Plot.

A gunfight breaks out between the police and Charlie Burns' (Guy Pearce) gang, which ends with the deaths of all of the gang members except for Charlie and his younger brother Mikey. Captain Morris Stanley (Ray Winstone) makes a proposition to Charlie: with Mikey in custody, Charlie has 9 days to kill his older brother, Arthur (Danny Huston), then he and Mikey can go free. During a raid, the police capture some Aborigines who, when questioned, claim that the "white man" (Arthur) they seek is actually a "dog man" and no one goes near his cave.  Charlie rides in search of Arthur. He comes to the charred remains of the Hopkins home, a family that was murdered and the wife raped by the Burns gang. Along the way, he encounters an inebriated old man named Jellon Lamb (John Hurt) in a cantina where the owner has been speared to death. Charlie realizes that Lamb is a bounty hunter in pursuit of the Burns brothers and knocks him out. Later on, Charlie awakes and is speared in the chest by a group of Aboriginal men standing over him. Just before passing out, he sees the man who speared him get shot in the head.  In town, Eden Fletcher (David Wenham), who hired Morris to "clean up" the area, orders that Mikey be given one hundred lashes as punishment for the rape and murder of the Hopkins family. Stanley is aghast at this, not only because he believes Mikey is not responsible for his actions and the flogging will kill him, but also because it will break his deal with Charlie and bring the Burns gang's revenge upon him and his wife. Stanley sends Sergeant Lawrence away with tracker Jacko (David Gulpillil) and other men to "investigate" the reported slaying of Dan O'Riley (the dead man in the cantina) by a group of Aboriginal people.  Charlie wakes up in the camp of his brother Arthur, located in caves among desolate mountains. Arthur's gang consists of Samuel Stoat (Tom Budge), a woman named Queenie (Leah Purcell) who tends to Charlie's wound and a muscular Aboriginal man called Two-Bob (Tom E. Lewis). As he recovers from his wounds, Charlie has several opportunities to kill his brother, but does not. He lies and tells Arthur that Mikey is not with him because he has met a woman.  Captain Stanley attempts to defend Mikey at gunpoint from the bloodthirsty townspeople, but is overruled once Martha arrives, insisting on revenge for her dead friends. Mikey is flogged and fatally wounded. The townspeople grow tired at the excessive display, Martha faints and Morris flings the bloody whip at Fletcher, who fires him. Back at the abandoned cantina, Sergeant Lawrence and his men have found and butchered a group of Aboriginal people. Arthur and Two-Bob find Lawrence's group while they sleep and kill Jacko and Sergeant Lawrence. Before Arthur stomps Lawrence to death, Lawrence tells Arthur that Charlie has been sent to kill him.  Jellon Lamb enters Arthur's camp and ties up Samuel and Charlie, both of whom are sleeping. Lamb is shot in the stomach by the returning Two-Bob. Arthur stabs Lamb in the heart; Charlie points his revolver at Arthur, but instead shoots Jellon in the head, putting him out of his misery. He finally informs Arthur that Mikey is in custody and is set to hang. Charlie decides to break out Mikey; Arthur, Samuel and Charlie ride into town dressed in the clothes taken from the officers Arthur and Two-Bob had killed, while Two-Bob poses as an Aboriginal man they have captured. Once at the jail, the men free Mikey, and Charlie and Two-Bob ride off with him. Arthur and Samuel remain to behead the two officers inside the jail. The badly injured Mikey dies in Charlie's arms.  Morris fears retribution and loads several guns, but he and Martha let their guard down to have a peaceful Christmas dinner. Once they begin, Arthur and Samuel shoot open the door and invade their home. Arthur pulls Morris into another room and brutally beats him. Samuel drags Martha inside, and Arthur has Morris watch as Samuel begins to rape Martha. Charlie walks in and informs Arthur of Mikey's death; Arthur ignores him and encourages Charlie to listen to Samuel's beautiful singing. Charlie shoots Samuel point blank in the head, then shoots Arthur twice, disgusted by his conduct. Arthur staggers out of the house and Charlie follows a trail of blood to find him seated on the ground. Arthur asks Charlie what his next move is, and dies.

Soundtrack.

The film's soundtrack, titled "The Proposition", was released shortly after the film in October 2005. The music was composed and performed by Nick Cave and violinist Warren Ellis.  All tracks are directly reproduced from the musical interludes in the film, and feature little alteration from the film score. Many songs on the album are slow-tempo and ballad-like, and the violin work of Warren Ellis becomes the central voice of the album for much of the time. The album is instrumentally focused, and is a departure from Cave's band-oriented compositions. Cave's unusual vocal performances on the "Rider" trilogy of songs brings a particularly haunting and uneasy tone to the album.

Reception.

Box office.

"The Proposition" received a Limited release in North America opening in 3 theatres and grossed $32,681, with an average of $10,893 per theatre and ranking #46 at the box office. The widest release in the United States for the film was 200 theatres and it ended up earning $1,903,434. The film also grossed $3,145,259 internationally including $1,567,266 in Australia and $1,157,037 in the United Kingdom for a total of $5,048,693.

Critical response.

The Proposition received highly positive reviews from professional film critics and has a "Certified Fresh" score of 86% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 125 reviews, with an average rating of 7.31/10. The critical consensus states: "Brutal, unflinching, and violent, but thought-provoking and with excellent performances, this Australian western is the one of the best examples of the genre to come along in recent times." The film also has a score of 73 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 31 critics indicating "Generally favorable reviews".  "At the Movies" critic Margaret Pomeranz called it an "extraordinary film [that] explores the elliptical nature of class, race, colonisation and family.... All the performances are strong but once again Guy Pearce brings a strange power to Charlie and Ray Winstone is truly fine as Stanley. And Danny Huston is oddly perfect as Arthur. It’s a strange, unsettling film, ultimately quite moving, it’s impossible not to respond to it strongly. It’s not an easy access film. It’s violent and the motivation of the characters is sometimes oblique."  Co-host David Stratton thought that "The Proposition" was "a fascinating depiction of the outback in this period, and I've never seen an Australian film which told what is basically a bushranging story in such an unusual way. So, it has a lot of originality there. And it has fine performances. I thought Danny Huston was extraordinary, actually. He's an actor I usually don't respond to, but I thought he was excellent in this role. So, there's a lot of intriguing elements to this film, but I did find the violence almost unwatchable."  Roger Ebert, giving it 4 out of a possible 4 stars, described the film as "A movie you cannot turn away from; it is so pitiless and uncompromising, so filled with pathos and disregarded innocence, that it is a record of those things we pray to be delivered from." AM New York, "The Austin Chronicle" and Entertainment Insider also gave the film 4/4 stars.  Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" acclaimed the film as "a near-masterpiece of mood and menace, and one that deserves to be seen on the largest screen possible".  J.R. Jones of the "Chicago Reader" said: "This Aussie feature perfectly re-creates the charbroiled landscapes and cruel psychodrama of the old Sergio Leone westerns, with John Hurt particularly fine as a raging old mountain goat." Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" opined the film as "a pitiless yet elegiac Australian Western as caked with beauty as it is with blood."  Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" labelled the film "a visionary tale of a fragile civilizing impulse crushed by family loyalty and a lust for revenge in the vast Outback of the late 19th century."  Nick Rogers of Suite101.com remarked: "John Hillcoat's violence-probing Western feels as uncompromisingly bleak, royally widescreen and graphically violent as any Sam Peckinpah opus - a sunburned, grimy-nailed saga of point-blank executions and blood wrung from a cat o' nine tails."  Chris Barsanti of the "Film Journal International" called it "the finest, strangest and most uncompromising western to hit screens since "Unforgiven"."

Indigenous culture.

Three acclaimed Indigenous Australian actors (David Gulpilil, Tom E. Lewis and Leah Purcell) have supporting roles in the film.  As noted in behind-the-scenes features included on "The Proposition" DVD, the film is regarded as uncommonly accurate in depicting indigenous Australian culture of the late 19th century, and when filming in the outback, the cast and crew took great pains to follow the advice of indigenous consultants. In an interview included on the DVD, Lewis even compares the depiction of indigenous cultures in "The Proposition" to the landmark film "The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith" (1978), which Lewis starred in.

Home media.

The DVD was released in the United States by First Look Pictures on 19 September 2006.  Tartan Video's Region 2 DVD release in the UK was a two-disc release and contains these additional features: audio commentary by Nick Cave and John Hillcoat on disc 1, exclusive interviews with Guy Pearce and Danny Huston (25 minutes), a "meet the cast and crew" feature (35 minutes), a "making of" feature (118 minutes) and a theatrical trailer on disc 2.  The film was released on Blu-ray on 19 August 2008.

The Proposition is a 2005 Australian Western film directed by John Hillcoat and written by screenwriter and musician Nick Cave. It stars Guy Pearce, Ray Winstone, Emily Watson, John Hurt, Danny Huston and David Wenham. The film's production completed in 2004 and was followed by a wide 2005 release in Australia and a 2006 theatrical run in the U.S. through First Look Pictures. The film was shot on location in Winton, Queensland.

Il s'agit d'un western situé dans l"'outback" australien, à la fin du, intégralement écrit par Nick Cave, qui en compose également la musique. Rassemblant des acteurs tels que Guy Pearce, Emily Watson, Ray Winstone, Danny Huston ou encore John Hurt, il sort en France en, distribué par Bodega Films.


History.

Disney Channel, Inc..

On November 10, 1981, Walt Disney Productions and Westinghouse Broadcasting announced that they had joined up to start a family-oriented cable television service. In 1982, Disney hired Alan Wagner to develop a cable channel.  By July 15, 1982, Disney incorporated Walt Disney Entertainment, Inc., which was renamed by January 28, 1983 to The Disney Channel, Inc. The Disney Channel was launched in April 1983 as a premium channel with 16 hours of programming. The channel became profitable in January 1985.  20 months after launch, the channel moved into the home satellite dish market thus scrambling its signal. The channel started moving to the basic cable level on September 1, 1990 with TCI Montgomery Cablevision. In March 1995, the second Disney Channel began broadcasting in Taiwan while the third is launched in October for the United Kingdom.  By September 29, 1997, the corporate name was shortened to Disney Channel, Inc. Disney had hired Geraldine Laybourne away from the Nickelodeon channel in 1996. She founded a kids channel codename ABZ, which the media speculated to be aimed at preschoolers. Laybourne dismissed this report. In December 1997, the Toon Disney channel was announced as a basic channel consisting of Disney animated programming. As of April 1, 1998, most of the international versions are pay channels while the Taiwan and Malaysia versions are ad supported and the USA version is a basic channel. The Toon Disney Channel was launched on April 18, 1998 on the Disney Channel's 15th anniversary.  In 2000, the Playhouse Disney preschool channel was launched in the United Kingdom, while in the US, the Playhouse Disney block was launched on the Disney Channel. In June 2001, Disney was looking into launch Playhouse Disney as channel in the United States for 2002.

ABC Cable Networks Group.

Disney Channel, Inc. changed its name to ABC Cable Networks Group, Inc. by January 31, 2001. In October 2003, ABC Family Worldwide was shifted from Disney COO Bob Iger's directly reporting unit to the ABC Cable Networks Group. In early 2004, Disney Channel's original programming leaders took over ABC Family's original movies unit temporarily as two ABC Family executives left the channel.  In January 2004, Fox Kids Europe, Fox Kids Latin America and ABC Cable Networks Group created the Jetix programming alliance that would rebrand Fox Kids as Jetix for all blocks, channels and companies. ABC1 launched on the United Kingdom's digital terrestrial television platform on September 27, 2004.

Disney Channels Worldwide.

In November 2005, Barry Blumberg resigned as president of Walt Disney Television Animation to allow the planned transfer of TV animation to Disney Channels Worldwide.  In 2006, Disney Television India acquired Hungama TV from UTV Software Communications Limited Disney Cinemagic began broadcasting in the UK in March 2006 to of several Cinemagic channels, including timeshift and HD versions across Western Europe. ABC1 ceased broadcasting on all UK TV platforms at noon on September 26, 2007.  In Spain, Walt Disney Company Iberia purchased 20% of Management Company Television Net TV SA (or NET TV) on February 2008. In late May 2008, the company announced the move of Disney Channel to the digital over-the air space, replacing NET TV's Fly Music on July 1, 2008.  The company's Japanese unit, Walt Disney Television International Japan, started procuring its own animated series in March 2008, with the first two series to debut at Tokyo International Anime Fair 2008. The company produced "Stitch!" with Madhouse Company, while "Fireball" was produced with Jinni’s Animation Studios.  After two Disney Channnel stars had various scandals, the company started a set of classes for their young stars in 2009 to adapt to the pressure of fame. Optional monthly life-skill classes were added in 2014.  Disney XD (DXD) was launched on February 13, 2009, taking over the channel space of Toon Disney in the US, while Jetix switched over to DXD (or for some Disney Channel) starting with France on April 1. In April, the Walt Disney Company, Ltd. Japan and Disney Channels Worldwide started Broadcast Satellite Disney Co., Ltd. to broadcast a women and family targeted channel called Dlife with licensed content, received in October 2010 and debuted on March 17, 2012.  Jetix Play closed down on August 1, 2010 in most countries, on September 1, 2010 in Turkey, and in Romania on March 12, 2011. In these countries, the channel was replaced with Playhouse Disney.  On May 26, 2010, Disney–ABC Television Group announced the launch of Disney Junior, which would replace the Playhouse Disney Morning block on sister network Disney Channel in February 2011, and extend to a standalone preschooler-oriented channel that would replace Soapnet in January 2012. All 22 Playhouse Disney channels and blocks outside the U.S. were also renamed to "Disney Junior" in 2011.  In October 2011, Disney reached a joint venture agreement (49%/51%) with UTH Russia, in which UTH will turn its broadcasting network Seven TV into a Disney Channel starting in early 2012. On March 28, 2013, Cinemagic was replaced with Sky Movies Disney in the UK market under license to BSkyB.  In April 2013, Disney announced that Das Vierte, its recent purchased broadcast station in Germany, would become a Disney Channel in January 2014 as a 24-hour family entertainment network. Disney formed an in-house ad sales company called Disney Media + for the channel, given that two competitors control most ad sales companies.  Disney India Media Networks shut down Bindass Play, a Hindi music channel, and replaced it with Disney International HD on October 29, 2017. This general entertainment channel is in English and HD, targeted to ages 14 to 25 while only tapping Disney live action shows.  With Disney's March 14, 2018 reorganization, all international channels including Disney Channel have been transferred to Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International, a new segment, while the US unit is still under Disney–ABC Television Group.  On January 9, 2019, Disney India Media Networks shut down Disney XD India and replaced it with Marvel HQ, a channel featuring shows and movies from Marvel Entertainment as well as some acquired programming.

Localization.

The international on-air channel brands look are consistent with the Disney brand. Individual channel managers are allowed to develop schedules and marketing programs to allow children's preferences in the market. Additionally, local programming that meets Disney's standards, combined with difficulties, is acquired. If a program is successful in a market, its format may be developed for other Disney Channels' market viewing tastes.

List of Disney Channels.

† Management Company Television Net TV SA is owned by Vocento SA, The Walt Disney Company Iberia S.L. (20%) and Intereconomía Corporation SA. Which in addition to the Disney channels owns Intereconomia TV, a generalist channel.

Asia.

Disney Channel Asia was launched in January 2000 as a single video feed with an English audio track being the default and Mandarin audio and subtitle tracks also available. The channel became available in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines. On June 1, 2002, the channel was launched in the South Korea market as a Korean-language feed. Over the first six months of 2005, Disney Channel Asia along with sister channel Playhouse Disney launched in Vietnam, Palau and Thailand and finishing off with a launch of both in Cambodia, its 11th market, with Cambodia Entertainment Production Co. Ltd. as distributor.

China.

Disney Channel was launched in Mainland China in December 2012. However, many of its live-action and animated series are still syndicated on regional channels through ABC owned Dragon Club since 1994. It also has a Chinese website.

India.

Previously, Disney programming was available through programming blocks starting as early as 1994 with Doordarshan then moving to Zee TV until the early 2000s. Disney moved its block to Sony Television for three years. Star TV pick up Disney TV blocks on Star Plus, Disney Time, and on Star Utsav.  In December 2004, Walt Disney Television International India launched a Toon Disney channel with three language feeds (English, Tamil and Telugu) at the same time as the Disney Channel with Star TV network distributing the channels. Disney reached an agreement with Doordarshan (DD) in November 2005 for DD to carry a half-hour block called Disney Jadoo. Thus Disney was up to 4 branded blocks in India.

Channel types per market.

Canada.

On April 16, 2015, Corus Entertainment announced that it had reached a multi-year agreement with Disney-ABC Television Group to acquire Canadian rights to Disney Channel's programming library, and launched Disney Channel in Canada on September 1, 2015—the first time that a Disney Channel-branded network has operated in Canada.  Prior to this agreement, rights to Disney Channel programming had been held by Family Channel, a network owned by children's media conglomerate DHX Media which is licensed as a premium service but is carried as a basic service by many television providers. As a result of the fact that the majority of Disney Channel U.S.'s programs aired on Family, coupled with the fact that both channels developed similarly in their respective countries (as both began as premium services before adding availability via basic subscription), Family Channel was commonly considered to be a "de facto" Canadian version of Disney Channel (though it was often mistakenly assumed to be related to ABC Family (now Freeform), a sister network to Disney Channel U.S. which was formerly known as "The" (emphasis added) Family Channel from 1988 to 1998; a Canadian version of ABC Family (now Freeform) launched in March 2012, called ABC Spark to avoid confusion with Family Channel, to which it does not share common ownership). Some Canadian-produced original series produced by Family (such as "Life with Derek", "Naturally, Sadie", and "Overruled!") have aired on Disney Channel in the United States and in other countries in the past. In addition to its distribution agreement with Disney Channel U.S., Family also operated an English-language version of Disney Junior as a multiplex channel, as CRTC rules allow pay-TV channels licensed as premium services to add multiplex channels consistent with the network's license. Disney XD and a French-language version of Disney Junior were also owned by DHX Media, operating under separate licenses.  DHX's program supply agreement with Disney ended on January 1, 2016; as a result of these re-alignments, its Disney-branded networks were re-launched as spin-offs of the Family brand beforehand on September 18, 2015 (Family Jr. and Télémagino) and October 9, 2015 (Family Chrgd).

Dlife.

In April 2009, the Walt Disney Company Ltd. Japan and Disney Channels Worldwide started Broadcast Satellite Disney Co., Ltd. to broadcast a women and family targeted channel,, with licensed received in October 2010 and debuted on March 17, 2012. In December 2013, Dlife launched a children's programming block called Disney Time. The channel was shut down on March 31, 2020.

Disney Channels Worldwide is the trade name for the two units that oversee children and family television channels owned by The Walt Disney Company.

Disney Channel Worldwide est une société filiale de Disney Media Networks regroupant les chaînes de télévision familiales et jeunesses portant le nom Disney de par le monde. Créée sous le nom Walt Disney Television et comme une société indépendante en 1983, ses origines remontent à la création d'un service chargé de la production télévisuelle à la fin des années 1940. La société s'est ensuite nommée Disney Channel Worldwide, Disney Channel International ou The Disney Channel (sous-entendu "Group") et comprenait aussi la radiophonie


History.

Friendly matches were common between clubs from Argentina and Uruguay in the early 1900s due to the close proximity of the nations. Inevitably, a match to decide which national champions were the best formulated; the trophy of the competition was donated by Ricardo Aldao, then president of both, club Gimnasia y Esgrima (BA) and dissident association "Federación Argentina de Football". As such, the competition was named after his donation. The first edition, organized in 1913, was to be contested between Estudiantes from Argentina and River Plate from Uruguay. However, the match was suspended due to heavy rain and never rescheduled. The first champion of the competition was not crowned until 1916, when Nacional of Montevideo beat Racing de Avellaneda 2–1. Originally, a single-legged format was adopted, with the match played in Argentina and Uruguay in alternative year. But in 1940, Boca Juniors left the field when the match, played at Montevideo, was at a draw of 2–2. The title was awarded to Nacional at first, yet later on both associations did not defined clearly the champions of this year. Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol (AUF) and Argentine Football Association (AFA) studied the situation on 22 January 1941, and announced that a two-legged format would be adopted in the following seasons. The finals should be disputed before the beginning of the next season. Only players that had been part of the domestic champion squads could be included. Since then, the competition was played two-legged exception made of the 1942 edition, when the second leg was not played and the trophy was not awarded.  Schedule problems forced teams of both countries to quit the Aldao Cup during the 1950s, thus the competition was discontinued until 1959. One last attempt was made to rekindle the championship in 1955 in a match between Nacional and River Plate. However, the final was not disputed until four years later and the second leg was never played; therefore, the title was not officially proclaimed. As a result, to the schedule congestion of the growing national leagues (as well as the creation of the new continental club tournament, the Copa Libertadores de América) the Copa Aldao became redundant and was never played again.

The Copa Ricardo Aldao (English: "Ricardo Aldao Cup"), popularly called Campeonato Rioplatense and Copa Río de La Plata, was an official AFA-AUF football club competition contested annually, albeit irregularly, between the league champions of Argentina and Uruguay. The trophy was donated by Argentine football executive Ricardo Aldao (1863–1956), who would later become president of the Argentine Football Association.

La Copa Aldao ou Copa Ricardo Aldao, aussi appelé Campeonato Rioplatense ou Copa Río de La Plata, est une compétition de club disputée entre le champion d'Argentine et le champion d'Uruguay de 1913 et 1955.


Hypotheses.

Orvieto.

The most credited hypothesis places the shrine in Orvieto. The "Urbs Vetus" of the Middle Ages is identified with the Etruscan Velzna by scholars, the Latin Volsinii, conquered by the Romans in 264 BC. Livy, Pliny, Florus, Horace, Metrodorus of Scepsis, all belonging to the 2nd century BC, clearly speak of ancient Volsinii, but never in relation to the Fanum Voltumnae. In the late 19th-century archaeologists uncovered parts of the walls and found large quantities of earthenware, and based on these findings in 1930s the archeologist Geralberto Buccolini set out the hypothesis that the Fanum was situated at the foot of Orvieto's tuff In particular, the Temple of Belvedere was discovered and identified as the Temple of Nortia.  In September 2006, Simonetta Stopponi, professor of Italic Archaeology and Etruscology at Macerata University (Italy), after extensive digs (begun in 2000 and financed by the Monte dei Paschi di Siena Bank, with ministerial permission) at a site near the hill town of Orvieto (esplanade "Arcone", former "Campo della Fiera", smallholding "Giardino della Regina") announced that the site at the feet of the Umbrian town probably was the location of the Fanum Voltumnae. "It has all the characteristics of a very important shrine, and of that shrine in particular" she said.  Listing some of those characteristics, she mentioned "the scale of the construction, its intricate structure and layout, the presence of wells and fountains and the central temple building".  Structures of various periods have been identified, distributed over a very large area (a retaining wall in polygonal masonry, a paved street, etc.), and many fragments of architectural terracottas have been recovered (among which are some similar to those in Berlin), datable from Late Archaic period to Hellenistic times. Also supporting the claim that this is the Fanum Voltumnae is the fact that the area was used continuously for religious purposes right from the 6th century BC up to the 15th century. Roman temples were built on it in later centuries and the last church was erected there in the 12th century.  In November 2014, archaeologist Simonetta Stopponi announced finding a polychrome terracotta male head of an Etruscan god in the area of Orvieto. "The head is very nice and well kept," said Stopponi, "An important discovery as well as that of the temple" that measures. A main temple and a sacred way have also been excavated.

Bagnoregio.

Some modern scholars have hypothesized that the location of Fanum Voltumnae was at Bagnoregio (probably on the hill of Civita di Bagnoregio), past possession of Orvieto and Etruscan walled town.

Tuscania.

Before the discoveries in the Orvieto area, the archaeological site of Guado Cinto, a necropolis including the "Tomb of the Queen" near Tuscania, was one of the most credited locations of Fanum Voltumnae.

Viterbo.

This hypothesis, presented in the 1950s by Mario Signorelli (1905–1990), an Italian music teacher, identified the sacred wood of the Etruscans in the peripheral areas of Viterbo named "Riello" and "Macchia grande". This area was central to the sacred wood, protected by four guardian towns which prevented it from being disclosed to the profane. The four towns were: Ferente (i.e. Ferentium), Axia (i.e. Castel d'Asso), Vrcle (Orcla, the centre of today's Norchia), Luserna (i.e. Musarna). The works of Signorelli followed the writings of the fifteenth-century forger Annio da Viterbo (1432–1502), who devoted his life to collecting legends and traditions ascribed to the Etruscans, and to inventing documents to support his histories.  Viterbo's heraldic badges are surrounded by the letters FAVL (read as FAUL), which appear like a ciphered globe. It is unclear what they refer to, but some claim that they are the initials of the guardian towns and some others that they are in reference to the initial syllables of Fanum Voltumnae. The latter was affirmed in the nineteenth century by Francesco Orioli, who also surmised that the Viterbo Cathedral was built on the site of the Fanum, in the Roman settlement Castrum Herculis. Viterbo, inasmuch as it contains a church named Santa Maria in Volturna, may be considered as having some claims to the Fanum.

Montefiascone.

Annio of Viterbo, in his 17 volumes of "Antiquities" (published in 1498) attributed the foundation of the Etruscan Fanum Voltumnae to the ancient population known as Falisci (allies of the Etruscans, along with Capenates, at the time of the wars between Rome and Veii, 406–396 BC). The town Montefiascone was named after them ("Mons Faliscorum", that is, Mountain of the Falisci). The British explorer George Dennis, though without any documentary evidence, supported Montefiascone as the sacred site where the states of the Etruscan league met periodically to discuss military and political affairs and choose a "lucumo" (the equivalent of "Pontifex Maximus").

Latera.

In spring 1988, news was published that Fanum Voltumnae was at last discovered on the volcanic ridge of Lake Bolsena. The hill (633 m a.s.l.), known as "Poggio Evangelista" (commune of Latera), retains the ruins of a temple, visibly located on a strategic place, with a wide view over Umbria, Lazio and Tuscany (Berlingo and Timperi, 1995). It is likely a sacred Etruscan place of worship dating back to the 6th – 4th centuries BC.

Valentano.

In 1976 and 1977, Danish excavations were carried out at "Monte Becco" (at 556 m a.s.l.), in the area of Valentano, near to the Lake Mezzano (ancient Lacus Statoniensis). Traces of the Etruscan presence, including walls, bronze tools, and roof tiles were found during the study mission. One of the tiles was found to be incised with all the characters of the Etruscan alphabet. This site has been also indicated as one of the possible locations of the Fanum.

Bolsena.

This hypothesis is supported by Angelo Timperi, inspector and archeologist of "Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Etruria Meridionale", with roles and responsibilities for the eastern side of Lake Bolsena and the archaeological area of "Poggio Moscini" in Bolsena. His idea is that Fanum Voltumnae was a large area centred on the ancient Etruscan, and later Roman town of Velzna, situated on the shore of "Lacus Volsiniensis" (modern Lake Bolsena). This conclusion is based on both archaeological and epigraphical discoveries, also supported by stratigraphic reconstructions and archival records.

San Lorenzo Nuovo.

Another hypothesis suggests that the federal shrine of the Etruscans was located to the northern coast of Lake Bolsena, in a place known as "Civita di Grotte di Castro", a plain area close to the church of San Giovanni in Val di Lago (currently in the commune of San Lorenzo Nuovo). This hypothesis (also supported by Luigi Catena) comes out of another study based on the so-called "Rescritto di Spello" (Rescript of Hispellum) issued by emperor Constantine I in a date between 333 and 337 AD to authorize the Umbrians' annual celebration:  This is the first document that allows one to situate the Fanum at Volsinii – or at least in the Volsiniese territory. It is said in the document that the annual Etruscan feast ("concilium principum Etruriae") was celebrated near "Volsinios", including games and combats of gladiators, and election of the federal "sacerdos". The document dates 4th century AD, thus the geographical indication in it can only refer to "Volsinii Novi", i.e. Bolsena, and not to Velzna (Latinized to "Volsinii Veteres", currently Orvieto), the town the Romans had conquered and destroyed more than five centuries earlier. New light is being brought into this area by British and Danish studies. The sacred rescript, found in 1733, was claimed false by the Italian historian Ludovico Antonio Muratori in his "Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum" (pp. 1791–1795). New discoveries from ongoing excavations have been made in location "Alfina" and "Monte Landro" by a team coordinated by Adriano Maggiani (teacher of Etruscology and Italic Archaeology at Ca' Foscari University of Venice), which may shed new lights on Etruscan culture at San Lorenzo Nuovo [e.g. Maccarino's tomb and other Etruscan tombs at San Lorenzo Nuovo]. An Etruscan mirror exhibited in the British Museum was found in a tomb on the territory of San Lorenzo Nuovo.

Bisentina island.

Within Lake Bolsena, the Bisentina island (commune of Capodimonte) is also regarded as a sacred isle of the Etruscans, possible site for the Fanum, and gate to the underground world of Agharti. A sanctuary located on an island not situated at the sea would have been accessible to priests and kings of the 12 cities (with their closest entourages), their protection being granted during the religious and political meetings by a handful of armed men. An Italian television program Voyager (1 October 2003) supported this hypothesis, suggesting for the Etruscans a parallelism to the Incas populations, who had also chosen one of Lake Titicaca's islands as their omphalos.  Indeed, not only the Incas but, for the same reasons, various peoples have decided to erect their most eminent sanctuary on sacred islands: the Egyptians at Philae; the Greeks at Delos; the Germans at Helgoland in the North Sea and on the island of the goddess Nerthus, in the Baltic; the Celts at Gavrinis, near to the Breton coast in France, at Iona in Scotland, etc. This hypothesis finds a type of confirmation in the poem the Theogony, by the Greek oral poet Hesiod (8th–7th century BC) : "They ruled over the famous Tyrenians, very far off in a recess of the holy islands".

Pitigliano.

In "Geografia sacra", Giovanni Feo presents his studies conducted over the Fiora River valley, in the comune of Pitigliano. A set of megalithic relics with astronomic functions was found out here, along with engraved rocky structures for cultural use. Such discoveries testify of the existence of a sacred area, originally developed by a pre-etruscan civilization settled down near to Lake Bolsena and later elected by the Etruscans as their religious centre. Giovanni Feo also pointed out the borders of this sacred area, which delimited the Fanum, divided into four parts centred around the intersection point between the earth and heaven gods.

Farnese.

In the commune of Farnese, deep in the "Selva del Lamone", location Voltone is assumed to get its name from the sacred temple dedicated to Voltumna. The Voltone is surrounded by numerous archaeological sites, such as Sovana, Castro, Vulci, and Tarquinia, which testify of the culture of the Etruscans.

Tarquinia.

According to Alberto Palmucci, the Fanum Voltumnae could be the renowned temple of "", the biggest temple of Etruria, consecrated to Tinia, god of the sky and the highest god in Etruscan mythology (equivalent to the Roman Jupiter and the Greek Zeus). The only representation of this god is one on a mirror, showing him attending the lesson in divination (haruspicy) given, in Tarquinia, to the culture hero Tarchon by prophet Tages. Greek historian Strabo supports that symbols of Etruscan federal power were transferred to Rome from Tarquinia.  In the archaeological museum of Tarquinia is an Etruscan vessel (early seventh century BC) with a dedication to god Vertun (Latin: Vertumnus, Voltumna). It comes from the nearly Etruscan cemetery.

The (‘shrine of Voltumna’) was the chief sanctuary of the Etruscans; "fanum" means a sacred place, a much broader notion than a single temple. Numerous sources refer to a league of the "Twelve Peoples" ("lucumonies") of Etruria, formed for religious purposes but evidently having some political functions. The Etruscan league of twelve city-states met annually at the Fanum, located in a place chosen as omphalos (sacred navel), the geographical and spiritual centre of the whole Etruscan nation. Each spring political and religious leaders from the cities would meet to discuss military campaigns and civic affairs and pray to their common gods. Chief amongst these was Voltumna (or Veltha), possibly state god of the Etruria.

Le Fanum Voltumnae était, selon Tite-Live, le sanctuaire fédéral étrusque où les représentants des douze cités de la dodécapole se réunissaient pour tenir conseil et célébrer les jeux sacrés.


Background.

Meisl was born to a Jewish family in Bohemia, starting out as a bank clerk after moving to Vienna in 1893 but soon developed an interest in football, playing as a winger for the Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. In his early 30s, following a short playing career, he found employment as an administrator with the Austrian Football Association, rising to the position of General Secretary. In the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm, Meisl appeared as a match referee. He had previously refereed the first international match between Hungary and England on 10 June 1908.

Interest in football.

Meisl's enthusiasm for the game resulted in the development of a Central European club tournament: the Mitropa Cup, the development of the Central European International Cup and the development of professional League football in Austria in 1924. His interest in football led him to develop friendships throughout Europe most notably with Vittorio Pozzo in Italy and Herbert Chapman in England. Another English coach, Jimmy Hogan, who worked in Vienna, helped Meisl develop a technique for dispensing with aerial passing and placing emphasis on groundwork.

Austrian 'Wunderteam'.

Meisl became coach of the Austrian national side in 1913 alongside Heinrich Retschury, assuming full control in 1919 and oversaw their rise to prominence in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The 14-match unbeaten run of the Austrian national side from 12 April 1931 until 7 December 1932 placed the Austrians at the forefront of international football; they had routed most of their European rivals. Among their players was Matthias Sindelar, the man of paper, 'Der Papierene', known for his ability to glide past rough challengers. On 11 February 1934 the Austrians beat Italy in Turin 4-2 (3-0 at half-time) in the Central European International Cup competition: a defeat that signalled the end of the international career of the Italian captain Umberto Caligaris and rightly made the Austrians one of the strong favourites going into the 1934 World Cup.

1934 World Cup.

During that tournament Austria renewed their rivalry with their neighbours Hungary in a game that saw one player sent-off, a penalty awarded to Hungary and an injury to Johann Horvath that would rule him out of the semi-final against Italy. The Italians would win that game, an early goal and desperate defending ensuring the hosts won through to the final. A goal would also separate the sides in the Gold-medal match at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. The second of these games is the only time that Austria have competed in an international final.  Meisl died after suffering a heart-attack in 1937.

Hugo Meisl (16 November 1881 – 17 February 1937), brother of the journalist Willy Meisl, was the multi-lingual football coach of the famous Austrian 'Wunderteam' of the early 1930s, as well as a referee.

Hugo Meisl (né le à Malešov et mort le à Vienne) est un joueur, entraîneur, arbitre et dirigeant de football.


Early evidence.

A notable feature of eukaryotic nuclear pre-mRNA introns is the relatively high level of conservation of the primary sequences of 5' and 3' splice sites over a great range of organisms.  Between 1989 and 1991, several groups reported four independent examples of introns with a splice site that differed from the common intron:  In 1991 by comparing the intron sequences of P120 and CMP genes, IJ Jackson reported the existence of ATATCC (5') and YYCAC (3') splice sites in these introns. The finding indicated a possible novel splicing mechanism. In 1994, S.L. Hall and R.A. Padgett compared the primary sequence of all reports on the four genes mentioned above. The results suggested a new type of introns with ATATCCTT 5' splice sites and YCCAC 3' splice sites and an almost invariant TCCTTAAC sequence near the 3' end of the introns (so called 3' upstream element). A search for small nuclear RNA sequences that are complementary to these splice sites suggested U12 snRNA (matches the 3' sequence) and U11 snRNA (matches the 5' sequence) as being putative factors involved in splicing of this new type of introns. In all these four genes, the pre-mRNA contains other introns whose sequences conform to those of major class introns. Neither the size nor the position of the AT–AC intron within the host gene is conserved.  In 1996, Woan-Yuh Tarn and Joan A. Steitz described an "in vitro" system that splices a pre-mRNA substrate containing an AT–AC intron derived from the human P120 gene. Psoralen cross-linking confirms the base-pairing interaction predicted by Hall and Padgett between the branch site of the pre-mRNA substrate and U12 RNA. Native gel electrophoresis reveals that U11, U12, and U5 snRNPs assemble onto the P120 pre-mRNA to form splicing complexes.

Structure of U12-type introns.

Although originally referred to as AT-AC introns, not all these introns are delimited by AT-AC dinucleotides. Some of them have GT-AG or AT-AG ends, at least. Thus, it is more correct to speak about the splicing machinery which is used to process them, differentiating between U2-type (canonical or major) and U12-type (non-canonical or minor). The main determinants for distinguishing U2- and U12-type introns are 5' splice site and branch site sequences.  The minor spliceosome consists of U11, U12, U4atac, and U6atac, together with U5 and an unknown number of non-snRNP proteins. The U11, U12 and U4atac/U6atac snRNPs are functional analogs of the U1, U2 and U4/U6 snRNPs in the major spliceosome. Although the minor U4atac and U6atac snRNAs are functional analogs of U4 and U6, respectively, they share only limited sequence homology (c. 40%). Furthermore, the sequence of U11 in comparison with U1, as well as U12 compared with U2, are completely unrelated. Despite this fact, the minor U11, U12, U4atac and U6atac snRNAs can be folded into structures similar to U1, U2, U4 and U6, respectively.

Location of minor spliceosomal activity.

The location of spliceosomal activity for the minor class spliceosome is regarded by most experts to be in the nucleus. However, a single paper has claimed that the minor spliceosome is active in the cytosol. The data presented within this paper are not fully accepted within the field and directly contradict numerous other papers.

Evolution.

Like the major spliceosome, the minor spliceosome had an early origin: several of its characteristic constituents are present in representative organisms from all eukaryotic supergroups for which there is any substantial genome sequence information. In addition, functionally important sequence elements contained within U12-type introns and snRNAs are highly conserved during evolution.

References.

Review papers:  Classic papers:  Other references:

The minor spliceosome is a ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyses the removal (splicing) of an atypical class of spliceosomal introns (U12-type) from eukaryotic messenger RNAs in plants, insects, vertebrates and some fungi ("Rhizopus oryzae"). This process is called noncanonical splicing, as opposed to U2-dependent canonical splicing. U12-type introns represent less than 1% of all introns in human cells. However they are found in genes performing essential cellular functions.

Le spliceosome mineur est un complexe ribonucléoprotéique qui catalyse l'enlèvement d'une classe atypique d'introns (dits de type-U12) à des ARN pré-messagers d'eucaryotes comme des plantes, des insectes, des vertébrés et certains champignons (Rhizopus oryzae). Ce processus est appelé épissage non canonique, par opposition à l'épissage canonique de type-U2 qui est réalisé par le spliceosome majeur. Les introns de type-U12 représentent moins de 1 % de l'ensemble des introns dans les cellules humaines. Cependant, ils se retrouvent dans l'exécution de fonctions essentielles de gènes cellulaires.


Economy.

Nearly 35% of taxpayers from Tricity are in the middle and high taxable income groups (average for Poland 10%). Approximately 12% of Tricity taxpayers are in the highest taxable income group (Polish average 3%).

Population.

The total population of the 3 cities comprising Tricity (Gdańsk + Gdynia + Sopot): The Tricity metropolitan area also includes Wejherowo, Reda, Rumia, Pruszcz Gdański and several other communities. The total population in 2006 was 1,100,500, in an area of 1580.69 km2.  The Tricity continuous urban area includes following cities: According to official EU publication the population of Larger Urban Zone of Tricity is 1 098 379.

Education.

The Tricity is an important center of education.  Some of the universities in the Tricity:

Entertainment.

Cinemas:  Theatres:  Opera house and Philharmonic  Museums and art galleries

Climate.

Tricity has a temperate climate with warm summers and cold winters that can be very severe. Rain is possible all year round. Summer is the best time to visit when temperatures range from 70 °F to 90 °F (20 °C to 30 °C), but evenings can be cool enough to require a sweater. Winters are wet, cold and grey.

Sport.

Tricity has a number of professional teams, which compete in basketball, volleyball, speedway, handball, rugby union and football.  The most known football clubs, contesting the Tricity Derby, are Lechia Gdańsk and Arka Gdynia, both of which also possess highly successful rugby teams (RC Arka and RC Lechia. There is a third top-flight Polish rugby team Ogniwo Sopot, making the Tricity Poland's rugby capital. The third football club is Bałtyk Gdynia.  Wybrzeże Gdańsk are the Tricity's speedway team, formerly a multi-sports club, now its only other remaining section is the reactivated handball team, former 10 times men's Polish champions.  Asseco Gdynia and Trefl Sopot are the two men's professional basketball teams, while Lotos Gdynia are their female counterparts.

Transport.

The Tricity has a well-developed public transport system.  Development of the Tricity was smoothed by the construction of the city train (SKM) 1951, binding the whole area from Tczew by Gdańsk, Sopot 1953, Gdynia 1956, Reda, Rumia to Wejherowo 1957.  The backbone of the Tricity is the inner highway. It starts in Gdańsk and goes through Sopot, Gdynia, Rumia and Reda to Wejherowo. It consists of 2-4 lanes in each direction.  In 1975 the dual carriageway Tricity Beltway (Obwodnica Trójmiejska) was constructed. It starts in the vicinity of Pruszcz Gdański and goes through the western districts of Gdańsk to Gdynia-Chylonia.  There is a plan to build a new line of Szybka Kolej Miejska to connect the Baltic Arena with Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport.

Rail.

Local Rail.

The Tricity area is served by the SKM rail network (known in Polish as or "Szybka Kolej Miejska" or "Fast Urban Railway") which operates many routes in the area, acting partly as a commuter rail connecting the outer-lying towns and villages of the area with each other and the central cities of Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot, and partly as a sort of metro or light rail service in the urban core centred around the three main cities, with frequencies ranging from every 6 minutes during peak time on the main common section between Gdańsk and Gdynia to 30 minutes at the farthest ends. The local rail network has had a unifying effect on the urban area since it began service in 1951, creating a frequent and reliable service that connects the various settlements of the region.  In 2015, the Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna (PKM, Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway) opened, connecting the centrally located Gdańsk Wrzeszcz with Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport. The 19.5 km line also provides connections to the SKM network at its northern and southern termini.

Intercity Rail.

The area is well connected to the rest of the Pomerania region, as well as Poland and the rest of Europe. The Przewozy Regionalne network provides a regional rail service connecting the cities and towns of the Pomerania. Gdańsk Główny and Gdynia Glowna serve as major rail hubs for the area, with these stations and several others offering inter-city services to cities around Poland and in other countries, operated by Polish State Railways under the PKP Intercity branding. Most of the stations that are served by regional and inter-city rail are also part of the above-mentioned SKM network.

Airport.

Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport is one of the three main international Polish airports. Its position is associated with a well-developed network of domestic and international transport connections provided in response to the growing demand for business and tourist travel.  The Gdańsk Airport is located a mere 10 km from the centre of Gdańsk, about the same distance from the centre of Sopot and 23 km from the centre of Gdynia. The continually expanding road system which connects the airport with the city centres allows drivers to cover the distances in about 15–20 minutes. The close vicinity of the Tri-city by-pass and junctions with state motorways nos. 1, 6 and 7 facilitates access from areas outside the Tri-city. The convenient location of the airport makes it easy for travellers and cargo carriers to transfer from air to road, and also to the railway network and seaports. Gdańsk Lech Walesa Airport has its own railway siding which can be used for handling large lots of cargo dispatched by air.  The efficient Gdańsk Airport operates even the biggest planes and allows thousands of tourists to visit the Pomerania province every day. Just in front of the main entrance to the passenger terminal, the visitors can find a bus that will take them to the city centre. They may also choose to take a taxi that will take them wherever they want to go in the area of the Tri-City for a relatively small price.  Getting airport by bus  Airplanes connections with GDN:

Ferries.

Ferryboats connections with Gdynia, Sopot, Gdańsk:

Buses.

The variety and a number of connections make the travel around the Tri-City and surrounding areas very easy. One of the most popular means of transport in the Pomerania province is the public bus. There is a great number of bus lines and they cover every district of the three cities of the metropolis. In Gdynia, except normal buses, there are also Trolleybuses.

Foreign representatives.

Gdańsk:  Gdynia:  Sopot:

Tricity, or Tri-City ( [],, }) is a metropolitan area in Poland consisting of three cities in Pomerania: Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot, as well as minor towns in their vicinity. They are situated adjacent to one another, in a row on the coast of Gdańsk Bay, Baltic Sea, in Eastern or Gdansk Pomerania often erroneously referred to as Pomerelia in the English language (Pomeranian Voivodeship), northern Poland. The Tricity metropolitan area has a population of over 1 million people.

La Tricité, ou Triville (en polonais "Trójmiasto") est une vaste conurbation portuaire formée par trois villes principales contigües situées sur la baie de Gdańsk (mer Baltique), dans le nord de la Pologne : Gdańsk, Sopot et Gdynia.


Background.

The tour was officially announced on January 12, 2009 through Gaga's official Myspace page. It was her first headlining tour; she has previously served as opening act for New Kids on the Block's tour, as well as The Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour. Gaga stated, "I consider what I do to be more of an Andy Warhol concept: pop performance art, multimedia, fashion, technology, video, film. And it's all coming together, and it's going to be traveling museum show." Gaga started planning for the show while on the tour with The Pussycat Dolls. In an interview with MTV News, she described the tour as,  "It's not really a tour, it's more of a traveling party. I want it to be an entire experience from [the] minute you walk in [the] front door to [the] minute I begin to sing. And when it's all over, everyone's going to press rewind and relive it again. [...] It's going to be as if you're walking into New York circa 1974: There's an art installation in the lobby, a DJ spinning your favorite records in the main room, and then the most haunting performance that you've ever seen on the stage. [...] I'm on the phone every minute of every day, talking to people, being creative, planning this Ball, and my tour manager is constantly saying, 'Come on, we have to go, we've got to go right now,' [...] But to me, the Ball is so important. I want so much to make every depression dollar that everyone spends on my show worth it. And, yeah, I'm paying a lot for it — out of my own pocket. But that's OK. I just don't care about money." Gaga prepared three versions of her show to cater to different sizes of the venues she played. In an interview with "Billboard" she said,  "I am so mental and sleepless and excited for this tour, [...] This is so different than anything you've seen from me in the past year. What's fantastic about [the show] was I was able to plan it while I was on another tour that was on a much smaller scale, opening for the Dolls. This is going to be, like, the ultimate creative orgasm for me 'cause I'm ready to move on. I'm not restricted to a certain structure for my show anymore. No limitations. I'm free. [...] I want to have a clear schedule of the dimensions for each venue so that we can properly execute all the technology and visuals. I need to mentally prepare days in advance if things are going to be taken out; otherwise, I won't have a good show...Every show's gonna be an A show by the time I'm done screaming at everyone – 'Hang it! Hang everything! Find a place to hang it!' That's gonna be my motto." The set list consisted of songs from her debut album mainly, but some new songs like "Fashion" from the "Confessions of a Shopaholic" soundtrack were also considered. In May, during an interview with "Edmonton Sun" Gaga announced that the tour would continue through European festivals in summer. She also declared plans for a bigger North American tour including Canada. Gaga explained that the show is supposed to be much bigger than the previous version. She said, "Oh, you have no idea, [...] The tour that we're about to announce is such a dream that I have to pinch myself almost every day to remind myself that it's happening."

Concert synopsis.

The show is mainly divided into four parts with the last part being the encore. The main show began with a video introduction called "The Heart" where Gaga appeared as alter-ego Candy Warhol. She was shown dressing up and displayed the symbol of a pink heart on her T-shirt and said "My name is Lady Gaga, and this is my Haus". The video was projected on a giant screen in front of the stage. As the video approached towards the end, a countdown from ten to one happened, Gaga's face was shown wearing the video sunglasses, and flames engulfed the screen as it dropped. Gaga appeared in the middle of the stage being surrounded by her dancers holding glass encrusted plates which camouflage them. She wore a futuristic black dress in geometric patterns with a triangular piece on her right breast and peplum. DJ Space Cowboy was present at a corner, playing the backing music. Gaga came out in the center as the plates rolled around and started singing "Paparazzi".  The performance ends with continuous clicking of the camera. Gaga comes to the top of the pillar and sings a combination of "Starstruck" and "LoveGame" as she is joined by her dancers in tracks and jackets and hands Gaga her trademark disco stick. After "LoveGame", she talks a monologue about the year "3009". And says that "The kids came out of New York and shot the paparazzi." followed by saying "It was a thousand years before when the monster first entered the city, vanished for our hearts and for our brains and for our faces (referencing to the three video interludes of the tour)" and "we knew we could co-exist with this monster with our MUSIC!!! With our art and with our fashion. My name is Lady Gaga." and tells the crowd she feels "beautiful and dirty rich" and sang "Beautiful, Dirty, Rich". This leads to the end of the first part wherein a video introduction called "The Brain" starts with Gaga appearing again as Candy Warhol and brushing her hair. After the video ends, Gaga appears on the stage in a black and white leotard with high-pointed "puff" shoulders and lightning shaped symbols, while riding on a similarly colored vespa. She then starts singing "The Fame". This is followed by a speech. Gaga said she's been "travelling the whole world, but when I get back, I can still smell the stench of greed." And then she performs "Money Honey" with the dancers who are wearing backpacks. "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)" starts immediately, accompanied by hand-waving and Gaga wore a hat made of toppled dominoes. Gaga then leaves the stage only to appear shortly after in a dress completely made of plastic bubbles. She sits in front of a glass piano and starts singing an acoustic version of "Poker Face". She sometimes puts her leg on the piano and even plays it with her stilettos. And then, thanks the audience and surprises them by performing an unreleased and new song called "Future Love" whose lyrics referenced far-off galaxies, mechanical hearts and constellations. She was surrounded by a glowing mannequin while singing the song. The stage had a blue setting with mechanical fog. Gaga left for a costume change as the third video interlude titled The Face starts.  After the video ended, she then came on the stage wearing a tutu shaped dress with pointed shoulder pads and peplum. Her dancers were clad in Louis Vuitton Steven Sprouse printed trousers which matched Gaga's shoes. The backdrop changed to show blinking disco lights and Gaga stood in the center wearing her video sunglasses which display the line "Pop Music Will Never Be Low Brow". A remix of the intro for "Just Dance" started and Gaga was joined by her dancers on stage. When the song shifts to the bridge, Gaga once again is handed her disco stick and performs the bridge with it. The ending shifts to a remixed version of the song. Then Gaga and the dancers, joined by DJ Space Cowboy or DJ Nicodemus, take a bow in front of the audience. Gaga comes back with her dance to perform the encore. The encore of the tour consisted of "Boys, Boys, Boys" and the original version of "Poker Face". Gaga was dressed in a khaki leotard embellished with crystals. She wore an admiral's cap and gloves on her hands, both were decorated with the word Gaga on them.

Changes from Oceania shows.

Since the Fame Ball show in Auckland, New Zealand, Gaga performed a different setlist during the rest of the tour, involving outfit changes as well. "Paparazzi", "LoveGame", and "Beautiful, Dirty, Rich" were performed in a similar, this time tinfoil tutu with a triangular piece. "The Fame" and "Money Honey" were then followed by "Boys Boys Boys" – all three songs were performed in a glittering silver leotard with small pointy wings, riding a similarly colored vespa. "Just Dance" and "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)" were performed in the yellow dress from the American leg of the tour. After performing "Brown Eyes" (replacing "Future Love") and "Poker Face" on the piano, Gaga closed the show with the album version of "Poker Face", wearing a nude corseted leotard embellished with crystals.

Reception.

The Fame Ball Tour received acclaim from critics. Whitney Pastorek from "Entertainment Weekly" gave a mixed review of the concert saying, "Her onstage banter was at times a bit silly and the visuals occasionally lacking in coherent theme, but her voice was strong and refreshingly free of overbearing tracking vocals. For all her cocky bluster, perhaps the most undeniable aspect of Gaga's talent is this: The girl can, and does, sing." The show was described to be a "sartorial experimentation that it made Rocky Horror look like cotillion. One presumed the Lady approved – and somewhere, to be sure, Andy Warhol stirred in his grave."  Sheri Linden from "Yahoo!" gave a positive review of the concert saying "Gaga's first theater tour is a hot ticket – and the Lady did not disappoint. Borrowing from Madonna, Grace Jones, David Bowie and Daryl Hannah's "Blade Runner" replicant, Gaga put on a compelling show revolving around her mysterious persona, a trio of leather-jacketed dancers, multiple costume changes and props and a lone DJ providing musical accompaniment." Christopher Muther from "The Boston Globe" reviewed the concert in "House of Blues" and said "The combination of song and spectacle was crowd-pleasing and exhilarating. Her club-ready songs were delivered by a woman who is clearly studied, intelligent, and talented."  Lynn Saxberg from the "Ottawa Citizen" gave a positive review of the concert at Bronson Centre in Ottawa and said, "Accompanied by a DJ who also played a funky electric guitar, the curvy dynamo (Gaga and Space Cowboy) fronted one of wildest spectacles ever mounted at Bronson Centre, an action-packed circus of sound, lights, video images, fog and choreography. Though heavy on theatrics, there was no skimping on the music." She also commented on Gaga's fashion sense and style in her costumes by saying, "In an hour, Gaga proved her star power by packing in all her hits, displaying influences that ranged from Motown to 80s pop, and exhibiting a fearless fashion sense in several costume changes, none of which covered her bum." Andy Downing from "Chicago Tribune" was impressed by the show at House of Blues and said "The work is paying off. Just weeks into her first nationwide headlining tour, the 22-year-old New Yorker [...] already commands the stage like a seasoned pro." Jill Menze from "Billboard" also gave a positive review for the performance and complimented songs like "Just Dance", "LoveGame", "Poker Face", "Boys Boys Boys" and the fame obsessed "Paparazzi". The reviewer also said that "[From] her chart success, Lady Gaga has proven herself to be an of-the-moment pop sensation. Dig deeper, and it's clear she's versatile and talented enough to have staying power." Mikel Wood from "Rolling Stone" also gave a positive review saying "The tongue-in-cheek tabloid-victim shtick that provides some laughs on The Fame grew somewhat tiresome at the Wiltern, especially when the singer started spewing half-baked media-studies nonsense like, 'Some say Lady Gaga is a lie'... Fortunately, this is a woman who knows how to lighten a mood: Within 10 minutes or so, she'd donned a flesh-colored leotard and a bedazzled admiral's cap and was rhyming 'boys in cars' with 'buy us drinks in bars."  On March 13, 2009 Gaga was presented with a plaque from the Recording Industry Association of America by social blogger Perez Hilton commemorating three million sales of her debut single "Just Dance", during her performance at the Wiltern Theatre. This show was also attended by rapper Kanye West. Craig Rosen from "The Hollywood Reporter" said that "Lady Gaga showed she's a serious contender to Madonna's crown Friday at the Wiltern. She might be a relative newcomer, but the artist born Stefani Joanne Germanotta commanded the stage with a royal air during her hourlong set, at times even sporting a glowing scepter."

The Fame Ball Tour was the debut concert tour by American singer Lady Gaga, in support of her debut studio album "The Fame" (2008). North American shows began in March, followed by dates in Oceania and a solo trek through Europe. Dates in Asia soon followed, as well as two performances at England's V Festival and two shows in North America that had been postponed from April. Gaga described the tour as a traveling museum show incorporating artist Andy Warhol's pop-performance art concept. Tickets were distributed for charity also. Alternate versions of the show with minimal variations were planned by Gaga to accommodate different venues.

La tournée est divisée en quatre parties — chacune est séparée par une vidéo d’interlude qui ouvre le segment suivant — et se termine par un encore. La programmation comprend la plupart des pistes de son premier album. Gaga apparait sur scène dans différents costumes incluant une robe novatrice conçue uniquement avec des bulles de plastique. Lors des concerts, elle fait entre autres la première d’une chanson jamais sortie intitulée "Future Love". Une programmation alternative avec des changements mineurs est utilisée pour les représentations européennes. La tournée reçoit des notes positives de la part des critiques, celles-ci complimentant les habilités vocales de Gaga et son sens de la mode qui lui permet de bâtir un concert théâtral comme le fait un artiste professionnel de longue carrière.


Early life.

Reimold was born to John and Mary Reimold on October 12, 1983 in Greenville, Pennsylvania. He attended Kennedy Catholic High School in Hermitage, Pennsylvania. In addition to baseball, he was also on the basketball team in a traditional football-heavy stronghold of Western Pennsylvania.  Reimold attended Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio, the same as former Bowie Baysox teammate Jeff Hundley and Major League relief pitcher Burke Badenhop. Reimold currently holds the career records at Bowling Green State for home runs and runs batted in (RBI). Reimold was an all Mid-American Conference outfielder in 2004, and a 3rd-team All American as a designated hitter in 2005. He was named National Hitter of the Week on March 28, 2005. He led the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in home runs (20), RBIs (60), total bases (137), on-base percentage (.496), and slugging percentage (.770) throughout the 2005 regular season, only to be second in batting (.360) behind fellow Falcon teammate, Andy Hudak.

Career.

Reimold was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles as their 2nd round pick (61st overall) in the 2005 MLB Draft. He became the fourth highest Falcon ever drafted and just the third Falcon drafted in the top two rounds. He also became first Falcon ever to be named All-America by three different outlets in one season which were the NCBWA Second Team, ABCA Third Team, "Baseball America" Third Team. After signing, he played for the Aberdeen IronBirds and Frederick Keys, and was a New York–Penn League all-star for the IronBirds. He continued to play with the Frederick Keys for the 2006 season, and was the MVP for the Carolina League's all-star game. He started the 2007 season with the Bowie Baysox but was sidelined shortly thereafter with an oblique strain. After a brief rehab stint with the Gulf Coast Orioles, Reimold returned to the Baysox to finish the rest of the season.

2008.

He continued playing for the Bowie Baysox for the 2008 season, and was named an Eastern League post-season all-star. In game two of Bowie's match-up with the Akron Aeros in the first round of the Eastern League playoffs, Reimold hit three home runs for the first time in his career en route to finishing 4-for-5 with eight RBIs.  Reimold played for the Surprise Rafters in the Arizona Fall League during the 2008 Winter Baseball season. Baseball America named him the 5th-best prospect in the Orioles' farm system for the 2009 season.

2009.

He reported to the Norfolk Tides, the Orioles' Triple-A team to begin the 2009 season, and was recalled to the major league club on May 14 collecting his first major league hit that night off Ron Mahay, then would collect his first major league RBI and double, both off Royals pitcher Kyle Davies on May 16. Reimold hit his first career home run on May 20, 2009 against the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium off Mariano Rivera. On May 27, 2009, Reimold hit his first walk off home run against the Toronto Blue Jays in the 11th inning to give the Orioles a 12–10 victory.  Nolan won the American League Rookie of the Month award for June 2009.  On September 18, the Orioles decided to shut down Reimold for the rest of the season due to fraying in his left Achilles tendon. The surgery was successful to repair the Achilles, but the rehab was not complete until late in the 2010 year, causing many of his future issues.

2010.

Reimold started the season with the Baltimore Orioles as the starting left fielder. After a slow start in his first 83 at-bats, Reimold was demoted back to Norfolk on May 12, 2010, where the coaching staff was retooling him to play first base. Since that time, the Orioles released their starting first baseman Garrett Atkins, which may allow Reimold to rejoin the Orioles after the All-Star Break.

2011.

Reimold had a successful 2011 campaign with most of his playing time in left field after Luke Scott tore his labrum and Félix Pie was sent down to the minor leagues. In the season finale against the visiting Boston Red Sox, he tied the game on an RBI double and crossed the plate for the game-winning run. The loss, coupled with the walk-off win by the Tampa Bay Rays minutes later, eliminated the Red Sox from playoff contention.

2012.

Reimold started the 2012 season strong playing in left field, hitting.313 with five home runs and 10 RBIs in his first 16 games, but was plagued by injuries, including a herniated cervical disk, that put him on the disabled list after April 30. He was moved to the 60-day disabled list on June 12. On June 22, it was announced Reimold would undergo surgery to repair the disk in his neck, which ended his season.

2013.

Reimold struggled in 2013, dealing with more injuries and batting.195 with five home runs and 12 RBIs in 40 games. In order to fix the procedure performed the previous June, he was once again forced to undergo season-ending corrective surgery after limited playing time.  After the season, Reimold signed a one-year contract with the Orioles, promising him just over $1 million for the 2014 season while avoiding arbitration.

2014.

Reimold was designated for assignment by the Orioles on July 1, 2014. He was claimed off waivers by the Toronto Blue Jays on July 6. After 4 games played with the Blue Jays, in which he batted.333 with 3 RBI, Reimold was placed on the 15-day DL with a left calf strain on July 12. On July 31, 2014, Reimold went 2 for 4 including 2 home runs against the Houston Astros to lead the Blue Jays to a 6-5 victory. He was designated for assignment on August 26 when Kevin Pillar was recalled. On August 28, Reimold was claimed off waivers by the Arizona Diamondbacks.

2015.

On February 3, 2015, Reimold signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles that included an invitation to spring training. In April 2015, Reimold was assigned to AAA Norfolk. In June, the Orioles recalled Reimold from AAA Norfolk. He was designated for assignment on August 24, and brought back up on September 6.

2016.

At the All-Star break, Reimold hit.268 (33-for-123) in 57 games with 4 homers and 11 RBIs.  On July 24, Reimold hit his third career walk off home run off of Cleveland Indians pitcher Cody Allen to defeat the Indians 5-3.

2017.

Reimold signed with the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball in early 2017. On May 28, 2017, Reimold announced his retirement.

Personal life.

Reimold is married to Jennifer "Jenny" Reimold, style expert for HomeGoods, and has seven children.

Nolan Gallagher Reimold (born October 12, 1983) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and designated hitter. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Toronto Blue Jays, and Arizona Diamondbacks.

Nolan Gallagher Reimold (né le 12 octobre 1983 à Greenville, Pennsylvanie, États-Unis) est un voltigeur de baseball qui évolue dans les Ligues majeures de 2009 à 2016, jouant sept de ses huit saisons avec les Orioles de Baltimore.


Exploration.

The site belongs to a complex variety of formations that include 712 caves, many of which were well known among the local population for centuries. Bartholomeides, a priest from Ochtiná documented his first systematic excursions into the "Certova diera Cave" in 1801. His conclusions that a number of local caves are simply parts of a bigger entity were corroborated by the explorer I.Vass, who surveyed the Baradla cave in 1821. E.Nyari took up archaeological work in 1881 and suggested a connection of the "Certova diera" and "Baradla Cave" as did K. Siegmenth in 1891. Only the extensive work of Jan Majko in 1926 confirmed the interconnection of several local caves and lead to the discovery of the Domica cave on October 3, 1926. J. Majko penetrated from its bottom through a 15 m deep abyss into large underground spaces in 1926 where plenty of archaeological discoveries were made later.

Description.

The Domica Cave is situated in the Slovak karst and consists of light limestone of the Middle Triassic. The passages were shaped by the waters of an underground river, called "Styx". Speleothem decoration is omnipresent and very impressive, including cascades of stalactite lakes, variously shaped stalactites domed temples and notably bat guano, that had diffused into sinter crusts accounts for unique forms and textures of surface decoration.  Karst processes have over tens of millions of years created diverse structures and habitats that date back to the Late Cretaceous. Subsequent periods of temperate, glacial, subtropical and tropical climatic conditions excellently demonstrate karst formation under varying conditions. Biologists, geologists and paleontologists are confronted with a rich set of various conditions, that affect sedimentation, evolution and fossilization in a geological time frame.

Human occupation.

Jaroslav Böhm directed excavations during the 1930s. Human presence has been documented dating back to the Paleolithic. The cave had presumably been a casual refuge for the oldest Neolithic inhabitants of Eastern Slovakia. However, the cave has been frequented by Neolithic humans of the Bükk culture, who might even have manufactured their distinct thin-walled pottery inside the cave. The original entrance of the Domica Cave was blocked by debris after Paleo-humans had abandoned it and the cave became inaccessible.  Post holes from dwelling objects and fireplaces were discovered in several places of the cave. More than 200 reconstructed containers from sherds as well as a terrace-dug slope in a fine-grained loam on the Styx bank with imprints of stone axes are evidences of ceramics manufacture in the cave. Irons, awls, arrows, the oldest comb in Europe, ring, decorated cylinder bracelet and fishhook represent the peak of Neolithic processing of bones. Also pendants from shells and animal teeth were preserved.

The Domica cave is situated on the south-western border of the "Silicka planina Plateau" south-east of Plesivec in the Rožňava District of the Košice Region in southern Slovakia and in combination with the Baradla cave represents the most significant section of the "Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst" cross-border cave network that continues into the (Aggtelek National Park) in Hungary.

La grotte Domica est une grotte située dans la localité de Kečovo en Slovaquie. Elle constitue un complexe de plus de de galeries reliées avec la grotte Baradla en Hongrie.


History.

The 1745 almanac of Lyon justified the name of the street stating that a stunted tree which was very dry could be seen at one end of the street.  In 1518, a plan for drainage, grading and crossing of the street was decided by Jean de Paris. In the nineteenth century, the zone between the Rue Garet and the Rhône was named Rue Basseville in which there were six silk workshops; it became part of the rue de l'Arbre-Sec in 1855.  The street was already on a plan of 1550 and was inhabited almost exclusively by silk workers, potters and tile makers (in 1828, there were twelve silk workshops and 43 houses). When he restructured the quarter, prefect Claude-Marius Vaïsse decided to demolish some old buildings to build the rue de l'Hôtel de Ville and the rue de la République. On 25 June 1778, cobbler Durant, who lived in the street, was convicted of illegally practicing medicine.  In 1831, a lot of umbrellas with handle containing a triangular dagger were discovered at No. 14.  In 1844, there was the Hôtel de France at No.13. In 1847, a chapel in the street was then the only evangelical place of worship in Lyon at the time. Among the famous residents of the street, there were the family of Louise Labé, painter Salomon Bernard (16th century), and architects Barthélémy Vignon and Prosper Mourand (19th century).

Architecture.

The street is slightly curved. It is first wide and lined with buildings of about 1870 with wrought iron balconies and decorations. Further, the SocGen has also wrought iron arches. After the rue Garet, the street is narrower and older, with simple facades and stone arches. The street name is engraved in stone of the last building that is fairly recent, at number 20. The iron balcony at No. 8 dates from 1863. The houses at No. 10 and 12 have arcades, and the No. 22 displays the inscription "Le Thuilerie, 1702".  There are many restaurants and bouchons, including Le Petit Damier and Le Connétable.  There is a straight blocked up traboule at No. 8 which starts with a building of 1863 and includes a path with edge vault.

The Rue de l'Arbre-Sec is an old street located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, near the Place des Terreaux and the Opera Nouvel. It starts perpendicular to the rue Édouard-Herriot and ends with the Quai Jean Moulin crossing the rue de la République. The name dates from the 14th century and was probably chosen because of a dry tree that could be seen in this street and of an inn sign.

La rue de l'Arbre-Sec est une très vieille rue située dans le de Lyon, près de la place des Terreaux et de l'Opéra aux pieds de la colline de la Croix-Rousse. La rue de l'Arbre-Sec débute perpendiculairement à la rue du Président-Édouard-Herriot et va jusqu'au quai Jean Moulin en traversant la Rue de la République.


Playing career.

Primeau was a first round draft pick of the Owen Sound Platers in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) and played with the Platers for three years from 1992 to 1995.  He was drafted 17th overall in 1994 by the Buffalo Sabres, where he scored his first NHL goal in his first NHL game against Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils. He was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning in 2000 and was then traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins on February 1, 2001.  Primeau was acquired by the San Jose Sharks from the Penguins in exchange for Matt Bradley on March 11, 2003. After a career year in 2003–04, Primeau was eligible for group IV unrestricted free agency. However, he decided to re-sign with the Sharks.  Primeau was traded to the Boston Bruins on November 30, 2005, (along with Brad Stuart and Marco Sturm) in exchange for Joe Thornton. On February 2007, the Bruins traded him to the Calgary Flames (again along with Brad Stuart) in exchange for Chuck Kobasew and Andrew Ference.  On July 27, 2009, Primeau was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs (along with a second round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft) in exchange for forward Colin Stuart, defenceman Anton Strålman and a seventh-round pick in 2012.  Prior to the start of the Maple Leafs' 2010 training camp, Primeau was signed to a professional tryout contract with the Leafs. He was released at the conclusion of training camp on September 26.

Wayne Michael Primeau (born June 4, 1976) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the younger brother of Keith Primeau.

Wayne Primeau (né le à Scarborough, en Ontario, Canada) est un joueur canadien de hockey sur glace. Il est le jeune frère de Keith Primeau.


Plot.

The Tenth Doctor tries taking off, only for his time machine the TARDIS to spin wildly and sound an alarm. Checking out the systems, the Doctor passes his fifth incarnation doing the same thing. The Tenth Doctor recognises his past self and is delighted to see him, gently poking fun at his particular eccentricities. However, the Fifth Doctor is annoyed, thinking that his counterpart is one of his big fans who has somehow broken into the TARDIS.  The Doctors discover that the same TARDIS at different points in time have collided because the Tenth Doctor left his shields down. This creates a paradox that will cause a black hole strong enough to swallow the entire universe. The Tenth Doctor counters it with a supernova, a solution he remembers seeing himself perform in this same incident (a predestination paradox); the Fifth Doctor realises that the Tenth Doctor really is his future self. The Tenth Doctor reminisces as the Fifth Doctor begins to fade into a separate timeline.  As the time streams split, the Fifth Doctor calls out, warning the Tenth to put his shields up. But it is too late; the "Titanic" collides with the TARDIS.

Production.

The episode was first conceived by executive producers Julie Gardner and Russell T Davies, who decided to air an interstitial scene for "Children in Need" 2007. Gardner asked Steven Moffat to write the special, with the stipulations the scene could be shot in one day and one set, and require no CGI effects. Peter Davison was approached to reprise his role as the Fifth Doctor in July 2007, and accepted the role to impress his children. The episode was officially announced by the BBC on 21 October.  Moffat's script started by repeating Martha's departure. The script indicated that "this time, we stay with the Doctor. As before... the Doctor takes a moment, then slam the controls," and described the Fifth Doctor as having a "frock coat, cricket jersey, and a stick of celery on his lapel". Moffat included several references to Fifth Doctor stories in his script: the Tenth Doctor commented about the Fifth Doctor's attire and his disuse of the sonic screwdriver, saying: "Hey, I'm the Doctor, I can save the universe using a kettle and some string, and look at me, I'm wearing a vegetable." A line about the effects of the paradox the TARDIS collision had caused gave an explanation of why the Fifth Doctor looked far older than normal, thus getting around the fact that Peter Davison had left the role over twenty years before. And near the end of the episode, he refers to Tegan Jovanka, Nyssa, the Cybermen stories "Earthshock" (1982) and "The Five Doctors" (1983), the Mara serials "Kinda" (1982) and "Snakedance" (1983), the Time Lords' "funny hats" from "Arc of Infinity" (1983), and the various Ainley Master stories during Davison's tenure.  "Time Crash" was filmed at Upper Boat Studios in Upper Boat, Cardiff, as part of the fourth recording block of the fourth series (which included "Partners in Crime") on 7 October 2007. Graeme Harper, director of Davison's final serial "The Caves of Androzani" (1984), directed the episode. To replicate the Fifth Doctor's attire, the production team borrowed items from the "Doctor Who" exhibition in Blackpool and knitted a new cricket jumper to reflect the style worn from "Castrovalva" (1982) to "Warriors of the Deep" (1984). The accompanying "Doctor Who Confidential" episode reveals that the trousers Davison wore in "Time Crash" were the same pair that Colin Baker wore in his early scenes in "The Twin Dilemma" (1984).  Shortly after this episode was filmed, Tennant began dating and eventually married Davison's daughter Georgia.

Broadcast and reception.

Previous "Doctor Who" charity specials transmitted over the years include "Dimensions in Time", "Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death" and. The anniversary special "The Five Doctors" was broadcast on Children in Need night for its United Kingdom premiere broadcast.  The Children in Need telethon was the most-watched television programme of the night, with a final rating of 9.6 million viewers, and figures peaked between 8:15pm and 8:30pm, when "Time Crash" was aired, with a total of 11.0 million viewers. The episode was therefore the most-viewed since the show's revival in 2005, surpassing the revival's premiere, "Rose", which achieved a rating of 10.8 million viewers. Donations also peaked during the episode's airing. When the episode was replayed four hours later, it garnered an audience of 2.5 million viewers. This rating was later beaten by "Voyage of the Damned", which received 13.3 million viewers.  The episode was positively reviewed by critics. Martin Conaghan of TV Squad expressed the belief that the episode was "the highlight of the evening". He mainly complimented Moffat for his writing; he said that Moffat "has a knack for clever paradox-style stories, and managed to capture a fantastic little snippet of emotion, harking back to the early days of Doctor Who," specifically praising the farewell scene. Dek Hogan of Digital Spy mirrored Conaghan's beliefs; he called Moffat's script "witty" and hoped that Davison would return to film a full-length episode.

"Time Crash" is a mini-episode of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It was broadcast on 16 November 2007, as part of the BBC One telethon for the children's charity Children in Need. Written by Steven Moffat, it starred David Tennant and Peter Davison as the Doctor.

Time Crash est un épisode spécial de la série "Doctor Who" diffusé pour le spectacle caritatif "Children in Need". Il met en scène une rencontre entre deux versions du Docteur.


History.

The town of Amenia traces its roots to a group of wealthy New England investors from the villages of Amenia, New York and Sharon, Connecticut which formed the Amenia and Sharon Land Company and, in July 1875, under the representation of Eben W. Chaffee, purchased of land from the then bankrupt Northern Pacific Railroad. The stockholders' plan had been to develop the land enough to sell it to settlers, thus quickly realizing a return on the investors shares. However, taking notice of the success of the Cass-Cheney-Dalrymple bonanza farm near Casselton, North Dakota, and the exceptional fertility of the soil, Chaffee convinced the stockholders to hold the land and break the prairie sod for the production of wheat. The company built a depot and, in 1881, a grain elevator in order to move their product to market. Around them grew the village of Amenia. By the mid-1880s, the town had grown enough to require school services and to build a Congregational church. Chaffee was among its earliest residents and continued to be a central figure in the development of the town.

Geography.

Amenia is located at (47.003824, -97.220072).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 94 people, 34 households, and 31 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 38 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 92.6% White, 3.2% Native American, and 4.3% from two or more races.  There were 34 households, of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 88.2% were married couples living together, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 8.8% were non-families. 8.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 2.90.  The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 26.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 8.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 89 people, 35 households, and 26 families residing in the city. The population density was 62.7 people per square mile (24.2/km). There were 35 housing units at an average density of 24.7 per square mile (9.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.  There were 35 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 2.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.92.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,462. There were no families and 2.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 15.4% of those over 64.

Climate.

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Amenia has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Amenia ( ) is a city in Cass County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 94 at the 2010 census. Amenia was founded in 1880.

La ville d’Amenia (en anglais ) est située dans le comté de Cass, dans l’État du Dakota du Nord, aux États-Unis. Elle comptait lors du recensement.