Église de la Translation-des-Reliques-de-Saint-Nicolas (Szeged)

History.

Many Serbs moved to Szeged in the centuries after the Battle of Kosovo. After the restoration of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1557, Szeged became the county town of the Eparchy of Bačka. A wooden Serbian church was built in the city at the beginning of the 16th century, but was destroyed by fire when the Turkish army was expelled.  After the liberation of Szeged from the Ottoman Empire in 1686, Serbs moved to the region in greater numbers. In Szeged, they mostly lived in the Palánk and Upper Town areas. A draft of Csongrád County from 1720 shows that out of 404 buildings, 40 were in Serbian possession. The city's second Serbian Orthodox church, dedicated to Saint Nicholas, was built from stone in the Palánk in 1690. It stood for only 25 years before it was demolished in 1715 to rebuild the city's castle.  The third Orthodox church, a small structure, was built in 1725 at the site of the contemporary church. The fourth, dedicated to the archangels Gabriel and Michael, stood in the Upper Town. Its deed of foundation is from 1727, but it is more likely that it was built during the Turkish occupation or after the liberation of Szeged. It was attended by Greeks as well as Serbs, and remained in regular use until 1848. After that, community members began to join the present-day Church of St. Nicholas instead. The previous church was heavily damaged in a flood in 1879 and was soon destroyed.  The fifth church, today's Church of St. Nicholas, was built rapidly near the site of the third one, behind Votive Church in Dóm Square. The building was designed by Jovan Dobić, and two German masters from Pest, a tinsmith and a carpenter, built the tower. A painter from Buda, Mihailo Sokolović, decorated it with gold and paintings.  Bishop Arsenije Radojević of Szeged, Novi Sad and Eger gave his blessing for the church in 1775, but it is not known exactly when the builders got permission to begin construction. The base was consecrated on 11 July 1778, and a lead tablet recording this event was built into the basement of the church, with a paper copy filed in the church's historical archive. The nave was completed in 1780, and the tower in 1781; during the building of the tower, another lead plaque was built into the church, also with a paper copy for the archive. The five bells were consecrated in 1781. The interior took longer to finish, and it was not until 1805 that Bishop Jovan Jovanović sanctified the church.

Iconostasis.

The iconostasis, which divides the altar from the nave, is the most ornate part of the church. Designed in the rococo style, it consists of 74 icons. The upper part was made by unknown artists. The lower part was originally made for Szeged's third church by Jovan Popović, a Serbian Baroque artist, as recorded in a contract from 7 June 1761. The numbers "1761" are also written on the icon depicting the Temptation of Christ.  The two side doors in the iconostasis, called the Deacon's Doors, are for those who help in the liturgy. The left (northern) door depicts Moses, and the right (southern) door shows his brother, Aaron. Above Moses, there is a depiction of Melchizedek's sacrifice; above Aaron is a depiction of Abraham's sacrifice.  At the center is the King's Door, used by the priests. At the top, Gabriel is shown with a lily in his hands, next to the Virgin Mary. This is a depiction of the Annunciation, in which Gabriel informed Mary that she would give birth to Jesus. Below are the Four Evangelists: Matthew with an angel, John with a hawk, Luke with a bull and Mark with a lion. A snake, symbolizing the bronze snake from the Bible, is depicted climbing up the door. Above the door, an eye in a triangle represents the eye of God.  To the right (south) of the King's Door is an icon of Jesus Christ, and to the left is one of the Virgin Mary and the baby Jesus. Next to the icon of Jesus Christ is one of John the Baptist, and next to the Virgin Mary's icon is one of Saint Nicholas, the patron of the church. It is usual for these four icons, known as the throne icons, to be the most decorated in Orthodox churches. Hanging in front of the throne icons are four lanterns from Mount Athos and from Russia, decorated with the images of the crucified Jesus, Saint George and detailed plant motifs. The Last Supper is depicted above the King's Door. At the bottom, between the throne icons, there are two smaller icons: the Flight into Egypt between Saint Nicholas and the Virgin Mary, and the Temptation of Christ between Jesus and John the Baptist. The holiday icons—one large icon surrounded by eight smaller ones—are above the throne icons. The Transfiguration of Jesus is on the left (north) side. Around it, moving counterclockwise, are icons showing the Epiphany, Palm Sunday (Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem), the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple, the Annunciation, the birth of John the Baptist, the Circumcision of Christ, the Dormition of the Mother of God, and the Presentation of Mary at the Temple. The Resurrection of Jesus is depicted on the right (south) side, and counterclockwise around it are the Birth of Christ, the beheading of John the Baptist, the protection of the Virgin Mary, the stoning of Saint Stephen, the resurrection of Lazarus of Bethany, the Pentecost and the Visitation.  The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, illustrated as a dove, are painted below the red frame, and the Evangelists are depicted in red and blue around them. Other icons show the Apostles and the Church Fathers. In the lunette above the red stave is a crucifix; on the left, the Virgin Mary and John the Apostle can be seen at Jesus' feet. The rest of the icons depict the prophets from the Old Testament, and at the top of the wall, the Last Judgment is painted.  The church sustained heavy damage in the flood of 1879, and was renovated from 1880–81. During the renovation, the little-known Slovak artist Jan Hodina painted a fresco on the ceiling depicting the creation of the world.

The Church of St. Nicholas (known locally as the Serbian Orthodox Church; ), is a Serbian Orthodox church in Szeged, Hungary.

L'église de la Translation-des-Reliques-de-Saint-Nicolas (en serbe : "Српска православна црква освећена за преношење моштију Светог Николе") ou église serbe orthodoxe Saint-Nicolas de Szeged (en hongrois : "Szegedi Szent Miklós szerb ortodox templom") est une église orthodoxe serbe située à Szeged.


Aquatics.

Swimming.

Four swimmers, including one woman, represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's debut in the sport. None of the swimmers advanced to an event final.

Water polo.

The Netherlands competed in the Olympic water polo tournament for the second time in 1920. A modified version of the Bergvall System was in use at the time. The Netherlands lost 2–1 to Belgium in the quarterfinals. Because Belgium eventually finished with the silver medal, the Dutch had a chance to play for the bronze. In the bronze medal quarterfinals, they defeated Czechoslovakia. They fell to Sweden in the bronze semifinals, however.

Archery.

The Netherlands sent eight archers in its second Olympic archery appearance. The Dutch archers competed in a single event, the team moving bird at 28 metres. Facing off against a Belgian team and a French team, the Netherlands squad took the gold medal.

Athletics.

11 athletes represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's third appearance in athletics. Paulen's seventh-place finish in the 800 metres was the country's best result in the sport to date.

Boxing.

Eight boxers represented Netherlands at the 1920 Games. It was the nation's debut in boxing. None of the boxers made it past the quarterfinals.

Cycling.

Ten cyclists represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's second appearance in the sport. Peeters won the sprint event. Ikelaar took the bronze in the 50 kilometres, and added another bronze along with de Vreng in the tandem. The three medals were the first Olympic cycling medals for the Netherlands, and put the country in third place in the cycling leaderboard for the Games.

Equestrian.

A single equestrian represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's debut in the sport. Sirtema competed in the individual eventing competition, finishing in 20th place.

Fencing.

Ten fencers represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport. The country's best results were in the sabre competitions. De Jong won the bronze medal in the individual event and two others reached the final; it was the only individual event in which the team had any finalists. The sabre team also captured a bronze medal.

Football.

The Netherlands competed in the Olympic football tournament for the third time, winning its third straight bronze medal. The team had a fairly easy win over Luxembourg in the first round before requiring extra time to defeat Sweden in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, the Netherlands lost to eventual gold-medalist Belgium. This relegated the Dutch team to the consolation tournament for silver; they received a bye into the consolation final when France turned out to have left the Olympics. In the match for silver and bronze, the Netherlands were defeated by Spain to finish in third place.

Rowing.

Twelve rowers represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. None of the three Dutch boats advanced to the finals.

Sailing.

Eight sailors represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's second appearance in the sport. The Dutch had their best possible result, with two gold medals and one silver. The two Dutch 12-footers were the only boats to contest that event, while the 61⁄2 metre team defeated a French boat.

Shooting.

Fifteen shooters represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport. Klaas Jan Pen competed, but it is not known in which event.

Tug of war.

The Netherlands competed in the Olympic tug of war tournament for the first time in 1920, the final appearance of the sport in the Olympics. The Bergvall System was used in 1920. The Dutch beat Italy in the semifinals to advance to the final against Great Britain. There they lost to the British, and had to continue in the silver medal rounds. The Netherlands received a bye into the silver medal finals, where they beat Belgium to take the silver.  All matches were best-of-three pulls.

Weightlifting.

Five weightlifters represented the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's debut in the sport. Ringelberg's fourth-place finish was the best of the year for the Dutch weightlifters.

Wrestling.

Nine wrestlers, all in the Greco-Roman discipline, competed for the Netherlands in 1920. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. The Dutch wrestlers won no medals, but came close in a few instances. The format turned out to be particularly unfortunate for Jan Sint, who advanced to the final in the light heavyweight but finished without a medal after being defeated by Johansson in the final and losing again in the silver medal semifinal. Jaap Sjouwerman advanced to the heavyweight semifinals, but did not get a chance to compete for silver or bronze after his semifinal loss to an opponent who did not win gold or silver.

Demonstration sports.

Korfball.

Organized by the Dutch Korfball Association, two Dutch teams gave a korfball demonstration, with a match on 22 August in the Olympisch Stadion.

The Netherlands competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. 130 competitors, 129 men and 1 woman, took part in 58 events in 15 sports.

Les Pays-Bas participent aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1920 à Anvers en Belgique. 130 athlètes néerlandais, 129 hommes et une femme, ont participé à 58 compétitions dans 15 sports. Ils y ont obtenu onze médailles : quatre d'or, deux d'argent et cinq de bronze.


History.

The palace was commissioned by Sir Thomas Maitland, the British Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. It served as the High Commissioner's residence, but was also the home of the Ionian Senate and the Order of St Michael and St George. The foundation stone was laid on St. George's day in 1819, and it was completed in 1824. The location is between the old town of Corfu and the Venetian-era Old Fortress.  The palace was designed in the Greek Revival style of neoclassical architecture, and it was the first building of that style to be constructed on Greek territory. It was designed by the British architect George Whitmore, who was a Colonel and later a Major-General in the Royal Engineers. The building primarily consists of limestone imported from Malta, and Maltese workers were employed in its construction. The sculptural elements of the palace are the work of the Maltese sculptors Vincenzo and Ferdinando Dimech, as well as the Corfiot sculptor Pavlos Prosalentis.  After the union of Corfu with the Kingdom of Greece in 1864, the palace served as a Royal residence until the Second World War. It survived the Italian bombardment of Corfu City during the Corfu Incident in 1923, but suffered greater damage from its use as a temporary housing for the refugees from Epirus during the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). The Greek state was only able to restore the palace interiors in 1954 with the help of a private trust organised by Sir Charles Peake, the then British Ambassador to Greece. Up to 1967, the Greek king occasionally used the palace on state occasions while in residence at his nearby villa, Mon Repos.  Today the palace houses the Museum of Asian art of Corfu. The collection of the museum started in 1927 and consists mostly of donations, the largest being from Gregorios Manos with 10,500 pieces.  The two gateways which flank the palace are the gate of St. Michael and the gate of St. George. The state rooms consist of a grand staircase, a rotunda in the centre leading to two large rooms, the Throne Room and the state dining room. The Palace was renovated for the European Union Summit meeting in 1994.

Gardens.

The palace gardens, complete with old Venetian stone aquariums, exotic trees and flowers, overlook the bay through old Venetian fortifications and turrets. The local sea baths are at the foot of the fortifications surrounding the gardens. A café on the grounds includes its own art gallery, with exhibitions of both local and international artists. It is locally known as the Art Café. From the same spot, the viewer can observe ships passing through the narrow channel of the historic Vido island (Βίδο Κέρκυρας) to the north, on their way to Corfu harbour (Νέο Λιμάνι), with high speed retractable aerofoil ferries from Igoumenitsa cutting across the panorama. A wrought-iron aerial staircase is also to be found, closed to garden visitors, descending to the sea from the gardens, and formerly used by the Greek Royal Family as a shortcut to the baths. Following the end of the Greek monarchy, the old Royal Gardens are now known as the "Garden of the People" (Ο Κήπος του Λαού).

The Palace of St. Michael and St. George () is a palace in Corfu City on the island of Corfu, Greece. Commissioned by Sir Thomas Maitland, it originally served as the residence of the British Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. It was built between 1819 and 1824, to a neoclassical design of Colonel George Whitmore.

Le palais de Saint-Michel et Saint-Georges (en ) est un palais situé dans la ville de Corfou, en Grèce. Il a été construit par Thomas Maitland, alors Haut-commissaire des îles Ioniennes.


Plot.

In 1878, British explorer, Sir Hubert Warrington (Douglas Kennedy) is held prisoner in an old fortress on the Nile. A despotic Hindu (James Lanphier) keeps him captive, as Sir Hubert discovered the hidden tomb where Cleopatra's treasure is buried.  Sir Hubert refuses to disclose the exact location of the jewels, resisting the Hindu's many painful tortures. The Hindu goes to England and tricks the Royal Geographical Society in London into organizing a rescue mission. Included in the expedition is Sir Hubert's fiancée, Ellen Burton (Mala Powers), whom the Hindu plans to torture until Sir Hubert agrees to talk.  A young explorer, Dr. Joseph Faraday (Marshall Thompson), convinces the Royal Geographical Society that the trip should be made by balloon. With Ellen and the Hindu, the group set out for Egypt. After several adventures, including their temporary capture by cannibals and an attack by huge condors, the trio arrive at the Nile fortress where Sir Hubert is held captive. Prior to landing a tear in the balloon makes the party jettison all their ballast and belongings, with Faraday jumping into the water to lighten the load.  Upon the pair's arrival, the Hindu has Ellen tortured on a stretching rack, but Sir Hubert still refuses to divulge his secret. Faraday, who has swam ashore and has eluded the Hindu's native helpers and his captive gorillas, rescues them, but Sir Hubert dies trying to load the balloon with chests of treasure. Faraday and Ellen make their escape but in order to keep the balloon aloft, they are forced to jettison the gold and jewels. Ellen, however, in love with Faraday, saves one diamond for a wedding ring.

Production.

Nathan Juran agreed to make the film with the working title of "Cleopatra and the Cyclops". because he had a percentage of the profits. It was produced by the Woolner brothers who had directed the director on "Attack of the 50 Foot Woman".  "I wanted to become independent of the major studios," said Juran. "I was always looking for a small entrepreneur with whom I could grow as a partner in the company. I thought it might have worked out with the Woolners, but they were just the wrong people for me. They were real schlock guys. I owned one quarter of "Lost Balloon" but they stole all the money."  In May 1960, the Woolners signed Marshall Thompson and James Lanphier to star in the film. Lanphier was taking part under a three picture contract with the Woolners, the other films of which were to be "Adventures of Captain Kidd" and "Thunder Over San Juan".  "Flight of the Lost Balloon" was shot over 10 days from May to June 1961 in Puerto Rico. Shooting was extremely difficult as there were no studio facilities.

Reception.

As a promotional gimmick people who bought tickets for "Flight of the Lost Balloon" were given a "motion sickness pill".Film reviewer John L. Scott, writing for the "Los Angeles Times" said, "I could hardly wait to escape".

Flight of the Lost Balloon is a 1961 film produced, written and directed by Nathan Juran and stars Mala Powers and Marshall Thompson. The film was inspired by Jules Verne's 1863 novel "Five Weeks in a Balloon" and beat the major Irwin Allen film release of the book to the cinemas.

Tourné à Porto Rico, le film a pour acteurs principaux Mala Powers et Marshall Thompson. Il est inspiré de "Cinq Semaines en ballon" de Jules Verne mais le nom de l'auteur n'apparaît pas dans les crédits alors que le nom du ballon du roman, le "Victoria", lui, a été conservé.


Early life.

Hawley was born and raised in New York City, New York. His mother, Louise Armstrong, was a non-fiction writer and activist, and his maternal grandmother was a playwright. His father, Tom Hawley, was a businessman. He has a twin brother, Alexi, who is a writer for the television show "The Following" and the creator of "State of Affairs".  Hawley graduated from Sarah Lawrence College with a degree in political science in 1989. He worked for the Legal Aid Society in New York City, dealing with cases involving child abuse and neglect. He later moved to San Francisco. He worked in computer programming at law firms and as a paralegal.

Career.

Books.

He has published five novels: "A Conspiracy of Tall Men" (1998), "Other People's Weddings" (2004), "The Punch" (2008), "The Good Father" (2012), and "Before the Fall" (2016).

Television.

Hawley was a writer and producer on the first three seasons of the television series "Bones" (2005–2008). He was also creator and executive producer of "The Unusuals" (2009) and "My Generation" (2010).  Hawley is the creator, primary writer, and executive producer of the FX anthology television series "Fargo" (2014), based on the Coen brothers' 1996 film of the same name. On August 25, 2014, "Fargo" won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries, along with 17 additional nominations at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards. In total, the series has been nominated for 113 awards since its premiere, winning 32 of them. The third season of "Fargo" premiered on April 19, 2017.  In December 2015, Hawley extended his production deal with FX. He wrote and served as executive producer for "Legion", an FX television series based on the Marvel comic book character. Hawley will also write and executive produce a limited series adaptation of Kurt Vonnegut's "Cat's Cradle" for FX. He will executive produce, but not write for, two additional adaptations for FX: "Hellhound on His Trail", based on the book of the same name, and "The Hot Rock", also based on a book.

Film.

Hawley wrote the original screenplay for the film "The Alibi" (2006).  In September 2014, it was announced that Hawley had signed a deal with Universal Pictures to script an untitled project for their upcoming Dark Universe. Sony Pictures has acquired the rights to Hawley's latest novel, "Before the Fall", with him writing the screenplay. On July 20, 2017, Hawley announced at Comic Con that he is writing and directing a "Doctor Doom" movie with 20th Century Fox.  In 2019, he made his feature film directorial debut with "Lucy in the Sky", a drama film starring Natalie Portman as an astronaut, for Fox Searchlight. He has also been set to direct "Man Alive", from a sci-fi spec script by first-time screenwriter Joe Greenberg.  In November 2019, it was announced that Hawley would be writing and directing the fourth installment in the rebooted "Star Trek" franchise.

Personal life.

Hawley resides in Austin, Texas and Los Angeles, California, with his wife, Kyle Hawley, and their two children. He was previously married to Beth Weintraub.

Noah Hawley (born ) is an American television writer and producer, screenwriter, and bestselling author, known for creating and writing the FX television series "Fargo" (2014–present) and "Legion" (2017–2019). Hawley earlier worked on the television series "Bones" (2005–2008), "The Unusuals" (2009), and "My Generation" (2010).

Noah Hawley, né en 1967 à New York, est un écrivain, scénariste et réalisateur américain. Auteur de roman policier, il est notamment le créateur de la série télévisée américaine "Fargo".


Biography.

Svein Rosseland was born in Kvam, in Hardanger, Norway. Rosseland grew up the youngest of nine siblings. He went to his final exams in Haugesund in 1917 and then went to the University of Oslo. After only three semesters at the University he left in 1919 to work as an assistant professor with the meteorologist Vilhelm Bjerknes at the Bergen School of Meteorology. In 1920 he went to the Institute of Physics (now the Niels Bohr Institute) in Copenhagen, where he met Niels Bohr and other prominent physicists, and where he wrote two seminal papers. He spent 1924–1926 as a Rockefeller Fellow at the Mount Wilson Observatory in Pasadena, California.  In 1927, Rosseland earned a PhD. from the University of Oslo. As a professor at the University of Oslo from 1928 to 1964, he built up and headed academics at the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics ("Institutt for Teoretisk Astrofysikk"). Rosseland was a key participant when the University of Oslo built the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics in 1934, using funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. Between 1929-30 he was a guest professor at the Harvard College Observatory. In 1934 he founded the journal "Astrophysics Norvegica", published by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 1936 he published his textbook "Theoretical Astrophysics", which contained numerous original contributions. Rosseland was instrumental in the effort behind the building of the Oslo Analyzer, finished in 1938 and for four years the world's most powerful differential analyzer.  With the German occupation of Norway in World War II, he fled the country and went to the United States where he was appointed professor at Princeton University. In 1943 he went to London to work with the development of radar by the British Air Defense Ministry and later at the Admiralty, where he worked on underwater explosions. He was also a consultant for the U.S. Time Corporation, a company that later evolved into the Norwegian-owned company Timex Group USA. In the war's final years, he worked on military research at Columbia University.  Rosseland returned to Norway in 1946. In the postwar period he was involved in the development of the Norwegian research policy and was among those involved in the creation of the Institute for Energy Technology which was established in 1948 and Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences which was founded during 1955. He was also the driving force behind the creation of Harestua Solar Observatory located at Gunnarshaugen in Oppland, which was inaugurated in 1954.  Rosseland was Norwegian delegate to the CERN Council in the early days of the organization.

Legacy.

In 1957 he was decorated Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. The minor planet 1646 Rosseland and the lunar crater "Rosseland" are named after him, as is the Rosseland mean opacity. The Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Oslo is housed in "Svein Rosseland's House". In honor of the 100th anniversary of his birth, the Svein Rosseland Centenary Symposium was held at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in Oslo during June 1994. A bust of him was also erected at Steinsdalsfossen near his home in Norheimsund.

Svein Rosseland (March 31, 1894, Kvam, Hardanger – January 19, 1985, Bærum) was a Norwegian astrophysicist and a pioneer in the field of theoretical astrophysics.

Svein Rosseland (né le, mort le ) est un astrophysicien norvégien, pionnier dans le domaine de l'astrophysique théorique. Il a donné son nom à un cratère lunaire et à un astéroïde.


Operation Reinhard.

In April 1942 Ittner was brought into the "SS" as part of Operation Reinhard and sent to Sobibór. According to the testimony of his colleague Kurt Bolender, "SS-Oberscharführer" Ittner served as camp accountant and one of his duties was to run the cashier's room where arriving inmates were forced to hand over their money and valuables to Ittner through a window. Herbert Floss would subsequently succeed him in this role.  Charged with supervising in "Lager" 3, close to the scene of a mass grave, Ittner found his time in this role harrowing and after four months there was, by his own request, transferred away to back the relatively less fraught surroundings of Action T4 in 1944. Ittner worked under Franz Stangl in this role although the two had a poor relationship, with Ittner claiming that his refusal to help Stangl misappropriate funds had led to a breakdown between the two.  Before long Ittner was conscripted into the army and sent to the Eastern Front, where he was taken as a prisoner of war by the Soviet Union. Released in 1948, Ittner disappeared until 1964 when he was arrested in his native Kulmbach, where he was found working as a manual labourer. Brought to trial in Hagen in 1965 for his role at Sobibór, Ittner was one of a number of defendants in the trial found guilty, although the relatively lenient eight-year prison sentence handed down was widely condemned.  Ittner would state with regards to Sobibór:  The camp was a large and self-contained organization which had as its mission to kill as many Jews as quickly as possible... The mass murder of the Jews was not carried out by one single individual, but by a multitude of SS people. Each one was a small cog in the wheel driving an extermination machine that could work only as long as all of them did. That is why, in my opinion, all the camp guards at Sobibór, regardless of their actual job, carried out the killings of the Jews. I would like to emphasize particularly that on arrival of a transport all other work was abandoned, and the camp staff all took part in the actual extermination process.

Alfred Ittner (13 January 1907 – 3 November 1976) was an SS functionary of Nazi Germany who served at the Sobibór extermination camp.

Alfred Ittner (Kulmbach – ) était un officier de la SS, surtout connu pour son rôle au camp d'extermination de Sobibor.


Design.

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-640" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-640" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history.

The boat's career began with training at 5th U-boat Flotilla on 17 September 1942, followed by active service on 1 May 1943 as part of the 6th Flotilla.  In 1 patrol she sank no ships.

Wolfpacks.

"U-640" took part in one wolfpack, namely

Fate.

There are discrepancies between the fate of "U-640" and, which was sunk in the same vicinity around the same time. Paul Kemp’s book attributes the sinking of British freighter "Aymeric" to "U-640", and then subsequently sunk by on the 17 May 1943, whereas UBoat.net attributes this success and fate to "U-657".  Uboat.net states that "U-640" was sunk on 14 May 1943 in the Atlantic Ocean in position, by depth charges from a US Catalina of VP-84. All hands were lost.

German submarine "U-640" was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" for service during World War II. She was laid down on 30 October 1941 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 616, launched on 23 July 1942 and commissioned on 17 September 1942 under "Oberleutnant zur See" Karl-Heinz Nagel.

L'Unterseeboot 640 ou U-640 est un sous-marin allemand (U-Boot) de type VIIC utilisé par la Kriegsmarine pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


Machinery.

"Polar Sea" uses four different methods of electronic navigation to overcome the difficulties of high-latitude operations, and a computerized propulsion control system to effectively manage six diesel-powered propulsion generators, three diesel-powered ship's service generators, three propulsion gas turbines, and other equipment vital to the operation of the ship. The extensive use of automation and low maintenance materials have greatly reduced staffing requirements.  "Polar Sea"'s three shafts are each turned by either a two diesel-electric or one gas turbine power plants. Each shaft is connected to a 16-foot (4.9-m) diameter, four-bladed, controllable-pitch propeller. For all three shafts, the diesel-electric plants can produce a total of 18,000 shaft horsepower (13,425 kilowatts) and the gas turbine plants a total of 75,000 demand shaft horsepower (56 MW) or 60,000 continuous horsepower (44.8 MW).

Hull design and strength.

"Polar Sea" has sufficient hull strength to absorb the high-powered ice ramming common to her operations. The shell plating and associated internal support structure are fabricated from steel with superior low-temperature strength. The portion of the hull designed to ram ice is 13⁄4 inches thick (44 mm) in the bow and stern sections, and 11⁄4 inches thick (32 mm) amidships. The hull strength is produced almost entirely from a sophisticated internal support structure that features canted ribs for approximately the forward two-thirds of the ship's frame. "Polar Sea's" hull shape is designed to maximize icebreaking by efficiently combining the forces of the ship's forward motion, the downward pull of gravity on the bow, and the upward push of the inherent buoyancy of the stern. The curved bow and heavy weight allows "Polar Sea" to force ice edges to break off downward as cusps. Contrary to some myths, this design does not use sharp edges or hammer-like blows to cut or break the ice, as the round bow and massive weight are sufficient. With high power to back it up, the 13,000-ton (13,200-metric ton) "Polar Sea" is able to continuously progress through 6 feet (1.8 m) of new hard ice at 3 knots (6 km/h) and break up to 21 feet when using back-and-ram methods.

Crew.

Operations in the remote, hazardous and unforgiving polar regions make it necessary for the crew of "Polar Sea" to be highly self-sufficient. The crew consists of personnel trained in navigation, engineering, welding, machinery repair, electronics, boat handling, firefighting, damage control, diving, medicine, and nearly every other kind of special skill that could possibly be needed. Duty on an icebreaker is long and strenuous, especially when it involves being away from homeport for up to eight months out of the year. There is a crew of 24 officers, 20 chief petty officers and 102 enlisted. The ship has four sizable lounges, a library (recently converted), a gymnasium (in an engineering space), and a small ship's store. It also has its own U.S. Post Office, satellite pay telephones, amateur radio equipment, photo lab, and movie library.

Missions.

"Polar Sea" has a variety of missions while operating in polar regions. During Antarctic deployments, the primary missions include breaking a channel through the sea ice to resupply the McMurdo Station in the Ross Sea. Resupply ships use the channel to bring food, fuel, and other goods to make it through another winter. In addition to these duties, "Polar Sea" also serves as a scientific research platform with five laboratories, additional space for seven portable laboratories on deck and accommodations for up to 35 scientists. The "J"-shaped cranes and work areas near the stern and port side of ship give scientists the capability to do at-sea studies in the fields of geology, vulcanology, oceanography, sea-ice physics and other disciplines.

Aircraft carried.

"Polar Sea" carried two HH-65 Dolphin helicopters during major deployments. They support scientific parties, do ice reconnaissance, cargo transfer, and search and rescue as required. The Aviation Detachment comes from the Polar Operations Division at Coast Guard Aviation Training Center, Mobile, Alabama.

Notable operations.

In nautical history, "Polar Sea" holds several notable records. On 11 February 1981, "Polar Sea" made history when she became the first ship ever to reach Point Barrow, Alaska in the middle of winter. She is also just one of only three ships that has ever completely transited the Arctic Ocean and circumnavigated North America. On 22 August 1994, "Polar Sea" was one of the first two North American surface vessels to reach the North Pole; she sailed together with.

1985 controversy.

In 1985, "Polar Sea" triggered a diplomatic event by navigating the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska without authorization from the Canadian government. It was the United States’ position that the Northwest Passage was an international strait open to shipping and it sought only to notify Canada rather than ask for permission. Publication of the plans enraged the Canadian public opinion as it was regarded as a breach and disregard of sovereignty and prompted the government to take preventive measures in defending Canada's arctic territories. The U.S. never recognized Canada's claim over the Northwest passage but nevertheless, the two countries reached an agreement two years later which stipulated that in the future, the U.S. would ask permission before navigating the disputed waters.

Service Status.

"Polar Sea" has been out of service since 2010 due to failure of five of her six Alco main diesel engines. Examination of her engines indicated excessive engine wear, with engine pistons welded to their sleeves. A root cause analysis apparently traced the problem to improper installation of piston rings and/or installation of incorrect (chromed vs. plain) rings. In 2011 the Coast Guard slated "Polar Sea" for demolition in 2012, but the scrapping of the 35-year-old icebreaker was postponed by Congress for at least six months in June. A congressional authorization required the Coast Guard to make a report to Congress on the feasibility of retrofitting "Polar Sea". The report was submitted in November 2013 and indicated that it is feasible to retrofit and reactivate "Polar Sea". the laid up ship was still in limbo alongside a pier at the Coast Guard Station on Elliott Bay, Seattle. It has not been determined if a new class will be funded, commercial icebreaker leasing options will be explored, and/or if the ship should be scrapped.

Refit plans.

On March 25, 2008 the "Navy Times" described options for the refit or replacement of the older Polar-class vessels. The four options laid out were:  On June 16, 2008 the US Coast Guard announced that "Polar Sea" would undergo a $6.3 million refit in the Todd Shipyards in Seattle. The refit was expected to be completed by September 2008.  On May 21, 2009, Todd Shipyards announced it had been awarded an additional $5,515,503 for its maintenance of "Polar Sea".  On February 15, 2011, the Coast Guard via ALCOAST 059/11 announced that "Polar Sea" would be decommissioned by September 2011; however no final decision on her fate has been made as of December 2016.  In April 2014, the United States House of Representatives considered the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2014 (H.R. 4005; 113th Congress), a bill that would amend laws that govern the activities of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the Maritime Administration (MARAD) within the Department of Transportation, and the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC). One of the provisions of the bill, according to a summary by the Congressional Research Service, "authorizes the Commandant to decommission the icebreaker "Polar Sea" if the Secretary does not make a determination regarding whether it is cost-effective to reactivate such icebreaker. Requires the Commandant to submit to Congress: (1) a strategy to meet the Coast Guard's Arctic ice operations needs through September 30, 2050; and (2) unless the Secretary determines that it is cost-effective to reactivate "Polar Sea", a bridging strategy for maintaining the Coast Guard's polar icebreaking services until at least September 30, 2024 (currently, a bridging strategy for maintaining operations until at least September 30, 2022, is required only if the Secretary determines that it is not cost-effective to reactivate "Polar Sea")."  A condition assessment of "Polar Sea" in August 2016 indicated that only one out of six of the 1,200 system components were supportable for five years or more. Vice Commandant Adm. Charles Michel says the only choices for continuing the icebreaker missions are either restoring "Polar Star" while in service or reactivating "Polar Sea", at a to be determined cost; this estimate is due in early 2017, so at that time lawmakers will likely decide the ship's fate. In February 2017, it was stated that "Polar Sea" would not be refurbished due to high cost; instead, the icebreaker would be used as a "parts donor" for "Polar Star".

USCGC "Polar Sea" (WAGB-11) is a United States Coast Guard heavy icebreaker. Commissioned on 23 February 1977, the ship was built by Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company of Seattle along with her sister ship, "Polar Star" (WAGB-10). Her home port is Seattle, Washington.

Le USCGC "Polar Sea" (WAGB-11) est un brise-glace de l'United States Coast Guard des États-Unis. Mis en service en 1977, il a été construit par à Harbor Island (Seattle) avec son sister-ship. Son port d'attache est Seattle et sa zone d'activité est le Pacifique et l'Antarctique.


History.

Pretty Simple was founded in 2010 by partners Bastien Cazenave and Corentin Raux and was backed by Idinvest Partners. Idenvest originally put up €300,000 in seed capital, which was followed by another €2.5 million after the game achieved a level of early modest success. The murder investigation theme was chosen first by the developers, who decided to make the game in the Hidden Object genre due to it making both business and personal sense. Just two months after the games launch, it had 1 million Daily Active Users. As of mid-2013, "Criminal Case" attracted more than ten million monthly average users and became highly competitive with "Candy Crush Saga", the most popular game on Facebook with over 46 million average monthly users. The developers explained in late 2013: "To put out an investigation each week, there's almost 30 people working on it. We have writers and artists just really working hard to put out this content." On December 4, 2013, the game achieved over 100 million users. Five days later, "Criminal Case" won the Facebook Game of the Year 2013 award. By this time the episodes had been translated into nine languages, and they were making an 8-digit sum of revenue. The game has a 40-percent share of Facebook users. Some reasons cited for the game's success include its graphic crime scenes and meaningful narratives. 2017 research by United Worldwide found that 80% of the active players are women aged between 30 and 55. Seven additional titles, "Criminal Case: Pacific Bay", "Criminal Case: Save the World!", "Criminal Case: Mysteries of the Past", "Criminal Case: The Conspiracy", "Criminal Case: Travel in Time", "Criminal Case: Supernatural Investigations" and "Criminal Case: City of Romance" were launched.

Critical reception.

Australian Council on Children and the Media gave the game an amber rating (parental guidance required) due to containing gambling elements. Similarly, SaferKid cautioned parents that the title included crude humor and profanity. Common Sense Media deemed it "polished" and "interesting". AdWeek praised the game's strong story and interesting gameplay. The Spectrum felt the game was "oddly gruesome" and "whimsical". Funky Games thought it was one of the five best hidden object games for Android or iOS platforms. Kotaku described the game as dark and gritty, though felt that the pay-to-play element of gameplay held them back from progressing.

Criminal Case is a detective-themed hidden object game released on November 15, 2012 for Facebook. An iOS version was released worldwide on August 28, 2014, followed by an Android version on April 15, 2015. In 2018, the Facebook version was converted from Adobe Flash to HTML5. Developed and published by French indie studio Pretty Simple, "Criminal Case" has over ten million average monthly users. On December 9, 2013, "Criminal Case" was crowned the Facebook Game of the Year 2013.

Criminal Case est un jeu vidéo de réflexion développé et édité par Pretty Simple, sorti à partir de 2012 sur navigateur (Facebook), iOS et Android.


Early life and education.

Yoder was born and raised on a grain and livestock farm in Yoder, Kansas, a small farming town outside of Hutchinson. He is the son of Susan Elizabeth Peck (née Alexander) and Wayne E. Yoder. His ancestry includes Northern Irish, German, and English.  Yoder graduated from Hutchinson High School and, in 1999, from the University of Kansas with a dual major in English and Political Science. He served as KU Student Body president, president of the Kansas Union Memorial Corporation Board of Directors, and as a board member of the KU Athletics Corporation. He was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity, served as president, and received the 2012 Order of Achievement award from Lambda Chi Alpha. While at KU, Yoder interned with the Kansas State Legislature. In 2002, he received a law degree from the University of Kansas Law School where he served for two years as Student Bar Association President. Yoder has served on the KU Law School Board of Governors. He was a 2007 graduate of Leadership Kansas.

Law career.

Yoder worked as a law clerk for Payne and Jones from 2000 to 2001, then as a special assistant in the U.S. Department of Defense's Office of Counternarcotics in 2001. He joined Speer and Holliday LLP, a small law firm in Olathe, as an associate and became a partner in 2005.  Yoder is a member of the American Council of Young Political Leaders and the Kansas Bar Association, and has served on the Board of Directors of the Johnson County Bar Association.

Kansas House of Representatives.

Yoder was first elected to the Kansas House of Representatives (20th district) on January 13, 2003. He succeeded Gerry Ray. He was then subsequently re-elected to the office three times. The district includes portions of Overland Park and Leawood.  As chair of the Kansas State House Appropriations Committee, he had the responsibility to balance the budget, cut government spending, oppose raising taxes, and allocate over $13 billion in state revenue to public schools, universities, prisons, social services and highways. In March 2010, the committee introduced its budget plan. The proposed plan was defeated by a bipartisan group of moderate Republicans and Democrats in May 2010. Yoder also served on the Judiciary Committee from 2003 through 2011.

U.S. House of Representatives.

Tenure.

Yoder was a Co-Chairman of the Bipartisan Congressional Civility Caucus, Cancer Caucus, Deaf Caucus, and Beef Caucus.  In 2012, Yoder and Missouri Democratic Representative Emanuel Cleaver were jointly awarded the Consensus Civility award for their respectful and bipartisan efforts to work with members of both political parties. In 2017, the two representatives penned a guest column on remaining united to CNN in response to the 2017 congressional baseball shooting that left House Majority Whip Steve Scalise gravely injured.  In May 2018, Yoder became chairman of the Subcommittee on Homeland Security.  On December 15, 2009, Yoder announced his intention to run for the open seat in the United States Congress. On August 3, 2010, he won the Republican primary with 45% of the vote, running against former State Representative Patricia Lightner, Dave King, Gerry B. Klotz, Daniel Gilyeat, Jerry M. Malone, Craig McPherson, John Rysavy, and Jean Ann Uvodich.

Elections.

He received the endorsement of "The Kansas City Star", which stated, "He believes government spending has to be controlled and is best used when it spurs economic growth, a good stance in this jobless recovery. His experience as the Kansas House appropriations committee would serve him well in Congress". Yoder also received endorsements from Kansans For Life and the National Rifle Association.  During the general campaign, Yoder set up the website stephenemoore.com in the name of Stephene Moore, his Democratic opponent, and the wife of Dennis Moore, the retiring congressman. Yoder used the site to raise questions about her campaign and issue policy positions. Moore's campaign filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission about the website on grounds that an "unauthorized committee" is not permitted to use the name of a candidate in the title of a special project or message if it "clearly and unambiguously" shows opposition to the named candidate. The FEC dismissed the complaint against Yoder on a 3-2 party-line vote, with Republican commissioners voting in Yoder's favor and Democratic commissioners voting in Moore's favor. In the general election, with 59% of the vote, Yoder won against Democratic nominee obstetrics nurse Stephene Moore and Libertarian nominee Jasmin Talbert.  In the election of 2012, Yoder ran for re-election. He faced no opposition in the 2012 primary election. In the general election, Yoder was endorsed by "The Kansas City Star", and faced Libertarian nominee Joel Balam, a college professor. Yoder won with 68% of the vote.  In the election of 2014, Yoder again ran for re-election. He faced no opposition in the 2014 primary election. In the general election, Yoder faced Democratic nominee Kelly Kultala, a former member of the Kansas Senate. Yoder won with 60% of the vote. In the 2014 election cycle, "Securities and Investment" was the number one industry contributing to Yoder's campaign committee and leadership PAC. According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Yoder received $53,257 from the payday-loan industry in the 2014 election cycle.  In May 2016, Yoder endorsed Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential race.  In 2016, Yoder was challenged in the Republican primary by retired U.S. Army lieutenant colonel Greg Goode of Louisburg, who ran on a far-right platform. Yoder defeated Goode, 64-36 percent. As of June 2016, Yoder had raised far more money in campaign contributions than either his Republican primary opponent or his Democratic rival.  In the November general election, Yoder faced Democratic nominee Jay Sidie of Mission Woods. According to an October 19, 2016, poll commissioned by the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, Sidie was polling four points behind Yoder. Yoder defeated Sidie by 10 points, winning 51% of the vote to Sidie's 41%.  Through three quarters of 2017, Yoder had raised more money than any other congressional candidate in Kansas history up to that point in an election cycle. In the November 2018 general election, he was defeated by Democrat Sharice Davids who raised almost $1 million more than Yoder. Davids won 53.3% of the vote to Yoder's 44.2%, with Libertarian Chris Clemmons winning the remaining 2.5%.

Political positions.

According to "McClatchy", Yoder had by July 2018 voted with Trump 92 percent of the time.

Economic issues.

Taxes.

In December 2017, Yoder voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

Child care.

Throughout the tax debate, Yoder focused his efforts on lowering the costs of child care as the lead sponsor of the Promoting Affordable Childcare for Everyone Act along with Democrat Stephanie Murphy of Florida. The two representatives met privately with Adviser to the President Ivanka Trump, who focused her efforts on child care throughout the tax debate as well, in October to pitch their legislation for inclusion in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Although the bill was not eventually included in the final tax reform draft, Yoder fought alongside members of the House Ways and Means Committee to preserve child care tax credits and flex spending accounts in the new tax code.

Financial regulations.

Yoder was responsible for the so-called "push-out" provision inserted into the 2014 spending bill, the text of which critics argued was written by Citigroup. Yoder denied the claim, arguing the amendment was based on bipartisan legislation called the Swaps Regulatory Improvement Act that had passed the House of Representatives in 2013 with votes from 70 Democrats. Yoder's amendment and the 2013 legislation rolled-back Section 716 of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 dealing with derivatives, credit-default swaps and other instruments (which some argued helped spark the financial crisis of 2007-08) uninsured by taxpayers if they went bad. Yoder said the measure was necessary to prevent smaller regional and community banks from being squeezed out of the swaps derivatives market entirely. In an editorial, the "Kansas City Star" wrote that Yoder had "played a regrettable role in the raucous government-funding exercise."

Domestic issues.

Immigration.

As Chairman of the House Homeland Security Appropriations Committee in 2018, Yoder secured $5 billion for 200 miles of new border barrier construction in the Rio Grande Valley region of the southern border, where cartels currently traffic most of the $64 billion in drugs and people each year into the United States. Yoder's bill also secured funding for 400 new ICE agents, 375 new CBP agents, nearly 4,000 new detention beds, money for opioid detection and other border enforcement measures. President Donald Trump subsequently tweeted that Yoder has his "full and total endorsement" for re-election, saying he is "strong on crime, strong on border." Having lost his 2018 re-election bid, the congressman will likely play an important role in shepherding the final passage of the border wall funding which might be telling on the President's legacy, as well as, determining the congressman's political future.  Yoder opposed sanctuary cities, which are jurisdictions that do not strictly enforce federal immigration laws, and has pushed legislation to withhold Homeland Security funds from those jurisdictions.  Yoder sponsored the Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act, which would remove the per-nation cap on employment-based green cards, which the Cato Institute estimates is causing a backlog of anywhere between 230,000 and 2 million Indian nationals in the system, forcing them to wait between 50 and 250 years for green cards. The text of the bill was successfully adopted into Yoder's must-pass Homeland Security Appropriations bill in July.

Health care.

Yoder opposed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). On May 4, 2017, he voted to repeal the act and pass the American Health Care Act.  In March 2017, "ProPublica" reported that Yoder had said that the quality of health care in the country had declined due to the Affordable Care Act, an assertion that "ProPublica" found to be without proof and in contradiction to some data.

Scientific research.

Yoder has advocated for increased funding for biomedical research. In 2016, Yoder tried to convince "the most ardent or strident conservatives in the House of Representatives to get them to embrace research" as a fiscally and morally responsible thing to fund. More than 100 House Republicans, including conservative members like Dave Brat, signed onto his letter to House leadership pushing for a $3 billion bump. In the end, Congress provided the largest funding increase for research in 12 years. At the end of that year, he penned a guest column for Fox News, arguing that support for cures to diseases and federal funding for medical research could be an issue to rally a divided country following the 2016 presidential election.  In 2017, Yoder vocally opposed the Trump Administration's proposed budget cuts to the National Institutes of Health. Instead, Yoder worked with colleagues on the House Appropriations Committee to secure another $2 billion funding increase for the NIH for Fiscal Year 2017.

Technology.

In 2017, Yoder voted for a Congressional Review Act resolution repealing an Obama-era Federal Communications Commission rule regarding internet privacy. Yoder broke ranks, siding with 190 Democrats (and 14 Republicans) when he voted against allowing internet providers to snoop on users and sell their personal online history.  In 2013, Yoder, along with Democrat Rep. Jared Polis (D-CO) introduced the Email Privacy Act which prevents law enforcement officials to access email communications without warrants. Congress passed it in 2016 by a vote of 419-0, and again by a unanimous vote in 2017.  Yoder also reintroduced the Kelsey Smith Act, legislation that required cell phone carriers to provide location information to the authorities in situations involving "risk of death or serious physical injury." In May 2016, the bill failed to receive the two-thirds required majority of the House of Representatives to pass under a procedural hurdle, due to privacy concerns.

Disaster aid.

In September 2017, Yoder voted against a bipartisan deal to increase the debt ceiling while also providing relief to the communities devastated by Hurricane Harvey.

Environment.

Regarding climate change, Yoder said in 2015, "Global warming is a concern that should be debated, but most proposals require huge amount of American sacrifice with little effect on global temperatures, and we should oppose those at every turn."  Yoder supported President Trump's withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement, saying that the costs of the agreement outweighed the benefits.

Social issues.

Abortion.

Yoder has a 100 percent voting record from the National Right to Life Committee for his abortion-related voting record.

Cannabis.

Yoder has a "D" rating from NORML for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes. Yoder opposes veterans having access to medical marijuana if recommended by their Veterans Health Administration doctor and if it is legal for medicinal purposes in their state of residence.

LGBT Issues.

In 2017, Yoder split with President Trump, opposing his announced ban on transgender individuals serving openly in the military.  Yoder has a zero rating from the Human Rights Campaign for his LGBT rights voting record. Yoder opposed same-sex marriage and believed it was federal overreach legalizing it nationally.

Personal life.

Yoder and his wife, Brooke, live in Overland Park with their two daughters. They are members of the Church of the Resurrection in Leawood.  In February 2009, Yoder was pulled over for speeding on the K-10 expressway. After passing a field sobriety test, Yoder declined the officer's request to take a roadside Breathalyzer test. The officer cited Yoder for speeding and for refusing to take the breathalyzer test, and then let Yoder drive himself home. In a plea agreement, the speeding charge was dropped. Yoder pleaded guilty to refusing law enforcement's request for a breath test and paid a $165 fine.  In 2012, Politico reported that about a year earlier, on August 4, 2011, Yoder partook in a late-night dip in the Sea of Galilee while on a fact-finding trip to Israel with other members of Congress. According to the report, about 20 of the 30 members of the trip joined in, with Yoder swimming nude. Yoder apologized to his constituents and said in a statement that "it was dark out with visibility limited to only a few feet," and said he was in the water for about 10 seconds before climbing out. Yoder continued, "Part of the reason I made that decision at that moment was there was really nobody in the vicinity who could see me," he said. "I dove in, hopped right back out, put my clothes on and, regardless, that was still not the behavior people expected out of their congressman." The FBI investigated the matter, however neither Yoder nor any member of his staff were interviewed. Then-House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, who was present, reprimanded Yoder for the incident.

Electoral history.

Kevin Yoder (R) 55% Kirk Perucca (D) 45%  Kevin Yoder (R) 67% Max Skidmore (D) 33%  Kevin Yoder (R) 58% Alex Holsinger (D) 42%  Kevin Yoder (R) 65% Gary Glauberman (D) 35%

Kevin Wayne Yoder (born January 8, 1976) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for from 2011 to 2019. A Republican, Yoder was the Kansas State Representative for the 20th district from 2003 to 2011.

Kevin Wayne Yoder, né le à Hutchinson (Kansas), est un homme politique américain, élu républicain du Kansas à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis de 2011 à 2019.


Education.

Simmons went to Durham University (Trevelyan College), where she studied Physics and Chemistry of Materials (1985–1988). As a postgraduate at St Aidan's College she was awarded a PhD on "The characterisation of CdTe-based epitaxial solar cell structures fabricated by MOVPE" in 1992 for research supervised by Andrew W. Brinkman.

Career and research.

In the 1990s Simmons worked as a Research Fellow in quantum electronics alongside Michael Pepper at the Cavendish Laboratory in the UK where she gained an international reputation for her work in the discovery of the 0.7 feature and the development of 'hole' transistors. In 1999, she was awarded a QEII Fellowship and went to Australia, where she was a founding member of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology. She made the Australia Day address for NSW in 2017 and spoke about the importance of setting high expectations for students. She made it clear that Australians need to set the bar high and tell their students they expect them to jump over it. She said, "It is better to do the things that have the greatest reward; things that are hard, not easy." Simmons also criticised the lowering of standards in physics education in the HSC (Higher School Certificate) curriculum, in which an effort has been made to make physics more appealing to girls by substituting mathematical problem-solving with qualitative responses, remarking that the curriculum had a "feminised nature".  When Simmons was made Australian of the Year in 2018, she spoke about the importance of not being defined by other people's expectations of you. She said, "Don't live your life according to what other people think. Go out there and do what you really want to do." She is passionate about encouraging girls to pursue a career in science and technology. “Seeing women in leadership roles and competing internationally is important. It gives them the sense that anything is possible,” she said.

Achievements.

Simmons is well-known for creating the field of atomic electronics. Since 2000 she has established a large research group dedicated to the fabrication of atomic scale devices in silicon and germanium using the atomic precision of scanning tunnelling microscopy. Her research group is the only group worldwide that can create atomically precise devices in silicon—they were also the first team in the world to develop a working "perfect" single-atom transistor and the narrowest conducting doped wires in silicon.  Simmons has published over 400 peer-reviewed journal papers amassing over 9,000 citations, written five book chapters and published a book on nanotechnology. She has also filed seven patents and delivered over 200 invited and plenary presentations at international conferences.

Honours and awards.

Simmons is an elected trustee of Sydney Grammar School.  In 1999, she was awarded a QEII Fellowship and came to Australia.  In 2005, Simmons was awarded the Australian Academy of Science's Pawsey Medal  In 2006, she became one of the youngest researchers to be elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA).  In 2011, she was named NSW Scientist of the Year by the NSW Government Office of the Chief Scientist & Engineer.  In 2014, she was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.  In 2015, Simmons was awarded the Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal, and was the winner of the Eureka Prize for Leadership in Science. She was also elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (FTSE).  She was named the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science Asia-Pacific Laureate in 2017 and was subsequently profiled in a short documentary on France24 TV.  In 2018, Simmons was named Australian of the Year in 2018 for her work in quantum physics, and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).  In 2019, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) as part of the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours recognition.  She was New South Wales Scientist of the Year in 2011 and awarded the Royal Society of New South Wales Walter Burfitt Prize in 2013.The Australian Research Council made her a Laureate Fellow in 2013.

Personal life.

Simmons has resided in Australia since 1999, taking citizenship in 2007. She is married to Thomas Barlow, a novelist and business analyst. They have three children.

Michelle Yvonne Simmons, (born 14 July 1967) is a Scientia Professor of Quantum Physics in the Faculty of Science at the University of New South Wales and has twice been an Australian Research Council Federation Fellow and is an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow. She is the Director of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation & Communication Technology and is recognised internationally as a pioneer in atomic electronics. She is also editor-in-chief of "npj Quantum Information", an academic journal publishing articles in the emerging field of quantum information science. On 25 January 2018, Simmons was named as the 2018 Australian of the Year for her work and dedication to quantum information science. On 10 June 2019, Simmons was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of her "distinguished service to science education as a leader in quantum and atomic electronics and as a role model."

Michelle Yvonne Simmons est une physicienne anglo-australienne, née en 1967 à Londres. Elle est professeure de physique quantique à l'université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (Australie) où elle est directrice du centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology. Elle est membre de l'académie australienne des sciences depuis 2006 et de l'académie américaine des arts et des sciences depuis 2014. Elle est lauréate du prix L'Oréal-Unesco pour les femmes et la science en 2017 pour sa contribution révolutionnaire à l’électronique quantique et atomique, du transistor atomique à l’ordinateur quantique.


Early life.

Nirmala Sitharaman was born in a Tamil family in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, to Savitri and Narayanan Sitharaman. She had her schooling from Madras and Tiruchirappalli. She obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics at the Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Tiruchirapalli in 1980, Master of Arts degree in economics and M.Phil. from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi in 1984. She then enrolled for a Ph.D. in Economics with a focus on Indo-Europe trade; but a move to London after her husband secured a scholarship in London School of Economics left her unable to complete the degree.

Political career.

Sitharaman joined the BJP in 2006 and was appointed as a spokesperson for the party in 2010. In 2014, she was inducted into Narendra Modi's cabinet as a junior minister and in June 2014, she was elected as a Rajya Sabha Member from Andhra Pradesh.  In May 2016, she was one of the 12 candidates nominated by the BJP to contest the Rajya Sabha elections due on 11 June 2016. She successfully contested her seat from Karnataka.

Union Cabinet Minister.

Union Defence Minister.

On 3 September 2017, she was appointed as Minister of Defence, being only the second woman after Indira Gandhi to hold the post, but the first full-time female defence minister.

Union Finance Minister.

On 31 May 2019, Nirmala Sitharaman was appointed as the finance and corporate affairs minister. She is India's first full-time female finance minister. She presented her maiden budget in the Indian parliament on 5 July 2019. Sitharaman presented the Union Budget 2020–21 on 1 Feb 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic in India she was made in-charge of the COVID-19 Economic Response Task Force.

Non-political career.

Nirmala Sitharaman worked as a salesperson at Habitat, a home decor store in London's Regent Street. She has served as an assistant to Economist in the Agricultural Engineers Association in the UK. During her stay in the UK, she has also served as a Senior Manager (R&D) for PWC and briefly at the BBC World Service.  She has also served as a member of National Commission for Women. In 2017, she was one of the founding directors of Pranava in Hyderabad.

Awards and honors.

The Jawaharlal Nehru University conferred her the Distinguished Alumni Award in 2019. Forbes Magazine has ranked her 34th among the 100 most powerful women in the world in 2019.

Personal life.

Sitharaman met her husband Parakala Prabhakar who is from Narsapuram, Andhra Pradesh, while studying at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. While Nirmala leaned towards the BJP, her husband was from a Congress family. They married in 1986, and have a daughter. Prabhakar served as a communications advisor to the Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister, Chandrababu Naidu.

Nirmala Sitharaman (born 18 August 1959) is an Indian politician serving as the current Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs of India. She is a member of the Rajya Sabha, upper house of the Indian Parliament, since 2014. Sitharaman formerly served as the Defence Minister of India, thereby becoming India's second female defence minister and also the second female finance minister after Indira Gandhi, and first full-time female Finance Minister. She has served as the Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs under the Ministry of Finance and the Minister for Commerce and Industry with independent charge. Prior to that, she served as a national spokesperson for the BJP.

Nirmala Sitharaman, née le, est une femme politique indienne de l’État de Tamil Nadu. De 2010 à 2014, elle est porte-parole nationale du Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). De 2014 à 2017, elle est ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie, ainsi que ministre d'État aux Finances et aux Affaires corporatives au sein du ministère des Finances dirigé par Arun Jaitley. Depuis 2016, elle représente l'État du Karnataka à la Rajya Sabha puis occupe les fonctions de ministre de la Défense de 2017 à 2019, et de ministre des Finances depuis 2019.


Mammaliaformes in life.

Early mammaliaforms were generally shrew-like in appearance and size, and most of their distinguishing characteristics were internal. In particular, the structure of the mammaliaform (and mammal) jaw and the arrangement of teeth are nearly unique. Instead of having many teeth that are frequently replaced, mammals have one set of baby teeth and later one set of adult teeth that fit together precisely. This is thought to aid in the grinding of food to make it quicker to digest. Warm-blooded animals require more calories than those that are cold-blooded, so speeding up the pace of digestion is a necessity. The drawback to the fixed dentition is that worn teeth cannot be replaced, as was possible for the reptilian ancestors of mammaliaforms. To compensate, mammals developed prismatic enamel, characterized by crystallite discontinuities that helped spread out the force of the bite.  Lactation, along with other characteristically mammalian features, is also thought to characterize the Mammaliaformes, but these traits are difficult to study in the fossil record. Evidence of lactation is present in morganucodontans, via tooth replacement patterns. Combined with the more basal tritylodontids that also display evidence of lactation, this seems to imply that milk is an ancestral characteristic in this group. However, the fairly derived "Sinoconodon" appears to have uniquely discarded milk altogether. Prior to hatching, the milk glands would provide moisture to the leathery eggs, a situation still found in monotremes.  The early mammaliaforms did have a harderian gland. In modern mammals, this is used for cleaning the fur, indicating that they, contrary to their Cynodont ancestors, had a furry covering. An insulative covering is necessary to keep a homeothermic animal warm if it is very small, less than 5 cm (1.97 in) long; The 3.2 cm (1.35 in) "Hadrocodium" must have had fur, therefore, but the 10 cm (3.94 in) "Morganucodon" might not have needed it. The docodont "Castorocauda", further removed from crown group mammals than "Hadrocodium", had two layers of fur, guard hairs and underfur, as do mammals today.  It is possible that early mammaliaforms had "vibrissae"; Tritheledontidae, a group of Cynodonts, probably had whiskers. A common ancestor of all therian mammals did so. Indeed, some humans even still develop vestigial vibrissal muscles in the upper lip. Thus, it is possible that the development of the whisker sensory system played an important role in mammalian development, more generally.  Like monotremes today, the legs of early mammaliaforms were somewhat sprawling, giving a rather "reptilian" type of gait. However, there was a general tendency to have more erect forelimbs, forms like eutriconodonts even having a fundamentally modern forelimb anatomy while the hindlimbs remained "primitive"; this tendency is in some effect still seen in modern therian mammals, which often have more sprawling hindlimbs. In some forms, the hind feet likely bore a spur similar to those found in the platypus and echidnas. Such a spur would have been connected to a venom gland for protection or mating competition.  "Hadrocodium" lacks the multiple bones in its lower jaw seen in reptiles. These are still retained, however, in earlier mammaliaforms.  With the possible exception of "Megazostrodon" and "Erythrotherium" (as well as placental mammals), all mammaliforms possess epipubic bones, a possibly synapomorphy with tritylodontids, which also have them. These pelvic bones strengthen the torso and support abdominal and hindlimb musculature. They, however, prevent the expansion of the abdomen, and so force species that possess them to either give birth to larval young (as in modern marsupials), or produce minuscule eggs that hatch into larval young (as in modern monotremes). Most mammaliforms, therefore, probably had the same constraints, and some species could have borne pouches.

Phylogeny.

The cladogram below follows the analysis of Luo and colleagues in 2015. Cladogram based on Rougier et al. (1996) with "Tikitherium" included following Luo and Martin (2007).

Mammaliaformes ("mammal-shaped") is a clade that contains the crown group mammals and their closest extinct relatives; the group radiated from earlier probainognathian cynodonts. It is defined as the clade originating from the most recent common ancestor of Morganucodonta and the crown group mammals; the latter is the clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of extant Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Placentalia. Besides Morganucodonta and the crown group mammals, Mammaliaformes includes Docodonta and "Hadrocodium" as well as the Triassic "Tikitherium", the earliest known member of the group.

Les Mammaliaformes constituent un clade de cynodontes probainognathiens qui contient le groupe-couronne des mammifères et leur plus proches branches disparues. Les cynodontes ont été décimés lors de l'extinction du Trias-Jurassique et les survivants ont subi une radiation évolutive menant principalement aux Mammaliaformes. Ceux-ci regroupent le clade originaire du plus récent ancêtre commun du "Morganucodon" et du groupe-couronne des mammifères; ce dernier étant le clade originaire des plus récents ancêtres communs aux Monotrèmes, Marsupiaux et Placentaires.


Career.

In 2001, she won the U-12 Girls section of the World Youth Chess Championship in Spain.  A notable game occurred in the World Team Chess Championship, held in Beersheba, Israel on October–November 2005, where Shen - then rated 2326 - managed to defeat 2652-rated Russian GM Sergei Rublevsky.  In the May–June 2006 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin she was part of the Chinese team that came third in the women's section.  In October 2006, she won the Girls' World Junior Championship in Yerevan, Armenia.  In May 2007, she was part of the Chinese team that won the first Women's World Team Chess Championship in Yekaterinburg, Russia.  In the Russian Team Championship Shen plays for the women's team of "ACADEMY Tomsk" on Board 2.  In August–September 2008 at the Women's World Chess Championship in Nalchik she was knocked out in the fourth round 0.0-2.0 by Humpy Koneru.  In September 2008, she competed in the 5th China-Russia Match in Ningbo where she scored the highest in the women's category with 4.0/5 and had a performance rating of 2706.  On 6 June 2009, she won the women's Chinese Chess Championship in Xinghua with 9 points out of 11 games.  In March 2014 she came second in the women's Chinese Chess Championship, behind Ju Wenjun.  She competed in the Women's World Chess Championship 2015, in which she was knocked out in the second round by Alexandra Kosteniuk, after defeating Alina Kashlinskaya in the first one.  In March 2015 she was part of the Chinese team that came third in the Women's World Team Chess Championship in Chengdu, China.  In May 2015 she came second in the women's Chinese Chess Championship, behind Tan Zhongyi.  In July 2015 she was the top scorer with 4/5 in the women's section of the 9th China-Russia Match in Ningbo, China.

Shen Yang (; born January 23, 1989 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is a Chinese chess player who holds the titles of International master and Woman Grandmaster.

Shen Yang est une joueuse d'échecs chinoise née le à Nankin. Maître international depuis 2013, elle a remporté le championnat du monde junior féminin en 2006 et le championnat de Chine féminin en 2009. En 2015, il finit deuxième du championnat d'Asie d'échecs.


Early life and marriage.

Alwina Gossauer was born in Rapperswil, where her parents operated a business and where she spent her childhood. At the age of 18, Gossauer married Johann Kölla, who worked as a saddler. They lived in Zürich, and in 1864 her husband learned to make photographs. In the attic of their house at "Napfgasse" near Neumarkt, Zürich, they set up one of the first photography studios in Zürich. In the same year, Kölla was sentenced to a fine of one month in prison because he had "photographed nude dames". Shortly after, the family moved to Rapperswil where Kölla bought an inn at the Rapperswil railway station, and again, set up a studio. Alwina learned photography by working in the atelier, and started photographing in 1865. In 1868 Kölla committed an offense of making counterfeit bank bills and was sentenced to eighteen months in prison and 10 years banishment from the Canton of St. Gallen. From the bankruptcy of her husband, Alwina saved a portion of household effects and the valuable photographic equipment.

Photographer and businesswomen.

Under the name "Alwina Kölla-Gossauer" she published a newspaper advertisement in June 1868 which announced the continuation of the joint business. She rented the house "Kunstgüetli" on "Seequai", at the pier of the present Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG) probably to benefit from the excursion traffic and increasing tourism. There, she set up the photography studio "Photographie A. Gossauer", using her unmarried name The family lived on the first floor, and on the ground floor the customers were served. From this point, Alwina led the business successfully as a freelance photographer and businesswoman, initially under the name of her husband, "Kölla", later under her unmarried name "Gossauer". Her field of activity were classic portrait photography, landscape photography and commissioned works for books, newspapers and magazines.  After serving his prison sentence, her husband tried again as a photographer, on the other side of the "Seedamm" between the upper and Zürichsee, he established a studio on Richterswil lake shore in the Canton of Zürich, to comply with the condition of the ten-year deportation from the Canton of St. Gallen. His wife loaned him photographic equipment, and also due the local separation, their relationship deteriorated rapidly. In 1871 Alwina Gossauer filed for divorce against the will of her husband; the court decided in her favour. Their five children – aged between one and eleven – were attributed to her, and Alwina reverted to her maiden name Gossauer and added, as it was customary, the words "divorced Koella" (German: "geschiedene Koella"). Kölla did not pay alimony, sold his studio in Richterswil and the photographic equipment loaned from his wife, and in vain Alwina sued her ex-husband in the civil courts. Meanwhile, Kölla "made himself scarce", as noted in the court records, and migrated finally to America around 1868.

Late years.

In the 1870s, the divorce was expensive and forfeited Gossauer's independence: as it was customary at that times, a legal guardian was assigned, and every contract had to be confirmed by the custodian. Nevertheless, in his annual reports the custodian also mentioned Gossauer's business acumen, her eagerness, that she was able to earn money and to find her own living without having to take any financial help. Around the 1890s and 1900s, Gossauer used a folding camera type "Engel-Feitknecht" for reportages and landscape photography. Alfred Engel Feitknecht was the designer of the camera made in Switzerland; between 1878 and 1894 about 6000 cameras were produced.  In 1892 Gossauer was able to fulfil a long-cherished wish, thanks to her successful work as a photographer and businesswoman: at the "Obere Bahnhofstrasse" lane she bought land and built a three-storey commercial and residential building. On the top floor, she established a modern photography studio with a glass roof, and a large sign in capital letters wore the name of her business: "Photographie A. Gossauer".

Death and aftermath.

Jean Kölla, Gossauer's son, learned his mother's photographic craft, just as her daughter Alwina (1862–1946), who remained unmarried, ran the business under the name of her mother until the 1920s. Her son Albert did not train as a photographer, but later worked together with his brother Jean. The youngest daughter Caroline married the photographer Karl Stalder; in 1920 they ran her mother's business in Rapperswil under the name "K. Stalder-Kölla" until the 1940s. "Alwina Gossauer was a fighter," the pastor said in 1926 at her grave.

Alwina Gossauer (1841–1926) was a Swiss photographer and businesswoman. Born and raised in Rapperswil, as an adult she made Rapperswil again her home and became one of the first women professional photographers in Switzerland.

Alwina Gossauer (née le à Rapperswil et morte le ) est une photographe, une femme d'affaires et une féministe suisse. Elle est l'une des premières femmes photographes professionnelles en Suisse.


History.

The first reliable reference to the town is in 1403.  In 1508, Tel Keppe was sacked by Mongols.  In 1743, Tel Keppe was looted and burned by the armies of the Persian leader Nader Shah. This event took place within the context of the Siege of Mosul, in which the Persian army suffered heavy casualties and resorted to looting the surrounding towns to have some semblance of victory.  In 1833, the town was once again sacked, this time by the Kurdish Governor of Rawandiz. He also sacked the nearby town of Alqosh.

Occupation by ISIL.

On 6 August 2014, the town was taken over by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), along with nearby Assyrian towns Bakhdida, Bartella and Karamlish. Upon entering the town, ISIS looted the homes, and removed the crosses and other religious objects from the churches. The Christian cemetery in the town was also later destroyed.  Soon after the beginning of the Battle of Mosul Iraqi troops advanced on Tel Keppe, but the fighting continued into 2017. Iraqi forces recaptured the town from ISIL on the 19th of January 2017. By 2018 a few of the Christian residents have returned and rebuilt their churches.

Climate.

Tel Keppe has a semi-arid climate ("BSh") with extremely hot summers and cool, damp winters, typical to the Nineveh Plains.

Demographics.

In 1768, the town had a recorded population of 2500. Due to plague and other disasters, the population was around 1,500 in 1882, rising to 2,500 again by 1891. In 1923, the population was recorded as 14,000. In 1933, the population numbered around 10,000. As a result of emigration from the town to Baghdad and the United States, the population shrunk to 7,108 by 1968.  The district of Tel Keppe was approximately 50% Christian in the mid 1900s, the town of Tel Keppe remaining almost exclusively Christian with a population of 6,600 inhabitants. Throughout the late 20th century, the town experienced non-native population growth from the arrival of Sunni Arabs, who established residence outside the historic city core. By the turn of the century, the population had swelled to close to 30,000.  Some families who settled in Tel-Keppe are:

Tel Kepnayeh today.

Starting in the 1980s and especially after the 1991 Gulf War and 2003 Invasion of Iraq, many Chaldean Catholic Assyrians from Tel Keppe fled to many countries, but primarily the United States. They set up their lives there with new churches and business for their families. By 2001 many from Tel Keppe had moved to major cities in Iraq such as Baghdad or Mosul.

In the United States.

Many of the Chaldean Catholic Assyrians in the Detroit metropolitan area trace their origins to Tel Keppe. According to the estimates of a priest of Tel Keppe's Sacred Heart Chaldean Rite Catholic Church, there were 10,000 worshippers in the late 1950s and this decreased to 2,000 around 2004. He said that "Many people don’t want to go from here; they cry that they have to go... But you almost have to leave these days because your family probably already is in Detroit."  San Diego, CA is the second most populated area of Chaldean Catholic Assyrians from Iraq, typically Tel Keppe. The community was largely led by Fr. Michael Bazzi and built through his pastoral duties. As the generations grow, Detroit and San Diego have accumulated more Chaldean Catholic Assyrians than the native land of Iraq.

Elsewhere.

Tel Keppniyeh also fled to the neighboring countries of Syria and Iran. Many others also left to other countries including Sweden, America, France, other European countries and Australia.

Culture.

Tel Keppe historically was the center of the Chaldean Catholic community of Iraq. Each family residing in Tel Keppe had one or more plots of farming land located outside Tel Keppe. The land produced barley and wheat, and animals raised there included goats and sheep. Natalie Jill Smith, author of "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)", wrote that in the reports of the village "everyone was related" and that marriage tended to occur between two people from the same village.

Tel Keppe (also spelled Tel Kaif) ( ', '), is an Assyrian town in northern Iraq. Its name means "Hill of Stones" in Syriac. It is located in the Nineveh Governorate, less than 8 miles north east of Mosul. The town is a historic farming town consisting of a densely populated core, surrounded by farm land outside the city.

Tel Keppe (en arabe : تل كيف, appelée aussi Tel Kaif) est une ville d'Irak située dans la province de Ninive, à une quinzaine de kilomètres au nord de Mossoul.


Biography.

Nire was born in Kagoshima, Satsuma domain, what is now Kagoshima Prefecture to a "samurai" family. As a "samurai" youth, he participated in the Anglo-Satsuma War. In 1867, by order of the clan, he went to the United States to study. Following the Meiji Restoration, he joined the new Meiji government and served in various staff positions pertaining to naval matters. He served as a crewman on the frigate "Kasuga" from November 1873 to June 1874.  Nire was commissioned as a captain in June 1874. From December 1875 to March 1877, he was naval attaché to Pusan, Korea. From April 1878 to February 1880, he was Commandant of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy. Promoted to rear admiral on 4 February 1880, he was subsequently commandant of the Naval Engineering Academy and the Bureau of Naval Affairs. On 7 July 1884, he was ennobled with the title of viscount ("shishaku") under the "kazoku" peerage system.  Nire was promoted to vice admiral 29 June 1885. He became commander in chief of the Yokosuka Naval District in March 1889, and from June 1891 to August 1892 was commandant of the Naval Staff College.  From 8 August 1892 to 11 March 1893, Nire served as Naval Minister in the 2nd cabinet of Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi, where he made efforts to increase naval budgets and to build the strength of the navy for what he perceived to be a growing possibility of war with China.  Nire went into the reserves in 1893. He subsequently served on the Privy Council, and died in 1900. His grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo. His daughter Haruko was the wife of Prime Minister Saitō Makoto. His son, Nire Kageo, was a noted entomologist who wrote numerous scientific texts on the insects of the Korean peninsula and Taiwan.

Viscount was a Japanese admiral in the early Imperial Japanese Navy, and served as Navy Minister in the late 19th century.

Le vicomte ( - ) est un amiral de la marine impériale japonaise qui fut ministre de la Marine dans les années 1890.