Plot.

The First Doctor and his companions Ben and Polly arrive in the TARDIS at the South Pole in the year 1986. Nearby they find the Snowcap Base, a space tracking station commanded by General Cutler. The base is supervising the mission of the "Zeus IV" spaceship, running a routine probe on the Earth's atmosphere. The spaceship is drawn off-course by an unknown force, and Snowcap monitoring staff discover a new, unknown planet approaching Earth. Recognising identical landmasses to those of Earth, the Doctor reveals that this is Mondas, the Earth's long-lost twin planet, and that its inhabitants will soon be visiting Earth.  A mysterious spaceship lands in the snow and three robotic creatures emerge. They kill the guards and infiltrate Snowcap Base, taking control. They reveal that they are Cybermen, a race who, though once like human beings, have gradually replaced their bodies with mechanical parts, and eliminated the "weakness" of emotion from their brains. The Cybermen prevent the base staff from saving the "Zeus IV", and it is destroyed by the gravitational pull of Mondas. The emotionless Cybermen state that the lives of the crew are irrelevant to them. The Cybermen explain that Mondas is absorbing energy from Earth and will soon destroy it. They propose to take humans back to Mondas and turn them into Cybermen.  General Cutler, the Snowcap base personnel and the Doctor's companions mount a resistance to the Cybermen, overpowering them and killing them with their own cyberweapons. Cutler plans to destroy Mondas using a Z-bomb, one of a series of powerful nuclear bombs that are placed at strategic points around the world, and contacts Space Command HQ in Geneva. The chief scientist Dr. Barclay expresses concerns that the radiation caused by the exploding planet would cause immense loss of life on Earth, and Ben argues that Mondas might destroy itself anyway when it absorbs too much energy. Suddenly, the Doctor collapses from exhaustion.  Faced with dissent, Cutler orders Ben to be imprisoned in a cabin with the Doctor. Ben escapes and, together with Barclay, sabotages the Z-bomb rocket. Cutler attempts to fire the Z-bomb, but the engines fail on the launchpad. Cutler threatens to kill Ben, Barclay, and the Doctor, who has now regained consciousness. Before he can shoot the Doctor, Cutler is killed by a new squadron of Cybermen. The Doctor, realising that Mondas is approaching destruction, attempts to mediate with the Cybermen, offering them a home on Earth. The Cybermen take Polly back to their spaceship as a hostage.  As the Cybermen take over Space Command in Geneva, the Doctor realises that their plan is to destroy the Earth with the remaining Z-bombs, thus saving Mondas. The Cybermen order the humans to disarm the Z-bomb and send Ben, Barclay, Haines and Dyson into the bomb chamber. Ben surmises that the reason the Cybermen send humans to do this work is that the Cybermen are highly susceptible to radiation. In a stand-off, the Cybermen take the Doctor as a hostage. Using radioactive rods from the reactor chamber as a weapon against the Cybermen, Ben and the crew regain control of the base. Just as more Cybermen enter the Tracking Room, Mondas explodes. Disconnected from their power source on Mondas, all the remaining Cybermen collapse. Geneva Space Command contacts the base to announce that the Cyberman threat has ended.  Ben frees the Doctor and Polly from the Cybermen's spaceship. The Doctor seems to be very ill, and abruptly departs. Trapped outside the TARDIS in the snow, Ben and Polly plead for help. Though weak, the Doctor seizes enough energy to open the door from the console room and rescues Ben and Polly. The Doctor collapses, from old age, and transforms into the Second Doctor.

Production.

All four episodes of this story feature a specially designed graphics sequence used for the opening titles and closing credits. Designed by Bernard Lodge, they were intended to resemble a computer printout. In the opening credits of the first episode, Kit Pedler is incorrectly identified as "Kitt Pedler". In the opening credits of the third episode, Gerry Davis is incorrectly identified as "Gerry Davies".  William Hartnell did not appear in the third episode. On the Monday before the programme was due to be recorded, he sent a telegram to the production team informing them that he was too ill to work. Gerry Davis rewrote the script to explain the Doctor's absence (his sudden collapse) and gave his dialogue to other characters, most noticeably Ben. This was not as much of an interruption to the episode's production as it would seem, as all four episodes had been written so that Hartnell would have relatively little to do in case of just such an event. The original draft of episode 4 did not feature the Doctor regenerating at the end.  The First Doctor's last words were originally scripted as something similar to "No... no, I simply will not give in!" Time was running short towards the end of production, and director Derek Martinus opted not to record the line, wanting to ensure that the regeneration sequence was recorded as well as possible. As a result, the First Doctor's last words were simply "Ah! Yes. Thank you. That's good, keep warm." The line cut from the script by Martinus suggested that the Doctor was refusing to give in to the regeneration process. In 2017, "Doctor Who" writer Steven Moffat exploited this idea and created an extended narrative around the Doctor delaying his regeneration for the episode "Twice Upon a Time". The episode uses original footage from "The Tenth Planet" alongside new scenes with David Bradley replacing William Hartnell, in which the First Doctor meets his future self, the Twelfth Doctor, played by Peter Capaldi.

Cast notes.

During the regeneration sequence at the end of the final episode, Patrick Troughton momentarily makes an appearance — uncredited — as the Second Doctor. Although this was William Hartnell's last regular appearance as The Doctor, he would reprise the role of the First Doctor on only one occasion: the tenth anniversary serial "The Three Doctors".

Missing episode.

The last episode of this serial is missing. It is possibly the most sought-after of the missing episodes, because it contains the historic first regeneration scene (even though a low-quality, truncated copy of this sequence survives and is held in the BBC Archives), and also because it is William Hartnell's final episode. In fact, it is included in a list of the twenty most wanted missing programmes (as drawn up by the British National Film Theatre) alongside the BBC studio footage from the Apollo 11 landings (which is currently held only in soundtrack form).  Popular myth has it that the only surviving telerecording copy of the fourth episode was lost when loaned out to the children's programme "Blue Peter" in 1973 when they wished to use a clip from it in a feature on the tenth anniversary of "Doctor Who". Although a print of "The Daleks' Master Plan" Episode 4 ("The Traitors") was loaned to "Blue Peter" and not returned to the BBC Film Library, there was never a copy of "The Tenth Planet" Episode 4 there to have been loaned. Another department – BBC Enterprises – was still offering all four episodes for sale to foreign broadcasters until the end of the following year and would not, in any case, have loaned out master negatives.  In 1992, a man named Roger K. Barrett (later revealed to be an alias, based on the real name of Syd Barrett) claimed to have a videotape recording of Episode 4 of this story, and offered to sell it to the BBC for £500. Before this was revealed as a hoax, the BBC produced a special introduction for an intended VHS release of the story, hosted by Michael Craze, two versions of which were filmed: one explaining that Episode 4 was still missing, the other introducing the story as if it were complete. A documentary called "Missing in Action", made in 1993 and narrated by Nicholas Courtney, also mentions the hoax.  In 2000, BBC Video released the story on VHS, with episode four reconstructed by the "Doctor Who" Restoration Team using still photos, existing clips and the surviving audio soundtrack.  For the 2013 DVD release, episode 4 was animated by Planet 55 Studios.

Broadcast and reception.

Episode is missing  In 2009, Patrick Mulkern of "Radio Times" found the original Cybermen design like "usherettes from some kinky, futuristic moviehouse", but praised the character of Cutler and Hartnell's Doctor. "Den of Geek" named the cliffhanger of Episode 4 as one of the programme's ten "classic" cliffhangers. Alasdair Wilkins of io9 described it as "a very solid, at times excellent story" and noted "The Cybermen have possibly been more intimidating in other stories, but they have never been creepier than they are here". He named it the fourth best regeneration and regeneration story. DVD Talk's John Sinnott gave the story four and a half out of five stars. He praised Hartnell's performance and the Cybermen. Ian Berriman of "SFX" was more mixed, giving the serial three out of five stars. He praised the Cybermen and the "palpable tension", but felt that the regeneration was tacked on and not enough background was given to make Mondas believable.

Analysis.

The Cybermen were conceived for "The Tenth Planet" by scientist and writer Kit Pedler and screenwriter Gerry Davis as a depiction of the ultimate outcome of biomechatronic and prosthetic technology in medical science. The writer John Kenneth Muir has noted that Pedler and Davis had previously written about dystopian scientific themes, and would later collaborate on "Doomwatch", a speculative fiction BBC TV drama series. Muir suggests that the concept of the Cybermen may have been the inspiration behind a later popular science-fiction cyborg race, The Borg, which first featured in "" ("Q Who") in 1989.  The writer Kevin S. Decker has evaluated the role of the Cybermen introduced in "The Tenth Planet" in terms of the traditions of continental philosophy, and considers that they have been deliberately crafted by Davis and Pedler to symbolise the Others in opposition to the human race. Decker states that this sense of Otherness is achieved by Pedler's focus on the theme of "dehumanising medicine" by presenting a race of humans who have replaced most of their flesh and organs with cybernetic parts. Decker also observes that "The Tenth Planet" plot is based on the "base under siege" scenario, a popular science-fiction device that has been reused in many subsequent "Doctor Who" stories, and that this serves as a metaphor for evil.  Graham Sleight notes that "The Tenth Planet" was produced at a time when modern medicine was pioneering transplant surgery, lending a sense of topicality to Davis and Pedler's concept for malevolent cyborgs. He also finds contemporary significance with the 1960s rocket programmes, and notes that the multinational makeup of the Antarctic base crew is particularly noteworthy, having no precedent in earlier "Doctor Who" stories. However, he is disappointed by the overall execution of "The Tenth Planet" serial, finding the Cybermen "dull, stereotyped villains" and the portrayal of the Antarctic base staff dependent on "national stereotypes".  Introducing the concept of regeneration in "The Tenth Planet" is noted as a landmark in the show's history, and it has been credited with establishing the longevity of the television series by ensuring the survival of the character of The Doctor. Accounts differ as to the reason for Hartnell's departure from the programme; the actor's poor health is often cited, while other claims state that he was dissatisfied with the increasingly "adult" nature of the programme's scripts. Regardless of Hartnell's reasons to quit, Muir notes that, while Hartnell's departure initially created a serious problem for the production team on a popular show, they took the opportunity to create "an elegant, inspired solution to a casting problem" that has endured in the programme's folklore.

Commercial releases.

In print.

A novelisation of this serial, written by Gerry Davis, was published by Target Books in February 1976. It was the first Hartnell-era serial novelisation to be commissioned by Target, and the first new adaptation of a Hartnell adventure to be published in nearly ten years.  The novelisation largely follows the original script, and so places the action in the year 2000, as well as restoring the Doctor to the third episode. Also, in the first scene in which the Doctor, Ben and Polly appear (in the TARDIS), the Doctor is beginning to show signs of his failing health; sometimes mistakenly addressing Ben and Polly as "Ian" and "Barbara", thereby revealing signs that all is not as it should be. Also, the regeneration of the Doctor occurs in the TARDIS differently. The Doctor uses what appears to be a rejuvenation chamber that assists him in his regeneration.

Home media.

The story was released on VHS in the UK in 2000 from BBC Video, with the fourth episode reconstructed by the Doctor Who Restoration Team using still photos, existing clips and the surviving audio soundtrack. This release was a double-tape set entitled "Doctor Who: The Cybermen Box Set: The Tenth Planet and Attack of the Cybermen". In the U.S. and Canada both stories were released individually in 2001. The existing clips from the missing final episode – 8 mm film recordings made by fans, and a 16mm film clip of the regeneration (from a 1973 edition of "Blue Peter") – were included in the DVD release "Lost in Time" in 2004. The only surviving clip of the regeneration was also released as a special feature on the DVD releases for "The Three Doctors" and "Castrovalva".  The story was released on DVD on 14 October 2013, with the missing fourth episode animated along with additional extra features, including the original reconstruction of episode four from the 2000 VHS release, and a special documentary, "Frozen Out", on the making of the story.  The "Regenerations" box set, released on 24 June 2013, contains "The Tenth Planet" (including the newly animated fourth episode). The serial was released with no special features.  The soundtracks for "The Tenth Planet" and "The Invasion", put together from fan-made recordings, along with a bonus disc, "The Origins of the Cybermen", an audio essay by Cyberman actor David Banks, were released on CD in a collector's tin called "Doctor Who: Cybermen".

Music release.

A CD of stock music used in this serial was released in 2000. It was mastered from 1960s vinyl records rather than original archive tapes, resulting in reduced dynamic range with crackle and rumble present throughout. The release contains numerous cues that were not used in the story, and is missing one track that was used.

The Tenth Planet is the partly missing second serial of the fourth season in the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who", which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from 8 to 29 October 1966. It was William Hartnell's last regular appearance as the First Doctor, and the first story to feature the process later termed regeneration, whereby the lead character, The Doctor, undergoes a transformation into a new physical form. Patrick Troughton makes his first, uncredited appearance as the Second Doctor.

The Tenth Planet ("La Dixième Planète") est le vingt-neuvième épisode de la première série de la série télévisée britannique de science-fiction "Doctor Who", diffusé pour la première fois en quatre parties hebdomadaires du 8 au. Il s'agit du dernier épisode où le rôle principal est joué par William Hartnell, qui se voit remplacé par Patrick Troughton à la fin de l'épisode.


Youth career.

Born in Roskilde, Albæk began his footballing career started in the small Zealandic club, Gadstrup IF. At the age of 11, he moved to play for Herfølge Boldklub. When playing for Herfølge's youth team, Albæk was on trial at SC Heerenveen from the Netherlands, and later on, he was tested by Tottenham Hotspur from England. His talent was discovered by the Danish Superliga club FC Midtjylland, who brought Albæk through the ranks of their youth academy.

Club career.

FC Midtjylland.

Albæk signed his first professional contract in January 2008, and was permanently promoted in the first team squad. However, he continued playing games for the U19 squad, while training with the first team. In the summer 2008, Albæk suffered from a twist in the knee and that resulted in an operation. Due to the injury, he debuted in February 2009 in a match against Esbjerg fB where he played the whole match. Albæk extended his contract in March 2010 until the summer 2014. He played 28 league matches in this season despite his young age.  Having established himself as a starter in the Midtjylland line-up, and he revealed in January 2013, that he would like to leave the club and take the step up. However, he wasn't sold in this transfer windows. Albæk was named as the player of the year 2012/13. With one year left of his contract, he left the club in the summer windows 2013.

Stade Reims.

Albæk had several interested club, but decided to join French side Stade de Reims in the summer of 2013.  He got his debut for the club on 17 August 2013. Albæk played the whole match and scored a goal in the 7th minute, helping his team win 2-1 against Lille. However, besides his good first match, the rest of the season wasn't so good. He didn't fit in and did only score two goals in 27 league matches.  Albæk suffered from a stomach injury October 2014, that resulted in an operation in December that held him out for some months. He went back from this injury in April 2015.

IFK Göteborg.

In August 2015, Albæk signed a two year-contract with Swedish team IFK Göteborg. He played his first match for the club only 5 days later against BK Häcken.  According to a Swedish media, IFK Göteborg rejected a bid from MLS-club Toronto FC for Albæk in January 2017.

International career.

Albæk has played for various national youth sides, and he was rewarded with the Arla U17 youth prize.

Mads Albæk (born 14 January 1990) is a Danish footballer who plays as a midfielder for SønderjyskE. He has also represented the Danish national under-21 team.

Mads Albæk est un footballeur danois, né le à Roskilde au Danemark. Il mesure. Il évolue au poste de milieu de terrain au 1. FC Kaiserslautern.


Club career.

Early career.

Zheng Zhi started his football career in 1990 playing for various Liaoning youth academies before playing for Liaoning Youth in 1998 in the China League Two, starting out playing as a defender. In 2000, Liaoning Youth were involved in a legal battle between Yixing Industrial Co., Ltd. and Liaoning Sports School for the ownership of the club that saw all their assets frozen, including player transfer rights. This saw Zheng spend a year without playing professional football. In 2001, he was loaned to top tier club Shenzhen Jianlibao who were coached by then manager Zhu Guanghu, his former manager during his time with the Chinese under-23 national team. He transferred to the club in November 2001 for a fee of ¥3.5 million. While he was initially deployed as a defender, he shifted into a more of a playmaker role and aided Shenzhen to the top tier title for the first time in the club's history. In January 2005, Zheng transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Shandong Luneng for a transfer fee of ¥9.5 million.

Charlton Athletic.

On 29 December 2006, Zheng was loaned out to Premier League side Charlton Athletic until the end of the season with an option to buy. He had been on trial with the club in November 2006. He made his debut for the club on 10 February 2007 in a 2–0 loss against Manchester United, coming on as a substitute for Amdy Faye. He scored his first goal on 18 March 2007 in a 2–0 win against Newcastle United.  Zheng returned to Shandong Luneng at the end of the 2006-07 season under the terms of his loan deal. He played once more for the club in a 6–1 loss against Beijing Guoan before he returned to Charlton on a permanent deal in August 2007. He joined for a fee of £2 million and signed a two-year contract with the club. He scored a total of seven league goals in the 2007-08 season; however, he was less effective in the second half of the season as a result of fatigue.  In the summer of 2008, Zheng was heavily linked with a transfer to West Bromwich Albion. Although Charlton were in negotiations with the club up to the end of the transfer window, the transfer failed to materialise. On 8 July 2009, Zheng left Charlton after failing to agree a new contract with the club following its relegation to League One.

Celtic.

On 1 September 2009, Zheng transferred to Scottish Premier League side Celtic, signing a two-year contract and becoming the second Chinese footballer to sign for the club after Du Wei. Then manager Tony Mowbray affirmed his long held admiration for Zheng and expressed his delight at the signing. Zheng was unable to play for the club in the group stage of the 2009-10 UEFA Europa League after UEFA confirmed that he was not registered in time. He made his debut for the club on 4 October 2009 in a 2–1 loss against Rangers, winning a penalty. He scored his first goal for the club on 8 May 2010 in a 2–1 win against Heart of Midlothian. He was released by the club at the end of the 2009-10 season after failing to agree to a new contract.

Guangzhou Evergrande.

On 28 June 2010, Zheng transferred to China League One side Guangzhou Evergrande on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club on 17 July 2010 in a 1–1 draw against Hubei Greenery. He scored first goal for the club 21 July 2010 in a 10–0 win against Nanjing Yoyo. In the 2010 season, Zheng scored five goals in 11 appearances as Guangzhou finished first place in the second division and won promotion back to the top tier.  After promotion to the Chinese Super League, Zheng took over as captain of the club as former captain Li Zhihai transferred to Guangdong Sunray Cave. Zheng scored five times in 25 appearances during the 2011 season as Guangzhou won the top tier title for the first time in the club's history, giving Zheng his third league title with three clubs. In the 2012 season, the club won the double by winning the league title and the Chinese FA Cup; and in the 2013 season, won a third consecutive league title. In November 2013, Zheng captained Guangzhou to victory in the 2013 AFC Champions League Final as the club became the first Chinese club ever to win the AFC Champions League. On 26 November 2013, Zheng was named the Asian Footballer of the Year by the Asian Football Confederation, becoming the second Chinese footballer after Fan Zhiyi to win the award.  On 27 October 2019, Zheng became the caretaker of the club when manager Fabio Cannavaro was temporarily relieved of his position and sent to corporate culture training until 3 November 2019.

International career.

Zheng joined the Chinese under-23 national team as the only player called up from the third tier. He made his debut for the Chinese national team on 7 December 2002 in a 3–1 win against Syria. He scored his first international goal on 29 January 2004 in a 1–0 win against Macedonia. After Zhu Guanghu took over as the manager in 2005, he was shifted into centre midfield and cemented his spot as the national team's first choice midfielder. Zheng captained the under-23 national team that competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Under Gao Hongbo's management, Zheng was appointed captain of the national team. In an interview on 3 August 2016, Zheng said, "This is the last time I will be in the final stage of FIFA World Cup qualification," indicating that after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, he would retire from the national team. On 2 June 2018, Zheng won his 100th cap for China in a 2–0 win against Thailand, making him the fourth Chinese footballer to win 100 caps. On 5 January 2019, Zheng was selected in the final 23-man squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup.

Honours.

Club.

Shenzhen Jianlibao  Shandong Luneng  Guangzhou Evergrande

Zheng Zhi (; born 20 August 1980) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Guangzhou Evergrande in the Chinese Super League. After starting his career as a defender, Zheng was later moved into a central midfield role by his manager at Shenzhen Jianlibao and experienced immediate success there by winning the 2004 league title with the club. A move to Shandong Luneng saw a prolific goal scoring period in his career and he soon became the captain of the Chinese national team, which then led to moves to Charlton Athletic and Celtic.

Zheng Zhi, né le à Shenyang (Chine), est un footballeur international chinois. Il joue actuellement dans le championnat chinois à Guangzhou Evergrande ainsi que dans l'équipe nationale chinoise dont il est le capitaine.


Plot.

The series follows the adventures of sixteen-year-old Ben Tennyson, wielder of the Omnitrix, an extremely powerful watch-style device that allows Ben to change into a multitude of various aliens; each with their own special abilities and skills. The storylines alternate between that of eleven-year-old Ben (one year after the original series) and sixteen-year-old Ben (a few months after ""). After Gwen leaves for college and Kevin leaves to be closer to her, sixteen-year-old Ben gets a new partner, a rookie by-the-book alien plumber named Rook Blonko (surname first). On a mission to explore a secret underground alien city named Undertown, Ben explores the quirkier side of things in the alien underground and discovers that enemies from his past are looking for a rematch.  In "T.G.I.S.", it is revealed that the "Ben 10" universe shares the same universe with "The Secret Saturdays".

Merchandise.

Toy line.

A toy line manufactured by Bandai was originally shown off at Toy Fairs around the world. A possible unintentional leak of official images of the line was released on the website of department store Kmart. Figures that were revealed at Toy Fairs such as Bloxx, Shocksquatch, 16-year-old Ben Tennyson, an 11-year old version of Ben, and Ben's sidekick Rook were listed on the website. The vehicle play set, "Rook's Truck", has won an award for Best Action Figures/Accessories at the 2012 London Toy Fair. The Omnitrix Touch has a gray color instead of the white it features in the show.

Video games.

A is developed by Vicious Cycle Studios for the Wii U, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and by 1st Playable Productions for the Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS. The action beat 'em up features 15 playable characters on DS and 3DS and 16 playable characters on the other systems. It also features a two-player co-op play. The game follows Ben and Rook in a battle to defeat a fierce villain, named Malware, who has evil plans of destroying the world.  "Omniverse" also spawned a, which was developed by High Voltage Software for the Wii U, Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 and by 1st Playable Productions for the Nintendo 3DS. This game takes place during the events of Frogs of War, where Ben must fight the Incurseans to get back to Earth and stop Emperor Milleous, Attea, Dr. Psychobos, and the Way Bads.

Ben 10: Omniverse is an American animated television series and the fourth installment of the "Ben 10 franchise", which aired on Cartoon Network from September 22, 2012 to November 14, 2014, in the United States. Man of Action Studios, consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle, created the franchise.

La série suit les aventures de Ben Tennyson en possession d'un nouvel Omnitrix, un petit objet lui permettant de changer son apparence en celui de nombreux aliens. Le scénario alterne entre un Ben âgé de onze ans (un an après la découverte de l'Omnitrix), et un Ben âgé de 16 ans (quelques mois après Ben 10 Ultimate Alien).


Biography and works.

During the German occupation of Poland in World War II, Ficowski who lived in Włochy near Warsaw was a member of the Polish resistance. He was a member of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), was imprisoned in the infamous Pawiak and took part in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. His codename was "Wrak" and he fought in Mokotów region. Following the Warsaw Uprising, Ficowski entered a camp with other survivors of the battle.  After the war, Ficowski returned to Warsaw and enrolled at the university in order to study philosophy and sociology. There he published his first volume of poetry, "Ołowiani żołnierze" (The Tin Soldiers, 1948). This volume reflected the Stalinist atmosphere of the early postwar Poland, in which heroes of the Armia Krajowa Warsaw Uprising were treated with suspicion at best, arrested and executed at worst, together with the sense of a new city arising from the ashes of the old.  His early works show the influence of Julian Tuwim. Later he became interested in the poems of the interwar period, with elements of fantasy and grotesque. In the later period his poems reflected various moral and social aspects of life in the People's Republic of Poland.  From 1948 to 1950 Ficowski chose to travel with Polish Gypsies and came to write several volumes on or inspired by the Roma way of life, including "Amulety i defilacje" (Amulets and Definitions, 1960) and "Cyganie na polskich drogach" (Gypsies on the Polish Roads, 1965). He was the member of the Gypsy Lore Society and translated the poems of Bronisława Wajs ("Papusza"). He was interested in many aspects of international poetry. He translated the poems of the Spanish poet, Federico García Lorca, and he was also a known specialist of Jewish folklore and Modern Hebrew poetry, becoming an editor of the Jewish poem anthology "Rodzynki z migdałami" (Raisins with Almonds, 1964).  Ficowski devoted many years of his life to the study of the life and works of Bruno Schulz, and in 1967 published the first edition of what is considered the definitive biography of him, entitled "Regions of the Great Heresy". He received the award of the Polish Pen Club in 1977. His 1979 collection of poems, "A Reading of Ashes", has been called the most moving account of the Holocaust written by a non-Jew.  As a consequence of his signing, in 1975, of the letter of 59, practically all of Ficowski's writings had become banned in Poland for the remainder of the decade, and only the emergence of Solidarity in the early 1980s has brought his works back to Poland's bookshelves. Both his prose and poems continued to be widely translated in the West. He was active in the opposition movement, and was a member of the Workers' Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR) and subsequently of the Committee for Social Self-defence KOR.  Under the communist regime he had urged his fellow writers to voice their concerns over censorship and the suppression of workers. His most public statement was a letter to the Writers Union in which he said, "I do not believe deeply in the immediate effectiveness of letters to the government, but even less do I believe in the effectiveness of silence."  Following the fall of communism, liberalisation of Poland and its breaking with the Soviet bloc, Ficowski continued to write and translate works from languages as diverse as Spanish and Romanian, not to mention the Yiddish and Roma languages that had always fascinated him.

Jerzy Ficowski (; October 4, 1924 in Warsaw – May 9, 2006 in Warsaw) was a Polish poet, writer and translator (from Yiddish, Russian, Romani and Hungarian).

Jerzy Ficowski (, né le à Varsovie mort le à Varsovie, est un ethnologue (spécialiste des cultures populaires juive et tsigane) et homme de lettres polonais, essayiste, parolier, poète et traducteur (du yiddish, du russe, du romani, du hongrois, du français et du roumain). Il a participé pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale à l'Insurrection de Varsovie comme combattant de l'Armée de l’intérieur (Armia Krajowa) (sous le pseudonyme de "Wrak").


Professional 10K running.

At the professional level, there are many races which offer significant prize money to athletes who achieve a high finishing position in the race. At the highest level, annual prize money can total over US$100,000 at races such as the World's Best 10K, Peachtree Road Race, Apryle Showers Run - Florida's Fastest 10K and World 10K Bangalore.  The 10K road distance has never featured on the event programmes of the Athletics at the Summer Olympics or the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. However, it did briefly have its own individual championship for women in the form of the IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships, which was contested over ten kilometres in 1983 and 1984. As a result, the highest level 10K road competitions occur at individual races run by race promoters, who attract elite international level runners through prize money and appearance fees. These types of races are held in all parts of the world, but the highest calibre races are mainly concentrated in the United States, Canada, Europe and East Asia.  The world records for the 10K road distance are 26:24 minutes for men (Rhonex Kipruto, 2020) and 29:43 minutes for women (Joyciline Jepkosgei, 2017). Performances over ten kilometres on the roads were not recognised as world records by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) until 2003 and instead the fastest times were referred to as "world bests". This changed in August 2003 when the IAAF Congress approved world record status for a number of specified road distances, including the 10 km.  As with other forms of professional long-distance running, East African athletes have been dominant in the 10K distance since the 1990s. As of January 2020, all ten of the fastest male 10K runners are East African (five of them Kenyan), while nine of the top ten female runners are Kenyan.

The 10K run is a long-distance road running competition over a distance of. Also referred to as the 10K road race, 10 km, or simply 10K, it is one of the most common types of road running event, alongside the shorter 5K and longer half marathon and marathon. It is usually distinguished from the 10,000 metres track running event by stating the distance in kilometres, rather than metres.

Le 10 kilomètres est une épreuve sportive de course à pied qui se dispute sur route sur une distance de 10 kilomètres. Il n'est pas au programme des rencontres d'athlétisme internationales classiques comme les Jeux olympiques ou les championnats du monde d'athlétisme.


History.

In 1950, Romania adopted a Soviet-style administrative and territorial division of the country into regions and raions (until then, Romania had been divided into "judeţe" or counties). Two years later, in 1952, under Soviet pressure, the number of regions was reduced and by comprising ten raions from the former Mureș Region and from the Stalin Region (both of them created in 1950), of the territory inhabited by a compact population of Székely Hungarians, a new region called the Magyar Autonomous Region was created. According to the 1956 census, the total population of the region was 731,361, distributed among the ethnic groups as follows: Hungarians (77.3%), Romanians (20.1%), Roma (1.5%), Germans (0.4%) and Jews (0.4%). The official languages of the province were Hungarian and Romanian and the provincial administrative centre was Târgu Mureș ("Marosvásárhely").  Its status laid out in the 1952 Constitution, the region encompassed about a third of Romania's Hungarians, the rest living either in more Romanian areas or along the border with Hungary, where an ethnic-based region might have stoked fears of irredentism and security concerns. In practice, the region's status differed in no way from that of the other seventeen regions and it did not enjoy autonomy of any kind – laws, decisions and directives from the centre were rendered compulsory by the very constitution that created it, and the State Council of the Autonomous Region was merely a façade. The Region's only distinguishing features were that most of its officials were Hungarian, the Hungarian language could be used in administration and the courts, and bilingual signs were put up on public buildings. Moreover, the specifically Hungarian wing of the Romanian Communist Party was abolished in 1953, ending any mechanism for defending of the Hungarian minority's collective rights. In December 1960, a governmental decree modified the boundaries of the Magyar Autonomous Region. Its southern raions were reattached to Braşov Region (former Stalin Region) and in place of this, several raions were joined to it from the Cluj Region. The region was called the Mureș Region-Magyar Autonomous, after the Mureș River. The ratio of Hungarians was thus reduced from 77.3% to 62%. In 1968, the Great National Assembly put an end to the soviet style administrative division of the country into regions and re-introduced the historical "judeţ" (county) system, still used today. This also automatically eliminated the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region and replaced it with counties that are not identified with any nationality. The two new counties formed on the majority of the territory of former Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region are Mureș and Harghita plus one from the former Magyar Autonomous Region until 1960 and part of the Braşov Region in 1968, Covasna.  In two of these counties, Harghita and Covasna, Hungarians form the majority of inhabitants. The Romanian law enables the usage of the language of an ethnic minority which forms at least 20% of the population of a municipality in relation with the administration, and the state provides education and public signage in the language of the respective ethnic minority.  East: Bacău and Bârlad Regions;<br>

Neighbors.

South: Stalin and Ploieşti Regions;
 West: Cluj Region;
 North: Suceava Region  East: Bacău Region;
 South: Braşov Region;
 West: Cluj Region;
 North: Suceava region

Notes.

a. Also informal referred to in some publications as "Hungarian Autonomous Region" or "Mureș-Hungarian Autonomous Region"

The Magyar Autonomous Region (1952–1960) (Romanian: "Regiunea Autonomă Maghiară", Hungarian: "Magyar Autonóm Tartomány") and Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region (1960–1968) were autonomous regions in the People's Republic of Romania (later the Socialist Republic of Romania).

La Province autonome magyare () ou Région autonome magyare () est une ancienne division administrative de la République populaire de Roumanie.


Biography.

Federico Krutwig was born on 15 May 1921 in Getxo, the son of a bourgeois family of German origin. He taught himself the Basque language.  He joined the Basque-Language Academy in 1943, where he favoured the standardisation of Basque around the Labourdine dialect of the first printed books in Basque, and with an etymological orthography. However, the Academy preferred the Guipuscoan dialect as the basis of Standard Basque. Krutwig's Basque language standardisation proposal was not to be applied beyond the members of the "Jakintza Baitha" ("House of Knowledge") Hellenophile society.  In 1952, after rejecting Luis Villasante joining the Basque-Language Academy, and after his criticisms of the position of the Catholic Church in reference to the Basque language, he went into exile in France.  Once in Donibane-Lohitzune he contacted members of the movement Jagi-Jagi. In 1963 he edited the book "Vasconia", in which he questioned part of the traditional Basque nationalism of Sabino Arana and proposed a new Basque nationalism.  Krutwig collaborated with ex-militants of EGI and theorized about the use of violence for political purposes. In 1964 he was expelled from France and moved to Brussels (Belgium). Here he made contact with members of ETA. He elaborated some memoranda for ETA's V at Guethary, and put ETA in contact with the Czech weapon industry. In 1975 he abandoned ETA and established his residency back in Spain in Zarauz, to dedicate himself exclusively to literary production.  His main writings are:  He spoke and read several ancient and modern languages. He translated works of Goethe and Mao Zedong into Basque.  Krutwig died in Bilbao in 1998.

Influence.

The Basque folk group "Oskorri" released an album "Garaldea" featuring collaborations with Canarian musicians.

Federico Krutwig Sagredo (1921–1998) was a Spanish Basque writer, philosopher and politician, author of several books. Along with Felix Likiniano, he tried to create some resistance to the Francoist State after the Spanish Civil War. The thought of both authors, melding Basque nationalism and Anarchism gave birth to a minor political current known as "Anarkoabertzalism" (Anarcho-independentism), which eventually merged within the hybrid of Marxism and Anarchism known as Autonomism.

Federico Krutwig Sagredo, né le à Getxo et mort le à Bilbao, est un politicien, écrivain et académicien basque de langue basque et espagnole.


Description.

"Hibiscadelphus" was first described by Austrian-American botanist Joseph Rock in 1911 on the basis of the species "Hibiscadelphus giffardianus". Species in this genus are large shrubs or small trees, up to tall, with nearly circular leaves. The genus is characterized by flowers that never open to the flat form of "Hibiscus", but remain folded together in a tubular form. This is presumed to be an adaptation to pollination by honeycreepers. The fruits are rough capsules containing up to 15 hairy seeds.  The lateness of its discovery by western botanists indicates that "Hibiscadelphus" was already rare by the time Europeans arrived in Hawaii. Four species - "H. bombycinus", "H. crucibracteatus", "H. giffardianus", and "H. wilderianus" - were only ever known from a single individual in the wild. Today, four of the known species are extinct, two are extinct in the wild and persist only in cultivation, and only one ("H. distans") has a small, highly endangered wild population. Although it has been suggested that poor pollination due to extinction of their honeycreeper pollinators is a factor, the abundant fruits and high germination rates of at least some species argues against this. The main reason is probably feeding on seeds by rats. This fits with a decline of the group that began long before the arrival of cats, mosquitoes, and avian malaria decimated honeycreeper populations, since the Polynesian rat arrived with the early Hawaiian settlers. The widespread destruction of dry forests, both before and after European contact, was also a major factor.

Hibiscadelphus is a genus of flowering plants that are endemic to Hawaii. It is known by the Native Hawaiians as hau kuahiwi which means "mountain Hibiscus". The Latin name "Hibiscadelphus" means "brother of "Hibiscus"". It is distinctive for its peculiar flowers, which do not fully open. "Hibiscadelphus" is in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae. Several of the species in this small genus are presumed extinct.

Hibiscadelphus est un genre de plante de la sous-famille des "Malvoideae" famille des "Malvaceae", endémique de l'archipel d'Hawaï aux États-Unis. La plupart de ses espèces sont considérées comme éteintes ou menacées d'extinction.


History.

The temple was built during the reign of Gwanggaeto the Great; it is one of a large number of temples that were built in Pyongyang during this time.  Originally built in 392, it was destroyed by fire in 1700. It was rebuilt and enlarged in 1727. Destroyed again during the Korean War during a bombing of Pyongyang in 1952, it was not rebuilt until 1990. Visiting Buddhist monks are taken for tours here, though some South Koreans claim the residents in the temple are civil servants posing as monks.  In 2007, Buddhists visited the Kwangbopsa Temple as part of a delegation of Catholics, Protestants, Buddhists and Confucians, who are part of the "Korean Conference on Religion and Peace", members being from South Korea. The visit was to celebrate the 10th anniversary of partnership with the North Korean government’s Council of Religionists.

Description.

The temple is composed of the Haethal Gate, the Chonwang Gate, the Taeung Hall, the east and west Buddhist monasteries and an octagonal five-storied pagoda. Its buildings are arranged symmetrically with the pagoda as the centre.  The Taehung Hall is the main building of the temple. On the Haethal Gate we see carvings of young monks on elephants and lions; on the Chonwang Gate are carvings of four heavenly kings. Preserved within the temple are a lotus pond, a monument to the Kwangbop Temple erected in 1727 and another for the extension and painting of the Kwangbop Temple. The epitaph on the monument to the Kwangbop Temple recounts a legend of nine dragons and the 99 ponds of Mt. Kuryong of Taesong. The complex is built in the typical construction of period, having buildings on three sides centering on a pagoda.

The Kwangbop Temple is an historic structure located in Mt. Taesong, Pyongyang, North Korea. Built during the early period of Koguryo during the reign of King Kwanggaetho, it is listed as item 164 on the list of National Treasures of North Korea.

Kwangbopsa (광법사, 廣法寺) est un temple bouddhiste fondé au temps du royaume de Goguryeo pendant le règne de Kwanggaetho (r. 391-413) et situé dans l'arrondissement de Taesong à Pyongyang, Corée du Nord. C'était le plus grand de la dizaine de temple construit sur le mont Taesong.


Location.

Donji Grad occupies the central part of Zemun, on the left bank of the Danube. It borders the neighborhoods of Gardoš on the north, Ćukovac and Muhar on the north-west, Kalvarija on the west, Tošin Bunar on the south-west, Retenzija on the south while the sub-neighborhood of Zemunski Kej is located along the Danube's bank. It roughly occupies the area bounded by the streets "Bežanijska", "Vrtlarska", "22. oktobra" and "Kej oslobođenja".

Administration.

The local community of Donji Grad, which comprised only the small part of the neighborhood, had a population of 8,438 in 1981. Local communities of Dunav and Zemunski Kej were detached from Donji Grad in the 1980s, so the population diminished to 3,214 in 1991 and 3,104 in 2002. However, with all the local communities which formed Donji Grad (including 22.Oktobar, Jugoslavija and Radoje Dakić), population in 2002 was 28,174. By the 2011 census, most of the local communities of the urban Zemun area were merged into one called Zemun.

Characteristics.

Being the central part of the formerly separate town of Zemun, the major cultural, historical and administrative facilities of Zemun are located in the neighborhood of Donji Grad.  The main street in Zemun, "Glavna", passes through the middle of the neighborhood. Also, almost all of the squares of Zemun are either within or bordering Donji Grad: "Karađorđev", "Branka Radičevića", "Masarikov", "Senjski", "JNA", "Magistratski", "Oslobođenja", "Veliki", and "Pobede".  There are four churches: two Roman Catholic and two Serbian Orthodox (Saint Archangel Gabriel and Church of the Holy Virgin. Within the parochial complex of the Church of the Holy Virgin is the Saint Sava Home, built from 1907 to 1909 which is the only surviving work of architect Kosta Atanacković Stanišić. After World War II the building was nationalized from 1946 to 2007 when was returned to the Serbian Orthodox Church. Since April 2019, the building became a new seat of the Central Archives of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Formation of the archive itself began in 1831. The entire church complex is declared a cultural monument.  Zemun's open green market and a commercial zone are situated along the main road.  Also located in Donji Grade are Zemun's City Hospital, Sports' Hall "Pinki", Zemun's Gymnasium, the faculty of agriculture and the Magistrate building, the seat of the Zemun's municipal assembly.  Zemun's only park, the City park, lies below the main street.

Protection.

Binder House  The Binder house, located in 4 "Dr Petra Markovića" street, was built in 1911. The representative, residential one-floor house was projected by, who constructed over 100 objects in Zemun, for the industrialist Mavra Binder. It was designed in the Vienna Secession style and is the "unique architectural concept within the Old Core of Zemun". It was declared a cultural monument in April 2013 and today is the location of the military ambulance.  Herzl House  The Herzl house is located at 17 "Gundulićeva" street. Present house is built after the old one was demolished in the early 20th century. The old house was a birthplace of Jakob Herzl, father of Theodor Herzl, founder of modern Zionism. The family emigrated to Budapest before Theodor was born. The new house was designed by Jozef Marks in the Vienna Secession style. The house is a rarity in Belgrade and the entire Serbia because of the unique façade which is ornamented with five plaster trees. The one-floor house is privately owned, but as it is located within the Old Core of Zemun, the Belgrade Institute for the monuments protection drafter a reconstruction plan for the façade in 2011, but as of 2018 it has not been done.  House and vine at 4 Gospodska Street  A house and the adjoining grapevine in 4 "Gospodska" street are protected by the law. The house is protected as the cultural monument while the vine was protected by the city on 21 September 2014 as the natural monument. The vine was planted c1910 and still bears fruits. It is of the red grape variety, specifically the Rosette (Seibel 1000), or, as it is called in Serbia, the "Frenchman".  The building was built in 1827. An advertisement from 1878, for the grape juice, survived. Small beverage factory and a store were located in the house at the time. The house was originally built by the Puljo family, the printmakers, but was later obtained by the merchant Živanović family, who adapted it into the store. Popularly nicknamed "Zemunka" ("Zemun girl"), the vine is still vital and spreading.  During the massive Allied 1944 Easter bombing of Belgrade on 17 April 1944, the house was hit. The front site of the building was destroyed, including the Secession style façade. Another consequence of the bombing was that the water well in the yard was buried and remained so until today. There were two fatalities in the house, but the vine survived. When some communal works were done in the 2010s, it was discovered that the root of the vine spread beneath the half of the yard, reaching the buried well and draining water from there.  Belgrade University Faculty of Agriculture examined the grapes. The French hybrid originated from after 1860. The French cultivars were grafted on the American cultivars after the massive Phylloxera epidemic caused the Great French Wine Blight, which actually destroyed vineyards in entire Europe. The "Seibel 1000" cultivar reached Serbia in 1903. Some 30 vines were planted in the faculty's experimental farm in Radmilovac. Grapes from there are being mixed with that from Zemun and experimental wines have been produced. The grafts of the "Zemunka" have been transplanted to several vineyards in Serbia, including the ones at Oplenac.  Spirta House The Spirta House, built in 1855 in 9 "Glavna" street, was declared a cultural monument in 1965, so as the large part of Donji Grad which constitutes the Spatial Cultural-Historical Unit of Great Importance of Old Core of Zemun, which was protected in 1979.

Donji Grad (; "Lower town") is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Zemun.

Donji Grad (en serbe cyrillique : ) est un quartier de Belgrade, la capitale de la Serbie. Il est situé dans la municipalité urbaine de Zemun. Au recensement de 2002, avec le quartier de Zemunski kej, il comptait habitants.


Synopsis.

Ramiro "Lalo" Padilla (played by Juan Gil Navarro) is the director of the media company "High Five", editor of the famous magazine "Don", and has many women around him. Romina (played by Marcela Kloosterboer), who is in love with Lalo, decides to punish his lack of commitment to her. She hires a witch to cast a spell on him, which turns him into a very beautiful woman, as Romina wanted him to know what it is like for a woman who is being harassed.  Lalo (now played by Carla Peterson) awakes as a woman, in a state of utter confusion. However, Lalo's friend Graciela ("Grace") Neira (played by Muriel Santa Ana) believes what happened as she heard Romina's phone call to Lalo's home saying what she did. As it seems unlikely anyone else will believe that Ramiro has been magically transformed, so Ramiro assumes a new identity: Dolores "Lola" Padilla, cousin of Lalo. Lalo "had to make an urgent trip to Germany because his father became ill", and has appointed Lola to take his place. While trying to find a way to change back, there are a whole new set of challenges to face that Lalo didn't have to experience before, both within and outside the workplace.

Theme Songs.

This telenovela has two theme songs, "Hola" and "Enamorada", both are sung by Miranda!.

International remakes.

The show has been officially remade in 12 other countries: Portugal, Chile, Peru, Spain, Belgium, Greece, Turkey, Russia, India, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines. All of these remakes start with mostly the same initial premise but many of them head in very different narrative directions and ultimate conclusions than the original show.

Lalola was an Argentine television comedy show that aired from 28 August 2007 to 29 April 2008. It was broadcast by TV channel América 2. It starred Carla Peterson and Luciano Castro as protagonists. The show won nine Martín Fierro Awards for 2007, and also the Gold Prize.

Lalola est une série télévisée argentine en 150 épisodes de 45 minutes créée par Sebastián Ortega et diffusée entre le et le sur América TV.


Early life.

Jack Hues was born in Gillingham, Kent, England, the oldest of four children of Robina (née Pratt) and Allan Sidney Ryder. He was an avid listener to artists such as the Beatles and Jimi Hendrix before becoming interested in progressive rock groups like Yes and Genesis. Hues then found a passion in classical music, and attended London's Goldsmiths College to study music. After three years, he went on to attend the Royal College of Music. It was at this time that Hues befriended Dave Burnand, who went on to be a member of Huang Chung. After one year at RCM, he decided on to pursue a career in music.

Wang Chung era (1977–1991).

In 1977, Hues answered an ad in the British weekly music magazine, "Melody Maker". This was the first time he met future Wang Chung bass guitarist, Nick Feldman. With the rising punk music movement around England in the late 1970s, the two formed together as 'The Intellektuals' in mid-1977. Two years later, Hues & Feldman formed the band, '57 Men'. While in 57 Men, the two met future Wang Chung drummer, Darren Costin. Like their first band together, Hues and Feldman broke up within eighteen months, but took along Costin.  In late 1979 the threesome became referred to as Huang Chung. They released several singles in 1980 for the independent music company, Rewind Records. In May 1981 Huang Chung signed to Arista Records for a two-album deal. The next year the band released their self-titled debut album. By 1983 the band's name was changed to Wang Chung, and Hues became the band's lead vocalist. After the summer tour for "Points on the Curve" in 1984 Costin left the band to pursue a solo career. Despite not having a full-time drummer, Wang Chung continued to thrive. For the next six years, Wang Chung enjoyed success, especially in the UK and US.

Post-Wang Chung era (1991–present).

Before Wang Chung's break-up in 1991 Hues scored the soundtrack of the 1990 film "The Guardian". The director of the film, William Friedkin, chose Hues because of his work on his 1985 film, "To Live and Die in L.A.". He also made a solo album, "The Anatomy Lesson", in 1992 for Sony Records. However, for reasons unknown his solo debut album was shelved. In 1994, Tony Banks of Genesis heard samples of Hues’ work. He admired it and asked him to compose a new album together. On 11 September 1995 Strictly Inc was released. The album received mixed reviews. In 1997 Hues and Nick Feldman briefly reunited for the release of the compilation.  In 2000, Wang Chung performed in the Club 80's Flashback Tour and headlined a tour of their own afterwards. While Hues was present for these shows, Feldman was not due to personal obligations. In 2005, Wang Chung appeared on the competition reality show "Hit Me, Baby, One More Time" to perform "Everybody Have Fun Tonight". They lost the round to Irene Cara. Around the same time, Hues began teaching songwriting at Christchurch University in Canterbury.  In 2003 Hues was one of the founding members of a jazz-influenced quintet with Sam Bailey called Illuminated. Their inspirations included Miles Davis, Johannes Brahms, and Aphex Twin. Eventually the quintet became The Quartet. Their first album "Illuminated" was released in 2007 and their second "Shattering" in 2008 – both released to critical acclaim. The Quartet is signed with Helium Records, headed by Chris Hughes who helped produce Wang Chung's "Points on the Curve" in 1984. In 2010 The Quartet joined forces with Syd Arthur, a Canterbury psychedelic jazz band whose members studied with Hues while at Christchurch University. Together the two groups played a medley of tracks from Soft Machine, a rearranged Stravinsky violin concerto, and the Beck song "Nobody's Fault But My Own" at the Orange Street Music Club. In 2012 both bands reunited inside a barn to record the Beck song, and in 2019 it was released on Bandcamp for purchase through digital download and vinyl.  In 2011, Hues wrote the music for his son Jack Ryder's first film "Act of Memory". In 2020, Hues will release his first solo album, "Primitif", which debuts in March. The album has so far produced two singles, "Whitstable Beach" and "Winter".

Personal life.

Ryder's stage name, "Jack Hues", is a play on the French phrase, "j'accuse", which means "I accuse" in English. He has a daughter, Violet, and two sons, Harry and Jack.

Jeremy Allan Ryder, better known as Jack Hues, (born 10 December 1954) is an English musician, who is best known for forming and fronting the 1980s British new wave band, Wang Chung. He is the father of actor Jack Ryder who is best known for playing Jamie Mitchell in EastEnders.

Jack Hues (son véritable nom est Jeremy Allan Ryder) est un chanteur, musicien et compositeur anglais, né le à Gillingham, dans le Kent.


Occurrence.

Furan fatty acids are found mainly in the liver fat of fish, in crustaceans and horn corals. They can also be found in the liver of cattle and rats, as well as in human blood; either in free form or in triglycerides or esterified to cholesterol. In fish, the concentration of furan fatty acids is particularly high in the liver after hunger periods.  Furan fatty acids can be detected in a variety of organisms and products such as butter and butter oil. It is now assumed that this class of compounds is.  Furan fatty acids in animals are based on the uptake and accumulation of furan fatty acids from plant constituents. In human blood, the total furan fatty acid content is about 50 ng/ml. Per day, a person separates between 0.5 and 3 mg of urofuran acids - the metabolic product of the furans acids. Animals are not able to synthesize furan fatty acids. Larger amounts of furan fatty acids are produced mainly by algae, but also some plants and microorganisms. These serve fish and mammals as food. The furan fatty acids thus absorbed are incorporated into phospholipids and cholesterol esters.

Function and physiological effects.

Furan fatty acids are reactive compounds. They are easily oxidizable by photooxidation, autoxidation, or catalyzed by lipoxygenase-1. Upon the exposure to light, the aroma 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione (MND) is formed from furan fatty acids in the reaction with singlet oxygen, which has a hay-like odor and is found, for example, in green tea. Furan fatty acids are very effectively acting as radical scavengers. In this process dioxoenoic fatty acids are formed, which are by themselves very unstable and form thioethers with thiols such as cysteine or glutathione.<ref name="DOI10.1002/jlac.198819880107"></ref> As potent antioxidants, they specifically trap hydroxyl radicals. It is therefore believed that this is in different biological systems their main function. They also inhibit the singlet oxygen-induced hemolysis of red blood cells (red blood cell disintegration).  Plants and algae produce furan fatty acids during the biosynthesis from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These are seemingly used in these organisms as protection against free radicals generated by sunlight.  Occasionally it is speculated that the health-promoting properties originally attributed to omega-3 fatty acids may not be based on themself, but on the furan fatty acids also present in the fish. A clinical trial of isolated omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in patients who have had a myocardial infarction previously showed no significant difference in cardiovascular effects compared to a placebo.  The exact pathological effects of furan fatty acids have not yet been clarified in detail and are the subject of current research. In addition to the antioxidant effect, anti-tumor (against malignant tumors) and antithrombotic effects (anti-thrombosis) are also suspected. In 2002, xenohormonal properties were observed for the two furan fatty acids 9,(12)-oxy-10,13-dihydroxystearic acid and 10,(13)-oxy-9,12-dihydroxystearic acid. In vitro experiments on MCF-7 cells (breast cancer cells with estrogen receptor) revealed mitogenic properties as well as an influence on estrus. In the latter case, the transition to metestrus was initiated. In vivo, a reduction in mating willingness was observed after intake of furan fatty acids on female color rats. However, neither estrogen nor anti-estrogenic activity has been demonstrated. Chickens were found to have no adverse effects on feeding, fertility, egg weight, eggshell thickness, and other reproductive parameters after the intake of furan fatty acids.

History.

Furan fatty acids were first detected in 1966 by L. J. Morris and colleagues as part of an oil derived from seeds of Exocarpus cupressiformis (a sandalwood-type plant). Years later, other analysis methods showed that the furan fatty acid 9,12-epoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid was in fact not contained in the oil of Exocarpus cupressiformis as described by Morris. Instead, it was formed during the sample preparation used by Morries and colleagues for the argentation chromatography by oxidation of hydroxyfatty acids, in a base-catalyzed transesterification. In 1974, furan fatty acids were first identified in pike (Esox lucius) by Robert L. Glass and colleagues using coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Furan fatty acids are a group of fatty acids that contain a furan ring. To this furan ring, an unbranched carboxylic acid and, at another position, an alkyl residue are attached. Natural furan fatty acids are mono- or di-methylated on the furan ring. Furan fatty acids are can be found in a variety of plant and animal species.

Un acide gras furanique est un acide gras dont la chaîne aliphatique contient un noyau furane. Dans les acides gras furaniques naturels, ce dernier est généralement substitué avec un ou deux groupes méthyle. Ils sont présents chez une grande variété d'espèces animales et végétales. On les trouve principalement dans la graisse du foie de poisson, les crustacés et les gorgones, ainsi que dans le foie des bovins et chez le rat. Ils sont également présents dans le sang humain, sous forme libre, dans des triglycérides ou encore estérifiant du cholestérol, pour une concentration totale de l'ordre de.


History.

Amagansett derives its name from the Montaukett name for "place of good water" from a water source near what today is Indian Wells beach.  Unlike the rest of the Hamptons, Amagansett was initially settled by the Baker, Conklin, and Barnes families, descendants of English settlers, and the Dutch brothers Abraham and Jacob Schellinger, the sons of a New Amsterdam merchant who moved to East Hampton between 1680 and 1690 after the English took over New Amsterdam.  During Operation Pastorius, a failed Nazi attack on the United States staged in June 1942, during World War II, four German spies were dropped off from a submarine on Atlantic Avenue beach in Amagansett, where they made their way to the village's Long Island Rail Road station and boarded a train for New York.  A Coast Guardsman assigned to watch the beach noticed the suspicious strangers on the beach and notified the police and the FBI. In the spring of 2007 the original Coast Guard station, which had been moved to a private residence in 1966 to protect it from demolition, was moved back to near its original location at Atlantic Avenue beach.  The Coast Guard barracks are now part of the East Hampton Town Marine Museum which includes exhibits from the town maritime history, including whaling relics and a cannon from the American Revolution ship HMS "Culloden" which ran aground at Montauk.  In 1998 President Bill Clinton, who was vacationing in East Hampton, gave a Saturday radio address from the Amagansett Fire House.  Amagansett includes a section of Further Lane, which is a block from the ocean, and has one of the biggest collections of mansions in East Hampton. In 2007, one of the estates sold for $107 million, the highest price for a private residential property.  As part of the settlement, several 18th and 19th century buildings which had been moved to the estate to prevent demolition were moved elsewhere in the town—including five that were moved to form a campus for the East Hampton town government.  "Amagansett", a pictorial history of the hamlet, was published in 1997 by Carleton Kelsey, longtime director of the Amagansett Free Library and former town clerk, and Lucinda Mayo, descendant of one of Amagansett's 17th century founders.  Many houses and other buildings still stand from the 19th and even 18th century in Amagansett, Montauk, the Hamptons and other Long Island communities.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.37%, is water.  At the end of the last ice age, Amagansett stood at the eastern tip of Long Island. At that time, Montauk was an island on its own in the Atlantic. In the intervening several thousand years, ocean currents, or littoral drift, filled in space with sand. This area is now known as Napeague.  Distinct places within Amagansett include Amagansett village, Beach Hampton, and the Devon Colony on Gardiner's Bay. Other places of geographic significance include the "Walking Dunes" in Napeague and the Atlantic Double Dunes, which are protected by The Nature Conservancy and local and federal governments.

Demographics for the CDP.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,067 people, 493 households, and 281 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 169.6 per square mile (65.5/km2). There were 1,664 housing units at an average density of 264.5/sq mi (102.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.44% White, 1.69% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.03% of the population.  There were 493 households out of which 21.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.78.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 19.1% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 33.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,406, and the median income for a family was $69,306. Males had a median income of $48,750 versus $36,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $45,545. About 2.4% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

Residents.

A popular resort location, many famous people have resided in or owned second homes in Amagansett through the years, including Paul McCartney, Scarlett Johansson, Kathleen Turner, James Frey, Billy Joel, Jerry Seinfeld, Harvey Weinstein, Christie Brinkley, Diane Sawyer, Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin, Liev Schreiber and Naomi Watts, Alec Baldwin, Sarah Jessica Parker and Matthew Broderick, Peter Mayle, Jann Wenner, Suzanne Vega, Howard Stern, Lorne Michaels, Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, Shane McMahon, Babs Simpson, and Mitch Kupchak.  Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller spent a summer there in the late 1950s. Perhaps the first wave of "summer people" was the "Devon Colony", which was founded in the late 19th century by executives of the Procter & Gamble company. Performance artist Laurie Anderson and her husband Lou Reed divided their time between their Greenwich Village apartment and a house in Amagansett, which Anderson called "our spiritual home." Reed died there in 2013. Alfred Conkling was born in Amagansett.

References.

Notes

Amagansett is a census-designated place that roughly corresponds to the hamlet by the same name in the Town of East Hampton in Suffolk County, New York, on the South Shore of Long Island. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP population was 1,165. Amagansett hamlet was founded in 1680.

Amagansett est une census-designated place et un hameau faisant partie de la ville de East Hampton dans le comté de Suffolk, dans l'État de New York, aux États-Unis.


Orbit and classification.

"Tezcatlipoca" orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.1–2.3 AU once every 2 years and 3 months (816 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.36 and an inclination of 27° with respect to the ecliptic.  This near-Earth object has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of, which corresponds to 95.6 lunar distances. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar.

Physical characteristics.

The S-type asteroid is classified as a Sw-type by the ExploreNEOs project, and as a SU and Sl-type on the Tholen and SMASS taxonomic scheme, respectively.  Between 1988 and 2015, five rotational lightcurves of "Tezcatlipoca" were obtained from photometric observations and gave a well-defined, concurring rotation period of 7.25 hours with a brightness variation between 0.22 and 1.01 in magnitude, indicative of a non-spheroidal shape ().  According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Tezcatlipoca" measures between 4.36 and 6.012 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.128 and 0.26. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" agrees with the revised NEOWISE observations, that is, an albedo of 0.128 and a diameter of 6.0 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.96.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after Tezcatlipoca, the Aztec deity of matter, whose name translates to "Smoking Mirror" in the Nahuatl language. His animal counterpart was the jaguar and his contender was Quetzálcoatl, after which the minor planet 1915 Quetzálcoatl is named. Both deities are Aztec creator gods and were depicted as twin serpents that coil round each other to produce time. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 ().

1980 Tezcatlipoca, provisional designation, is an eccentric, stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter.

(1980) Tezcatlipoca (aussi nommé 1950 LA) est un astéroïde Amor, découvert le par Albert George Wilson et Åke Wallenquist à l'observatoire du Mont Palomar en Californie. Il a été nommé en hommage à Tezcatlipoca, dieu de la mythologie aztèque.


Life and career.

Kaziev was born in Makhachkala, in the Dagestan ASSR, and lived in Moscow since 1974. His education in scriptwriting was with the faculty of VGIK (now known as the State Cinematography University). His cinematic debut was the screenplay of the movie "Breakfast" ("Lenfilm"). He was author of the film "Rasul Gamzatov" ("My Way"). He was awarded the 2003 special prize of the "Eurasian Kaleidoscope" Documentary Film Competition.  Kaziev was a productive playwright. In addition to comedies and avant garde plays, he wrote historical dramas. His first published play was the "Answering machine", "Modern Drama", No. 3, 1986. In 1987 his play on Imam Shamil ("Captive") was published. He made his stage debut with the play "Newcomer" (in Moscow, 1987). His plays have been staged in Russian and foreign theaters and on the radio.  He was a member of the USSR Union of Writers since 1989.  In 1992 he founded the "Echo of the Caucasus" Publishing House in Moscow and became its editor-in-chief (for the magazine of the same name and books on Caucasian culture and folklore).  He gained literary popularity from his book "Imam Shamil" in series "The Lives of Remarkable People" ("Molodaya gvardiya" Press, Moscow). Four editions have been published from 2001 to 2010.  He wrote in different genres (prose, drama, poetry, etc.). He also wrote for children.  The total circulation of his books is over 50,000 copies. He won domestic and international literary prizes and competitions.  He was involved in civic activities in the field of international relations and participated in international academic congresses and peace projects.

Shapi Magomedovitch Kaziev (; March 27, 1956 – March 20, 2020) was a Russian writer, playwright and script writer. Avar by ethnicity, he was the author of historical novels and other books.

Chapi Magomédovitch Kaziev (en russe: Шапи́ Магомедович Кази́ев), né le à Makhatchkala (RSSA du Daghestan, URSS) et mort le, est un écrivain, dramaturge et scénariste de nationalité daghestanaise et de citoyenneté russe.


Teams and drivers.

The following teams and drivers were contracted to drive in the 2013 season, following ratification of a new Concorde Agreement. At the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix, Bernie Ecclestone announced that the "majority" of teams competing in the season had agreed to compete in 2013, though he gave no indication of which teams—if any—were offering resistance to the new Concorde Agreement. At the 2012 British Grand Prix, Ecclestone announced that every team had agreed "in principle" to the terms of the new Concorde Agreement, and the final draft of the Concorde Agreement was presented to the teams ahead of the 2012 Indian Grand Prix.  On 30 November 2012, the FIA published a provisional entry list for the 2013 season. The final entry list was published on 3 March 2013. Teams competed with tyres supplied by Pirelli.

Team changes.

In November 2012, Thesan Capital, the owners of HRT Formula 1 Team, announced that they were putting the team up for sale. The team needed to find a buyer by 30 November—the date by which entry fees for the 2013 were due to be paid—or else face closure and a departure from the sport. Thesan Capital failed to find a buyer in time, and HRT was omitted from the 2013 entry list. The team was later reported to be in liquidation, and despite bids to purchase and revive the team under a new name, their assets were ultimately sold to Teo Martín, the owner of a firm specialising in recycling automotive parts.

Driver changes.

Upon starting his second career in, Michael Schumacher signed a three-year agreement to race for Mercedes AMG. With that deal expiring at the end of the season, Schumacher was given the option of renewing his contract with the team for 2013. However, in the face of disappointing results over the past three seasons, Schumacher became indecisive about his future, prompting Mercedes to start searching for a new driver. Following a protracted period of negotiation, World Champion Lewis Hamilton announced that he would join Mercedes for the next three years. The move ended his fourteen-year association with McLaren, and Hamilton later described his decision to change teams as being motivated by the desire to find a new challenge for himself, and that the idea of taking a struggling team and building them up to become a successful one held more appeal to him than "cruising around with a great team". Schumacher ultimately announced that he would be retiring from the sport for the second time at the end of the 2012 season.  With Hamilton leaving McLaren, the team sought out Sauber driver Sergio Pérez to replace him. Pérez was previously a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy, and was considered to be the leading candidate to join Ferrari should a vacant seat become available, but admitted that although he had talked with the team, he had never considered racing for them to be a realistic proposition, adding that McLaren was the best place for him to go.  Nico Hülkenberg left Force India after just one season, despite having originally signed a multi-year deal to race for the team starting in 2012, to fill the vacant seat at Sauber. Hülkenberg was joined by Esteban Gutiérrez, who had previously served as Sauber's testing and reserve driver in and whilst campaigning in the GP2 Series. Hülkenberg's place at Force India was taken by Adrian Sutil, who returned to the team after a season out of the sport.  With Hülkenberg and Gutiérrez joining Sauber, Kamui Kobayashi was left without a seat after three seasons with the Swiss team. In a bid to secure a seat, Kobayashi accepted donations from fans to raise as much money as possible. However, shortly after Lotus F1 announced that they would retain Romain Grosjean, Kobayashi announced that he had given up hope of securing a racing seat for the 2013 season. He later joined AF Corse for the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship. However, he returned to the Formula 1 grid in with Caterham.  Williams promoted test and reserve driver Valtteri Bottas to a full-time racing seat alongside Pastor Maldonado, replacing Bruno Senna. Bottas, the 2011 GP3 Series champion, made regular appearances for Williams during the season, in official practice sessions at fifteen Grands Prix. Faced with the loss of his seat, Bruno Senna initially sought a drive with Force India, but instead moved to the World Endurance Championship, joining Aston Martin Racing.  Charles Pic moved from Marussia to Caterham, joining former GP2 Series teammate Giedo van der Garde. Pic and van der Garde had previously raced alongside one another as teammates in 2011, racing for Barwa Addax. Where Pic joined Marussia for the season, van der Garde became Caterham's test driver and contested the 2012 GP2 Series with their GP2 team before being promoted to Formula One. As a result of this, Caterham's 2012 drivers, Heikki Kovalainen and Vitaly Petrov lost their seats for 2013. Caterham team principal Cyril Abiteboul later admitted that the relationship between the team and Kovalainen had fallen apart towards the end of the 2012 season, leading to his dismissal from the team, whilst Petrov lost his seat due to a lack of sponsorship. Kovalainen later returned to the team to take part in free practice sessions on a temporary basis.  Timo Glock was initially signed to compete for Marussia until the end of the 2014 season, but later announced that he would be leaving the team. Marussia team principal John Booth cited "tough economic conditions" as the reason for the team being forced to let Glock go, whilst Glock referenced the loss of tenth place in the 2012 World Constructors' Championship to Caterham at the 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix as the first sign that his position with the team was in danger. Glock moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, driving for BMW. With Glock gone, the team elected to take two rookie drivers: Max Chilton, who spent the 2012 season competing in the GP2 Series with the Marussia-backed Carlin team; and GP2 Series runner-up Luiz Razia. However, Razia was removed from Marussia's testing line-up for the second pre-season test in Barcelona, leading to speculation that his future with the team was in jeopardy. It was later reported that his sponsors had missed payments to the team, prompting the decision to suspend his testing programme. His contract to race was terminated twenty-three days after it had been announced, and Razia was replaced by 2009 Formula 3 Euro Series champion and 2012 Formula Renault 3.5 Series runner-up Jules Bianchi.  With HRT withdrawing from the championship, Pedro de la Rosa and Narain Karthikeyan were left without full-time racing seats. De la Rosa later joined Ferrari to aid the team in developing their simulator and was confirmed as one of their test and reserve drivers before the first pre-season test in Jerez, while Karthikeyan began contesting Auto GP.  With Michael Schumacher and Pedro de la Rosa no longer in the sport, the 2013 season was the first in which none of the field had competed in the 20th century.

Mid-season changes.

Kimi Räikkönen was forced to miss the final two races of the season in order to undergo surgery to relieve pain from a back injury he had been suffering from for a long time and which flared up during the Singapore Grand Prix. His place in the team was taken by fellow Finnish racer Heikki Kovalainen.

Season calendar.

The following nineteen races appeared on the 2013 race schedule. Bernie Ecclestone, Formula One's commercial rights holder through his Formula One Management and Formula One Administration companies, has previously said that he believes twenty races is the maximum that is viable. The number of races on the Formula One calendar is dictated by the Concorde Agreement, the arrangement between teams, the FIA and Formula One Management. At the time of Ecclestone's comments regarding the length of the series schedule, the then-current Concorde Agreement was set to expire at the end of the season. Twenty to twenty-five races would be possible if the teams agreed to it.  At the 2012 Hungarian Grand Prix, Ecclestone announced that the 2013 calendar would consist of twenty races, and would be largely similar to the 2012 calendar. The provisional calendar was announced at the 2012 Singapore Grand Prix, which was approved by the FIA World Motorsports Council on 28 September 2012.  The calendar was originally intended to host twenty races, with the inclusion of the Grand Prix of America, a new event to be hosted on the streets of New Jersey on 16 June, as part of a 1-week North American "double-header". Following its removal from the calendar, the schedule was reduced to nineteen races until the FIA World Motorsports Council announced that a twentieth round would be included at a circuit in Europe, pending the outcome of negotiations between Bernie Ecclestone and event organisers. In February 2013, Ecclestone announced that a replacement venue had not been found, leaving the calendar at nineteen Grands Prix.

Season report.

Championship summary.

With the nineteen races of the season completed, the defending World Champion, Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel, retained the Drivers' Championship. He did so by winning in India and opening an unassailable 115-point gap with only three races remaining. He broke the record for most consecutive wins in a single season with nine. He also tied the record for consecutive wins, which was set by Alberto Ascari in –, and for total wins in a single season with 13, set by Michael Schumacher in. His record tally of 13 wins included a controversial victory at the Malaysian Grand Prix that came when he defied team orders, overtaking teammate Mark Webber late in the race to secure victory. Vettel apologised afterwards to the team, although he later refused to apologise for winning. Vettel's other wins came in Bahrain, Canada, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Singapore, Korea, Japan, India, Abu Dhabi, the United States and Brazil. The four times world champion scored 397 points, also a record until 2018, when Lewis Hamilton scored 408 points. Webber finished his last Formula One season in third place with 199 points. It was the first time since that the Australian failed to win a race. Their combined results allowed Red Bull to clinch the 2013 Constructors' Championship in India by opening a gap of 157 points, with only 129 still up to grab. The team scored a total of 596 points.  Ferrari's Fernando Alonso finished as the runner-up with 242 points. The Spaniard won two races, in China and Spain, and scored five second-places, in Australia, Canada, Belgium, Italy and Singapore, to keep him in a strong championship position throughout the season. However, a retirement in Malaysia and relatively poor results in Bahrain, Monaco, Korea and India saw him fall behind Vettel in the points. The gap closed briefly after the German's gearbox failure at the British Grand Prix, but the defending world champion scored eleven consecutive podium finishes after his sole retirement of the season, including ten wins, to clinch the title. Alonso's teammate Felipe Massa finished eighth in the standings, scoring 112 points with a single podium finish in Spain. Ferrari lost second place in the Constructors' Championship to Mercedes, finishing a mere 6 points behind.  Lewis Hamilton, who scored a win in Hungary, four third places and five pole positions in 2013 with Mercedes AMG, finished fourth in the drivers' standings with 189 points. His Malaysian Grand Prix podium came with a share of controversy as team orders were employed to help him retain third place. After the race, Hamilton admitted that teammate Nico Rosberg was the one who actually deserved the podium. Italy was the first time that Hamilton failed to make a Q3 appearance since the 2010 Malaysian Grand Prix. As a result, the Briton's streak of consecutive Q3 appearances ended at 66. Hamilton also suffered his first retirement of the season in Japan due to damage caused by a puncture, which he got from a clash with Vettel. Rosberg, despite winning the Monaco and British Grands Prix, finished sixth, with retirements in Australia, China and Hungary, as well as a string of bad luck preventing him from having clean races, hurting his point tally. Mercedes finished as the runner-up to Red Bull in the Constructors' Championship with 360 points.  Lotus driver Kimi Räikkönen finished fifth in the Drivers' Championship with 183 points. He missed the last two races of the season due to a back surgery. The Finn won the season-opening Australian Grand Prix and placed second at the Chinese, Bahrain, Spanish, German, Hungarian and Korean Grands Prix, but a retirement in Belgium combined with a non-points finish in Italy opened the gap to the championship leader. Belgium was the first time Räikkönen failed to finish a race since returning to the sport at the 2012 Australian Grand Prix. It also ended Räikkönen's record run of consecutive points finishes at 27, which started at the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix. Teammate Romain Grosjean finished third in Bahrain, Germany, Korea, Japan and India, finishing seventh in the points standings. He also saw a return of controversies during the first half of the season after being handed a 10-place grid penalty for the Canadian Grand Prix, which he received for crashing into Daniel Ricciardo at Monaco. He was also handed a 20-second time penalty in Hungary for a collision with Jenson Button. However, the Frenchman found great form and confidence afterwards to score three consecutive podium finishes and equalled his best ever result in the United States with second place. Poor showings in Monaco, Canada, Great Britain, Belgium, Italy and Brazil saw Lotus fall to fourth in the Constructors' Championship with 315 points, 39 adrift of Ferrari for third place.  Despite finishing the season with two wins in the final two races, McLaren openly admitted to a difficult 2013 campaign. Button finished ninth overall, 39 points behind Massa, whilst teammate Sergio Pérez ended up eleventh. The team ended the season in fifth place in the Constructors' Championship, with a best result of fourth achieved by Button in Brazil. It was the first time since that McLaren failed to win a race and the first time since that the team did not score a podium. Force India had a strong start to the season, with Paul di Resta finishing fourth in Bahrain and Adrian Sutil recording a fifth place in Monaco, though the team's performance fell significantly during the second half of the season, with only 3 points scored in seven races from Germany to Japan. However, the team put both cars in the points at its home race as well as in Abu Dhabi. di Resta has been very consistent during the first half of the season, claiming points in six consecutive races from China to Great Britain. The team finished in sixth place in the Constructors' Championship, 45 points behind McLaren.  Sauber endured a very difficult first half of the season, scoring just seven points in the first 11 Grands Prix. However, Nico Hülkenberg showed impressive form in Italy, qualifying third and finishing fifth in the race, in Korea, where he started seventh and fought off Hamilton and Alonso for fourth, as well as in the United States, where he qualified fourth and finished sixth. The team also enjoyed a great team result in Japan, where the German finished sixth and his rookie teammate Esteban Gutiérrez seventh, the Mexican's first and only points of the season. Sauber scored 57 points and finished in seventh place in the Constructors' Championship. Gutiérrez endured a difficult introduction to Formula One, with a retirement due to driver error in China, a lowly eighteenth place in Bahrain and a string of grid penalties for causing avoidable collisions and blocking other drivers during qualifying. Despite this, he recorded the fastest lap of the race in Spain, secured his first career top ten qualifying appearance in Singapore, repeated the feat in Korea and drove a strong race for seventh in Japan. Scuderia Toro Rosso finished in eight place overall with career-best results for both Daniel Ricciardo, who finished seventh in China and Italy, and Jean-Éric Vergne, who finished sixth in Canada. Qualifying improved as well with the team making the top ten in qualifying on a regular basis, with a peak of fifth for Ricciardo at Silverstone. Williams endured one of their worst seasons, not scoring points until Pastor Maldonado finished tenth in Hungary. Teammate Valtteri Bottas qualified third in changeable conditions in Canada, but was unable to carry the speed into the race. However, the Finn scored his first career points in the United States after a strong weekend, finishing eight in the race. Williams finished ninth in the Constructors' Championship, 28 points adrift of Toro Rosso.  Marussia F1 and Caterham F1 did not score points in 2013. The teams' best results were achieved by Jules Bianchi, who scored a thirteenth for Marussia, and by Charles Pic and Giedo van der Garde, who have both scored a fourteenth-place finish for Caterham. By virtue of Bianchi's thirteenth place in Malaysia, Marussia ended the season in tenth.

Tyre issues.

Tyre supplier Pirelli faced criticism early in the season due to the wear of some tyres, with some claiming tyre management had become too important to race strategy. This prompted Pirelli to announce plans to introduce new designs after the Canadian Grand Prix. The testing Pirelli undertook on these proposed new designs led to an official complaint on the eve of the Monaco Grand Prix from Ferrari and Red Bull who claimed the way it was done, using the 2013 Mercedes car and drivers, would give them a competitive advantage in both Monaco and Canada. There were also disputes over the change in the failure mode that were the result of new manufacturing methods, as to whether these increased or decreased safety. As the teams arrived in Montreal for the Canadian Grand Prix it was announced that, after further enquiries were made to all teams, the FIA were referring the Mercedes tyre test to its International Tribunal as it may have breached the rules. The FIA cleared an earlier test by Ferrari as it used a 2011 car, which was not a breach of the rules. To reduce the number of delaminations, Pirelli introduced two new specifications of rear tyre in time for the Canadian race, which also reverted to the belt pack used in 2011 and 2012 tyres. In announcing the tyre, Pirelli said there would be no further tyre changes for the 2013 season due to the fact that to doing so would need the agreement of all teams, some of whom did not want their performance to be affected by such a mid-season change.  Tyre issues continued to dominate headlines at the British Grand Prix when several drivers suffered explosive punctures during the race. Amid concerns that the issue would continue at the German Grand Prix one week later, Pirelli received permission to introduce an entirely new specification of tyre in time for the Hungarian Grand Prix, whilst introducing modifications to the existing tyres for the race in Germany as a stop-gap solution. The FIA also imposed restrictions of their own, banning the teams from swapping the left- and right-side tyres around, a practice that had been employed to extend the lifespan of the tyres.

Results and standings.

Scoring system.

Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers using the following structure:

World Drivers' Championship standings.

Notes:

World Constructors' Championship standings.

Notes:

The 2013 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 67th season of the FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 64th FIA Formula One World Championship which was open to Formula One cars, recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Eleven teams and twenty-three drivers contested the nineteen Grands Prix that made up the calendar for the 2013 season, with the winning driver being crowned the World Drivers' Champion and the winning team the World Constructors' Champions. The season started in Australia on 17 March 2013 and ended in Brazil on 24 November 2013.

Le championnat du monde de Formule 1 2013 est la du championnat du monde des pilotes de Formule 1. Pour la quatrième fois consécutive depuis 2010, les titres mondiaux des pilotes et des constructeurs sont attribués à Sebastian Vettel et à son écurie Red Bull-Renault (dès le Grand Prix d'Inde le ).