History.

Its early wares were of a soft-paste porcelain, as were most European porcelains with some exceptions, notably Meissen, where deposits of kaolin had been discovered and hard-paste porcelain was made. Vezzi porcelain in Venice had also made hard-paste with Saxon kaolin, but had closed in 1727. By around 1750 Doccia were making hard-paste.  Ginori established the kilns at the foot of forested Monte Morello, whose timber fuelled them, and initiated experiments with local potting clays. He engaged J.K.W. Anreiter from Vienna to head the painting workshop and in 1737 a local sculptor, Gaspero Bruschi, as the chief modeller. Bruschi stayed at the factory until his death in 1780. Production began in 1737. By 1740 Ginori was confident enough of his products to send samples to Vienna and get a privilege for porcelain manufacture in the Austrian-ruled Grand Duchy of Tuscany, giving him the security of a monopoly. Ginori obtained wax models and casts from the heirs of major Florentine baroque sculptors Giovanni Battista Foggini and Massimiliano Soldani that were intended for casting in bronze, and produced boldly-scaled porcelain figure groups “of a grandeur which makes the figures of most other C18 factories look "petite" and trifling,” John Fleming and Hugh Honour have observed. Some statuettes of famous Roman sculptures were also produced. Over 150 sculptural pieces were produced.  The early Doccia paste is gritty in texture and slightly grayish; its glaze less glossy than most contemporaneous European porcelains. Innovative decorating techniques from the 1740s were transfer-printing and the "stampino", or stenciled decor, usually of blue on the white ground; since these could be employed by inexperienced workers, decorated porcelain was brought within reach of the middle classes, and porcelain rapidly replaced traditional maiolica in common use.  Ginori's manufacture was continued without a break by his three sons, who introduced a new, whiter body, with tin oxide added to the glaze for increased whiteness, but were less successful in adapting neoclassical forms to the wares. With the revival of rococo styles in the nineteenth century, the Doccia manufactory reverted to its eighteenth-century models.

Later history.

The manufacture remained in the hands of the Ginori heirs until 1896, when it was incorporated with the Società Ceramica Richard of Milan, a larger manufacturer of ceramics, as Richard-Ginori. Gio Ponti served as artistic director of the manufacture from 1923 to 1930, producing many designs in the Art Deco manner, and was succeeded by Giovanni Gariboldi, 1930-1970. In 1950 the factory moved to a new building two miles away from the old site.  The firm was declared bankrupt in January 2013. A deadline of May 2013 was set by the court to find a new buyer, hopefully one which would continue to maintain historic quality standards, operate the existing plant, employ its local workforce. Lenox, the American firm, and Apulum, a Romanian china manufacturer, showed interest and made joint bids. That effort proved unsuccessful and the firm was again put up for sale and in April, 2013 acquired by Gucci for €13 million, $16.8 million. Gucci's plans were to improve the factory in Florence, concentrate on high-end products, and sell products under its name in luxury markets such as China.

Museum.

The Museo Richard Ginori della Manifattura di Doccia was opened in 1965 in a new purpose-built building near the factory. The collection had previously been housed in the eighteenth-century factory building. The museum and its collection was not included in the sale of the company to Gucci in 2013, and closed to visitors in 2014. In 2017 the Italian government agreed to buy it, with the sale completed in 2018. By then the building and parts of the collection (especially the unique collection of wax models) had suffered from lack of maintenance, and as of 2019 the museum remains closed to the public while restoration and conservation work continues.

The Doccia porcelain manufactory, at Doccia, a "frazione" of Sesto Fiorentino, near Florence, was in theory founded in 1735 by marchese Carlo Ginori near his villa, though it does not appear to have produced wares for sale until 1746. It has remained the most important Italian porcelain factory ever since.

La Manufacture de Doccia, est la manufacture de porcelaine de Florence fondée en 1735 par le marquis Carlo Ginori sur une localité près de Colonnata, commune de Sesto Fiorentino en Italie.


Biography.

Marjorie Jackson was born in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, and first gained fame when she defeated reigning Olympic 100 and 200 metres champion Fanny Blankers-Koen a number of times in 1949, thus earning the nickname "the Lithgow Flash", after the New South Wales town of Lithgow where she lived and had grown up.  Having won four titles at the 1950 British Empire Games, Jackson came as a favourite to the Helsinki 1952 Summer Olympics. She won both the 100 m, in a then-world-record-equalling time of 11.5, and the 200 m, winning the first Olympic athletics track titles for Australia since Edwin Flack in 1896. Having more strong runners in the team (consisting of Shirley Strickland, Winsome Crisps and Verna Johnston in addition to Jackson), the Australian 4 × 100 m relay team was also a favourite for the gold, but a faulty exchange meant Jackson's chances for third gold medal were gone. The Americans, anchored by Catherine Hardy (later Lavender), won in an upset, setting a new world record time of 45.9 seconds. Later in 1952, Jackson lowered the 100 m world record time to 11.4, running this new record in a meet at Gifu, Japan on 4 October 1952.  In 1953 Jackson married Olympic cyclist Peter Nelson. After his death from leukaemia in 1977, she launched the Peter Nelson Leukaemia Research Fellowship. Now named Jackson-Nelson, she was one of the eight flag-bearers of the Olympic Flag at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She also has a road named in honour of her at the Sydney Olympic Park, beside the Sydney Superdome (now Qudos Bank Arena).

Governor.

In late 2001, Jackson-Nelson was appointed Governor of South Australia. On 15 March 2006, Jackson-Nelson was one of the final four runners who carried the Queen's Baton around the MCG stadium during the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Melbourne. On 6 June 2007, it was announced that a new medical facility to be built in Adelaide will be named the "Marjorie Jackson-Nelson Hospital", and shortly afterwards she ceased her tenure on 31 July 2007. On 18 February 2009, Premier Mike Rann agreed to remove her name from the planned hospital.

Honours.

She is also a Dame of the Order of St John of Jerusalem and a Freeman of the City of London.  In 1993, the State Transit Authority of New South Wales named a Sydney RiverCat ferry after Jackson-Nelson.

Marjorie Jackson-Nelson (born 13 September 1931) is a former Governor of South Australia and a former Australian athlete. She finished her sporting career with two Olympic and seven Commonwealth Games Gold Medals, six individual world records and every Australian State and National title she contested from 1950–1954.

Marjorie Jackson-Nelson, née le 13 septembre 1931 à Coffs Harbour, fut une athlète et la trente-troisième gouverneur d'Australie-Méridionale (du au ). Elle a terminé sa carrière sportive avec deux titres olympiques, sept titres aux jeux du Commonwealth et plusieurs records du monde.


Early life.

Garnett was born in Brighton, East Sussex, the only child of writer, critic and publisher Edward Garnett and his wife Constance Clara Black, a translator of Russian. His paternal grandfather and great-grandfather both worked at what is now the British Library, then within the British Museum.  As a conscientious objector in the First World War, Garnett worked on fruit farms in Suffolk and Sussex with his lover Duncan Grant.

Work.

A prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group, Garnett received literary recognition when his novel "Lady into Fox", an allegorical fantasy, was awarded the 1922 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. He ran a bookshop near the British Museum with Francis Birrell during the 1920s. He also founded (with Francis Meynell) the Nonesuch Press. He wrote the novel "Aspects of Love" (1955), on which the later Andrew Lloyd Webber musical of the same name was based.

Personal life.

His first wife was the illustrator Rachel "Ray" Marshall (1891–1940), sister of the translator and diarist Frances Partridge. He and Ray, whose woodcuts appear in some of Garnett's books, had two sons, the older of which was Richard Garnett (1923–2013), the writer. Ray died relatively young of breast cancer.  Garnett was bisexual, as were several members of the artistic and literary Bloomsbury Group, and he had affairs with Francis Birrell and Duncan Grant. On 25 December 1918 he was present at the birth of Grant's daughter by Vanessa Bell, Angelica, who was accepted by Vanessa's husband Clive Bell. Shortly afterwards he wrote to a friend: "I think of marrying it. When she is 20, I shall be 46 – will it be scandalous?" On 8 May 1942, when Angelica was in her early twenties, they did marry, to the horror of her parents. She did not find out until much later that her husband had been a lover of her father.  The Garnetts lived at Hilton Hall, near St Ives in Huntingdonshire, where David Garnett kept a herd of Jersey cows.  They had four daughters: in order, Amaryllis, Henrietta, and the twins Nerissa and Frances; eventually the couple separated. Amaryllis Virginia Garnett (1943–1973) was an actress who had a small part in Harold Pinter's film adaptation of "The Go-Between" (1970). She drowned in the Thames, aged 29. Henrietta Garnett married Lytton Burgo Partridge, her father's nephew by his first wife Ray, but was left a widow with a newborn infant when she was 18; she oversaw the legacies of both David Garnett and Duncan Grant. Nerissa Garnett (1946–2004) was an artist, ceramicist, and photographer. Fanny (Frances) Garnett moved to France where she became a farmer.

Later life.

After his separation from Angelica, Garnett moved to France and lived in the grounds at the Château de Charry, Montcuq (near Cahors), in a house leased to him by the owners, Jo and Angela d'Urville. Garnett continued to write and lived there until his death in 1981.

David Garnett (9 March 1892 – 17 February 1981) was a British writer and publisher. As a child, he had a cloak made of rabbit skin and thus received the nickname "Bunny", by which he was known to friends and intimates all his life.

David Garnett (, Brighton, Angleterre –, Montcuq, France) est un écrivain et éditeur britannique. Membre du Bloomsbury Group, il obtint la reconnaissance littéraire avec "Lady into Fox" ("La Femme changée en renard"), qui reçut le James Tait Black Memorial Prize en 1922 et le Hawthornden Prize l'année suivante. Enfant, il portait un manteau en peau de lapin, ce qui lui valut le surnom de « Bunny », sous lequel ses amis et ses proches le désignèrent tout le long de sa vie.


Nomenclature.

"γ Corvi" (Latinised to "Gamma Corvi") is the system's Bayer designation. The designation of the components – "Gamma Corvi A" and "B" – derives from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).  Gamma Corvi bore the traditional name of "Gienah" derived from Arabic, from Ulugh Beg's الجناح الغراب اليمن "al-janāħ al-ghirāb al-yaman", meaning "the right wing of the crow", although on modern charts it marks the left wing. The star Epsilon Cygni also bore this traditional name and Gamma Corvi was referred to as "Gienah Corvi" or "Gienah Ghurab" to distinguish it from this star in Cygnus.  In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name "Gienah" for the component "Gamma Corvi A" on 6 November 2016 and "Aljanah" for "Epsilon Cygni Aa" on 30 June 2017. They are both now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.  "Al-janāħ al-ghirāb al-yaman" or "Djenah al Ghyrab al Eymen" appeared in the catalog of stars in the "Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket", which was translated into Latin as "Dextra ala Corvi".  In Chinese, (), meaning "Chariot (asterism)", refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Corvi, Epsilon Corvi, Delta Corvi and Beta Corvi. Consequently, Gamma Corvi itself is known as (, ).

Properties.

Gamma Corvi A is a giant star with a stellar classification of B8 III and has approximately 4.2 times the mass of the Sun. It has a blue-white hue. The spectrum of this star displays an anomalously higher than normal abundance of the elements mercury and manganese, making this a Mercury-manganese star. However, there are other elements that show large over or under abundances. This chemical peculiarity in an otherwise stable stellar atmosphere is most likely caused by separation of the elements through diffusion and gravitational settling.  It has a confirmed stellar companion with a mass of about 0.8 times the Sun's, which may be orbiting at a separation of around 50 AU over a 158-year period. The photometry for Gamma Corvi B suggests a stellar classification in the range K5–M5 V.

Gamma Corvi (γ Corvi, abbreviated Gamma Crv, γ Crv) is a binary star and the brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus, having an apparent visual magnitude of 2.59. The system's two components are designated Gamma Corvi A (officially named Gienah, traditionally the name of the system)) and Gamma Corvi B. The distance to this system has been measured directly using the parallax technique, yielding an estimated from the Sun.

Gamma Corvi (γ Crv / γ Corvi) est l'étoile la plus brillante de la constellation du Corbeau. Son nom traditionnel est Gienah, cependant Epsilon Cygni porte également le même nom. Le nom Gienah Corvi (ou Gienah Ghurab) est parfois utilisé pour la distinguer de Gienah du Cygne.


Geography.

It is 47 km from Chalatenango and in the suburbs of the frontier of Honduras. It has an elevation of 788 meters over sea level and is 119 km from San Salvador.

Main sights.

Church del Pilar-Citalá.

The Church del Pilar-Citalá possibly built at the end of the 17th century or at the beginning of the 18th century. It is not known who built it.  Its architecture possesses a neoclassical style. The church is surrounded by an atrium that in turn is surrounded by an iron gate. Their facade has two bodies. In the inferior body, the main access in arch of half point form and other two feigned arches with ornamental elements meet. It also possesses six columns of Tuscan style inserted among the arches. This body is finished off by a triangular front which has a round crystal in the center and very marked entablatures of classic order. The superior body is decorated with half columns finished off with pinnacles and an arch of half point with two couples of columns of Tuscan style, which is in turn finished off with two pinnacles and kind of a bowl showing a cross.  The tower of the steeple is embedded to the facade and it has as ornamental elements rough columns, arches of half point, entablatures, and pinnacles, following the architectonic style of the temple. The high of the tower ends with a pointed dome.  The church possesses colonial images and parochial documents of the 18th century. This antique population, in remote ages, gives birth to an oriental region of the country called “hueytlato” or primitive Tula.

Citalá is a municipality in the Chalatenango department of El Salvador. In Mayan-Ch’orti’ language its name means “the river of the stars”. As of 2013, it had a population of 4,270.

Citalá est un village situé au nord ouest du Salvador à la frontière du Honduras dans le département de Chalatenango. Le nom "Citalá" tire sa source des mayas et veut dire "Là où les étoiles abondent". Citalá compte à peu près 3500 habitants, ceux-ci vivent pour la plupart de l'agriculture, de l'exploitation bovine et du commerce.


History.

Paul Mauser visited the Kingdom of Spain in 1892 after the delivery of trial rifles in 1891 and brought with him a new rifle designed to use a new cartridge of 7 mm caliber. He had developed this cartridge for use with the then-new smokeless propellant, introduced as Poudre B in the 1886 pattern 8mm Lebel, which started a military rifle ammunition revolution. At the time of its development 7×57mm Mauser was a high-performance smokeless-powder cartridge. The Mauser Model 1892 rifle turned out to be a transitional design that was manufactured in limited numbers for the Spanish Army. It was quickly improved to the Mauser Model 1893 featuring a new internal box magazine where the cartridges were stored in a staggered column. The Spaniards were so impressed with the Mauser Model 1892 and 1893 rifles and their new 7×57mm Mauser cartridge that they not only ordered rifles and ammunition with Mauser, but also awarded him the Grand Cross of the Spanish Military Order of Merit, the highest decoration Mauser ever received.

Cartridge dimensions.

The 7×57mm cartridge has 3.90 ml (60 grains HO) cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.  7×57mm maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).  Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 20.55 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 220 mm (1 in 8.66 in), 4 grooves, diameter of lands =, diameter of grooves =, land width = and the primer type is large rifle.  European 7 mm cartridges all have 7.24 mm (0.285 in) grooves diameter. American 7 mm cartridges have 7.21 mm (0.284 in) grooves diameter.  According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 7×57mm case can handle up to P piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.  The SAAMI Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) for this cartridge is piezo pressure or 46,000 CUP. Although this lower specification is in deference to the purportedly weaker actions of the older Mauser 93 and 95 rifles which are still in circulation, this concern is misplaced, as the original ammunition developed for, and issued with, the M93 Spanish Mauser produced an average pressure of 50,370 CUP in those rifles.

7×57mmR (rimmed).

A rimmed cartridge was developed from the 7×57mm shortly after its introduction for use in break-action rifles and combination guns. A rimmed cartridge greatly simplifies the issues of designing an extractor, particularly in a combination gun or "drilling" which must also be designed to extract rimmed shotgun shells. While various modern break-action and single-shot rifle and pistol designs have been developed that can reliably extract rimless cartridges, most of these date from the 1970s or later. While the external dimensions of the two versions are nearly identical other than the rim, there are differences in the internal design. In particular, the cartridge web, the area immediately above the rim on the rimmed version or the rebate on the rimless version, is thinner in the rimmed case, and some authorities recommend limiting the rimmed cartridge to 41,000 CUP because of this.  7×57mmR cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Sporting round.

The ballistics of the 7×57mm became popular with deer and plains game hunters. The relatively flat trajectory and manageable recoil ensured its place as a sportsman's cartridge. The 7×57mm can offer very good penetrating ability due to a fast twist rate that enables it to fire long, heavy bullets with a high sectional density. This made it popular in Africa, where it was used on animals up to and including elephants, for which it was particularly favoured by noted ivory hunter W.D.M. "Karamojo" Bell, who shot about 800 African Elephants with 1893 pattern 7×57mm military ball ammunition using Rigby Mauser 98 rifles, when most ivory hunters were using larger-caliber rifles. Bell selected the cartridge for moderate recoil, and used long round-nosed military full metal jacket bullets for reliable penetration. Bell sectioned an elephant skull to determine the size and location of the brain, and used careful aim to ensure bullet placement in the brain.  The 7×57mm was also the favored cartridge of Eleanor O'Connor, wife of famous hunter and author Jack O'Connor. Eleanor accompanied her husband on multiple hunting expeditions all over the world, killing small and large game with the 7×57mm. Though not as popular today, the 7×57mm is still produced by most major ammunition manufacturers and many modern rifles are available chambered for the cartridge.  The 7×57mm round was also used by the Indian hunter and conservationist Jim Corbett to put down the infamous man-eating Leopard of Rudraprayag besides a few other Man-Eaters of Kumaon. Corbett's writings mention using the.275 Mauser-Rigby rifle with attached torch to despatch the leopard on a dark summer night in May 1926. For man-eating tigers, Corbett preferred a double-barrelled.450/400 Nitro Express rifle but retained the Mauser-Rigby as a backup weapon.  Able to handle a wide range of projectile weights, easy to reload, mild in recoil and accurate, the 7×57 offers a lot. This is well known to hunters, through both personal experience and the reading of a well-documented track record extending back more than 100 years. Rifle Metallic Silhouette shooters are also discovering the versatility and competitiveness of the 7×57.

Military use.

The military of the Kingdom of Spain adopted the Mauser Model 1893 rifle. It was chambered for the new 7×57mm Mauser cartridge. The original cartridge featured a long, round-nose, full-metal-jacketed bullet with a muzzle velocity of about with muzzle energy from a barreled rifle. For the late 19th century, these ballistics were impressive, and the loading provided a fairly flat trajectory combined with excellent penetration. At the same time, it exhibited relatively modest free recoil. That was a combination of attributes that made it popular with both soldiers and sportsmen alike.  The qualities of the 7×57mm as a military round were shown in the Spanish–American War of 1898. At the commencement of the American assault on the strategic Cuban city of Santiago, 750 Spanish troops defended positions on San Juan and Kettle Hills. The attacking force numbered approximately 6,600 American soldiers, most of them armed with then-new smokeless-powder Krag–Jørgensen rifle in.30-40 Krag caliber, and supported by artillery and Gatling gun fire. Though the assault was successful, the Americans soon realized that they had suffered more than 1,400 casualties, nearly 20 per cent of their forces. A U.S. board of investigation later concluded that the casualties were primarily due to the superior firepower of the Spanish Model 1893 Mauser rifles.  During the Second Boer War in South Africa, British authorities were obliged to re-evaluate rifle and ammunition design and tactics after facing Boer sharpshooters and snipers armed with Mauser Model 1895 rifles firing 7×57mm rounds with withering effectiveness, easily outranging the.303 British cartridge as regards accurate long-range fire. The.303 British cartridge at that time was still using cordite propellant, in contrast to the Mauser's higher-performance ballistite type smokeless powder. The British modernized the.303 British cartridge to the Mark 7 variant with a "spitzer" bullet, and updated their rifle to the Short Magazine Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mk III.

Military ammunition.

The oldest 1893 pattern military ball ammunition was loaded with a long round-nosed bullet fired at a muzzle velocity of with muzzle energy from a long barrel. It had a maximum range of. In 1893 this ballistic performance made it the high-performance service cartridge champion of its day when compared to other 1893 pattern smokeless-powder cartridges such as the 8mm Lebel,.303 British, and 8×50mmR Mannlicher.  In 1913, following the lead of French and German Army commands in developing the "spitzer" or pointed-tip bullet shape, the Spanish ordnance authorities issued a redesigned 7×57mm cartridge with a spitzer bullet ("7mm Cartucho para Mauser Tipo S"). It was loaded with a spitzer bullet fired at a muzzle velocity of with muzzle energy from a long barrel. It had a maximum range of. The new spitzer bullet style was partially responsible for the cartridge's improved performance as it significantly reduced air drag within normal combat ranges and withstood higher accelerations in the barrel. Reverse engineering the trajectory from the previous sentence indicates a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.33.  After that military ball ammunition loaded with a spitzer bullet fired at a muzzle velocity of with muzzle energy from a long barrel became available. Besides a pointed nose this projectile also had a boat tail to reduce drag. It had a maximum range of. Reverse engineering the trajectory from the previous sentence indicates a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.54.

Military users.

At one time, the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge saw widespread military use. It was used by:

Chambered service weapons.

Mauser Model 1893, Mauser Model 1895 and Mauser Model 1899, Mauser Model 1907, Mauser Model 1908, Mauser Standardmodell, vz. 24, Mondragón rifle, FN Mauser M1924/30, Remington Rolling Block, Venezuelan FN Model 1949, Hotchkiss Model 1922 machine gun, Madsen machine gun, Colt R75 Browning Automatic Rifle model 1925, M1941 Johnson.

Use as a parent case.

The.257 Roberts uses the 7×57mm Mauser as its parent cartridge. The 6mm Remington is also based on the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge.

Wildcats.

The 7×57mm Mauser is also used as the parent case for a host of modified variants that are not officially registered with or sanctioned by C.I.P. or its American equivalent, SAAMI. These cartridges are known as wildcat cartridges. The US wildcat cartridge developer P.O. Ackley developed several 7×57mm Mauser based wildcat cartridges. The 7×57mm Mauser Ackley Improved is an alternate version of the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge with 40 degree shoulder. This wildcat was designed to be easily made by rechambering existing firearms, and fire forming the ammunition to decrease body taper and increase shoulder angle, resulting in a higher case capacity. Dies for this wildcat chambering are readily available. The.228 Ackley Magnum is also based on the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge but is also necked down to.228 caliber (5.79 mm). Bullets in this caliber are hard to find but provide greater weight than.223 caliber bullets, up to 100 grains (6.5 g), without excessively quick twist rate. The.257 Roberts Ackley Improved is a second generation wildcat cartridge based on the.257 Roberts cartridge.

The 7×57mm Mauser (designated as the 7mm Mauser or 7×57mm by the SAAMI and 7 × 57 by the C.I.P. is a first-generation smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge. It is known as.275 Rigby in the United Kingdom. It was developed by Paul Mauser of the Mauser company in 1892 and adopted as a military cartridge by Spain in 1893. It was subsequently adopted by several other countries as the standard military cartridge, and although now obsolete as a military cartridge, it remains in widespread international use as a sporting round. Many sporting rifles in this calibre were made by British riflemakers, among whom John Rigby was prominent; and, catering for the British preference for calibres to be designated in inches, Rigby called this chambering the.275 bore after the measurement of a 7 mm rifle's bore across the lands.

La cartouche pour fusil 7 × 57 mm Mauser fut conçue par Mauser pour son Gewehr 93. Cette munition militaire fut réglementaire en Amérique latine (Brésil, Chili, Colombie, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexique, Nicaragua, Salvador, Uruguay et Venezuela) et en Europe (Espagne, France (Grande Guerre) et Serbie). Son appellation métrique est 7 × 57 mm. Elle est chargée avec de la poudre sans fumée. Les balles espagnoles étaient à bout arrondi puis pointu. Elle est encore utilisée à la chasse en Allemagne et en Autriche.


Plot.

George (Bing Crosby) and Harold (Bob Hope), American song-and-dance men performing in Melbourne, Australia, leave in a hurry to avoid various marriage proposals. They end up in Darwin, where they take jobs as deep sea divers for a prince. They are taken by boat to an idyllic island on the way to Bali, Indonesia. They vie for the favors of exotic (and half-Scottish) Princess Lala (Dorothy Lamour), a cousin of the Prince (Murvyn Vye). A hazardous dive produces a chest of priceless jewels, which the Prince plans to claim as his own.  After escaping from the Prince and his henchmen, the three are shipwrecked and washed up on another island. Lala is now in love with both of the boys and can't decide which to choose. However, once the natives find them, she learns that in their society, a woman may take multiple husbands, and declares she will marry them both. While the boys are prepared for the ceremony, both thinking the other man lost, plans are changed. She's being unwillingly wed to the already much-married King (Leon Askin), while the boys end up married to each other.  Displeased with the arrangement, a volcano god initiates a massive eruption. After fleeing, the three end up on yet another beach where Lala chooses George over Harold. An undaunted Harold conjures up Jane Russell from a basket by playing a flute. Alas, she, too, rejects Harold, which means George walks off with both Lala and Jane. A lonesome Harold is left on the beach, demanding that the film shouldn't finish and asking the audience to stick around to see what's going to happen next.

Cast.

Cameo appearances.

Among the celebrities who made token "gag" appearances in this film are bandleader Bob Crosby (Bing's brother), Humphrey Bogart, by way of a clip from "The African Queen", Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, and Jane Russell, as her character from the 1952 film "Son of Paleface". The cameo by Martin and Lewis was part of a 'comedy trade' whereby they made an appearance in this movie while Hope and Crosby appeared in Martin and Lewis's "Scared Stiff" the following year. Martin and Lewis also made films for Paramount at the time.

Production.

Development.

"Road to Bali" was the first "Road to..." picture since 1947's "Road to Rio", and was known during production as "The Road to Hollywood". It was the sixth film in the series, the next to last, as well as the final "Road" film in which Dorothy Lamour's role would be the female lead. Nine years later, "The Road to Hong Kong" instead featured Joan Collins, with a cameo by Lamour. Filming started on April 21, 1952 and continued until July of the same year.  "Road to Bali" was a co-production of Bing Crosby Enterprises, Hope Enterprises and Paramount.

Filming.

The giant squid that threatens Bob Hope in an underwater scene was previously seen attacking Ray Milland in the Paramount production "Reap the Wild Wind" (1942), directed by Cecil B. DeMille. The erupting volcano climax was taken directly from the Paramount production "Aloma of the South Seas" (1941), also starring Lamour.

Writing.

In keeping with the film's initial setting of Melbourne, Australia, many of the jokes contain references to Argyle socks, Australian opera singer Dame Nellie Melba, Tasmanian-born Errol Flynn, and a dance routine featuring Scottish bagpipes.  As with the other Road movies, Bob Hope breaks the "fourth wall" several times to make side comments to the audience. For example, as the music for a song sung by Bing Crosby begins, Hope looks to the camera and says, "He's gonna sing, folks. Now's the time to go out and get the popcorn."  Crosby breaks the fourth wall after Hope "notices" the audience is paying attention when he's about to tell Crosby how he escaped from the giant squid. Hope and Crosby walk away from the camera and Hope tells his story in exaggerated pantomime (out of earshot). Crosby then walks back toward the audience and shrugs at the camera, indicating Hope's description was indecipherable.

Sets.

Hope Enterprises owned one-third of the film and Bob Hope wrote about this in his book "This Is on Me". "There are other pleasant things about owning part of a picture. In the "Road to Bali" there was a beach scene for which tons of beautiful white sand had been trucked in from Pebble Beach. I had just put in a one-hole golf course at my house on Moorpark Street in North Hollywood. I had four sand traps standing empty, with nothing in them in which my friends could leave their hoof prints. When I saw that sand a light switched on in my head. “We own two-thirds of this sand, don’t we?” I asked. “Sure,” Bing said. “Why?” “Well,” I replied, “I’d like some of it for my course at home.” When he said, “Why not?” I called the prop man and said, “Take ten truck-loads of this sand out to my house when we’re done with it.” “No dice,” he said. “This is Paramount’s sand.” Bing and I had another talk with the boys in the front office. As a result, part of the "Road to Bali" is in my back yard.

Reception.

The New York premiere of the film took place at the Astor Theatre on January 29, 1953.  Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" was very enthusiastic in his review of January 30, 1953. "...it is apparent that this veteran and camera-scarred team is the neatest, smoothest combo of comics now working the fun side of the screen. Apart, they may be very funny or clever or quaint or what you will, according to where you are sitting and what sort of picture they’re in. But together, and in a “Road” picture, with the consequent freedom of style and reckless impulse that goes with it, they are pretty nigh nonpareil. At least, that’s the word of this reviewer who spent a small part of yesterday falling out of a seat at the Astor while desperately clutching his sides. The reason? Quite simply, “Road to Bali” is a whoopingly hilarious film, full of pure crazy situations and deliciously discourteous gags, all played with evident relish and split-second timing by the team."  "Variety" was more cautious having seen a preview and their comments may have resulted in the removal of a couple of scenes. "Bing Crosby, Bob Hope and Dorothy Lamour are back again in another of Paramount’s highway sagas, this time in Technicolor, with nonsensical amusement it’s only destination. That end is reached eventually, but the road isn’t a smooth highway and the entertainment occasionally falters. Overall, however, it serves its intended purpose satisfactorily and the grossing prospects are okay...Hal Walker’s direction is geared to the free-wheeling spirit that dominates the script and does well by it, as do the three stars and the featured cast." An extended choreographed version of "The Road to Bali" song which was cut from the final print has surfaced in recent years and Paramount chief Adolph Zukor revealed in his autobiography that an expensive water ballet sequence was cut from the film too.

Soundtrack.

The music for all songs was written by Jimmy Van Heusen and Johnny Burke. Van Heusen's birth name was Edward Chester Babcock. For the final "Road" picture, "The Road to Hong Kong", Hope's character was called Chester Babcock.  When Decca Records was recording the songs from the movie, they did not use Dorothy Lamour. Peggy Lee recorded the Lamour vocals.  Bing Crosby, Bob Hope and Peggy Lee recorded all of the songs for Decca Records and these were issued on a 10" LP. Crosby's songs were also included in the Bing's Hollywood series.

Legacy.

"Road to Bali" was parodied in 1953 in the animated short "Alley to Bali", with Woody Woodpecker and Buzz Buzzard in the Hope and Crosby roles. The cartoon was released by Universal Studios, which currently owns the first four "Road to..." films.

Copyright status.

The film was copyrighted under registration LP2200 1 January 1953. That registration entry also shows "in notice: 1952", meaning that is the year in the copyright notice on the film. The copyright was renewed under RE105899 dated 1 September 1981. However, according to copyright law, when the "in notice" year is earlier than the calendar year of the official registration, the copyright term begins in the earlier year (1952 in this case). Therefore, for films registered for copyright in 1950 and later, the window for a valid renewal was the 28th calendar year of the original copyright term. For "Road to Bali", the 28th year was 1980, which means the film had already fallen into the public domain when the copyright was renewed in 1981.

Home media.

Columbia Pictures Television (in joint venture with LBS Communications through what was then Colex Enterprises) once had the television rights to this film in the 1980s, along with other Bob Hope movies from the 1940s and 1950s. This is evident in a home video release from the mid-1990s, where a CPT logo can be seen at the beginning and end of the film.  Because the film is in the public domain, there have been at least a dozen DVD releases from a variety of companies over the years. However, Fremantle now holds ancillary rights to this film (as the successor in interest to LBS Communications), and official video releases have been issued under license from Fremantle, with DVD and HD-DVD releases coming from BCI Eclipse. A Blu-Ray was released on July 5, 2017 by the Kino International.

Road to Bali is a 1952 American comedy film directed by Hal Walker and starring Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Dorothy Lamour. Released by Paramount Pictures on November 1, 1952, the film is the sixth of the seven "Road to..." movies. It was the only such movie filmed in Technicolor and was the first to feature surprise cameo appearances from other well-known stars of the day.

En route vers Bali ou Bal à Bali ("Road to Bali") est un film américain réalisé par Hal Walker, sorti en 1952.


Overview.

Suppose Alice wants to send two classical bits of information (00, 01, 10, or 11) to Bob using qubits (instead of classical bits). To do this, an entangled state (e.g. a Bell state) is prepared using a Bell circuit or gate by Charlie, a third person. Charlie then sends one of these qubits (in the Bell state) to Alice and the other to Bob. Once Alice obtains her qubit in the entangled state, she applies a certain quantum gate to her qubit depending on which two-bit message (00, 01, 10 or 11) she wants to send to Bob. Her entangled qubit is then sent to Bob who, after applying the appropriate quantum gate and making a measurement, can retrieve the classical two-bit message. Observe that Alice does not need to communicate to Bob which gate to apply in order to obtain the correct classical bits from his projective measurement.

The protocol.

The protocol can be split into five different steps: preparation, sharing, encoding, sending, and decoding.

Preparation.

The protocol starts with the preparation of an entangled state, which is later shared between Alice and Bob. Suppose the following Bell state  where formula_2 denotes the tensor product, is prepared. Note: we can omit the tensor product symbol formula_3and write the Bell state as

Sharing.

After the preparation of the Bell state formula_5, the qubit denoted by subscript "A" is sent to Alice and the qubit denoted by subscript "B" is sent to Bob (note: this is the reason these states have subscripts). At this point, Alice and Bob may be in completely different locations (which might be very distant from each other).  There may be a long period of time between the preparation and sharing of the entangled state formula_5 and the rest of the steps in the procedure.

Encoding.

By applying a quantum gate to her qubit locally, Alice can transform the entangled state formula_5 into any of the four Bell states (including, of course, formula_5). Note that this process cannot "break" the entanglement between the two qubits.  Let's now describe which operations Alice needs to perform on her entangled qubit, depending on which classical two-bit message she wants to send to Bob. We'll later see why these specific operations are performed. There are four cases, which correspond to the four possible two-bit strings that Alice may want to send.  1. If Alice wants to send the classical two-bit string 00 to Bob, then she applies the identity quantum gate, formula_9, to her qubit, so that it remains unchanged. The resultant entangled state is then  In other words, the entangled state shared between Alice and Bob has not changed, i.e. it is still formula_5. The notation formula_12 is also used to remind us of the fact that Alice wants to send the two-bit string 00.  2. If Alice wants to send the classical two-bit string 01 to Bob, then she applies the quantum "NOT" (or "bit-flip") gate, formula_13, to her qubit, so that the resultant entangled quantum state becomes  3. If Alice wants to send the classical two-bit string 10 to Bob, then she applies the quantum "phase-flip" gate formula_15 to her qubit, so the resultant entangled state becomes  4. If, instead, Alice wants to send the classical two-bit string 11 to Bob, then she applies the quantum gate formula_17 to her qubit, so that the resultant entangled state becomes  The matrices formula_19 and formula_20 are two of the Pauli matrices. The quantum states formula_5, formula_22, formula_23 and formula_24 (or, respectively, formula_25 and formula_26) are the Bell states.

Sending.

After having performed one of the operations described above, Alice can send her entangled qubit to Bob using a quantum network through some conventional physical medium.

Decoding.

In order for Bob to find out which classical bits Alice sent he will perform the CNOT unitary operation, with A as control qubit and B as target qubit. Then, he will perform formula_27 unitary operation on the entangled qubit A. In other words, the Hadamard quantum gate H is only applied to A (see the figure above).  These operations performed by Bob can be seen as a measurement which projects the entangled state onto one of the four two-qubit basis vectors formula_36 or formula_37 (as you can see from the outcomes and the example below).

Example.

For example, if the resultant entangled state (after the operations performed by Alice) was formula_38, then a CNOT with A as control bit and B as target bit will change formula_30 to become formula_40. Now, the Hadamard gate is applied only to A, to obtain  formula_41  For simplicity, let's get rid of the subscripts, so we have  formula_42  Now, Bob has the basis state formula_31, so he knows that Alice wanted to send the two-bit string 01.

Security.

Superdense coding is a form of secure quantum communication. If an eavesdropper, commonly called Eve, intercepts Alice's qubit en route to Bob, all that is obtained by Eve is part of an entangled state. Without access to Bob's qubit, Eve is unable to get any information from Alice's qubit. A third party is unable to eavesdrop on information being communicated through superdense coding and an attempt to measure either qubit would collapse the state of that qubit and alert Bob and Alice.

General dense coding scheme.

General dense coding schemes can be formulated in the language used to describe quantum channels. Alice and Bob share a maximally entangled state "ω". Let the subsystems initially possessed by Alice and Bob be labeled 1 and 2, respectively. To transmit the message "x", Alice applies an appropriate channel  on subsystem 1. On the combined system, this is effected by  where "I" denotes the identity map on subsystem 2. Alice then sends her subsystem to Bob, who performs a measurement on the combined system to recover the message. Let the "effects" of Bob's measurement be "F". The probability that Bob's measuring apparatus registers the message "y" is  Therefore, to achieve the desired transmission, we require that  where "δ" is the Kronecker delta.

Experimental.

The protocol of superdense coding has been actualized in several experiments using different systems to varying levels of channel capacity and fidelities. In 2004, trapped beryllium 9 ions were used in a maximally entangled state to achieve a channel capacity of 1.16 with a fidelity of 0.85. In 2017, a channel capacity of 1.665 was achieved with a fidelity of 0.87 through optical fibers. High dimensional ququarts (states formed in photon pairs by non-degenerate spontaneous parametric down-conversion) were used to reach a channel capacity of 2.09 (with a limit of 2.32) with a fidelity of 0.98. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has also been used to share among three parties.

In quantum information theory, superdense coding (or dense coding) is a quantum communication protocol to transmit two classical bits of information (i.e., either 00, 01, 10 or 11) from a sender (often called Alice) to a receiver (often called Bob), by sending only one qubit from Alice to Bob, under the assumption of Alice and Bob pre-sharing an entangled state. This protocol was first proposed by Bennett and Wiesner in 1992 and experimentally actualized in 1996 by Mattle, Weinfurter, Kwiat and Zeilinger using entangled photon pairs. By performing one of four quantum gate operations on the (entangled) qubit she possesses, Alice can prearrange the measurement Bob makes. After receiving Alice's qubit, operating on the pair and measuring both, Bob has two classical bits of information. If Alice and Bob do not already share entanglement before the protocol begins, then it is impossible to send two classical bits using 1 qubit, as this would violate Holevo's theorem.

Le codage superdense (aussi appelé codage dense) consiste à utiliser des états corrélés pour transmettre et manipuler de l'information quantique.


Biography.

Rémy joined the Russian Army during World War I at the age of 17. He subsequently joined the French Army in 1919. He remained in the Army of the Orient as a non-commissioned officer until 1924 when he was sent to the Saumur Officer School.  In 1925 he became a Second Lieutenant and was sent to Tunisia, then part of France. He served a few years in France and then went to the Levant where he took part in peace-keeping operations.  Rémy was promoted to captain in 1937 and stayed in Syria until 1941. On 18 June 1940, General Charles de Gaulle made his Appeal of 18 June and "invites the officers and the French soldiers who are located in British territory or who would come there to put themselves in contact with [him]". In July 1941, Rémy joined de Gaulle and the Free French. He became "Chef d'Etat-major" (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) for Syria.  On September 25, 1942, he organized and took command of the "1er Régiment de Marche de Spahis Marocains" (RMSM), not to be confused with the "1er Régiment de Spahis Marocains" (RSM, First Regiment of Moroccan Spahis), who were loyal to Marshal Philippe Pétain. The 1st RMSM fought in the French Free actions in Northern Africa, notably at El Alamein and near Médenine in Tunisia. Rémy's forces were organized for reconnaissance as British "Flying Columns". This Flying Column was constituted of 314 men and was equipped with – notably - 24 armored cars and 14 tanks.  Rémy then organised the integration of the 1st RMSM into General Leclerc's 2nd Armored Division ("2e DB"). He was promoted to colonel and joined the 1st RMSM London during April–May 1944. As part of the "2e DB", he fought in the Battle of Normandy and then marched on Paris. He was wounded in Normandy and once more at Fort Mont-Valérien. On August 25, 1944 the 1st RMSM liberated Versailles.  His wartime service continued until the war ended for the 1st RMSM at Adolf Hitler's Berghof in Berchtesgaden.  In 1944, he was made a Companion of the Liberation and on August 7, 1945, the 1st RMSM was also awarded the same title.  After World War II, Rémy was sent to Oran where he fulfilled various tasks for the French Army. In 1951-1952 he was commandant for Algerian armored forces and cavalry. In 1952, he returned to France, in Toulouse with the same responsibilities for the local military region.  He died at Larrey Hospital in Toulouse, of complications caused by his war injuries. A street in Toulouse has been named in his honor.

Jean Stanislas Rémy, commonly known as Jean Rémy, (Paris, October 3, 1899 - Toulouse, August 15, 1955) was a French colonel, a member of the Free French, and a Companion of the Liberation.

Jean Stanislas Rémy, (Paris, - Toulouse, ) est un colonel de l'armée française, grand officier de la Légion d'honneur membre des Forces françaises libres et Compagnon de la Libération.


Career.

Junior career.

Born in Ballerup, Breschel got his breakthrough with small Danish Team PH, finishing 6th at the U/23 Cycling World Championship in Verona in 2004 where he helped fellow Dane Mads Christensen finish 3rd. He also won the bronze medal at the Danish National Road Racing Championship during the summer of 2004.

Team CSC (2005–2010).

2005.

He turned professional for the 2005 season in Denmark based, where he signed a two-year contract. At the press conference, regarding his choice to join Team CSC in October 2004, he stated that he simply wished to adjust to the rigors of professional cycling, saying ""I hope to get in the team, but in the beginning I just want to learn the game and to learn the races. Somewhere I know that I'm in for a beating."" Under tutelage of seasoned veteran Lars Michaelsen, Breschel would start the season in the Tour of Qatar, where the two riders finished side by side, Breschel conceding the final victory to Michaelsen. They would ride a number of classics and smaller races together, and Breschel finished in a number of secondary placings, just missing the victory podiums.

2006.

For the start of the 2006 season, he once again showed himself in Tour of Qatar, finishing as the best young rider of the race for the second year in a row. He showed his good form in March with a third-place finish in Le Samyn, being beaten only by Philippe Gilbert in the bunch sprint of the peloton, and a few days later he sprinted his way to second place at stage 2 of the Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen where he was second only to world class sprinter Robbie McEwen. For the third, and last, stage of the race, Breschel would once more sprint against McEwen, with the winner taking the overall victory of the race, this time with the effect that both riders crashed. Breschel broke his vertebrae in two places and McEwen was de-classed in the race.

2007.

He came back with thunder and lightning in 2007 and came in an impressive 14th at the Paris–Roubaix, which his team-mate Stuart O'Grady won. After recovering he won his first victory as a professional in stage 2 of Danmark Rundt in August 2007. This was the first Danish stage win in five years of this national tour.

2008.

In 2008 his best season came and he got his first big international breakthrough when he on 8 June 2008, won the Philadelphia International Championship also known as the Commerce Bank International Championship in Philadelphia, PA where he outsprinted all contenders in a little bunch sprint after a long and hard race. A couple of weeks later he went on to take another impressive victory when he won the 2nd stage of Ster Elektrotoer, a stage finishing on the feared Cauberg and also won the overall points jersey. He maintained his good form through the season and also came in 2nd in the Danish Road Racing Championship, only beaten by his teammate Nicki Sørensen. In August he won two stages at Tour of Denmark and also led the overall classification until the final time trial securing him a total fifth place.  After all a very impressive season for the young gun the biggest scalp came on 21 September where he won the last stage of the Vuelta a España in Madrid in a very convincing way only a few days after he came in second in the 17th stage of the Vuelta a España. Only a week later Breschel rode very impressively at the world cycling championships finishing 3rd and getting a bronze medal.

2009.

Breschel had his best cobbled classics campaign ever in 2009. He managed to finish 6th at the Tour of Flanders and 9th at the Paris-Roubaix. In June he became the Danish National Road Race Champion, and he also won stages in the Tour de Suisse, Volta a Catalunya, Tour de Luxembourg and Post Danmark Rundt. He managed to finish 2nd at the Vattenfall Cyclassics.

2010.

During the 2010 season Breschel rode well in the Cobbled Classics but suffered from bad luck. Breschel won Dwars door Vlaanderen and put in strong performances in Gent–Wevelgem and Ronde Vlaanderen, but suffered mechanical defects in both races.

Rabobank (2011–2012).

He signed for for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. In the 2012 Paris–Roubaix he was troubled by a knee injury. However a week before that, he had finished 9th at the Tour of Flanders. He was also on the podium at the Gent-Wevelgem.  Breschel left at the end of the 2012 season, and joined the Danish team on a two-year contract from the 2013 season onwards.

Saxo-Tinkoff (2013–2015).

In his return to the former Team CSC squad, Breschel managed to pick up four stage wins at the Danmark Rundt – two each in 2013 and 2015. He also won 2 stages and the overall at the Tour de Luxembourg.

Cannondale (2016).

Breschel signed for for the 2016 season. He rode the Tour de France but abandoned the race on stage 14 after crashing. His best results in the season were, 5th at the GP du canton d'Argovie and 6th at Heistse Pijl.

Astana (2017).

Breschel did not have the best year at Astana, and his best result was 12th at Dwaars door Vlaanderen, a race he had previously won in 2010.

EF Education First–Drapac (2018–2019).

Breschel returned to the team after a year in colors. He finished 9th on a wet stage 5 in the Paris-Nice. At the Milan-San Remo, Breschel sprinted home in 12th position.  He announced his retirement on 18 August 2019, effective from the end of the season, due to psoriatic arthritis.

Matti Breschel (born 31 August 1984) is a Danish retired professional road racing cyclist, who competed between 2005 and 2019 for the,, and teams.

Matti Breschel, né le à Ballerup, est un coureur cycliste danois. Professionnel de 2005 à 2019, il a notamment remporté une étape du Tour d'Espagne 2008 et À travers les Flandres 2010.


History.

Formation and first releases (1996–1999).

Heaven Shall Burn was formed by guitarist Maik Weichert and drummer Matthias Voigt in the fall of 1996 under the name Consense. After the first demo recording in early 1997, vocalist Marcus Bischoff and bassist Eric Bischoff joined the band. In this form they started playing shows and festivals, this led to a contract with Deeds of Revolution Records. The EP "In Battle There Is No Law" was released in 1998 through Deeds of Revolution Records and a split album with Fall of Serenity in 1999. Shortly after second guitarist Patrick Schleitzer joined Heaven Shall Burn.

"Asunder", "The Split Program" and "Whatever It May Take" (2000–2003).

After their shared released with Fall of Serenity they signed to Lifeforce Records. Lifeforce released Heaven Shall Burn's debut album "Asunder" and their first collaboration with Caliban, titled "The Split Program", in 2000. Heaven Shall Burn proceeded touring in Europe and South America. In 2002 their second album "Whatever It May Take" and a re-issue of their EP "In Battle There Is No Law" were released. As soon as "Whatever It May Take" was released Heaven Shall Burn began another tour cycle, which led them through numerous countries, including Greece, Iceland and the UK. They also played prestigious German festivals such as Party.San, With Full Force and Wacken Open Air.

"Antigone" and "Deaf to Our Prayers" (2004–2006).

After signing to Century Media in January 2004, Heaven Shall Burn's label debut "Antigone" was released on April 26. The LP version of the album was released through Lifeforce. Shortly after the release of "Antigone" Heaven Shall Burn filmed a music video for the song "The Weapon They Fear". "Antigone" was further promoted during a headlining tour through Europe, supported by Maroon. On this tour they appeared at the hardcore punk festival Fluff Fest for the third and thus final time.  After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Heaven Shall Burn teamed up with Napalm Death and the Haunted and released the split single "Tsunami Benefit" to raise money for charity. The single was limited to 1,000 hand-numbered copies and was sold on two exclusive Napalm Death shows.  In March 2005, Heaven Shall Burn appeared at the Independence D Festival in Japan. In summer 2005 Heaven Shall Burn and Caliban's second split album "The Split Program II" was released through Lifeforce Records. Shortly after participating at the Hell on Earth Tour 2005 Heaven Shall Burn announced that guitarist Patrick Schleitzer was leaving the band and Alexander Dietz, who played the guitar during the Hell on Earth Tour, would become the new guitarist. Heaven Shall Burn played a special farewell show with Schleitzer in Saalfeld.  Following a quiet period, Heaven Shall Burn announced they had recorded a new album titled "Deaf to Our Prayers", which was released on August 28, 2006. After the release of "Counterweight", as the first track of the new album, "Deaf to Our Prayers" entered the German album charts at #65, being the first Heaven Shall Burn album to enter record sales charts. During Summer 2006, Heaven Shall Burn played shows at Summer Breeze Open Air and other festivals. Live footage, recorded at Summer Breeze was later used in the "Counterweight" music video. In September and October they headlined the Hell on Earth Tour 2006 on the European mainland, also part of the tour were Cataract, Maroon, and God Forbid. At the end of the year they embarked co-headlining tour with Caliban through Germany and Belgium.

"Iconoclast" trilogy (2007–2012).

A re-mixed version of "Whatever It May Take" was released in 2007, featuring a different song order and an acoustic track "io". For the shows during the summer Christian Bass was hired as live drummer. In August Heaven Shall Burn announced they had begun recording a new album. In October the new album "" was announced, with release dates in early 2008. Heaven Shall Burn finished the year 2007, participating in the Darkness Over X-Mas Tour, co-headlining with Caliban, with support of Sonic Syndicate, Misery Speaks and the Sorrow. "Endzeit", the first song released of "Iconoclast", saw its live premiere on that tour.  After its release "Iconoclast" entered the German album charts at #21, Heaven Shall Burn's best charting position to that date. Also a music video was released for the track "Endzeit". Shortly after a couple release shows in Germany and Greece, Heaven Shall Burn went on tour in support of "Iconoclast". The first leg of the tour through Europe was joined by Aborted and Misery Speaks, the second leg of the tour was Heaven Shall Burn's first ever North American tour with support of Embrace the End and the Ghost Inside. The North American leg was a brief tour across the US and Canada winding up at the New England Metal and Hardcore Festival. Following their North American tour Heaven Shall Burn played several summer festival across Europe. In Vienna, Heaven Shall Burn played a show to celebrated their 10th Anniversary. The show was recorded for a future DVD.  The recording of the Vienna show was released as part of "Bildersturm – Iconoclast II ". Heaven Shall Burn's first DVD "Bildersturm" was released in 2009. With its release a music video for Heaven Shall Burn's Edge of Sanity cover of "Black Tears" came along. In May Heaven Shall Burn supported Trivium on their Australian tour. Again in summer Heaven Shall Burn appeared on festivals across Europe including Wacken Open Air. In early December Heaven Shall Burn were special guest on the Taste of Chaos 2009 tour dates in Germany, headlined by In Flames and Killswitch Engage. Later in December Heaven Shall Burn embarked the Darkness Over X-Mas Tour with support of Dark Tranquillity, Swashbuckle, and Deadlock.  The third part of the "Iconoclast" trilogy "Invictus " was released in May 2010 and became the band's and Century Media's first release to enter the top ten of the German Album Charts, entering at #9. To further promote "Invictus" Heaven Shall Burn embarked a co-headlining tour with As I Lay Dying through Europe, in November 2010, with support of Suicide Silence and Dew-Scented. In May 2011, Heaven Shall Burn toured across South America, again with As I Lay Dying.  In early 2012, Heaven Shall Burn were part of the Australian Soundwave Festival and played shows in South-East Asia. After that they took part at the Impericon Progression Tour, the tour line-up included Unearth, Neaera and Suffokate on the European mainland and Rise to Remain, Malefice and Adept in the UK. After numerous festival shows, including a headlining show at With Full Force, Heaven Shall Burn and Caliban joined forces to celebrate either band's 15th Anniversary. Heaven Shall Burn celebrated their 15th Anniversary playing their 500th show on December 21, 2012 in the sold out Klubhaus in their hometown Saalfeld.

"Veto" (2013–2015).

In January 2013, Heaven Shall Burn announced they had finished writing their next album and were about to start recording it. On February 20 they revealed their new album "Veto", which was released April 19, in Germany and April 30, in North America. To promote the album's release a music video was shot for "Hunters Will Be Hunted" and a lyric video was made for "Godiva". The release of the album was celebrated with shows at the Impericon Festivals in Leipzig and Vienna and the Loudfest in Zurich. "Veto" entered the official German Album Charts at #2. Heaven Shall Burn appeared on some European Summer Festivals in 2013, among these festivals were Graspop Metal Meeting and the first edition of Rock'n'Heim at the Hockenheimring. In support of "Veto" Heaven Shall burn embarked a headlining tour through Europe in November and December 2013, supporting acts were Hypocrisy, Dying Fetus and Bleed from Within. Before the tour began drummer Matthias Voigt released a statement and announced that he was about to step down as drummer of Heaven Shall Burn and live drummer Christian Bass would take his position.  In February 2014, Heaven Shall Burn toured South America with Parkway Drive. Heaven Shall Burn played several festivals across Europe in the Summer of 2014 including Rock am Ring and Rock im Park, Wacken Open Air, Deichbrand and Summer Breeze Open Air. Later the same year Heaven Shall Burn were special guest on Parkway Drive's European Tour 2014, along with Carnifex and Northlane. Parkway Drive shared headlining duties with Heaven Shall Burn in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.  On April 30, 2015, Heaven Shall Burn became the sponsor for the tricots of football team FC Carl Zeiss Jena. It is part of their campaign "Support Your Local Team", which should encourage people to support their local clubs, not only top class clubs. May 3, was the first time Jena played in their new tricots.  As many summers before Heaven Shall Burn appeared on various European festivals during summer 2015, including Greenfield Festival, With Full Force, Resurrection Fest and Brutal Assault.

"Wanderer" (2016–2019).

On September 19, 2016, the band released their eighth studio album, "Wanderer", available in a standard 12-track edition as well as a deluxe edition with a bonus track and a bonus disc (which contains covers included on previous albums). The first single released from the album was "Downshifter", followed by "Bring the War Home", which was released as a lyric video.

"Of Truth and Sacrifice" (2020–present).

On March 20, 2020, the band released their ninth studio album, "Of Truth and Sacrifice". It was released as a double album, available in the standard 2-CD as well as a deluxe edition with a bonus DVD, which contains the movie "Mein grünes Herz in dunklen Zeit" (My green heart in dark times). The first single released from the album was the double release of "Protector" and "Weakness leaving my heart", which was released as a music video. It was followed by "My heart and the ocean", which was also released with a music video made in cooperation with Sea Shepherd.

Band name.

The name was taken from a Marduk album titled "Heaven Shall Burn... When We Are Gathered".

Heaven Shall Burn are a German extreme metal band from Saalfeld, formed in 1996. The band consists of vocalist Marcus Bischoff, guitarists Maik Weichert and Alexander Dietz, bassist Eric Bischoff and drummer Christian Bass. They are currently signed to Century Media. They have released eight studio albums, as well as a number of other records. One of their album, "Veto", entered the German Album Charts at #2 in 2013., with their latest, Of Truth and Sacrifice reaching number 1.

Heaven Shall Burn est un groupe de deathcore mélodique allemand, originaire de Saalfeld. Formé en 1996, le groupe comprend le chanteur Marcus Bischoff, les guitaristes Maik Weichert et Alexander Dietz, le bassiste Eric Bischoff et le batteur Christian Bass. Ils sont actuellement signés à Century Media. Ils comptent au total huit albums studio, l'un des derniers étant, "" (2013), qui atteindra la deuxième place des classements allemands en 2013.


In economic theory.

Economists judge the "openness" of markets according to the amount of government regulation of those markets, the scope for competition, and the absence or presence of local cultural customs which get in the way of trade. In principle, a fully open market is a completely free market in which all economic actors can trade without any external constraint. In reality, few markets exist which are open to that extent, since they usually cannot operate without an enforceable legal framework for trade which guarantees security of property, the fulfillment of contractual obligations associated with transactions, and the prevention of cheating.  A physical open market is a space where anyone wishing to trade physical goods may do so free of selling charges and taxes, and has come to be regarded by many activists as the ultimate social enterprise and a major tool for tackling unemployment.  In a more general sense the term has started to be used in economics and political economy, in which an open market refers to a market which is accessible to all economic actors. In an open market so defined, all economic actors have an equal opportunity of entry in that market. This contrasts with a market closed by a monopoly which dominate an industry, and with a protected market in which entry is conditional on certain financial and legal requirements or which is subject to tariff barriers, taxes, levies or state subsidies which effectively prevent some economic actors from participating in them (see protectionism).  The concept of an open market in this general sense is sometimes criticized on the ground that participation in it is conditional on having sufficient money, income or assets. Lacking sufficient money, income or assets, people may be effectively excluded from participation. Thus, whereas people may have sufficient funds to participate in some markets, their funds are inadequate to participate in other markets. This raises the question of whether markets are ever truly "open", and suggests that the "openness" of markets is more a relative concept. In response to this type of criticism, the concept of open market is often redefined to mean a situation of free competition, and the inability to participate is explained as a lack of competitiveness. On this view, if people were more competitive they would be able to participate, and thus their lack of funds is due to their unwillingness to compete for resources. On this view, lack of participation in an open market is either a subjective preference or a personal defect.

In banking.

In banking and financial economics, the open market is the term used to refer to the environment in which bonds are bought and sold between a central bank and its regulated banks. It is not a free market process.

The term open market is used generally to refer to an economic situation close to free trade. In a more specific, technical sense, the term refers to interbank trade in securities.

Le terme Open market (mot anglophone) est utilisé pour désigner le marché sur lequel les emprunts d'État s'échangent. Les banques centrales peuvent intervenir sur ce marché au moyen des opérations d'open market.


History.

In the nineteenth century, repeated efforts had been made in the United States towards an arrangement by which a uniform textbook of Christian doctrine might be used by all Catholics. As early as 1829, the bishops assembled in the First Provincial Council of Baltimore decreed: "A catechism shall be written which is better adapted to the circumstances of this Province; it shall give the Christian Doctrine as explained in Cardinal Bellarmine's Catechism (1597), and when approved by the Holy See, it shall be published for the common use of Catholics" (Decr. xxxiii). The clause recommending Bellarmine's catechism as a model was added at the special request of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. Bellarmine's "Small Catechism", Italian text with English translation, was published in Boston in 1853.  The wish of the bishops was not carried out and the First and Second Plenary Councils of Baltimore (1852 and 1866) repeated the decree of 1829. In the Third Plenary Council (1884) many bishops were in favor of a "revised" edition of a 1775 catechism by Archbishop Butler from Ireland, but finally the matter was given into the hands of a committee of six bishops. At last, in 1885, was issued "A Catechism of Christian Doctrine, Prepared and Enjoined by Order of the Third Council of Baltimore". The council had desired a catechism "perfect in every respect" (Acta et Decr., p. 219). Nearly every US bishop gave the new national catechism his official approbation and many schools adopted it, but it also received considerable criticism. In 1895, only ten years after publication, the American archbishops began a process of revision, but this was abandoned due to a lack of consensus. Between 1885 and 1941 over 100 other Catholic catechetical manuals were published in America with official imprimaturs, although none was as widely-used as the "Baltimore Cathechism".  Soon various editions came forth with additions of word-meanings, explanatory notes, some even with different arrangements, so that soon there was a considerable diversity in the books that go by the name of "Baltimore Catechism". The "Baltimore Catechism" became the standard text for Catholic education in the United States for the next four generations. Since the 1960s, many Catholic churches and schools have moved away from catechism-based education.

Original volumes.

The standard edition was created by Fr. Januarius De Concilio during the Council and published on April 6, 1885. This catechism contained 421 questions. Then for no known reason Bishop John Lancaster Spalding deleted many of the questions, reordering some, to make an abridged version containing 208 questions. This shorter catechism he identified as "number 1." However, the questions retained their original numbering; so, for example, in "Lesson First" the reader finds Q1, Q2, Q3, Q6, Q9. In September 1885 Bishop Spalding registered a separate copyright under his own name for what became commonly known as Baltimore Catechism Number 1. Since the standard text was larger, people and publishers came to refer to it as Baltimore Catechism Number 2.

Revised volumes.

Later in the twentieth century the United States bishops decided to update the "Baltimore Catechism". During the process they were determined to address the handful of criticisms that scholars had raised against the original. For example, the 1885 version was primarily written by one man, Fr. De Concilio. So the revised edition involved hundreds of theologians, scholars and teachers. The original was primarily written in ten days while the revised versions took years, in a long process of review and editing. Whereas Fr. De Concilio crafted one text which he intended for use by all schoolchildren, the revised text resulted not in one catechism, but a series of texts for different ages and grades. The Episcopal committee for the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD), engaged Fr. Francis J. Connell, professor of Moral Theology at the Catholic University of America, as editor and theological advisor in the production of the graded texts.  Volume 1 The 33 lessons contained in "Baltimore Catechism No. 1" present the basics of the Catholic faith in a manner suitable for first communicants through fifth graders. Volume 2 The 37 lessons contained in "Baltimore Catechism No. 2" present the fundamentals of the Catholic Faith in a manner suitable for sixth through ninth graders and those preparing for Confirmation. Volume 3 The 37 lessons contained in "Baltimore Catechism No. 3" are intended for students who have received their Confirmation and/or high schoolers. It includes additional questions, definitions, examples, and applications that build upon the content of the original "Baltimore Catechism" (No. 2). Volume 4 "An Explanation of the Baltimore Catechism" can be used as a reference work, or as a teacher's manual for the original Baltimore Catechisms. It is often used as an advanced textbook. Its explanations of many little known questions pertaining to the Catholic Faith are designed to reward the questioning reader.

External links.

. An abridged edition for younger students.. The main edition.. An expanded edition for older students.. An annotated edition for teachers. Trent Catechism of the Council of Trent CCC Catechism of the Catholic Church US Adult United States Catholic Catechism for Adults

A Catechism of Christian Doctrine, Prepared and Enjoined by Order of the Third Council of Baltimore, or simply the Baltimore Catechism, was the official national catechism for children in the United States, based on Robert Bellarmine's 1614 "Small Catechism". The first such catechism written for Catholics in North America, it was the standard Catholic school text in the country from 1885 to the late 1960s. From its publication, however, there were calls to revise it, and many other catechisms were used during this period. It was officially replaced by the "United States Catholic Catechism for Adults" in 2004, based on the revised universal Catechism of the Catholic Church.

Le Catéchisme de Baltimore était le catéchisme utilisé dans l'Église catholique aux États-Unis dans la période de 1885 à 1960. Préparé lors du troisième concile de Baltimore, il était obligatoire dans toutes les paroisses et écoles catholiques américaines.