LASEK.

LASEK and PRK are two different procedures. While both procedures interact with the epithelium atop the cornea, the PRK procedure removes this entirely, while LASEK brushes the material away for the procedure, before being placed back for healing after laser surgery. The procedure can be used to treat astigmatism, nearsightedness, and farsightedness. During the procedure, the epithelium is displaced using a diluted alcohol solution.  LASEK has advantages over LASIK in that it avoids added complications associated with the flap created during surgery. The procedure may also reduce the chances of dry eye symptoms after surgery. Due to the LASEK procedure not requiring a surgical flap, athletes or individuals concerned with trauma introduced by the flap may see benefits to LASEK. Patients that wear contact lenses will typically need to stop wearing these for a specified time before the procedure.  LASEK disadvantages include a longer recovery time for vision in contrast to LASIK. Post-surgery patients are required to wear a "bandage" contact lens over the eye, which is not required for LASIK post-surgery. Another disadvantage is that patient may be required to apply steroid eye drops for a few weeks longer than that of a LASIK procedure. Vision after the LASEK procedure has a longer recovery than LASIK which may be between five days and two weeks for blurred vision to properly clear.  When LASEK is compared to LASIK, LASIK can have better outcomes with corneal haze while LASEK has a lower rate of flap complications than LASIK.

Eligibility.

There are a number of basic criteria which a person should satisfy:  There are also some pre-existing conditions that may complicate or preclude the treatment.

Possible complications.

Some complications that can be temporary or permanent include:

Dry eyes.

As with other forms of refractive surgery, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, colloquially referred to as 'dry eye,' is the most common complication of PRK, and can be permanent. In more advanced cases, recurrent erosions occur during sleeping from adherence of the corneal epithelium to the upper eyelid with rapid eye movement. Adjuvant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with high Omega-3 content before and after surgery improves sicca, possibly due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Foods containing PUFAs include flax and fish oil. Brush PRK to denude the epithelium, instead of alcohol based techniques, also result in quantitatively lower ocular dryness after surgery. The amount of corneal hazing after surgery is also decreased with brush technique. The platelet activating factor LAU-0901 has shown effect in mitigating dry eye in mouse models. Rabbit models have also shown improvement with topical nerve growth factor (NGF) in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Mitomycin C worsens post-surgical dry eye.  PRK may be performed on one eye at a time to assess the results of the procedure and ensure adequate vision during the healing process. Activities requiring good binocular vision may have to be suspended between surgeries and during the sometimes extended healing periods.

Halos, starbusts and refractive errors.

PRK can be associated with glare, halos, and starburst aberrations, which can occur with postoperative corneal haze during the healing process. Night halos are seen more often in revisions with small ablation zone size. With more recent developments in laser technology, this is less common after 6 months though symptoms can persist beyond a year in some cases. A dilute concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent, Mitomycin-C, can be applied briefly at the completion of surgery to reduce risk of hazing, although with increased risk of sicca.  Predictability of the resulting refractive correction after healing is not totally exact, particularly for those with more severe myopia. This can lead to under/overcorrection of the refractive error. In the case of the overcorrection, premature presbyopia is a possibility. Experienced surgeons employ a custom-profile algorithm to further enhance predictability in their results.  In 1 to 3% of cases, loss of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) can result, due to decentered ablative zones or other surgical complications. PRK results in improved BCVA about twice as often as it causes loss. Decentration is becoming less and less of a problem with more modern lasers using sophisticated eye centering and tracking methods.

Comparison to LASIK.

A systematic review that compared PRK and LASIK concluded that LASIK has shorter recovery time and less pain. The two techniques after a period of one year have similar results.  A 2016 systematic review found that it was unclear whether there were any differences in efficacy, accuracy, and adverse effects when comparing PRK and LASEK procedures among people with low to moderate myopia. The review stated that no trials have been conducted comparing the two procedures on people with high myopia.  A 2017 systematic review found uncertainty in visual acuity, but found that in one study, those receiving PRK were less likely to achieve a refractive error, and were less likely to have an over-correction than compared to LASIK.  Uses Amoils Brush and gas cooling to reduce the pain Uses mitomycin in an attempt to reduce post-operative haze but is of dubious effectiveness. Possible long-term side effects are unknown.

Pilots.

The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration will consider applicants with PRK once they are fully healed and stabilized, provided there are no complications and all other visual standards are met. Pilots should be aware, however, that potential employers, such as commercial airlines and private companies, may have policies that consider refractive surgery a disqualifying condition. Also, civilians who wish to fly military aircraft should know that there are restrictions on those who have had corrective surgery. The Army now permits flight applicants who have undergone PRK or LASIK. Uncomplicated, successful corneal refractive surgery does not require a waiver and is noted as information only.  The Navy and Marines will routinely grant a waiver for pilots or student naval aviators, as well as naval flight officers, UAS operators and aircrew, to fly after PRK and LASIK, assuming preoperative refractive standards are met, no complications in the healing process were encountered, asymptomatic with regard to significant halos, glare or dry eye, off all medications, and passing their standard vision tests. In one study, 967 of 968 naval aviators having PRK returned to duty involving flying after the procedure. In fact, the U.S. Navy now offers free PRK and LASIK surgery at the National Naval Medical Center to Naval Academy Midshipmen who intend to pursue career paths requiring good uncorrected vision, including flight school and special operations training.  The U.S. Air Force approves the use of PRK and LASIK. Since 2000 the USAF has conducted PRK for aviators at the Wilford Hall Medical Center. More airmen were allowed over the years and in 2004 the USAF approved LASIK for aviators, with limits on the type of aircraft they could fly. Then in 2007 those limits were lifted. Most recently in 2011 the USAF expanded the program, making it easier for more airmen to qualify for the surgery. Current airmen (Active Duty and Air Reserve Components who are eligible) are authorized surgery at any DOD Refractive Surgery Center. Those airmen not eligible, are still able to get the surgery done at their own expense by a civilian surgeon, but must first be approved (approval is based on the same USAF-RS program). Others that do not fall into those categories (i.e. applicants who are seeking a pilot slot) can still elect to have the surgery done, but must follow the criteria in accordance with the USAF Waiver Guide. Those applicants will be evaluated at the ACS during their Medical Flight Screening appointment to determine if they meet waiver criteria.  In the majority of patients, PRK has proven to be a safe and effective procedure for the correction of myopia. PRK is still evolving with other countries currently using refined techniques and alternative procedures. Many of these procedures are under investigation in the U.S. Given that PRK is not reversible, a patient considering PRK is recommended to contact an eye-care practitioner for assistance in making an informed decision concerning the potential benefits and liabilities that may be specific to him or her.

Military.

In the U.S.A. candidates who have had PRK can get a blanket waiver for the Special Forces Qualification, Combat Diving Qualification and Military Free Fall courses. PRK and LASIK are both waived for Airborne, Air Assault and Ranger schools. However, those who have had LASIK must enroll in an observational study, if a slot is available, to undergo training in Special Forces qualification. LASIK is disqualifying/non-waiverable for several United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) schools (HALO, SCUBA, SERE) per Army Regulation 40-501.

History.

The first PRK procedure was performed in 1987 by Dr. Theo Seiler, then at the Free University Medical Center in Berlin, Germany. The first procedure similar to LASEK was performed at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in 1996 by ophthalmologist and refractive surgeon Dimitri Azar. Dr. Massimo Camellin, an Italian surgeon, was the first to write a scientific publication about the new surgical technique in 1998, coining the term LASEK for laser epithelial keratomileusis.

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy (or laser epithelial keratomileusis) (LASEK) are laser eye surgery procedures intended to correct a person's vision, reducing dependency on glasses or contact lenses. LASEK and PRK permanently change the shape of the anterior central cornea using an excimer laser to ablate (remove by vaporization) a small amount of tissue from the corneal stroma at the front of the eye, just under the corneal epithelium. The outer layer of the cornea is removed prior to the ablation.

La photokératectomie réfractive (PKR) (ou « kératectomie photoréfractive avec laser excimère », « kératoplastie photoréfractive », « photo-ablation excimère de surface », « photoablation excimère de surface » ou encore « photokératectomie réfractive avec laser excimère ») est la première méthode chirurgicale utilisant un laser à excimère pour le traitement des patients amétropes.


Ligue mondiale de water-polo masculin 2012

Draw.

Americas.

As there were only 4 entries, all teams in this region will play in a single group.

Asia/Oceania.

Europe.

There were 10 entries into the league from Europe, and these were drawn into two groups of three teams and one group of four teams. The teams were placed into groups based on their performance in the 2011 FINA Men's Water Polo World League along with Great Britain, host of the 2012 Olympic tournament.

Americas League.

All teams will played the other teams twice. All matches were held in Orange County, California from 10–13 May 2012. USA and Brazil, the top two teams, advanced to the Super Final.

Asia/Oceania League.

All teams will play the other teams twice. The first round-robin will be held from 1–5 May 2012 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai and the second round-robin will be held from 8–12 May 2012 at the Chiba International Swimming Complex in Narashino, Chiba, Japan. Two teams advance to the Super Final, one of which must be Kazakhstan as they are the host.

Europe League.

All teams play the other teams in their group home-and-away. The winner of each group advances to the Super Final.

Group C.

3 teams equal on points, therefore only the matches between each other are considered to break the tie - FINA By-Law 9.6.3

Super Final.

The Super Final was held on 12–17 June 2012 in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Preliminary Round: Group A.

June 12 June 13 June 14

Preliminary Round: Group B.

June 12 June 13 June 14

Quarter-finals.

June 15

The 2012 FINA Men's Water Polo World League is played between November 2011 and June 2012 and open to all men's water polo national teams. After playing in groups within the same continent, eight teams qualify to play in a final tournament, called the Super Final in Almaty, Kazakhstan from 12–17 June 2012. The two teams that reach the final of the Super Final will be the first teams to quality for the water polo tournament of the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona.

La Ligue mondiale 2012 est la onzième édition de la Ligue mondiale de water-polo masculin, compétition annuelle organisée par la Fédération internationale de natation (FINA).


Histoory.

In 1955 businessman Frits den Herder together with his brother Coen, the owner of a local shipping company and playground, started collecting sea mammals. They started by building a dolphinarium (in Dutch: dolfinarium). In 1965 the park was opened to the general public. The goal of the park according to Frits was to "make the Dutch population show respect for these most special and mythical sea mammals". In 1969 the characteristic dome was built, and in the year after opening the Dolfinarium welcomed one million visitors.  In the seventies the Dolfinarium expanded its collection of animals and built more enclosures. In 1976 the Icelandic orca Gudrun was added to the collection. At the end of the decade the Dolfinarium started setting up dependencies abroad. As these dependencies did not have financial success, the Dolfinarium went bankrupt in 1982. At the insistence of the mayor of Harderwijk a new foundation was set up to continue the Dolfinarium and in 1984 the shares of the company were sold to a new owner. In 1987 Gudrun was sent to SeaWorld Orlando. In 1989 the Dolfinarium once again changed hands and the new owner invested money in the building of new attractions. The largest of the constructions was the building of a lagoon in 1997, which cost around 12 million euro.  In 2001 the Dolfinarium was bought by Compagnie des Alpes, which owns another amusement park in the Netherlands, Walibi Holland, and formerly owned Avonturenpark Hellendoorn. In 2005 the park underwent major renovation for the fiftieth anniversary of the park. During the boreal winter of 2012–2013, further renovations, including refurbishment of the old dome, were made. On 17 December 2014 the director of the Dolfinarium said that the ownership of the Dolfinarium would likely from Compagnie des Alpes to Aspro Parks, with negotiations being in the final stages.  In 2016 the Dolfinarium announced to decrease the number of dolphins at the park, citing that the population had gotten too large. It also announced a new playground for children. The number of visitors decreased to 586,300 in 2016.

Areas.

The park is open each year from spring to autumn, with winter being reserved for maintenance. The park is divided into several areas for different species or wider groups of animals. The animals in some areas perform in shows.  The park has numerous restaurants, shops and playgrounds and a beach located on lake Wolderwijd. An in-park hotel is planned.

Additional experiences.

In cooperation with a foundation, the Dolfinarium offers therapeutic sessions with dolphins for children with autism or Down syndrome. Commercially it offers a program called "Sleeping with dolphins" for children aged 8–12.

SOS Dolfijn.

SOS Dolfijn is an independent foundation based in the Dolfinarium dedicated to the saving of stranded porpoises, dolphins and whales. Porpoises (85%) are the most common patients at the recovery facilities in the Dolfinarium. The goal of saved animals is to let them recover and then release them into the wild again. If porpoises are deemed unfit to be released into the wild, they are sent to the Bruinvisbaai or to facilities at Ecomare on the island of Texel.  In 2016 the cooperation between SOS Dolfijn and the Dolfinarium stopped, with SOS Dolfijn announcing it was looking for a new location.

Morgan.

In 2010 the Dolfinarium attracted worldwide attention when young killer whale Morgan was found exhausted and emaciated in the North Sea. She was rescued and sent for recovery at the Dolfinarium. After her recuperation opinions were split between those who wanted to return her to nature, and those who saw no chance of Morgan surviving in nature and thus wished her to go Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain, where she could be better taken care of. The Dolfinarium wished to see Morgan go to the Loro Parque as well. Those who wished to see Morgan return to nature united in the Orca Coalition. Sentiments ran high and in the end a Dutch judge decided that Morgan should be transported to Loro Parque. Morgan was moved to Loro Parque on 29 November 2011. The Dutch police provided an escort from the Dolfinarium to Schiphol Airport. The date of the transport had been kept secret as the city of Harderwijk feared confrontations between opposers of the transport and police. The city had issued an emergency ban on 'Free Morgan' protests. The costs to the Dolfinarium of the rescue, upkeep, and transport of Morgan to Spain were over €1 million.

Television.

Dutch broadcaster Nickelodeon aired a show intended for children called Spetter! during 2006. The show was based around the dolphin called Spetter in the Dolfinarium. Spetter was the first dolphin born by artificial insemination in the Dolfinarium. While shooting the series, a plastic model of the dolphin was at times used so as to not exhaust the animal. A subsequent season called Spetter and the Romanov Mystery was aired by Jetix in 2007. Tess Gaerthé, Dutch contestant to the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005, provided the titlesong for the second season. Re-runs of the Spetter series have been shown by different RTL channels. The airing of the Spetter series led to a higher number of visitors for the Dolfinarium.

Dolfinarium Harderwijk, better known as the Dolfinarium, is a marine mammal park in Harderwijk, the Netherlands. It is the largest marine mammal park in Europe. Visitor numbers were steady from 2005 to 2011, numbering between 700,000 and 800,000, with only the opening of new attractions responsible for a surge in numbers. In 2012 the Dolfinarium made €12 million in sales, which was around €2,4 million lower than the year before. This was mainly due to a decline in visitor numbers because of orca Morgan leaving the park, and the park temporarily closing down due to the start of construction at the end of the year. It is expensive to run

Le Dolfinarium Harderwijk est un delphinarium néerlandais situé dans la province de Gueldre, à Harderwijk. Fondé en 1955 par Frits den Herder, il ouvre au public en 1965. Il appartient au groupe français la Compagnie des Alpes pendant 13 ans, entre 2001 et fin 2014. Il est depuis cette date la propriété de la multinationale espagnole Aspro-Ocio.


Film, TV and theatre actor.

Whitehead first appeared on Broadway in Martin Beck Theatre performing in "The Lake" (1933) in 55 performances from December 1933 to February 1934 (which was Katharine Hepburn's first Broadway leading role) and 11 other plays by 1939. Hepburn encouraged his early career.  O. Z. Whitehead was one of the last surviving members of John Ford's "stock company" of character actors. Along with John Carradine, Donald Meek, Ward Bond, Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr. et al., Whitehead was one of the many actors regularly employed by Ford to breathe life into even the smallest roles in his films. His best-known part was that of Al in Ford's 1940 adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath".  Whitehead's film debut was in "The Scoundrel" (1935) by Ben Hecht, and Charles MacArthur which won a 1936 Oscar for Best Original Story Whitehead most famously played Al Joad (Henry Fonda's younger brother) in John Steinbeck's "Grapes of Wrath" (1940) which was nominated for, and won, several Oscars. Whitehead starred as Clarence in a stage production of "Life with Father" with Lillian Gish among a total of more than 50 films and TV series episodes performances. Whitehead's first TV episode was "The Arrow and the Bow" in "Cavalcade of America" in 1953 and continued in other shows like "Gunsmoke" (1958), "Bonanza" (1960), and two episodes of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1960–61). In 1961 he made a guest appearance on "Perry Mason" as murderer Harry Beacom in "The Case of the Cowardly Lion." Shortly thereafter Whitehead moved to Ireland and participated in theatre arts there.  In 1966 he won the Best Supporting Actor award at the Dublin Theatre Festival for his performance in Eugene O'Neill's "Hughie", a part he was to reprise at the Peacock until 1989. In 1983 he played the role of American Ambassador David Gray in the RTÉ television drama "Caught in a Free State", set in neutral Ireland during World War II. His final role was as the narrator/Voice in the Irish horror film "Biological Maintenance Department" (1997).  Following his move to Ireland he established the "O. Z. Whitehead Award" supporting theatre in 1966, the first year including Dr. Michael McDonnell, for his play "All Gods Die on Friday". Other winners have been Ivy Bannister, Aodhan Madden, and Francis Harvey.

Personal life.

As a child he was fascinated by films and the theatre and decided to make his career as an actor after his father took him to see Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in The Kid in 1921. After years in stage, film and television Whitehead struggled in the Hollywood Studio system, a pacifist in World War II and became dissatisfied with the roles he was given, and then first heard of the Baháʼí Faith in 1949. At his first informational meeting on the religion, Whitehead heard well-known researcher Marzieh Gail. Whitehead joined the religion late in 1950, gave public talks on the religion such as at World Religion Day observances and other occasions in the 1950s, went on pilgrimage to its spiritual and administrative center in Haifa in 1955. He also attended the first Baháʼí World Congress in 1963 in London. He then pioneered to Ireland while also taking to the Dublin theatrical opportunities. Whitehead was elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly of Dublin and the National Spiritual Assembly of Ireland on which he served for 15 years following its formation in 1972. From about 1973 through the end of his life Whitehead devoted much of his time to the concerns of the religion including work resulting in publishing three books collecting biographies of early Baháʼís while in his 6th decade but he also supported the Irish Actors' Equity and the Screen Actors' Guild and served on the executive of the Irish branch of PEN, the international writers' club.  Although Zebbie Whitehead never married, he was in a long-term and very private relationship with actress Katharine Hepburn. The couple met through Dick Hepburn, who studied at Harvard University with Zebbie. After they agreed to part, Zebbie was never known to be in another relationship.

Death.

Whitehead died of cancer in Dublin in 1998, at the age of 87.

Oothout Zabriskie Whitehead (March 1, 1911 – July 29, 1998) was an American stage and film character actor. He was born in New York City and attended Harvard University. Called "O.Z." or "Zebby", he also authored several volumes of biographical sketches of early members of the Baháʼí Faith especially in the West after he moved ("pioneered" as a Baháʼí) to Dublin, Ireland in 1963.

Oothout Zabriskie Whitehead, né le à New York (État de New York), mort le à Dublin (Irlande), est un acteur américain, connu comme O. Z. Whitehead.


Political career.

Hart was elected in Riverdale South in the snap Yukon election of November 2002. He defeated incumbent Yukon Liberal Cabinet minister Sue Edelman, who had held the riding since 1996.  He was appointed to the Cabinet of Yukon Premier Dennis Fentie on November 30, 2002, as the Minister of Community Services, the Minister of Highways and Public Works, and the Minister in charge of the Yukon Housing Corporation.  Hart was re-elected as MLA for Riverdale South in the 2006 Yukon election and re-appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Community Services, Minister of the Public Service Commission, and the Minister responsible for the French Language Services Directorate. He served in that capacity until July 3, 2008, when he was appointed the Minister of Health and Social Services and the Minister responsible for the Yukon Workers' Compensation Health and Safety Board. He retained responsibility for the French Language Services Directorate.  Hart was defeated in his second re-election attempt of 2011, losing to New Democrat Jan Stick, a former Whitehorse City Councillor.

Personal life.

Hart, a former civil servant, is married with three sons. He was active in the establishment of Whitehorse's Meadow Lakes Golf and Country Club, an investment he was required to remain distant from while serving as a minister, in order to avoid the appearance of conflict of interest.  Hart has lived in the Yukon since 1979.

Electoral record.

Yukon general election, 2011.

! align=left colspan=3|Total! align=right| 969! align=right| 100.0%! align=right| –

Yukon general election, 2006.

! align=left colspan=3|Total! align=right| 857! align=right| 100.0%! align=right| –

Yukon general election, 2002.

! align=left colspan=3|Total! align=right| 970! align=right| 100.0%! align=right| –

Glenn Hart is a Band Director at Marcos de Niza Highschool politician, who represented the Whitehorse, Yukon electoral district of Riverdale South His favorite instrument is the Tuba in the Yukon Legislative Assembly from 2002 to 2011. He is a member of the Yukon Party.

Glenn Hart est un homme politique (yukonnais) canadien. Il est un ancien député qui représente de la circonscription de Riverdale Sud à l'Assemblée législative du Yukon de 2002 à 2011. Il est membre du Parti du Yukon.


Élection présidentielle sud-coréenne de 2012

Background.

Lee Myung-bak was elected President of South Korea in 2007 as the nominee of the conservative Grand National Party after a closely contested primary in which he narrowly defeated Park Geun-hye, and assumed office in February 2008. His victory brought to a close ten years of liberal administration under Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun. The Lee Myung-bak government pursued the reduction of government bureaucracy and a laissez-faire economic policy, and came under criticism from the left for political scandals and controversial policies such as the Jeju-do Naval Base and its support of the South Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement, although both were initiated under the previous administration. Despite the fact that he was elected in a landslide victory and received initial approval ratings of 70%, Lee's ratings had declined to below 30% by 2012.  At the end of 2011, Park Geun-hye assumed control of the Grand National Party, which was subsequently renamed the Saenuri or New Frontier Party in February 2012. She distanced herself from Lee and led the party towards the center. In legislative elections in April 2012, Park guided the party to an upset victory, returning its majority in the National Assembly. This contributed to an increase in her poll ratings and consolidated her position as frontrunner for the Saenuri nomination.  Opposition to Saenuri is divided primarily between the Democratic United Party and independent supporters of Ahn Cheol-soo, who has emerged as a leading potential candidate despite his ostensible silence on the race.<ref name="Donga 23/4"></ref> In the DUP, focus initially lay on Sohn Hak-kyu as a potential nominee, but by late 2011 Moon Jae-in, a confidant of former president Roh, had overtaken Sohn in polls. Although the DUP invited Ahn to join the party, only 2.3% of respondents to a poll on 21 April thought that Ahn was best suited to be DUP nominee.<ref name="Hankyoreh 23/4"></ref> The DUP itself has been troubled by the split between pro-Roh members such as Moon Jae-in and the "Honam wing" of former president Kim Dae-jung, represented by Chung Dong-young.

Registered candidates.

Ballot numbers for party candidates were given according to the candidate's party seat distribution in the National Assembly. Ballot numbers for independent candidates were determined through a random lottery by the National Election Commission.

Nominations.

Democratic United Party.

Campaign.

The 2012 Democratic United Party presidential primary saw an open primary system implemented for the first time. This new open primary introduced "mobile voting"; it was hailed as a "revolution in voting" because people could participate in voting more conveniently. However, controversies persisted during the primary elections, as questions of the legitimacy and trustworthiness of the voting results were raised. The official result was announced on 16 September 2012, at 15:32 KST, naming Moon Jae-in the presidential candidate from the Democratic United Party. After winning the nomination, Moon stated that he would like to join forces with Ahn Cheol-soo.

Candidates.

Jo, Kim J and Kim Y were disqualified by the party through a cutoff poll, where only top five candidates were allowed to pass to primaries. Park withdrew before the primaries began.

Results.

P= Pre-registered electors who voted at Polling booths; M: Pre-registered electors who voted through Mobile devices; D= Party Delegates who voted at the polling booths  Moon Jae-in won the nomination on the first ballot, so no run-off contest was needed.

Saenuri Party.

Campaign.

The first member of the Saenuri Party to officially announce their candidacy was Kim Moon-soo on 22 April. Kim, a former labor activist, stated in his announcement that he would focus on combating regional and socioeconomic divides, emphasized his commitment to a policy of multiculturalism, and argued for a revision in Saenuri's primary system. He stated further that Park Geun-hye's leadership of the party represented only an "ambiguously prevailing trend", and could not be relied upon to reach victory in the elections. Although Kim said that he was "convinced" he could "attract more support than [Park]", he was not widely expected to garner a high level of support. His early announcement was regarded as an attempt to preemptively form an anti-Park faction in the party.  Chung Mong-joon, a billionaire and longstanding member of the National Assembly, followed on 29 April. In his announcement, Chung emphasized the need to confront regionalism and factional politics, and stated that he would "write a new history of the Republic of Korea by facilitating [his] experience of managing a business, engaging in diplomacy and creating unity in the nation". He stressed that his task was to "bring together the divided hearts of the people" and that he was concerned that the "country could collapse in its current situation".<ref name="Korea Times 29/4"></ref> Like Kim Moon-soo, Chung is expected to be at a disadvantage to Park. Chung previously declared his candidacy in the 2002 presidential elections but later dropped out to endorse Roh Moo-hyun.  The former Mayor of Incheon, Ahn Sang-soo, declared his candidacy on 6 May, emphasizing his economic credentials and stating that he would relieve the burden of debt.<ref name="Korea Herald 6/5"></ref> Former presidential Chief of Staff Yim Tae-hee followed on 8 May, issuing a call for Park Geun-hye to act as a "kingmaker" that was interpreted as a request for her to step aside. Yim, a moderate, proposed to join hands with independent Ahn Cheol-soo and DUP frontrunner Moon Jae-in in a bid to "demolish outdated politics". On 10 May, five-term lawmaker and former Minister for Government Legislation and Special Affairs Lee Jae-oh announced his bid, promising to reform the constitution and cut his term as president to three years.<ref name="OhMyNews 10/5"></ref>  The campaign for the Saenuri primaries has been characterized by a dispute between Park Geun-hye, as frontrunner and party leader, and her opponents in the party. She was cited in 2009 as the most influential politician in South Korea, and has outranked other candidates in many polls throughout 2012,<ref name="Hankyoreh 2/4">Poll: Park Geun-hye still leading race to presidency. "The Hankyoreh", 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.</ref> though as of early May 2012 she is yet to officially declare her candidacy. Park's opponents have called for Saenuri to adopt an open primary system rather than the present system based on an electoral college and opinion poll results.<ref name="Korea Herald 30/4"></ref> At the end of April the Democratic United Party suggested a joint discussion on the issue of fully open primaries. Park has been criticized for her taciturn and authoritarian style in leading the party, and Kim Moon-soo described her as overly "secretive". Chung Mong-joon stated that under Park's leadership, "democracy in the party [had] gone missing". Park strengthened her position when her ally Lee Hahn-koo was elected Saenuri's floor leader on 9 May.  During a primary debate on 7 August 2012, primary candidate Kim Tae-ho asked if Park Geun-hye would agree that the May 16 coup by her father (Park Chung Hee) was both a coup and a “necessary decision,” regarding Park's previous stance that the overthrow was a “revolution to save the country”. Park confirmed her stance by answering, “I don’t think it’s the place of politicians to be fighting over whether [the May 16 incident] were a ‘coup d’etat’ or a ‘revolution’”. She furthermore commented that “no one can refute that the events themselves did happen, whether you call them a ‘coup’ or a ‘revolution.’” and that “we need to leave that issue” for history to decide. In addition, during another debate on 8 August 2012, the moderator asked Park the minimum hourly rate for a part-time worker as of 2012. Park replied “I think it’s over 5,000 won, isn’t it?,” when the legal minimum wage was 4,580 won. In response, The South Korean Confederation of Trade Unions responded with a statement in which it said, “It is terribly discouraging when a person who wants to become president does not even know the country’s minimum wage, which is a minimal right for survival and the first step toward a welfare state.”

Candidates.

Chung and Lee, in protest of the controversial primary rule negotiations, withdrew their bids for nomination before the convention.

Results.

The official result was announced at Saenuri Convention, which took place on 20 August 2012 at 05:40 KST, nominating Park Geun-hye as the presidential candidate for the Saenuri Party.

Third parties and independent candidates.

Registered.

Park Jong-sun (Independent)A former entrepreneur  Kim So-yeon (Independent)Elected to the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions  Kang Ji-won (Independent)Chairman of Korea Manifesto Center  Kim Soon-ja (Independent)A Cleaning worker, and former proportional representation candidate of New Progressive Party for 2012 South Korean legislative election

Withdrawn.

Lee Jung-hee (UPP)former leader of UPP and former assemblywoman<ref name="Yonhap 16/12"></ref>  Lee Gun-gaeA former National Assembly Member

Opinion polling.

Exit poll.

KBS, MBC, and SBS Terrestrial Broadcasting Exit Survey

Public opinion manipulation controversy.

On December 11, 2012, the Democratic United Party claimed that agents of the Psychological Operations group in the South Korean National Intelligence Service (NIS) were influencing public opinion under orders by the NIS, by posting comments on the Internet. They followed these claims by identifying one such agent. In a police search attempt that agent did not emerge from the rented office and claimed that she was not involved in such actions. Right after the last TV debate between candidates Park Geun-Hye and Moon Jae-In police announced that no evidence was found. After Park Geun-Hye was sworn into office, evidence that the agent in question and many others were involved in activities manipulating public opinion in the presidential election. In May 27, 2013 the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency and Seoul Suseo Police Station was found to have delayed delivering evidence, and turned in fabricated laptop hard drive analysis reports. The police already had evidence that the agent in question posted political comments, the analysis report was not submitted to the Suseo Police Station and was destroyed.

Presidential elections were held in South Korea on 19 December 2012. They were the sixth presidential elections since democratization and the establishment of the Sixth Republic, and were held under a first-past-the-post system, in which there was a single round of voting and the candidate receiving the highest number of votes was elected. Under the South Korean constitution, a president is restricted to a single five-year term in office. The term of the then incumbent president Lee Myung-bak ended on 24 February 2013. According to the "Korea Times", 30.7 million people voted with turnout at 75.8%. Park Geun-hye of the Saenuri party was elected the first female South Korean president with 51.6% of the vote opposed to 48.0% for her opponent Moon Jae-in. Park's share of the vote was the highest won by any candidate since the beginning of free and fair direct elections in 1987.

L'élection présidentielle sud-coréenne de 2012 a eu lieu en Corée du Sud le. Elle a permis d'élire le successeur du président Lee Myung-bak qui ne peut pas se représenter. Cette élection consiste en un duel entre les deux principaux candidats, Park Geun-hye du Parti de la nouvelle frontière ("Saenuri"), la fille de l'ancien président Park Chung-hee, et Moon Jae-in du Parti démocrate unifié (PDU). Mais la campagne a été longtemps marquée par la candidature d'un indépendant, Ahn Cheol-soo qui s'est finalement retiré pour éviter une dispersion des voix de l'opposition.


Biography.

John Lourie Beveridge was born in Greenwich, New York on July 6, 1824. In 1842, he moved with his family to DeKalb County, Illinois. Beveridge attended Granville Academy for one term and then studied at Rock River Seminary. After his schooling, he moved to Tennessee and taught school. In 1851, he returned to Illinois to study law in Sycamore. Three years later he moved to Evanston and begun to practice law in Chicago. He formed a partnership with John F. Farnsworth until the Civil War.  Volunteering for the civil war; Beveridge initially served as an officer with Farnsworth in the 8th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry. With the unit he fought at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, commanding it at the latter. In November 1863, he received approval to raise his own regiment, the 17th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, and was elevated to the rank of colonel. The unit saw service in Missouri. He was brevetted to Brigadier General in March 1865 and mustered out on February 6, 1866.  Upon returning home, Beveridge was elected to serve as Cook County Sheriff. In 1870, Beveridge was elected to the Illinois Senate as a Republican. The next year, Beveridge was elected to fill the vacancy in the United States House of Representatives caused by the resignation of John A. Logan. He served in this role for only a year as well, resigning to accept his election as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. The next year, upon the resignation of Richard J. Oglesby, Beveridge became Governor of Illinois.  The governorship of Beveridge saw the economic downturn from the Long Depression. The farmers' movement prompted the formation of the Anti-Monopolist Party, later known as the Greenback Party, which opposed Beveridge's Republicans. Midterm elections in 1874 saw several Greenbacks (with Democratic support) elected to state offices, including Lieutenant Governor Archibald Glenn. The governorship also saw the Revision of 1874, a rewording of the Constitution of Illinois. Beveridge appointed the leadership roles for the Illinois exhibits for the Centennial Exposition. He also approved the Illinois School for the Deaf, Illinois School for the Blind, Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane and restorations of the Northern Illinois Hospital and Asylum for the Insane, Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane, Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home and Anna State Hospital.  After his term expired, Beveridge was named Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago by President Chester A. Arthur. Beveridge moved to Hollywood, California, in 1895, where he remained until his death of May 3, 1910. He was interred in Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago. He was the grandfather of sculptor Kuhne Beveridge.

John Lourie Beveridge (July 6, 1824 – May 3, 1910) was the 16th Governor of Illinois, serving from 1873 to 1877. He succeeded the recently elected Richard J. Oglesby, who resigned to accept a Senate seat. Beveridge previously served in the Army during the American Civil War, becoming colonel of the 17th Illinois Cavalry in 1864. He was brevetted to brigadier general in March 1865.

John Lourie Beveridge, né le à New York et mort le à Los Angeles, est un homme politique américain, notamment gouverneur républicain de l'Illinois entre 1873 et 1877.


Characteristics.

S-type asteroids, with an astronomical albedo of typically 0.20, are moderately bright and consist mainly of iron- and magnesium-silicates. They are dominant in the inner part of the asteroid belt within 2.2 AU, common in the central belt within about 3 AU, but become rare farther out. The largest is 15 Eunomia (about 330 km wide across its longest dimension), with the next largest members by diameter being 3 Juno, 29 Amphitrite, 532 Herculina and 7 Iris. These largest S-types are visible in 10x50 binoculars at most oppositions; the brightest, 7 Iris, can occasionally become brighter than +7.0, which is a higher magnitude than any asteroid except the unusually reflective 4 Vesta.  Their spectrum has a moderately steep slope at wavelengths shorter than 0.7 micrometres (μm), and has moderate to weak absorption features around 1 μm and 2 μm. The 1 μm absorption is indicative of the presence of silicates (stony minerals). Often there is also a broad but shallow absorption feature centered near 0.63 μm. The composition of these asteroids is similar to a variety of stony meteorites which share similar spectral characteristics.

S-group asteroids.

SMASS classification.

In the SMASS classification, several generally "stony" types of asteroids are brought together into a wider S-group which contains the following types:

Tholen classification.

In the Tholen classification, the S-type is a very broad grouping which includes all the types in the SMASS S-group except for the A, Q, and R, which have particularly strong "stony" absorption features around 1 μm.

Stony asteroid families.

Prominent stony asteroid families with their typical albedo are the:

S-type asteroids are asteroids with a spectral type that is indicative of a siliceous (i.e. stony) mineralogical composition, hence the name. Approximately 17% of asteroids are of this type, making it the second most common after the carbonaceous C-type.

Les astéroïdes de type S sont des astéroïdes principalement composés de silicates. Environ 17 % des astéroïdes sont de ce type ; ils constituent donc le deuxième type d'astéroïdes le plus important, après les astéroïdes de type C.


Biography.

Francesco Sacrati was born to nobility in Ferrara, Italy in 1567, the son of Camilla and Marquis Tommaso Sacrati. He is the nephew of Ercole Sacrati, Bishop of Comacchio and brother of Alfonso Sacrati, also Bishop of Comacchio. He received his doctorate "in utroque iure" in both canon and civil law from the University of Bologna. In 1595, he was named Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. On October 5, 1596, he was appointed Governor of Fano. He was successively appointed as Auditor of the Sacred Palace and on June 25, 1599, the Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota in which he traveled with Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini to Florence to welcome Queen Marie de' Medici, the wife of King Henri IV of France.  On November 5, 1612, he was elected during the papacy Pope Paul V of as Titular Archbishop of "Damascus". On November 5, 1612, he was consecrated bishop in the Sistine Chapel by Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese, Archpriest of the Arcibasilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, with Fabio Biondi, Titular Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Ulpiano Volpi, Archbishop of Chieti, serving as co-consecrators. On February 12, 1621, he was named Prefect of the Apostolic Datary.  He was created Cardinal Priest in the consistory of April 19, 1621 during the papacy of Pope Gregory XV and received the red hat and title of San Matteo in Merulana on May 17, 1621. In July 1621, he was named Commander of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and on March 22, 1622, Commendatory Abbot of San Giovanni di Castagneto (Reggio di Calabria). On May 23, 1622, he was named by Pope Gregory XV as Archbishop (personal title) of Cesena. He participated in the Conclave of 1623 which elected Pope Urban VIII. He died on September 6, 1623 and is buried in the church of San Maria dell'Anima in Rome.

Episcopal succession.

While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:  and the principal co-consecrator of:

References.

Francesco Sacrati (1567 – September 6, 1623) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop (Personal Title) of Cesena (1622–1623), Cardinal-Priest of San Matteo in Merulana (1621–1623), and Titular Archbishop of "Damascus" (1612–1622).

Francesco Sacrati (né en 1567 à Ferrare, en Émilie-Romagne, Italie, alors dans le duché de Ferrare et mort le à Rome) est un cardinal italien du.


Extent.

The Lucques owes its French name to the tradition that it originated in the Italian province of Lucca ("Lucques" in French). Today it is primarily associated with southern France, particularly in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It can also be found in Northern Africa, Turkey, the United States and Australia.

Synonyms.

Locally, this cultivar is known under a number of different names, including Lucquoise or Luquoise, Oliva Lucchese, Oliverolle, Olivier de Lucques, Olivier Odorant and Plant du Languedoc.

Characteristics.

It is a cultivar of good strength, with a spreading growth form in a shape described as "a vase or a parasol". The leaves are elliptic-lanceolate, with a medium length and width. The olives are of medium to high weight, with an average commercial caliber of 20 to 24 fruits/hecto. They have an elongated, asymmetrical shape, with a pointed apex and a truncated base. The stone is pointed at both ends, with few groves and no mucro.  Though the fruit comes into bearing early, its ripening is late. Picking is at the end of October or beginning of November, while the skin is a light green. It matures in December, and when fully mature the colour of the fruit is green.

Processing.

The Lucques is primarily used as a green table olive, and the fruit tastes meaty and sweet. Some compare it to fresh almonds and avocados. It is a highly valued olive among gourmets. It can also be used for oil, and the oil it produces is of excellent quality, but it is difficult to extract. It gives a medium oil yield, of about 17%. The smell of the oil has alternately been described as "almond", "green apple", and "tomato". The taste is sweet; to some, excessively so.

Agronomy.

It is considered a productive cultivar, but depends on good quality soil and regular irrigation to give a high yield. The cultivar is self-sterile, so it depends on other pollinators. It is vulnerable to certain pests, including the olive fruit fly, sooty mold and "Verticillium dahliae". On the other hand, it has a moderately good tolerance to cold and drought.

The Lucques is a cultivar of olives grown primarily in Languedoc in France. It is primarily used as a green table olive. It can also produce high quality oil, but this is hard to extract. Though vulnerable to certain pests, it is relatively resistant to cold and drought.

L'olive lucques, est une variété d'olive du Languedoc ayant une forme caractéristique en croissant de lune, elle est excellente pour faire des olives de table et de l'huile.


Biography.

Leo Francis Howard Schuster was born at 151 King's Road, Brighton and baptised at St John's parish church, Penge, Surrey, on 19 November 1852. He was the only son of Mary née Howard, Norfolk-born second wife of Leo Schuster, a German-born London banker and long a naturalised citizen. He had two half-siblings from his father's first marriage.  He was educated at Eton College and was homosexual as were many of his friends. Like Siegfried Sassoon, Schuster was of Jewish descent. In 1924, knowing that Sassoon was suffering from depression, Schuster made him the gift of his first car. He also allowed Sassoon to stay at his popular country retreat, "The Hut", opposite Monkey Island at Bray-on-Thames, but the two were never lovers.  Schuster also had many heterosexual friends. He was a close friend and travelling companion of composer Edward Elgar, and helped foster Elgar's popularity in the years leading up to World War I. It was at "The Hut" that Elgar partially wrote his First Symphony, Violin Concerto and the symphonic study "Falstaff". Elgar dedicated his concert-overture "In the South (Alassio)", completed in 1904, to Schuster. Schuster was highly involved in organising the three-day Elgar Festival at Covent Garden in 1904, which was an unprecedented tribute to a living composer. Adrian Boult and Edward Elgar first met at Schuster's house in 1905.  He was also a patron of Gabriel Fauré, and was responsible for introducing Fauré and Elgar to each other.  One of the stories retold by "The Spectator" when it moved into 22 Queen Street in 2007:<br>  Boult liked to tell of how Schuster's sense of humour landed him in trouble with the ballad-singer Kennerley Rumford, with whom he had been at school. Joining in the craze for bicycling — embraced by both Elgar and Mahler — they went out for a ride and Rumford said he had decided to give his bicycle a name. 'I shall call it Santley (a famous baritone) because it is a Singer.' Schuster retorted, 'I will call mine Clara Butt because it isn't.' He was aware the joke fell flat and realised why a few weeks later when he read the announcement of the engagement between Rumford and Miss Butt." He died at Hove Lawn, Cromwell Road, Hove, on 26 December 1927 following an operation. In their obituary section "The Times" a few days later published two lengthy letters written by friends. He ensured Elgar's old age would be provided for by leaving him £7,000 in his will. The portion of "The Hut" known as "Long White Cloud" (a nickname for New Zealand) was sold on the death of Schuster's heir and became the childhood home of Stirling Moss.

Frank Schuster (24 September 1852 – 26 December 1927), was a British music-lover and patron of the arts. His home overlooking St James's Park at 22 Old Queen Street, London, part of which now contains offices of "The Spectator" magazine, became a meeting-place for artists, writers and musicians, including Siegfried Sassoon, John Singer Sargent, Walter Sickert, Sir Edward Elgar and Sir Adrian Boult. He was a particular patron of Edward Elgar, and also did much to make Gabriel Fauré's name known in England.

Leo Frank Schuster (1852 - ), surnommé par ses amis "Frankie", est un mécène de l'art anglais. Sa maison située au 22 Old Queen Street, Londres, devient un lieu de rencontre pour les artistes, les écrivains et les musiciens dont Siegfried Sassoon, John Singer Sargent, Walter Sickert, Sir Edward Elgar et Sir Adrian Boult.


History.

According to the group's official history, Dr. Ethel Percy Andrus founded AARP in 1958. AARP evolved from the National Retired Teachers Association (NRTA), which Andrus had established in 1947 to promote her philosophy of productive aging, and to promote health insurance for retired teachers. After ten years, she opened the organization to all Americans over 50, creating AARP. Today, the NRTA is a division within AARP.  Critics of AARP offer an alternative version of the group's origins. "60 Minutes" reported in a 1978 exposé that AARP had been established as a marketing device by Leonard Davis, founder of the Colonial Penn Group insurance companies, after he met Ethel Percy Andrus. According to critics, until the 1980s AARP was controlled by Davis, who promoted its image as a non-profit advocate of retirees in order to sell insurance to members. Possibly as a result of this report, AARP conducted a competitive bidding process, and, in 1980, shifted the insurance contracts available to members to Prudential Financial.  In the 1990s, the United States Senate investigated AARP's non-profit status, with Republican Senator Alan K. Simpson, then chairman of the United States Senate Finance Subcommittee on Social Security, Pensions, and Family Policy, questioning the organization's tax-exempt status in congressional hearings. According to Charles Blahous, the investigations did not reveal sufficient evidence to change the organization's status, though in an interview years later by "The Des Moines Register", Senator Simpson remained "troubled by AARP's practices", calling AARP "the biggest marketing operation in America and money-maker" and an organization whose practices are "the greatest abuse of American generosity I witnessed in my time in the U.S. Senate".  The organization was originally named the "American Association of Retired Persons", but in 1999, it officially changed its name to "AARP" (pronounced one letter at a time, "ay ay ar pee"), to reflect that its focus was no longer American retirees. AARP no longer requires that members be retired, and there are no longer any age restrictions even for a full membership.

Activities.

Overview.

AARP addresses issues affecting older Americans through lobbying efforts at the state and national governmental level, an activity permitted by its 501(c)(4) status. The organization says that it is non-partisan and does not support, oppose or give money to any candidates or political parties. The total revenue for 2006 was approximately $1 billion and it spent $23 million on lobbying. Middle-class security has been a major focus for the organization in recent years. AARP also provides extensive consumer information, volunteer opportunities, and events including an annual National Event & Expo. AARP launched Life Reimagined in May 2013, calling it a "first-of-its-kind series of online and offline experiences that guide people through life transitions by helping them discover new possibilities and connect with a community of people pursuing similar passions and goals". "USA Today" called the iniative "the latest step for the AARP... as it continues to rebrand itself and become the go-to address for feeling good about aging".

Affiliates.

AARP has several affiliated organizations, including:  Because of AARP's sizable membership, it is able to generate its own income without being dependent on government grants or private donors, though it receives help from both of these for specific programs. According to its 2015 Consolidated Financial Statement, the largest sources of income were:

AARP Services, Inc. and AARP Financial Incorporated.

AARP Services, Inc., founded in 1999, is a wholly owned taxable subsidiary of AARP that manages the range of products and services offered as benefits to members. Its offers include Medicare supplemental insurance; member discounts on rental cars, cruises, vacation packages and lodging; special offers on technology and gifts; pharmacy services; legal services; and long-term care insurance. AARP Services founded AARP Financial Incorporated, a subsidiary that manages AARP-endorsed financial products including AARP Funds. In a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission in June 2010, AARP Financial announced the discontinuation of AARP Funds AARP Services develops new products, manages and markets products and services, and creates and maintains partnership and sponsorship relationships.

AARP Foundation.

AARP Foundation is AARP's affiliated charity. Foundation programs provide security, protection and empowerment for older persons in need. Low-income older workers receive the job training and placement they need to re-join the workforce. Free tax preparation is provided for low- and moderate-income individuals, with special attention to those 60 and older. The Foundation's litigation staff protects the legal rights of older Americans in critical health, long-term care, consumer and employment situations. Additional programs provide information, education, and services to ensure that people over 50 lead lives of independence, dignity, and purpose. Foundation programs are funded by grants, tax-deductible contributions, and AARP.  The AARP Foundation's website claims the non-profit "wants to win back opportunity for those now in crisis, so thousands of vulnerable low-income Americans 50+ can regain their foothold, continue to serve as anchors for their families and communities, and ensure that their best life is still within reach". Key areas of focus are hunger, income, housing, and isolation. The Foundation's vision is "a country that is free of poverty where no older person feels vulnerable".  One of the goals of the AARP Foundation is its Drive to End Hunger. In 2011, AARP and AARP Foundation formed a relationship with NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon and Hendrick Motorsports to increase awareness of hunger in America with the No. 24 Drive to End Hunger race car and related food drives. Through the Drive to End Hunger program, AARP also sponsored Hendrick driver Kasey Kahne, beginning in 2016.

AARP Driver Safety.

In 1979, AARP introduced the nation's first driver safety course geared towards older adults. AARP Driver Safety, which can be completed in a classroom setting or online, teaches defensive driving techniques and provides "added information on age-related cognitive and physical changes that affect driving". The course is instructed and promoted by volunteers throughout the U.S.  In addition to course fees, the program is supported by a grant from the automobile manufacturer, Toyota. Over half million drivers completed the course in 2012 and over 15 million people completed the courses since 1979.

AARP publications and broadcasts.

English-language.

"AARP The Magazine", with a circulation of approximately 37 million and the "AARP Bulletin" with 30 million as of 2016, are the two largest-circulation publications in the United States. The organization also produces radio and television programs and has a book division.

Spanish-language.

"AARP en Español" is the AARP's Spanish-language multimedia platform. Offerings include a Spanish-language website, a Spanish-language YouTube channel, and informational resources.

Controversies.

Senate investigation.

In 1995, Senator Alan K. Simpson launched an investigation into AARP’s books, financial interests and hiring practices. He described AARP as “a vast empire that has figured out how to gimmick the nonprofit laws” describing the organization as “33 million people paying $8 dues, bound together by a common love of airline discounts and automobile discounts and pharmacy discounts,” and that members “haven’t the slightest idea what the organization is asking for.” The investigations did not reveal sufficient evidence to change the organization's status,

Class action lawsuit.

In 2019, a proposed class action lawsuit against AARP alleges they deceived Medicare patients into paying an undisclosed commission when they enrolled in AARP-branded supplemental health insurance plans.

Health care.

AARP has been active in health care policy debates since the 1960s, and its recent engagement is a reflection of this long-standing involvement.  AARP's public stances influenced the United States Congress' passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, which created Medicare Part D, in 2003, and also influenced the Congress by resisting radical changes to Social Security in 2005. AARP also addressed health care issues in their campaign targeting the 2008 elections with Divided We Fail.  In a 2003 editorial in the "Los Angeles Times", critic Dale Van Atta wrote that AARP was doing unauthorized lobbying for its membership and was lobbying against the best interests of its membership. He said that by lobbying for the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, AARP leaders had betrayed the membership.  In early 2017, AARP strongly opposed the American Health Care Act of 2017, saying that older Americans would be unfairly burdened with higher premiums and smaller tax credits.

Health insurance.

Approximately seven million people have AARP-branded health insurance, including drug coverage and Medigap, as of April 2007 and the association earns more income from selling insurance to members than from membership dues. In 2008, AARP began offering new health insurance products: an HMO for Medicare recipients, in partnership with UnitedHealth Group; and a PPO and "a high-deductible insurance policy that could be used with a health savings account" to people aged 50–64, in partnership with Aetna.  While AARP is not an insurer, it allows its name to be used by insurance companies in the sale of products, for which it is paid a commission.  In a November 2008 editorial, The Des Moines Register and the Canada Free Press called AARP a lobbying group masquerading as a non-profit, meanwhile charging high membership fees and selling expensive private health care plans.  Senator Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa), senior Republican on the Senate Finance Committee, said in 2008 that the "limited benefit" insurance plans offered by AARP through UnitedHealth provided inadequate coverage and were marketed deceptively. One plan offered $5,000 for surgery that may cost two or three times that amount.  AARP markets self-branded Medigap policies. As of October 2009, Medical care reform contained a proposal to trim an associated program Medicare Advantage, which was expected to increase demand for Medigap policies. However, as cited above, AARP also brands a Medicare Advantage plan (MedicareComplete), and would also be subject to cuts under health care reform. According to an Annenberg Public Policy Center report, critics have said AARP had a conflict of interest in supporting the Act, because it "derives income from the sale of health and life insurance policies", by licensing its brand to insurance dealers such as New York Life, and would benefit financially from passage of the legislation.  In 2004, "BusinessWeek" said questions have arisen in the past about whether AARP's commercial interests may conflict with those of its membership, and characterizes many of the funds and insurance policies that AARP markets as providing considerably less benefit than seniors could get on their own.

Single-payer.

Single-payer advocates have criticized AARP for not supporting the single-payer or public option during the health care debate. Single-payer advocates supported H.R. 676, proposed by Rep. John Conyers (D-MI). AARP released a statement explaining to its members why the organization was not supporting H.R. 676:  Starting over with a new, "single-payer" program will not eliminate the problems Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP currently face, such as the spiraling costs of procedures and prescription medications, as well as technological advances that are often not comprehensively tested to be proven safe or effective before marketing. H.R. 676 does not address the problem of increasing health-care costs. Rather, it allows costs to continue to grow, which will result in unaffordable coverage.  John Rother, AARP's former chief lobbyist, said the single-payer model would "disrupt the system that is currently in place" and "require a very significant tax increase". But Rother admitted that it would be possible to design a system that would avoid these problems. Since AARP's priorities now are to protect the current programs and implement the Affordable Care Act, Rother said that any effort to promote single payer would be undercutting health reform. Rother said: "To go to a single-payer, you do have to trust government. The climate we're in right now is a very hostile climate for something like that."  Rother also thought that an educational effort on the benefits of single payer would undercut the ACA. AARP has not published any material relating to single-payer health insurance on its website, in its several hundred page policy book, or through its Public Policy Institute.  Approximately 60,000 AARP members quit AARP between July 1 and August 18, 2009, in a controversy that arose over AARP's support for U.S. health care reform. FOX News stated: "The Atlanta-based American Seniors Association, which is opposed to President Obama's health care plan, is trying to capitalize on growing public dissatisfaction with the AARP." AARP spokesman Drew Nannis responded that AARP loses about 300,000 members a month on average, and the controversial 60,000 of those that had left had specified leaving over the health care debate. Nannis also stated that the AARP gained 400,000 members and that 1.5 million members renewed their memberships within the same period of time. The American Seniors Association is a for-profit organization operated by the American Seniors Association Holding Group, Inc (ASAHG, Inc).

Social Security.

Since March 2012, AARP's "You've Earned a Say" campaign has sought to foster nonpartisan conversations about how to strengthen Social Security and Medicare. The Richmond (VA) Times-Dispatch reported: "AARP took the debate about Medicare and Social Security from what it called behind closed doors in Washington to a series of town hall meetings around the country to make sure retirees have a voice in the discussion."  In June 2011, AARP dropped its long-standing opposition to cutting Social Security benefits. A news release emphasized that "AARP has not changed its position on Social Security". In 2005, AARP led the effort to kill President George W. Bush's plan for partial privatization. AARP now has concluded that change is inevitable, and it wants to be at the table to try to minimize the pain. John Rother, AARP's policy chief and a prime mover for the new position, said: "The ship was sailing. I wanted to be at the wheel when that happens." AARP declined to join a coalition of about 300 unions, women's groups, and liberal advocacy organizations created to fight Social Security benefit cuts. Rother said, "The coalition's role was to kind of anchor the left, and our role is going to be to actually get something done".

Executive compensation, benefits, and travel.

Criticism has also been leveled at the salaries that AARP staff earn, and the use of first class and business class travel for short trips. According to AARP's 2014 IRS annual return, Chief Executive Officer Addison B. Rand received $1,698,289 of salary and benefits from AARP and its subsidiaries. Board members, officers, and key employees flew first class on flights longer than five hours unless business class was available. The Chief Executive Officer flew first-class on flights longer than 90 minutes. AARP reported that it had spent $8,694,890 on compensation of its officers, directors, and key employees during 2014.  Charity Navigator rated the AARP Foundation overall at 91.22 out of 100 possible points (a "four star" rating), giving it a financial rating of 88.26 out of 100 ("three stars") and an accountability and transparency rating of 96.00 ("four stars") for its fiscal year 2017.

AARP (formally called the American Association of Retired Persons) is a United States-based interest group focusing on issues affecting the elderly. According to the organization, it had more than 38 million members as of 2018. The magazine and bulletin it sends to its members are the two largest-circulation publications in the United States.

L'AARP, anciennement (Association américaine des personnes retraitées), est une organisation non gouvernementale et un lobby américain. Elle a été fondée en 1958 par Dr. Ethel Percy Andrus et a son siège à Washington D.C.. Selon ses statuts, c'est une organisation à but non lucratif, non affiliée politiquement qui s'adresse aux personnes de 50 ans et plus. Son but est d'améliorer la qualité de vie de tous quel que soit l'âge. Elle propose une large palette de services et d'avantages à ses adhérents.


Geography.

Sunrise is located on the northern side of the Kenai Peninsula at (60.885663, -149.424556), on the south shore of Turnagain Arm, a branch of Cook Inlet. It is bordered to the west by the community of Hope. To the south the Hope Highway leads to Alaska Route 1, the Sterling Highway.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the Sunrise CDP has a total area of, all of it recorded as land. Sunrise sits in a valley on the west side of Sixmile Creek. It is overlooked by peaks to the west and by Bradley Peak to the east.

History.

Sunrise was established in 1895 and incorporated in 1896, and grew rapidly as a supply center for miners participating in the gold rush along Turnagain Arm in the late 1890s. It was briefly the largest city in the Alaska Territory. At its height in 1898, the community had a summertime population of 800, with several general stores, saloons, and a restaurant and hotel. The city declined after 1900, with miners drawn to richer gold fields elsewhere in Alaska. Many of its buildings burned in the following years, and the last store closed in 1939. Remnants of the town on either side of Sixmile Creek have been designated an archaeological historic district, and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

Demographics.

Sunrise first appeared on the 1900 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It did not appear again on the census for a century until 2000 when it was made a census-designated place (CDP).  As of the census of 2000, there were 18 people, 9 households, and 5 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.4 people per square mile (0.5/km2). There were 25 housing units at an average density of 1.9/sq mi (0.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.89% White, and 11.11% from two or more races.  There were 9 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 44.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.80.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 27.8% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 16.7% from 25 to 44, 38.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,250, and the median income for a family was $0. Males had a median income of $56,250 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $56,000, one of the highest in the state. None of the population was living below the poverty line.

Sunrise is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. The population was 18 at the 2010 census, unchanged from 2000.

Sunrise est une localité d'Alaska (CDP) aux États-Unis, appartenant au Borough de la péninsule de Kenai. Sa population était de en 2010.


Life.

He was born in Imola, into a family of legal officers. In 1361–2 he was working for Gómez Albornoz, governor of Bologna and nephew of Cardinal Egidio Albornoz.  In 1365 he went on a diplomatic mission on behalf of the city, to Avignon and Pope Urban V. At the time members of the Alidosi family dominated Imola, and other citizens looked to the papacy for a change. The petition brought by Benvenuto and others failed; the local political situation at home caused him to move on without returning, going to Bologna, where he made a living as a teacher. He was made the subject of accusations there of indecency, which may have been connected to lectures on the "Inferno"; on the other hand Benvenuto himself had made accusations to the papal legate in Bologna of improper teacher-student relationships of others. While previously in Bologna he may have lectured officially, and did teach some classical authors, his later lectures were in a private house, that of the grammarian Giovanni de Soncino.  In 1373 he visited Florence and there heard Boccaccio lecture on Dante. From 1375 he was based in Ferrara. There he had the protection of Niccolò II d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, whom he had met in Avignon.

Works.

An early humanist, he still wrote in medieval Latin. His commentary on Dante was known as the "Comentum super Dantis Aligherii comoediam". Charles Eliot Norton considered that Benvenuto's commentary on Dante had "a value beyond that of any of the other fourteenth-century commentators". It exists in three versions: one published in 1875, one from his time in Ferrara, and a third published in 1887 (edited by James Philip Lacaita). The second (Ferrara) version is a source for his theory that the "Divine Comedy" combines the three genres of comedy, tragedy and satire. It influenced Juan de Mena, in particular, via Giovanni da Serravalle who had heard Benvenuto teach. Benvenuto acknowledged influence himself from the tradition of Averroes and Hermannus Alemannus, as well as Boccacio.  Other works were:  He also wrote on Petrarch's "Carmen Bucolicum".  A review (in Italian) devoted to Benvenuto

Benvenuto Rambaldi da Imola, or simply and perhaps more accurately Benvenuto da Imola () (1330 – 1388), was an Italian scholar and historian, a lecturer at Bologna. He is now best known for his commentary on Dante's "Divine Comedy."

Benvenuto dei Rambaldi (Imola, v. 1338 – Ferrare, ), ou parfois Benvenuto Rambaldi (en latin, "Benevenutus de Rambaldis"), plus connu sous le nom de Benvenuto da Imola (ou en latin, "Benevenutus Imolensis"), est un maître grammairien et érudit italien du.


History.

As a CBC affiliate.

The station first signed on the air on September 21, 1957, originally operating as a CBC affiliate. Its signal covered the central Okanagan, broadcasting at 3,700 watts of power from its main studios and transmitter in Kelowna. The station was founded by three local radio stations: CKOV-AM (now CKQQ-FM) in Kelowna, CKOK (now CKOR) in Penticton and CJIB (now CKIZ-FM) in Vernon. Due to the mountainous terrain of the area, which impaired the primary signal in certain areas, the station began operating repeaters a few weeks later in Vernon (broadcasting on VHF channel 7, at 310 watts) and Penticton (broadcasting on VHF channel 13, at 300 watts). At the time of the station's sign-on, only 500 homes in the area had television receivers, but that amount rose to 10,000 the following year. The station had ordered two studio cameras, but due to the number of television stations that started up in North America during that period, the station had to make do with one camera on loan for a year until the order was filled. They also relied on 16 mm film, which was developed first by a local photo lab, and then again in-house.  All network programs were originally received on kinescope and 16 mm film, with regular programs airing on a week delay after their airing on CBC stations in other markets, with the "National News" airing on a day-behind basis. In 1960, the station began receiving programs from the CBC via its microwave link. Local programs and advertisements were produced live to air. Locally produced programs during the station's early days included "Kids Bids", "The Three R's", "Romper Room", "Let's Visit", "Midday", "Focus" and "Okanagan Magazine". In 1964, CHBC received its first videotape machine, which aided the production of local programming and commercials. Two years later, the station began airing programming in colour via the network, and the station gradually installed more equipment for colour production and transmission, as well as telecine and videotape.  In the late 1960s, CHBC and fellow CBC affiliate CFJC-TV in Kamloops formed BCI-TV, an internal company headed by CHBC for programming and sales of the combined Okanagan/Kamloops markets. The national sales were delegated to All Canada Sales, which provided advertising sales for both stations as a single unit under the name "BCI TV". For years, both stations carried virtually identical programming schedules, apart from local newscasts. In 1970, CHAN-TV in Vancouver reached an agreement with CHBC to provide CTV programming to the area, via a protective service, which protected local advertisers from Vancouver advertisers with cut-ins on the second station. The full conversion to colour broadcasts was completed in 1971, when CHBC purchased a colour studio camera. During the 1970s and 1980s, the ownership of the station changed, beginning with the purchase of CKOK's one-third ownership by general manager Roy Chapman, which he later sold to CHAN. Selkirk Communications brought CJIB, and along with it, its 33% stake. CKOV sold its stake in equal parts to both CHAN and Selkirk, which resulted in both companies each owning 50% of the station. In 1987, CHBC president and general manager Ron Evans spearheaded a campaign as part of its adopted branding as "The Okanagan's Very Own CHBC", in order to compete with the 40 television station signals that were being distributed by cable operators within the market. As a result, the station increased its local programming and advertisements, and CHBC increased its involvement in the 55 communities that it served. This commitment has been recognized and rewarded through the improvement of its ratings and nods from many industry awards; CHBC was often held-up as a Canadian model for its ability to identify with the community it served during this era.  When Maclean-Hunter took over Selkirk in 1989, CHAN's parent company Western International Communications (WIC) purchased Selkirk's stake to take full control of CHBC. In 1998, the Griffiths family's stake in WIC was sold to a joint venture between Shaw Communications and Canwest. After months of negotiations, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the split of WIC's assets between Canwest, Corus Radio and Shaw Communications. CHBC and sister station CHAN-TV were sold to Canwest in 2000. When Canwest acquired CHBC, it assumed the same role in selling advertising and providing programming, primarily from its CH television system.

As a CH/E! O&O.

In late 2003, the CBC notified CHBC that it did not intend to renew its affiliation agreement with the station after it expired in August 2005. In response, the station filed an application with the CRTC in 2004 to disaffiliate from the CBC; the CRTC gave approval to the disaffiliation on February 28, 2005. CBC Television's Vancouver O&O CBUT subsequently added a new rebroadcast transmitter in Kelowna, broadcasting on UHF channel 45. After its BCI-TV partner CFJC-TV received similar approval to disaffiliate from the CBC, both stations switched affiliations on February 27, 2006 and continued the operation of BCI-TV with new programs supplied from Canwest's secondary CH television system. CHBC was the only Canwest-owned CH station to not use the CH brand on-air, opting to brand by its call letters instead, with its newscasts being titled "CHBC News". The local newscast branding remained in use following CH's rebranding as E! in 2007. All programming on CHBC outside locally produced shows were branded under the "E!" name.  In November 2008, CHBC announced that it would move the production facilities for its newscasts from its studios in Kelowna to sister station CHEK in Victoria, to be produced from a virtual set, with production being taken over by Vancouver sister CHAN-TV. In addition, the noon newscast was cancelled.

As a Global O&O.

On February 5, 2009, Canwest announced it would explore "strategic options", including a possible sale, for CHBC and its other E! owned-and-operated stations, stating that "a second conventional TV network [was] no longer key to the long-term success" of the company. Although for a time it was reported that CHBC might cease operations, Canwest ultimately decided to convert it into a Global owned-and-operated station on August 31, 2009. The Global Television Network's programming was already available in the Okanagan region through CHAN-TV out of Vancouver, which has operated a semi-satellite in the region, CHKL-TV, since the early 1980s. Station management later reversed its decision to move the studio segments to Victoria due to viewer complaints. The half-hour 11:00 p.m. newscast would later be expanded to one hour to make up for the loss of the half-hour noon newscast, while the 5:00 p.m. news began with a half-hour lifestyle-oriented newscast that was anchored by Doris Janssen.  CHBC and CHAN are expected to continue to operate separately for the foreseeable future, due in large part to the two stations' highly rated local and provincial newscasts. However, the two stations' schedules and advertising are virtually identical, including local news programming outside the supper hour. More specifically, CHBC simulcasts CHAN's programming at all times, with the exception of daily Kelowna-based newscasts seen exclusively on CHBC and its scheduling of the network's national evening newscast "Global National", which CHBC airs at 6:00 p.m. (whereas CHAN airs it at 5:30 p.m.). Initially, there were also very minor differences within the two stations' prime time schedules, however both CHAN and CHBC began airing a common prime time schedule by the fall of 2011 if not sooner.  On July 7, 2010, CHBC introduced a new virtual set that is controlled out of the master control facilities at CHAN's studios in Vancouver. The station dropped the E!-era graphics it used for its newscasts and implemented a package used by Global's O&Os, but the station's newscasts continued to be branded as "CHBC News" until April 2013, when its newscasts were retitled as "Global Okanagan News".  After Canwest filed for creditor protection in October 2009, Shaw Communications purchased the broadcasting assets of Canwest; the acquisition was completed on October 27, 2010.

News operation.

CHBC-DT presently broadcasts 151⁄2 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 21⁄2 hours each weekday and 11⁄2 hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). CHBC currently produces an hour-long early evening newscast at 5:00 p.m. on weeknights, a half-hour newscast at 5:30 on Saturday and Sunday evenings, and a half-hour newscast at 6:30 and an 11:00 p.m. newscast seven nights a week (the latter airs for an hour on weeknights and a half-hour on weekends). CHBC had previously aired 221⁄2 hours per week of local programming until September 2009. The minimum amount of local programming currently required by the station's licence as of 2009 is seven hours per week.  Due to corporate cutbacks instituted by Canwest in September 2009, CHBC stopped utilizing live newsgathering services in Vernon, Kelowna and Penticton; in addition, the station's 5:00 p.m. newscast and a weekly half-hour newsmagazine, "Okanagan Now", which was dedicated to events happening around the Okanagan region, were cancelled. CHBC began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition (over its HD feed on Shaw Cable 211) on July 6, 2011. Five days later on July 11, 2011, the station began using its live newsgathering resources once again and restored an hour-long 5:00 p.m. newscast to its schedule. Since April 2016, the hour-long news program's name was changed to "Global News at 5". CHBC also has a program called "Global News at 6:30" which airs after "Global National". "Global News at 5" was anchored by Rick Webber with Wesla Wong and Duane English alternating days on weather. "Global News at 6:30" was anchored by Rick Webber and Doris Maria Bregolisse. Weather anchor Wesla Wong resigned in February 2018 and Duane English also resigned, effective April 2, 2018.  After 30 years on the air as the main news anchor, Rick Webber retired on July 31, 2019.

Digital television.

Analog-to-digital conversion.

On October 15, 2012, CHBC flash cut the digital signals of its main Kelowna transmitter and its rebroadcasters in Penticton and Vernon into operation on UHF channels 27, 32 and 20. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display CHBC's virtual channel on its main transmitter as channel 2.2 (indirectly corresponding to its analogue-era VHF channel 2).  All of the station's transmitters must convert to digital broadcasts before August 31, 2016, as part of a promise that Shaw Media made to the CRTC during its acquisition of Canwest.

CHBC-DT, virtual channel 2 (UHF digital channel 27), is a Global owned-and-operated television station licensed to Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. The station is owned by Corus Entertainment. CHBC-DT's studios are located on Leon Avenue (near Water Street) in Downtown Kelowna, and its main transmitter is located near Lambly Creek Road in Central Okanagan; CHBC also operates 18 rebroadcast transmitters across the southeastern part of the province.

CHBC-DT est une station de télévision britanno-colombienne de langue anglaise située à Kelowna appartenant à Corus Entertainment et faisant partie du réseau Global.


1891–97.

Originally founded in 1891 to rival the League, the Scottish Alliance was one of a number of leagues set up a year after the Scottish Football League was formed. The original members were Airdrieonians, Ayr, East Stirlingshire, Morton F.C., Kilmarnock, King's Park, Linthouse F.C., Northern, Partick Thistle, Port Glasgow Athletic, St Bernard's F.C. and Thistle. In 1892, several clubs left and the league was reconstituted with a smaller membership. In 1893 a number of clubs returned, but during the summer, the Alliance was used as the backbone of the new Second Division of the Scottish League. The league, bolstered by the inclusion of a number of clubs from the Scottish Football Federation, continued for four more years.

1905–06.

The Scottish Alliance was reformed for a season in 1905–06. However it was unfinished and was eventually superseded by the creation of the Scottish Football Union.

1919–38.

In 1919, the Scottish Alliance was re-formed for a second time, principally as a reserve team league for Scottish Football League First Division clubs. Not all of the First Division clubs fielded a reserve team due to the additional costs involved. In 1932-33 season they were joined by Beith, Galston and Bo'ness, who were unable to pay their opponents match guarantees. From 1920, it had a policy of including at least one non-reserve team. On the collapse of the Scottish Football League Third Division in 1926, a large number of clubs found a place in the Alliance. So much so that for one season the competition was split into regional sections. This split lasted only one season, after which the Alliance was amalgamated again into one division.  In 1938, the First Division clubs decided to create a formal league for reserve teams, which meant that Beith and Galston had to be expelled because they were first teams. It also meant that Dundee's reserve team were expelled; as the club had been relegated from the First Division but had still maintained a reserve team in the Alliance.

1939–40.

In 1939 the Scottish Alliance was re-formed by Babcock & Wilcox, Galston, Girvan Athletic, Nithsdale Wanderers, Queen's Park Strollers, Stranraer and Vale of Leven but disbanded after only a couple of games because of World War II.

1956–57.

In 1956–57, six reserve sides formed a new Alliance – Dumbarton, St Johnstone, Clyde, Dundee United, Third Lanark, and Queen's Park Victoria XI. Cowdenbeath came in for the Spring tournament.

The Scottish Football Alliance was a football league football structure set up in Scotland in competition with the Scottish Football League. Its success in the early years of professional football in both England and Scotland made Alliance the basis for a second division in both countries. The alliance attracted a number of Junior clubs to the League system to guarantee its longevity for years to come.

La Scottish Football Alliance est le nom donné à plusieurs compétitions de football en Écosse entre 1891 et 1957. La "Scottish Alliance" est un des championnats créés en Écosse en parallèle de la "Scottish Football League", lancée en 1890. Il subsiste sous différentes formes jusqu'en 1897, malgré le départ de plusieurs clubs pour la compétition concurrente en 1893, avec la création de la seconde division, compensé par l'arrivée de plusieurs clubs de la Scottish Football Federation. En 1905-1906, la compétition est brièvement relancée par des clubs de l'Est du pays rejoints par l’équipe réserve du Rangers FC, avant que ces derniers ne rejoignent la Scottish Union.


Coupe d'Angleterre de football 1993-1994

First round proper.

The first round matches were played on the weekend beginning 13 November 1993.

Second round proper.

The second round matches were played on the weekend beginning 4 December 1993.

Third round proper.

The third round matches were played on the weekend beginning 8 January 1994.

Fourth round proper.

The fourth round matches were played on the weekend beginning 29 January 1994.

Fifth round proper.

The fifth round matches were played on the weekend beginning 19 February 1994.

Sixth round proper.

Oldham Athletic reached the FA Cup semi-finals for the second time in five seasons, where they would meet their opponents from 1990 – Manchester United.  Luton reached their first semi-final since 1988 at the expense of West Ham United, where they would take on Chelsea.

Semi-finals.

The semi-final paired Premier League leaders Manchester United with relegation-threatened Oldham Athletic - a repeat of the 1990 semi-final. Wembley Stadium was the venue for this match, which was still goalless after 90 minutes. Oldham took the lead in extra time through Neil Pointon, and held their lead the 119th minute, when a late equaliser by Mark Hughes forced a replay. The two sides met at Maine Road for the replay, which United won 4–1 to end their opposition's hopes of a first-ever FA Cup final, and move closer to winning the double.  The other semi-final paired Premier League side Chelsea with Division One side Luton Town, with both sides looking for glory in the cup after disappointing league campaigns. Like the other semi-final the following day, this match was played at Wembley. Chelsea went through with Gavin Peacock scoring twice in a 2-0 win, to reach their first FA Cup final for 24 years.

FA Cup Final.

Two penalties by Eric Cantona as well as late goals by Mark Hughes and Brian McClair gave Manchester United a 4–0 triumph over Chelsea after the deadlock was still unbroken at half-time, and saw them become only the sixth club in history to win The Double.

Media coverage.

For the sixth consecutive season in the United Kingdom, the BBC were the free to air broadcasters while Sky Sports were the subscription broadcasters.  The matches shown live on the BBC were: Sheffield United vs Manchester United (R3); Norwich City vs Manchester United (R4); Bolton Wanderers vs Aston Villa (R5); Chelsea vs Wolverhampton Wanderers (QF); Oldham Athletic vs Manchester United (SF); Manchester United vs Chelsea (Final).

The 1993–94 FA Cup was the 113th staging of the world and England's oldest cup competition, the Football Association Cup or FA Cup. The competition overall was won by Manchester United for the first time since 1990, with a 4–0 thrashing of Chelsea.

La Coupe d'Angleterre de football 1992-1994 est la de la Coupe d'Angleterre de football. Manchester United remporte sa huitième Coupe d'Angleterre de football au détriment de Chelsea sur le score de 4-0, au cours d'une finale jouée dans l'enceinte du stade de Wembley à Londres.


History.

Conquest Era.

The area that currently contains the tourist resort and surrounding dunes was where Gadifer de la Salle and his expedition first landed on Fuerteventura in 1402. They had landed on neighbouring Lanzarote in the Summer of 1402, where they concluded a peace agreement with the local population and established a fortress from which they would coordinate their conquest of Fuerteventura. Jean de Béthencourt, who led the expedition to the islands, took a group of his men across the water from their fortress in Lanzarote to explore Fuerteventura.  On that first landing, Béthencourt remained on board the ship while La Salle and Remonnet de Levedan went ashore to explore the island and look for locals. The arid North of the island was not densely populated and the conquistadors found little in the way of local life.  While La Salle was on Fuerteventura (he and his party stayed for eight days on their first landing), a mutiny had broken out on the ship where Béthencourt and his men remained. The mutiny was carried out by men who demanded Béthencourt return to mainland Europe to get supplies. While Béthencourt was away, La Salle made his second landing on Fuerteventura, again using the area around Corralejo as their landing site.  They made the crossing from the Lanzarote fortress in October 1402, landing on the Island of Lobos to hunt the local seal population that lived there. Lobos is positioned north east of Corralejo and made a convenient base to hunt (with the island's seals being valuable for food, while their skins were used to make simple shoes). After a few days on the island, La Salle sent Levedan back to the fortress on Lanzarote to replenish their supplies, with the group in particular need of water- Lobos has no fresh water source. Another mutiny on Lanzarote meant that, on its arrival, the boat Levedan was in command of was taken over by the mutineer members of Béthencourt's army of conquest. This left La Salle and his men trapped on the island of Lobos without a source of food or water.  Those who remained loyal to Béthencourt on Lanzarote would use a flimsy boat to rescue La Salle and his men from Lobos.

Tourism.

Corralejo has existed for most of its history as a humble and unimportant fishing village, where a handful of poor fishermen worked long hours to provide for their families. In the early 1970s, with its extraordinary beaches and expansive dunes, the tourism that had arrived in the south of the island in the 1960s began to venture north. Corralejo had very humble beginnings as a tourist resort. John Mercer, who visited the then village in the early 1970s as research for a book on the island, left a record of the humble first steps Corralejo took into the tourist industry:  "The village, however, unattractive and quite without interest. Why anyone should wish to spend any time there until its development is over and the dust and noise have died down is not clear.. a visitor or a purchaser can wake up any day to find a house or a hotel starting a metre or two away." -"John Mercer, Canary Islands: Fuerteventura. 1973" Mercer prophetically said that Corralejo would "long be simply a spreading building site, dominated by concrete mixers, lorries, floating discarded cement bags, falling rubble and staring whistling oafs." Tourism continued to develop in the town through the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, reaching a peak in the 2000s. Hotels, apartments and villas sprang up. Many British and Irish tourists fell in love with the resort and felt happy to relocate there permanently. In the decades following Mercer's account of Corralejo's tourist development, that same growth of the tourist industry saw the population of Corralejo and the La Oliva region grow significantly. In the 1975 census the population of La Oliva was 2,900, with that population now just above 25,000.  Throughout the 2010s, the town has grown significantly, with new businesses constantly opening and closing down. The town is also progressively being pedestrianized, starting with the town's main street around 2017 (however this decision to pedestrianize streets has received its share of criticism from the townsfolk). Vandalism has also risen with the long-abandoned replica of the Santa Maria galleon in the old "Europa Baku" theme park having been burned down by vandals in May 2019. Despite this, however, tourism is still going strong, with thousands visiting the town every year.

Transport.

Corralejo is serviced by a bus service (both public and chartered) and by a local taxi service operated by the region of La Oliva. The public bus service (Tiadhe) operates a bus service from the island's capital Puerto del Rosario (number 6), and from Puerto del Rosario to Caleta de Fuste and the Fuerteventura Airport (number 3) and down to the south of the island and the resort town of Morro Jable (number 1). Corralejo is serviced by taxis that offer local transport around the town and out to the beaches, and also travel further afield to the airport and other points and towns of interest. Ferries regularly connect the port of Corralejo with Playa Blanca in the south of Lanzarote.

Sports.

Corralejo is the home of the CD Corralejo football team, and is also home to the Onexe Fuerteventura SUP team, the standup paddleboarding club with the most titles in Spain.

Corralejo () is a town and resort located on the northern tip of Fuerteventura, one of the Canary Islands, facing the smaller islet of Lobos. It is in the municipality of La Oliva. It is surrounded to the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, by dunes to the south and by arid desert land to the west that leads to the western coast and El Cotillo. Once a traditional fishing village, the town has grown significantly and today is one of the two main tourist towns on the island of Fuerteventura. Thanks to the large expat population, the town has a diverse population that varies from the local Spaniard, to the Irish, British, German and Finnish people who have settled in the resort.

Corralejo est la localité la plus importante de la commune de La Oliva, au nord de Fuerteventura, une des sept îles des Canaries.