Structure.

NGF is initially in a 7S, 130-kDa complex of 3 proteins - Alpha-NGF, Beta-NGF, and Gamma-NGF (2:1:2 ratio) when expressed. This form of NGF is also referred to as proNGF (NGF precursor). The gamma subunit of this complex acts as a serine protease, and cleaves the N-terminal of the beta subunit, thereby activating the protein into functional NGF.  The term "nerve growth factor" usually refers to the 2.5S, 26-kDa beta subunit of the protein, the only component of the 7S NGF complex that is biologically active (i.e. acting as signaling molecules).

Function.

As its name suggests, NGF is involved primarily in the growth, as well as the maintenance, proliferation, and survival of nerve cells (neurons). In fact, NGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons, as they undergo apoptosis in its absence. However, several recent studies suggest that NGF is also involved in pathways besides those regulating the life cycle of neurons.

Neuronal proliferation.

NGF can drive the expression of genes such as bcl-2 by binding to the TrkA receptor, which stimulates the proliferation and survival of the target neuron.  High affinity binding between proNGF, sortilin, and p75NTR can result in either survival or programmed cell death. Study results indicate that superior cervical ganglia neurons that express both p75NTR and TrkA die when treated with proNGF, while NGF treatment of these same neurons results in survival and axonal growth. Survival and PCD mechanisms are mediated through adaptor protein binding to the death domain of the p75NTR cytoplasmic tail. Survival occurs when recruited cytoplasmic adaptor proteins facilitate signal transduction through tumor necrosis factor receptor members such as TRAF6, which results in the release of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription activator. NF-κB regulates nuclear gene transcription to promote cell survival. Alternatively, programmed cell death occurs when TRAF6 and neurotrophin receptor interacting factor (NRIF) are both recruited to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); which phosphorylates c-Jun. The activated transcription factor c-Jun regulates nuclear transcription via AP-1 to increase pro-apoptotic gene transcription.

Proliferation of pancreatic beta cells.

There is evidence that pancreatic beta cells express both the TrkA and p75NTR receptors of NGF. It has been shown that the withdrawal of NGF induces apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells, signifying that NGF may play a critical role in the maintenance and survival of pancreatic beta cells.

Regulation of the immune system.

NGF plays a critical role in the regulation of both innate and acquired immunity. In the process of inflammation, NGF is released in high concentrations by mast cells, and induces axonal outgrowth in nearby nociceptive neurons. This leads to increased pain perception in areas under inflammation. In acquired immunity, NGF is produced by the Thymus as well as CD4+ T cell clones, inducing a cascade of maturation of T cells under infection.

Ovulation.

NGF is abundant in seminal plasma. Recent studies have found that it induces ovulation in some mammals e.g. “induced” ovulators, such as llamas. Surprisingly, research showed that these induced animals will also ovulate when semen from on-schedule or “spontaneous” ovulators, such as cattle is used. Its significance in humans is unknown. It was previously dubbed ovulation-inducing factor (OIF) in semen before it was identified as beta-NGF in 2012.

Romantic love.

Recent studies found that the concentration of NGF in the blood plasma is significantly higher in individuals who have been in a romantic relationship with another person for less than 12 months [227 (14) pg/ml], than those who are either not in a romantic relationship [149 (12) pg/ml] or have been in one for more than 12 months [123 (10) pg/ml].  NGF can indirectly stimulate the expression of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) by increasing vasopressin secretion. ACTH binds to the MC receptor in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, and stimulates secretion of the stress hormone cortisol. This rapid increase of cortisol in the blood plasma can induce feelings of euphoria, which may explain the initial "rush" of falling in love. Studies show that ACTH can in turn stimulate NGF secretion in both the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus.

Mechanism of action.

NGF binds with at least two classes of receptors: the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and low-affinity NGF receptor (LNGFR/p75NTR). Both are associated with neurodegenerative disorders.  When NGF binds to the TrkA receptor, it drives the homodimerization of the receptor, which in turn causes the autophosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase segment. This leads to the activation of PI 3-kinase, ras, and PLC signaling pathways. Alternatively, the p75NTR receptor can form a heterodimer with TrkA, which has higher affinity and specificity for NGF.  Studies suggest that NGF circulates throughout the entire body via the blood plasma, and is important for the overall maintenance of homeostasis.

Neuron survival.

Binding interaction between NGF and the TrkA receptor facilitates receptor dimerization and tyrosine residue phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail by adjacent Trk receptors. Trk receptor phosphorylation sites operate as Shc adaptor protein docking sites, which undergo phosphorylation by the TrkA receptor Once the cytoplasmic adaptor protein (Shc) is phosphorylated by the receptor cytoplasmic tail, cell survival is initiated through several intracellular pathways.  One major pathway leads to the activation of the serine/threonine kinase, Akt. This pathway begins with the Trk receptor complex-recruitment of a second adaptor protein called growth factor-receptor bound protein-2 (Grb2) along with a docking protein called Grb2-associated Binder-1 (GAB1). Subsequently, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) is activated, resulting in Akt kinase activation. Study results have shown that blocking PI3K or Akt activity results in death of sympathetic neurons in culture, regardless of NGF presence. However, if either kinase is constitutively active, neurons survive even without NGF.  A second pathway contributing to cell survival occurs through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase. In this pathway, recruitment of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor by the adaptor and docking proteins leads to activation of a membrane-associated G-protein known as Ras. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor mediates Ras activation through the GDP-GTP exchange process. The active Ras protein phosphorylates several proteins, along with the serine/threonine kinase, Raf. Raf in turn activates the MAPK cascade to facilitate ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) activation and transcriptional regulation.  Both Akt and RSK, components of the PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways respectively, act to phosphorylate the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor. Phosphorylated CREB translocates into the nucleus and mediates increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, thus promoting NGF-mediated cell survival. However, in the absence of NGF, the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins is increased when the activation of cell death-promoting transcription factors such as c-Jun are not suppressed by the aforementioned NGF-mediated cell survival pathways.

History.

Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen discovered NGF in the 1950s while faculty members at Washington University in St Louis. However, its discovery, along with the discovery of other neurotrophins, was not widely recognized until 1986, when it won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.  Studies in 1971 determined the primary structure of NGF. This eventually led to the discovery of the NGF gene.  NGF is abundant in seminal plasma. Recent studies have found that it induces ovulation in some mammals. Nerve Growth Factors (NGF) were initially discovered due to their actions during development, but NGF are not known to be involved in the function throughout the life of the animal.

Clinical significance.

Nerve growth factor prevents or reduces neuronal degeneration in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and these encouraging results in animals have led to several clinical trials in humans. NGF promotes peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. The expression of NGF is increased in inflammatory diseases where it suppresses inflammation. NGF appears to promote myelin repair. Hence NGF may be useful for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. NGF could also be involved in various psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, depression, schizophrenia, autism, Rett syndrome, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa.  Dysregulation of NGF signaling has also been linked to Alzheimer's disease. Connective tissue cells genetically engineered to synthesize and secrete NGF and implanted in patients' basal forebrains reliably pumped out NGF, which enhanced the cells’ size and their ability to sprout new neural fibers. The treatment also rescued vulnerable cells, even if they already showed the trademark signs of Alzheimer's pathology. In some patients, these beneficial effects lasted almost 10 years after the treatment. Even patients who died responded positively to the therapy. Even pathological cells with protein clumps in their cell bodies and surroundings extended their fibers toward the NGF source, maintained a healthy size and activated pro-survival signals that boosted their stress resilience. Two other patients received direct injections of modified viruses containing the NGF gene directly to their basal forebrains. This allowed the gene to express longer in the brain.  Neurotrophins, including NGF, have been shown to affect many areas of the brain, including areas that are related to Rett syndrome, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. Stress and/or anxiety are usually a precipitating factor in these disorders and affects levels of NGF, leading to impaired cognitive functioning.  This impaired cognitive functioning can be seen in patients with Schizophrenia. In treatment of schizophrenia, NGF levels are increased in patients using atypical antipsychotic medication, but not in patients using typical antipsychotic medications. Patients using atypical medications usually report improved cognitive performance compared to those using typical antipsychotics. Higher NGF levels from the atypical antipsychotic medications may underlie the reduction in negative symptoms of Schizophrenia relative to typical antipsychotics.  NGF has been shown to restore learning ability in rats recovering from induced alcoholism  Rett syndrome and autism often show similar signs early in life, such as slowing development and intellectual disability. One distinguishing factor is that low levels of NGF have been found in the cerebral spinal fluid of children with Rett syndrome compared to children with Autism who have relatively normal to high levels Pharmaceutical therapies with NGF-like activity can be effective in treating Rett syndrome, including better motor and cortical functioning as well as increased social communication.  Impairment of neuroplasticity and altered levels of neuro-trophins are involved in bipolar disorder. NGF has been found to be decreased overall in bipolar disorder patients. More specifically, while in a manic state NGF is especially low. This leads to elevated or irritable mood with increased energy and decreased need for sleep while in a manic state. This decreased NGF may serve as a biological marker when assessing the present state of a bipolar disorder patient. When bipolar disorder patients were treated with lithium, their NGF concentrations increased in the frontal cortex, limbic forebrain, hippocampus, and amygdala.  An increase in cortical and subcortical NGF has been found in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease with which dysregulation of NGF signaling has also been linked, causing impaired retrograde transport of NGF to certain areas of the brain. This impairment may be caused by an atypical production or use of receptors in the brain. Stimulating NGF receptors via NGF infusion has been shown to increase blood flow and verbal episodic memory. These improvements have been longer lasting than other treatments for Alzheimer's.  Also, NGF has been shown to play a role in a number cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Reduced plasma levels of NGF and BDNF have been associated with acute coronary syndromes and metabolic syndromes. NGF is known to have insulinotropic, angiogenic, and antioxidant properties. NGF suppresses food intake.  NGF has also been shown to accelerate wound healing. There is evidence that it could be useful in the treatment of skin ulcers and cornea ulcers.  In some gynecological diseases, an elevated prostaglandin E2 is thought to stimulate production of NGF which contributes to the perception of pain and increased inflammation in endometriosis.  Monoclonal antibodies against NGF have been used in clinical trials to modulate pain. One of these is tanezumab, another is fulranumab.

Miscellaneous.

Nerve growth factor may contribute to increased longevity and mental capacity. Centenarian Rita Levi-Montalcini took a daily solution in the form of eye drops, and has stated that her brain is more active now than it was four decades ago. In 2014, researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina showed that NGF level is elevated in people who performed a single 20-minute yoga session involving "om-"chanting and "thirumoolar pranayama", when compared to a control group.

Interactions.

Nerve growth factor has been shown to interact with TrkA and p75NTR (LNGFR).  It has recently been suggested that NGF expression may be stimulated by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). DHEA may also act as an agonist of both TrkA and p75NTR and activate the pathways of NGF, demonstrating neurotrophic activities similar to that of NGF.  Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) can also upregulate NGF expression in the brain.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it was one of the first to be described. Since it was first isolated by Nobel Laureates Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen in 1956, numerous biological processes involving NGF have been identified, two of them being the survival of pancreatic beta cells and the regulation of the immune system.

Le Facteur de croissance nerveuse ou NGF (acronyme de l'appellation anglophone "Nerve growth factor") est un polypeptide de la famille des neurotrophines. Il est impliqué dans la croissance, la prolifération et la survie d'un certain nombre de neurones mais également d'autres cellules.


Early life.

Lascelles was born in the Oxfordshire village of Sibford Gower with the surname of Stevens, the son of Rev. Edward Thomas Stevens, the village priest. He was educated at the village school before attending Keble College, Oxford, where he became the most notable member of Oxford's dramatic society. After Oxford, he worked as an actor in London between 1904 and 1906 at Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree's His Majesty's theatre. It was during this time that he changed his name from Stevens to Lascelles.

Career.

Lascelles staged his first pageant in 1907. The Oxford Historical was a success, despite initial reservations by the University authorities and a student riot. The following year he organised the celebrations for the Tercentenary of Canada at Quebec City. Lascelles enlisted the services of the Iroquois and was made an honorary chief under the name of Tehonikonraka, "the man of infinite resource". In 1909 he Master of Pageantry at the celebration of the opening of the Union Parliament of South Africa in Cape Town. The following year he organised the Pageant of London, performed by a cast of 15,000. In 1912 Lascelles was Master of the Pageant at the Coronation Durbar at Calcutta with the participation of over 300,000 Indians and British Army troops. In 1923 he was Master of the Harrow Pageant and the following year Master of the Bristol Pageant (Cradle of the Empire) and the Pageant of Empire at the British Empire Exhibition. Lascelles' imperial triumphs earned him the epithet "the man who staged the empire".  He was also a sculptor, and among his subjects were the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Connaught, Earl Grey and the Aga Khan. Several of his sculptures are displayed in prominent positions across the former Empire. He sculpted a memorial to his mother in the church at Sibford Gower, as well as painting a Roll of Honour. He also contributed prose and verse to periodicals. In 1932 the Earl of Darnley compiled "Our Modern Orpheus", a volume of essays paying tribute to Lascelles.

Personal life.

Lascelles had always been anxious to hide his humble origins, and built a new manor house for himself in Sibford Gower, modeled on a medieval design. He was well-connected, and regularly entertained guests such as Ivor Novello, who wrote the popular song "Keep the Home Fires Burning" while staying with Lascelles in Sibford.  Towards the end of his life, ill health restricted Lascelles' finances and he died in poverty on 23 May 1934 in rented rooms in Brighton. He never married.

Frank William Thomas Charles Lascelles (30 July 1875 – 23 May 1934) was a British pageant master and artist, known as the "man who staged the Empire."

Frank William Thomas Charles Lascelles, né le à dans le comté de Oxfordshire et mort le, est un sculpteur et un acteur britannique.


Teams.

The game featured the UTSA Roadrunners of Conference USA against the New Mexico Lobos of the Mountain West Conference.  This was the third meeting between the schools, with the all-time series tied at 1–1. The previous meeting was on October 14, 2014, where the Lobos defeated the Roadrunners by a score of 21–9.

UTSA.

The New Mexico Bowl was the first bowl appearance for the Roadrunners.

New Mexico.

Powered by a triple option offense, the Lobos were led by coach Bob Davie who envisioned the offense he eventually installed while coaching at Notre Dame and playing against the service academies, who used the scheme effectively. The Lobos' offense led the Football Bowl Subdivision in rushing yards. Although both Austin Apodaca and Lamar Jordan had both started at quarterback for New Mexico during the season, Jordan was the more potent runner, whose 658 rushing yards ranked third on the team. A trio of running backs made large contributions to the rushing attack: senior Teriyon Gipson averaged 9.2 yards per rush to lead the team with 1209 yards, sophomore Tyrone Owens led the team with 134 rushes for 1084 yards, and junior Richard McQuarley rushed for a team-leading 16 touchdowns.

Game summary.

UTSA started the game with the ball; they put together a 65-yard drive over the next 6:15 and scored the first points of the game after Victor Falcon converted on a 23-yard field goal. New Mexico opened their storing with 4 seconds left in the first quarter with a 1-yard touchdown run. The first quarter ended 7–3, Lobos. With 1:32 left in the second quarter, Victor Falcon hit a 28-yard field goal to bring UTSA within 1 at 7–6. With time expiring in the first half, Jason Sanders converted a 52-yard field goal to put the Lobos up 10–6 at halftime. To open the second half, Teriyon Gipson capped a 10-play, 75-yard drive with a 10-yard touchdown rush. The extra point was blocked so New Mexico led 16–6. After trading punts UTSA got a drive into New Mexico territory but Dalton Sturm was picked off from the UNM 34. The Lobos went 3-and-out and punted. UTSA got good field position but faced a 4th and 15 from the Lobos 35. Sturm threw a 19-yard pass for the first down. 2 plays later he found Trevor Stevens, a senior wide receiver who had only caught 7 passes ever for his 1st career touchdown. The PAT was good and it was 16–13 Lobos. UNM drove down the field until they had a 4th and 1 at the 5 yard line. They converted and then Richard McQuarley got a 1-yard touchdown run to put UNM up 23–13. UTSA would strike at the end of the game but the Lobos recovered the onside kick. A highlight of the game was New Mexico players missing the Gatorade bath at first.

Scoring summary.

Source:

The 2016 New Mexico Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 17, 2016 at University Stadium in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The eleventh annual New Mexico Bowl, was one of the 2016–17 bowl games that concluded the 2016 FBS football season. The game aired on ESPN. Sponsored by clothing company Gildan Activewear, the game was officially known as the Gildan New Mexico Bowl.

Le New Mexico Bowl 2016 est un match de football américain de niveau universitaire d'après la saison régulière de 2016, joué le au University Stadium d'Albuquerque dans le Nouveau-Mexique.


Biography.

The earliest mention of Bárid in the Irish Annals is in part of a saga embedded within the "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland". In this entry, dated 867, Bárid is named as a Jarl of Lochlann who, along with a Jarl Háimar was ambushed by men of Connacht. Bárid is mentioned again by a saga element within the "Fragmentary Annals" in 872, when he is said to have raided Moylurg and the islands of Lough Ree. This saga element also says that Bárid fostered a son of Áed Findliath, overking of the Northern Uí Néill. The sagas are usually considered of dubious historical value, but this particular element draws upon earlier written accounts, and there is much evidence for later links between the descendants of Áed Findliath and the Uí Ímair. Fosterage was used in Ireland as a means of strengthening ties between different ruling families, and it is possible Bárid may have tried to integrate himself with the Irish political elite.  Bárid is mentioned by the "Annals of Inisfallen" in 873 which say:  Downham suggests this raid was undertaken as a show of strength; it occurred shortly after the death of Ímar, with Bárid probably succeeding him as King of Dublin. "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib" names a son of Amlaíb, most likely Oistin, as raiding with him. It has been suggested that Bárid and his cousin Oistin ruled together as co-kings following the death of Ímar.  According to the Annals of Ulster, in 875 Oistin was "deceitfully" killed by "Albann", a figure generally agreed to be Halfdan Ragnarsson, supposed son of the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok. Halfdan is sometimes considered a brother of Ímar, and this conflict may have been an attempt by Halfdan to claim Dublin for his own. It seems he was not successful in pressing his claim, but he tried to take Dublin again in 877, and he fell in battle against an army of "fair foreigners" at the Battle of Strangford Lough. "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib" identifies Bárid as the leader of the "fair foreigners", and as being wounded "so that he was lame ever after".  The next mention of Bárid in the annals comes in 881, when the "Annals of Ulster", the "Annals of the Four Masters", and the "Chronicon Scotorum" describe his death; he was killed and burnt in Dublin shortly after raiding Duleek. The annals attribute his death to a miracle of Saint Cianán.

Family.

Bárid's father is identified by the "Chronicon Scotorum" as Ímar, King of Dublin until his death in 873. Ímar is sometimes identified with Ivar the Boneless, son of the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok. The same entry identifies him as "the head of the Northmen". The known brothers of Bárid were Sichfrith (died 888) and Sitriuc (died 896).  Bárid is identified as the father of Uathmarán, who bore an Irish name derived from the Irish word "uathmar", meaning ‘awesome’, perhaps in an attempt to associate with the Irish political elite. Bárid may also be identified as the father of Eloir mac Báirid (died 891), and the grandfather of the unnamed son of Uathmarán mac Bárid (fl. 921). This unnamed man may be identical to Sichfrith mac Uathmaráin (fl. 932). It is uncertain whether Bárid was the father of the unnamed son of Bárid (mac Bárid in the original Old Irish) who plundered "Cill Clethi" in 937. This unnamed man may be identical to Aric mac Báirith (died 937). Likewise, it is uncertain if Bárid was the father of Colla mac Báirid (fl. 924). Any or all of the aforementioned Aric, Colla, and the unnamed son of Bárid, could have been sons of Bárid mac Oitir (died 914), not Bárid mac Ímair.

Bárid mac Ímair (also referred to as Barith, Baraid, and Bard; or "Bárǫðr"; d. 881) was a ninth-century King of Dublin. He was a son of Ímar and a member of the Uí Ímair.

Bárid mac Ímair (également désigné sous les noms de Barith, Baraid, et Bard; vieux norrois "Bárðr" ou "Bárǫðr"; mort en 881) est roi de Dublin du IXe siècle. Il fut un fils de Ímar et un membre des Uí Ímair.


Early life.

Huang Zitao was born in Qingdao, Shandong on May 2, 1993. As a child, he undertook Wushu training and became a student athlete. In late 2010 he was scouted by a representative from SM Entertainment at a talent show.

Music career.

2011–2015: Exo and lawsuit against SM Entertainment.

On December 27, 2011, Huang was formally introduced as the third member of Exo (with the stage name Tao).  In late 2013, Huang took part in filming for MBC's celebrity diving program "Splash!", but withdrew due to injuries, and the show was cancelled due to injuries to multiple other contestants.  He featured in two songs from Zhou Mi's album "Rewind", which he penned the rap lyrics to; and appeared as a cast member of the Solomon Islands edition of the SBS reality television program "Laws of the Jungle" in 2014. He left the show early due to a foot injury on a coral reef during filming.  In June 2015, Huang set up a Chinese agency, 黄子韬Z.TAO Studio. On August 24, he filed a lawsuit against SM Entertainment to terminate his contract. Huang claimed the 10-year contract had unjust terms and said he lacks freedom due to the long contract period. However, the Supreme Court dismissed Huang's appeal on March 15, 2018. The exclusive contract between SM Entertainment and Huang is still valid.  In China, SM Entertainment filed a lawsuit against Huang regarding his solo activities. Chinese courts ruled that Huang was entitled to use his name and image for solo activities in China, and dismissed the lawsuit.

2015–present: Solo career and mainstream popularity.

On July 23, 2015, Huang made his solo debut with a digital EP titled "TAO", which sold 670,000 digital copies in its first week. The album was followed up with a second EP, "Z.TAO", which was released for free on August 19 with the title track "Crown". The music video for "Crown" was presented in the style of a 7-minute short film, directed by Nick Lentz and featuring Jessica Gomes. Huang performed the stunts and martial arts sequences for the action scenes in the music video. Huang held his first solo concert "Z.TAO Mini Concert" at the Beijing Exhibition Center Theater on August 23, as part of a benefit concert for those affected by the Tianjin explosions.On October 15, Huang released the single "Reluctantly", a ballad composed by himself and Andros Rodriguez. At the 2015 Migu Music Awards, Huang won the "Best Stage Performance" award and performed the single. As part of an endorsement deal with the game "I'm the Sovereign", Huang composed and released the single "I'm the Sovereign". The song topped China's Billboard chart for the week of December 5, 2015.  On January 12, 2016, Huang won the "Most Influential Male Singer" award at the 2016 Mobile Video Festival (Miopai Awards). He was later invited to perform as a headliner for the SoYoung 2016 Live Concert Tour on January 29, which featured young rising musicians in China.  Huang's first album "The Road" was announced in March 2016. It was recorded partly in Los Angeles in collaboration with Nick Lentz. The lead single "The Road" was released on April 22. On May 1, Huang commenced a concert tour "Z.Tao The Road Concert" for the album in Nanjing and released a music video for the single "Hello, Hello", featuring Wiz Khalifa. Another single, "Adore" was released the same month and sold over 30,000 copies, receiving the platinum certification. "The Road" was released on August 22 was sold with 8888 pieces limited edition. After one minute of pre-sale opening, the sale profit reached 500k rmb; and the album reached number one on the sale charts. At the end of 2016, Huang won the Most Influential Male Singer award at the Tencent Star Awards.  In April 2017, Huang was named Promotional Ambassador for the 17th Top Chinese Music Awards, where he also won the "All-Round Artist" award. He embarked on his first Asia Tour, "Z.Tao Promise Concert Tour" which kick-start in Beijing on April 30; and also released a single of the same name.  In 2018, Huang joined the dance-oriented variety show, "Street Dance of China". It was also announced that Huang would be the head producer and MC on the Chinese version of Produce 101. The same year, Huang embarked on his fourth concert tour, "Z.Tao 2018 IS GOØD Concert Tour".

Artistry and musical style.

Following his departure from EXO and return to China, Huang stated that he made a decision to pursue his career in the ailing Chinese music industry, expressing a desire to continue as an artist with the goal of seeing C-Pop receive global recognition. He is involved in songwriting and composition, drawing inspiration from his experiences.  Although he is primarily a rapper, he has also performed Mandopop ballad songs. His music combines elements of hip hop, EDM, and Chinese musical instruments. He cites Jay Chou as his musical inspiration, having listened to his music growing up.

Acting career.

Huang made his film debut in romance film "You Are My Sunshine" alongside Huang Xiaoming and Yang Mi. The film was released on May 1, 2015.  In 2016, Huang starred in the action comedy "Railroad Tigers" directed by Ding Sheng, alongside Jackie Chan.  In 2017, Huang starred in the martial arts film "The Game Changer", directed by Gao Xixi, as well as the romantic thriller "Edge of Innocence". The same year, he played the monkey king in the web drama "A Chinese Odyssey: Love You A Million Years", adapted from the film "A Chinese Odyssey". The series garnered over 5 billion views online during its run. In November, he was announced as one of the two leads in action drama "Forward Forever" alongside Jackson Yi.  In 2018, Huang starred in "Negotiator", a spin-off of the 2016 hit drama "The Interpreter". The same year, he was cast in the youth period drama "The Files of Teenagers in the Concession".  In 2019, he acted as a Chinese pop star in the music romance youth drama "The Brightest Star in the Sky".

Other activities.

Endorsements and Brand Ambassadorship.

In June 2017, Huang collaborated with Jonathan Anderson, LOEWE's creative director, on the "FIRE OF YOUTH" campaign, becoming the first Asian artist invited to collaborate with LOEWE.  In July 2017, Hanhoo appointed Huang as their Brand Ambassador. The brand later partially sponsored The Brightest Star in the Sky, a hit drama of Huang with product placement in the drama.  In September 2017, Huang was named Yves Saint Laurent's beauty ambassador and participated in the second season of YSL's web series "Before the Light".  Shenwu3, a turn-based MMORPG game by Duoyi Network which is the 4th biggest game company in China, has announced Huang as their brand ambassador. They collaborated further and Huang released a song called "Silently(默默)" under the branding of Shenwu3 in July 2018.  In January 2018, Huang began promoting a China phone brand, "Sugar Phone", and attended the press conference for "Sugar Phone S11". In April 2018, Sugar Phone supported Huang's IS GOØD Concert Tour as the main sponsor.  Huang has also been appointed as brand ambassador for YSL Eyewars in January 2018.  Jif Jaf Kraft, Tencent Weishi Application and Xiao Zhu home rental application have also appointed Huang as their first brand ambassadors respectively in first half of 2018. In second half of the year, Huang has endorsed KFC, EVISU, Tuborg, Skechers and Baidu mobile application as their brand ambassador.  In September 2018, Huang worked on the Chinese version of Stay Open, a promotional song for Tuborg originally released by Diplo and MØ.  Sephora launched their first ad campaign in China with Huang as their brand ambassador in September 2018.  In August 2019, Huang also endorsed Hershey's and Nescafe Dolce Gusto as their brand ambassador. Kappa headlined Huang as their brand ambassador for the campaign "I make my own trend" in the same month.  Lacoste appointed Huang as the company's first brand brand ambassador for Asia Pacific region and launched "Crocodile Inside" campaign in September 2019.

Businesses.

In July 17, 2018, Huang established his own agency called L.TAO Entertainment. Apart from managing Huang's own work, L.TAO has also signed other artists including Xu Yiyang, a former trainee of SM Entertainment.  Huang has expanded his business further by opening a restaurant called "Hao Shi" and an architecture and design company called L.TAO Architecture and Design in June 2019.

Z.TAO's Man.

Z.TAO's Man, a comic and 2D animation character that represents many elements of Huang, was launched in April 2019. Z.TAO's Man is a superhero character whose power is CPOP, the music genre Huang has been promoting and pursuing since the beginning of his solo debut. Huang has collaborated with SunMei Group which is a hospitality business group that owns Thank U hotel chain to create Z.TAO's Man.  Its weekly episodes are released on Sina Weibo's comic platform and a 2D animation is set to release.

Huang Zitao (; born May 2, 1993), also known as Tao, is a Chinese singer-songwriter, rapper, actor and model. After leaving the South Korean-Chinese boy band Exo, he made his solo debut in China 2015 with the mini-album "TAO", under the new stage name Z.Tao. Huang made his acting debut in the romantic movie "You Are My Sunshine" and later received recognition for his leading roles in "Negotiator" and "The Brightest Star in the Sky".

Zitao Huang (chinois : 黄子韬, pinyin : Huáng Zǐtāo, coréen : 타오, 황자타오) est un chanteur, rappeur, acteur et compositeur chinois né le à Qingdao en Chine. Il est membre du boys band sud-coréen Exo et de son sous-groupe chinois EXO-M.


Education.

He was educated at Yangchenphug Higher Secondary School, then Choate Rosemary Hall in Wallingford, Connecticut, USA, graduating in 2003. He read Modern History and Political Science at St Peter's College, Oxford, in the United Kingdom starting in 2003 and graduating in 2007.

Royal duties.

Sharing responsibilities with his siblings, Prince Jigyel Ugyen travels extensively to represent the King in various functions in Bhutan as well as abroad. In 2008 he travelled to the Smithsonian Folklife Festival where he delivered an opening address before roaming the festival area, and interacting with visitors. At the end of the festival, he travelled with several performers to attend the Bhutan Festival 2008 at the University of Texas at El Paso.  As the King's representative and President to the Bhutan Olympic Committee (BOC), he visited Copenhagen in order to attend the XIII Olympic Congress in 2009.  He was appointed to the Chairmanship during the 34th General Assembly of the Olympic Council of Asia, held in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan and will chair the committee for four years from 2015-2019. On the 9th of October, 2018, His Royal Highness was elected as an International Olympic Committee member, whose candidature was linked to a function within the NOC, that is the Bhutan Olympic Committee.

Personal interests.

He and his brothers share interests in various sporting activities, such as archery, basketball, golf, football and cycling.  He initiated the Tour of the Dragon in Bhutan, a mountain bike race covering 268 km, from central to western Bhutan in 2010.

Humanitarian causes.

The prince with his sister, Princess "Ashi" Sonam Dechen, are collaborating in the Tarayana Foundation (TF) as board members. Founded by their mother, queen mother "Ashi" Dorji Wangmo, the foundation focuses on various efforts to reduce poverty in Bhutan. The prince is also the founder of Bhutan Philanthropy Ventures, a social enterprise established to support the Tarayana Foundation.

Prince "Dasho" Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck (born 16 July 1984) is a Bhutanese prince. Born as the second son of the-King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuck, he was the heir presumptive to the throne of Bhutan until 5 February 2016, when his nephew Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, his older half-brother and current King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck's son, was born.

Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck, né le à New Delhi (Inde), est le prince héritier du Bhoutan entre l'accession au trône de son frère, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, et la naissance de son neveu, Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck.


Course.

The Yeo rises from a spring near Charterhouse and then disappears under the Limestone of the Mendip Hills before reappearing in Gough's Cave before emerging into Cheddar Gorge. Within Gough's Cave the river forms the largest underground river system in Britain. From a point relatively close to the areas of the cave open to the public, the cave-divers' descent into Sump 1a begins through a tight passage known as Dire Straits. The bottom of that passage opens into the river passage, which is several meters across. This has been explored for downstream, whilst upstream a dive of brings the diver out in a long chamber named Lloyd Hall (which can now also be reached by an alternative, dry, route). Another dive of through Sump 1b, finishing with an ascent through a rising passage, leads to another chamber, long and wide at its widest point, and full of large boulders, called Bishop's Palace. This chamber is the largest chamber currently found in the Cheddar caves. Further on, three sump pools (named the Duck Ponds) lead to Sump 2 which is about deep at its lowest point and long. Air is again reached at Sheppard's Crook, which is followed by Sump 3. This sump is deep and at its bottommost point is about below sea level. Following Sump 3, a wide ascending passage continues for before reaching an impassable blockage, still below the water's surface.  After emerging from the cave the river flows through Cheddar past the site of a Saxon palace, in the grounds of The Kings of Wessex School, together with a 14th-century chapel dedicated to St. Columbanus. Roman remains have also been uncovered at the site.  It then flows south under a disused railway bridge which used to carry the Cheddar Valley line and west through Rackley before joining the River Axe.  The catchment area is.

History.

As early as 1527 there are records of watermills on the river. In the 17th and 18th centuries, there were several watermills which ground corn and made paper, with 13 mills on the Yeo at the peak, declining to seven by 1791 and just three by 1915. In the Victorian era it also became a centre for the production of clothing. The last mill in Cheddar, which was used as a shirt factory, closed in the early 1950s.  Rackley was a trading port in the Middle Ages following construction of a wharf in 1200. In 1324 Edward II confirmed it as a borough, however by the end of the 14th century the port was in decline. In the 14th century a French ship sailed up the river and by 1388 Thomas Tanner from Wells used Rackley to export cloth and corn to Portugal, and received iron and salt in exchange. Later slate was imported through this route and it may have still be possible to trade through Rackley until the act of 1915 authorising the drainage of the Axe and installation of the flood gate at Bleadon.  There was also a small port at Hythe on the Wedmore Road, just south of Cheddar, which was used until the 19th century.

Reservoir.

Water from the river also flows into Cheddar Reservoir which is a circular artificial reservoir operated by Bristol Water. The inlet grate for the water pipe that is used to transport the water can be seen next to the sensory garden in Cheddar Gorge. Dating from the 1930s, the reservoir has a capacity of. It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) due to its wintering waterfowl populations.  In 2007 it announced that the new reservoir close to the existing site would be one of the options considered in its Draft 2009 Water Resources Plan. The new reservoir would hold 6,000 million litres, roughly the same size as the existing reservoir, and built on the alluvial flood plain the Cheddar Yeo.

Water quality.

The Environment Agency have rated the Cheddar Yeo as having moderate water ecological quality, but failed the chemical assessment in 2016.

The Cheddar Yeo is a small river in Somerset, England. Beneath the limestone of the Mendip Hills it forms the largest underground river system in Britain. After emerging into Cheddar Gorge it flows through the village of Cheddar, where it has been used in the past to power mills. From the Middle Ages until the 19th century the river had ports for seagoing vessels but is no longer navigable. Some of the water, which is of good quality, is diverted into Cheddar Reservoir to provide drinking water for Bristol.

La Cheddar Yeo est une petite rivière du Somerset en Angleterre. Sous le calcaire des collines de Mendip, la rivière fait partie du plus important systèmes fluvial souterrain du Royaume-Uni. Après avoir fait surface dans les gorges de Cheddar, elle s'écoule à travers le village du même nom, où elle était utilisée pour actionner des moulin. Au Moyen Âge et jusqu'au, la rivière comprenait des petits ports pour les navires se rendant vers la mer, mais la rivière n'est désormais plus navigable.


Background.

Prior to the album's announcement, Simpson stated in an interview with "GQ" that "what's next is already finished... Quite honestly, I need about six months at home with my family." On March 3, 2016, Simpson released "Brace for Impact (Live a Little)" on YouTube and his website; the next day he released the nine-song track list of "A Sailor's Guide to Earth". A week later, he published the music video for "Brace for Impact", which was directed by Matt Mahurin and contains the Grim Reaper, a hot rod coffin and sailboats. On March 24, 2016, Simpson released his cover of Nirvana's "In Bloom" along with its music video, also directed by Matt Mahurin. Simpson said, "I wanted to make a very beautiful and pure homage to Kurt [Cobain]." Streaming of the album became available on April 7, 2016, on NPR's official website.  The song "Oh Sarah" was previously recorded by Simpson's former band Sunday Valley and appeared on their only full-length album, "To the Wind and On To Heaven", in 2011.

Reception.

"A Sailor's Guide to Earth" received widespread critical acclaim upon its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album has received an average score of 86, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 19 reviews.  The album debuted at No. 3 on the "Billboard" 200, and No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart, selling 52,000 copies (55,000 units when tracks and streams are included) in its first week. The album sold a further 13,400 copies in the second week. The album has sold 217,900 copies in the US as of October 2017.  Following his Grammy win, Simpson saw a 346% increase in streaming on Spotify.

A Sailor's Guide to Earth is the third studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Sturgill Simpson. It was announced on March 3, 2016, with the release of the single "Brace for Impact (Live a Little)". The album was released on April 15, 2016, and won Best Country Album at the 59th Grammy Awards; it was also nominated for Album of the Year.

A Sailor's Guide to Earth est le troisième album studio de l'auteur-compositeur-interprète américain de country Sturgill Simpson. Il a été annoncé le, avec la sortie du single "Brace for Impact (Live a Little)". L'album est sorti le et il nominé pour l'Album de l'Année et Meilleur Album Country lors de la prochaine 59e Grammy Awards


Background.

This group was born out of frustration with the current political process and diminished social condition in the Democratic Republic of Congo by a group of young Congolese students. These students understood that violence is not the way for anyone willing to find durable solutions to political and social disputes and wars that have torn their country apart for the past half century.  The one thing that defines the Lutte Pour Le Changement activists is their love for their native DR Congo and the hope to see it prosperous and developed in their lifetime. They have decided to organize a series of non-violent actions throughout major cities in the country to shed light to some of the critical issues facing the Congolese population. Their actions are not limited to keeping politicians honest, but rather engaging the population into participating in the social issues debates. The movement started in the eastern city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo in mid-June 2011 and in no time, the movement had spread all the way to the west of the country, with famous members such as Fred Bauma and Yves Makwambala being incarcerated since March 2015 at the Congolese National Intelligence Agency headquarters in Kinshasa. On March 15, 2015, according to the online news media Pragmora, "About 30 youth activists and international journalists and observers were arrested in Kinshasa during a youth workshop aimed at increasing youth participation in politics and the electoral process, and creating a new youth movement, Filimbi". In the recent uprising, many of the LUCHA activists arrested during Dec 19, 2016 have been released, including the 23 year old Gloria Sengha Panda Shala according to Ida Sawyer a Human Rights Watch Director in Central Africa.  The first LUCHA protest to receive widespread attention was the effort to get the young people to get involved in the 2011 presidential and legislatives elections by ensure that all eligible to vote got registered ahead of the upcoming the elections. Then followed a few actions in regards to lack of clean water in Goma and also issue with garbage waste in the same city. This movement got the eye of the Congolese people because this group managed first and foremost to get the general population to have a say in these critical matters facing their livelihood through the streets of various Congolese cities namely Kinshasa, Mbuji-Mayi, Lubumbashi, Kisangani et Goma.

Goals.

The group is determined to ensure there is better governance, respect for human rights and improved and much stronger democracy in the country that faced 32 years of President Mobutu Dictatorship. These inspired Congolese youths driven by social injustice and non democratic political process believe that their movement can bring about positive change in the DR Congo, as well as Africa as a whole.  These courageous young men have come to know nothing but armed conflicts all of their teenage and adult lives. Therefore, when deciding to create the movement they decided that they will only use non-violent actions as the core principal in raising awareness on social and political issues facing the DRC. Nevertheless, most of these youths have been detained without charge during peaceful protest and /or gatherings. Some of the famous members detained by the Congolese national intelligence agency and have made claims of moral and physical abuses while incarcerated.

Slogan.

We are leaders. Not hostages of the past. Nor slaves of the present. Nor beggars of our future!  It also reads on their official site:  WE ARE NOT VIOLENT  WE RISK TOGETHER  WE ASSUME OUR ACTS

Methods.

LUCHA activists have used web technologies and social media like Facebook, Twitter, and Meetup to coordinate events. The digital evolution with the improvements on the application such as WhatsApp, Imo and Skype has helped the movement with communications, conference calls among participants in various locations within the DR Congo as well as the Congolese diaspora via various Congolese online media, such as Congo Mikili. The group has also been organizing workshops across the country to teach youth on how to engage in social and political issues.

Lutte Pour Le Changement (LUCHA) is a group based in Goma in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo who fights for a class of rights that protect Congoleses' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the Congolese society and state without discrimination or repression.

La Lutte pour le changement, abrégée en Lucha, est une association basée à Goma, dans l'Est de la République démocratique du Congo, qui lutte pour la dignité humaine et la justice sociale. Fondé en 2012, ce mouvement citoyen rassemble plusieurs centaines de jeunes à travers le pays. Malgrè les arrestations policières et, parfois, des meurtres, ses militants ont adopté la non-violence comme fondement de leurs actions.


Early life.

McDowell was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, the ninth child of Samuel and Mary McDowell. His father was a veteran of the French and Indian War and a colonel during the American Revolution. In 1784 Samuel McDowell was appointed land commissioner and moved his family to Danville, Kentucky. There, he presided over ten conventions that resulted in the drafting of the Kentucky Constitution.

Education.

McDowell received his early education at the classical seminary of Worley and James, then spent three years as a medical student under Dr. Alexander Humphreys in Staunton, Virginia. He attended lectures in medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, from 1793 to 1794 and studied privately with John Bell. He never received a diploma, but in 1825, the University of Maryland conferred on him an honorary M.D. degree.

Career.

In 1795, McDowell returned from Scotland, settled in Danville, Kentucky, and began his practice as a surgeon. McDowell perfected the modern surgical technique of lithotomy, for removal of stones obstructing the urinary bladder. One of his most famous patients was James K. Polk, for whom he removed a urinary stone and repaired a hernia.

First ovariotomy.

On December 13, 1809, McDowell was called to see Jane Todd Crawford in Green County, Kentucky, from Danville. Her physicians thought that Mrs. Crawford was beyond term pregnant. McDowell diagnosed an ovarian tumor. Crawford begged him to keep her from a slow and painful death. He then described her condition and that an operation for cure had never been performed. He said that the best surgeons in the world thought it impossible. Crawford said she understood and wanted to proceed. McDowell told her he would remove the tumor if she would travel to his home in Danville. She agreed and rode the sixty miles on horseback.  On Christmas morning, 1809, McDowell began his operation. The surgery was performed without benefit of anesthetic or antisepsis, neither of which was then known to the medical profession. The tumor McDowell removed weighed. He determined that it would be difficult to remove completely, so he tied a ligature around the fallopian tube near the uterus and cut open the tumor. He described the tumor as the ovarium and fimbrious part of the fallopian tube very much enlarged. The whole procedure took 25 minutes. Crawford made an uncomplicated recovery. She returned to her home in Green County 25 days after the operation and lived another 32 years. This was the first successful removal of an ovarian tumor in the world.  As a Presbyterian, McDowell's response to this event was recorded in one of his biographies: How is it that I have been so peculiarly fortunate with my patients of this description?, I know not; for, from all the information I can obtain, there has not one individual survived who has been operated, on elsewhere, for diseased ovaria. I can only say that the blessing of God has rested on my efforts.  All attempts at abdominal exploration before 1809 had resulted in peritonitis and death. Descriptions of McDowell include phrases like "neat and clean" or "scrupulously clean." He was not only neat, but meticulous. In his report on the operation, he described the removal of blood from the peritoneal cavity and bathing the intestines with warm water. McDowell did not publish a description of his procedure until 1817, after he had performed two more such operations. This was widely criticised in the English surgical literature. There is evidence that he performed at least twelve operations for ovarian pathology.  "Having never seen so large a substance extracted, nor heard of an attempt, or success attending any operation such as this required, I gave to the unhappy woman information of her dangerous situation. The tumor appeared full in view, but was so large we could not take it away entire. We took out fifteen pounds of a dirty, gelatinous looking substance. After which we cut through the fallopian tube, and extracted the sac, which weighed seven pounds and one half. In five days I visited her, and much to my astonishment found her making up her bed."

Personal life.

In 1802, McDowell married Sarah Shelby, daughter of Isaac Shelby, war hero and twice governor of Kentucky. They had two sons and four daughters.  McDowell played a prominent role in his community. He was also a founder, original corporator, and member of the primary board of trustees of Centre College in Danville. McDowell became a member of the Philadelphia Medical Society in 1817. McDowell was the great-great-grandfather of General John Campbell Greenway, whose statue was placed in the National Statuary Hall Collection by the state of Arizona in 1930. He was cousin to woman's suffrage leader Madeline McDowell Breckinridge.  McDowell was a Presbyterian but became an Episcopalian and founded Trinity Episcopal Church in Danville, Kentucky, having donated the land for its first building.

Death.

In June 1830, McDowell was stricken with an acute attack of violent pain, nausea, and fever. He died on June 25, most likely a victim of appendicitis. His wife died 18 years later. They were buried at "Traveller's Rest", the homestead of Isaac Shelby, south of Danville, Kentucky but were reinterred in 1879, near a monument dedicated to him in Danville.

Ephraim McDowell (November 11, 1771 – June 25, 1830) was an American physician and pioneer surgeon. The first person to successfully remove an ovarian tumor, he has been called "the father of ovariotomy" as well as founding father of abdominal surgery.

Ephraim McDowell (né le 11 novembre 1771 et mort le 25 juin 1830) est un médecin et pionnier de la chirurgie américain. Il est le premier chirurgien à effectuer avec succès une ovariectomie ou ablation des ovaires. Il est surnommé « le père de l'ovariectomie » et a été un des premiers à réaliser une chirurgie abdominale.


History.

Depiction of a Columbian mammoth.

Columbian mammoths lived 10,000 to 1 million years ago. They migrated to North America and as far south as Nicaragua. The Columbian mammoth was a herbivore, with a diet consisting of varied plant life ranging from grasses to conifers. At this time, the Central Texas landscape consisted of temperate grasslands and savannahs surrounded by river floodplains.  How the animals at the site died is unknown, but there is no evidence that humans were involved. The current theory is that approximately 68,000 years ago, at least 19 mammoths from a nursery herd were trapped in a steep-sided channel during a flash flood and drowned and/or were buried by mud. A camel was also trapped and killed during this event. Later floods buried the remains. A second event took place sometime later. During this event, an unidentified animal associated with a juvenile saber-toothed cat (genus "Smilodon") died and was buried. The third event claimed the lives of a bull mammoth, two juvenile mammoths, and an adult female. Approximately 15,000 years after the nursery herd was trapped, these animals also appear to have been victims of rising water, unable to escape due to the slippery slopes of the surrounding channel.  The age of the fossils was determined using Luminescence dating, specifically optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), of the sediment. OSL uses light to excite electrons and cause the emission of photons. The photons can be sensed and measured to calculate when the sediment was last exposed to the sun. The soil near the mammoths' remains was examined using OSL to determine how long the minerals were buried. As the soil was buried at the same time as the mammoths, determining when the soil was last exposed to the sun would correlate to the time when the mammoths perished.

Discovery.

The site was discovered in 1978 by Paul Barron and Eddie Bufkin, who were searching for arrowheads and fossils near the Bosque River. The men found a large bone and took it to the Strecker Museum at Baylor University for analysis. Once the bone was identified as Columbian mammoth, the museum staff organized a formal dig at the site. Between 1978 and 1990. In 1979 Sr. George F. Naryshkin (then an undergraduate at Baylor) began work on his 2 1/2 year excavation and study of the site. George went on to become a dentist( graduating from Temple Dental School in 1986)and is a veteran Air Force Pilot who now practices dentistry in Florida.  Though the first bones at the site were discovered in 1978, the site remained closed to the public until the end of 2009. That year, a shelter was completed to protect the bones and allow the site to be viewed by the general public. The site, now run by the City of Waco, Baylor University, and the National Park Service, sits in a 100-plus acre stretch of wooded parkland along the Bosque River.

National Monument.

United States Representative Chet Edwards filed legislation in 2010 to make the site a National Monument and include it as a unit of the National Park Service. The bill passed the House of Representatives but died in the Senate. Representative Bill Flores filed a similar bill in 2012. Again, the bill passed the House of Representatives but died in the Senate.  On July 10, 2015, President Barack Obama used his authority under the Antiquities Act to designate the site as Waco Mammoth National Monument, to be managed by the National Park Service in collaboration with the City of Waco and Baylor University. Members of the National Park Service and United States Forest Service and Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell surrounded President Obama as he signed the executive orders in the Oval Office. The city has deeded the 5-acre dig site to the federal government but retains 100 acres around it for future park-related development.

Features.

Geography.

The Waco Mammoth National Monument is found in Waco, Texas. The location of the monument lies on along the Bosque River, within 100 acres of wooded parkland. It is theorized that due to the proximity to the river, the deaths of the uncovered prehistoric animals were a result of flash flooding, drowning the creatures about 67,000 years ago. Land erosion further cemented the mammoths along with several other mammals of the time, into the depths of the earth.

Attractions.

The Waco Mammoth National Monument is the site of the only known remains of a herd of "Columbian Mammoths" The site also includes "in situ" fossils of a camel, a bull mammoth, and female mammoths. The fossils are "in situ", meaning that they are still in the original place of initial discovery. The monument stands as one of the largest single herd non-death sites in the world.

Youth involvement.

The National Monument provides opportunities for the youth to participate. The Waco Mammoth National Monument allows field trips, group tours, and the opportunity to become a "Junior Ranger". Through completing activities throughout the park, the visitor can be sworn in as a Waco Mammoth National Monument Junior Ranger.

References.

The Significance of the Waco Mammoth Site to Central Texas Pleistocene History, a senior thesis by George F. Naryshkin, 1980.

The Waco Mammoth National Monument is a paleontological site and museum in Waco, Texas, United States where fossils of 24 Columbian mammoths ("Mammuthus columbi") and other mammals from the Pleistocene Epoch have been uncovered. The site is the largest known concentration of mammoths dying from a (possibly) reoccurring event, which is believed to have been a flash flood. The mammoths on site did not all die at the same time but rather during three separate events in the same area. A local partnership developed around the site after the initial bone was discovered. The Waco Mammoth Foundation worked in partnership with the city of Waco and Baylor University to develop the site. Baylor's involvement mainly included the research, preservation, and storage of materials from the site, while the city of Waco contributed to the protection of the land. In 2015, they successfully sought the National Monument designation to bring the expertise of the National Park Service into the partnership.

Le Waco Mammoth National Monument est un monument national américain désigné comme tel par le président des États-Unis Barack Obama le. Il protège des fossiles de mammouths de Colomb dans la ville de Waco, au Texas.


Plot.

During the winter on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming, expert tracker and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service agent Cory Lambert discovers the frozen body of 18-year-old Natalie Hanson in the snow. Her body is barefoot, without proper winter attire, miles from any building, and has a blood-stained groin. FBI Special Agent Jane Banner arrives to investigate a possible homicide, because the FBI has jurisdiction over murder cases on reservations. The next day, Banner learns from Natalie's father, Martin, that his daughter was dating a new boyfriend, but he does not know the man's name or where he lives. The autopsy shows blunt trauma and sexual violence and confirms Lambert's deduction that the girl died from exposure. She suffered pulmonary hemorrhage caused by rapid inhalation of sub-zero air. However, the medical examiner is unable to confirm the death as a homicide, and Agent Banner cannot get additional help from FBI investigators.  Lambert discovers that Natalie's "new boyfriend" was Matt Rayburn, who works security at a nearby oil drilling site. The next day, Matt's body is discovered, nude and already ravaged by scavenging wildlife. Lambert tells Agent Banner about his own daughter's death three years earlier. Her body was discovered in the snow, following a party at their house while he and his wife were away. No one was charged in her death.  Banner, accompanied by Tribal Police Chief Ben Shoyo and additional officers, visit the drill site where they are met by several of the company's security guards. They report that Matt had stormed off a few days ago, following an argument with Natalie, and has not been seen since. One guard mentions that they heard about Natalie's body being found by monitoring law enforcement radio channels. Agent Banner notes that her name had not been released. One of the police officers notices that the security guards are slowly surrounding Agent Banner and her team. The confrontation quickly escalates into an armed standoff as they argue over who has jurisdiction. Agent Banner defuses the situation by asserting FBI authority. She asks to see where Matt was bunking, and they resume their approach to the trailer.  A flashback shows Natalie in bed with Matt in his trailer, who expresses a loving relationship. Unexpectedly, his security colleagues barge into the trailer after a night of hard drinking. Pete taunts them and tries to sexually assault Natalie, which provokes Matt to violence. The guards retaliate by beating Matt down while Pete rapes Natalie. Matt's attempt to fight back gives Natalie an opportunity to escape, but the group bludgeon their co-worker to death.  Back in the present, Cory has retraced the tracks from where Matt's corpse was found back to the drilling camp. Meanwhile, Agent Banner and the police approach the security crew's sleeping quarters. Cory, looking down at the group from a distance, radios a warning to Police Chief Shoyo. But Agent Banner is wounded in the chest by a shotgun blast fired through the door by Pete. An all-out firefight ensues at point-blank range. Chief Shoyo and the other native officers are killed. As the surviving security guards prepare to execute Agent Banner, Lambert arrives and kills four with his high caliber rifle. Pete, also wounded, flees on foot. Lambert catches him and takes the guard up to a mountain top. After forcing his confession related to Natalie and Matt, Lambert offers him the same chance as Natalie had. He can run barefoot to a distant road wearing only light-weight clothing. Pete runs but quickly succumbs as his lungs give out from the frigid air, suffering a pulmonary hemorrhage.  When Lambert visits Banner in the hospital, he praises her toughness. He later visits Martin, Natalie's bereaved father, and finds that he is sitting outside his house wearing his "death face" paint and holding a handgun. Cory tells Martin that the case is closed and that the man responsible for Natalie's death went out, "with a whimper." They share grief over their daughters' deaths. A title card follows this scene, stating that missing-persons statistics are kept for every demographic group except for Native American women, whose numbers remain unknown.

Production.

According to Sheridan, he was inspired to write this film because he learned about the "thousands of actual stories just like it": referring to the high number of Indigenous women who are victims of sexual assault and/or murder. He wrote and directed the movie to make more people aware of this problem.  The film is the third installment of Taylor Sheridan's trilogy of "the modern-day American frontier", the first being "Sicario" in 2015, and "Hell or High Water" the next year. Principal photography on the film began on March 12, 2016 in Utah and lasted until April 25, 2016.

Release.

The Weinstein Company acquired the distribution rights on May 13, 2016, during the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. In January 2017, it was announced that the company would no longer distribute the film, but the distribution deal was later finalized. It had a limited release on August 4, 2017, before going wide on August 18.  In October 2017, following reporting on the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal, Lionsgate announced that it would distribute the film on home media and streaming services. The Weinstein Company (TWC) name and logo were omitted from the credits, trailer, and packaging. As a result, The Weinstein Company finally stopped distributing the film. Sheridan had required that TWC be deleted from the materials, and demanded that all money Weinstein would have made on this work be donated to charity.

Reception.

Box office.

"Wind River" grossed $33.9 million in the United States and Canada and $13.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $47 million, against a production budget of $11 million.  In the film's limited opening weekend, it made $161,558 from four theaters (a per-location average of $40,390, one of the best of 2017), finishing 29th at the box office. In its second week, the film expanded to 45 theaters and grossed $622,567. The film expanded to 694 theaters on August 18 and grossed $3 million, finishing 10th at the box office. The following week the film was added to an additional 1,401 theaters (for a total of 2,095) and made $4.6 million (an increase of 54.6%), finishing 4th at the box office. The film opened in another 507 theaters and made $5.7 million the following weekend, and an estimated $7.2 million over the four-day Labor Day weekend, finishing in the 2nd spot at the U.S. box office consistently for the next 13 days. It was the 6th-highest grossing indie film of 2017.

Critical response.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 241 reviews, with an average rating of 7.69/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Wind River" lures viewers into a character-driven mystery with smart writing, a strong cast, and a skillfully rendered setting that delivers the bitter chill promised by its title." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by PostTrak gave the film a 90% overall positive score and a 70% "definite recommend".  Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" described "Wind River" as a "humanistic crime drama, though this one has more skill than excitement". Chris Plante of "The Verge" described it as "a thrilling, violent finale to the "Hell or High Water" and "Sicario" trilogy", and as "Coen brothers noir meets the case of the week."  Writing for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers praised Sheridan's direction and the cast, giving the film 3/4 stars. He wrote: "[It's] the set-up for what could have been a conventional whodunit – thankfully, Sheridan is allergic to all things conventional. To him, the action is character, and he's lucked out by finding actors who not only understand his approach but thrive on it." David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a B, writing: "[If] "Wind River" shares Sheridan’s self-evident weaknesses, it also makes the most of his signature strengths. [...] "Wind River" may not blow you away, but this bitter, visceral, and almost paradoxically intense thriller knows what it takes to survive."  In a "High Country News" article titled "Why do white writers keep making films about Indian Country?", Native commentator Jason Asenap praises the film as "a thinking-person's thriller" full of complex characters, and describes the film's focus on missing Native American women as "admirable." He criticizes the film for perpetuating the "dying Indians" motif: "at least in Hollywood, the Indians die. To this day, the Indians die, and not just physically, but culturally. Simpson and Sheridan are invested in making us see how America has screwed Native people, but to the point of rubbing it in our faces. Is it so terrible to live in one’s own homeland? It may be hard to get out, but it certainly feels condescending for a non-Native to write as much."  The filmmakers were criticized for casting non-Native actors in some of the Native American roles.

Wind River is a 2017 neo-Western murder mystery film written and directed by Taylor Sheridan. The film stars Jeremy Renner and Elizabeth Olsen as a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tracker and an FBI agent, respectively, who try to solve a murder on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming. Gil Birmingham, Jon Bernthal and Graham Greene also star.

, ou Meurtre à Wind River au Québec, est un film américain réalisé par Taylor Sheridan, sorti en 2017. Il a été présenté au festival du film de Sundance 2017.


Early years (1825–47).

Louis Charles Georges Jules Lafont was born on 24 April 1825 in Fort-de-France, Martinique. His parents were Jacques Charles Lafont (1768–1839), a merchant, and Elisabeth Perriquet (1795–1871). He joined the navy when he was sixteen. He became an "aspirant" (midshipman) on 1 September 1843 in Toulon. He served on the "Victorieuse" during a long campaign in the Far East. He distinguished himself in the attack on Tourane (Da Nang), and then in an expedition against the pirates of Basilan in the Philippines.

Ensign and lieutenant (1847–59).

Lafonte was made "enseigne de vaisseau" (ensign) on 1 September 1847, and returned to France in 1848 after the "Victorieuse" sank in Korea. In May 1849 he was on the "Agile" stationed on the west coast of Africa. He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour on 10 December 1850. Lafont was assigned to the depot of maps and plans in October 1850. He was promoted to "lieutenant de vaisseau" (lieutenant) on 1 July 1852. In May 1853 he was serving on the "Iéna" in the training squadron. From October 1853 on the "Jupiter" he took part in the operations of the Crimean War. He distinguished himself in the attack on Sevastopol on 17 October 1854.  In May 1855 Lafont was in command of the gunboat "Poudre" in the Baltic, and took part in the attack on Suomenlinna. In May 1856 he was in command of the "Salve" in Cherbourg, and then of the gunboat "Avalanche" in the Indian Ocean. Lafont was active part in the campaign led by Charles Rigault de Genouilly in China and Indochina, and participated in the Battle of Canton (1857), the Battle of Taku Forts (1859), the Siege of Tourane (1858–1860) and the Capture of Saigon (February 1859). He was promoted to Officer of the Legion of Honour on 28 August 1858. In 1859 Lafont was an aide-de-camp to Rigault de Genouilly in Da Nang.

Captain and admiral (1859–77).

Lafont was promoted to capitaine de frégate (frigate captain) on 19 November 1859. He returned to France, where he was assigned to the Hydrographic Committee. On 24 July 1860 he married Marie Goffart (1837–1903) in Valenciennes. Their children included Charles (1861–1956), Elisabeth Suzanne (1862–1946), Anne (1866–1954) and Marguerite (1871–1947). In January 1862 Lafont was again aide-de-camp of Admiral Rigault de Genouilly, commander of the training squadron. on the "Bretagne", then on the "Ville de Paris". In April 1863 he took command of the "aviso" "Caton". He was second in command of the imperial yacht "Aigle" in July 1865. On 6 April 1867 he was promoted to "capitaine de vaisseau" (ship captain). From 1868 to 1870 Lafont commanded the "ironclad "Héroïne" in the training squadron, flagship of Albert Gicquel des Touches. During the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870 Lafont took command of the "Armid" in the Baltic during the blockade of the Prussian coast. In October 1870 he was assigned to the army as brigadier general in command of the subdivision of Aube. He fought at Nogent-sur-Seine, and in November was given command of Ille-et-Vilaine. He was made Commander of the Legion of Honour on 2 July 1871. In May 1871 Lafont was a member of the Marine Works Council. In June 1873 he commanded the frigate "Clorinde" on the east coast of Africa. He was promoted to "contre-amiral" (rear admiral) on 3 August 1875. He was made Major General of the 1st maritime district in Cherbourg. In July 1876 he was President of the High Committee on Underwater Defenses.

Governor of Cochinchina (1877–79).

Lafont was governor of Cochinchina from 16 October 1877 to 7 July 1879. He succeeded Victor Auguste, baron Duperré, and was the last naval officer to serve as governor. He was also commander in chief of the Naval Station in Saigon. His flagship was the "Tilsitt".  In January the USS "Monocacy" under Commander Sumner visited Saigon, where the officers were invited to a grand ball at the governor's palace. At the time Lafont's flagship was the old line battleship "Tilsitt", and the other naval vessels were the "Antelope", a small paddle steamer, a troopship and about a dozen long riverboats. These drew, steamed at and were armed with a six-inch breech loading rifle. The huge arsenal was under construction and contained an ordnance yard, coal depot and dock yard with six to eight large buildings including a working foundry, forge and machine shop. There was an iron floating dry dock that could raise a fully loaded frigate.  Lafont set out to make the system of taxation fairer and less burdensome to small landowners, many of whom had not registered their land. He reduced land property taxes but added a tax on rice exports, which affected only the largest landowners, and as a result made some powerful enemies. He confirmed the Catholic Church's property titles, for which he earned the thanks of Bishop Isidore Colombert. He tried to prevent direct dealings between the Vietnamese and the Chinese. Lafont as governor of Cochinchina had overall responsibility for the protectorate of Cambodia, which was poorly governed by King Norodom of Cambodia. Under pressure from the French a royal decree of 1877 introduced administrative reforms, but little was done to put them into effect. Lafont wrote to the king asking him to implement the reforms. He wrote, "Many individuals, being implicated in theft, insolvency and even crime, get themselves issued with documents from senior mandarins, Princes, and even Your Majesty's wives,certifying to no-one is entitled to pursue them without having first obtained the prior authorization of the Protectorate... This state of affairs is not compatible with justice in a civilized country." Lafont's complaint was ignored.  Lafont was replaced as governor in July 1879 by Charles Le Myre de Vilers.

Later career (1879–1908).

On 1 April 1880 Lafont was appointed deputy commander of the training squadron under Vice-Admiral Henri Garnault with the battleship "Suffren" as his flagship. He was promoted to "vice-amiral" on 24 February 1881. In February 1882 he was prefect of the 2nd maritime district at Brest. Lafont was maritime prefect of Brest from 15 February 1882 to 15 October 1885. He was made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour on 8 July 1884. On 20 October 1885 he was appointed commander in chief of the training squadron. In November 1886 he was appointed Chairman of the Marine Works Council. Lafont was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on 9 July 1889.  Lafont retired from active service in April 1890 at the age of 65. On 4 December 1894 he was made president of central council that raised money for a hospital ship to be sent to the fishermen off Iceland and Newfoundland. The response was good, and the "Saint-Pierre" was ordered for the 1896 season. A land-based "abri des marins" was set up in Saint-Pierre to provide an alternative to drinking places for seamen while on shore. Lafont died on 31 January 1908 in Paris. He is buried in the 25th division of Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Louis Charles Georges Jules Lafont (24 April 1825 – 31 January 1908) was a French naval officer who was Governor of Cochinchina from 1877 to 1879. He joined the navy at the age of sixteen, rose steadily through the ranks, and served in Vietnam, the Philippines, West Africa, the Crimea, the Baltic, the Indian Ocean, China and East Africa. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 he was given command of land troops. After returning from Cochinchina he held various senior naval commands, including commander in chief of the training squadron from 1885 to 1886.

Louis Charles Georges Jules Lafont, né à Fort-Royal (Martinique) le, mort à Paris le, est un vice-amiral français.


History of the style.

The style arose from the architectural peculiarities of the imposing Basilica San Marco di Venezia in Venice. Aware of the sound delay caused by the distance between opposing choir lofts, composers began to take advantage of it as a useful special effect. Since it was difficult to get widely separated choirs to sing the same music simultaneously (especially before modern techniques of conducting were developed), composers such as Adrian Willaert, the "maestro di cappella" of St. Mark's in the 1540s, solved the problem by writing antiphonal music where opposing choirs would sing successive, often contrasting phrases of the music; the stereo effect proved to be popular, and soon other composers were imitating the idea, and not only in St. Mark's but in other large cathedrals in Italy. This was a rare but interesting case of the architectural peculiarities of a single building influencing the development of a style which not only became popular all over Europe, but defined, in part, the shift from the Renaissance to the Baroque era. The idea of different groups singing in alternation gradually evolved into the concertato style, which in its different instrumental and vocal manifestations eventually led to such diverse musical ideas as the chorale cantata, the concerto grosso, and the sonata.  The peak of development of the style was in the late 1580s and 1590s, while Giovanni Gabrieli was organist at San Marco and principal composer, and while Gioseffo Zarlino was still "maestro di cappella". Gabrieli was the first to specify instruments specifically, including large choirs of brass; he also began to specify dynamics, and to develop the "echo" effects for which he became famous. The fame of the spectacular, sonorous music of San Marco at this time spread across Europe, and numerous musicians came to Venice to hear, to study, to absorb and bring back what they learned to their countries of origin. Germany, in particular, was a region where composers began to work in a locally-modified form of the Venetian style - most notably Heinrich Schütz - though polychoral works were also composed elsewhere, such as the many masses written in Spain by Tomás Luis de Victoria.  After 1603, a basso continuo was added to the already considerable forces at San Marco—orchestra, soloists, choir—a further step toward the Baroque cantata. Music at San Marco went through a period of decline, but the fame of the music had spread far, and transformed into the concertato style. In 1612 Claudio Monteverdi was appointed "maestro di cappella", and though he brought the musical standards back to a high level, the vogue of the polychoral style had passed; concertato music, much with solo voice, was now the norm; the productions of this late period are identifiably Baroque.

The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras which involved spatially separate choirs singing in alternation. It represented a major stylistic shift from the prevailing polyphonic writing of the middle Renaissance, and was one of the major stylistic developments which led directly to the formation of what is now known as the Baroque style. A commonly encountered term for the separated choirs is "cori spezzati"—literally, separated choirs.

Le style polychoral vénitien (ou art polychoral vénitien, ou encore polychoralité vénitienne) est un style musical de la Renaissance tardive et du Baroque primitif, où des chœurs physiquement séparés ("cori spezzati, "ou "choeurs séparés)" chantent en alternance.


Early life.

Kaya was born to Sultan Murad IV, who was an autocratic and cruel ruler. The marriage of princesses for political ends has always been used by the sultans, and Kaya was no exception. At the age of 13, Kaya was married to Melek Ahmed Pasha, a future Ottoman Grand Vizier of Abkhazian origin, who was in his mid 50s. The year of their marriage is given as 1644. However, Kaya was extremely hostile towards her husband, as evident on her wedding night when she struck him with a dagger.

Married life.

Kaya proved to be important to her husband's political career. She often assisted him with strategical and financial aid. Evliya Çelebi regarded Kaya Sultan as a prime example of the dynasty's beneficence. He also noted that within all the princesses and their husbands, none got on as well as Kaya and Melek. After the death of Kaya, Melek reportedly threw himself on her coffin and wept uncontrollably.

Interpretations of her dreams.

It is claimed in Evliya Celebi's book that Kaya experienced strange dreams and requested Melek to interpret them. Kaya stated that these dreams included her strolling in the gardens with her grandfather, Sultan Ahmed I. At the end of her dream, Ahmed passed his hand over Kaya's face in blessing, but the hand was immediately covered in blood. Kaya then proceeded to pass her own hand over her face and she too, was covered in blood. This is where the princess awoke with fright. Melek Ahmed instructed Kaya to give 1000 gold pieces to the poors as alms, 2000 to his interior aghas and exterior aghas, as well as 300 to Evliya Celebi and 100 to Evliya's sister. Kaya Sultan did as she was instructed but later, Melek revealed to Evliya that when Kaya Sultan gives birth, she would bleed to death.  Shortly after this initial interpretation, Kaya had another dream to be interpreted by Melek. Melek attempted to relieve the princess of her stress by stating that her second dream was nothing to worry about but Kaya had seen the expression on Melek's face during his interpretation and knew that he was not interpreting the dream properly. This resulted in Kaya growing more and more pious every day, with numerous donations to Mecca and Medina. What was discovered from this was that Kaya Sultan was the wealthiest of all the princesses from her period. This was demonstrated through her enormous donations and her turning over all her property to her children and to her and Melek's servants. She also insisted that should her line end, all the revenues from those lands should go to the Holy Cities.

Death.

26 days following the alleged dream experienced by Melek Ahmed, which supposedly foresaw the death of Kaya Sultan during child birth, Kaya Sultan was due and gave birth to a daughter. Melek gave away numerous alms following the birth of his daughter. However, there would be complications following the birth of Kaya's daughter. Her placenta remained in her womb and "got stuck to her heart". That night, all the servants and midwives in the palace attempted everything to free the placenta. These included placing Kaya in blankets and shaking her extremely hard, hanging her upside down and filling a honey barrel with orange-flower water and put her inside. For three days and three nights, Kaya had to endure this torture. In a desperate attempt, the midwives covered their arms with almond oil and placed their hands into the princess' uterus and pulled out pieces of skin, including what looked like liver and rennet. Four days after giving birth, Kaya Sultan died.

After death.

Princesses were not treated differently from other ruling elite families. The state often regarded the vast wealth of the princesses to be loaned. After Kaya Sultan's death, grand vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha ordered the seizure of Kaya's fortunes, despite the existence of Kaya's husband and her daughter. This was in accordance to the Ottoman landholding system, the Timar System. In the Timar System, land is redistributed after the death of an individual, rather than the land being passed onto future generations. If future generations prove to be beneficial to the empire, the Sultan could distribute other plots of land to these individuals. Her spouse remarried her aunt, Fatma Sultan, although this was reported to be an unhappy marriage.

Kaya Sultan ( 1633 – 1659) was an Ottoman princess. She was the daughter of Ottoman sultan Murad IV. She married the statesman Melek Ahmed Pasha in 1644 and died shortly after giving birth, at the age of 26, due to complications during her labour. The famed Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi noted a specific encounter with Kaya Sultan in his "Book of Travels". An entire chapter of the book is dedicated to Kaya Sultan, from her pregnancy to her death.

Ismihan Kaya (1633 — ) est une sultane ottomane, fille du sultan Mourad IV. Elle épousa l'homme d'État Melek Ahmed Pacha en 1644 et mourut peu de temps après avoir accouché, à l'âge de 26 ans, en raison de complications durant son accouchement. Le fameux voyageur ottoman Evliya Çelebi a noté une rencontre spécifique avec Kaya dans son livre de voyages. Un chapitre entier du livre est dédié à Kaya, de sa grossesse à sa mort.


Biography.

He began his studies in his home town with Eugenio Scomparini (who may have inspired his pseudonym), then attended the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia. He finished his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich with Karl Raupp. It was there he had his first exhibition. At first, he was mostly a caricaturist; satirizing the conventional German bourgeoisie.  While visiting Paris, he met Ella Auler (1875-1962), an artist and musician from St.Louis, Missouri. Later, they were married. Their son, Edgar, emigrated to the United States and, together with his wife, Ingri, became a noted writer and illustrator of children's books.  When he returned to Trieste, he began painting portraits; producing a long series devoted to the families of Ernesto Lackenbacher, an executive with (a Joint-stock company), and Moise Mario Tedeschi (1853-1919), an engineer. In 1913, he won a gold medal at the XI Internationalen Kunstausstellung in the Glaspalast.  Between the wars, he exhibited in Vienna (where he was a member of the Hagenbund) and Trieste, and had two showings at the Biennale di Venezia. He also attended exhibitions overseas and was awarded another gold medal at the Internazionale Quadriennale of Turin in 1923.  He maintained close ties with Germany, although the racial laws prohibited him from exhibiting there after 1938. When he was a young man, he had acquired Swiss citizenship and was a legal resident of Campo Blenio. Nevertheless, he was detained in Italy and deported to the concentration camp at Bergen-Belsen. Along the way, he became seriously ill and died shortly after arriving.

Federico Guglielmo Jehuda Pollack, known as Gino Parin (25 August 1876, Trieste - 9 June 1944, Bergen-Belsen) was an Italian painter of Jewish ancestry; known primarily for his portraits of women. He was also known as Friedrich Pollak or Polak.

Federico Guglielmo Jehuda Pollack, connu sous le nom de Gino Parin, né le à Trieste et mort le à Bergen-Belsen, est un peintre italien de d'ascendance juive, surtout connu pour ses portraits de femmes. Il est aussi connu sous le nom de Friedrich Pollak ou Polak.


Geography.

Reading is located at (39.222709, -84.439036). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land.  Reading is bordered by Cincinnati's Roselawn neighborhood to the south, Amberley Village and Sycamore Township to the southeast, Blue Ash to the east, Evendale to the north, Lockland to the west, and Arlington Heights to the southwest. Mill Creek divides Reading from Lockland and Arlington Heights.  Reading can be reached by car via Interstate 75, Ohio State Route 126, or U.S. Route 42. The northbound lanes of Mill Creek Expressway run along the city's west side, with exits onto Galbraith Road and Koehler Avenue. Ronald Reagan Cross County Highway has a complex interchange with Interstate 75 at Reading. Reading lies along Norfolk Southern Railway's Dayton District and the Indiana and Ohio Railway's Oasis Subdivision.

History.

In 1794, Abraham Voorhees moved his family from Somerset County, New Jersey, building a large double log cabin along the west bank of the Millcreek in Sycamore Township, in present-day Lockland. In the spring of 1795, Harvey Redinbo, a Pennsylvania Dutchman, visited from Reading, Pennsylvania. Pleased with the land that Voorhees had acquired, Redinbo purchased his own land, in the area of Hunt Road and Columbia Avenue. Around 1798, Voorhees platted a town named Voorhees-Town but did not record it with county officials until January 7, 1804. By then, Redinbo had convinced him to rename the town to Reading, after Redinbo's hometown.  Between 1830 and 1880, Reading grew rapidly to become the largest village in Hamilton County. It was incorporated as a village on March 24, 1851. The village's major industry was clothing manufacturing.  The Benson Street Bridge, built in 1901, spans Mill Creek on the city limit with Lockland. It was the second concrete rainbow arch bridge and the first in Ohio.  As of 1912, Reading was a sundown town. African Americans were prohibited from living within the city or remaining there after dark. Most censuses from 1860 through 1960 recorded no African Americans in Reading.  Reading became a city on January 1, 1932. It withdrew from Sycamore Township on May 19, 1943, forming a paper township named "Reading Township".

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 10,385 people, 4,554 households, and 2,624 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 4,962 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 89.1% White, 7.3% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.  There were 4,554 households of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.0% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.4% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.97.  The median age in the city was 39.5 years. 21.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 11,292 people, 4,885 households, and 2,921 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,867.6 people per square mile (1,493.1/km2). There were 5,128 housing units at an average density of 1,756.4 per square mile (678.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.69% White, 3.20% African American, 0.16% Native American, 1.18% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.79% of the population.  There were 4,885 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.96.  In the city the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $39,140, and the median income for a family was $51,858. Males had a median income of $35,466 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,527. About 4.7% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Like other communities in the Mill Creek Valley, Reading has an economy dominated by heavy industry, including suppliers for aerospace and automotive plants in nearby Sharonville and Evendale. Thermo Fisher Scientific's Patheon subsidiary operates a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant on in the city.  The Bridal District along Benson Street in downtown Reading is the most well-known concentration of wedding-related businesses in the United States.  The electronics store chain Steinberg's was founded and based in Reading until its bankruptcy and liquidation in 1997.

Government.

Reading uses a mayor–council form of government. The city council consists of a tie-breaking President of Council, four members representing wards, and three at-large members., the Mayor of Reading is Robert "Bo" Bemmes and the current council president is Cris Nesbitt.  Reading is one of 23 municipalities in Hamilton County that maintains a mayor's court, in which traffic cases and other misdemeanor cases are heard by a magistrate.  At the federal level, Reading is located within Ohio's 2nd congressional district. At the state level, Reading belongs to the 28th House district and 8th Senate district. See Ohio House of Representatives and Ohio Senate for the current representatives of the respective state districts.

Education.

The Reading Community City School District, Reading's public school system, includes two neighborhood schools, Central Elementary and Hilltop Elementary, which both serve Pre-K through fifth grade. Reading Middle School is co-located with Central Elementary and houses grades 6–8. Reading High School serves grades 9-12 and is the home of the 2003 division III state boys basketball champions. The new Pre K-12 school opened up Monday September 9, 2019.  Reading includes a Roman Catholic all-girl's high school, Mount Notre Dame High School, where the daughter of Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman was one of the first students. Also included is a Catholic elementary school, Sts. Peter and Paul Academy serve students in grades K-8.  Reading is served by a branch of the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County.

Media.

Reading is part of the Cincinnati media market for newspapers, radio, and television. WMKV (89.3 FM) broadcasts from a retirement community in Reading.

Reading (pronounced ) is a city in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. The population was 10,385 at the 2010 census. It is an inner suburb of Cincinnati.

Reading est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Hamilton en Ohio. Selon le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis, sa population est estimée à en 2015 (contre en 2010), pour une superficie de.