Biography.

Cynthia del Águila was born in Guatemala City on 16 May 1959. She is a primary, secondary, and tertiary education teacher and holds a licentiate in Pedagogy from the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, where she studied from 1982 to 1990. She took postgraduate studies at Michigan State University in the United States. From 1996 to 2000 she was Guatemala's Technical Vice Minister of Education. She served as director of planning, coordinator of the IBRF project, and quality manager of the Ministry of Education. She was also a member of the Consultative Commission on Educational Reform, a member of the (ASIES), coordinator of the Great National Campaign for Education for several years, and is currently part of the latter's Advisory Committee. She also coordinated programs for secondary education teachers at the Universidad del Valle.

Political life.

On 15 November 2011, President Otto Pérez Molina confirmed Cynthia del Águila within his as Minister of Education of Guatemala. She was sworn in by Molina on 14 January 2012.  Among her achievements in office is the creation of the "Leamos Juntos" (Let's Read Together) National Reading Program, which established 30 minutes of daily reading at all educational institutions in Guatemala and delivered large numbers of reading books for pre-primary, primary, and secondary schools.  As Minister she generated controversy for the reform of the teaching career, which went from being an educational program at the diversified level to being a profession at the university level. Until 2012, Guatemala was one of the few countries in the world where initial teacher training was maintained at the high school level. With this reform, aspiring primary school teachers must study for a baccalaureate for two years in high school and then enter university, where they attend a three-year program. Pre-primary teacher training is maintained at a diversified cycle level. This reform was rejected by students, who protested several times, occupying school buildings. At one such event in May 2012 they forcibly detained del Águila for several minutes. Local law enforcement and the intervened for her rescue.  In January 2015, the deputy of the Commitment, Renewal and Order (CREO) bloc, Selvin García, filed a writ of "amparo" against Cynthia del Águila, for not having fulfilled her promise to rebuild 381 schools that were damaged by the earthquake of 7 November 2012, which left 48 dead, 150 injured, and hundreds of homes damaged.  She resigned as Ministry of Education on 22 August 2015, at the same time as two other prominent officials, saying that she felt "disappointed and betrayed" by the Patriotic Party administration.

Cynthia Carolina del Águila Mendizábal de Sáenz de Tejada (born 16 May 1959) is a Guatemalan teacher and politician. She was the country's from 2012 to 2015.

Cynthia Carolina del Águila Mendizábal de Saenz de Tejada, née le, est une femme politique guatémaltèque. Elle est ministre de l'Éducation entre 2012 et 2015.


Early life and education.

Foster was born in Machias, Maine, in 1820. He graduated from Yale College in 1840.

Career.

He taught at a private academy in the South. In 1845 at age 25, he headed for California, like many other young single men, via El Paso and Santa Fe. While in Santa Fe, Foster was hired by Quartermaster Wm. M.D. McKissack to be an interpreter for the Mormon Battalion of Volunteers, then on its way to California as part of the Mexican–American War forces sent to California. He related his experience of being hired in his 1887 presentation, 'Reminiscences: My First Procession in Los Angeles March 16, 1847.' He acted unofficially as an additional guide. See page 48.  In the stormy period when California was under US military rule after the defeat of the Mexicans, Governor Richard Barnes Mason appointed the 26-year-old Foster "alcalde" (mayor) of Los Angeles to replace the dissolved "ayuntamiento" (government) of the Mexicans. For this reason, Foster often has been referred to as the first American mayor of the city. He served as alcalde from January 1, 1848 to May 21, 1849. For the remainder of that year, or until the city came under United States jurisdiction in 1850, Foster served as prefect.  Mason appointed José del Carmen Lugo, a prominent and mature Californio, as mayor following Foster.

Marriage and family.

During his early years in Los Angeles, Foster made a marriage important to his standing in the community. He met and married María Merced Lugo, one of the sisters of José del Carmen Lugo above. Their father was a prominent Californio landowner. The Fosters had five children together.  Foster was elected a member of the 1849 California Constitutional Convention, which met in Monterey. The group framed the state Constitution and petitioned Congress for admission of California into the United States.

Political career.

Foster achieved his first political office after statehood in 1850, when he was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council for a one-year term. In 1851 he was elected California state senator from Southern California, and served two years.  In 1854, Foster was elected mayor of Los Angeles. He is credited with authorizing construction of the first public school in Los Angeles. Los Angeles was then said to be the toughest frontier town in the United States. It had a diverse population with simmering tensions after the war, as well as a "disorderly element". The surrounding territory was overrun by bandits driven from the gold mines of northern California southward into the cattle ranching counties. Numerous gamblers and criminals drifted into the city to escape the vigilantes of San Francisco.  Mayor Foster, like most of the city's prominent citizens, was a member of the local vigilance committee and of the Los Angeles Rangers, the mounted body of volunteer police. In early 1854, Foster resigned his official position to lead a lynching mob. After the lynching, the people held a special election and returned Foster to office for the remainder of his regular term. Foster was re-elected mayor in 1856. He resigned Sept. 22, 1856, to act as executor for the large estate of his brother-in-law, Colonel Isaac Williams.  Foster next served as a supervisor on the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for four terms. He was elected in 1856, 1858 and 1859. In 1857 he replaced Jonathan R. Scott, who resigned as county supervisor in March of that year.

Historian.

Foster documented the history of California under the rule of Mexico in articles published by the Southern California Historical Society. In 1888 he wrote "A Sketch of Some of the Earliest Pioneers of Los Angeles" and "Reminiscences: My First Procession in Los Angeles March 16, 1847".  At Forefather's Day celebrations on December 21, 1886, Foster read a paper about yankee pioneers, titled "First New Englanders Who Came to Los Angeles", which The Los Angeles Times stated was a "historically valuable paper."

Death.

He died in 1898 and his funeral was held in Downey, California. Former Los Angeles mayor J. R. Toberman was a pall-bearer.

Stephen Clark Foster (1820 – January 27, 1898) was a politician, the first American mayor of Los Angeles under United States military rule. Foster served in the state constitutional convention, and was elected to the State Senate. He was elected as mayor of Los Angeles in 1856, and later elected for four terms to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors.

Stephen Clark Foster (1820 - 1898) est le premier maire de Los Angeles avant son incorporation. Il a été élu à trois reprises, en 1848, en 1854, et en 1856.


Élections législatives est-allemandes de 1990

Aftermath.

On 5 April 1990, the new Volkskammer elected the CDU's Sabine Bergmann-Pohl as its president. As the State Council was at the same time dissolved, she became East Germany's interim head of state. Four days later, de Maizière announced that he had reached an agreement for a grand coalition consisting of the Alliance parties (the CDU, DSU and DA), the SPD, the liberal Association of Free Democrats (BFD), and one non-attached member. Between them, the three main partners in the coalition commanded a two-thirds supermajority in the Volkskammer, enough to pass amendments to the constitution. On 12 April 1990, de Maizière was elected prime minister of the GDR and his cabinet was confirmed by the Volkskammer with 265 votes for, 108 against and 9 abstentions.  The GDR municipal constitution of 17 May 1990, the constitutional law of 17 June 1990 and the treaty on monetary, economic and social union with the Federal Republic of Germany of 18 May 1990, which became effective on 1 July 1990, were passed by the Volkskammer. On 21 June 1990, the Volkskammer formed a special committee to monitor the dissolution of the Stasi (MfS/AfNS); The chairman was future federal president Joachim Gauck, who was then one of the initiators of the Stasi Records Act.  On 20 September 1990, the Volkskammer voted by a 299–80 margin to accept the unification treaty, which had earlier been approved on a 442–47 vote by the West German Bundestag, and unify its territory to become part of an enlarged Federal Republic of Germany, meaning that East Germany, after 40 years of existence, would cease to exist. The treaty took effect on 3 October.

Legislative elections were held in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) on 18 March 1990. It was the only free parliamentary election in the GDR and the first truly free election held in that part of Germany since 1932. Four hundred deputies were elected to the Volkskammer.

Des élections législatives ont lieu en République démocratique allemande (RDA, Allemagne de l'Est) le. Il s'agit de renouveler l'ensemble des quatre cents membres de la Chambre du peuple ("Volkskammer"), le parlement monocaméral, au suffrage universel direct. Ce sont les premières élections où les citoyens de la RDA ont le choix entre différents candidats, et les premières de ce type dans l'est de l'Allemagne depuis celles de mars 1933. Elles aboutissent à la dissolution de la RDA et à la réunification de l'Allemagne en octobre. Ce sont donc les dernières élections législatives avant la disparition de l'Allemagne de l'Est.


Design.

While the round chambered by the Arisaka rifle used a rimless case, rimmed and semi-rimmed variants were produced for use in some Japanese machine guns. This machine gun ammunition is more powerful, and the altered rim is meant to prevent it from being chambered in a rifle.

Japanese ammunition.

All Japanese military ammunition used gilding metal jackets for the bullets of ball and Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)-filled flat-tipped explosive incendiary rounds. Tracer and phosphorus incendiary rounds had cupro-nickel jackets. Armour-piercing ammunition had and a brass bullet with a steel core. The bullet type was signified by a colored band over the case mouth. Late war ammunition can still be encountered.

Modern Loadings.

The 7.7×58mm Arisaka, as a sporting cartridge, is suitable for most big game with proper bullet selection.  The 7.7 mm Arisaka uses the same.311–.312" bullets as the.303 British, and the standard military load delivered the same muzzle energy as the.303 British. Factory loaded ammunition and brass cases are available from Norma, Graf's, and Hornady, Sierra and Speer also produce usable bullets. Reloadable cartridge cases are produced by reforming.30-06 brass, or fire forming 8x57mm IS cases. Case heads derived from the.30-06 are slightly undersized and bulge slightly just ahead of the web on firing, while the 8×57mm IS derived cases are slightly short. Normal cases of the correct dimensions also bulge slightly, however, as most Japanese rifles of this era had slightly oversized chambers, intended to allow the bolt to be closed on a round even in a very dirty chamber. Reloading data for.303 British is often used for load development, since the two cartridges are nearly identical in power and size.

7.7×58mm Type 92.

The Type 92 (semi-rimmed) 7.7 mm (7.7×58mm SR) was a machine gun cartridge and was primarily used with the Type 92 heavy machine gun and the earlier Type 89 flexible and fixed air-cooled machine guns used on Japanese Army planes.

The 7.7×58mm Arisaka cartridge, Type 99 rimless 7.7 mm or 7.7mm Japanese was a rifle cartridge which was used in the Imperial Japanese Army's Arisaka Type 99 rifle and machine guns, and was the standard light cartridge for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service, such as the Type 89. The Imperial Japanese Navy (and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service) never shared weapons or ammunition with the army, instead adopting the "7.7x56mmR", a direct copy of the.303 British round. The cartridge was designed to replace the aging 6.5×50mm Arisaka after seeing the effectiveness of the MG 34 GPMG in action (firing 8×57mm IS full power military rifle ammunition) in China during 1937. Due to a lack of materials, the plan to phase out the 6.5 mm Arisaka cartridge by the end of the war was not completed.

La Arisaka est une munition japonaise, principalement utilisée pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle est inspirée du allemand. Elle est inspirée du allemand.


Biography.

Early life and Iraq War.

Once al-Julani moved to Iraq to fight American troops after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he quickly rose through the ranks of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, and reportedly was a close associate of its leader, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. After al-Zarqawi was killed by a US airstrike in 2006, al-Julani left Iraq, briefly staying in Lebanon, where he offered logistical support for the Jund al-Sham militant group. He returned to Iraq to continue fighting but was arrested by the US military and held at Camp Bucca. At that camp, where the US military held tens of thousands of suspected militants, he taught classical Arabic to other prisoners.  After his release from Camp Bucca prison in 2008, al-Julani resumed his militant work, this time alongside Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the head of the then Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). He was soon appointed head of ISI operations in Nineveh Governorate.

Syrian Civil War.

Syrian uprising and foundation of al-Nusra.

Shortly after the uprising against the government of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad began in 2011, al-Julani played a lead role in planning and enacting a mission, as part of Islamic State of Iraq, to move into Syria and form a sub-branch of the organisation called Jabhat al-Nusra. This group was to act as a front for the Islamic State of Iraq, led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, to whom he had his allegiance and whose command he was under. Al-Julani's formation of Jabhat al-Nusra was facilitated by men, arms and money given to him by the ISI under the orders of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It is disputed whether al-Julani originally formulated the plan or if it came from another leader in Islamic State of Iraq. Julani was declared the "general emir" of al-Nusra, which was first announced in January 2012. By December 2012, the US Department of State declared Jabhat al-Nusra to be an officially designated terrorist organisation, noting that it was simply a new alias for Al-Qaeda In Iraq (aka Islamic State of Iraq). Under al-Julani's leadership, Nusra grew into one of the most powerful rebel groups in Syria.

Rise of ISIL.

Al-Julani gained prominence in April 2013, when he refused al-Baghdadi's attempt to liquidate Al-Nusra as a sub-group and incorporate it directly into ISI, under the name of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). This move would have removed all local autonomy of Jabhat al-Nusra and placed all leaders, decisions, and actions directly under the control of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. In order to avoid losing autonomy and the individual identity of Jabhat al-Nusra, Al-Julani directly pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, who supported al-Julani's request to break away his group as an independent entity. Although prior to this point al-Nusra already had sworn allegiance to al-Qaeda through Islamic State of Iraq, now it bypassed the latter and became a direct subsidiary of the former. This change in the chain of allegiance made al-Nusra directly Al-Qaeda's official Syrian branch. Despite his own oath of allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahri, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi rejected his ruling and declared that the consolidation of the two organizations was going ahead. Clashes ensued between al-Nusra Front and ISIL for control of Syrian territory.  Despite some friction with members of the mainstream Free Syrian Army rebel umbrella group, al Julani's Jabhat al-Nusra often work together against the Syrian army in opposition-held areas. The group is more popular in Syria than ISIL, which is largely made up of foreign fighters and has been criticized for its brutality and for trying to impose a strict version of Islamic law in areas under its control. Al-Nusra, by contrast, is made up mostly of Syrians, many of whom fought American forces in Iraq.

Resurgence of al-Nusra.

In late May 2015, during the Syrian civil war, al-Julani was interviewed by Ahmed Mansour on Qatari news broadcaster Al Jazeera, hiding his face. He described the Geneva peace conference as a farce and claimed that the Western-backed Syrian National Coalition did not represent the Syrian people and had no ground presence in Syria. Al-Julani mentioned that al-Nusra have no plans for attacking Western targets, and that their priority is focused on fighting the Syrian regime, Hezbollah, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Al-Julani is credited with saying that the "Nusra Front doesn’t have any plans or directives to target the West. We received clear orders from Ayman al-Zawahiri not to use Syria as a launching pad to attack the U.S. or Europe in order to not sabotage the true mission against the regime. Maybe Al-Qaeda does that but not here in Syria. Assad forces are fighting us on one end, Hezbollah on another and ISIL on a third front. It is all about their mutual interests".  When asked about al-Nusra's plans for a post-war Syria, al-Julani stated that after the war ended, all factions in the country would be consulted before anyone considered "establishing an Islamic state". He also mentioned that al-Nusra would not target the country's Alawite Muslim minority, despite their support for the Assad regime. "Our war is not a matter of revenge against the Alawites despite the fact that in Islam, they are considered to be heretics". A commentary on this interview however states that al-Julani also added that Alawites would be left alone as long as they abandon elements of their faith which contradict Islam.  On August 18, he received the support of Hamza bin Laden, son of Osama bin Laden in a video message produced by the Al-Qaeda's network "Al-Sahab media".  In October 2015, al-Julani called for indiscriminate attacks on Alawite villages in Syria. He said, "There is no choice but to escalate the battle and to target Alawite towns and villages in Latakia". al-Julani also called for Russian civilians to be attacked by former Soviet Muslims.  On 28 July 2016, al-Julani announced in a recorded message that Jabhat al-Nusra would henceforth go under the new name of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham [Front for the Conquest of Syria]. As part of the announcement al-Julani stated that the rebranded group has "no affiliation to any external entity". While some analysts have interpreted this to mean breaking away from Al-Qaeda, the group was not specifically mentioned in the announcement, and al-Julani did not renounce his oath of allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri.

Alleged injury in Idlib.

On February 18, 2019 it was announced by Russia's state news agency Sputnik that al-Julani suffered a shrapnel head injury from an explosion in Idlib city and was evacuated in a coma to a hospital in the Turkish province of Hatay. Turkey denied this.

Family.

Al-Julani has four brothers and two sisters; he was the fourth born in the family (in the middle).

Ahmed Hussein al-Shar’a (), known by the nom de guerre Abu Mohammad al-Julani (), is the commander-in-chief of the Syrian militant group Tahrir al-Sham; he was also the emir of its predecessor organisation al-Nusra Front, the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda. The US State Department listed Al-Julani as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" in May 2013, and four years later announced a $10 Million reward for information leading to his capture.

Abou Mohammed al-Joulani (en ), nom de guerre d'Ahmed Hussein al-Chara (en ), né en 1984 à Deraa, est un djihadiste syrien. Il est le fondateur du Front al-Nosra et de Hayat Tahrir al-Cham.


Background and development.

After Lovato released her fourth studio album "Demi" in May 2013, the singer confirmed in February 2014 that she was working on her fifth album, stating "The sound just evolves into everything that I've been and everything that I want to become." She also said, "I've never been so sure of myself as an artist when it comes down to confidence, but not only personal things, but exactly what I want my sound to be and what I know I'm capable of and this album will give me the opportunity to show people what I can really do." The following October, Lovato's manager confirmed to "Billboard" that the singer had "done some songs, but certainly the majority of it will kick off next year", following the Demi World Tour.  In February 2015, Lovato teased the album with a number of posts via Twitter, writing: "I've never been more confident in my sound. Never been so sure of who I am as an artist. Never felt this hungry and driven." She further described the album as "very authentic to who I am". In June 2015, Lovato confirmed that she had been in the studio almost every day, and would be releasing new music "very soon". She revealed to MTV News: "This time around, I was able to explore different sounds, and hone in [sic] on something that I'm really proud of." She also expressed wishes to work with rapper Iggy Azalea on the album.

Recording and production.

For "Confident", Lovato worked with music producers such as Max Martin, Ilya Salmanzadeh, Ali Payami, Jason Evigan, Johan Carlsson, Steve Mac, Stargate, Carl Falk, Rami Yacoub, Babydaddy and Peter Carlsson. Discussing the album's direction, Lovato told Ryan Seacrest that "I'm no longer serious", stating: "I'm done with the sob stories. New chapter, new life, new album, new single — this is a completely new Demi." She also revealed that it would feature "a lot of provocative songs". The first songs "Confident" and "Cool for the Summer" among with "Stars" and "Mr. Hughes" were recorded at MXM Studios, Chalice Studios, Westlake Audio Studios in Los Angeles, California and Wolf Cousins Studios and Kinglet Studios in Stockholm. Lovato co-wrote both tracks with Martin, Kotecha, Alexander Erik, Payami and Salmazadeh. The horn arrangement from "Confident" was provided by musician Jonas Thander. The songs were both mixed by Serban Ghenea and mastered by Tom Coyne. Others songs of the album also were recorded at Rokstone Studios and The Hide Out Studios in London, United Kingdom. "For You" was one of the first songs recorded for the album, describing how it was working with the producer Max Martin in the song's production, Lovato revealed, "I was just so excited to get to work with Max Martin on this song and his camp. I was so nervous when I went in. I wanted to put my everything into that performance because I knew that I was given the opportunity that I waited for for so many years to be able to work with somebody like him."  The ballad "Father" is the most personal song on the album. It is dedicated to Lovato's biological father who died in 2013. The song was co-written by Lovato and the Swedish musician Laleh Pourkarim who also produced the song and contributed on the background vocals. Lovato said that recording the song was therapeutic in a way, and helped her reconcile her conflicting emotions. "To know that it wasn't really his fault really was saddening to me," she continued. "I wanted to write about it. I wanted to process it, and 'Father' really helped me do that." Lovato and Pourkarim with Gustaf Thörn also co-wrote "Stone Cold" and "Yes". The musician Jason Evigan wrote and produced "Old Ways" with Olivia Waithe and additional production by Scott Hoffman (credited Babydaddy). "Kingdom Come" was co-written by Steve Mac, Julia Michaels and the Australian rapper Iggy Azalea who features guest appearance on the song. In an interview with MTV News, Lovato explained how their collaboration came together – and how Azalea knew exactly what to do without any idea what the song sounded like. "When we finally made the decision of which songs were making the album I said, 'OK, I want her on this one.' So I called her and was like, 'Hey will you do a song?' And she's like, 'Yeah sure I'll go into the studio tonight,'" Lovato said. "I was like, 'Do you want to hear it first?' She's like, 'No it's cool.' I'm like, 'You're an amazing friend and I love you.'" Mac also composed "Waitin for You" with Evigan, American rapper Sirah and Mitch Allan. He produced and played all keyboards in "Lionheart". "Wildfire" was written by Ryan Tedder, and Nicole Morier and the Norwegian production team Stargate who produced the track.

Music and lyrics.

In terms of music, "Confident" departs from the bubblegum pop and synthpop predominant sound of her previous album "Demi". The record features a range of music genres: dance-pop, urban/R&B, pop rock, soul and gospel. Reviewing the album, Brittany Spanos from "Rolling Stone" described it as "a brassy, sleek, dynamic pop production that lets her powerful voice soar to new emotional highs." The album begins with horns that introduced the title track "Confident". It features horns samples and finger snaps that back the entire track and come to the forefront during the start of the chorus. Lyrically, the song talk about self-empowerment and confidence. Nick Levine from the site "NME" wrote that the song "fuses hip-hop horns and Joan Jett beats and has her bragging "it's all about me tonight". Critics noted that the song beat is reminiscent of Marilyn Manson's Personal Jesus (1989). The second track "Cool for the Summer" is introduced by a piano melody, followed by a buzzing synth beat, that is accompanied by guitar riffs on the chorus. Musically the song is styled in a rock edge with electronic arrangements. Lyrically, the song is about sexually experimenting with a female lover during summertime. In "Old Ways", Lovato asserts that she is glad to be rid of past habits and refuses to give in to temptation. The song uses a hip-hop arrangement in her production.  The album's fourth track is "For You", Maura Johnston of "Billboard" described it as a "majestic devotional". She noted the song "has a backup choir singing "For you I would do anything" as Lovato sings about summoning strength, her performance making her inner power even more plain." The album first ballad, "Stone Cold" discusses the pain of watching an ex move on and be happy with someone else. The song incorporates pop and soul influences, and is centered on a piano melody, with a stripped down production aimed at highlighting Lovato's vocals. "Stone Cold" received comparisons to Lovato's 2011 song "Skyscraper" and the work of English singer Adele. The album follow with the trap-inspired song "Kingdom Come" it features vocal appearance by rapper Iggy Azalea. Several critics noted that the song is comparable to Azelea's "Black Widow" (2014) featuring Rita Ora. "Waitin for You" featuring vocals by singer Sirah, musically, it's an R&B and hip hop song that starts with a "dark and atmospheric opening" and is characteristic for having "a massive beat increase which appears to result in a impending crescendo but then results in a beat-drop", similar to the album's sixth track "Kingdom Come". "Wildfire" is a soul-pop song. In the song Lovato sings with synths and snaps floating around her voice. "Lionheart", the sultry R&B song "Yes" and "Father" are all ballads where Lovato sings using higher vocal register. The stripped down gospel song "Father" is dedicated for Lovato's biological father who died in 2013. It is the most personal song on the album. The twelfth track "Stars" is an uptempo dance-pop song. While the last track of "Confident"s deluxe edition "Mr. Hughes" is a "retro-R&B" song.

Release.

"Confident" was the singer's first album to be released in part under the then newly formed Safehouse Records, a partnership between Lovato, her manager Phil McIntyre, and Nick Jonas, as a joint venture with Island Records. Lovato stated: "I've worked closely with both Nick and Phil for years and we share the same point of view when it comes to making music. It's incredibly exciting to be part of this new company where I'm in control of all aspects of my career."

Promotion.

On September 29, 2015, Lovato sent her fans on a scavenger hunt. Lovato announced that she was hiding special boxes, each on a different location. Each box contained a preview of a song from the album. The first two boxes were found that same day in New York City, the first box contained a snippet of "Stone Cold" while the second contained a snippet of "Old Ways". Lovato performed "Stone Cold" in its entirety later that same day at the Highland Ballroom in New York. On October 17, 2015, Lovato performed a "Cool for the Summer" and "Confident" medley, and "Stone Cold" on "Saturday Night Live" during the series' forty-first season. On October 22, 2015, Lovato released the music video for the R&B-infused "Waitin for You" featuring Sirah.  Lovato and Nick Jonas announced that they would go on a co-headlining tour, the Future Now Tour, on the "Elvis Duran and the Morning Show" on October 26, 2015.  Lovato performed on the second edition of the "Victoria's Secret Swim Special", which aired on March 9, 2016.

Singles.

"Cool for the Summer" reached international success, it was serviced as the lead single from the record on July 1, 2015, it debuted at number 36 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in its first week dated July 18, 2015, selling 80,000 copies in. It entered the Hot 100's top 20 on the chart dated August 15, 2015 and peaked at number 11. It has since been certified double platinum in the US by the RIAA. The song went top 10 in the UK, New Zealand, Scotland, the Czech Republic, Mexico and Lebanon and top 20 in Canada, Ireland, Australia and Spain.  The title track, "Confident", was released as the second single on September 18, 2015 with the album's pre-order and eventually peaked at number 21 in the US. The song peaked number 1 on US Hot Dance/Club Songs. The music video for "Confident" was released on October 9, 2015 through Lovato's Vevo channel. It went top 20 in the Czech Republic as well as top 30 in Canada, Scotland, New Zealand and Slovakia. The track was certified platinum in the United States.  "Stone Cold" was released as the only promotional single from the album on October 9, 2015. On March 21, 2016, the song was released as the third and final single and peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under the Hot 100. It was later certified gold in the United States. The music video for the song was released on February 23, 2016.

Critical reception.

Upon its release, "Confident" received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Awarding the album four stars at AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine writing, "the cumulative result is a messy, colorful modern pop record that is greater than the sum of its parts." Annie Zaleski from "The A.V. Club" gave the album a B+, saying, ""Confident" is an impressive album by a pop star who knows what she wants—and also knows exactly how to get there." "The Guardian" gave a mixed review of the album, saying, "Only a certain sheen that turns her vocals into a generic hybrid of Sia and Kelly Clarkson stops "Confident" from being one of the pop albums of 2015." Mike Wass from Idolator gave a mixed review, saying, "There's no right or wrong approach, but if you're going to relaunch as an irreverent pop siren like "Teenage Dream"-era Katy Perry, you better have an album full of surefire hits to back it up. And "Confident" is lacking in that department." Nick Levine gave the album 3 out of 5 stars, saying, "It's powerful stuff, especially from a singer who has bravely spoken out about her past struggles with depression, drug and alcohol abuse and an eating disorder, but ultimately "Confident" feels a bit relentless."  Glenn Gamboa from "Newsday" gave a more positive review, saying, "On "Confident", Lovato's swaggering search for self is remarkably revealing, as she tackles everything from sexual experimentation to mental health issues to her relationship with her estranged father." Writing for "Billboard", Maura Johnston gave the album 4.5 out of 5 stars, saying, "Her willingness to own every step and misstep, and to show her audience how the rough times helped her become the woman she is, makes "Confident" a surprisingly compelling listen." Tim Stack from "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B+, saying, "Over 11 tracks Lovato's energy is unwavering, sometimes to a fault. So it's a welcome relief that she takes a moment to reveal a softer side on the gospel-tinged ballad "Father," a tear-jerking tribute to her estranged late dad." Richard Godwin from the "London Evening Standard" gave the album a negative review, saying, "She's more at home on the ballads such as Lionheart, while Kingdom Come, an atmospheric prowl featuring Iggy Azalea, all moody changes and trap beats, is a welcome respite from a personality record weirdly lacking in personality." Patrick Ryan from "USA Today" gave the album 2.5 out of 4 stars, saying, ""Confident" is overall an assured step forward for Lovato, who should only hone her sound and style by the time album No. 6 rolls around."

Commercial performance.

"Confident" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 98,000 units (77,000 in pure album sales), behind Pentatonix's self-titled album. It has since sold over 1,000,000 copies in the country, and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In the United Kingdom, the album opened at number six on the UK Albums Chart, becoming her highest-charting album there at the time.

Personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of the deluxe edition of "Confident".

Confident is the fifth studio album by American singer Demi Lovato. It was released on October 16, 2015, by Hollywood, Island and Safehouse Records. The album features guest appearances from Australian rapper Iggy Azalea and American rapper Sirah. While Lovato co-wrote most of the songs on the album, she worked with writers and producers such as Max Martin, Ryan Tedder, Steve Mac, Rami and Stargate, among others.

Confident est le cinquième album studio de l'artiste américaine Demi Lovato sorti le sous les labels Hollywood Records, Island Records et Safehouse Records.


Orbit and classification.

"Ostanina" orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,013 days; semi-major axis of 3.12 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.  Based on the hierarchical clustering method (HCM) using the asteroid's proper orbital elements, "Ostanina" is a member of the Meliboea family (), a smaller asteroid family of a few hundred carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids. The family was named after its lowest-numbered member, 137 Meliboea. In an alternative HCM-analysis, however, "Ostanina" is an asteroid of the main belt's background population. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as at the Heidelberg Observatory in March 1928, more than 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz–Crimea.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after the small village of Ostanin, the birthplace of the discoverer, Pelageya Shajn. The village is located in Perm Krai, now part of the Russian Volga district. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1952 ().

Physical characteristics.

In both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), "Ostanina" is a hydrated C-type asteroid (Caa and Ch), while in the SDSS-based taxonomy, the asteroid is a common C-type.

Rotation period.

In June 2011, a rotational lightcurve of "Ostanina" was obtained from photometric observations by French and Swiss astronomers Pierre Antonini, François Colas, Valery Lainey, Laurène Beauvalet and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a very high brightness variation of 1.11 magnitude (). A high brightness amplitude is indicative of a non-spheroidal, elongated shape. Other well defined rotation periods of 8.399 and 8.397 hours were obtained by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California in 2017, and by V. G. Shevchenko at the Kharkov Observatory in 1996, respectively ().  Additional period determinations: 6+ hours by Jean-Gabriel Bosch at the Collonges Observatory (), 6.145 hours at the Catania and Pino Torinese observatories in 2000 (), 8.3945 hours by René Roy in 2016 (), 8.397 hours by V. G. Chiorny in 2003 and 2007 (), and 8.4 hours by Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station in 2010 ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Ostanina" measures between 40.6 and 43.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.049 and 0.061. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0545 and diameter of 41.24 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.7.

1369 Ostanina ("prov. designation": ) is a dark and elongated asteroid of the Meliboea family, located in the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 27 August 1935, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The hydrated carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.4 hours and measures approximately in diameter. It was named for the Russian village of Ostanin, birthplace of the discoverer.

(1369) Ostanina est un astéroïde de 41 km de diamètre de la ceinture principale d'astéroïdes, découvert le par Pelagueïa Shajn à l'Observatoire de Simeïz. Ses désignations temporaires sont 1935 QB et 1928 FE.


Early life.

Xavier was born in Washington State on August 19, 1992. She began producing and releasing electronic music in 2005. Xavier now resides in Hawthorne, Portland, Oregon.

Career.

Xavier has released music through aliases including Macintosh Plus, PrismCorp, and Laserdisc Visions, among others. She reports that she has put out over forty releases since 2005. Paolo Scarpa characterized Xavier's music as an "exposé of late capitalism". James Parker noted Vektroid's "sensuous virtuality" and "new cyber-pop unconscious". Writing for Sputnikmusic, Adam Downer called "Floral Shoppe" a shift toward beauty in an age that has nearly "run the gamut of what artists and musicians can do".  Tiny Mix Tapes ranked "Floral Shoppe" and "札幌コンテンポラリー", released by Xavier under her Macintosh Plus and 情報デスクVIRTUAL aliases, respectively, on its list of its 50 favorite albums of 2012. "Fact" magazine called "Floral Shoppe" the defining album of Bandcamp, the streaming service through which Vektroid releases her music. The album is the site's most user-recommended album in the experimental music category.  Xavier stopped releasing music regularly in early 2013, only releasing two albums of that year, "HomeTM" and "ClearSkiesTM". Both albums were released under the PrismCorp Virtual Enterprises pseudonym in April. In 2014, Xavier released, a revision of her release "Initiation Tape - Part One", as New Dreams Ltd. In early 2015, she collaborated with electronic duo Magic Fades to produce a remix of the song "Ecco" from their debut album, "Push Through". In February 2016 she released three albums, "Fuji Grid TV EX", Shader Complete and Sleepline. The first two are revisions of some of her albums while the last one was produced in 2013 but never released previously.

Impact.

Under various aliases, Xavier played a role in the creation of the modern electronic genre vaporwave between 2010 and 2013. Her projects, Macintosh Plus and New Dreams Ltd., are considered as the primary artists in the vaporwave genre.

Ramona Andra Xavier (born August 19, 1992) is an American electronic musician from Portland, Oregon. She has released music under her primary Vektroid alias, as well as others, such as dstnt, Laserdisc Visions, New Dreams Ltd., Virtual Information Desk, and PrismCorp Virtual Enterprises. Xavier played a prominent role in the popularization of the vaporwave subgenre with the release of her first studio album under her Macintosh Plus alias, "Floral Shoppe" (2011). The album helped popularize the vaporwave genre throughout the Internet. Since then, she has continued to release music through Bandcamp and other online platforms.

Ramona Andra Xavier, plus connue sous le nom de Vektroid, est une artiste américaine de la scène électronique, plus particulièrement vaporwave. Elle est née en 1992 dans l'État de Washington, et vit actuellement à Hawthorne dans l'Oregon. Elle a sorti de nombreux albums et EP sous différents pseudos. Vektroid est aussi ingénieur du son et graphiste. Le style de Vektroid est assez varié. On trouve dans sa discographie de l'ambient ("Starcalc"), de la chillwave ("Neo Cali"), de la vaporwave ("Floral Shoppe") ou encore de la musique électronique progressive ("").


2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay

Relais 4 × 400 mètres féminin aux championnats du monde d'athlétisme 2015

Summary.

The Jamaican team announced their intention to win this race early in the championships by placing all four of their relay team members in the top six of the final of the 400 metres. The American squad had two women in that same race, one of them the winner Allyson Felix. Their ace in the hole was having the top two in the world, prior to the American championships, fail to make the individual event but were available for the relay. Both Olympic Champion Sanya Richards-Ross and World Indoor Champion Francena McCorory demonstrated their occasional ability to run excellent 350 meter races in that meet, their flailing last 50 metres is why they didn't qualify for the individual race. All the other teams ran their season best just to make the finals, Bahamas and Japan set National Records and still failed to qualify.  In the final, it was a reminder of 2008 on this same track as Richards-Ross was out aggressively, making up the stagger on Christine Ohuruogu and when she hit the home stretch, she was out of gas. Meanwhile, to their outside, Christine Day was running smoothly to give Jamaica a big lead, Shericka Jackson. Natasha Hastings ran a quick turn to barely hold off Anyika Onuora at the break. Jackson started her leg conservatively, so the gap looked manageable, until she started cranking and the lead gap started growing. Jamaica had an almost two second lead when Jackson handed off to Stephenie Ann McPherson, Hastings helped the USA hold off the British team before handing off to the American's star, Felix. The gap looked impossible at the beginning but Felix closed it down. It took Felix 350 metres to catch McPherson, but it was a steady race throughout and when Felix got there she just continued on by, handing off to world #3 Francena McCorory with the lead. Jamaica had Novlene Williams-Mills on the anchor leg, starting 2 metres down. Down the backstretch and into the final turn, McCorory held the same gap on Williams-Mills, then through the turn the gap started to widen. Onto the home stretch, Williams-Mills moved out to lane 2 to look for running room. 70 metres before the finish, McCorory's arm movement got bigger but her legs got noticeably slower. Williams-Mills cruised on by a helpless McCorory with powerful sprint form across the line for gold. Well behind the leaders, the British team was challenged by Nigeria until Patience Okon George met with a similar collapse. While Seren Bundy-Davies carried the British home for bronze, George was overtaken at the line by Russia's Kseniya Aksyonova.  Felix's remarkable leg was timed at 47.72, the fastest of her already brilliant history in that category and the third fastest women's relay leg ever measured, just.02 off the fastest measured electronically.

Records.

Prior to the competition, the records were as follows:

Results.

Heats.

Qualification: First 2 of each heat (Q) plus the 2 fastest times (q) advance to the final.

Final.

The final was held at 20:05

The women's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 29 and 30 August.

L'épreuve du relais 4 x 400 mètres féminin des championnats du monde de 2015 s'est déroulée les 29 et dans le Stade national, le stade olympique de Pékin, en Chine. Elle est remportée par l'équipe de Jamaïque.


Education.

Bruno Messerli completed his doctorate at the University of Bern in 1962. His doctoral research concerned the geomorphology of the Sierra Nevada in Andalusia, Spain. His post-doctoral Habilitation thesis concerned Quaternary glaciation of mountain ranges around the Mediterranean basin.

Career.

Dr. Messerli became a Full Professor of geography at the University of Bern in 1968. From 1978 to 1983 he served as Director of the Institute of Geography, and as Rector of the university from 1986 to 1987. In 1996 he became Professor Emeritus. Messerli was as President of the International Geographical Union (IGU) from 1996 to 2000. From 1996 to 2001 he served as Co-Director of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme’s project on Past Global Changes (PAGES), founded by Messerli's friend and colleague at the University of Bern,Hans Oeschger.  Messerli worked on the United Nations University's Himalayan Highland-Lowland Interactive Project together with Professor Jack D. Ives. He was a principal founder of International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), a non-governmental agency located in Kathmandu, Nepal, and dedicated to interdisciplinary research on mountain systems. With Jack Ives, also, Messerli was one of the handful of montologists advocating for the Mountain Agenda in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Chapter 13 in Agenda 21: Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Sustainable Mountain Development). He was a founder of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in Nepal and of the Mountain Research Initiative (MRI), based in Switzerland. He had a long collaboration with the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which supervises the Mountain Agenda.

Bruno Messerli (17 September 1931, in Belp – 4 February 2019) was a Swiss geographer and university professor who focused on high mountains and highland-lowland linkages. He was appointed Full Professor of Geomorphology in 1968 by the University of Bern, where he taught and carried out research until his retirement in 1996. He contributed significantly to the inclusion of a mountain agenda, Chapter 13 — Managing Fragile Ecosystems — Sustainable Mountain Development in Agenda 21, the official action plan of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Rio Summit, the Rio Conference, and the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June in 1992.

Bruno Messerli, né le à Belp et mort le, fut un géographe suisse et professeur des universités. Il a obtenu plusieurs récompenses dont le prix Vautrin-Lud.


Plot.

Present day: One day in Goa, a boy named Veer Bakshi (Varun Dhawan) works as a car modifier with his elder brother Raj Bashi (Shah Rukh Khan). He meets a passer-by Ishita (Kriti Sanon), a beautiful and educated young girl and befriends her by helping her, damaging the car of his customer in the process. For penance, Raj makes him fix it during which Veer sleeps and awakes to find that the car's music system has been stolen.  The men of a local gang leader, King (Boman Irani), try to sell drugs at a crab shack. Veer beats them up after they threaten Ishita. They then come back later to exact revenge on Veer, but Raj breaks up the fight. Raj visits him in hospital and learns King's hideout. He goes there, incapacitates the gang members, and burns their drug stash. Raj, his face shrouded by a hood, tells King's men his original name, Kaali. The next day, King suspecting Raj as Kaali as he is Veer’s older brother, stops by Raj's shop to present to assess if Raj is Kaali. Raj appears humble and unthreatening, which leads to King thinking that Raj cannot be the tough Kaali. King makes a deal where Raj will fix all of King's cars in exchange for King’s protection.  Bulgaria, 2000: Raj accidentally runs over a woman named Meera Dev Malik (Kajol) while in a car chase. When he gets out to help her, the rival gang catches up with him, and he has to leave. After the car crash, Raj reveals that he and Veer are the sons of a businessman (don), Randhir Bakshi (Vinod Khanna). After the date with Meera, Raj has to leave the next day, to deliver a shipment for his father. Meera asks to come as it’s her birthday and she wants Raj( Kaali) to spend her birthday with her, but he says it’s too dangerous.  Raj and his team are driving on a roadway when a series of vehicles come out of nowhere. Gun and car fights occur leading to all of Raj’s(Kaali’s) vehicles scattering on the roadway and Raj’s (Kaali’s)car flipping upside down. Out of one of the vehicles a female foot is shown stepping out, who turns out to be Meera. She walks over to Raj(Kaali) with a gun in hand, leans down and tells him she is actually the daughter of the rival gang's leader, Dev Malik (Kabir Bedi). Meera reveals that she betrayed Raj on Malik's advice though she is sparing his life, as it’s her birthday.  When they follow each other in their cars, Raj saves Meera from dying promising to kill if he sees her again. She declares her love for him and he forgives her. They make plans to tell their parents about their relationship.  Present day: The film flashes back to Goa, where Veer discovers that his friend, Siddharth Segal aka Sidhu (Varun Sharma), drugged his coffee with sleeping pills and stole the sound system amongst other parts. Veer is upset, but Sidhu explains it is for his girlfriend, Jenny (Chetna Pande). Both agree to help each other secure girlfriends. As a consequence, Veer reveals his feelings to Ishita. Upon finding out about their relationship, Raj wants to meet Ishita's family. When Raj goes there, he discovers that Ishita is Malik's younger daughter and Meera's younger sister.  Bulgaria, 2000: After talks, Malik agrees to meet Randhir, but secretly, Malik plans to kill Randhir. The meeting breaks into a shootout, during which Malik and Randhir shoot each other. Meera finds Raj with the gun, for which she shoots him; however, he survives the gunshot. Meera decides to move far away from Bulgaria and start a new life. Raj must forget as well and moves to start a new life.  Present day: Now in Goa, Veer and Ishita try to figure out why their older siblings dislike each other.  They are told a wildly inaccurate story by Raj’s lieutenants as they scramble to make up a story, taking inspiration from flashes of shows they see on the restaurant TV as a customer flips channels. After this, they come up with several plots to bring Meera and Raj together. Mani (Johnny Lever) steals King's car and brings it to the shop, where Veer discovers drugs in the back and burns them. King sees them burning something and asks to fix his white car, as he grows increasingly suspicious based on the drunk rantings of Mani. King's men come to Meera's house one night, but Raj shows up as Kaali and stops them from causing her any harm. Later in front of the church, King asks Meera about Kaali which she refuses sparing Raj's life. Meera issues an ultimatum that in order to marry Ishita, Veer must move in with Meera, leaving his brother in the process. As an angered Veer proceeds to storm out, it is revealed to him by Meera that Raj was actually Randhir's adopted son and is not Veer's older brother. After a confrontation where Raj reveals that he indeed is not Veer’s actual brother, Raj goes and tells Meera the truth, telling him that he didn’t kill her father. Raghav (Nawab Shah), Malik's right hand, confirms when talking to Meera that Raj indeed did not kill Malik, but that Randhir had shot Malik in return to his bullet. Upon learning this, Meera is distraught with regret and remorse and takes Ishita to Raj’s house, declaring that Veer can take Ishita home after marriage.  At Sidhu and Jenny's wedding, King shows up and sees a car and confirms that it’s his stolen car after close examination. King starts to cause a disturbance, bringing Mani, Oscar(the bride's brother) and then Veer out. A fight ensues with Veer holding his own well until one blow sends him falling back and rolling when he stops at Meera’s deer as she walks outside, she calls for Kaali, and Raj comes out and takes out everyone in his path, beating King up. King stands up as Raj walks away to check in on Veer, and seizing the opportunity tries to shoot Raj, but Meera seeing this pushes Raj away, stepping in front of him and is instead shot as she tried to save Raj. Consequentially, King gets beaten by Raj’s men as they rush him after he shoots Meera. Meera survives and both Raj and Meera reunite in a hospital.

Production.

Development.

In January 2015, Rohit Shetty announced a project with Shah Rukh Khan in the lead which would be their second collaboration after the 2013 film "Chennai Express". Shetty stated that he would start filming in March 2015. Shetty paired actress Kajol with Khan, making it the seventh time they were cast opposite each other. He also signed actor Varun Dhawan who was reportedly playing Khan's brother while actress Kriti Sanon was signed opposite him.

Filming.

Principal photography began on 20 March 2015 with Dhawan in Goa. Khan and Kajol first joined the crew for filming in Bulgaria from June 2015. Later that month, the first song from the film was shot on Dhawan and Kriti Sanon, in Bulgaria. The schedule there was wrapped up by late July. In August 2015, a romantic song featuring the lead pair was shot in Iceland. The entire team then left for Hyderabad in early September to shoot what was touted to be the final schedule of filming. However, the work in Hyderabad was completed by late October, and filming officially came to an end with a brief schedule in Goa, the same location where it was started. In December, after the promotions had commenced, another song was shot in haste. It featured all four lead actors and had to be played simultaneously with the end-credits.

Release.

"Dilwale" was released in the United Arab Emirates a day before its worldwide release on 18 December 2015. The film was released in around 3100 screens in India.  The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sony Pictures Networks as part of a deal worth, along with the next two or three Red Chillies Entertainment productions. The valuation of "Dilwale" alone was approximately.  On 14 December 2015, in the United Kingdom, the film received a 12A classification from the British Board of Film Classification for "moderate violence". The film's UK distributor chose to remove thirteen seconds in order to obtain this rating (the excised material being scenes involving stronger violence than possible for a 12A rating). An uncut 15-rated version is available.

Critical reception.

Taran Adarsh from "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film 4/5 stars, saying, "On the whole, "Dilwale" is akin to a mouthwatering meal that satiates the craving of those who relish masalathons, besides being an absolute treat for SRK-Kajol fans. An unadulterated crowd-pleaser, "Dilwale" delivers what you expect from a Rohit Shetty film: King-sized entertainment. Go for it!". Komal Nahta in his review of the film said, ""Dilwale" is a masala entertainer from the start till the end." Rachit Gupta from "Filmfare" gave it 4/5 stars and added, ""Dilwale" is the quintessential popcorn flick. It’s colorful, bright and entertaining. It smartly keeps its play on the SRK-Kajol chemistry (watch out for the brilliant ending). It has fantastic music. Decent laughs too. Definitely worth a dekho." Sarita A Tanwar of "DNA" gave the film 3/5 stars, saying ""Dilwale" is flawed, but it's right for those who believe that love does conquer it all, actually."  Ananya Bhattacharya of "India Today" also rated the film 3/5 and concluded, ""Dilwale" is immensely enjoyable despite an oh-my-god-this-is-so-predictable story. Keep your brains out of the picture, and you have an out-and-out entertainer which fits perfectly in the mould of a guilty pleasure. Go indulge!" Shubha Shetty-Saha of "Mid Day" gave the film 3 stars as well and said, "Watch this for the chemistry between SRK and Kajol which refuses to simmer down even after all these years." Meena Iyer from "The Times of India" gave the film 3/5 stars, criticizing the plot, and stated, ""Dilwale" leans heavily on Shah Rukh's mega-stardom, Varun's effervescence, breathtaking locales (Iceland and Bulgaria), orchestrated car chases and over-the-top situations, which have you chuckling."  "NDTV" felt that the film's plot "went in circles" and that while Kajol was great, the film overall failed to appeal. "The Economic Times" gave the film 2.5/5 stars and felt that it "lacked soul and freshness" and stated that it would only appeal to fans of Khan and Kajol. Rajeev Masand of "IBN Live" gave the film 2 out of 5 and said, "The real problem with "Dilwale" is the sheer artificiality of the enterprise. From the rainbow-hued sets and the touched-up landscapes in the Gerua song, to many moments of comedic and emotional payoff, so much of it just feels fake." Namrata Joshi of "The Hindu" commented, "With "Dilwale", Rohit Shetty goes hopelessly wrong despite much that he had at his disposal, including a power-packed cast and producer". Joshi also felt that the attempt to repackage Khan and Kajol had backfired. Rohit Vats of "Hindustan Times" gave the film a 1.5/5 rating and called the plot "highly predictable".

Box office.

"Dilwale" made around worldwide in its opening weekend, the third highest of the year. The film went on to gross worldwide.

India.

The film, releasing alongside "Bajirao Mastani", opened number one at the box office, and collected nett in India on its opening day, the third highest of the year after "Prem Ratan Dhan Payo" and "Bajrangi Bhaijaan". The film showed little drop on its second day, and earned nearly nett. On its first Sunday, "Dilwale" took in approximately nett, bringing the three-day nett to an estimated. "Dilwale" had a first week of nett in the domestic market.  The film earned around nett in its second weekend. It grossed little over nett in week two, taking its business to nett. The film made around nett more in the third week. Its final domestic gross was, including a nett of.  Khan expressed disappointment with the film's domestic performance in India. Kajol was also reportedly disappointed, with reports claiming that she regretted turning down the lead role in a Sujoy Ghosh film in favour of "Dilwale".

Overseas.

"Dilwale" had the highest opening of 2015 abroad and the second highest ever, with a weekend gross of around 8.5 million. The film also set an all-time record opening in the Gulf. In Pakistan, the film earned in its first three days. The film collected 9.13 crore in "Pakistan" in three weeks. The film went on to earn over $13 million overseas in the first week, again the highest of the year.  "Dilwale" grossed another $3.75 million in the second weekend, for an overall $16.75 million in ten days. After two weeks, the film's earnings abroad were more than $20.5 million. The film had grossed around $23.3 million outside India as of 12 January 2016 to become the highest-grossing film starring Shah Rukh Khan in overseas markets.  "Dilwale" sales reached more than $25 million following openings in new markets such as Germany, Netherlands and Indonesia. The film went on to earn approximately $26.6 million (INR 175.65 crore) by February 2016. The film's final overseas gross was US$30.2 million (194crore), the highest ever for a Shah Rukh Khan film, and making it the sixth highest-grossing Indian film overseas.

Soundtrack.

The songs featured in the film as are composed by Pritam and lyrics are written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Amar Mohile has composed the film score.  A track titled "Gerua" was released on 18 November 2015 as the first single prior to the soundtrack album's release. The second single to be released was "Manma Emotion Jaage" which was released on 26 November 2015. The second single to be released was "Manma Emotion Jaage". The album features seven tracks and was released on 4 December 2015 by Sony Music India. Sony Music India acquired the music rights of the film for a record.  The song "Gerua" also had different versions. An Arabic version called "Telagena" was released on 11 December 2015 while a Malay version entitled "Warna Cinta" featuring vocals from Aliff Aziz and Kilafairy was released later on 18 December 2015.

Dilwale ( The big hearted) is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language romantic action comedy film produced by Gauri Khan and directed by Rohit Shetty. The film is distributed by Red Chillies Entertainment. Dialogue was written by Sajid-Farhad and soundtrack composed by Pritam. It stars Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol in their seventh film together; Varun Dhawan and Kriti Sanon also have starring roles.

Dilwale (littéralement : « "Celui du cœur" » ou « "L'amant" ») est un film indien réalisé par, sorti le 18 décembre 2015.


Sabine's study.

Compasses tended to "wander" from north when measurements were taken at different locations or even at a single location over a period of time. The astronomer Edmund Halley noted this and the problems it would cause for navigation in 1701. It was also believed that whatever was causing this effect might be causing changes in the weather, and that studying magnetic variations might lead to better weather prediction.  In 1833 the British Association for the Advancement of Science commissioned a series of magnetic measurements across the United Kingdom. Under the direction of Major Edward Sabine of the Royal Artillery, a multi-year measuring project began, with the results to be published in 1838. As the measurements were being made a number of proposals were put forth to expand the program worldwide. In 1836 the German explorer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt wrote to Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, then President of the Royal Society, stating that a formal program was important to a nation with dominions spread across the globe. At the seventh meeting of the British Association in Liverpool in 1837, Sabine declared that "the magnetism of the earth cannot be counted less than one of the most important branches of the physical history of the planet we inhabit" and mapping its variations would be "regarded by our contemporaries and by posterity as a fitting enterprise of a maritime people; and a worthy achievement of a nation which has ever sought to rank foremost in every arduous undertaking".  In 1837, the British Government funded the installation of a magnetic observatory at Greenwich. The Association continued to press for the construction of similar observatories around the world, and in 1838 their suggestions were accepted by the Government and funds were provided. In 1839 the British Government and the Royal Society prepared four expeditions to build magnetic observation stations in Cape Town; St. Helena; Hobart, Tasmania and (eventually) Toronto, Ontario. Teams of Royal Artillery officers were sent out to take the measurements. The team assigned to Canada originally planned to build their observatory on Saint Helen's Island off Montreal, but the local rocks proved to have a high magnetic influence, and the decision was made to move to Toronto instead. The team arrived in 1839, and set up camp at Fort York in a disused barracks while construction started on new buildings. The observatory was given of land to the west of King's College; the Ontario Legislature now occupies the area on which the college was located.  The observatory, officially "Her Majesty's Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory at Toronto", was completed the following year. It consisted of two log buildings, one for the magnetic instruments and the other a smaller semi-buried building nearby for "experimental determinations". The north end of the main building was connected to a small conical dome which contained a theodolite used to make astronomical measurements for the accurate determination of the local time. The buildings were constructed with as little metal as possible; when metal was required, non-magnetic materials such as brass or copper were used. A small barracks was built nearby to house the crew.  Using the measurements from the Toronto and Hobart sites, Sabine noticed both short-term fluctuations in magnetic declination over a period of hours, and longer-term variations over months. He quickly concluded that the short term variations were due to the day/night cycle, while the longer term ones were due to the number of visible sunspots. He published two introductory papers on the topic in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society". The first, in 1851, was a collection of early measurements; the second in 1852 correlated with Heinrich Schwabe's sunspot measurements, which had been made widely available in Alexander von Humboldt's "Cosmos", also published in 1851. With further data collected from the Toronto site, Sabine was able to demonstrate conclusively that the eleven-year sunspot cycle caused a similarly periodic variation in the Earth's magnetic field. He presented a third and conclusive paper on the topic in 1856, "On Periodical Laws Discoverable in the Mean Effects of the Larger Magnetic Disturbances", in which he singled out the Toronto site for particular praise. Sir John Henry Lefroy, a pioneer in the study of terrestrial magnetism served as director of the magnetic observatory from 1842 to 1853; In 1960, the Ontario Heritage Foundation, Ministry of Citizenship and Culture erected a Provincial Military Plaque in his honour on the University of Toronto campus.

Meteorological service.

In 1853 the Royal Society's project was concluded, and the observatory was set to be abandoned. After a lengthy debate, the fledgling colonial government decided to take over its operation. Rather than disappearing like its three counterparts, the Toronto observatory was upgraded, and its mission was expanded as it became a meteorological station (see Meteorological Service of Canada) under the direction of the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries. During the expansion, the original buildings were replaced with a permanent structure.  The new building was designed in 1853 by local architect Frederick Cumberland, who was also working on the design of University College, which was being built just north of the Observatory to replace King's College. The new observatory design called for a stone building, with an attached tower containing the theodolite. The new building was completed in 1855, and stood directly opposite the entrance of today's Convocation Hall.  During its time as a meteorological station, the observatory collected reports from 312 observation stations in Canada and another 36 in the United States. Each station was equipped with a "Mercurial Barometer, two Thermometers (a maximum and a minimum Thermometer), an Anemometer to measure the velocity of the wind, a Wind Vane and a Rain Gauge". Reports were sent in coded form to the Observatory at 8 am and 8 pm every day, Eastern Standard Time (then known as "75th meridian time"), and used to produce a chart predicting the weather for the following 36 hours. These predictions were then telegraphed across the country, and charts were distributed to newspapers and the Board of Trade, where they could be viewed by the public. With the installation of telephones, the Observatory also offered weather reports on demand, which was an important service to fruit vendors, who used the reports to plan shipping.  Among its other uses, in 1880, measurements from the site were used as part of the effort to develop standard time. The observatory remained the official timekeeper for Canada until 1905, when that responsibility was transferred to Ottawa's Dominion Observatory. At exactly 11:55 am the clocks in Toronto fire halls were rung by an electrical signal from the Observatory.  In 1881 the observatory's director, Charles Carpmeal, suggested adding a high-quality telescope to the observatory. He felt that direct solar observations would lead to a better understanding of sunspot effects on weather (as late as 1910 the observatory's then-director, R. F. Stupart, noted that "sun spots have more to do with our weather conditions than have the rings around the moon."). Coincidentally, the Canadian government (having formed in 1867) was interested in taking part in the major international effort to accurately record the December 1882 Transit of Venus.  Funds were provided for the purchase of a 6-inch (150 mm) refracting telescope from T. Cooke & Sons. The dome was originally designed to mount a small transit, and the lengthy telescope, over 2 metres long, had a limited field of view though the dome's opening. A large stone pillar was constructed inside the tower, raising the telescope to bring it closer to the dome and improve its field of view. Unfortunately, the new telescope was unable to take part in the transit measurements due to bad weather, and missed the 1895 Transit of Mercury for the same reason.

Relocation.

By the 1890s, the observatory had become crowded by the rapidly growing university. Electrification of the tramways along College Street just to the south, and the large quantities of metal used in the modern buildings surrounding the site threw off the instruments. A new magnetic observatory opened in 1898 in Agincourt, at that time largely empty fields, (found on later maps on the north end of George Forfar farm east of Midland Avenue near Highway 401 or where Health Canada Protection Branch building resides today) leaving the downtown campus location with its meteorological and solar observation duties.  By 1907, new university buildings completely surrounded the observatory; dust from the construction clogged meteorological instruments, and at night electric lighting made astronomical work impossible. The Meteorological Office decided to abandon the site and move to a new building at the north end of campus at 315 Bloor Street West, trading the original Observatory to the University in exchange for the new parcel of land. There was some discussion regarding what to do with the Cooke telescope, since the Meteorological Office had little use for this purely astronomical instrument. No other use was immediately forthcoming, and the telescope moved along with the Meteorological Office to their new Bloor Street Observatory.  The university assumed ownership of the now-disused observatory building and was originally going to abandon it. Louis Beaufort Stewart, a lecturer in the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, campaigned for it to be saved for the Department of Surveying and Geodesy. He eventually arranged for the building to be re-constructed on a more suitable site. Demolition work was carried out in 1907: the stones were simply left in place over the winter, and were used the following year to construct a re-arranged building just east of the main University College building (south of Hart House).  In 1930 the Meteorological Office no longer used the Cooke telescope, and agreed to donate it to the university if they would handle its removal. Both the telescope and the observatory dome were moved to the observatory building. The telescope moved once again in 1952 to the David Dunlap Observatory north of the city, and in 1984 it was donated to the Canada Science and Technology Museum. The Department of Surveying and Geodesy used the observatory until the 1950s. Since then the office areas have been used for a variety of purposes, including a police substation and a telephone switchboard. Renamed as the Louis Beaufort Stewart Observatory, the building was handed over to the Students' Administrative Council (now University of Toronto Students' Union) in 1953, which has used the building since then. The dome, now unused, receives a yearly multi-colour paint job by engineering students.

Heritage.

The property is listed on the City of Toronto's Heritage Register since 1973. The listing notes it was opened as an observatory in 1857, designed by Cumberland and Storm.

The Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory is a historical observatory located on the grounds of the University of Toronto, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The original building was constructed in 1840 as part of a worldwide research project run by Edward Sabine to determine the cause of fluctuations in magnetic declination. Measurements from the Toronto site demonstrated that sunspots were responsible for this effect on Earth's magnetic field. When this project concluded in 1853, the observatory was greatly expanded by the Canadian government and served as the country's primary meteorological station and official timekeeper for over fifty years. The observatory is considered the birthplace of Canadian astronomy.

L'Observatoire magnétique et météorologique de Toronto est un observatoire historique situé au sein de l'Université de Toronto, à Toronto dans la province de l'Ontario, au Canada. Le bâtiment d'origine fut construit en 1840 sous l'impulsion de Edward Sabine, qui menait un projet international de recherche visant à déterminer la cause des fluctuations de la déclinaison magnétique terrestre. Les mesures effectuées depuis le site de Toronto ont montré que les taches solaires étaient responsables de cet effet sur le champ magnétique terrestre. Quand le projet prit fin en 1853, l'Observatoire fut largement agrandi par le gouvernement canadien et fit fonction de station météorologique et d'horloge officielle du pays pendant près de cinquante ans. L'Observatoire a été considéré comme le berceau de l'astronomie canadienne.


Early career.

Karting.

Giovinazzi began karting in 2000. In 2006, he became the champion in the Italian National Trophy 60cc and Euro Trophy 60 championships. He was champion of the WSK Master Series in the KF2 class in both 2010 and 2011.

Formula Pilota China.

Giovinazzi began his single seater career by competing in Formula Pilota China in 2012. He finished as the overall champion in his debut season with a total of six wins. He also raced for the BVM team in the last round of the 2012 Formula Abarth season at Monza. Despite winning two races and finishing in second place in one, he did not receive any points since he was a guest driver.

Formula Three.

Giovinazzi competed in the 2013 British Formula Three Championship season with the Double R Racing team, alongside Sean Gelael and Tatiana Calderón. He won two races, at Silverstone and at Spa-Francorchamps, and ended the season as runner-up behind Jordan King. During the season, Giovinazzi entered the 2013 Masters of Formula 3, finishing the race in 10th place. In 2013, Giovinazzi made his debut in the FIA Formula 3 European Championship with the Double R Racing team. He scored his first points at the fourth round in Brands Hatch, finishing 11th in the first race. His best result of the season was at the final race in Hockenheim, where he finished 6th. Giovinazzi ended the season in 15th place in the championship with 45 points.  In 2014, Giovinazzi signed with Jagonya Agam with Carlin to compete in the 2014 FIA Formula 3 European Championship season. His first Formula 3 podium came with a 2nd-place finish in Hockenheim. His first win came from pole position at the Red Bull Ring, before adding another win at the following round at the Nürburgring. He ended the season in 6th place in the standings with 238 points, recording two wins, seven podium finishes, two pole positions and three fastest laps.  Giovinazzi continued in the championship with Jagonya Agam with Carlin in 2015, in a field which included future Formula One competitors Charles Leclerc, Lance Stroll, George Russell and Alexander Albon. He was a championship contender for much of the season, eventually losing out to Felix Rosenqvist. Giovinazzi ended the season as the championship runner-up, with 412.5 points. He recorded six wins, twenty podium finishes, four pole positions and four fastest laps. During the 2015 season he made his second appearance at the Masters of Formula 3 race, winning the race after starting from 2nd on the grid.  After the end of his European Formula 3 season, Giovinazzi entered the non-championship 2015 Macau Grand Prix with Carlin, qualifying in 4th place. In the qualifying race, he caused a multi-car pile up on the first lap after colliding with Daniel Juncadella. Giovinazzi went on to win the qualifying race, but was later handed a 20-second penalty for the incident, demoting him to 10th. At the main event, he recovered to finish in 4th place.

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters.

Giovinazzi had impressed Audi Sport Team Phoenix during a DTM test in 2015, before being called up to replace the suspended Timo Scheider for the round at Moscow Raceway during the 2015 DTM season. He finished the races in 19th and 21st.

Endurance racing.

In 2016, Giovinazzi took part in the Asian Le Mans Series in the LMP2 class alongside Sean Gelael. They entered the final two rounds at Buriram and Sepang, winning both races. Giovinazzi then entered the Silverstone round of the European Le Mans Series alongside Gelael and Mitch Evans for SMP Racing, in which they came 5th.  In the FIA World Endurance Championship, Giovinazzi took part in the 2016 6 Hours of Fuji alongside Gelael and Giedo van der Garde for the Extreme Speed Motorsports team, in which they finished 4th in the LMP2 class. He then took part in the following round in Shanghai alongside Gelael and Tom Blomqvist, finishing 2nd.

GP2 Series.

Giovinazzi joined the series with Prema Powerteam for the 2016 season alongside Red Bull Junior and 2014 Formula Renault 3.5 Series runner-up Pierre Gasly.  After a poor start by finishing outside the points and losing reverse grid pole in the first two rounds, Giovinazzi scored victories in both the feature and sprint races in Baku, becoming the first driver to do 'the double' since Davide Valsecchi in 2012.  Giovinazzi took pole position from his teammate Gasly at Spa, and won the Sprint Race after Gasly had won the feature race on Saturday. At Monza, he took pole position, but was disqualified from the session due to a technical infringement. Despite starting from the back of the grid, he won in the Feature Race after a mix up involving the safety car that worked in his favour.  Giovinazzi took the lead of the championship at Sepang by overtaking Sergey Sirotkin late on for his 5th win of the season. However, Pierre Gasly's victory in the Abu Dhabi feature race meant that Gasly led by 12 points into the final race. Giovinazzi finished the final race ahead of Gasly as Alex Lynn won the race, however, after making a poor start, he was unable to overturn the 12-point gap, and Gasly won the championship by 8 points.  Had Giovinazzi won the championship, he would have been the first rookie champion since Nico Hülkenberg in 2009. He would also have been the last ever GP2 champion as the series would become FIA Formula 2 Championship for 2017.

Formula One career.

On 5 September 2016, it was announced that Giovinazzi would perform simulator work for Scuderia Ferrari. In December, he was confirmed as Ferrari's third driver.

Sauber (2017).

Giovinazzi participated in pre-season testing for the season with Sauber. In a similar fashion to his DTM debut two years prior, he substituted for the injured Pascal Wehrlein at the Australian Grand Prix. Wehrlein did not feel fit enough for a complete race distance due to his training deficit as a result of a crash at the 2017 Race of Champions. Giovinazzi finished 12th on his debut. His debut meant he was the first Italian driver to start a Formula One race since Jarno Trulli and Vitantonio Liuzzi at the 2011 Brazilian Grand Prix. Sauber announced that Giovinazzi would again replace Wehrlein for the Chinese Grand Prix, where he crashed out during both qualifying and the race. Giovinazzi later participated in six free practice sessions for the Haas F1 Team over the course of the 2017 season.  Giovinazzi remained a reserve and test driver for Sauber and Ferrari in. He took part in six free practice sessions for Sauber during the season.

Alfa Romeo (2019-present).

2019.

On 25 September 2018 it was announced that Giovinazzi would race for Sauber (now Alfa Romeo) during the season, partnering Kimi Räikkönen and replacing Marcus Ericsson, who became the team's reserve driver.  Giovinazzi went eight races without scoring points until he scored his first at the Austrian Grand Prix, finishing 10th. It was the first points finish for an Italian driver in Formula One since Vitantonio Liuzzi finished 6th at the 2010 Korean Grand Prix. The next race in Britain saw his first retirement of the season, after a mechanical problem caused him to spin out into a gravel trap. He crashed out on the last lap of the Belgian Grand Prix, having been running in 9th place. It later emerged that the crash caused Alfa Romeo to consider Giovinazzi's future with the team, with team principal Frédéric Vasseur saying "We had a tough discussion with Antonio, because these kind of things can decide your career. We were thinking about the future." At this stage of the season, Giovinazzi had collected one point, whilst teammate Räikkönen had scored 31.  The second half of the season was far more successful for Giovinazzi. He claimed points a week after the Belgian Grand Prix with a 9th place finish at his first home race in Formula One. On lap 27 of the 2019 Singapore Grand Prix, Giovinazzi led the race for 4 laps after the leaders had pitted. It was the first time he had led a Formula One Grand Prix race in his career. For Alfa Romeo, it was the first time since Andrea de Cesaris led in the 1983 Belgian Grand Prix. Giovinazzi ultimately finished 10th, scoring points for the second consecutive race. At the Brazilian Grand Prix, he achieved his career best finish, crossing the line in 6th place before being promoted to 5th after Lewis Hamilton was penalised.  Giovinazzi ended the season in 17th place in the championship, with 14 points.

2020.

On 4 November 2019, Giovinazzi was confirmed to continue at Alfa Romeo for the 2020 season, again partnering Räikkönen.

Racing record.

Career summary.

As Giovinazzi was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.<br>

Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results.

Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

Complete Formula One results.

Did not finish, but was classified as driver had completed more than 90% of the race distance.<br> <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress.

Antonio Giovinazzi (; born 14 December 1993) is an Italian racing driver currently competing in Formula One for Alfa Romeo Racing. He was the 2015 FIA Formula 3 European Championship runner-up and raced with Prema in the 2016 International GP2 Series, again finishing runner-up with five wins and eight overall podiums. Giovinazzi was chosen by Scuderia Ferrari to be their third and reserve driver for the 2017 season. He made his competitive debut for Sauber at the 2017 Australian Grand Prix, replacing the injured Pascal Wehrlein. He also replaced Wehrlein at the following Chinese Grand Prix as Wehrlein continued his recovery. Giovinazzi signed a contract to race full-time for Alfa Romeo Racing in.

Antonio Giovinazzi, né le à Martina Franca, est un pilote automobile italien. Il est pilote de réserve de la Scuderia Ferrari, de Sauber et de Haas F1 Team en 2017, année où il connaît son premier départ en Formule 1, en remplaçant Pascal Wehrlein blessé lors du Grand Prix d'Australie au sein de l'équipe Sauber qui, sous le nom d'Alfa Romeo, le titularise en 2019 aux côtés de Kimi Räikkönen.


Biography.

Born in Naples, Sodero studied with Giuseppe Martucci, and graduated from the Naples Conservatory at fourteen. He toured Europe for a short time as a cellist before coming to the United States in 1906; for seven years he directed various American opera companies, including that in Chicago, and tried to promote American interest in Italian symphonic music. In 1914 he became principal conductor at the New York Recording Department of Thomas A. Edison, Inc., formerly the Edison Phonograph Company. He contracted and conducted a wide variety of instrumental ensembles for Edison, principally focussing on band and orchestra selections. Alone of the musicians at Edison, Sodero had final say on repertoire he recorded, rather than Thomas Edison, and Sodero's instrumental recordings are some of the most colorful and imaginative of the entire acoustical recording era. Sodero also conducted the accompaniments for most of the operatic records made at Edison between 1915 and 1925, working with such luminaries as tenor Jacques Urlus and soprano Claudia Muzio. Sodero remained with Edison until 1925, when he turned to radio. He achieved significance as a pioneer in the broadcast of opera, directing a series of fifty-three works in tabloid form for NBC in 1926. From then until 1934 he also conducted several hundred symphonic concerts for the network; he then became music director for the Mutual network. From 1934 to 1942 he served as the conductor of the Mendelssohn Glee Club of New York. Having worked for most of his career in the relatively "invisible" fields of recording and radio, Sodero was surprisingly appointed as the principal conductor of the Metropolitan Opera's Italian wing in 1942 on account of Ettore Panizza's deciding to remain in Argentina after the United States' entry into World War II. Sodero's Met debut, "Aida" on November 28, was highly successful, and critics praised Sodero's precise, powerful, yet lyrical direction. He worked steadily and successfully with the company until his death.  Sodero also composed music, and wrote one opera during his career. Titled "Ombre Russe", it was given its premiere by NBC in 1929; the stage premiere took place in Venice in 1930.  Sodero died in New York City in 1947.

External links.

(audio recordings)

Cesare Sodero (August 2, 1886 – December 16, 1947) was an Italian conductor who spent much of his career working in the United States.

Cesare Sodero est un chef d'orchestre italien né le à Naples et mort le à New York, et qui a effectué la plus grande partie de sa carrière aux États-Unis.