1924; the composer Hubert Bath was named as co-respondent in the case.  When Rawlinson’s older brother died on 28 March 1925, he became the 3rd baronet, but did not inherit the peerage created for his brother, which became extinct.  Alfred Rawlinson died suddenly of natural causes at his flat in Clapham on 1 June 1934.

Colonel Sir Alfred "Toby" Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet, (17 January 1867 – 1 June 1934) was an English soldier and intelligence officer, sportsman, pioneer motorist and aviator.

Alfred Rawlinson (Mayfair, Grand Londres, – Clapham, Grand Londres, Royaume-Uni, ), est un joueur de polo, aviateur et baronnet britannique. En 1900, il remporta la médaille d'or en polo aux Jeux olympiques de Paris, avec l'équipe des Foxhunters Hurlingham.


Aftermath and convictions.

French Minister of Culture Jean-Philippe Lecat said the bombing evokes an "absolutely heinous criminal side" of the Breton nationalists. Hubert Landais, the director of French museums at the time, called the attack a "real catastrophe." The Breton Democratic Union also condemned the attack. After the bombing, restoration works commenced costing 3 million francs. The "Battaile" room was finally re-opened to the public in April 1982.  Both the FLB and the Armed Nuclei for Popular Autonomy claimed responsibility, but police later found that it was the Breton group that caused it. The two perpetrators were FLB members Lionel Chenevière and Padrig Montauzier, who placed the bomb the day before. The two were already under surveillance by authorities in Rennes, and were arrested the next day. They were given a 15 year prison sentence in November 1978. Following the election of François Mitterrand as President in 1981, they were pardoned as part of Mitterrand's plans to give in to some of the demands of the Breton regional government.  The attack came in the context of renewed terrorist activity by the FLB from 1976 targeting cultural property in protest against the signing of the Breton Cultural Charter. The group were trying to 'punish' the French state for its annexation of the former-independent Brittany region. The FLB's activities were usually confined to Brittany itself. German tabloid "Die Welt" later said no reasonable French wants the state to grant independence to peripheral provinces, "nor Brittany, nor Alsace, nor Occitania."  The Palace of Versailles became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.

The Palace of Versailles bombing took place around 2:30 am on Monday 26 June 1978 when terrorists belonging to the Breton Liberation Front (FLB) detonated a powerful bomb at the historic palace in Versailles, near Paris, France. The explosion occurred on the ground floor of the left wing of the palace and caused damage within an 80 meter radius. Many statues and priceless paintings were damaged, including an entire gallery and several pieces of Napoleonic art, and a wide hole was opened in the ceiling. The bomb caused millions of francs in damage. The Hall of Mirrors, opera house and chapel were undamaged. One night guard was wounded.

L'attentat du château de Versailles entraîna la dégradation d'une partie de l'aile gauche du château de Versailles, principalement la galerie des Batailles, par l'explosion d'une bombe dans la nuit du 25 au. Cette bombe est placée la veille par deux membres du Front de libération de la Bretagne (FLB), Lionel Chenevière et Padrig Montauzier, et provoque des destructions dans un rayon de, pour un coût de restauration d'un peu plus de trois millions de francs.


Route description.

The southern terminus of I-880 is at its interchange with I-280 and SR 17 in San Jose. From there, it heads roughly northeast past the San Jose International Airport to U.S. Route 101 (US 101). The Nimitz Freeway then turns northwest, running parallel to the southeastern shore of San Francisco Bay, connecting the cities of Milpitas, Fremont, Newark, Union City, Hayward, and San Leandro before reaching Oakland. In Oakland, I-880 passes by Oakland International Airport, Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum and Downtown Oakland. The northern terminus of I-880 is in Oakland at the junction with I-80 and I-580 (known as the MacArthur Maze), near the eastern approach of the Bay Bridge.  I-880 between I-238 in San Leandro and the MacArthur Maze is used as an alternate truck route; trucks over are prohibited through Oakland on I-580.  I-880 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. Officially, the Nimitz Freeway designation is Route 880 from Route 101 to Route 80, as named by Senate Concurrent Resolution 23, Chapter 84 in 1958.  Since the late 1990s, an infamous misconception for certain commuters and businesses in San Jose is that I-880 extends from I-280 to SR 85 in Los Gatos (which would extend the length to ).

History.

The state legislature added the proposed San Jose-Richmond East Shore Highway to the state highway system in 1933, and it became an extension of the previously short (San Rafael to the bay) Legislative Route 69, and part of Sign Route 13 (soon changed to 17) in 1934. From San Jose, this route temporarily followed existing Legislative Route 5 (present Oakland Road, Main Street, Milpitas Boulevard, and Warm Springs Boulevard) to SR 21 at Warm Springs, and then continued along existing county roads and city streets, now known as Fremont Boulevard, Alvarado Boulevard, Hesperian Boulevard, Lewelling Boulevard, Washington Avenue, 14th Street, 44th Avenue, 12th Street, 14th Avenue, 8th Street, and 7th Street, into downtown Oakland. It then turned north at Cypress Street (now Mandela Parkway), passing through the Bay Bridge Distribution Structure and following a newly constructed alignment (signed as US 40) to El Cerrito.  The first short piece of the new Eastshore Freeway opened to traffic on July 22, 1949, connecting Oak Street downtown with 23rd Avenue. It was extended to 98th Avenue on June 1, 1950, Lewelling Boulevard on June 13, 1952, and Jackson Street (SR 92) on June 5, 1953. At the San Jose end, the overlap with Route 5 between Bayshore Highway (US 101) and Warm Springs was bypassed on July 2, 1954. Within Oakland, the double-decker Cypress Street Viaduct opened on June 11, 1957, connecting the freeway with the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The Oakland segment was extended south to Fremont Boulevard at Beard Road on November 14, 1957, and the gap was filled on November 24, 1958, soon after the state legislature named the highway after Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. (The short spur to Route 5 at Warm Springs (now SR 262) remained in the state highway system as a branch of Route 69.) As these sections opened, Sign Route 17 (and Legislative Route 69) was moved from its old surface routing, which mostly became local streets. Other than Route 5 south of Warm Springs, the portion from San Leandro into Oakland was also kept as part of Route 105 (now SR 185).

Historic alignments.

State Route 17.

Prior to 1984, the route known as I-880 used to be part of State Route 17, which was US 48 from current I-238 to US 101 from 1926 to 1931, then US 101E from 1929 to the mid 1930s. SR 17 used to run from Santa Cruz all the way through San Jose, Oakland; and then continued north via the Eastshore Freeway (Interstate 80) through Richmond to the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge and San Rafael.  In 1984 the segment of SR 17 from Interstate 280 in San Jose to the MacArthur Maze in Oakland was renumbered as I-880, and the portion of SR 17 from the MacArthur Maze to San Rafael was renumbered as part of I-580.

Nimitz Freeway.

In 1947, construction commenced on a freeway to replace the street routing of SR 17 through the East Bay. The new freeway was named the "Eastshore Freeway", and with the subsequent addition of a freeway to replace the Eastshore "Highway" north of the MacArthur Maze in the mid 1950s, it ran, appropriately, almost the entire length of the east shore of San Francisco Bay. In 1958, following a joint resolution of the California State Legislature, the portion south of the MacArthur Maze was renamed the Nimitz Freeway in honor of WWII Admiral Nimitz, while the portion to the north retained the name Eastshore Freeway.

Historic Business U.S. Route 50.

The northern portion of I-880 was designated Business U.S. Route 50 for a time between the I-80 interchange and downtown Oakland.

Original routing in Sacramento.

From 1971 to 1983, Interstate 880 was the original route designation for the Beltline Freeway, the northern bypass freeway for the Sacramento area. This freeway begins in West Sacramento as a fork from the original Interstate 80, continues northeast over the Sacramento River to its interchange with Interstate 5, continues east through the communities of North Sacramento and Del Paso Heights and ends at an interchange with the Roseville Freeway (Interstate 80). The now-designated Capital City Freeway was then the original I-80 routing, continuing southwest directly into downtown Sacramento. I-80 was then re-routed along the Beltline Freeway in 1983, while the Capital City Freeway became Interstate 80 Business.

Modern history.

Cypress Viaduct and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

A large double-decker section in Oakland, known as the Cypress Street Viaduct, collapsed during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, causing 42 deaths; initial estimates were significantly higher, but because many commuters on both sides of the bay had left early or stayed late to watch Game 3 of the San Francisco-Oakland World Series, the freeway was far less crowded than normal at the time of the quake. This was the greatest loss of life caused by that earthquake. Rebuilding the affected section of the freeway took nearly a decade, due to environmental impact concerns, the feeling that the freeway divided the neighborhood, design considerations and most importantly a huge outcry from the West Oakland community demanding that the freeway find a new route - not in West Oakland. The protest was successful. The freeway reopened in July 1997 on a new route parallel to railroad tracks around the outskirts of West Oakland with the entire project being opened in 1999 and fully completed in 2001, with the replacement taking on the commonly referred to name of Cypress Freeway, much like the former double-decker freeway.  Although only about three miles (5 km) in length, the replacement freeway cost over $1.2 billion, for several reasons: it crossed over "and" under the elevated BART line to San Francisco; it squeezed between a post office, the West Oakland BART station, the Port of Oakland, a rail yard, and an East Bay Municipal Utility District sewage treatment plant; it occupied an entirely new right-of-way, which required the acquisition of large amounts of valuable industrial real estate near the Port of Oakland; and of course, it had to be earthquake resistant.  The former path of the structure, Cypress Street, was renamed Mandela Parkway, and the median where the freeway stood became a landscaped linear park.

Flood plains.

Several aspects of the I-880 facility have been constructed in designated floodplains such as the 1990 and 2004 interchange improvements at Dixon Landing Road. In that case the Federal Highway Administration was required to make a finding that there was no feasible alternative to the new ramp system as designed. In that same study, the FHWA produced an analysis to support the fact that adequate wetlands mitigation had been designed into the improvement project.

Sound barriers.

Due to high sound levels generated from this highway and the relatively dense urban development in the highway corridor, Caltrans has conducted numerous studies to retrofit the right-of-way with noise barriers. This activity has occurred in Oakland, San Leandro, Hayward, Newark and Fremont. During the 1989 widening of I-880 in parts of Newark and Fremont, scientific studies were conducted to determine the need for sound walls and to design optimum heights to achieve Federal noise standards.

No interchange with SR 87/Guadalupe Freeway.

Between Coleman Avenue and First Street in San Jose, State Route 87 (the Guadalupe Freeway) crosses above I-880 without an interchange, making it the only point in California where two freeways cross without a connection. Because of its proximity to the runways at San Jose International Airport, Caltrans cannot construct elevated ramps without them interfering with flight paths. Tunneling underneath to build underground ramps would also make a significant environmental impact to the nearby Guadalupe River.

Gasoline tanker accident in 2007.

On April 29, 2007, a gasoline tanker overturned and caught fire on the connector between westbound I-80 and southbound I-880 on the MacArthur Maze interchange. The fire caused major damage to both this connector and one directly above (eastbound I-80 onto eastbound I-580). The overpass was replaced and re-opened 27 days later. The governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, declared it as a State of emergency and all public transportation was free on the first commute day.

2012-2015 I-880/I-280 Interchange improvement.

Improvements to the I-280/I-880 and Stevens Creek Boulevard interchanges finished early 2015. Before construction, both interchanges shared a handful of ramps, but now, the two interchanges will be independent from one another. Construction began in late 2012 and the ramp from I-280 North to I-880 North opened in April 2015.

Future.

The I-880 Corridor Improvement Project, one of the last seismic retrofit projects of a major transportation corridor in California, consists of eight separate projects located in a 15-mile segment of the freeway between Oakland and Hayward.  The overall goal of the project is to improve the seismic safety of the corridor. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) initiated Phase 1 of its seismic retrofit program. After the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Caltrans initiated Phase 2 of its seismic retrofit program, which included projects along the I-880 corridor. Other goals include reducing traffic congestion and improving road quality.  The individual projects included in the I-880 Corridor Improvement project are the retrofitting or replacement of the 5th Avenue, 23rd Avenue, 29th Avenue, Fruitvale Avenue, and High Street bridges in Oakland; improvements to both the I-238 and Highway 92 interchanges (the latter, a four-year project, completed in October 2011); and an overall rehabilitation/repaving project along the entire segment. Construction will take place from 2006 to 2014, although certain projects may be completed as late as 2020. The total cost of the project is $462.7 million, provided by federal, state, and regional funds.

Interstate 880 (I-880) is a major north–south auxiliary Interstate Highway in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California. It runs from I-280 and State Route 17 (SR 17) in San Jose to I-80 and I-580 in Oakland, running parallel to the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay. For most of its route, I-880 is officially known as the Nimitz Freeway, after World War II fleet admiral Chester Nimitz, who retired to the Bay Area and lived on Yerba Buena Island. The northernmost five miles is also commonly referred to as the Cypress Freeway, after the former alignment of the freeway, and its subsequent replacement.

L'Interstate 880 (I-880) est une Interstate highway située dans la Baie de San Francisco qui relie du sud au nord San José à Oakland (États-Unis) en suivant le tracé de la côte. L'I-880 est nommée Nimitz Freeway sur la majeure partie de son tracé, en l'honneur de l'amiral américain Chester Nimitz, qui passa sa retraite dans la région de la Baie et vécut dans Yerba Buena Island. Cette autoroute fait partie du "California Freeway and Expressway System".


Amateur career.

Whelan attended Texas A&M University, where he played for the Texas A&M Aggies baseball team. In 2004, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and received the league's Outstanding Relief Pitcher award.

Professional career.

Detroit Tigers.

Whelan was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the fourth round of the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft.

New York Yankees.

On November 14, 2006, Whelan was traded to the New York Yankees, along with Humberto Sánchez and Anthony Claggett, for Gary Sheffield.  He was called up by the Yankees on June 10, 2011 after recording a 1–1 won–loss record with a 1.67 earned run average and 18 saves as the closer for the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees. He allowed four consecutive walks after recording two outs in his first ever appearance that same evening.  On January 26, 2012 he was designated for assignment to make room for Hiroki Kuroda.

Cincinnati Reds.

On January 3, 2013, the Cincinnati Reds signed Whelan to a minor league deal.

Return to Detroit.

On February 22, 2014, the Tigers signed Whelan to a minor league deal. On August 11, the Tigers purchased his contract from the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, and he was added to the 25-man active roster. Prior to being called up, Whelan had 20 saves for the Toledo Mud Hens, having allowed eight runs on 26 hits over 39 innings with 48 strikeouts. In Whelan's debut with the Tigers, he pitched 1 innings, allowing three hits, and two earned runs on back-to-back home runs. On August 16, Whelan was designated for assignment by the Tigers. The next day on August 17, the Tigers outrighted Whelan to Triple-A. He elected free agency in October 2014.

Oakland Athletics.

On November 1, 2014, the Oakland Athletics signed Whelan to a minor league contract. He played for the Triple-A Nashville Sounds in 2015 before electing to become a free agent after the season.

Kevin J. Whelan (born January 8, 1984) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees and the Detroit Tigers.

Kevin Whelan (né le à Kerrville, Texas, États-Unis) est un lanceur de relève droitier des Ligues majeures de baseball sous contrat avec les Reds de Cincinnati.


Geomorphology.

The Grappa Massif was formed almost ten million years ago. It was created by the collision between the African and European lithospheric plates. Over the millennia, these sediments have been interested by a cementification and then they were lifted up by pressures that caused the Alpine mountain range to rise. Nowadays, the main types of rocks found on the Grappa are:  Furthermore, over the centuries, different external atmospheric pressures have modified the morphological structure of the Grappa massif.

Flora.

Due to its geographic position near the Venetian plain, the Monte Grappa area is very rich in both flowers and plants. In fact, its climatic conditions has favoured the prevalence of small Mediterranean scrub bushes and alpine vegetation that is composed mostly of conifers in the snowy areas. Typical trees and bushes on Monte Grappa include Mount Maple ("Acer pseudoplatanus") and Lime tree ("Tilia platyphyllos") with various geophytes underneath, the White Fir tree ("Abies concolor"), the spruce fir and the beech tree. Typical forest flowers include; Dandelion ("Leontodon tenuiflorus"), "Knautia persicina", "Globularia nudicaulis", Wild Peony ("Paeonia officinalis"), the Cengio iris ("Iris cengialti"), soldanella and clematis. Typical pasture grasses include;"Festuca paniculata" and "Helictotrichon parlatorei", and on the cliffs, "Minuartia graminifolia" can be found.

Fauna.

The Grappa Massif is also rich in fauna. Common species include roe deer, mouflon, and chamois; there are birds of prey such as the buzzard, the peregrine falcon, the golden eagle and the eagle owl, and squirrels, the foxes, badgers, and lizards can all be found on its slopes.

History.

Some of the events of World War I and World War II took place on Monte Grappa, and a memorial monument, the statue of the "Madonna del Grappa" (ruined during World War II but restored in the following years), and a World War Museum lie on the mountain. The remains of Italian and Austro-Hungarian soldiers who died in war are kept here.  During World War I, after the Italian Caporetto defeat, Mount Grappa became the most important pillar of Italian defence, and Austrians tried many times to conquer the peak to spread on the Venetian plain from November 11, 1917 to October 24, 1918. The Italians made caves in the rock and built fixed emplacements for the artillery so that they could keep control from the Valderoa Mount to Caprile hill. The most important military work is the Vittorio Emanuele Gallery, which is equipped with water tanks, infirmaries and beds.  During World War II, the Partisans sought refuge on Monte Grappa. Here the Nazis killed a huge number of soldiers, and those who had not been killed in battle were publicly hanged at Bassano del Grappa.  Post war, NATO built a radar missile base on Monte Grappa for American anti-aircraft defense, which was demolished in the 1970s.

The Military Memorial Monument.

On the summit of Monte Grappa there is a military memorial monument, designed by the architect Giovanni Greppi in collaboration with the sculptor Giannino Castiglioni. It was inaugurated on 22 September 1935. In the central body lie the remains of 12,615 soldiers, of these the identities of 10,332 are unknown. The monument is composed of five concentric circles laid on top of each other to form a pyramid. On the top there is the little sanctuary of the "Madonnina del Grappa".  Near the monument, there is cave where some people believe that some Partisans had been burnt alive by the Nazi-fascists. Since 1974 there has been a statue called "Al Partigiano" in that cave, made by the sculptor Augusto Murer.

Monte Grappa (1,775 m) is a mountain of the Venetian Prealps in Veneto, Italy. It lies between the Venetian plain to the south and the central alpine areas to the North. To the west, it is parted from the Asiago upland by the Brenta river, and to the east it is separated from the Cesen-Visentin massif by the Piave river. To the north lie Corlo lake and Feltre valley. In the past, the mountain was called "Alpe Madre" ("Mother Alp"), and is currently divided among three provinces: Vicenza to the west, Treviso to the south and Belluno to the northeast. It is the highest peak of a small massif, which also includes many other peaks such as Col Moschin, Colle della Berretta, Monte Asolone, Monte Pertica, Prassolan, Monti Solaroli, Fontana Secca, Monte Peurna, Monte Santo, Monte Tomatico, Meatte, Monte Pallon and Monte Tomba.

Le monte Grappa est une montagne des Alpes de d'altitude. Il fait partie des Dolomites et marque la frontière entre les provinces de Vicence, Trévise et Belluno.


Medical uses.

Eculizumab is used to treat atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). For people with PNH, it improves quality of life and decreases the need for blood transfusions but does not appear to affect the risk of death. It does not appear to change the risk of blood clots, myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myelogenous leukemia, or aplastic anemia. Eculizumab is also used to treat neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in adults who are anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody positive.  Eculizumab is administered in a doctor's office or clinic by intravenous infusion.  Women should not become pregnant while taking eculizumab and pregnant women should take it only if it is clearly necessary.

Adverse effects.

Eculizumab carries a black box warning for the risk of meningococcal infections and can only be prescribed by doctors who have enrolled in and follow a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy required by the FDA, which involves doctors counseling people to whom they are prescribing the drug, giving them educational materials, and ensuring that they are vaccinated, all of which must be documented.  Eculizumab inhibits terminal complement activation and therefore makes people vulnerable to infection with encapsulated organisms. Life-threatening and fatal meningococcal infections have occurred in people who received eculizumab. People receiving eculizumab have up to 2,000 times greater risk of developing invasive meningococcal disease. Due to the increased risk of meningococcal infections, meningococcal vaccination is recommended at least 2 weeks prior to receiving eculizumab, unless the risks of delaying eculizumab therapy outweigh the risk of developing a meningococcal infection, in which case the meningococcal vaccine should be administered as soon as possible. Both a serogroup A, C, W, Y conjugate meningococcal vaccine and a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine are recommended for people receiving eculizumab. Receiving the recommended vaccinations may not prevent all meningococcal infections, especially from nongroupable N. meningiditis. In 2017, it became clear that eculizumab has caused invasive meningococcal disease despite vaccination, because it interferes with the ability of antimeningococcal antibodies to protect against invasive disease.  The drug's labels also carry warnings of severe anemia arising from the destruction of red blood cells as well as severe cases of blood clots forming in small blood vessels.  Headaches are very common adverse effects, occurring in more than 10% of people who take the drug.  Common adverse effects (occurring in between 1% and 10% of people who take the drug) include infections (pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, colds, and urinary tract infection), loss of white blood cells, loss of red blood cells, anaphylactic reaction, hypersensitivity reaction, loss of appetite, mood changes like depression and anxiety, a sense of tingling or numbness, blurred vision, vertigo, ringing in the ears, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, vascular damage, peritonitis, constipation, upset stomach, swollen belly, itchy skin, increased sweating, blotches from small bleeds under the skin and skin redness, hives, muscle spasms, bone pain, back pain, neck pain, swollen joints, kidney damage, painful urination, spontaneous erections, general edema, chest pain, weakness, pain at the infusion site, and elevated transaminases.

Pharmacology.

Eculizumab specifically binds to the terminal complement component 5, or C5, which acts at a late stage in the complement cascade. When activated, C5 is involved in activating host cells, thereby attracting pro-inflammatory immune cells, while also destroying cells by triggering pore formation. By inhibiting the complement cascade at this point, the normal, disease-preventing functions of proximal complement system are largely preserved, while the properties of C5 that promote inflammation and cell destruction are impeded.  Eculizumab inhibits the cleavage of C5 by the C5 convertase into C5a a potent anaphylatoxin with prothrombotic and proinflammatory properties, and C5b, which then forms the terminal complement complex C5b-9 which also has prothrombotic and proinflammatory effects. Both C5a and C5b-9 cause the complement-mediated events that are characteristic of PNH and aHUS.  The metabolism of eculizumab is thought to occur via lysosomal enzymes that cleave the antibody to generate small peptides and amino acids. The volume of distribution of eculizumab in humans approximates that of plasma.

Chemistry.

Eculizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against the complement protein C5. It is an immunoglobulin G-kappa (IgGκ) consisting of human constant regions and murine complementarity-determining regions grafted onto human framework light and heavy chain variable regions. The compound contains two 448-amino acid heavy chains and two 214-amino acid light chains, and has a molecular weight of approximately 148 kilodaltons (kDa).

Society and culture.

Regulatory approval.

Eculizumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2007 for the treatment of PNH, Eculizumab has exclusivity rights until 2017, which protects it from competition until 2017. When the FDA approved it in September 2011 for the treatment of aHUS, it designated it as an orphan drug.  The 2011 FDA approval was based on two small prospective trials of 17 people and 20 people.  The European Medicines Agency approved it for the treatment of PNH in June 2007, and in November 2011 for the treatment of aHUS. Health Canada approved it in 2009 to treat PNH and in 2013 as the only drug to treat aHUS.  Eculizumab was approved by the FDA for AQP4+ NMO in 2019, based on the results of the PREVENT trial.

Price.

As of 2014 there was insufficient evidence to show that eculizumab therapy improves life expectancy for people with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and the cost-effectiveness was poor.  In 2010 Alexion priced Soliris as the most expensive drug in the world, at approximately US$409,500 a year in the United States (2010), €430,000 per year for ongoing treatment in the UK, and $500,000 a year in Canada (2014). Alexion started selling Soliris in 2008, making $295 million in 2007 with its stock price rising to 130% in 2010.  In December 2013, New Zealand's government pharmaceutical buyer Pharmac declined a proposal to subsidize the drug after Alexion refused to budge on a NZ$670,000 (US$590,000) per person per year price and Pharmac's economic analysis determined the price would need to be halved before the drug was cost-effective enough to subsidize. Pharmac's decision upset many people with PNH in New Zealand PNH, although Pharmac has not ruled out reviewing the decision at a later date, should the drug be made available at a lower price.  According to a 2014 report, the orphan drug market has become increasingly lucrative for a number of reasons. The cost of clinical trials for orphan drugs is substantially lower than for other diseases —trial sizes are naturally much smaller than for more common diseases that affect more people. Small clinical trials and little competition place these orphan agents at an advantage when they come up for regulatory review. Further reduction to the cost of development is because of the tax incentives in the Orphan Drug Act of 1983. On average the cost per person for orphan drugs is "six times that of non-orphan drugs, a clear indication of their pricing power". Although there are much smaller orphan disease populations, the cost of per-person outlays are the largest and are expected to increase with wider use of public subsidies.  In December 2014, the provincial government of Ontario, Canada negotiated the price with the manufacturer, the only drug approved by Health Canada to treat aHUS. People can apply for it on "compassionate grounds" "on a case-by-case basis for example individuals who have been urgently hospitalized due to an immediate life-, limb-, or organ-threatening complication." It then was already "funded by the Ontario government for the treatment of another rare illness, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), through a bulk-buy deal reached by the provincial premiers in 2011."  In February 2015, Canada’s drug-price regulator took the rare step of calling a hearing into Soliris, accusing Alexion of exceeding the permissible price cap under the ""Highest International Price Comparison"" (HIPC). In June 2015, the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board (PMPRB) under the Canadian Patent Act, held a preliminary hearing in Ottawa, Ontario to examine allegations. John Haslam, President and General Manager of Vaughan, Ontario-based Alexion Canada, was named as one of the respondents. Alexion charges Canada $700,000 per person per year, more than anywhere else in the world. Alexion denies the claim. In Canada "provincial drug plans have already negotiated secret discounts on Soliris for many of the patients they cover."  As of 2015, while Eculizumab in PNH was associated with 1.13 additional life years and 2.45 quality of life years QALYs, there has been a high incremental cost (CAN$5.24 million) and a substantial opportunity cost. A 2014 Canadian study calculated the cost per life-year-gained with treatment as CAN$4.62 million (US$4,571,564) and cost per quality-adjusted-life-year as CAN$2.13 million (US$2,112,398)."The incremental cost per life year and per QALY gained is CAN$4.62 million and CAN$2.13 million, respectively. Based on established thresholds, the opportunity cost of funding eculizumab is 102.3 discounted QALYs per patient funded."  By 2015, industry analysts and academic researchers agreed that the high price of orphan drugs, such as eculizumab, was not related to research, development, and manufacturing costs: their price is arbitrary and they have become more profitable than traditional medicines. Sachdev Sidhu, a University of Toronto scientist, who spent ten years at Genentech before academia, estimated that public science was responsible for well over 80% of the work. "Public resources went into understanding the molecular basis of the disease, public resources went into the technology to make antibodies and finally, Alexion, to their credit, kind of picked up the pieces." The cost of manufacturing Soliris' monoclonal antibodies is less than "1 percent of the price of the drug," he said.  Brazil's supreme court had decided in April 2018 to break the patent of Soliris in Brazil following local law. This medicine was only provided by the government's health system (SUS) and now it can be produced by other companies in that country.

Biosimilar competition.

While the FDA will not approve biosimilar applications for Eculizumab before 16 March 2019, there is an ongoing debate over the length of exclusivity periods. National regulators protect orphan drug producers from competition with biosimilar products through a multi-year exclusivity period, it is challenged as markets open and international trade deals are negotiated —such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). A generic version, branded "Elizaria'", is available in Russia.

Eculizumab, sold under the trade name Soliris among others, is a medication used to treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and neuromyelitis optica. In people with PNH, it reduces both the destruction of red blood cells and need for blood transfusion, but does not appear to affect the risk of death. Eculizumab was the first drug approved for each of its uses, and its approval was granted based on small trials. It is given in a clinic by intravenous (IV) infusion. Side effects include a risk for meningococcal infections and it is only prescribed to those who have enrolled in and follow a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, which involves counseling people and ensuring that they are vaccinated. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody functioning as a terminal complement inhibitor. It has been developed, manufactured, and marketed by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, which had patent exclusivity until 2017. Alexion started selling eculizumab in 2007 making $295 million in 2008 with its stock price rising 130% in 2010. In 2010, it was the most expensive drug in the world. It costs £340,200 (approximately €430,000) per year for ongoing treatment in the UK, $500,000 a year in Canada, and US$409,500 a year in the United States (2010). In 2015, it was the 4th most expensive medication in the US on a per person treated basis.

L' (nom commercial : "Soliris") est un anticorps monoclonal dirigé contre la fraction C5 du complément. En se liant avec le facteur C5, il en bloque son clivage (empêche la formation de C5a et C5b) et inhibe de ce fait, en partie, le processus inflammatoire (activité pro-inflammatoire de C5a).


Club career.

Cracovia.

Born in Tarnów, Klich debuted in the Ekstraklasa in November 2008. During the 2009–10 season, he gradually became a regular in Cracovia's starting eleven.

Wolfsburg.

On 14 June 2011, he signed with Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg on a three-year deal. Wolfsburg paid €1.5 million for Klich, making him the most valuable player in Cracovia's club history.

PEC Zwolle.

Klich was sent on loan to Dutch club PEC Zwolle for half a season before making the transfer permanent for a fee reported as €200,000, with Wolfsburg securing a repurchase option. During his time at Zwolle he won the 2013–14 KNVB Cup on 20 April 2014 beating Ajax 5–1 in the final which also saw the side obtain Europa League qualification.

Return to Wolfsburg.

In June 2014 Wolfsburg exercised their repurchase option for Klich. During the subsequent first half of the season however, he did not play in the Bundesliga, after struggling to displace regular starters Kevin De Bruyne, Josuha Guilavogui and Luiz Gustavo in the centre midfield positions and was used only in the reserve team.

1. FC Kaiserslautern.

In early January 2015, Klich joined 2. Bundesliga club 1. FC Kaiserslautern, with him signing a contract until summer 2018. The transfer fee was undisclosed.

FC Twente.

On 26 August 2016, he joined Eredivisie side FC Twente on a three-year contract. He was given squad number 43 and made his debut for FC Twente on 10 September 2016 against SC Heerenveen. He scored his first goal for the club on 2 October 2016, in a 1–1 draw against Heracles Almelo. In his first season at the club, he scored eight goals and made six assists to help FC Twente to a seventh-place finish in the Eredivisie.

Leeds United.

After an initial bid was rejected, on 23 June 2017, Klich signed a three-year deal with English club Leeds United for an undisclosed fee. On 9 August, he made his first-team debut in a 4–1 League Cup victory against Port Vale, and his League debut 10 days later in a 2–0 win against Sunderland. However, he found himself behind Kalvin Phillips, Eunan O'Kane and Ronaldo Vieira in the pecking order. His first and only League start for the season came on 26 September 2017, in the defeat against Cardiff City with Klich slipping and losing possession leading to a goal from Kenneth Zohore. Klich revealed that he felt his unfortunate slip led to him being dropped by the then manager Thomas Christiansen. After October he was used very sparsely.  On 22 January 2018, Klich joined Dutch club FC Utrecht on a six-month loan from Leeds United until the end of the 2017–18 season.

FC Utrecht loan.

On 22 January 2018, Klich was sent on loan at FC Utrecht until the end of the season. On 4 February 2018, Klich made his debut in a 2–2 draw against Excelsior. He quickly re-found his form at FC Utrecht, he gained an assist against Roda JC on 18 February in a 4–1 victory.  On 29 April 2018, after FC Utrecht's 2–2 draw against Heracles Almelo, Klich according to Opta Stats created 11 chances against Heracles Almelo and gained an assist and man of the match award in the match; the chance creation by Klich was the highest number of chances created in a single Eredivisie match since Christian Eriksen for Ajax in 2012 against Roda JC.  On 6 May 2018, on the final day of the season, Klich scored the winner for Utrecht (his first goal for the club) in a 1–0 victory against VVV-Venlo. Klich impressed for Utrecht during the loan spell and helped them finish 5th and into the Eredivisie Europa League playoffs. When asked if he would return to Leeds he said he 'was 99% sure as he had unfinished business'.

2018–19 season.

After returning to Leeds for the start of pre-season under new Leeds head coach Marcelo Bielsa, Klich made his first appearance back at Leeds in the pre-season friendly 1–1 draw against York City on 20 July 2018, where he played in a new centre-back role before reverting to a deep-lying playmaker position in the second half. He scored his first league goal for Leeds in the opening game of the 2018–19 season on 5 August 2018 against Stoke City at Elland Road in a 3–1 win, his first competitive game for the club in almost seven months. He followed that goal up the following week by scoring his second goal for the club in a 4–1 win against Derby County on 11 August 2018. After scoring against Norwich City on 25 August, his third goal in five games, Klich was named in the Poland squad for the first time in 4 years after impressing for Leeds at the beginning of the 2018–19 season.  On 28 April, Klich scored a 'controversial goal' (his 9th of the season). The goal came in a match against Aston Villa during a 1–1 draw, when Jonathan Kodjia remained on the ground with an injury. Teammate Tyler Roberts passed the ball to Klich who took it up the left wing and put the ball into the far corner past Jed Steer. The goal – the first of the game – sparked pandemonium, with Villa's Conor Hourihane, Ahmed Elmohamady, Neil Taylor and Leeds' Patrick Bamford caught up in a fracas with Klich at its centre, which involved several additional players from both sides and was eventually broken up by referee Stuart Attwell, Elland Road stewards and other players. In the immediate aftermath, Attwell sent off the peripherally involved Anwar El Ghazi with a straight red card (subsequently rescinded by the F.A.) and head coach Marcelo Bielsa's response to his players was, in the interests of fairness and after consulting with Villa boss Dean Smith, that his team should allow an unchallenged equaliser to be scored. From the restart, Albert Adomah essentially walked the ball into net unchallenged by 10 Leeds players, with only Pontus Jansson giving chase and nearly dispossessing the forward.  On 28 April, he won both the Leeds United Goal of the Season award at the clubs annual ceremony for his goal against Sheffield Wednesday. On 5 May 2019, Klich scored his 10th goal of the season in a 3–2 defeat against Ipswich Town.  During the 2018–19 Leeds United F.C. season, Klich played 50 games in all competitions, scoring 10 goals and 9 assists, being the club's only ever-present player for the League season, after Leeds finished the regular season in third place after dropping out of the automatic promotion places with 3 games left after a defeat to 10 man Wigan Athletic on 19 April. Leeds qualified for the playoffs, including Klich starting the playoff fixtures against sixth-placed Derby County, despite Leeds taking a 1–0 win at Pride Park into the home leg at Elland Road, Leeds lost 2–4 in an encounter that saw Dallas score a brace in the second leg, with Leeds down to 10 men after the red card of Gaetano Berardi, and saw Derby progress to the final against Aston Villa.

2019–20 season.

He scored his first goal of the 2019–20 season on 13 August in the EFL Cup against Salford City to help earn a 3–0 victory. He scored his 2nd goal of the season in Leeds 2–0 win against Barnsley on 15 September 2019.  On 9 November, Klich signed a new four-and-a-half-year contract with Leeds. He has started every league game since Marcelo Bielsa became manager in 2018 and his previous three-year deal with Leeds was due to expire in the summer of 2020. On 30 November, Klich scored 2 goals in a 4-0 victory against Middlesbrough. This took Leeds to the top of the Championship, and sealed their 5 game winning streak.  On 19 December, Klich won the EFL Championship Goal of the Month for November for his long range strike against Middlesbrough.

International career.

Klich made his debut for the national team of Poland on 5 June 2011 in a friendly match against Argentina. Poland won the match 2–1. He scored his first goal in national team in the friendly game against Denmark on 14 August 2013.  On 27 August 2018, Klich was named in Poland team by manager Jerzy Brzęczek for matches with Italy and Republic of Ireland after a four-year absence from the Poland national side, with Klich impressing for Leeds after scoring 3 goals and 1 assist in the first 5 games of the 2018–19 season. On 7 September, Klich started for Poland in their UEFA Nations League 1–1 draw against Italy, with Klich having an involvement in the opening goal for Piotr Zieliński. On 11 September, he came off the bench in a friendly against Republic of Ireland to score an 87th-minute equalizer, his second national team goal to date.

Personal life.

His father is Wojciech Klich, who was also a professional footballer, playing 84 matches in the Polish first division, and currently works as a youth coach at Cracovia. His mother Małgorzata is a PE teacher who won a bronze medal at the Polish championships for 800m freestyle, whilst his sister Maja is a swimmer as well.

Trivia.

Leeds United's fans terrace song for Klich '40 Yards or 50 yards' is a reworked version of the song Rotterdam by The Beautiful South.

Honours.

PEC Zwolle  Individual

Mateusz Andrzej Klich (; born 13 June 1990) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Leeds United and the Poland national team.

Mateusz Klich, né le à Tarnów, est un footballeur professionnel polonais. Il occupe le poste de milieu de terrain au Leeds United.


History.

The square has its origins in the defensive walls constructed in the Middle Ages to protect the city. The site of Rembrandtplein held a "Regulierspoort" or gateway into the city. By 1655, the city had expanded beyond this area and it began to attract visiting farmers who brought their butter, dairy and poultry products to sell in the city and it became known as "Botermarkt" or butter market. By 1668, the Regulierspoort housed a "Waaggebouw" or weigh house. Each autumn, the square hosted a fair and the farmers' stalls were replaced by dance orchestras and circus tents. The market continued under this name until 1876 when a statue of Rembrandt by sculptor Louis Royer was moved from the perimeter to the centre of the square and it was renamed "Rembrandtplein" (eng.: Rembrandt Square).  By the early twentieth century, the square developed into a centre for nightlife drawing artists, young people and laborers. To serve these visitors, several hotels, cafés and entertainment venues opened in the adjoining streets. The area continues to be popular with residents and tourists.

Adjacent area.

The square is bordered on the east by Utrechtsestraat, Reguliersdwarsstraat on the south, Regulierbreestraat on the north and Halvemaansbrug on the west. The largest building on the square, across Utrechtsestraat, was designed in 1926 by architects Bert Johan Ouëndag and Hendrik Petrus Berlage as the head office of the Amsterdamsche Bank, later ABN AMRO. ABN AMRO vacated the structure in 2002 and in 2011 it reopened as retail office building named simply "The Bank" with of space after a five-year renovation.  Thorbeckeplein, named after politician Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (1798–1872), is adjacent to the south, and leads to Herengracht.  Tram lines 4, 9 and 14 operate on Regulierbreestraat and connect Rembrandtplein to the Stopera, northwest across the Blauwbrug (Blue Bridge) on the Amstel River, Dam Square to the northeast, and Amsterdam Centraal railway station.

Design.

In December 2006, the square became home to a large interactive LCD-screen. The display measures and, in addition to programmed advertisements, allows passers-by to upload videos with a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone. At the time of installation, the screen was the largest in Europe at.  The statue of Rembrandt was made in 1852 by sculptor Louis Royer and is of cast iron. It was cast in one piece and it is Amsterdam's oldest surviving statue in a public space. The current design of the square is the result of a €3.5 million renovation completed in December 2009. The statue is on a grey granite base bearing a replica of his signature. It occupies a space in the centre of the square facing a plaza paved with matching gray granite slabs accented by planters, trees and a small fountain. The perimeter of the square is bordered by grass and trees.

"The Night Watch".

As part of the celebration of the artist's 400th birthday in 2006, a bronze-cast representation of his most famous painting, "The Night Watch", by Russian artists Mikhail Dronov and Alexander Taratynov was displayed around the Royer work. This bronze-cast representation of the famous painting was on display for three-years before traveling to New York City, Moscow and Oranienbaum, Russia. In 2012, the bronze "Night Watch" sculptures returned to the redesigned square where they serve as a magnet for visitors. In January 2013, the Rembrandtplein Entrepreneurs Foundation began a fundraiser to keep the sculptures in the square throughout the year.

Rembrandtplein (Rembrandt Square) is a major square in central Amsterdam, Netherlands, named after Rembrandt van Rijn who owned a house nearby from 1639 to 1656.

La Rembrandtplein, également connue en français en tant que place Rembrandt, est une place de la capitale néerlandaise Amsterdam, située dans l'arrondissement de Centrum, dans le prolongement de la Reguliersbreestraat et de l'Amstelstraat (menant au Blauwbrug), à proximité des rives de l'Amstel et du Singel. Elle se trouve également au nord-ouest de la Utrechtsestraat, l'une des principales rues commerçantes de la ville, ainsi qu'au nord-est de la Thorbeckeplein, dominée par une statue de Johan Thorbecke.


Major League Baseball.

St. Louis Cardinals.

Andrew Brown was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 18th round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft.

2011.

Andrew Brown was called up on June 12, 2011. After hitting.182 in 11 games for St. Louis, he was left off the team's postseason roster and designated for assignment on October 9.

Colorado Rockies.

2012.

He was claimed off waivers by the Colorado Rockies on October 12.  During the 2012 season, Brown appeared in 46 games for the Rockies, batting.232 with 5 home runs and 11 runs batted in. On the final day of the regular season, he was ejected by umpire Mark Ripperger for arguing that he had been hit by a pitch that was instead ruled a foul ball.

New York Mets.

2013.

On January 2, 2013 he signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets that contained an invitation to spring training. He started the season in AAA with the Las Vegas 51s and was called up to the majors on May 3, 2013 when Collin Cowgill was optioned to Las Vegas. During Spring Training 2014 he changed his number from 47 to 30.

2014.

On opening day, March 31, 2014, Brown started in place of Chris Young and hit a three-run home run in the first inning off of Stephen Strasburg.  He was claimed off waivers by the Oakland Athletics on October 31, 2014. The Athletics designated him for assignment on November 23, when they acquired Ike Davis. However, the Athletics did not tender him a contract by the December 2 deadline, and he became a free agent.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

On February 2, 2016, Brown signed a minor league contract with Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.  On February 29, 2016 he announced his retirement, stating he wished to spend more time with his family.

KBO League.

SK Wyverns.

On January 15, 2015, Andrew Brown signed a one-year, $700,000 contract with the SK Wyverns of the KBO League. During his lone season with the SK Wyverns, he hit.261 with 28 HRs and 76 RBIs.

Andrew Marshall Brown (born September 10, 1984) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Colorado Rockies and New York Mets, and for the SK Wyverns of the KBO League.

Andrew Marshall Brown (né le à Carrollton, Texas, États-Unis) est un voltigeur de baseball. Il évolue dans la Ligue majeure de baseball de 2011 à 2014.


Career.

A native of Wilmington, Delaware, Widger graduated from Pennsville Memorial High School in Pennsville Township, New Jersey, and George Mason University, where he played college baseball. In 1991, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League.  A third round pick in the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft, Widger played for the Seattle Mariners (-, ), Montréal Expos (-2000), New York Yankees (), St. Louis Cardinals (), Chicago White Sox (-), and Baltimore Orioles (2006). On July 23, 2006, he was placed on waivers by the White Sox, who had acquired Sandy Alomar, Jr. to replace him as their backup catcher. On August 4, 2006, Widger was signed by the Orioles to a contract for the rest of the 2006 season.  Widger played 10 years in MLB. He established himself as an everyday player during his tenure with the Expos, who acquired him, along with Matt Wagner and Trey Moore in a trade that saw Jeff Fassero and Alex Pacheco go to the Seattle Mariners. After playing the 2004 season with the independent Camden Riversharks, Widger made it back to the MLB with the Chicago White Sox as a backup where he won a World Series in 2005. He played catcher, but also played at first base, third base, and once in the outfield.  He served as the Camden Riversharks pitching coach from 2012–2014, before being named the team's manager on December 5, 2014. In 2016, he became the Bench Coach for the Wilmington Blue Rocks, the Advanced-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. He was named Wilmington's manager in January 2020.

Christopher Jon Widger (born May 21, 1971) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) catcher. He played in MLB from 1995-2006 with the Seattle Mariners, Montreal Expos, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago White Sox and Baltimore Orioles. In January 2020, after a few seasons as a minor league bench coach, he was named the manager of the Wilmington Blue Rocks.

Christopher Jon Widger (né le 21 mai 1971 à Wilmington, Delaware, États-Unis) est un receveur qui joue dans les Ligues majeures de baseball pendant 10 saisons de 1995 à 2006.


Background.

Recording and development.

Prior to worldwide success with The Pussycat Dolls, Scherzinger initially began work on her debut studio album back in 2005. The project, titled "", saw the singer recording 75–100 songs, with some of the songs later ending up with the Pussycat Dolls. Amongst those working on the album were Akon, Gary Lightbody, Dr. Dre, Ne-Yo, T.I., Timbaland, will.i.am, and Kanye West. However following four unsuccessful singles, Scherzinger admitted she was going to restart her album. In an interview with "Billboard" magazine in April 2009, she said "the current incarnation of [my album] is just in talks and in the writing process. I haven't started recording yet". Singer-songwriter Keri Hilson, confirmed that Scherzinger's album was not released so that Scherzinger could focus on releasing new music with the Pussycat Dolls instead. Then in January 2010, Scherzinger began the recording and writing process once again, reuniting with Ne-Yo on "personal and heartfelt" tracks. She attempted to launch her debut album for a second time on May 2010, with a brand new "rock, funk, soul edge" sound, and a brand new single "Nobody Can Change Me".  Then in August 2010, Moroccan producer RedOne confirmed his involvement in the project during an interview with BBC Music, where he confirmed that the it was the third time that new material had been recorded for the album. When asked why he thought the album didn't previously come out RedOne said "Her last one never came out because it was collecting hamburgers, like fast food. One from McDonald's, one from Burger King, and so on. It tasted good, but it wasn't consistent." He confirmed that he had produced the majority of the new album. Scherzinger followed up his comments in an interview with "X" magazine in September 2010. She said "It was actually my decision not to put "Her Name Is Nicole" out, not the label's". Scherzinger then said how much of an honor it was to work with RedOne. "He's an unbelievable producer and musician. He had made some amazing songs with Lady Gaga. Now, there is someone with the 'x factor'. I can't touch GaGa or RedOne in that space, but I know that we've created something unique of our own." RedOne revealed that Jimmy Iovine (chairman of Scherzinger's record label) personally called him to work on Scherzinger's album. According to "Billboard", Scherzinger had collaborated with Ne-Yo and Jay Sean for songs on the album, while Scherzinger confirmed that the album was mostly up-tempo songs which "lend themselves to live performances". Though Ne-Yo's songs are not featured on the international version of the album, Scherzinger confirmed that songs produced by the singer-songwriter would appear on the US version of "Killer Love". When Scherzinger was asked by her UK-label (Polydor Records) which artists she wanted to work with, Scherzinger's only request was UK rapper Plan B.

Re-releases.

In the UK and Ireland, a new version of the album was released in November 2011, featuring several new songs including a new single, "Try With Me". A further repackaged version of the album was in development for the US, featuring an alternate track listing; Scherzinger confirmed, during an interview with MTV, that the US album would contain contributions from RedOne, Ne-Yo, Jim Jonsin, The-Dream and Tricky Stewart. In addition to this, 50 Cent was featured on the album's US lead single, a new version of the Jonsin-produced, "Right There". American hip-hop artist Snoop Dogg was to appear on one of the new songs recorded for the US album. At the time of recording in August 2011, Scherzinger had over forty songs to choose from for the new release, but said that it would "not be finished until the very last minute. I don't know if I will ever feel like I have finished the album." After being part of the inaugural judging panel on the first season of reality TV show, "The X Factor USA", the following year in 2012, Scherzinger crossed the Atlantic to judge (and win) the ninth series of the British edition of "The X Factor". Whilst deciding whether or not to return to tenth series, Scherzinger unveiled that she had been working on her second studio album due for a global release in November 2013. The planned US release of the album and the "Killer Love" era ended soon after; Digital Spy confirmed that Scherzinger had left Interscope for a new record deal with RCA Records and Sony Music. Her second album, "Big Fat Lie" was released on October 17, 2014.

Title and artwork.

In early 2011, Scherzinger announced that the musically diverse music she recorded had a bittersweet theme in which she titled the album, "Killer Love", saying "I wrote 'Killer Love' about a tortured love. Where you can't get enough of the love but it's not good for you. And I guess when the fans listen to the album, I want them to know that a lot of the music that I chose had to do with my past experiences and relationships, where I've lost myself many times. It's [about] being lost and broken and in a very fearful, dark place and the process [of] coming out of that. It's a very empowering album but it comes from a place of heartbreak." On March 2, 2011, Rap-Up revealed the cover art along with the track listing for "Killer Love". On the standard cover, Scherzinger strikes a comfy pose, cracking a half-smile with a tuft of gray fur draped over her left shoulder. On October 20, 2011, the re-release cover was released with Scherzinger smiling coyly and draped lightly in a loose, unidentified, furry and wind-blown article of clothing similar to the first cover.

Music, songs and lyrics.

Digital Spy asked Scherzinger to describe "Killer Love"s sound, during an interview she replied said "the album is largely produced by RedOne, I wanted something explosive that could be staged live in a full performance and I needed music to match the intensity. That's what he did. It's raw, dangerous and big. That's what I want to be on stage. It's a different energy to Lady Gaga. The music is more rock, funk and soul inspired." "Killer Love" sees Scherzinger duet with two male vocalists. On the ballad, "Power's Out", she duets with English recording artist Sting. Speaking of their collaboration, which took place with both singers in the same studio, Scherzinger said "[Sting's] energy is very commanding, in a subtle way. He is giving, generous and kind. I flew to Boston for his show with The Police. I met him and he was everything and more than I thought. I felt like we were doing yoga when we were singing. He was such an easy guy to work with... Singing on the same mic you are really close. He had fresh breath. No broccoli in the teeth." David Renshaw from PopDash said the song borrowed elements and the sound from The Police, a band Sting was previously lead singer of, and in particular their 1983 hit single "Every Breath You Take". The other duet is with Enrique Iglesias, on his 2010 single "Heartbeat". The version featured on "Killer Love" is the "Rude Well's Open Heart Remix". Ellwood noted that the remix "added beats changing the tone of the song completely."  Some of the album's ballads, "Casualty" and "Desperate", were likened to the style of Leona Lewis. "Casualty" is one of the album's two closing ballads, the other being "AmenJena". The former is a "contemporary ballad-that's-not-a-ballad", while the latter is slower and more moving, as it is stripped of the album's synthesized and electronic production, to leace Scherzinger's voice with the piano-led melody. The album's other ballad "Everybody" also restricts the polished production, "to allow Scherzinger's voice to be the main focus." Kim Dawson, from "The Daily Star", noted "Everybody" as the album's "goosebump ballad" moment. When talking to MTV, in the United States, Scherzinger said [in context of the US version of her album] it was "a mixture of strong dance anthems, urban twists and uplifting songs."  Critics noted "You Will Be Loved" for its background vocals, which contain some yodelling. Its chorus is constructed by repeating the title of the song, similar to "Gimme More" by Britney Spears (2007) and "Halo" by Beyoncé Knowles (2009). It was written by Timothy and Theron Thomas, a duo who had previously written "Supervillain", the third single from Scherzinger's ill-fated first incarnation of her solo album, "Her Name Is Nicole". "Right There" was compared to Rihanna's "Rude Boy", only politer in tone. Both "Rude Boy" and "Right There" were co-written by Ester Dean. The latter features a "glistening beat", over which Scherzinger becomes territorial with her man, and warns other girls away. Additionally, an alternate version of the song was recorded with 50 Cent, to be included on the US version of "Killer Love". The album's lead single, "Poison", was described by 4 Music as a club thumper, while the follow-up, "Don't Hold Your Breath", was described as "sort-of-ballad-but-not-really." "The Observer"s Michael Cragg also noted "Don't Hold Your Breath" as a "classy don't-darken-my-door-again anthem." Dawson noted the freedom theme in the song, likening it to a "Sugababe trying to break free," while Renshaw compared the song to Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown's 2008 duet "No Air".  "Killer Love" also features a number of up-tempo songs including "Wet", described as a "party playlist essential" thanks to its throbbing base and electronic beats. It was described, by Phillip Ellwood from Entertainment Focus, as the best of the up-tempos. the title track was described as "catchy", with a "juicy beat", and "radio-friendly" chorus. It features a "HI-NRG" beat with saucy lyrics which "equate love to actual, physical pain." Another one of the up-tempo songs, "Club Banger Nation" features a 1990s Europop introduction, with "shimmering beats and belting vocals" "Say Yes" was originally produced by The Cave (Jonas Saeed & Pontus Söderqvist), during early recording sessions. It was written by RedOne, Jimmy Joker, Jonas Saeed, Pontus Söderqvist, Nailah Thourbourne, Nyanda Thourbourne, Tasha Thourbourne, Candace Thourbourne. Nailah had previously worked with Scherzinger twice, contributing to "Puakenikini" with Nayanda Thourborne and working with Akon, Scherzinger and Giorgio Tuinfort on the song "On My Side". Both were recorded for "Her Name Is Nicole", though the former was also released as one of the cancelled album's ill-fated singles. For its inclusion on "Killer Love", "Say Yes" was re-tooled and reproduced by RedOne and Joker. Renshaw compared the song to works by Taio Cruz, thanks to the elements of Eurodance present in its production.

Reception.

Critical response.

Upon its release, "Killer Love" received a mixed to positive response from critics. Some praised Scherzinger's strong vocals and conviction to convey emotion, while others criticized her choice of allowing RedOne to produce the majority of the album, stating that some of the songs sounded too similar to each other. "The Observer"s Michael Cragg noted the album as being consistent with most other modern R&B albums, stating ""Killer Love" is two thirds deliriously catchy pop stompers and one third balladry." Cragg also noted that Scherzinger's "not so inconsiderable voice" takes a backseat allowing the record producers to inject their own influences into her music. Alex Macpherson from BBC Online commented that "Scherzinger is one of the few pop performers with the requisite power to dominate [her] beats rather than vice versa. "Killer Love" is far from the album you sense Scherzinger could still deliver: at times, her personality is all that – barely – carries substandard, unmemorable songs." Kim Dawson from "The Daily Star" was positive, saying that "Nicole's solo record truly is killer and no filler." Another positive reaction came from "Entertainment Focus" who went to say that: "Killer Love is a competent and enjoyable record from one of the nicest women in pop. Fingers crossed this time it works out for her." The 4Music review was also positive, noting that "Killer Love will definitely establish her as a viable act in her own right." Robert Copsey wrote favorably for Digital Spy that ""Killer Love" is a sturdy debut from the part-time "X Factor" judge that, in part, lives up to her promise of being "in your face and strong".  However, Hugh Montgomery from "The Independent" gave it a negative review for a perceived lack of originality and musical identity, calling it "a debut that bludgeons the listener with faux-raunchy Euro-dance before flatlining with the obligatory earnest balladry and a Sting duet. At 14 tracks, it's at least 12 too long, much of it imaginably pilfered off Rihanna's reject pile." Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote for AllMusic that the album don't have "powerful hooks in the rhythms or melodies." At the end of 2011, Pop Justice ranked "Killer Love" the tenth best album of 2011.

Commercial performance.

"Killer Love" made its chart debut in Ireland on March 25, 2011, at number fourteen. Two days later, it would make its UK Album Chart debut at number eight, selling 19,743 copies. That same day, the album also charted at number four on the UK's Digital Albums Chart. Upon the release of "Killer Love", the title track charted on the UK Singles Chart at 184 due to strong digital sales from the album. On April 2, 2011, the album made its debut on the Scottish Albums Chart at number six becoming "Killer Love"s highest charting position on any chart. It became the 73rd biggest selling album of the year in the same country. "Killer Love" was the twentieth best selling album by a female artist in 2011.  After four months of release, "Killer Love" managed to sell 200,500 copies in the United Kingdom. It spent a total of 36 consecutive weeks on the UK Albums Chart in 2011. On March 26, the album was released in France and sold 10,000 copies. Elsewhere, "Killer Love" charted at number 23 in France, 26 in Australia and 34 in New Zealand. The album has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 100,000 copies.

Promotion.

Live performances.

The first single, "Poison" was performed for the first time on the series seven of "The X Factor", on November 28, 2010. The following day, she reprised the performance on ITV's breakfast show, "Daybreak" Scherzinger performed her next single, "Don't Hold Your Breath" live for the first time on series six of "Dancing on Ice" on March 6, 2011. Scherzinger promoted the single again on "Loose Women" on March 7, 2011. During the week the song was also performed on "Lorraine" on March 8, 2011, and on March 13, 2011, on "Let's Dance for Comic Relief". On March 17, 2011, she performed on "T4".  On August 18, 2011, Scherzinger performed the song for the first time in the US on "Regis & Kelly". On October 12, 2011, Scherzinger performed the song on "Good Morning America". Scherzinger performed the song for the last time in the US on November 11, 2011, on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". On May 19, 2011, Scherzinger and 50 Cent made their debut performance of "Right There" on the stage of "American Idol". An editor from "Rap-Up" magazine agreed, saying that "The ex-Pussycat Doll heated up the stage in a show-stopping dress while performing [her] single." Amy Sciarretto praised Nicole Scherzinger's performance complimenting on her vocal and dancing abilities. Sciarretto said "Scherzinger's performance was easily the most choreographed of the season... However, Scherzinger never sacrificed a melody, a vocal line or a beat in favor of keeping her body moving. That's a skill and a talent that takes lots of practice, and one that this crop of contestants is quickly learning." The duo performed the song live again together on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on May 24, 2011.  In June 2011, Scherzinger flew to the UK to promote her next single, "Right There", first performing on the final of "Britain's Got Talent". Later the same week, on June 10, 2011, she performed it again on "The Graham Norton Show". Scherzinger further promoted her single in the United States first performing it on July 13 at the Universal CityWalk and then on July 14 on the eighth season of "So You Think You Can Dance". Scherzinger performed the last single, "Try With Me" live for the first time on the eighth series of "The X Factor" on October 30, 2011. She performed it again on "This Morning" on November 4, 2011.

The Killer Love Tour.

On October 25, 2011, Scherzinger made an announcement in the UK that she would embark on her very first solo tour in February 2012. Scherzinger performed seven shows and the tour received positive feedback from critics.

Singles.

To lead the album's release in the United Kingdom, "Poison" was unveiled as "Killer Love"s lead single on October 14, 2010. Then on December 11, 2010, the single debuted at number one on the Scottish Singles Chart. Additionally "Poison" made its UK chart debut at number three with first-week sales of 67,425 thus becoming one of her most successful single in the UK, as a solo or featured artist. It also peaked at number two on the UK Digital Singles chart. In Ireland, the single debuted at number seven becoming her best charting single as a lead artist.  Second single, "Don't Hold Your Breath" was produced by Carl Falk, Steve Josefsson (of the Swedish House Mafia) and Rami Yacoub. It was released from March 10, 2011. It peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart selling 98,000 copies in its first week, and top-five in Ireland. "Don't Hold Your Breath" was released as a digital download in the US in August 2011, it serves as the second US single and impacted US radio on September 20, 2011.  After gaining international attention, "Right There" impacted on UK urban music radio on April 1, 2011, as the album's third UK single. The song was released digitally in the United Kingdom on May 17, 2011. Meanwhile, for its release as the lead single for the US edition of "Killer Love", the song was re-recorded to feature two new verses from American rapper 50 Cent. This version of the song was available for purchase at the US iTunes store on May 17, 2011. It peaked on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at 39, thus becoming her first US single as a lead artist to enter the Hot 100. Scherzinger performed "Right There" live for the first time on American Idol, to coincide with the song's US release.  On July 14, 2011, it was revealed that "Wet" would be released as the album's fourth UK single. On the week of August 20, 2011, it climbed 156 places to peak at number 21 with a lack of sales and has sold over 148,000 copies to date. "Wet" debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number forty-eight on the week ending August 11, 2011. The following week, August 18, 2011, "Wet" climbed to number 29 on the Irish Singles Chart. The song also peaked at number thirteen on the Scottish Singles Chart.  "Try with Me" was released on October 30, 2011, as the lead single from the European re-release and over-all fifth single from "Killer Love". The song and its video made its premiere on October 18, 2011, at Capital FM and MSN.com, respectively. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number eighteen on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated November 12, 2011. It sold 21,315 copies in its first week.

Personnel.

Adapted from the album booklet.

Killer Love is the debut solo studio album by American singer Nicole Scherzinger. It was released on March 18, 2011 by Interscope Records, in association with its affiliated record labels. Scherzinger had been working on a solo album since 2005, under the title "Her Name Is Nicole" and was originally due for release in 2007. However, unsuccessful singles and poor timing led the project being pushed back numerous times. After releasing The Pussycat Dolls' second album "Doll Domination" (2008), Scherzinger shelved the project entirely citing bad timing and creative issues as the reasons for its cancellation. Many of its songs were reassigned to the Dolls or other artists. In 2010, Moroccan producer RedOne was brought on board for a second attempt at launching her solo album.

Killer Love est le premier album studio de la chanteuse américaine Nicole Scherzinger, ancienne membre du groupe des Pussycat Dolls. Il est sorti le chez Interscope Records.


History.

After the fall of Greece, General Georgios Tsolakoglou was appointed as Prime minister of the new Greek government on April 30, 1941. As King George II had left the country with the legitimate Greek government-in-exile, the new regime avoided all reference to the Greek monarchy and used "Hellenic State" as the country's official, generic, name. The collaborationist regime lacked a precise political definition, although Tsolakoglou, a republican officer, considered the Axis occupation as an opportunity to abolish the monarchy, and announced its end upon taking office. The existence of a native Greek government was considered necessary by the Axis powers, in order to give some appearance of legitimacy to their occupation, although it was never given more than an ancillary role. The country's infrastructures had been ruined by the war. Raw materials and foodstuffs were requisitioned, and the government was forced to pay the cost of the occupation, giving rise to inflation, further exacerbated by a "war loan" Greece was forced to grant to Nazi Germany. Requisitions, together with the Allied blockade of Greece, resulted during the winter of 1941-42 in the Great Famine (Greek: Μεγάλος Λιμός), which caused the deaths of an estimated 300,000 people.  The "Hellenic State" lacked the infrastructures and latitude for action to face the great difficulties of the Occupation period; it was also devoid of any political legitimacy, and was widely considered a puppet government. Tsolakoglou demanded greater political rights for his government, and soon threatened to resign. The proclamation of a mandatory work service in Germany for Greek citizens proved widely unpopular and hastened the fall of Tsolakoglou: on 17 November 1942, he was sacked and replaced by his deputy, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos. The new government announced that 80,000 Greek citizens were to be sent to Germany. This led to widespread demonstrations and strikes, and the decision was eventually revoked. Logothetopoulos, who had protested against the measures taken by the Axis occupation authorities, was himself sacked on 6 April 1943. Against the wishes of the Italians, who favored Finance Minister Sotirios Gotzamanis, he was replaced by Ioannis Rallis, a monarchist politician. Rallis, who was looking beyond the German withdrawal from Greece to the restoration of the post-war political order, and who was alarmed by the growth of the mostly Communist-dominated Greek resistance, obtained German consent for the creation of the Security Battalions, armed formations that were used in anti-partisan offensives.  The collaborationist Greek government ceased to exist after the withdrawal of German forces and the liberation of the country in October 1944. Tsolakoglou, Logothetopoulos (in Germany, where he had escaped to) and Rallis were all arrested, along with hundreds of collaborationists. The restored government set up the so-called Trials of Collaborationists (I Diki ton Dosilogon) to judge collaborators, but it made not the major efforts it had announced to punish collaborators: this contributed to the escalation of political enmities in Greece, which in turn played a part in the outbreak of the Greek civil war.

Government and politics.

The regime was first led by Georgios Tsolakoglou, the general who signed the unconditional surrender of the Hellenic Army to the Germans. However, he was sacked a year later and replaced by Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, who himself was sacked in 1943. The last prime minister of the Hellenic State was Ioannis Rallis, who led the collaborationist regime until its dissolution in 1944. Georgios Bakos, a Greek Army major general, served as the minister of national defense, a position which Rallis had previously held in the regime. The Hellenic State was widely viewed as a puppet government and was unpopular with the Greek people.

Collaborationist government-in-exile.

After the liberation of Greece, a new collaborationist government had been established at Vienna, during September of 1944, formed by former collaborationist ministers. It was headed by the former collaborationist minister. During 1945, Tsironikos tried by a Special Collaborators Court and sentenced to death. At 10 May 1945, he was arrested at Vienna by the Allied forces and sent to Greece, where he was imprisoned.

Military.

The collaborationist regime under Rallis set up Security Battalions, units of soldiers that took part in aiding the German Army in fighting the resistance. However, they are known for committing atrocities against the civilian population. An officer named Georgios Bakos served as the minister of national defense.

Administrative divisions.

Administrative-wise, the Hellenic State was divided into a number of prefectures.

The Hellenic State (, "Elliniki Politeia", also translated as Greek State) was the collaborationist government of Greece during the country's occupation by the Axis powers in the Second World War.

L’État grec ou État hellénique (en, "Elliniki Politeia"), est un régime fantoche et collaborateur mis en place par l'occupant nazi et fasciste en Grèce, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Créé en 1941, il lutte activement contre la résistance grecque et dure jusqu'à la libération du pays en 1944.


History.

Daniel da Silva, a returned emigrant from France and Belgium, tried to adapt the croque-monsieur to the Portuguese taste when he moved to Porto. He first created the special sauce and populated the sandwich with local meats in 1953 at 'A "Regaleira"', a restaurant in Rua do Bonjardim, Porto; the Francesinha quickly became a very popular dish and deeply associated with the city, although it can sometimes be found elsewhere in Portugal. A classic francesinha meal would include the sandwich, surrounded on a bed of chips doused in the famous, and complemented with a "fino", which in this context refers to draught beer.  Locals will have their favorite restaurant with the best Francesinha in town, typically arguing about the quality of the sauce (a secret recipe that varies by restaurant) and the quality of the meats.

Availability.

Porto and its surroundings is the traditional area of the francesinha, with many restaurants and cafés serving it. It can also be easily found in several other places across the north of Portugal. In the center and south of Portugal it may be harder to find, but there are an increasing number of restaurants, bars, and cafés serving it, especially in tourist destinations like beach resorts ranging from Figueira da Foz to Albufeira. In Lisbon, a number of bars and restaurants serve varied types of "francesinha", including variations served with green sauce. Francesinha standard sauce bottles have been sold in supermarkets across the entire country since the 2000s, which may be related with a growth of the sandwich's popularity outside Porto Metropolitan Area.

Variations.

There is no standard recipe for the francesinha. Different restaurants in Portugal have special variations, such as:  The Francesinha Especial "(Special Francesinha)" is a Francesinha with egg and / or potato chips. Other variations of the original include fillings such as pork, chicken, pastrami, tuna, codfish and vegetarian options.

Sauce.

Francesinha sauce is a secret, with each establishment having its variation. The only common ingredient is beer. Most, though not all, sauces are tomato based and vary in their degree of spiciness. The color is usually red or orange. Different restaurants that serve Francesinha are characterized based on how good their sauce and mix of meats is perceived to be.

Regional variants.

"Francesinha poveira" is a form of francesinha distinctive to Póvoa de Varzim, north of Porto. Also created in the early 1960s. The poveira form uses different bread and sauce to form a sandwich that can be eaten by hand.  "Pica-pau" is a breadless variant in which a steak is cut into bite-sized pieces and covered with sauce. The name "pica-pau" (woodpecker) references the traditional means of consumption with small skewers or toothpicks—making the diner "peck" at the dish.

Reception.

"The Daily Meal" included the francesinha in their article "12 Life-Changing Sandwiches You've Never Heard Of".

Francesinha (meaning "Little Frenchie" or simply "Frenchie" in Portuguese) is a Portuguese sandwich originally from Porto, made with bread, wet-cured ham, linguiça, fresh sausage like chipolata, steak or roast meat, and covered with melted cheese and a hot and thick spiced tomato and beer sauce. It is typically served with french fries.

La francesinha (« petite française » en portugais) est un plat typique originaire de la région de Porto, au Portugal. En avril 2011, il a été considéré par le site AOL Travel comme un des dix meilleurs sandwichs du monde.


History.

The area is composed of three major rock types, one of these being gneiss. The oldest of these was formed 1300-1600 million years ago. This rock type can be seen along the cliff walls of the Gap. The granites were formed later as the Australian Plate collided with the Antarctic Plate 1160 million years ago as molten rock rose to the surface. These granites are visible in the tors atop Stony Hill.  The park was gazetted in 1918, one of the first in Western Australia. It was later named in 1969 taking the name of the Indigenous Australian clan that lived in the area. The first ranger was appointed in 1973. The park is the most often visited park in Western Australia, with approximately 250,000 visitors per annum.  A large bushfire burnt through of bushland in the area in 2010 and caused the closure of Frenchman Bay Road isolating tourists and residents of the area. In 2015 another fire burnt out of bushland between Stony Hill and the Blowholes including destroying important populations of the critically endangered Banksia verticillata.

Flora and fauna.

A large array of floral species can be found within the park, including the woolly-bush, peppermint tree, swamp yate, various banksias and karri forest. Coastal plants such as native rosemary, banjine and thick leafed fanflower are found in the heath. The park is also home to the very rare Albany woolly-bush and the critically endangered blue tinsel lily of which only a single population exists.  Fauna such as kangaroos, bush rats, pygmy possums and short-nosed bandicoots are found within the park. Many reptile species are also to be found, including tiger snakes, bardick, Children's python and dugites. In 1876 the rare dibbler was found in the park. Birdlife includes honeyeaters, wattlebirds, button quail, western rosella and a variety of seabirds. Whales and seals can be seen from the cliffs of the park in the correct season.  The rare and ancient Main's assassin spider, currently listed as threatened, was found to inhabit the park during a survey conducted in 2008.

Facilities.

There is an entry fee to access the park. Access to the park is via Frenchman Bay Road, which is sealed and well sign-posted. Access to most features is via sealed roads. No other facilities exist within the park but barbecues, tables, shops and toilets can be found nearby at Frenchman Bay. Entry fees are required to visit the Gap and Natural Bridge.  The park has numerous walks, mostly of a distance of less than, including the Jimmy Newhills walk and the Stony Hill Heritage Trail walk. The longest trail is the Bald Head Walk along Flinders peninsula finishing at Bald Head at the eastern edge of the park.  A 6.1 million upgrade of facilities at the Gap and the Natural Bridge opened in 2016. The redevelopment included two universally accessible lookout structures, connecting paths, a picnic area, interpretive signage and a car park. A cantilevered grated see-through platform at the Gap rises almost above the Southern ocean (also known as Antarctic Ocean) and extends out from the cliff face, of which is directly above the ocean.

Torndirrup National Park is a national park in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, southeast of Perth and via Frenchman Bay Road is south of Albany.

Le parc national Torndirrup () est un parc national dans la région du Great Southern en Australie-Occidentale, à 400 km au sud-est de Perth et à 10 km au sud d'Albany. Le parc a été classé en 1918.


Biography.

Herlihy was born into a working-class family in Detroit, Michigan, in 1927. He was raised in Detroit and Chillicothe, Ohio. He enlisted with the Navy in 1945 but saw no action due to the end of World War II. He attended Black Mountain College in North Carolina for two years, where he studied sculpture. He then moved to southern California and attended the Pasadena Playhouse College of the Theatre.  A gay man, Herlihy was a close friend of playwright Tennessee Williams, who served as his mentor. Both spent a significant amount of time in Key West, Florida. Like Williams, Herlihy had lived in New York City. Apart from Key West, the primary home of Herlihy was in the Silver Lake district of Los Angeles.  Herlihy died by suicide at the age of 66, after taking an overdose of sleeping pills in Los Angeles.

Works.

Plays he wrote include "Streetlight Sonata" (1950), "Moon in Capricorn" (1953), and "Blue Denim" (produced on Broadway in 1958). He directed actress Tallulah Bankhead in a touring production of his play "Crazy October" in 1959. Three of his one-act plays, titled collectively "Stop, You're Killing Me" were presented by the Theater Company of Boston in 1969. According to author Sean Egan in his biography of James Kirkwood Jr., "Ponies & Rainbows", Herlihy co-wrote the play "UTBU" with Kirkwood but demanded his name be taken off the credits.  Herihy wrote three novels: "All Fall Down" (1960), "Midnight Cowboy" (1965), and "The Season of the Witch" (1971). His short stories were collected in "The Sleep of Baby Filbertson and Other Stories" (1959) and "A Story That Ends in a Scream and Eight Others" (1967), a collection which included plays.

Acting roles.

Herlihy appeared as a guest star in "A Bunch of Lonely Pagliaccis," a 1962 episode of the TV series "Route 66". He acted in the movie "In the French Style" (1963) with Jean Seberg. Herlihy also acted in Edward Albee's play "The Zoo Story" in 1963 in Boston and Paris, and in the 1981 film "Four Friends" directed by Arthur Penn.

Tax protest.

In 1968, Herlihy signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments as a protest against the Vietnam War. He later also became a sponsor of the War Tax Resistance project, which practiced and advocated tax resistance as a form of protest against the war.

James Leo Herlihy (; February 27, 1927 – October 21, 1993) was an American novelist, playwright and actor. Herlihy is known for his novels "Midnight Cowboy" and "All Fall Down", and his play "Blue Denim", all of which were adapted for cinema. Other publications include "The Season of the Witch" and several short stories.

James Leo Herlihy (né le à Détroit et mort le à Los Angeles) est un écrivain, dramaturge et acteur américain.