Description.

"Rhamnus" species are shrubs or small to medium-sized trees, with deciduous or rarely evergreen foliage. For example, when it comes to the European Buckthorn, this shrub can grow to be taller than the average human height. Branches are unarmed or end in a woody spine. The leaf blades are undivided and pinnately veined. Leaf margins are serrate or rarely entire. Most species have yellowish green, small, bisexual or unisexual, rarely polygamous flowers; which are produced singly or in axillary cymes, cymose racemes, or cymose panicles containing a few flowers. Calyx tube campanulate to cup-shaped, with 4 or 5 ovate-triangular sepals, which are adaxially ± distinctly keeled. Petals 4 or 5 but a few species may lack petals. The petals are shorter than the sepals. Flowers have 4 or 5 stamens which are surrounded by and equal in length the petals or are shorter. The anthers are dorsifixed. The superior ovary is free, rounded, with 2-4 chambers. Fruits are a 2-4 stoned, berrylike drupe, which is obovoid-globose or globose shaped. Seeds are obovoid or oblong-obovoid shaped, unfurrowed or abaxially or laterally margined with a long, narrow, furrow. The seeds have fleshy endosperm.

Distribution.

"Rhamnus" has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, with about 150 species which are native from temperate to tropical regions, the majority of species are from east Asia and North America, with a few species in Europe and Africa.  North American species include alder-leaf buckthorn ("R. alnifolia") occurring across the continent, Carolina buckthorn ("R. (F.) caroliniana") in the east, cascara buckthorn ("R. (F.) purshiana") in the west, and the evergreen California buckthorn or coffeeberry ("R. (F.) californica") and hollyleaf buckthorn ("R. crocea"), also in the west. Though not native to this region, the "Rhamnus cathartica" can be found in North America.  In South America, "Rhamnus diffusus" is a small shrub native to the Valdivian temperate rain forests of Chile.  Buckthorns may be confused with dogwoods, which share the curved leaf venation; indeed, "dogwood" is a local name for "R. prinoides" in southern Africa. The two plants are easy to distinguish by slowly pulling a leaf apart; dogwoods will exude thin, white latex strings, while buckthorns will not.

Invasive species.

Common buckthorn and glossy buckthorn are considered invasive species in the United States and by many local jurisdictions and state governments, including Minnesota and Wisconsin.  When it comes to the Common Buckthorn, it has been able to spread in Canada and the U.S. so well because of some of the qualities that these plants have. For example these plants are efficient growers that do not need much sunlight and are very fertile. Their seeds are hardy, as well as being able to grow and spread easily in a variety of environmental conditions. Also other animals prefer to leave them alone because they are not appetizing and their fruits can make some animals sick. Overall they are known to have a negative effect on the surrounding environment in which they are invasive. For example, the finding of one research in the U.S. found that egg mortality for frogs went up because of a chemical that the European Buckthorn releases. Other species, such as the "Rhamnus alaternus" also make chemicals that prevent other animals from consuming them.

Classification.

The genus has been divided into two subgenera, which are increasingly treated as separate genera:

Ecology.

Some species are invasive outside their natural ranges. "R. cathartica" was introduced into the United States as a garden shrub and has become an invasive species in many areas there. It is a primary host of the soybean aphid ("Aphis glycines"), a pest for soybean farmers across the US. The aphids use the buckthorn as a host for the winter and then spread to nearby soybean fields in the spring. Italian buckthorn ("R. alaternus"), an evergreen species from the Mediterranean region, has become a serious weed in some parts of New Zealand, especially on Hauraki Gulf islands.  Buckthorns are used as food plants by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species.  The American species are known to be hosts for the oat fungus Puccinia coronata. In a 1930 study, both kerosene and salt were employed for eradication of "R. Lanceolata" and both proved to be less expensive than felling these bushes.

Uses.

The fruit of most species contain a yellow dye and the seeds are rich in protein. Oils from the seeds are used for making lubricating oil, printing ink, and soap. Many species have been used to make dyes. "R. purshianus" bark and fruit yield a yellow dye and, when mixed with alum, a green dye that has been used in art. "R. utilis" provides china green, a dye used to give a bright green color to silk and wool. Another species, Avignon buckthorn ("R. saxatilis") provides the yellow dye Persian berry, made from the fruit.  Some species may cause demyelinating polyneuropathies.  The purging buckthorn ("R. cathartica") is a widespread European native species used in the past as a purgative. It was in mid 17th-century England the only native purgative. It was also known pre- Linnaeus as "Spina Cervina". The berries of "Spina Cervina" are black and contain a greenish juice, along with four seeds apiece; this serves to distinguish them from those of the black alder and dogberry, which contain only one or two apiece. Its syrup is said to be churlish. Its toxicity makes this a very risky herbal medicine and it is no longer in use.  "R. prinoides" is known as "gesho" in Ethiopia, where it is used to make a mead called "tej".  The species "Rhamnus alaternus" shows some promise for medicinal use as well.

Rhamnus is a genus of about 110 accepted species of shrubs or small trees, commonly known as buckthorns, in the family Rhamnaceae. Its species range from 1 to 10 meters (3'-30') tall (rarely to 15 metres, 50') and are native mainly in east Asia and North America, but found throughout the temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere, and also more locally in the subtropical Southern Hemisphere in parts of Africa and South America. One species, the common buckthorn ("Rhamnus cathartica"), was able to flourish as an invasive plant in parts of Canada and the U.S.

Les nerpruns ("Rhamnus") sont un genre (ou deux genres, si "Frangula" est traité comme un genre distinct) d'environ 100 espèces d'arbustes ou de petits arbres de 1 à 10 m de haut (rarement à 15 m) de la famille des "Rhamnaceae". Ce sont des espèces indigènes des régions tempérées et subtropicales de l'hémisphère nord, et localement en Afrique et en Amérique du Sud.


Overview.

Media consultant Blake Harris states that a bankable star is one of the "3 minimum ingredients to any film package." the other two being a successful director and a script or a strong story idea. The involvement of a bankable star in a film gives investors confidence that they will achieve a return on their investments by ensuring that the film is widely distributed and that at least some people will pay to see it (that it will "open").  Harris adds that obtaining a bankable star for a package is not easy because of the dearth of such stars. He states that at any point in time there are no more than "a dozen or so" stars whose mere involvement will ensure that a film will be made.  Analyst Alex Epstein states that bankable stars or, more generally, "bankable elements" are how "hookless" films (films without a compelling concept that makes people interested in them in their own right) get made. He gives "Dances with Wolves" as an example of a movie: the involvement of Kevin Costner as the bankable star guaranteed that the movie was made. Writer Melissa Robbie concurs, stating that some movies are high-concept (they have what Epstein terms "hooks"), but others are simply star vehicles for bankable stars.  "The Hollywood Reporter" has published several results of polls for Hollywood's top ten most bankable stars, the most recent three being one in 1999, one in 2002 and the last one in 2006.  The 2002 survey polled "114 executives at both major studios and independent companies, financiers and various industry players from around the world." Voters were asked which stars "did the most to attract financing to a film, ensure its global distribution, and deliver that hugely important opening weekend based on the strength of their good name."  James Ulmer has compared his list of bankable stars, "The Ulmer Scale", to a stock market index. His criteria for ranking is based on the name of a star alone being able to get people to movie theaters in the United States as well as the rest of the world. In an August 2010 interview Ulmer described the international movie market as "unfortunately... pretty sexist"; how a woman's name alone cannot sell a movie, and how female stars are only bankable when cast with a male star or in ensemble movies.

Lists of most bankable stars.

Hollywood Reporter.

These are the top 10 lists of the most bankable stars, with their scores, as published by "The Hollywood Reporter".

Ulmer Scale.

The list was created by veteran entertainment journalist James Ulmer, who developed a 100-point method to quantify a star's value to a film production, in terms of getting a movie financed and the cameras rolling. "The Ulmer Scale" also takes into account an actor's history (box office successes vs. failures), versatility, professional demeanor, and ability and willingness to travel and promote movies.

2009.

The Top 10 list as of 2009 (in order of 'bankable' value):

In the film industry, a bankable star is an actor famous or charismatic enough to be "capable of guaranteeing box-office success simply by showing up in a movie." The bankability of an actor includes their films' box office track record, professional demeanor, and other factors. Bankable stars are rare, with there being only about twelve at any point in time. Hiring a bankable star helps a film company to secure investment, secure distribution, and garner media attention. Some bankable stars have so much star power that even films without a strong concept or "hook", such as a star vehicle film, is feasible to make.

Bankable (anglicisme provenant du verbe "") est un terme du jargon cinématographique qui signifie, selon les occurrences, « qui rapporte de l'argent » ou « qui permet de financer un film sur son nom ». Il n'a en effet pas exactement le même sens selon qu'on parle du cinéma américain ou du cinéma français, ce qui s'explique par les différences entre les systèmes de financement de ces cinématographies. Cet adjectif, qui s'applique au départ aux acteurs, peut aussi qualifier un réalisateur ou même certains éléments d'un film (histoire, personnages...). Depuis le milieu des années 1990, l'importance d'avoir au générique des acteurs bankables influencerait fortement les choix de distribution des films, aussi bien français qu'américains, au point de créer une polémique : les choix artistiques des réalisateurs seraient ainsi bridés et, en France, ce système ferait paradoxalement augmenter de manière démesurée les budgets des films.


Career.

Clubs.

He played in Redbergslids IK for 8 years 1991–1999. He won the gold medal in the Swedish championship, 5 times, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98. He won the silver medal 2 times, 1994–95, 1998–99. He won the gold medal in the Swedish cup championship, 3 times, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98. He won the gold medal in the Nordic cup championship, 3 times, 1996, 1997, 1998.

National team.

Vranjes was a member of the Swedish team for 11 years 1996–2007. He also competed in the World championship and European championship. He won the silver medal in the World championship, 1997 in Japan. He won the gold medal in the European championship, 1998 in Italy. He won the gold medal in the World championship, 1999 in Egypt. He won the gold medal in the European championship, 2000 in Croatia. He won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament, 2000 in Australia. He won the silver medal in the World championship, 2001 in France. He won the gold medal in the European championship, Sweden 2002. In 2000 Vranjes was a member of the Swedish handball team that won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament. He played seven matches and scored 27 goals.

Coaching.

After retiring as a player in 2009, Vranjes became the manager of the German team Flensburg-Handewitt with whom he won the 2013–14 EHF Champions League. In 2013 he briefly coached the Serbia national handball team.  In 2017, he signed with MVM Veszprém and the Hungary national team, taking over both positions on 1 July 2017.  On 17 December 2019, he took the head coach role in the Slovenia national team.

Personal life.

Vranjes, of Serb descent, was born in Gothenburg. In his spare time Vranjes likes to photograph.

Ljubomir Vranjes (; born 3 October 1973) is a Swedish handball coach and former player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics. He currently coaches IFK Kristianstad and the Slovenian national team.

Ljubomir Vranjes, né le à Göteborg, est un ancien joueur suédois d'origine serbe de handball. Malgré une taille modeste (), il a d'ailleurs longtemps été considéré comme l'un des meilleurs demi-centre du monde. Avec l'équipe nationale suédoise, il est notamment triple champion d'Europe, une fois champion du monde et une fois vice-champion olympique.


Early life and background.

Iris Chang was the daughter of two university professors, Ying-Ying Chang and Dr. Shau-Jin Chang, who emigrated from Taiwan to the United States. Chang was born in Princeton, New Jersey and raised in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. Chang grew up hearing stories about the Nanking massacre, from which her maternal grandparents managed to escape. When she tried finding books about the subject in Champaign Public Library, she found there were none. She attended University Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois, and graduated in 1985. She was initially a computer science major, but would later switch to journalism, earning a bachelor's degree at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1989. During her time in college she also worked as a "New York Times" stringer from Urbana-Champaign, and wrote six front-page articles over the course of one year. After brief stints at the Associated Press and the "Chicago Tribune", she pursued a master's degree in Writing Seminars at Johns Hopkins University. She then embarked on her career as an author and lectured and wrote magazine articles. She married Bretton Lee Douglas, a design engineer for Cisco Systems, whom she had met in college, and had one son, Christopher, who was 2 years old at the time of her suicide. She lived in San Jose, California in the final years of her life.

Works.

Chang wrote three books documenting the experiences of Chinese and Chinese Americans in history. Her first, "Thread of the Silkworm" (Basic Books, 1995) tells the life story of the Chinese professor, Hsue-Shen Tsien (or Qian Xuesen) during the Red Scare in the 1950s. Although Tsien was one of the founders of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and for many years helped the military of the United States debrief scientists from Nazi Germany, he was suddenly accused of being a spy and a member of the Communist Party USA, and was placed under house arrest from 1950 to 1955. Tsien left for the People's Republic of China in September 1955. Upon his return to China, Tsien developed the Dongfeng missile program, and later the Silkworm missile, which was used by the Iraqi military during its war on Iran and against the United States-led coalitions during Gulf Wars One and Two. Her second book, "The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II" (1997), was published on the 60th anniversary of the Nanking Massacre and was motivated in part by her own grandparents' stories about their escape from the massacre. It documents atrocities committed against Chinese by forces of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and includes interviews with victims. "The Rape of Nanking" remained on the "New York Times" Bestseller list for 10 weeks. Based on the book, an American documentary film, "Nanking", was released in 2007.  The book attracted both praises for exposing the details of the atrocity and criticisms because of alleged inaccuracies. After publication of the book, Chang campaigned to persuade the Japanese government to apologize for its troops' wartime conduct and to pay compensation.  Her third book, "The Chinese in America" (2003), is a history of Chinese Americans, that argues their treatment as perpetual outsiders by American society. Consistent with the style of her earlier works, the book relies heavily on personal accounts, drawing its strong emotional content from their stories. She wrote, "The America of today would not be the same America without the achievements of its ethnic Chinese," and that "scratch the surface of every American celebrity of Chinese heritage and you will find that, no matter how stellar their achievements, no matter how great their contribution to US society, virtually all of them have had their identities questioned at one point or another."

Public notability.

Success as an author made Iris Chang into a public figure. "The Rape of Nanking" placed her in great demand as a speaker and as an interview subject, and, more broadly, as a spokesperson for the viewpoint that the Japanese government had not done enough to compensate victims of their invasion of China. In one often-mentioned incident (as reported by "The Times" of London): ...she confronted the Japanese Ambassador to the United States on television, demanded an apology and expressed her dissatisfaction with his mere acknowledgement "that really unfortunate things happened, acts of violence were committed by members of the Japanese military". "It is because of these types of wording and the vagueness of such expressions that Chinese people, I think, are infuriated," was her reaction.  Chang's visibility as a public figure increased with her final work, "The Chinese in America". After her death, she became the subject of tributes from fellow writers. Mo Hayder dedicated a novel to her. Reporter Richard Rongstad eulogized her as "Iris Chang lit a flame and passed it to others and we should not allow that flame to be extinguished."  In 2007, the documentary "Nanking" was dedicated to Chang, as well as the Chinese victims of Nanking.  Iris Chang Park in San Jose, opening in November 2019, is a municipal park dedicated to Chang.

Depression and death.

Chang suffered a nervous breakdown in August 2004, which her family, friends, and doctors attributed in part to constant sleep deprivation, dozens of herbal supplements, and heavy doses of psychologically damaging prescription medication. At the time, she was several months into research for her fourth book, about the Bataan Death March. She was also promoting "The Chinese in America". While en route to Harrodsburg, Kentucky, where she planned to gain access to a "time capsule" of audio recordings from servicemen, she suffered an extreme bout of depression that left her unable to leave her hotel room in Louisville. A local veteran who was assisting her research helped her check into Norton Psychiatric Hospital in Louisville, where she was diagnosed with reactive psychosis, placed on heavy medication for three days and then released to her parents. After the release from the hospital, she continued to suffer from depression and experienced the side effects of several medications she was taking. Chang was also reportedly deeply disturbed by much of the subject matter of her research.  On November 9, 2004, at about 9 a.m., Chang was found dead in her car by a Santa Clara Valley Water District employee on a rural road south of Los Gatos, California and west of State Route 17, in Santa Clara County. Investigators concluded that Chang had shot herself through the mouth with a revolver. At the time of her death, she had been taking the medications Depakote and Risperdal to stabilize her mood.  It was later discovered that she had left behind three suicide notes each dated November 8, 2004. "Statement of Iris Chang" stated: I promise to get up and get out of the house every morning. I will stop by to visit my parents then go for a long walk. I will follow the doctor's orders for medications. I promise not to hurt myself. I promise not to visit Web sites that talk about suicide.  The next note was a draft of the third: When you believe you have a future, you think in terms of generations and years. When you do not, you live not just by the day — but by the minute. It is far better that you remember me as I was—in my heyday as a best-selling author—than the wild-eyed wreck who returned from Louisville.... Each breath is becoming difficult for me to take—the anxiety can be compared to drowning in an open sea. I know that my actions will transfer some of this pain to others, indeed those who love me the most. Please forgive me.  The third note included: There are aspects of my experience in Louisville that I will never understand. Deep down I suspect that you may have more answers about this than I do. I can never shake my belief that I was being recruited, and later persecuted, by forces more powerful than I could have imagined. Whether it was the CIA or some other organization I will never know. As long as I am alive, these forces will never stop hounding me.  Days before I left for Louisville I had a deep foreboding about my safety. I sensed suddenly threats to my own life: an eerie feeling that I was being followed in the streets, the white van parked outside my house, damaged mail arriving at my P.O. Box. I believe my detention at Norton Hospital was the government's attempt to discredit me.  Reports said that news of her suicide hit the massacre survivor community in Nanjing hard. In tribute to Chang, the survivors held a service at the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, around the same time as her funeral, held at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Los Altos, California on November 12, 2004. The Memorial Hall, which collects documents, photos, and human remains from the massacre, added both a wing and a bronze statue dedicated to Chang in 2005. In 2017, the Iris Chang Memorial Hall was built in Huai'an, China.

Iris Shun-Ru Chang (March 28, 1968November 9, 2004) was an American journalist, author of historical books and political activist. She is best known for her best-selling 1997 account of the Nanking Massacre, "The Rape of Nanking". Chang is the subject of the 2007 biography, "Finding Iris Chang", and the 2007 documentary film "Iris Chang: The Rape of Nanking".

Iris Shun-Ru Chang (chinois traditionnel : 張純如 ; sinogramme simplifié : 张纯如 ; pinyin : Zhāng Chúnrú), née le, décédée le est une historienne et journaliste sino-américaine connue pour son best-seller "Le Viol de Nankin" (1997) qui raconte l'histoire du massacre de Nankin. Elle s'est suicidée après un épisode dépressif.


Origins.

The word metabolome appears to be a blending of the words "metabolite" and "chromosome". It was constructed to imply that metabolites are indirectly encoded by genes or act on genes and gene products. The term "metabolome" was first used in 1998 and was likely coined to match with existing biological terms referring to the complete set of genes (the genome), the complete set of proteins (the proteome) and the complete set of transcripts (the transcriptome). The first book on metabolomics was published in 2003. The first journal dedicated to metabolomics (titled simply "Metabolomics") was launched in 2005 and is currently edited by Prof. Roy Goodacre. Some of the more significant early papers on metabolome analysis are listed in the references below.

Measuring the metabolome.

The metabolome reflects the interaction between an organism's genome and its environment. As a result, an organism's metabolome can serve as an excellent probe of its phenotype (i.e. the product of its genotype and its environment). Metabolites can be measured (identified, quantified or classified) using a number of different technologies including NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Most mass spectrometry (MS) methods must be coupled to various forms of liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE) to facilitate compound separation. Each method is typically able to identify or characterize 50-5000 different metabolites or metabolite "features" at a time, depending on the instrument or protocol being used. See Figure 2 for an illustration of the relationship between different analytical methods and their sensitivity. Currently it is not possible to analyze the entire range of metabolites by a single analytical method.  Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique that measures the absorption of radiofrequency radiation of specific nuclei when molecules containing those nuclei are placed in strong magnetic fields. The frequency (i.e. the chemical shift) at which a given atom or nucleus absorbs is highly dependent on the chemical environment (bonding, chemical structure nearest neighbours, solvent) of that atom in a given molecule. The NMR absorption patterns produce "resonance" peaks at different frequencies or different chemical shifts – this collection of peaks is called an NMR spectrum. Because each chemical compound has a different chemical structure, each compound will have a unique (or almost unique) NMR spectrum. As a result, NMR is particularly useful for the characterization, identification and quantification of small molecules, such as metabolites. The widespread use of NMR for "classical" metabolic studies, along with its exceptional capacity to handle complex metabolite mixtures is likely the reason why NMR was one of the first technologies to be widely adopted for routine metabolome measurements. As an analytical technique, NMR is non-destructive, non-biased, easily quantifiable, requires little or no separation, permits the identification of novel compounds and it needs no chemical derivatization. NMR is particularly amenable to detecting compounds that are less tractable to LC-MS analysis, such as sugars, amines or volatile liquids or GC-MS analysis, such as large molecules (>500 Da) or relatively non-reactive compounds. NMR is not a very sensitive technique with a lower limit of detection of about 5 μM. Typically 50-150 compounds can be identified by NMR-based metabolomic studies.  Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules. Molecules or molecular fragments are typically charged or ionized by spraying them through a charged field (electrospray ionization), bombarding them with electrons from a hot filament (electron ionization) or blasting them with a laser when they are placed on specially coated plates (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization). The charged molecules are then propelled through space using electrodes or magnets and their speed, rate of curvature, or other physical characteristics are measured to determine their mass-to-charge ratio. From these data the mass of the parent molecule can be determined. Further fragmentation of the molecule through controlled collisions with gas molecules or with electrons can help determine the structure of molecules. Very accurate mass measurements can also be used to determine the elemental formulas or elemental composition of compounds. Most forms of mass spectrometry require some form of separation using liquid chromatography or gas chromatography. This separation step is required to simplify the resulting mass spectra and to permit more accurate compound identification. Some mass spectrometry methods also require that the molecules be derivatized or chemically modified so that they are more amenable for chromatographic separation (this is particularly true for GC-MS). As an analytical technique, MS is a very sensitive method that requires very little sample (<1 ng of material or <10 μL of a biofluid) and can generate signals for 1000s of metabolites from a single sample. MS instruments can also be configured for very high throughput metabolome analyses (hundreds to thousands of samples a day). Quantification of metabolites and the characterization of novel compound structures is more difficult by MS than by NMR. LC-MS is particularly amenable to detecting hydrophobic molecules (lipids, fatty acids) and peptides while GC-MS is best for detecting small molecules (<500 Da) and highly volatile compounds (esters, amines, ketones, alkanes, thiols).  Unlike the genome or even the proteome, the metabolome is a highly dynamic entity that can change dramatically, over a period of just seconds or minutes. As a result, there is growing interest in measuring metabolites over multiple time periods or over short time intervals using modified versions of NMR or MS-based metabolomics.

Metabolome databases.

Because an organism's metabolome is largely defined by its genome, different species will have different metabolomes. Indeed, the fact that the metabolome of a tomato is different than the metabolome of an apple is the reason why these two fruits taste so different. Furthermore, different tissues, different organs and biofluids associated with those organs and tissues can also have distinctly different metabolomes. The fact that different organisms and different tissues/biofluids have such different metabolomes has led to the development of a number of organism-specific of biofluid-specific metabolome databases. Some of the better known metabolome databases include the Human Metabolome Database or HMDB, the Yeast Metabolome Database or YMDB, the E. coli Metabolome Database or ECMDB, the Arabidopsis metabolome database or AraCyc as well as the Urine Metabolome Database, the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Metabolome Database and the Serum Metabolome Database. The latter three databases are specific to human biofluids. A number of very popular general metabolite databases also exist including KEGG, MetaboLights, the Golm Metabolome Database, MetaCyc, LipidMaps and Metlin. Metabolome databases can be distinguished from metabolite databases in that metabolite databases contain lightly annotated or synoptic metabolite data from multiple organisms while metabolome databases contain richly detailed and heavily referenced chemical, pathway, spectral and metabolite concentration data for specific organisms.

The Human Metabolome Database.

The Human Metabolome Database is a freely available, open-access database containing detailed data on more than 40,000 metabolites that have already been identified or are likely to be found in the human body. The HMDB contains three kinds of information: 1) chemical information, 2) clinical information, and 3) biochemical information. The chemical data includes >40,000 metabolite structures with detailed descriptions, extensive chemical classifications, synthesis information and observed/calculated chemical properties. It also contains nearly 10,000 experimentally measured NMR, GC-MS and LC/MS spectra from more than 1100 different metabolites. The clinical information includes data on >10,000 metabolite-biofluid concentrations, metabolite concentration information on more than 600 different human diseases and pathway data for more than 200 different inborn errors of metabolism. The biochemical information includes nearly 6000 protein (and DNA) sequences and more than 5000 biochemical reactions that are linked to these metabolite entries. The HMDB supports a wide variety of online queries including text searches, chemical structure searches, sequence similarity searches and spectral similarity searches. This makes it particularly useful for metabolomic researchers who are attempting to identify or understand metabolites in clinical metabolomic studies. The first version of the HMDB was released in Jan. 1 2007 and was compiled by scientists at the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary. At that time they reported data on 2,500 metabolites, 1,200 drugs and 3,500 food components. Since then these scientists have greatly expanded the collection. The latest version of the HMDB (version 3.5) contains >16,000 endogenous metabolites, >1500 drugs and >22,000 food constituents or food metabolites.

Human biofluid metabolomes.

Scientists at the University of Alberta have been systematically characterizing specific biofluid metabolomes including the serum metabolome, the urine metabolome, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolome and the saliva metabolome. These efforts have involved both experimental metabolomic analysis (involving NMR, GC-MS, ICP-MS, LC-MS and HPLC assays) as well as extensive literature mining. According to their data, the human serum metabolome contains at least 4200 different compounds (including many lipids), the human urine metabolome contains at least 3000 different compounds (including 100s of volatiles and gut microbial metabolites), the human CSF metabolome contains nearly 500 different compounds while the human saliva metabolome contains approximately 400 different metabolites, including many bacterial products.

Yeast Metabolome Database.

The Yeast Metabolome Database is a freely accessible, online database of >2000 small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast). The YMDB contains two kinds of information: 1) chemical information and 2) biochemical information. The chemical information in YMDB includes 2027 metabolite structures with detailed metabolite descriptions, extensive chemical classifications, synthesis information and observed/calculated chemical properties. It also contains nearly 4000 NMR, GC-MS and LC/MS spectra obtained from more than 500 different metabolites. The biochemical information in YMDB includes >1100 protein (and DNA) sequences and >900 biochemical reactions. The YMDB supports a wide variety of queries including text searches, chemical structure searches, sequence similarity searches and spectral similarity searches. This makes it particularly useful for metabolomic researchers who are studying yeast as a model organism or who are looking into optimizing the production of fermented beverages (wine, beer).  Secondary electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry SESI-HRMS is a non-invasive analytical technique that allows us to monitor the yeast metabolic activities. SESI-HRMS has found around 300 metabolites in the yeast fermentation process, this suggests that a large number of glucose metabolites are not reported in the literature.

The Escherichia coli Metabolome Database.

The E. Coli Metabolome Database is a freely accessible, online database of >2700 small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli strain K12, MG1655). The ECMDB contains two kinds of information: 1) chemical information and 2) biochemical information. The chemical information includes more than 2700 metabolite structures with detailed metabolite descriptions, extensive chemical classifications, synthesis information and observed/calculated chemical properties. It also contains nearly 5000 NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS spectra from more than 600 different metabolites. The biochemical information includes >1600 protein (and DNA) sequences and >3100 biochemical reactions that are linked to these metabolite entries. The ECMDB supports many different types of online queries including text searches, chemical structure searches, sequence similarity searches and spectral similarity searches. This makes it particularly useful for metabolomic researchers who are studying E. coli as a model organism.  Secondary electrospray ionization (SESI-MS) can discriminate between eleven E. Coli strains thanks to the volatile organic compound profiling.

The metabolome refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample. The biological sample can be a cell, a cellular organelle, an organ, a tissue, a tissue extract, a biofluid or an entire organism. The small molecule chemicals found in a given metabolome may include both endogenous metabolites that are naturally produced by an organism (such as amino acids, organic acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, amines, sugars, vitamins, co-factors, pigments, antibiotics, etc.) as well as exogenous chemicals (such as drugs, environmental contaminants, food additives, toxins and other xenobiotics) that are not naturally produced by an organism.

Le métabolome est constitué de l'ensemble des petites molécules, les métabolites, tels que les intermédiaires métaboliques, les hormones et autres molécules signal ainsi que les métabolites secondaires, qui peuvent être trouvées dans un échantillon biologique. Ce terme d'origine anglo-saxonne a été proposé par Oliver "et al." en 1998, par analogie avec les termes génome, protéome et transcriptome. À l'égal de ces autres systèmes, le métabolome est dynamique et changera donc dans le temps.


First state insect.

The California dogface butterfly has been the state insect of the U.S. state of California since 1972. Its endemic range is limited to the state. California was the first state to choose a state insect — and thus, to choose a butterfly — though most of the other states have now followed, and many even have both a state insect and state butterfly. This species is listed as the California state insect.

Description.

The 'dogface' name comes from a wing pattern resembling a dog's face (some think it looks like a poodle) which is found on the male of the species. Its wings are an iridescent bluish-black, orange and sulfur-yellow in color. The female has a small black dot on each of its yellow forewings. The typical forewing length is between.

Food and habitat.

Larvae feed on "Amorpha californica", false indigo.  Adults feed on flower nectar. They are said to be especially fond of purple flowers.  In the California chaparral and woodlands habitats of the Santa Ana Mountains in Southern California, the adult California dogface butterflies can often be seen nectaring at roadside thistles: such as the native "Cirsium hydrophilum" and "Cirsium occidentale", and introduced invasive species "Cirsium arvense".  These butterflies fly very fast, are difficult to approach unless they are nectaring at flowers; it is a challenge to get a photograph of them with their wings open. The California dogface is a very fast butterfly aiding it in escaping from predators such as birds, frogs, snakes, lizards and wasps.

Zerene eurydice, the California dogface butterfly, is sometimes placed in the related genus as "Colias eurydice". This species is endemic to California, and is California's state insect symbol.

Zerene eurydice est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Pieridae et de la sous-famille des Coliadinae. Elle est l'un des symboles de l'État de Californie depuis 1972.


Geography.

Location.

According to the "Institut Géographique National" from 1 January 2007 until July 2013 the geographic centre of the European Union was located on a wheat field outside the town.  Gelnhausen is located on the German Fairy Tale Route, a tourist route.

History.

Gelnhausen was founded by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1170, it is therefore nicknamed "Barbarossastadt". The place was chosen because it was at the intersection of the Via Regia imperial road between Frankfurt and Leipzig and several other major trade routes. Frederick had three villages connected by streets and surrounded by a wall. At the same time, Gelnhausen received town privileges and a "Kaiserpfalz" was erected on an island of the Kinzig river. The emperor also granted trade privileges like the staple right which forced traveling merchants to offer their goods in the town for three days.  Hence Gelnhausen initially was a thriving trade town and head of a league of 16 towns of the Wetterau region. However prosperity came to an end already in 1326 when Emperor Louis IV gave the town in pawn to the counts of Hanau, redeemed shortly afterwards. In 1349 Count Günther von Schwarzburg received Gelnhausen from Emperor Charles IV for renouncing his claims as elected King of the Romans, in condominium with the counts of Hohnstein, who sold their share to Schwarzburg in 1431. Schwarzburg was acquired in 1435 by Elector Palatine Louis III and the Hanau, since raised to a county.  Repeated plundering in the Thirty Years' War as depicted by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen in his novel "Simplicius Simplicissimus" made it nearly uninhabitable. In 1736, the extinction of the comital line of Hanau meant the condominium share was inherited by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, who acquired the Palatinate's share ten years later.  The varying lords made continued attempts to challenge Gelnhausen's imperial immediacy, it however formally remained a "Reichsstadt". During the German Mediatisation of 1803 the city became a part of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, which was raised to an electorate and, after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, was annexed by Prussia. At this time Gelnhausen had completely recovered, and with the "Gründerzeit" economic boom it became a centre of the German rubber industry.  During the Nazi era, Gelnhausen was reported judenfrei on November 1, 1938, by propaganda newspaper "Kinzigwacht" after its synagogue was closed and remaining local Jews forced to leave the town.  From the 1930s Gelnhausen was a garrison town of the German "Wehrmacht" and, after World War II, of the United States Army. The US Army closed Coleman Kaserne in 2007.  In 1996, the town hosted the 36th Hessentag state festival.

Arts and culture.

Attractions.

Sights include:

Governance.

Town twinning.

Gelnhausen is twinned with:

Infrastructure.

Transport.

Gelnhausen lies directly on the German autobahn A66. Gelnhausen station is located on the Kinzig Valley Railway, a major line between Frankfurt and Fulda. Regional services from Frankfurt to Fulda or Wächtersbach stop in Gelnhausen.

Notable people.

Like many American soldiers, in 1959 Colin Powell, then lieutenant of the 3rd Armored Division, served at Coleman Kaserne. A street was later named after him. During the Second Gulf War there was some discussion about renaming the street because of Germany's stance on the war. The mayor of Gelnhausen strongly objected.

Gelnhausen is a town, and the capital of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located approximately 40 kilometers east of Frankfurt am Main, between the Vogelsberg mountains and the Spessart range at the river Kinzig. It is one of the eleven towns (urban municipalities) in the district. Gelnhausen has around 22,000 inhabitants.

Gelnhausen est une ville de Hesse (Allemagne) de habitants (2015), chef-lieu de l'arrondissement de Main-Kinzig dans le district de Darmstadt. Elle se situe à mi-distance de Francfort-sur-le-Main et de Fulda dans l'est de l'aire urbaine Rhin-Main. Elle est connue pour être la ville de Barberousse.


Design.

The cartridge was designed for use in the M1911 pistol and was capable of penetrating the body armor and automobile bodies of the late 1920s. When the.357 Magnum was introduced in 1934, this advantage of the.38 Super was no longer enough to lure police departments and officers from the traditional revolver.  The.38 Super retains the original dimensions of the.38 ACP case. The cartridge was originally designed to headspace on the semi-rim, which worked in the Colt M1900 due to the design of the feed ramp. When the.38 Auto became the.38 Super, in the 1911A1, the feed ramp could no longer be used as rim support. As a result of this, observed accuracy of the.38 Super suffered until Irv Stone of Bar-Sto barrels re-designed the chamber to allow headspacing on the case mouth. Since then, all new production.38 Super pistols headspace on the case mouth, as with other cartridges in this class. The semi-rimmed case is known to cause feeding problems in some magazines, especially double stack magazines, and led to the development of new variants with reduced rims (typically only.003 inch per side).  In 1974, the industry added the +P headstamp to the.38 Super to further distinguish it from the lower-pressure.38 ACP. Most current ammunition manufacturers label ammunition for the Super as.38 Super +P.  Since the.38 Super is dimensionally the same as the.38 ACP, an unsafe condition can be caused by firing.38 Super cartridges in a firearm designed for the much lower pressure.38 ACP. The weakness, in the Colt M1900, Colt M1902, and others derived from that design, comes from the assembly wedge at the front of the slide. If the wedge comes out, or the slide cracks at the wedge, the slide can come off the rear of the frame when fired. The 1911 and 1911A1, having a slide that is solid on front, cannot come off the frame that way.

Cartridge dimensions.

The.38 Super has 17.6 grains HO (1.14 ml) cartridge case capacity.  The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1 in 16 in (406 mm), 6 grooves, ø lands =.346 in, ø grooves =.355 in, land width =.12 mm and the primer type is small pistol. Both the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) and Commission internationale permanente pour l’épreuve des armes à feu portatives (C.I.P.) specify a bullet diameter of 0.356 inches (9.04 mm).  According to the official C.I.P. guidelines, the.38 Super case can handle up to 230 MPa (33,359 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries, every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to be certified for sale to consumers.  The SAAMI pressure limit for the.38 ACP or.38 Auto is set at 26,500 psi (182.72 MPa), piezo pressure. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.38 Super +P is set at 36,500 psi (), piezo pressure.  The C.I.P. and SAAMI specified.38 Super (+P) has a semi-rimmed cartridge case.

Rimless.38 Super cartridge case variants.

In recent years, cases such as the.38 Super Comp,.38 Super Lapua,.38 Super RL (Armscor), and.38 TJ (.38 Todd Jarrett) became available transforming the.38 Super into an almost truly rimless cartridge. These "rimless" cases are somewhat of a misnomer, due to the case rim not retaining the same diameter as the case wall just forward of the extractor groove. A common example is the.38 Super Comp case, which has a semi-rim extending only.003–.004 inch per side, compared to standard.38 Super which has.007–.009 inch per side. The main reason for the development of new cases was due to the semi-rimmed.38 Super case not always feeding reliably from the double-stack box-magazines used in several semi-automatic pistols popular with practical shooting sports, such as United States Practical Shooting Association (USPSA) or International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC). The nearly rimless cases improve feeding reliability in these pistols but are intended to be used in firearms that headspace on the case mouth. Other improvements found in some of these cases are modified extractor grooves and increased thickness in key parts of the brass for high pressure loadings.

Performance.

Because of its larger case volume, which allows for more smokeless powder and results in higher muzzle velocities at approximately similar pressure levels, the.38 Super offers higher bullet velocity potential than the 9×19mm Parabellum when handloaded and in some defense loadings. The 9×19mm Parabellum is however approved for higher pressure +P loadings by both SAAMI and C.I.P., which compensates for much of the case volume difference in factory-loaded ammunition. The.38 Super is generally regarded as a well-balanced cartridge with a flat trajectory, good accuracy and relatively high muzzle energy; most loadings have greater muzzle energy than many factory-loaded.45 ACP loadings.

Muzzle velocity.

Cor-Bon/Glaser offers the.38 Super +P in several full-power self-defense–style loads with advertised velocities such as 115 gr and 125 gr. Tests with ammunition besides Cor-Bon/Glaser increases velocity by between to on average.

Usage.

The.38 Super has made a comeback in IPSC and USPSA sports shooting raceguns, particularly when equipped with a compensator, because it exceeds the power factor threshold to be considered a "major" charge, while having much more manageable recoil than.45 ACP. Part of the felt recoil reduction is due to the use of lighter-weight bullets. The main cause of reduced felt recoil is a compensator, or muzzle brake. The compensator works by diverting gases at the muzzle. The greater the gas volume, or the higher the pressure, the greater the effectiveness of a compensator. As the.38 Super runs at a higher pressure than, say, the.45, a comp will have more recoil-reduction effect.  The comeback began in the early 1980s, when Robbie Leatham and Brian Enos began experimenting with, and competing with,.38 Super pistols in IPSC. At the time, single-stack 1911s in.45 ACP were dominant. Their.38 Super pistols held one or two more rounds simply due to the smaller case diameter. However, the biggest advantage was the muzzle brake, allowing for faster follow-up shots, and thus faster stages and subsequent higher scores. Competitors still using.45 ACP pistols attempted to keep pace, both by adding compensators and by reducing bullet weight, quickly reaching the limit at 152-155 grains. The.38 Super could be loaded to major with a bullet as light as 115 grains.  Use of compensators in competition is limited to the Open Division in IPSC and USPSA. The other divisions there do not permit their use, and the International Defensive Pistol Association (IDPA) does not permit them at all. Lacking a compensator, a.38 Super, running at major, has felt recoil much like that of a.45 ACP, and more than that of a 9 mm.  Apart from its popularity in the shooting sports, the.38 Super +P is one of the most popular pistol cartridges in Latin America due to local restrictions on civilian ownership of firearms chambered for the military cartridges, such as the.45 ACP. For this reason, American police departments in the southwestern United States often consider.38 Super shell casings found at homicide scenes as a sign that the firearm was of Latin American origin.  The.38 Super round received further publicity through the single-action "Colt Combat Commander" and lightweight aluminum alloy frame "Colt Commander". When Colt switched the inventory's supply of the model from the Series-70s to the Series-80s, the model fell into lesser demand. A small number of.45 ACP submachine guns were also made in.38 Super, such as the Ingram Model 6 and Thompson submachine gun. A machine pistol variant of the M1911 chambered in.38 Super was also produced by Hyman S. Lehman.  The.38 Super +P cartridge ballistics have been improved over the years by the use of modern propellants. Since around the 2000s, ammunition is available with velocities exceeding. This is impressive from a semi-automatic pistol and is comparable to the.357 SIG. Ammunition is also being manufactured in the modern hollowpoint style bullet with excellent ballistics for personal defence. A standard single-stack magazine in a 1911-style semi-automatic pistol holds nine to eleven rounds, plus one in the chamber. Double-stack magazine pistols in this cartridge holds fifteen to eighteen rounds, plus one in the chamber.  The.38 Super +P is very popular in Australia (partly due to firearms laws prohibiting calibers over.38 from use in IPSC), and in and Latin America in regards to competition shooting and is also finding its way back into the role of a concealed carry caliber.

The.38 Super, also known as.38 Superauto or.38 Super Auto, is a pistol cartridge that fires a bullet. It was introduced in the late 1920s as a higher pressure loading of the.38 ACP, also known as.38 Auto. The older.38 ACP cartridge propelled a bullet at, whereas the.38 Super pushed the same bullet at. The.38 Super has gained distinction as the caliber of choice for many top practical shooting competitors; it remains one of the dominant calibers in IPSC competition.

Le calibre.38 Super est une création de la fabrique d'armes Colt, destinée aux pistolets semi-automatiques. C'est une version dopée du. Le diamètre de la balle mesure (avec une tolérance de 1/1000 de pouce).


Genealogy.

His personal name was Iyahito (彌仁).  He was the second son of the Northern Pretender Emperor Kōgon, and brother of his predecessor, Emperor Sukō. His mother was Hideko (秀子), Sanjō Kinhide's daughter

Events of Go-Kōgon's life.

In his own lifetime, Go-Kōgon and those around him believed that he occupied the Chrysanthemum Throne from 25 September 1352 to 9 April 1371. In 1351, Ashikaga Takauji briefly returned to the allegiance of the Southern Dynasty, causing the Southern Court to briefly consolidate control of the Imperial Line. However, this peace fell apart in April 1352. On this occasion, the Southern Court abducted Retired (Northern) Emperors Emperor Kōgon and Emperor Kōmyō as well as Emperor Sukō and the Crown Prince Tadahito from Kyoto to Anau, the location of the Southern Court. This produced a state of affairs in which there was no Emperor in Kyoto. Because of this, Imperial Prince Iyahito became emperor in 1352 with the support of Ashikaga Yoshiakira.  During this period, the Era of the Northern and Southern Courts, because of the antagonism between the two competing dynasties, public order in Kyoto was disturbed. The Southern Court repeatedly recaptured Kyoto. Emperor Go-Kōgon was forced to repeatedly flee from Kyoto to Ōmi Province and other places. Around the time that Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was named "shōgun" (1368), the Southern Courts power weakened, and order was restored to Kyoto. Also around this time, the Emperor's authority began to show its weakness.  On 9 April 1371, he abdicated in favor of his son, who became Emperor Go-En'yū. He continued to rule as Cloistered Emperor until he died of illness on 12 March 1374. He is enshrined with other emperors at the imperial tomb called "Fukakusa no kita no misasagi" (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto.

Eras of Go-Kōgon's reign.

The years of Go-Kōgon's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

References.

Emperor Go-Kōgon (後光嚴天皇 "Go-Kōgon-tennō") (23 March 1338 – 12 March 1374) was the 4th of the Emperors of Northern Court during the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts. According to pre-Meiji scholars, his reign spanned the years from 1352 through 1371.

L'empereur Go-Kōgon (後光厳天皇, "Go-Kōgon Tennō", ( – ) était le quatrième des prétendants de la Cour du Nord du Japon. Il a régné du au.


Details.

Initial incident.

The massacre began on 13 November at 7:30 p.m. when Gray confronted neighbour Garry Holden about one of Holden's dogs wandering onto his property. After the confrontation, Gray went into his house, retrieved a Norinco 84S semi-automatic rifle, walked outside and shot Holden multiple times in his chest, before walking over to him and shooting him fatally through the head.  Nearby were three young girls: Holden's two daughters, Chiquita and Jasmine, and his girlfriend Julie Ann Bryson's adopted daughter, Rewa. The girls ran into Holden's house to hide as Gray walked onto Holden's property. He quickly found Chiquita and shot her in the chest and arm with a Squires and Bingham Model 16.22-calibre semi-automatic sporting rifle, the bullet lodging in her abdomen. Shortly after shooting her, Gray found the other two girls and killed them.  Chiquita, who managed to escape by running out of the back door, fled past her father's body to Bryson's nearby house, while Gray set the Holden house on fire. Bryson, realising that Rewa and Jasmine were still in the Holden house, drove her van there with Chiquita in an attempt to save the girls. Gray shot at the van as it passed the house, which was by then ablaze.  Gray started shooting indiscriminately, targeting a utility vehicle full of locals who had seen the Holden house burning and stopped to help. He first shot Vanessa Percy several times in the back as she ran down the street in terror; she died a few hours later at the scene. He then turned towards three children. He killed the two boys, Leo Wilson and Dion Percy. The boys' sister, Stacey, was critically injured by a bullet to her abdomen, but survived. Ross Percy, the children's father, who had been driving them home after a day fishing when they saw the fire, was fatally shot in the head. Next, Aleki Tali was killed. Gray then entered the home of Tim Jamieson, killing him and another elderly local, former Green Island mayor Vic Crimp. The next victim was James Dickson, who was looking for his dog. Eva Helen Dickson, James' mother, and neighbour Chris Cole went into the road to see what the noise was. Gray shot at both of them, wounding Cole who was in a phone booth calling the police and forcing Mrs Dickson to dive for cover. Mrs Dickson, who had recently had a hip replacement and was unable to walk without assistance, pulled herself along on her stomach using her arms and feet in a ditch to get inside and called 1-1-1 (the emergency telephone number). She then crawled back to Cole to tell him help was coming. By this stage, it was getting dark and the dispatcher advised her to stay inside. Mrs Dickson later received the George Medal for bravery. Help arrived too late for Cole, who died in the hospital.

First responders.

The first armed police officer to arrive was Sergeant Stewart Guthrie, officer in charge of Port Chalmers police station and an NCO in the Armed Offenders Squad (AOS). He came armed with a Smith & Wesson Model 10 police revolver (in 1990 front-line Police did not routinely carry firearms). Guthrie enlisted the help of Constable Russell Anderson, who had arrived a short time earlier with the fire service. He armed Anderson with a rifle belonging to a resident. With darkness approaching, the pair moved through the township to Gray's house, where Guthrie deployed the constable to cover the front while he moved to cover the more dangerous rear of the house. Detective Paul Alan Knox and two constables arrived, starting the first step of the "cordon, contain, appeal" standard police strategy for armed offenders.  Guthrie observed Gray and relayed his movements inside the house to the police communications centre. After some time he lost sight of the gunman, and advised the detective to warn everyone to be alert. Anderson spotted Gray coming out the front of his property and issued a challenge, at which the gunman retreated quickly, passing through the rear of his property. Taking cover in the sand dunes of a neighbouring crib, Guthrie encountered Gray coming out of the darkness. Yelling at the gunman to surrender, he fired a warning shot. Gray shouted, "Don't shoot!", leading Guthrie to believe he was surrendering. However, Gray suddenly fired several times, one shot striking Guthrie in the head, killing him instantly.  Minutes later the Dunedin branch of the AOS began to arrive and sealed off the township with a roadblock about 250 metres along the only road out of Aramoana, securing it with an armoured car. AOS units from Christchurch, Timaru, and Invercargill were called in for support. The situation was considered dangerous as Gray had a scoped rifle, making him potentially accurate at long range. By now the police had ordered that Gray was to be shot on sight – without a warning shot.

Anti-Terrorist Squad.

Commissioner of Police John Jamieson authorised the Anti-Terrorist Squad (ATS) (now known as the Special Tactics Group (STG)), the specialist counter terrorist unit, to travel to Dunedin and locate Gray; group members were in Christchurch, Wellington and Auckland. Unable to get transport with the Air Force, the group caught the early morning business flight on the 14th.  They took Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns, encountering some problems taking firearms on a commercial aircraft. Also on the flight were Minister of Police John Banks, the Commissioner, and Julie Holden, who described Aramoana to the ATS. A large number of reporters met the flight on arrival at Dunedin. A bus took the ATS to Port Chalmers, which was choked with vehicles, where residents from Aramoana briefed the group about the township and Gray. ATS members took a reconnaissance flight over the township in an RNZAF UH-1H Iroquois helicopter. The helicopter initially flew high as it had no armour from small arms fire; Gray had shot at a private news helicopter earlier that morning.  The crew of the Air Force Iroquois then carried out low, slow passes over areas of bush where Gray was believed to be hiding, carrying armed police and dropping tear gas grenades as it did so, in an attempt to 'flush him out'. The Iroquois crew flew for over eight hours in support of the operation during the day, including positioning police snipers in the surrounding hills. After the initial reconnaissance flight, the ATS moved out as two squads and met up with the Timaru AOS, who were holding positions. The group received fire orders: "if he has a firearm, he is to be shot". Meanwhile, Gray had entered a crib, eaten a small meal and gone to sleep.

Manhunt and shootout.

Some Christchurch members of the ATS moved into Aramoana at about 6:00 a.m. on 14 November. The ATS went first to Gray's house, passing bodies on the street. After clearing neighboring houses, they put a stun grenade into Gray's, blowing out the windows, followed by tear gas. Kicking down the door, they discovered it was empty. The group then worked down the road, checking each house, a squad on either side of the street. The ATS called up the AOS, with members from Wanganui, Palmerston North, Napier, and New Plymouth, to their backs. The group discovered Sergeant Guthrie's revolver in a garden, and a woman who had been hiding under a table for more than twenty hours.  After a long day searching from house to house, the ATS checked a crib with a broken window on the north-eastern side of the township. The crib had large hedges on both sides, and a fibrolite shed at the rear. The group spotted Gray briefly at a window, and a battle ensued. Police put a stun grenade through a window, but it bounced off a mattress that Gray had placed as a barricade and landed back near police. Police fired teargas into the crib. Gray began shooting not at police but through the fibrolite shed.  The ATS opened fire, both sides shooting for two minutes, Gray walking around inside firing randomly. A stray bullet that passed through the crib struck an ATS officer in the ankle. As soon as the shooting erupted, the Air Force Iroquois took up position overhead to help ensure Gray could not escape into nearby bushes in the fading light of the approaching second night.

Gray's death.

At around 5:50 p.m., Gray ran out of the house, shooting from the hip and shouting "Kill me! Fucking kill me, you bastards!" He took several steps before being hit and knocked down by ATS gunfire. Gray was hit five times: in the eye, neck, chest and twice in the groin. Even with these injuries, he struggled fiercely against police, breaking free of plastic handcuffs before being re-handcuffed, while berating police for not having killed him. Ambulance officers treated him at the scene and on the way to Dunedin hospital by providing him oxygen, but the ambulance did not get very far out of Aramoana, and at 6:10 p.m., Gray died from his wounds.  Inside the crib police found a.22-calibre Winchester Model 750 rifle fitted with a suppressor, a Norinco SKS semi-automatic rifle, a.22-calibre Squires and Bingham Model 16, an air rifle, hundreds of rounds of.22 ammunition, and approximately 100 rounds of.223 ammunition. Gray was carrying a.22-calibre Remington Nylon 66 as well as the.223 Norinco 84s when he was shot. Police had fired between 50 and 60 shots, and at least 150 police officers were involved in the operation.  Rewa Bryson and Jasmine Holden's charred bodies were found in what remained of the Holden family home. Fourteen people, including Gray, were left dead by the end of the incident.

The perpetrator.

David Malcolm Gray (20 November 1956 – 14 November 1990), aged 33, an unemployed resident of Aramoana, was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, and raised in Port Chalmers. His father, David Francis Gray, worked in a manufacturing company and his mother, Mary Elizabeth Gray, was a machinist. He had two siblings, sister Joan and brother Barry.  Gray attended Port Chalmers Primary School, and later enrolled at the Otago Boys' High School from 1971–73, where he was a mid-stream student. A former classmate stated Gray was quiet and unassuming, and that "there was nothing frightening about him then". Those who knew Gray remembered him as having been a loner since primary school. He had worked occasionally as a farmhand but had been unemployed for a few years before 1990.  Both Gray's parents predeceased him, his father in 1978 and his mother in 1985. His sister said the death of their mother deeply affected David, and prompted him to move from Port Chalmers to the Gray family holiday home in Aramoana.  Gray was a regular customer at Galaxy Books and Records in Lower Stuart Street, Dunedin. Bill Brosnan, the owner, knew him for seven years and said he was a fan of military books and "Soldier of Fortune" magazine. In January 1990, he threatened an assistant of the bookshop with what appeared to be a shotgun in a cardboard box, and Brosnan served him with a trespass notice in February. His sister said he was an animal lover. Locals said this was a source of conflict with his next-door neighbour Garry Holden, whose pets kept dying.

Causes.

Gray's mental and physical state worsened in the months leading up to the attack. There was some evidence of a progressive decline in his mental state before the shootings, as he alienated the few friends he had. On the morning of 13 November, he travelled into Dunedin, and visited a bank where he objected angrily to a NZ$2.00 bank fee for a cheque.  He then went to Elio's Gun Shop in King Edward Street, South Dunedin, placing a $100 deposit on a gun he intended to collect the next week. At the Continental Coffee Bar, he was served a cold pie, and became confrontational. After being asked to leave, he threatened the owners saying: "I'll be back, I'm going to get you. I'll blow you away."

Aftermath.

Three days after the incident, Gray's house at 27 Muri Street in Aramoana was deliberately set on fire and burnt to the ground. The Port Chalmers Fire Brigade attended and doused surrounding vegetation to prevent the fire spreading; around fifty residents watched it burn and reportedly laughed mockingly as it did so. Gray's relatives asked that any investigation of arson be stopped, when contacted by police.  The massacre was the deadliest mass shooting in New Zealand's history until the Christchurch mosque massacre at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch on 15 March 2019.  It sparked lengthy debate about gun control, as Gray's primary weapon was a Norinco 84S 5.56mm semi-automatic rifle which had a similar appearance to and internal mechanism based on the Russian AK-47 assault rifle, and he owned three other semi-automatic firearms. Four of the dead victims and one of the injured were proven forensically to have been shot with the Norinco rifle, and another of the injured had been shot with Gray's.22 cal Squires Bingham rifle. Fragments recovered from other victims did not lead to an identification of the weapon.  The incident directly resulted in an amendment to New Zealand's firearms legislation in 1992, tightening gun control and the creation of the military-style semi-automatic category of firearms.

Bravery Awards.

A number of those involved received bravery awards:

Police Commendations.

In addition, a number of Police officers who were involved in the incident received internal Police merit awards.

Subsequent events.

In 2009, Mrs Dickson's George Medal was thought to have been stolen from a museum, as it could not be found. After the theft began circulating on the news and social media, it was found the following year in a cupboard in the museum where it had been stored and poorly catalogued.  In February 2018, relatives sold the George Cross awarded to Sergeant Stewart Guthrie to Lord Ashcroft. The Ministry of Culture and Heritage was criticised for approving the sale.  In 2018 (27 years later), survivors Chiquita Holden (aged 37) and Detective Stephen Vaughan (aged 55) married in a low-key, surprise wedding. Both were wounded during the incident but survived. They had first met in Dunedin Hospital, whilst recovering from their injuries, where they had compared scars and signed each other's casts. Vaughan had retired from Police in 2012, after a 30 year career, and been awarded an ONZM in 2016 for his services to police and the community. Holden had become a homicide specialist for Victim Support.

Cultural influence.

Books.

At least two non-fiction books have been written about the shootings: "Tragedy at Aramoana" by journalist Paul Bensemann; and "Aramoana: Twenty-two hours of terror" by police officer Bill O'Brien. There are chapters devoted to the shootings in Gordon Johnston's history of the settlement, "Journey to Aramoana – His Story", and "Confessions from the front line" by STG leader Murray Forbes.

Film and television.

A feature film based on the massacre, "Out of the Blue", directed by Robert Sarkies and starring Karl Urban, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 12 September 2006. The production faced opposition from some citizens in Aramoana, which resulted in the majority of the movie having to be filmed in another nearby township. However, eventually the community did allow a small number of scenes to be filmed in Aramoana. They agreed to the making of the movie only if the title was not "Aramoana" and if they were to see the movie beforehand.  In Season Seven, Episode 7 of "", entitled "Hide Sight", Jo Danville (played by Sela Ward) makes mention of Spree Killers she has studied, and includes David Gray in her list, with other names such as Charles Whitman.

Music.

The massacre was an inspiration for The Mutton Birds' song "A Thing Well Made" on their self-titled debut album. The song is narrated by a man who owns a sporting goods store in Christchurch. As the song closes, he describes his work for the day, which involves sending "one of those AK-47s for some collector down the line". Dunedin band The Chills more directly address the Aramoana incident in the song "Strange Case" from the 1992 album "Soft Bomb". Members of the newly formed Wellington band Goatrider were inspired to write the song "David Gray", which subsequently appeared on their 1992 limited edition cassette release "FTS".

The Aramoana massacre was a spree shooting that occurred on 13 November 1990 in the small seaside township of Aramoana, northeast of Dunedin, New Zealand. Resident David Gray killed 13 people after a verbal dispute with his next-door neighbour, including local police Sergeant Stewart Guthrie, one of the first responders to the reports of a shooting. After a careful house-to-house search the next day, police officers led by the Anti-Terrorist Squad (now known as the Special Tactics Group) located Gray, and shot and injured him as he came out of a house firing from the hip. He died in an ambulance while being transported to hospital. Television news carried live reports from the scene.

Le massacre d'Aramoana est un fait divers survenu les 13 et dans le village côtier d'Aramoana en Nouvelle-Zélande. Un des citoyens de cette communauté, David Gray ( - ), un chômeur collectionneur d'armes, tua 13 personnes, avant d'être abattu par les forces de police.


History.

Medemblik was a prosperous trading town, when in 1282, Floris V, Count of Holland, successfully invaded West Friesland. He built several fortresses to control the region, one of which was Kasteel Radboud in Medemblik, and awarded Medemblik city rights in 1289. After Floris V was murdered in 1296, the local Frisian besieged the castle, but in 1297 an army from Holland thwarted their efforts to starve out the inhabitants, which included Medemblik citizens.  Several more attacks took place in the following centuries. The most notorious of these happened in June 1517, when Medemblik was attacked from mainland Frisia by about 4000 pirates known as the Arumer Zwarte Hoop, led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijard Jelckama. Many citizens fled to the castle, which the pirates unsuccessfully besieged. Eventually, they took out their fury on the town, which burned to the ground. After this the band continued their marauding path on land throughout present day North Holland.  After Medemblik town walls were constructed in 1572, the castle lost its role as a refuge for the citizens, which led to its partially dismantling in 1578. Over the centuries the castle fell into decay, but in 1889 it became property of the crown and was restored to be used as a courthouse, which function it served until 1934. Anticipating the German invasion, the Rijksmuseum in September 1939 chose the castle as the initial hiding place of Rembrandt's Night Watch.  On January 1, 2007, Medemblik merged with the municipalities of Noorder-Koggenland and Wognum, yet retained its own name in the surviving municipality, even though it was the smallest of the three in population. Again on January 1, 2011, Medemblik merged with Andijk and Wervershoof into the municipality Medemblik.  The new city hall is the former office building of the DSB Bank in Wognum.

Tourism.

Medemblik is best known in Europe for its sailing events. Medemblik further has a picturesque small innercity with many houses from the 17th and 18th century, two big churches, an old orphanage, a town hall and, of course, castle Radboud, which is just at the border of the innercity.

Local government.

The municipal council of Medemblik consists of 27 seats, which are divided as follows:

Medemblik () is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland and the region of West-Frisia. It lies immediately south of the polder and former municipality of Wieringermeer.

Medemblik est une ville et une commune des Pays-Bas, en province de Hollande-Septentrionale, dans la région de Frise-Occidentale. En 1288, sur les instructions de Florent V de Hollande, un château est construit : le château Radboud.


Experimental determination.

Typically the coercivity of a magnetic material is determined by measurement of the magnetic hysteresis loop, also called the "magnetization curve", as illustrated in the figure above. The apparatus used to acquire the data is typically a vibrating-sample or alternating-gradient magnetometer. The applied field where the data line crosses zero is the coercivity. If an antiferromagnet is present in the sample, the coercivities measured in increasing and decreasing fields may be unequal as a result of the exchange bias effect.  The coercivity of a material depends on the time scale over which a magnetization curve is measured. The magnetization of a material measured at an applied reversed field which is nominally smaller than the coercivity may, over a long time scale, slowly relax to zero. Relaxation occurs when reversal of magnetization by domain wall motion is thermally activated and is dominated by magnetic viscosity. The increasing value of coercivity at high frequencies is a serious obstacle to the increase of data rates in high-bandwidth magnetic recording, compounded by the fact that increased storage density typically requires a higher coercivity in the media.

Theory.

At the coercive field, the vector component of the magnetization of a ferromagnet measured along the applied field direction is zero. There are two primary modes of magnetization reversal: single-domain rotation and domain wall motion. When the magnetization of a material reverses by rotation, the magnetization component along the applied field is zero because the vector points in a direction orthogonal to the applied field. When the magnetization reverses by domain wall motion, the net magnetization is small in every vector direction because the moments of all the individual domains sum to zero. Magnetization curves dominated by rotation and magnetocrystalline anisotropy are found in relatively perfect magnetic materials used in fundamental research. Domain wall motion is a more important reversal mechanism in real engineering materials since defects like grain boundaries and impurities serve as nucleation sites for reversed-magnetization domains. The role of domain walls in determining coercivity is complicated since defects may "pin" domain walls in addition to nucleating them. The dynamics of domain walls in ferromagnets is similar to that of grain boundaries and plasticity in metallurgy since both domain walls and grain boundaries are planar defects.

Significance.

As with any hysteretic process, the area inside the magnetization curve during one cycle represents the work that is performed on the material by the external field in reversing the magnetization, and is dissipated as heat. Common dissipative processes in magnetic materials include magnetostriction and domain wall motion. The coercivity is a measure of the degree of magnetic hysteresis and therefore characterizes the lossiness of soft magnetic materials for their common applications.  The "squareness" (saturation remanence divided by saturation magnetization) and coercivity are figures of merit for hard magnets although "energy product" (saturation magnetization times coercivity) is most commonly quoted. The 1980s saw the development of rare-earth magnets with high energy products but undesirably low Curie temperatures. Since the 1990s new exchange spring hard magnets with high coercivities have been developed.

Coercivity, also called the magnetic coercivity, coercive field or coercive force, is a measure of the ability of a ferromagnetic material to withstand an external magnetic field without becoming demagnetized. An analogous property in electrical engineering and materials science, electric coercivity, is the ability of a ferroelectric material to withstand an external electric field without becoming depolarized.

En science des matériaux, le champ coercitif d'un matériau ferromagnétique désigne l'intensité du champ magnétique qu'il est nécessaire d'appliquer, à un matériau ayant initialement atteint son aimantation à saturation, pour annuler l'aimantation du matériau. Le champ coercitif est usuellement noté formula_1 ou formula_2.


Early life and early years in London.

Bowery was born and raised in Sunshine, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. From an early age, he studied music, played piano, and went on to study fashion and design at RMIT for a year. He moved to London in 1980: 'I was so itchy to see new things and to see the world that I just left', he said in 1987. There he found himself part of the New Romantic club scene. He worked in a clothing shop and appeared in commercials for Pepe jeans. He soon became an influential and lively figure in the underground clubs of London and New York, as well as in art and fashion circles. He attracted attention by wearing wildly outlandish and creative outfits that he made himself. He became friends and roommates with Guy Barnes (known as "Trojan") and David Walls: Bowery created costumes for them to wear, and the trio became known in the clubs as the Three Kings. In 2005 The National Portrait Gallery of Australia acquired a portrait of Bowery in his infamous fur coat by photographer David Gwinnutt. In 2007 The National Portrait Gallery, London purchased the David Gwinnutt portrait of Leigh Bowery and Trojan (Guy Barnes) which also appears in the Violette Editions book.

Taboo.

He was known as a club promoter, and created the club called Taboo, which began as an underground party, and then opened as a club in 1985. Taboo soon became "the place to be" with long queues for those waiting to get in. Drugs, particularly ecstasy, became a part of the dancing scene for the attendees. The club was known for defying sexual convention, for embracing "polysexualism", for creating a wild atmosphere, and for playing unexpected song selections.

Fashion and costume design.

As a fashion designer he had several collections and shows in London, New York and Tokyo. He has influenced designers and artists. He was known for wildly creative costumes, makeup, wigs and headgear, all of which combined to be striking and inventive and often kitschy or beautiful.  He also designed costumes for the Michael Clark Dance Company. When that company performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1987, Bowery won a Bessie Award for his work on "No Fire Escape in Hell".

Performance artist.

As a performance artist he enjoyed creating the costumes, and often shocking audiences. He first appeared at the Anthony D'Offay Gallery in London in 1988. In a signature performance, he would appear on stage in outlandish drag or other costume, looking very huge. He would sing and dance about. Then suddenly, much to the audience's surprise, he would drop onto his back and simulate giving birth to a petite and naked young woman, who was his friend, assistant, and later wife Nicola Bateman. She had been hidden for the first part of the performance by being strapped to Leigh's belly with her face in his crotch. Then she would slip out of her harness and appear to pop out of Bowery's belly along with a lot of stage blood and links of sausages, while Bowery wailed. Bowery would then bite off the umbilical cord and the two would take a bow. Boy George said he saw it a number of times, and that it "never ceased to impress or revolt".

Lucian Freud's model.

In London in 1988, Bowery met the noted painter Lucian Freud in his club Taboo. They were introduced by a friend they had in common, the artist Cerith Wyn Evans. Freud had seen Bowery perform at Anthony d'Offay Gallery, in London. In Bowery's first public appearance in the context of fine art, Bowery posed behind a one-way mirror in the gallery dressed in the flamboyant costumes he was known for.  Bowery used his body and manipulation of his flesh to create personas. This involved almost masochistically taping his torso and piercing his cheeks with pins in order to hold masks, as well as wearing outlandish makeup. Freud said, "the way he edits his body is amazingly aware and amazingly abandoned". In return, Bowery said of Freud: "I love the psychological aspect of his work – in fact, I sometimes felt as if I had been undergoing psychoanalysis with him... His work is full of tension. Like me, he is interested in the underbelly of things". Bowery posed for a number of large full-length paintings that are considered among Freud's best work. The paintings tend to exaggerate Bowery's 6-foot 3inch, and 17 stone physique to monumental proportions. The paintings had a strong impact as part of Freud's exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1994. Freud said he found him "perfectly beautiful", and commented, "His wonderfully buoyant bulk was an instrument I felt I could use, especially those extraordinary dancer's legs". Freud noted that Leigh by nature was a shy and gentle man, and his flamboyant persona was in part a form of self-defence.  Jonathan Jones, writing for "The Guardian" describes Freud’s portrait, "Leigh Bowery (seated)":

Minty.

In 1993, Bowery formed the band Minty with friend knitwear designer Richard Torry, Nicola Bateman, and Matthew Glammore.  In November 1994, Minty began a two-week-long show at London's Freedom Cafe, including audience member Alexander McQueen, but it was too much for Westminster City Council, who closed down the show after only one night. This was to be Bowery's last performance. The show was documented by photographer A.M. Hanson with imagery subsequently published in books about Bowery and McQueen. Minty was a financial loss and represented a low point in Bowery's colourful career. After his death, the band continued under the leadership of Bateman and Glammore up until the release of album "Open Wide". A spin-off band called The Offset later formed including artist Donald Urquhart.

Personal life.

Although Bowery was known to be and always described himself as gay, he married his long-time female companion Nicola Bateman on 13 May 1994 in Tower Hamlets, London, in "a personal art performance". Although he had been HIV positive for six years, very few of those who knew him guessed that; he typically explained his public absence by saying he had gone to Papua New Guinea. His wife did not know that Bowery had the virus until he was admitted to hospital. He died 7 months after his marriage, on New Year's Eve 1994 (the date has been disputed by his father, who says he actually died in the early hours of New Year's Day, 1995), from an AIDS-related illness at the Middlesex Hospital, Westminster, London, five weeks after his admission. Lucian Freud paid for Bowery's body to be flown back to Australia.

"Taboo", the musical.

Boy George was the creative force, the lyricist and performer in the musical "Taboo", which was loosely based on Bowery's club. The musical was produced in 2002 on the West End in London, and then opened on Broadway. As a performer, Boy George played a character named "Leigh Bowery".  In an interview conducted by Mark Ronson for "Interview Magazine" Boy George said that Bowery would sometimes speak with a posh English accent, and one didn't always know if he was sincere or mocking: He seemed to be "in character" at all times. Bowery decorated his flat in a style that was similar to the way he dressed, with Star Trek-themed wallpaper, mirrors and a large piano. He was a ringleader of misbehaviour, and with his club, he created a place where there were no rules. In the clubs at the peak of his fame, he would distort his body in various ways so that he would appear deformed, or pregnant or with breasts. Bowery once said, "Flesh is my most favourite fabric".

In popular culture.

Bowery influenced other artists and designers including Meadham Kirchhoff, Alexander McQueen, Lucian Freud, Vivienne Westwood, Boy George, Antony and the Johnsons, Lady Gaga, John Galliano, Scissor Sisters, David LaChapelle, Lady Bunny, Acid Betty, Shea Couleé, plus numerous Nu-Rave bands and nightclubs in London and New York City.  Bowery was the main inspiration for the Tranimal drag movement, which emphasized an animalistic and post-modern take on drag.  The look of the character Vulva in the third episode of British TV comedy series "Spaced" was inspired by Leigh Bowery.  In "Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy" season 2 episode 2, Noel is advised to give his "fantasy block" a physical/visual form. He describes it as "...rotund but kind of stylish, like a Leigh Bowery creation." Bowery had been an influence on Fielding's outlandish costume characters.  Bowery was the subject of a contemporary dance, physical theatre and circus show in August 2018 at the Edinburgh fringe festival, put on by Australian choreographer Andy Howitt.

Discography.

Minty.

Singles.

All singles also included multiple remixes of the lead tracks.

Leigh Bowery (26 March 1961 – 31 December 1994) was an Australian performance artist, club promoter, and fashion designer. Bowery was known for his flamboyant and outlandish costumes and makeup as well as his (sometimes controversial) performances. Based in London for much of his adult life, he was a significant model and muse for the English painter Lucian Freud. Bowery's friend and fellow performer Boy George said he saw Bowery's outrageous performances a number of times, and that it "never ceased to impress or revolt".

Leigh Bowery, né le à (un quartier de Melbourne en Australie) et décédé le à Londres, fut un artiste de performance, mannequin, créateur de clubs et styliste australien, basé à Londres et New York. Il est considéré comme une figure majeure de l'art et de la mode dans années 1980 et 1990 à Londres et New York, influençant toute une génération de designers et stylistes. De nombreux artistes revendiquent son influence avant-gardiste jusqu'à aujourd'hui, parmi lesquels Meadham Kirchhoff, Alexander McQueen, Lucian Freud, Vivienne Westwood, Boy George, Antony and the Johnsons, Lady Gaga, John Galliano, the Scissor Sisters, David LaChapelle, Lady Bunny, ainsi que de nombreux groupes de nu-rave et de clubs londoniens ou new-yorkais.


Career.

Levene was born in Muswell Hill, London, and was an early fan of progressive rock - at fifteen he worked as a roadie for Yes on their "Close to the Edge" tour. In 1976, he became a founding member of The Clash and The Flowers of Romance. Levene was responsible for helping to persuade Joe Strummer to leave the 101ers and join the Clash. Although he left The Clash before they began recording, he co-wrote "What's My Name", featured on their first album. Levene wrote the music at the Black Swan club when the Clash and Sex Pistols performed there in July 1976; on the same night, Levene suggested to Lydon that they consider a possible future collaboration.  After the Sex Pistols disintegrated, Levene and Lydon co-founded Public Image Ltd (PiL). Levene's guitar work was later imitated by others, including The Edge of U2. Levene was one of the first guitarists to use metallic guitars, such as the Travis Bean Wedge and Artist as well as the Veleno, the latter of which was nicknamed the "Leveno" in his honour. He was involved in the writing, performing and producing of PiL's early albums: "First Issue", "Metal Box" and "Flowers of Romance".  Levene left PiL in 1983 over creative differences concerning what would eventually become the band's fourth album, "This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get". In 1984, he released the original versions of the songs on his own label under the title "Commercial Zone" which was the original working title of the album. In 1985 he moved to Los Angeles where he formed a company with his second wife, journalist Shelly da Cunha. In mid-1986, Levene was asked to produce demos for the album "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers at Master Control in Burbank with engineers Steve Catania and Dan Nebenzal. Also in 1986, Levene worked together with DJ Matt Dike, experimenting with sampling techniques and hip-hop for Ice T and Tone Loc on their early recordings for Delicious. In 1989, he released his first solo release, "Violent Opposition", on which members of the Red Hot Chili Peppers performed.  In 2003, Levene contributed to industrial rock supergroup Pigface's album "Easy Listening...". He has since released several solo records, among which was the "Killer in the Crowd" EP in 2004.  At an impromptu appearance at the Musicport Festival in Bridlington Spa on 24 October 2010, where they were joined by vocalist Nathan Maverick, Levene returned with former PiL bassist Jah Wobble. In 2011 Levene contributed to three tracks on the album "Psychic Life", a collaboration between Wobble and Lonelady.  In early 2012, after some planned Japan gigs were cancelled because of visa issues, Levene and Wobble played various venues in England, Wales and Germany as "Metal Box in Dub". This was followed by the release of a four-song EP, "Yin & Yang".  In spring 2014, Levene went to Prague to record "Commercial Zone 2014", an album backed via a crowdsourcing campaign funding website at Indiegogo.

Julian Keith Levene (born 18 July 1957) is an English musician, who was a founding member of both The Clash and Public Image Ltd (PiL).

Keith Levene, de son vrai nom Julian Keith Levene, né le à Wood Green en Londres, est un guitariste et compositeur anglais, plus connu comme membre de Public Image Limited.


Description.

Most "Catalpa" are deciduous trees; they typically grow to tall, with branches spreading to a diameter of about. They are fast growers and a 10-year-old sapling may stand about tall. They have characteristic large, heart-shaped leaves, which in some species are three-lobed. The appearance of the leaves sometimes causes confusion with species such as the unrelated tung tree ("Vernicia fordii") and "Paulownia tomentosa". "Catalpa" species bear broad panicles of showy flowers, generally in summer. The flower colour generally is white to yellow. In late summer or autumn the fruit appear; they are siliques about long, full of small flat seeds, each with two thin wings to aid in wind dispersal.  The large leaves and dense foliage of "Catalpa" species provide good shelter from rain and wind, making the trees an attractive habitat for many species of birds. They do not present many threats of falling limbs, but the dark-brown fruit husks that they drop in late summer may be a nuisance.  Though "Catalpa" wood is quite soft, it is popular for turning and for furniture when well seasoned, being attractive, stable and easy to work.  Most catalpas begin flowering after roughly three years, and produce fruit after about five years, although Haitian catalpa ("Catalpa longissima") can flower after six months growth from seed and produce seed after 18 months.

Species.

The two North American species, "Catalpa bignonioides" (southern catalpa) and "Catalpa speciosa" (northern catalpa), have been widely planted outside their natural ranges as ornamental trees for their showy flowers and attractive shape, or growing habit. Northern and southern catalpas are very similar in appearance, but the northern species has slightly larger leaves, flowers, and bean pods. Flowering starts after 275 growing degree days. "Catalpa ovata" from China, with pale yellow flowers, is also planted outside its natural range for ornamental purposes. This allowed "C. bignonioides" and "C. ovata" to hybridize, with the resultant "Catalpa × erubescens" also becoming a cultivated ornamental.

List of selected species.

Sources:

Etymology.

The name derives from the Muscogee name for the tree, "kutuhlpa" meaning "winged head" and is unrelated to the name of the Catawba people. The spellings "Catalpa" and "Catalpah" were used by Mark Catesby between 1729 and 1732, and Carl Linnaeus published the tree's name as "Bignonia catalpa" in 1753. Giovanni Antonio Scopoli established the genus "Catalpa" in 1777.  The bean-like seed pod is the origin of the alternative vernacular names Indian bean tree and cigar tree for "Catalpa bignonioides" and "Catalpa speciosa", respectively.

Food source.

The tree is the sole source of food for the catalpa sphinx moth ("Ceratomia catalpae"), the leaves being eaten by the caterpillars. When caterpillars are numerous, infested trees may be completely defoliated. Defoliated catalpas produce new leaves readily, but with multiple generations occurring, new foliage may be consumed by subsequent broods. Severe defoliation over several consecutive years can cause death of trees. Because the caterpillars are an excellent live bait for fishing, some dedicated anglers plant catalpa mini-orchards for their own private source of "catawba-worms", particularly in the southern states.

Other uses.

Catalpa is also occasionally used as a tonewood in guitars.

Catalpa, commonly called catalpa or catawba, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of North America, the Caribbean, and East Asia.

Catalpa est un genre d'arbres, les catalpas, appartenant à la famille des Bignoniacées. Les espèces sont originaires d'Amérique du Nord et d'Asie de l'Est. Cette essence sert essentiellement à l'ornement, notamment le Catalpa commun ("Catalpa bignonioides").