History.

Development.

The system was first conceived in 2008, after Nintendo recognized several limitations and challenges with the Wii, such as the general public's perception that the system catered primarily to a "casual" audience. With Wii U, Nintendo wished to bring back "core" gamers. Game designer Shigeru Miyamoto admitted that the lack of HD and limited network infrastructure for Wii also contributed to the system being regarded in a separate class to its competitors' systems, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was decided that a new console would have to be developed to accommodate significant structural changes. Ideas

Announcement.

On April 25, 2011, Nintendo released an official statement announcing a system to succeed the Wii to be released during 2012, and that playable console units would be present at E3 2011. Speaking at an investor's conference, Iwata stated the Wii successor would "offer something new for home game systems." He also confirmed that the device would not launch in fiscal year 2012, meaning that it would release after April 2012. In early June, Nikkei issued a report confirming earlier rumors that the new console would feature a controller with a 6-inch touchscreen that would give

Release.

The Wii U was originally released in two bundles: the Basic bundle and the Deluxe / Premium bundle. The Basic bundle contains a white Wii U with 8 GB of storage, a white Wii U GamePad, stylus and an HDMI cable, while the Deluxe / Premium contains a black Wii U with 32 GB of storage, a black

Post-release.

On July 13, 2013, Nintendo released a white version of the Premium Pack in Japan, as well as an official battery pack and charger dock for the Wii Remote. The battery pack is capable of about 3 hours of gameplay before needing to be recharged. On July 25, the company released an improved battery pack for the Wii U GamePad. In contrast to the standard 1500mAh battery bundled with the console, the new 2550mAh battery pack increases longevity to between five and eight hours before needing to be recharged. On August 28, 2013, Nintendo announced that the Deluxe / Premium 32 GB model would drop in price from US$349.99 to US$299.99 in North America. The price drop took effect on September 20, 2013. In Europe, Nintendo didn't

Discontinuation.

In June 2015, the basic Wii U was discontinued in Japan, and replaced by a 32 GB "Premium" set that includes white hardware and a Wii

Hardware.

Console.

The Wii U uses a custom multi-chip module (MCM) developed by AMD, IBM and Renesas in co-operation with Nintendo IRD and Nintendo Technology Development. The MCM combines an "Espresso" central processing unit (CPU) and a "Latte" graphics chip (GPU), as well as a SEEPROM memory chip. The Espresso CPU, designed by IBM, consists of a PowerPC 750-based tri-core processor with 3 MB of shared L2 cache memory and clocked at approximately 1.24 GHz. Despite being based on the PowerPC 750, the Espresso also shares some architectural concepts with the POWER7 architecture, such as the use of eDRAM cache and being manufactured at a 45 nm node. The Latte graphics chip contains both a "GX2" GPGPU, which runs Wii U applications, and a "GX" GPU, which enables backward compatibility with Wii games. The GX2, designed by AMD, is based on the Radeon R600/R700 architecture and is clocked at approximately 550 MHz. It contains 32 MB of eDRAM cache memory, which can also act as L3 cache for the CPU. The GX, originally designed by ArtX, contains a 1 MB and a

Controllers.

The Wii U GamePad is the console's primary controller: its main feature is a built-in 6.2 inch (15.7 cm) resistive touchscreen, which can be used as a companion to games being played on a television, or as a means of playing games on the GamePad itself without a television. The GamePad is designed to enable a concept referred to by Nintendo as "asymmetric gaming": in multiplayer games, a player using the GamePad may have a different gameplay objective and experience than other players.  The GamePad's display contents are rendered on the Wii U itself, and streamed wirelessly as video to the GamePad. The GamePad also supports near field communications; cards and specially-designed figurines, such as Nintendo's Amiibo line, can be used with the GamePad to interact with games. In Japan, it can also be used for contactless payments

Software.

The Wii U's main menu has two main components: by default, the GamePad displays a home screen consisting of a grid with shortcuts to games and apps, while the television screen displays a lobby (WaraWara Plaza) populated by other users' Miis. The two displays can be switched between the television screen and GamePad.  Pressing the controller's "Home" button suspends the current game or app and opens the Home Menu: it shows basic information (such as the current time, controller battery levels, and notifications), and allows access to several "multitasking" functions, including the Nintendo eShop, Miiverse, download manager, a web browser, and the user's friends list. To play Wii games, the user must enter "Wii Mode", a legacy mode that emulates the Wii's system software and Wii Menu interface. Initially, Wii Mode could only be used on the television screen, but the October 2013 firmware update enables Wii Mode to be used off-TV. Either way, Wii controllers must be used.

Online services.

The Wii U uses the Nintendo Network platform for online services (replacing the friend code system of the Wii), enabling online multiplayer, downloading and purchasing games or apps via Nintendo eShop, video chat using the GamePad's camera and the Wii U Chat service, and other services. Up to twelve accounts can be created per console.  A social networking service known as Miiverse is integrated into the Wii U's system software; it allows players to

Multimedia integration.

The Wii U supports online video services through apps, such as Amazon Video, Crunchyroll, Hulu, Netflix, and YouTube. The Wii U does not support playback of DVDs or Blu-rays; Iwata explained that the decision to exclude these formats was motivated primarily by patent licensing fees, and the fact that such functionality would be redundant to DVD and Blu-ray players that users may already own.  The Nintendo TVii service allowed program listings from a user's television

Games.

Wii U games can be downloaded digitally through Nintendo eShop, or at retail on physical media. Retail copies of Wii U games are distributed on Wii U Optical Disc, a proprietary high-density optical disc format co-developed with Panasonic. The format is similar in design and specifications to a Blu-ray, with a capacity of 25 GB per layer, but the discs themselves have a soft, rounded rim. Unlike previous Nintendo consoles, game manuals are only available digitally. The console is region locked; software purchased in a region can be only played on that region's hardware. New games in Nintendo's flagship franchises (including Super Mario, Donkey Kong and The Legend of Zelda), as well as several "Wii series" games (including "Wii Sports Club", "Wii Fit U" and "Wii Party U") have been released, in addition to many original titles and third-party-developed games. Nintendo has received third-party support from companies such as Ubisoft, Sega, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, Activision Blizzard and Capcom, and various independent developers such as Two Tribes. As of late July 2016, there have been 39 first-party and 118 third-party Wii U games physically released in the United States; both figures are the lowest for any Nintendo console. A total of 103.10 million Wii U games have been sold worldwide, with ten titles surpassing the million-unit mark. The highest selling game is "Mario Kart 8" at 8.45 million units, followed by "Super Mario 3D World" at 5.84 million units, and "New Super Mario Bros. U" at 5.80 million units. "Super Smash Bros. for Wii U" was the fastest selling Wii U game.

Launch titles.

The Wii U was launched with 23 games in North America, 26 games in Europe, 25 games in Australia, and 11 games in Japan. Some download-only

Virtual Console.

In January 2013, Nintendo announced that NES and Super NES titles would be made available for the Virtual Console service on the Wii U in April 2013 and

Backward compatibility.

The Wii U is compatible with all Wii games and Wii accessories such as the Wii Remote (Plus), Wii Nunchuk, and the Wii Balance Board. It is possible to migrate most downloaded software and save files from a Wii to a Wii U. Although Wii games can be displayed on

Development tools.

The Nintendo Web Framework, unveiled in 2013, is a toolset that uses modern web technology (WebKit, HTML5, and JavaScript) to simplify the

Reception.

John Teti of "The A.V. Club"'s Gameological Society considers the Wii U a compelling video game system which lacks focus, citing "Nintendo Land" as "ideas act[ing] in service of the technology". Ben Gilbert of Engadget states that Nintendo delivers on its promise of releasing "a modern HD gaming console" but notes that "there are also some major missteps and half-baked ideas: a befuddling Friends List/Miiverse connection, a complete lack of many system-wide console standards (group chat, achievements, the ability to play non-game disc-based media) and a game controller that lasts only 3.5 hours", and stated that he could not give a complete assessment of the console with online components such as Nintendo TVii missing at launch. Similarly, "TechRadar" praised the system's GamePad functionality and HD graphics, but criticized the limited battery power on the GamePad, and the insufficient number of top-tier launch titles. Some industry figures do not consider the Wii U

Sales.

By December 2019, Nintendo reported life-time sales of 13.56 million Wii U console units and 103.01 million software units worldwide.

Launch.

During its first week of release in the United States, Nintendo sold its entire allotment of over 400,000 units and sold a total of 425,000 units for the month of November, according to the NPD Group. It also sold over 40,000 consoles in the UK in its first weekend. In Japan, over 600,000 Wii U units were sold during December 2012. Nearly 890,000 Wii U units were sold in the United States after 41 days on the market. From the Wii U's launch till December 31, 2012, Nintendo reported that 3.06

Loss of support.

In May 2013, Electronic Arts announced that it was reducing support for the Wii U and had no games in development for it, but then partially reconsidered this decision a few days later, with EA's CFO announcing that "We are building titles for the Nintendo console, but not anywhere near as many as we are for PlayStation or Xbox". At E3 2013, Ubisoft revealed that it was not going to make any more exclusives for the Wii U until sales of the console improved, though it stated shortly thereafter that it was still a "big supporter" of the Wii U, and planned to release as

Price cut and first-party titles.

Following the system's $50 price cut and the release of "" on September 20, 2013, Wii U sales in North America saw a 200% rise over August. From July to September 2013, the system sold approximately 300,000 units, which was up 87% from the three months prior. Despite only having sold 460,000 consoles since April, Nintendo maintained its 9 million Wii U sales forecast for the fiscal year through March 2014. Wii U software showed improvement in the Q2 period, reaching 5.27 million units, a 400% jump on the previous quarter. Nintendo credited the software growth to key first-party releases like "Pikmin 3" and "The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker HD". During the third quarter of 2013, Nintendo reported that 300,000 consoles and

Legacy.

The future of the Wii U was left unclear with Nintendo's announcement of a new console platform codenamed NX, which was scheduled to be launched worldwide in March 2017. Nintendo stated that NX would have a "brand-new concept", and not be a direct successor to the Wii U or 3DS product lines; in an interview with the "Asahi Shimbun", company president Tatsumi Kimishima reiterated this position and stated that while he thinks that the Wii U business would "slow" after the release of NX, he felt that the console would "have a larger impact than the Wii U". The announcement that "" was in development for both Wii U and NX further supported Nintendo's view of the console as being a new product line, rather than a replacement for its existing hardware. In a shareholders report in July 2016, Kimishima and Miyamoto stated that they had expected the Wii U to sell one hundred million units, comparable to the success of the Wii, but with only thirteen million units sold worldwide, they would now need to rely on NX to make up for losses on Wii U sales.  The new platform, now known as Nintendo Switch, was officially announced on October 20, 2016; it is a tablet-like hybrid video game console with detachable controllers, and the ability to be placed in a docking station with an output to allow games to be played on a television. Although it is a hybrid device capable of being used as both a portable and home console, Nintendo officially positioned the platform as "a home gaming system first and foremost". Following the unveiling, a Nintendo spokesperson confirmed that the company would slow production of Wii U hardware, stating that "as we prepare for the launch of Nintendo Switch in March of 2017, Nintendo will ship 800,000 Wii U hardware units to the global market for this fiscal year." In mid-November 2016, Nintendo announced that Japanese production of the Wii U would be ending "in the near future", and that shipments to the North American and European markets for the year had already been sent out.  In an interview with "Time Magazine" in January 2017, Reggie Fils-Aimé commented that the system was "a necessary step, in order to get to Nintendo Switch." Fils-Aimé also compared the system to the GameCube, claiming that the Wii U will be remembered fondly despite its relatively poor sales. Fils-Aimé stated that the commercial failure of the Wii U, specifically the lack of clarity of the Wii U GamePad's function, and the lack of support from third-party publishers to build out its software library, led to how they changed the marketing and promotion for the Switch. He said the Switch's promotion was developed "to make it crystal clear what the proposition is" for the systems, and that they had "strong support" from large and small software developers and publishers to support the new console.  In mid-January 2017, Fils-Aimé told "Polygon" that "Breath of the Wild", which would ship at launch with the Switch in March 2017, would be Nintendo's final first-party title for Wii U. Nintendo formally announced that production of the Wii U had ended worldwide on January 31, 2017.

The Wii U ( ) is a home video game console developed by Nintendo as the successor to the Wii. Released in late 2012, it is the first eighth-generation video game console and competed with Microsoft's Xbox One and Sony's PlayStation 4.

La est une console de jeu vidéo commercialisée par Nintendo, succédant à la Wii. Elle est sortie le en Amérique du Nord, le en Europe et le au Japon. Première console de jeu vidéo de huitième génération à sortir, elle est en concurrence avec la PlayStation 4 et la Xbox One.


High school career.

Gaines attended Archbishop Molloy High School in Queens, New York. As a senior, he averaged 28.2 points per game, finishing his career as the number 3 scorer in Stanners' history.

College career.

In his freshman season at Georgia, Gaines had a very productive year as he led the team in minutes, assists, steals, free throw attempts and makes, as well as ranking second in rebounding. In 27 games, he averaged 12.0 points, 4.9 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 2.4 steals per game.  In his sophomore season, he ranked third among all SEC players in steals at 2.0 per game. In 30 games, he averaged 10.3 points, 5.1 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game. He was named the team's MVP by the coaching staff at the season's end.  In his junior season, he led Georgia in minutes, starts, rebounds, assists and steals. He was also named to the 2007 All-SEC second team. In 32 games, he averaged 10.5 points, 5.7 rebounds 4.8 assists and 2.3 steals per game.  In his senior season, he was named to the 2008 All-SEC second team and All-Defensive team. In 34 games, he averaged 14.8 points, 6.0 rebounds, 4.2 assists and 1.8 steals per game.

Professional career.

2008–09 season.

Gaines went undrafted in the 2008 NBA draft. In July 2008, he signed with NGC Cantù of Italy for the 2008–09 season.

2009–10 season.

On November 5, 2009, Gaines was selected with the 15th overall pick by the Idaho Stampede in the 2009 NBA D-League draft.  On January 5, 2010, he signed a 10-day contract with the Utah Jazz. On January 14, 2010, in just his fifth NBA game, Gaines hit a 3-pointer at the buzzer to give the Jazz a dramatic 97-96 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. It was the first 3-pointer of his NBA career.  On January 15, 2010, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Jazz. On January 25, 2010, he signed with the Jazz for the rest of the season.

2010–11 season.

Gaines joined the Utah Jazz for the 2010 NBA Summer League. On October 22, 2010, he was waived by the Jazz.  On November 12, 2010, Gaines signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves. On January 4, 2011, he was waived by the Timberwolves.  On January 13, 2011, Gaines signed a 10-day contract with the Toronto Raptors. On January 24, 2011, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Raptors. On January 26, 2011, he was waived by the Raptors.  On February 28, 2011, Gaines signed a 10-day contract with the New Jersey Nets. On March 10, 2011, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Nets. On March 20, 2011, he signed a multi-year deal with the Nets. On March 23, 2011, Gaines suffered a season-ending right hip injury.

2011–12 season.

On September 9, 2011, Gaines signed with BC Armia of Georgia for the duration of the NBA lockout. In December 2011, he re-joined the Nets.

2012–13 season.

On September 6, 2012, Gaines signed with the Indiana Pacers. However, he was later waived by the Pacers on October 22, 2012.  On November 13, 2012, he signed with the Fujian Xunxing of the Chinese Basketball Association for the 2012–13 season.

2013–14 season.

Gaines joined the Washington Wizards for the 2013 NBA Summer League.  On November 22, 2013, he signed a two-month deal with Beşiktaş of Turkey. On January 15, 2014, he played his final game for Beşiktaş, recording 4 points, 7 assists and 2 steals in 15 minutes of play.  On January 29, 2014, he was acquired by the Austin Toros. On January 31, 2014, he was traded to the Springfield Armor. On February 4, 2014, he was traded to the Reno Bighorns.  On April 22, 2014, he signed with Guaiqueríes de Margarita of Venezuela for the rest of the 2014 LPB season.

2014–15 season.

On August 28, 2014, Gaines signed with Sidigas Avellino of Italy for the 2014–15 season. In 29 games for Sidigas, he averaged 11.3 points, 3.3 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 1.2 steals per game.

2015–16 season.

In July 2015, Gaines joined the Detroit Pistons for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On November 2, 2015, he was acquired by the Reno Bighorns, returning to the franchise for a second stint. On December 8, he was waived by the Bighorns after appearing in just four games. On January 2, 2016, Gaines was acquired by Openjobmetis Varese of the Italian League. However, before playing a game for them, he left the Italian club on January 13 to sign with Ironi Nes Ziona of the Israeli Premier League for the rest of the season.

2016–17 season.

On November 12, 2016, Gaines signed with the Salt Lake City Stars of the NBA Development League.

2017–18 season.

On February 19, 2018, Gaines was reported to have signed with DSC Basket of the Liga Uruguaya de Basketball.

The Basketball Tournament.

In 2017, Gaines competed for The Washington Generals in The Basketball Tournament. Gaines was the leading scorer for the team with 22 points in the one game they played before being eliminated by The Matadors.

Sundiata Kofi Gaines (born April 18, 1986) is an American professional basketball player who plays for DSC Basket of the Liga Uruguaya de Basketball (LUB). He played college basketball at the University of Georgia.

Sundiata Gaines, né le à Jamaica, dans le Queens, à New York, aux États-Unis, est un joueur américain de basket-ball. Il évolue au poste de meneur.


Plot.

Maya (Kajol) is a perfect mother whose life revolves around her three children, Aaliya (Aanchal Munjal), Ankush, and Anjali. Despite being divorced from Aman (Arjun Rampal), Maya has ensured that they remain a happy family unit. However, things take an unexpected turn when Aman's girlfriend, Shreya Arora (Kareena Kapoor), a career-oriented fashion designer with a lot to learn about children, joins the family. When Aman introduces Shreya at Anjali's birthday party, she accidentally drops Anjali's birthday cake, which leads the children to perceive her as evil. At a fashion show, Anjali helps Shreya with one of the outfits for the models. When Shreya goes to get ice cream for the children, Aaliya tells her siblings that she is using them so she can take their father away, and Anjali goes missing after. At the police station, Anjali is found and Aman tells Shreya that she cannot go near the children without Maya's permission.  Maya finds out that she has cervical cancer and tells Aman, which prompts him to move back in with the family and leave Shreya. However, he is unable to forget her, which Maya notices. Maya tells their children that she has cancer and Aaliya retaliates by going to a party with an older boy. Maya then tells Shreya that she has cancer, and tells her she wants her to take care of the kids after she’s gone, as they’ll need a mother in their lives. Shreya refuses at first, not believing herself to be the ‘mom type,’ but agrees to move in and leave her career. In the following days, the children develop an attachment towards Shreya but when Maya and Shreya have an argument, it is revealed that Shreya is an orphan. After the argument, Aman tells Maya that they should not be competing with each other for the children's love. Maya faints and is brought to the hospital, where the doctor tells her that she has only a few days left. Shreya decides to take care of the children while Aman tends to Maya.  When Shreya and the children go to visit Maya at the hospital, the two women have a private conversation. Shreya admits that the children need their real mother, not her. Maya bequeaths guardianship of the children to Shreya, and confesses a mistake she made that almost killed Anjali. She explains to Shreya that not every mother is perfect but that she needs to keep trying. Maya tells Aman she wants to return home for Diwali as the last chance to see her house before she dies. During the festival, the children hold a special event for her, replaying the memories they had together. When they take a family photograph, Maya asks Shreya to join, as she is now family. The last scene is set ten years later, during Aaliya's wedding, where Shreya gives her a bracelet that had belonged to Maya.

Production.

Karan Johar decided to adapt "Stepmom" for the Indian audience with a working title 'Love You Maa'. Although he initially intended to buy the rights to the film, he eventually opted to co-produce it with Sony Pictures.  The film was shot in Sydney, Australia and Mumbai from November 2009 to April 2010. According to Siddharth Malhotra, several scenes involving racial prejudice against the children were cut to avoid the appearance of using the controversy over violence against Indians in Australia to promote the film.

Soundtrack.

The album has six original songs composed by Shankar Ehsaan Loy and lyrics by Irshad Kamil and Anvita Dutt Guptan, including a tribute to Elvis Presley's "Jailhouse Rock".

Reception.

Critical response.

Upon release, the film received positive reviews from critics. IANS rated the film 4 out of 5 saying, "We Are Family" is equally appealing from the outside and at the heart".

Box office performance.

The film grossed about ₹27 million on opening day and collected a total of ₹205 million at the end of its second week. At the end of its theatrical run, it grossed ₹220 million and was eventually declared an average grosser. "We Are Family" also performed well overseas, particularly in the UK. The movie was declared "Hit" overall.

Award.

Kareena Kapoor won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 56th Filmfare Awards.

We Are Family is a 2010 Indian drama film directed by Siddharth Malhotra and produced by Karan Johar. The movie features Kajol, Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor in the lead roles, and is an official remake of the 1998 film "Stepmom". It released worldwide on 3 September 2010, and a day before in India and UAE. Upon release, it received positive reviews from critics. In particular Kajol and Kareena Kapoor’s performance were much acclaimed.

We Are Family est un film indien de Bollywood réalisé par Siddharth Malhotra, sorti le. Produit par Karan Johar, le film met en scène Kajol, Kareena Kapoor et Arjun Rampal. C'est un remake du film américain "Ma meilleure ennemie" ("Stepmom"), sorti en 1998. Il est tourné à Sydney en Australie.


Personal life.

Artur Andreyevich Gachinski was born 13 August 1993 in Moscow. He received roller skates at age six but soon switched to ice skating. At age nine, Gachinski moved with his family to Saint Petersburg for training. Initially, he competed under his mother's surname, which was romanized as Khil or Hill. After a discussion with his family, he decided to take his father's surname, Gachinski. His mother is a painter.

Career.

Early career.

Gachinski's parents brought him to a rink when he was six years old. At age nine, he was accepted as a pupil by Alexei Mishin in Saint Petersburg but was coached mainly by his wife, Tatiana Mishina, for the first few years.  In the 2005–2006 season, Gachinski won the junior bronze medal at the Russian Championships. In the 2006–2007 season, he placed 8th on the junior level and 14th on the senior level at the Russian Championships.

2007–2008 season.

The 2007–2008 season was the first season in which Gachinski was old enough to compete on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series. He competed in two events, placing 4th in his debut in Romania and winning silver in Estonia. Gachinski qualified for the Junior Grand Prix Final, where he placed 8th. He won the gold medal on the junior level at the 2007 Coupe de Nice and placed 9th at the 2008 Russian Championships.

2008–2009 season.

Competing in the 2008–2009 ISU Junior Grand Prix, Gachinski won silver at the Spanish event and placed fourth in Great Britain to qualify for the 2008–2009 ISU Junior Grand Prix Final, where he finished 8th again. He made his senior international debut at the 2008 Golden Spin of Zagreb, where he placed 8th. At the 2009 Russian Championships, he placed 10th on the senior level and won the silver medal on the junior level. Although he was originally named to the team to the 2009 World Junior Championships, he withdrew from the event before the event began due to illness.

2009–2010 season.

The 2009-2010 season was Gachinski's third on the ISU Junior Grand Prix circuit. He won gold in Belarus and silver in Germany, qualifying him for the 2009–2010 ISU Junior Grand Prix Final, in which he placed 6th. Gachinski won senior gold at the 2009 Coupe de Nice. At the 2010 Russian Championships, he was 13th on the senior level and the gold medalist on the junior level. In 6th after the short program at the 2010 World Junior Championships, Gachinski earned enough points in the free skate to take the bronze, despite popping his planned quad.

2010–2011 season.

Gachinski completed solely on the senior level in the 2010-2011 season. He began with wins at 2010 Finlandia Trophy and Coupe de Nice. He picked up a viral infection a week before 2010 Skate Canada. Gachinski finished 7th at the event, his debut on the senior Grand Prix. He placed 6th in his second GP assignment, the 2010 Rostelecom Cup.  Gachinski won his first senior national medal, silver, at the 2011 Russian Championships behind Konstantin Menshov. Gachinski was assigned to his first European Championships where he finished fifth, ahead of Menshov, and was given Russia's sole berth to the men's event at the World Championships. He won the bronze in his first appearance at the event.

2011–2012 season.

In preparation for the 2011–2012 season, Gachinski took part in Mishin's training camps in Jaca (Spain), Tartu (Estonia), and Pinzolo (Italy) and worked with Stéphane Lambiel. Gachinski was assigned to 2011 Cup of China and 2011 Rostelecom Cup for the Grand Prix season. He won the short program but finished 5th overall at Cup of China, and also finished 5th at the Rostelecom Cup.  Gachinski won silver at the 2012 Russian Championships. At the 2012 European Championships, he was first in the short program and second in the long program, finishing with an overall score of 246.27 points. Gachinski won the silver medal behind teammate Evgeni Plushenko, who is also coached in Saint Petersburg by Alexei Mishin.  Gachinski changed his boots two weeks before the 2012 World Championships, affecting his preparation. He finished 18th at the event. After the event, Mishin said that Gachinski was not entirely ready and perhaps should have withdrawn. Gachinski was named in the Russian team to the 2012 World Team Trophy but withdrew from the event and was replaced by Zhan Bush.

2012–2013 season.

Gachinski struggled throughout the season both with physical and psychological issues. After placing ninth at the 2012 Skate Canada International and seventh at the 2012 Rostelecom Cup, he finished fourth at the 2013 Russian Championships and was not selected to compete at the 2013 European Championships. He finally won a gold medal in his final event of the season, the 2013 Triglav Trophy.

2013–2014 season.

In 2013–14, Gachinski started his season with a bronze medal at the 2013 Finlandia Trophy. After placing eighth at the 2013 Skate America and sixth at the 2013 Rostelecom Cup, he finished sixth at Russian nationals and was not included in the Russian team to the European Championships, Winter Olympics, or World Championships.  Gachinski moved to Moscow on 6 January 2014 and began working with Tatiana Tarasova, Alexander Uspenski and Maxim Zavozin.

Detailed results.

"(Small medals for short and long programs are awarded only at ISU Championships.)"

Artur Andreyevich Gachinski (; born 13 August 1993) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2011 World bronze medalist, the 2012 European silver medalist, the 2010 World Junior bronze medalist, and a two-time Russian national silver medalist (2011, 2012). He announced his retirement from competitive skating in December 2015, citing injuries.

Artur Andreyevich Gachinski, né le à Moscou (Russie), est un patineur artistique russe. Il est médaillé de bronze aux Championnats du monde de patinage artistique 2011 et médaillé d'argent aux Championnats d'Europe de patinage artistique 2012 à Sheffield.


History.

Established as The Picayune in 1837 by Francis Lumsden and George Wilkins Kendall, the paper's initial price was one picayune, a Spanish coin equivalent to 61⁄4¢ (half a bit, or one-sixteenth of a dollar). Under Eliza Jane Nicholson, who inherited the struggling paper when her husband died in 1876, the "Picayune" introduced innovations such as society reporting (known as the "Society Bee" columns), children's pages, and the first women's advice column, which was written by Dorothy Dix. Between 1880 and 1890, the paper more than tripled its circulation.  The paper became "The Times-Picayune" after merging in 1914 with its rival, the New Orleans "Times-Democrat". In 1962, Samuel Irving Newhouse, Sr., bought the morning daily "The Times-Picayune" and the other remaining New Orleans daily, the afternoon "States-Item". The papers were merged on June 2, 1980 and were known as "The Times-Picayune/States-Item" (except on Sundays; the "States-Item" did not publish a Sunday edition) until September 30, 1986.  In addition to the flagship paper, specific community editions of the newspaper are also circulated and retain the "Picayune" name, such as the "Gretna Picayune" for nearby Gretna, Louisiana.  The paper is owned by Georges Media, whose chairman is New Orleans businessman John Georges.  In the vernacular of its circulation area, the newspaper is often called the "T-P".

Hurricane Katrina.

Hurricane Katrina became a significant part of "The Times-Picayune"'s history, not only during the storm and its immediate aftermath, but for years afterward in repercussions and editorials. As Hurricane Katrina approached on Sunday, August 28, 2005, dozens of the newspaper's staffers who opted not to evacuate rode out the storm in their office building, sleeping in sleeping bags and on air mattresses. Holed up in a small, sweltering interior office space—the photography department—outfitted as a "hurricane bunker," the newspaper staffers and staffers from the paper's affiliated website, NOLA.com, posted continual updates on the internet until the building was evacuated on August 30. With electrical outages leaving the presses out of commission after the storm, newspaper and web staffers produced a "newspaper" in electronic PDF format.  On NOLA.com, meanwhile, tens of thousands of evacuated New Orleans and Gulf Coast residents began using the site's forums and blogs, posting pleas for help, offering aid, and directing rescuers. NOLA's nurturing of so-called citizen journalism on a massive scale was hailed by many journalism experts as a watershed, while a number of agencies credited the site with leading to life-saving rescues and reunions of scattered victims after the storm. After deciding to evacuate on Tuesday, August 30, because of rising floodwaters and possible security threats, the newspaper and web staff set up operations at "The Houma Courier" and in Baton Rouge, on the Louisiana State University campus. A small team of reporters and photographers volunteered to stay behind in New Orleans to report from the inside on the city's struggle, looting, and desperation. They armed themselves for security and worked out of a private residence.  The August 30, August 31, and September 1 editions were not printed, but were available online, as was the paper's breaking news blog:  After three days of online-only publication, the paper began printing again, first in Houma, La., and beginning September 15, 2005, in Mobile, Ala.; it resumed publication in New Orleans on October 10, 2005. The paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 2006 for its coverage of the storm, and four of its staff reporters also received the award for breaking news reporting for their coverage of Hurricane Katrina, marking the first time a Pulitzer had been awarded for online journalism.  In a January 14, 2006 address to the American Bar Association Communications Lawyers Forum, "Times-Picayune" editor Jim Amoss commented on perhaps the greatest challenge that the staff faced then, and continued to face as the future of New Orleans is contemplated:

Limited publication dates, launch of "The New Orleans Advocate".

On May 24, 2012, the paper's owner, Advance Publications, announced that the print edition of the "Times-Picayune" would be published three days a week (Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday) beginning at the end of September. News of the change was first revealed the night before in a blog post by "New York Times" media writer David Carr. A new company, NOLA Media Group, was created to oversee both the paper and its website, NOLA.com. Along with the change in its printing schedule, Advance also announced that significant cuts would be coming to the newsroom and staff of the "Picayune". A second new company, Advance Central Services Louisiana, was created to print and deliver the newspaper.  The decision to end daily circulation led to protests calling for continued publication for the common good; fifty local businesses wrote an open letter to the Newhouse family, urging them to sell the paper instead, since they had stated it was still profitable. An group of community institutions and civic leaders, The Times-Picayune Citizens Group, was formed to seek alternatives for the continued daily publication of the newspaper.  In October 2012, "The Times-Picayune" began publishing its broadsheet paper on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Sundays. Along with the change, the paper began publishing a special tabloid-sized edition following Sunday and Monday New Orleans Saints football games and an "early" Sunday broadsheet edition, available on Saturdays. The thrice-weekly publication schedule made New Orleans the largest American city not to have a daily newspaper, until "The Advocate" of Baton Rouge began publishing a New Orleans edition each day to fill the perceived gap on August 18, 2013. On June 12, 2012, Advance followed through with its layoff plans, as about 200 "Times-Picayune" employees (including almost half of the newsroom staff) were notified that they would lose their jobs.  In January 2013, NOLA Media Group moved its news-gathering operation, along with sales, digital solutions, marketing and other administrative functions, from its building at 3800 Howard Avenue, New Orleans, to offices on the 32nd and 31st floors of the One Canal Place office tower at 365 Canal Street, New Orleans. Advance Central Services Louisiana employees remained at Howard Avenue.  In April 2018, NOLA Media Group moved from the offices at One Canal Place to a newly renovated location at 201 St. Joseph Street, New Orleans. Its news staff, sales and sales support staff, marketing, and other administrative staff now work from the Warehouse District offices, offices in St. Tammany Parish at 500 River Highlands Blvd., Covington, and the existing East Jefferson Times Picayune Bureau at 4013 N Interstate 10 Service Road W, Metairie.

"The Times-Picayune"'s resumption of daily publication.

On April 30, 2013, the paper's publisher announced plans to print a tabloid version of "The Times-Picayune", called "Times-Picayune Street", on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays, sold only through newsstands and retail locations. The move returned the paper to a daily printing schedule (including the "early" Sunday edition offered at newsstands on Saturdays). The "TP Street" edition first went on sale Monday, June 24, 2013.  The new edition removed from New Orleans the designation as the largest city in the United States without its own daily newspaper; with "The Times-Picayune", along with the New Orleans edition of "The Advocate", the city now has two. However, in reporting its print circulation figures to the Alliance for Audited Media, "The Times-Picayune" still provides data only for the home-delivery days of Sunday, Wednesday, and Friday.  The paper returned to a full broadsheet format on September 6, 2014, for all editions and ceased using the "TP Street" name. On the same date, NOLA Media Group began publishing "bonus" editions of "The Times-Picayune" on Saturdays and Mondays to be home-delivered to all three-day subscribers at no additional cost. The bonus editions were delivered for 17 weeks, the duration of the 2014 football season. On January 3, 2015, NOLA Media Group returned the paper to its previous three-day home delivery, printing two-section papers for street sales only on the other four days. On Saturday, February 13, 2016, NOLA Media Group debuted a street-sales only "Early Sunday" edition, a hybrid of features from the former Saturday street-sales only paper and sections from the Sunday paper, offered at the Sunday price.

Additional cuts.

On October 21, 2014, the paper announced it would begin printing and packaging "The Times-Picayune" in Mobile, Alabama, sometime in late 2015 or early 2016, closing the plant on Howard Avenue in New Orleans and eliminating more than 100 jobs at Advance Central Services Louisiana. The Howard Avenue building, which housed all aspects of the newspaper operation, opened in 1968. The building's lobby is lined with custom panels by sculptor Enrique Alferez showing symbols used in communication throughout history. Although NOLA Media Group said in 2014 that it hoped to donate the building to a nonprofit institution in the community, it ultimately sold the building on September 2, 2016, to a local investor group for $3.5 million. The newspaper of Sunday, January 17, 2016, was the last "Times-Picayune" to be printed in New Orleans. The street-sales-only newspaper of Monday, January 18, 2016, was the first to be printed in Mobile. The New Orleans presses were to be decommissioned.  The circulation numbers for the printed "Times-Picayune" were the largest of any newspaper in Louisiana until the end of 2014. By then, declines in its sales, combined with circulation gains by "The Advocate", dropped "The Times-Picayune" to second place behind "The Advocate".  NOLA Media Group announced on June 15, 2015, that it would join with Alabama Media Group in a new regional media company across Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi, to be called Southeast Regional Media Group. Additional job losses were expected in Louisiana; those cuts came September 17, 2015, when NOLA Media Group fired 37 journalists, 28 of them full-time employees and nine part-timers. Hardest-hit were the Baton Rouge bureau, which had been expanded in the 2012 makeover, as well as "The Times-Picayune"'s high school prep sports staff and its music reporting staff.  The merged company was named Advance Media Southeast, registered in New Orleans. A facility to design and produce the pages of "The Times-Picayune" and four newspapers in Alabama and Mississippi—"The Birmingham News", the "Mobile Press-Register", "The Huntsville Times", and "The Mississippi Press" in Pascagoula—was opened in January 2016 in a former suburban bureau of "The Times-Picayune" in Metairie, emptying the Howard Avenue building of the remaining staff. The Metairie building also houses Advance Central Services Southeast, formed from the combined Advance Central Services units in Louisiana and Alabama. Production of another Advance newspaper, "The Oregonian", was moved to the Metairie location in late 2016.

2019 acquisition.

On May 2, 2019, Advance Publications announced that "The Times-Picayune" had been sold to Georges Media, owner of "The Advocate". The new owners stated that both papers would be folded into a single operation by June 2019, and that the NOLA.com brand would be maintained for the combined newspaper's digital operations. A filing required under the WARN Act stated that the entire staff of the "Times-Picayune" had been laid off, resulting in a loss of 161 jobs, including 65 journalists. The merged paper initially re-hired 10 of those journalists, and about 12 other employees.  The paper, carrying the nameplates of both "The Times-Picayune" and "The New Orleans Advocate", began publication on July 1.

"The Times-Picayune | The New Orleans Advocate" online.

"The Times-Picayune"s first foray onto the internet came in 1995, with the www.NewOrleans.net website. Among the website's features was the "Bourbocam", placed in the window of a French Quarter bar to broadcast images of Bourbon Street. During the 1996 Mardi Gras, it was one of the first internet webcams to carry a live news event.  In early 1998, that site was superseded by www.nolalive.com, launched by Advance Publications Internet. The site's format was similar to other websites launched in connection with Advance newspapers in New Jersey; Cleveland, Ohio; Michigan; Oregon; and Alabama. Although nolalive.com was affiliated with "The Times-Picayune" and posted content created by the "T-P" newsroom, it was operated independently, and it also hosted blogs and forums. In early 2001, the site was renamed NOLA.com.  After a management change at NOLA.com in February 2009, content on the website more closely reflected that of "The Times-Picayune". Articles written for the newspaper were posted to the website using the Movable Type content management system. In October 2018, the paper switched from Movable Type to Arc, the content management system created by developers at the Washington Post.  Led by Advance, the site underwent several redesigns over the years. On May 8, 2012, the site debuted its most dramatic redesign, by Mule Design Studio of San Francisco. With bright yellow accents, the design echoed that of Advance's bellwether site in Michigan, mlive.com. Following complaints from the public, NOLA.com developed a toned-down palette and new typography. However, the concept – a continually updated "river" of combined news, sports and entertainment content – remained the same.  After the October 1, 2012, launch of NOLA Media Group, the publication workflow of the newspaper and website was reversed. All staff-produced content is published first to NOLA.com; content then was harvested from the website for publication in the printed "Times-Picayune".  NOLA.com also offers apps for mobile and tablet users; "The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate" offers subscribers an e-edition only.

Notable people.

The writers William Faulkner and O. Henry worked for "The Times-Picayune". The Louisiana historian Sue Eakin was formerly a "Times-Picayune" columnist. A weekly political column is penned by Robert "Bob" Mann, a Democrat who holds the Douglas Manship Chair of Journalism at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.  "The Times-Picayune" was the longtime journalistic home of British-American satiric columnist James Gill, although he moved to "The Advocate" in 2013, along with many former Times-Picayune editorial staffers. For more than a decade, "The Times-Picayune" was also the newspaper home of Lolis Eric Elie who wrote a thrice weekly metro column, before he went on to write for television, most notably HBO's "Treme" and AMC's "Hell on Wheels".  Already widely known, the journalist and television commentator Iris Kelso joined "The Times-Picayune" in 1979. She had been particularly known for her coverage of the civil rights movement.  William Hawthorn Lynch was an investigative journalist with the "Times-Picayune"'s Baton Rouge bureau from 1979 until 1988, when he was named as the state's first inspector general, an office which investigates corruption, misuse of state equipment, and governmental inefficiencies. Lynch's colleague, Jack Wardlaw, another investigating journalist, was the Baton Rouge bureau chief from 1980 until his retirement in 2002.  Patrick McCauley, the editor from 1966 to 1994 of "The Huntsville Times" in Huntsville, Alabama, worked for "The Times-Picayune" from 1960 to 1966; he was a Tulane graduate.

Editorial stance.

"The Times-Picayune" endorsed George W. Bush for President in 2000, but endorsed no Presidential candidate in 2004. In 2008 and 2012, the paper endorsed Democrat Barack Obama for President. It endorsed Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton in 2016. In gubernatorial contests it endorsed Mike Foster, Bobby Jindal, and David Vitter. In the mayoral race of 2006, "The Times-Picayune" endorsed right-leaning Democrat Ron Forman in the primary election and Lieutenant Governor Mitch Landrieu in the runoff.  The Picayune endorsed Governor candidate Edwin Washington Edwards in 1971 and 1975, but went against him in 1983 (endorsing incumbent David C. Treen), 1987 (endorsing challenger and eventual winner Buddy Roemer) and 1991 (endorsed Roemer in the primary, but switched to Edwards in the general election due to Edwards' opponent being former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard David Duke). The T-P also stung Edwards in 1979 even though he was barred from running for a third term, refusing to endorse Edwards' hand-picked candidate, Louis Lambert, in favor of Treen both in the primary and general election.

Journalism prizes and awards.

"The Times-Picayune" was awarded a 1997 Pulitzer Prize for a series analyzing the threatened global fish supply; that same year, staff cartoonist Walt Handelsman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning.  "The Times-Picayune" shared the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for public service coverage of Hurricane Katrina with "The Sun Herald" in similarly affected Biloxi, Mississippi. In addition, staff reporters Doug MacCash, Manuel Torres, Trymaine Lee, and Mark Schleifstein were awarded a Pulitzer for breaking news reporting. This award marked the first Pulitzer given for exclusively online journalism.  For its coverage of Hurricane Katrina, "The Times-Picayune" also received the 2005 George Polk Award for Metropolitan Reporting.  Former "Times-Picayune" editorial cartoonist Mike Luckovich won the Pulitzer for his cartoons in "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution", some of which were also featured in "New Orleans Magazine".

Loving Cup Award.

Since 1901, "The Times-Picayune | The New Orleans Advocate" has annually awarded a Loving cup to individuals who have contributed to improving life in the New Orleans area, through civic, cultural, social, or religious activities. Representative awardees include: Eleanor McMain, Albert W. Dent, Edgar B. Stern Sr, Scott Cowen, Gary Solomon Sr., Millie Charles, Mark Surprenant, Leah Chase, Norman Francis, Tommy Cvitanovich, Edith Rosenwald Stern, and Bill Goldring.

Ongoing criticism of FEMA.

Soon after "The Times-Picayune" was able to restart publication following Hurricane Katrina, the newspaper printed a strongly worded open letter to President George W. Bush in its September 4, 2005, edition, criticizing him for the federal government's response the disaster, and calling for the firing of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) chief Michael D. Brown. Brown tendered his resignation eight days later.  "The Times-Picayune" long continued to editorialize on FEMA. A searing editorial on April 18, 2009, lambasted FEMA and labeled "insulting" the alleged "attitude" of its spokesman Andrew Thomas toward people who were cash-strapped after the evacuation from Hurricane Gustav, which in the meantime had become part of the melange of problems associated with hurricanes and governmental agencies. A second editorial on the same day blasted the State of Louisiana's Road Home program and its contractor ICF.  The post-Katrina experience affected the paper's staff. On August 8, 2006, staff photographer John McCusker was arrested and hospitalized after he led police on a high-speed chase and then used his vehicle as a weapon, apparently hoping that they would kill him. McCusker was released from the hospital by mid-August, saying he could not recall the incident at all, which was apparently sparked by the failure to receive an insurance settlement for his damaged house. On December 13, 2007, Judge Camille Buras reduced the charges against McCusker to misdemeanors. The episode led to the establishment of a support fund for McCusker and for other "Times-Picayune" staff, which collected some $200,000 in a few days. In October 2006, columnist Chris Rose admitted to seeking treatment for clinical depression after a year of "crying jags" and other emotionally isolating behavior.

The Times-Picayune | The New Orleans Advocate is an American newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana, since January 25, 1837. The current publication is the result of the 2019 acquisition of "The Times-Picayune" (itself a result of the 1914 union of "The Picayune" with the "Times-Democrat") by the New Orleans edition of "The Advocate" (based in Baton Rouge), which began publication in 2013 as a response to "The Times-Picayune" switching from a daily publication schedule to a Wednesday/Friday/Sunday schedule in October 2012 ("The Times-Picayune" resumed daily publication in 2014).

The Times-Picayune, également appelé "New Orleans Times-Picayune", est un journal local américain de la ville de La Nouvelle-Orléans et de ses environs ayant une très large notoriété nationale. Il a été fondé en 1837 par Francis Lumsden et George Wilkins Kendall et actuellement publié par Advance Publications. Publié jusqu'en 2012 de manière quotidienne, il devient en mai de cette année-là tri-hebdomadaire (édition le mercredi, vendredi, dimanche) du fait de problèmes économiques liés au secteur et de l'importance prise par l'édition numérique.


History.

Crumpler was founded in Melbourne in 1995 by Dave Roper and Will Miller (ex bike couriers & founders of Minuteman Messengers), and sculptor / furniture maker / bike courier Stuart Crumpler. Stuart designed the original Crumpler logo in 1991 which he branded onto his furniture designs.  From the beginning, the bags were designed for bike messengers, in particular those working for David Roper and Will Miller's bike courier company, Minuteman. The range grew to include more options in colours and sizes. The story goes Minuteman needed better bags and Dave approached Stuart who was working part time as a bike courier and asked if he could make 20 for the fleet. The simple shoulder bags were much more practical for the job than a backpack (no need to remove completely to access the contents). After making gradual improvements to the materials and design Stuart & Dave met at The George Hotel in St Kilda and decided to start a bag company.  Crumpler's first factory was at level 2 125 Flinders Lane Melbourne in what was the old rag-trade district and just up the road from the Minuteman Messenger base (199 Flinders Lane). After orders increased they moved to 30 Brunswick St Fitzroy where they had a factory out back, shop in the front and a flat upstairs where Stuart Crumpler and his partner Suze and their dog Ansen lived. After further expansion the factory moved to Ballarat for a few years then back to Melbourne where the firm took over a huge derelict wool-store building in Kensington. After 10 years in Kensington they moved the studio, pattern room and office to Total House 180 Russell St Melbourne and kept warehousing in Kensington.  Crumpler became known for unusual marketing largely credited to Dave Roper. Giant logo stencils painted on building site hoardings, the infamous Beer for Bags event where beer was the only currency accepted in store during the sale, logo fruit stickers placed on millions of apples and oranges, colour by numbers toilet paper, tiny boxes of matches, controversial websites & hosting the Australian Cycle Messenger Championships. The company continues to be an active supporter of grass roots & student art, film, photography and many creative pursuits often sponsoring and or financing projects.  Stuart sold his share of Crumpler to Dave & Will in 2011, with Will selling his share in 2014 to investment group, Crescent Capital.  In 2018, the Crumpler brand evolved with the launch of a new logo, whilst continuing to adhere to Crumpler core principles of creativity, quality, design, innovation, and a playful spirit.  The brand continues to expand its international footprint with a push in to mainland China and Taiwan in late 2018

Pop Up Store.

In October 2015 the brand has opened a Pop Up Store in the 1st arrondissement of Paris at the petite Cremerie de Paris next to the Cremerie de Paris in the historic Hôtel de Villeroy. In 2018, the Crumpler store footprint expanded significantly with pop-up stores opened in Market City, Sydney, Rhodes Waterside Shopping Centre, Robina Town Centre, Queensland and the Australian Open tennis Grand Slam event.

Crumpler is a bag manufacturer with two separately held companies who design and supply different products to their respective markets. The company is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia and has a European office in Berlin. Established in 1995, the company was founded by Dave Roper & Stuart Crumpler. It began as a messenger bag company, but has since expanded its range, notably into lifestyle, work bags and travel goods under CEO, Adam Wilkinson.

Crumpler est une marque australienne de sacs et d’accessoires pour hommes, fondée à Melbourne en 1995. D'abord spécialisée dans les "messenger bags", la société s'est depuis élargie à différents types de sacs (voyage, appareil photos, caméras, housses...).


Biography.

Olav Fykse Tveit is general secretary of the World Council of Churches as from 1 January 2010, replacing the Rev. Samuel Kobia. He is an ordained pastor in the Church of Norway and has also served as a parish priest in Haram, Møre Diocese, 1988–91 and as an army chaplain during his compulsory year of national service in 1987-88. He was secretary for the Church of Norway Doctrinal Commission, 1999–2000, and Church-State Relations, 2001-02. From 2002 to 2009, Tveit was the general secretary of the Church of Norway Council on Ecumenical and International Relations. He served as a member of the board of directors and executive committee of the Christian Council of Norway, moderator of the Church of Norway - Islamic Council of Norway contact group and the same for the Jewish Congregation contact group. He also was a member of the Inter-Faith Council of Norway and a member of the board of trustees of Norwegian Church Aid.  Tveit was elected as the seventh general secretary of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in August 2009 during its Central Committee meeting and was re-elected to a second term in July 2014. Tveit is the youngest general secretary to have been elected since Willem Visser 't Hooft, who had led the WCC while it was in process of formation and following its founding assembly in 1948.  He will step down as General Secretary of the WCC on 31 March 2020. On 17 October 2019 it was announced that he had been nominated to become the next Preses - Presiding Bishop - of the Church of Norway, from 2020. His appointment was announced on 30 January 2020 and he is set to assume the role in April 2020.

Education.

Tveit holds a Master in Theology (Candidate Theologiea) from the Norwegian School of Theology/Menighetsfakultetet (NST/MF), Oslo, and a doctorate in theology from the NST/MF, 2002. His doctorate is titled "Mutual Accountability as Ecumenical Attitude".

Activities.

Tveit is a member of the WCC Faith and Order Plenary Commission, co-chair of the WCC Palestine Israel Ecumenical Forum core group, a member of the board of directors and executive committee of the Christian Council of Norway, moderator of the Church of Norway - Islamic Council of Norway contact group and also of the Jewish Congregation contact group. He is also a member of the Inter-Faith Council of Norway and a member of the board of trustees of Norwegian Church Aid.  As general secretary of the World Council of Churches, Tveit has led the fellowship of churches through such gatherings as the International Ecumenical Peace Convocation (Kingston, Jamaica, 2011) and the 10th Assembly of the WCC (Busan, Republic of Korea, 2013). He has also been instrumental in leadership of international consultations on such topics as climate change, peacemaking and refugee resettlement.  In 2012, Tveit received the Friends of the Armenians Award for his advocacy worldwide. In 2013, King Abdullah II of Jordan presented him with the Al-Hussein Decoration for Distinguished Service in the field of inter-religious dialogue and cooperation in pursuit of peace among peoples.  In 2015, Hanshin University in Seoul, Republic of Korea, awarded him an honorary doctorate in recognition of his vision of unity, justice and peace.  Rev. Dr Olav Fykse Tveit has accepted an invitation from the Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children to serve on the organization's board of directors.  Tveit also serves as a co-president of Religions for Peace.

Olav Fykse Tveit (born 24 November 1960) is a Norwegian Lutheran theologian. He was elected to the post of general secretary of the World Council of Churches on 27 August 2009. He entered office on 1 January 2010, for a proposed term of five years, and was re-elected to a second term in July 2014. He resigned from the post in March 2020, having been elected Preses of the Bishops' Conference of the Church of Norway.

Olav Fykse Tveit (né le ) est un pasteur et théologien luthérien norvégien, il est secrétaire général du Conseil œcuménique des Églises (COE) depuis.


Career.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Lake began her career as a dancer. She made her screen debut in 1912, and she appeared in a number of comedy shorts by Mack Sennett. Lake was often the leading lady of Roscoe Arbuckle in comedies like "Oh Doctor!" (1917) and "The Cook" (1918). Arbuckle directed both films and was joined by Buster Keaton who had a leading role in "Oh Doctor!".  Lake also played dramatic roles with Bert Lytell in "Blackie's Redemption" and "The Lion's Den", both from 1919. During the 1920s she appeared in a number of Metro silent film features as the lead actress. At the height of her career she earned $1,200 per week as a motion picture actress. Lake had only limited success in dramatic roles. Following the introduction of talkies, her parts in films began to wane and she only performed in supporting roles. Her last appearance in film was in 1935 with a bit part in "Frisco Kid". In all her screen credits numbered ninety-six.

Personal life.

In March 1924, Lake married fellow actor Robert Williams, but they were divorced in 1925. The couple separated and reunited three times before they permanently separated. Williams was a vaudeville performer who had appeared in a number of stage plays. He was previously married to singer Marion Harris.

Death.

Lake died of a heart attack at Paradise Sanitarium in Hollywood, California. She was 72. She is buried at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood.  For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Alice Lake has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1620 Vine Street.

Alice Lake (September 12, 1895 – November 15, 1967) was an American film actress. She began her career during the silent film era and often appeared in comedy shorts opposite Roscoe Arbuckle.

Alice Lake est une actrice américaine qui a eu son heure de gloire en tant que vedette du cinéma muet. Elle est née le à Brooklyn, New York aux États-Unis, décédée le à Hollywood, Los Angeles en Californie.


History.

Establishment.

The International Lenin School (ILS) was founded in 1926 as an instrument for the "Bolshevisation" of the Communist International (Comintern) and its national sections, following the resolutions of the 5th World Congress of the Comintern. The school was established, in the formal language of the Comintern: "To assist the Comintern sections in raising the qualifications of leading Party workers whose revolutionary experience must be strengthened by general theoretical Marxist-Leninist preparation on the one hand; and, on the other, by direct and active study of the organisational and political experiences of the Russian Communist Party and of the experiences and current work of the Communist Parties in the capitalist and colonial countries."  This goal was to be achieved through an intensive one-year course of study including economics and history, Marxist theory, and the strategy and tactics employed by the world communist movement. Its teachers were leading intellectuals of the Comintern and Soviet Union. Its first director was Nikolai Bukharin. Students for the International Lenin School were hand-picked by the various Communist Parties.  The first class of students, which began instruction in May 1926, consisted of 70 individuals from around the world. A matter of major difficulty was the variety of languages spoken by participants, a situation which necessitated the extensive use of interpreters. Four languages were used by participants — Russian, German, English, and French.  Academic courses taught at the ILS during its first year of existence included Political Economy, the History of the Russian Communist Party, the History of the World Labor Movement, "Party Construction," and Russian language. Instruction was largely based upon intensive directed reading, followed by individualized discussion with lecturers. In addition, with a view to making contact with the Soviet working class, the inaugural class of ILS students were divided into groups of between 3 and 5 and were sent out to perform manual labor in the Orecho-Zuovo Textile Mill and the Colmna Locomotive and Car Works as part of their educational experience. About 8 hours per week were spent at such factory labor.

Scope.

Between May 1926 and its termination in the middle of 1938 the International Lenin School provided academic, practical, and ideological training to some 3,500 communist students from 59 countries. The great majority of these students hailed from Europe and North America, while another Comintern-affiliated training institution, the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, catered to the majority of students from colonial countries.  The greatest number of students at the ILS came from Germany (370), followed by Czechoslovakia (320), with France, Poland, Italy, the United States, and China each supplied between 200 and 225 participants. Austria provided about 180 students, with Great Britain adding another 150, while Spain and Finland supplied about 135 students each. Other countries providing more than 60 students included the Soviet Union, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Ireland and Canada.  Instruction was conducted by exiled veteran Communists residing in Moscow, including in particular exiles from Germany, Italy, and Hungary, as well as Russian instructors.

Curriculum.

According to ILS graduate Joseph Zack Kornfeder, the ILS included courses on Economics, Philosophy, Politics, Trade Union Organization, Party Organization, Military Organization, and the Agrarian Problem. Particular attention was paid to study of the History of the All-Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) as well, including the policies, organizational structure, and procedures of that organization.  At the end of each school semester, students were required to write a paper on a topic chosen by them to demonstrate their mastery of the subject matter. Successful students were to be returned home to assume executive or editorial positions or were placed in the service of the Communist International in other countries.

Alumni.

Internationally, Lenin School students can be traced as late as the 1960s and beyond exercising significant responsibilities either as heads of communist governments, like Yugoslavia’s Josip Broz Tito, Poland’s Władysław Gomułka and the GDR’s Erich Honecker, or as leaders of significant oppositional parties elsewhere, such as the general secretaries of the French, Greek, Irish and South African communist parties, Waldeck Rochet, Nikolaos Zachariadis, Sean Murray and Moses Kotane. Other important students of the Lenin School include such figures as Harry Haywood, James Larkin Jr, Markus Wolf and David Alfaro Siqueiros.

Kushnarenkovo school.

After the closure of ILS the Comintern operated a cadre school, camouflaged as an agricultural school, in Kushnarenkovo 1941-1943. Wolfgang Leonhard described his studies there in his book "Child of the revolution".

Post-Comintern school.

The ILS was re-established after the war and continued until the end of the USSR. It was located at 49 Leningradsky Prospekt in Moscow in a purpose-built complex comprising lecture halls, film theatres, library, shops, restaurants and residences. It was also called the Institute of Social Sciences. It was a semi-clandestine institution and many of its students went by pseudonyms, primarily for security reasons, because they were members of illegal parties at the time. It was under the auspices of the International Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Graduates from this period, who later held prominent positions, include Alexander Dubcek, Thabo Mbeki, John Dramani Mahama, Demetris Christofias and Nadia Valavani. First-person accounts of the ILS have been written by John Mahama, Jim Riordan, Helena Sheehan and Kevin McMahon. After the dissolution of the USSR, its premises were given to the Gorbachev Foundation for a time, but were later transferred to a Financial University.

The International Lenin School (ILS) was an official training school operated in Moscow by the Communist International from May 1926 to 1938. It was resumed after the war, run by the CPSU and continued to the dissolution of the USSR. The ILS taught both academic courses and practical underground political techniques with a view to developing a core disciplined and reliable communist political cadres for assignment in Communist Parties around the world.

L'École internationale Lénine est un ancien centre international situé à Moscou, destiné à la formation des cadres et militants de l'Internationale communiste.


Élections fédérales australiennes de 1919

Background.

The Nationalist Party, formed after the 1916 Labor Party split, won a large majority at the 1917 federal election. In April 1918, Prime Minister Billy Hughes left Australia to attend the Imperial War Cabinet. He was overseas for sixteen months, which saw the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and the Paris Peace Conference. He was at the height of his popularity during this time, and was widely feted when he returned to Australia in August 1919. According to Robert Garran, who was both Solicitor-General of Australia and Hughes' personal secretary at the conference, there were three main problems that confronted him upon his return – profiteering, high prices, and industrial unrest.  At the ALP Federal Conference in early October 1919, a resolution was passed calling on T. J. Ryan, premier of Queensland, to enter federal politics. He agreed to do so, and was appointed to the new position of "national campaign director". Con Wallace, MP for West Sydney, agreed to give up the ALP nomination to allow Ryan to win a safe seat. Opposition Leader Frank Tudor remained the party's formal leader, but Ryan had a higher public profile and led the ALP's campaign. According to King O'Malley, who met with him in Hobart a few weeks before the election, Ryan believed that he would become prime minister if Labor won the election.

Electoral reform.

The 1919 federal election was the first to use preferential voting. The "Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918" replaced the previous first-past-the-post system used in the House of Representatives, and also re-introduced postal voting. It was amended the following year to also allow preferential voting for the Senate. The new act repealed the existing "Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902", but did not alter the terms of the "Commonwealth Electoral (War-time) Act 1917", under which naturalised British subjects born in enemy countries were disqualified from voting. This provision mainly affected German-Australians. There was a long history of support for preferential voting in Australia, but the immediate trigger for the new legislation was the decision of farmers' organisations to run candidates of their own in opposition to the Nationalist Party. The Swan by-election in October 1918 saw an ALP candidate elected with just over one-third of the vote, after the Nationalist candidate split the vote with a candidate from the Country Party of Western Australia. The Corangamite by-election in December was the first held under the new system, and resulted in the Victorian Farmers' Union candidate winning from Nationalist preferences.

Campaign.

Constitutionally, a new election was not due until early 1920, but the Nationalists wished to hold an early election to capitalise on Hughes' popularity. On 30 September, the party caucus approved an election for 13 December. The writs were formally issued on 3 November, with the close of nominations on 14 November. However, the campaign had begun in earnest after the last sitting day of federal parliament on 24 October.

Party platforms.

Nationalists.

Hughes and the Nationalists sought re-election largely on the basis of their record in government. The prime minister's 90-minute policy speech, delivered in Bendigo on 30 November, was "stronger on generalities than on concrete proposals". Hughes promised to appoint royal commissions on profiteering, the living wage, and taxation, and to call a constitutional convention for 1920. He planned to overhaul industrial relations by setting up a system of industrial councils with a Commonwealth Industrial Court at their apex. The Nationalists also promised government support of industry, primary producers, and immigration.

Labor.

The ALP was ill-prepared for the election – six weeks before the polling date, it had no party manifesto, had preselected few candidates, and the state branches in Victoria and New South Wales were "virtually bankrupt". The party eventually released its manifesto on 4 November, which was signed by Tudor, Ryan, and Jack Holloway. It "showed much of Ryan's hand in its language and political style", and ended with a quote from Abraham Lincoln. Tudor's policy speech was delivered in Melbourne the following day. The party promised an expansion of the welfare system, including the introduction of widows' pensions, child endowment for orphans and children of invalids, and a significant increase in old-age and disability pensions. It also promised to establish a national shipping line, national insurance office, and national medical service, which were to be funded through a wealth tax.

Issues.

The campaign primarily focused on Hughes and Ryan and their respective records. "The Round Table" observed that "the prominence given to them made genuine political discussion impossible". The Nationalists accused Ryan of disloyalty to the war effort and fostering left-wing extremism, while Labor accused Hughes of mismanaging the war and failing to deal with profiteering. Tudor was "barely considered" in the campaign due to poor health, and twice had to withdraw from campaigning due to "attacks of hemorrhage". The Nationalists claimed Hughes had safeguarded the White Australia policy at the Paris Peace Conference, while the ALP said he had endangered it by failing to stop the Japanese from acquiring the South Pacific Mandate. Issues relating to returned soldiers were also prominent, and the 1919 election has been classed as a wartime or "khaki" election, despite it taking place over a year after the Armistice.

Returned soldiers.

Both parties were keen to secure the votes of returned soldiers, and Hughes in particular cultivated them as a new political base. In 1919, there were about 270,000 returned soldiers out of a total enrolment of 2.85 million; they were viewed as a "vital political constituency". While Hughes was already popular with the armed forces, he sought an explicit endorsement from the main lobby group for returned soldiers, the Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA). Its newly elected president was Gilbert Dyett, a 28-year-old junior officer who was protective of the organisation's independence and political neutrality. In the lead-up to the election Hughes had five separate meetings with Dyett and other officials. He was willing to make concessions on repatriation policy and other related issues, but repeatedly stressed that the RSSILA's agenda could only be enacted if the Nationalists won, for which a formal endorsement was necessary. Dyett was unwilling to compromise his neutrality, and consequently the RSSILA "gained almost every concession they sought, yet maintained their independence by holding out to Hughes the prospect of returned soldier support while never granting it".

Sectarianism.

Sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants became an issue in the campaign. In early November, Ryan chaired an Irish Race Convention in Melbourne, which had been organised by Catholic archbishop Daniel Mannix in order to support Irish home rule. Mannix tacitly endorsed Ryan as prime minister, stating that "Ireland and Irish Australia have no reason to be ashamed of him, either as Premier of Queensland or as the prospective Prime Minister of the Commonwealth". Additionally, the Catholic press in Melbourne and Sydney "unashamedly support[ed] Ryan and his party". In response, Protestant organisations ran advertisements claiming a Labor government would see Australia controlled by the Catholic Church.

McDougall incident.

One issue in the campaign was the anti-war poem "The White Man's Burden", written by John Keith McDougall in 1900 during the Boer War. It contained lines critical of soldiers, describing them as "sordid killers who murder for a fee", "hog-souled and dirty-handed", and "fools and flunkeys". The poem was republished on a number of occasions during World War I – in January 1915 by the "Labor Call", the official ALP newspaper in Victoria, and later by McDougall's opponents at the 1915 Grampians by-election and 1917 federal election. On 13 November 1919, "Melbourne Punch" re-published excerpts from the poem, contrasting them with the ALP's election manifesto which praised soldiers. Pro-government newspapers did likewise, particularly "The Argus", and a leaflet containing the poem was widely circulated. Hughes frequently quoted the poem in his campaign speeches, stating that returned soldiers faced a choice between "those who stood by you, or those who spoke contemptuously of you as'sordid killers'". Pro-opposition newspapers noted that Hughes had in fact campaigned for McDougall four years later, when he was still a member of the ALP. The outcry over the poem was directed at the ALP rather than its author, who was often not identified. However, a week before the election, a group of about 20 ex-soldiers kidnapped McDougall from his property in Ararat, before tarring and feathering him and dumping him in the street, bound and blindfolded. In February 1920, six of the men were convicted of assault and fined £5 each, while receiving sympathy from the magistrate and much of the press.

Results.

House of Representatives.

Out of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, 37 were won by the Nationalists and 26 by the Labor Party. In Melbourne Ports and Newcastle, the ALP candidate was elected unopposed. Eleven of the remaining twelve seats were won by candidates endorsed by or aligned with the farmers' organisations in each state; they subsequently formed the Country Party. The remaining seat was won by Frederick Francis, who stood as an "independent Nationalist" in the Melbourne seat of Henty and defeated the sitting Nationalist member.  Government ministers Paddy Glynn and William Webster were among those who lost their seats. The closest margin of victory was in Ballaarat, where Nationalist Edwin Kerby defeated the sitting Labor member Charles McGrath by a single vote. The result was successfully challenged in the Court of Disputed Returns, with Justice Isaac Isaacs criticising the "almost incredible carelessness" of the electoral officers. McGrath won the seat back at the resulting by-election. Mary Grant was the only woman to stand for the House of Representatives, polling 18.1 percent of the vote in Kooyong.

Senate.

In the Senate, the Nationalists won 18 out of the 19 seats up for election. The party had previously won all 18 seats at the 1917 election, leaving them with "an absurdly large majority" – after 1 July 1920, when the new senators began their term, Albert Gardiner was the only non-government senator and the sole representative of the Labor Party in the chamber. The country parties failed to win any seats, but some Nationalist senators were sympathetic to their views. Mary McMahon was the only woman to stand for the Senate, polling 0.3 percent of the statewide vote in New South Wales.

Aftermath and analysis.

According to Hughes' biographer L. F. Fitzhardinge, "the result of the election gave no satisfaction to anyone". The Nationalists were the only party capable of forming a government, but their failure to win an absolute majority weakened the position of Hughes within the party. Neither of the referendum questions carried. Ryan attributed the ALP's defeat to the new voting system, while James Catts, the party's campaign director in New South Wales, stated in January 1920 that "the defeat of Labor is due to Labor". Senior Labor MP William Higgs publicly blamed the election result on interference from the organisational wing, and was expelled from the party in February 1920. He sat as an independent for a period before joining the Nationalists later in the year. It has been suggested that anti-Irish sentiment may have played a part in the ALP's failure to win more seats. The result led some within the party to question the wisdom of Archbishop Mannix involving himself in politics.  The new House of Representatives proved much less stable than its immediate predecessors. According to Gavin Souter, the author of an official history of parliament, the most notable result of the 1919 election was the emergence of the Country Party as a force in federal politics. On 22 January 1920, nine of the crossbench MPs agreed to form a parliamentary party, which they named the Australian Country Party. Two others joined the Country Party in the month before parliament opened on 26 February, leaving it with eleven MPs out of 75. William McWilliams was elected as the party's inaugural leader. Tudor moved a motion of no confidence in the government on 3 March, which was defeated by 45 votes to 22. The Country Party generally supported the government's agenda over the course of the parliament.  The election greatly increased the number of returned soldiers in parliament, which rose from four to sixteen; all but two were Nationalists. According to, the concessions Hughes made in an attempt to gain the returned-soldier vote "ensured two of Australia's major wartime legacies: a powerful, united and well-connected veterans' organisation, and a repatriation system that was perhaps the world's most generous".

The 1919 Australian federal election was held on 13 December 1919 to elect members to the Parliament of Australia. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Nationalist Party government won re-election, with Prime Minister Billy Hughes continuing in office.

Les élections fédérales australiennes de 1919 ont eu lieu le 13 décembre 1919, afin de renouveler les 75 sièges de la chambre des représentants et 19 des 36 sièges au Sénat. Le Parti Nationaliste a gagné sa réélection, avec Billy Hugues restant dans ses fonctions de premier ministre.


History.

The basilica is dedicated to St. Lawrence of Rome, deacon and martyr. The name "Lucina" derives from that of the Roman matron of the AD 4th century who permitted Christians to erect a church on the site. Putatively, Pope Marcellus I hid on the site during the persecutions of Roman Emperor Maxentius, and Pope Damasus I was elected there in AD 366. Pope Sixtus III consecrated a church on the site in 440 AD. The church was denominated the "Titulus Lucinae", and thus is mentioned in the acts of the synod of AD 499 of Pope Symmachus. The church was first reconstructed by Pope Paschal II in the early 12th century.  In 1606, Pope Paul V assigned the basilica to the order of Clerics Regular Minor. Cosimo Fanzago completely renovated the interior in the 17th century, including conversion of the lateral aisles of the basilica into chapels. The ceiling was also frescoed by the Neapolitan Mometto Greuter.  In the 19th century, in a subsequent restoration of the interior that Pope Pius I commissioned the Baroque decorations in the nave were replaced with frescoes that Roberto Bompiani painted.  The current Cardinal Priest of the "Titulus S. Laurentii in Lucina", established in AD 684, is Malcolm Ranjith Patabendige Don, Archbishop of Colombo, Sri Lanka, who was appointed on 20 November 2010.

Art and architecture.

In the rebuilding of 1650, the aisled basilical plan was destroyed and the lateral naves were replaced by Baroque chapels, which were then leased to noble families to decorate and use as mausolea. This was done by inserting walls behind the piers of the arcades. The arcades themselves have solid, square piers with imposts. The flat ceiling is coffered, gilded, and decorated with rosettes and has a painting of the "Apotheosis of St. Lawrence" in the central panel. This ceiling was made in 1857 under Pope Pius IX.  Guido Reni's "Christ on the Cross" (1639–40) is visible above the high altar, framed by six Corinthian columns of black marble. Below the altar is a reliquary in which is preserved the gridiron on which tradition maintains that St. Lawrence was martyred. The marble throne of Pope Paschal II in the apse behind the high altar has an inscription that records the translation to the basilica of its relics of St. Lawrence of Rome. A "Madonna and Child with John of Nepomuk and Archangel Michael" by Onofrio Avellino hangs in the apse behind the high altar.  Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the Capella Fonseca, fourth on the right, for the Portuguese Gabriele Fonseca, who was physician to Pope Innocent X (1644–55). The chapel has some fine busts by Bernini and his workshop, including a portrait of Fonseca to the left of the altar. This chapel also has the painting "Elisha Pouring Salt into the Bitter Fountain" by Giacinto Gimignani of 1664.  The French artist Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665) is buried in the second chapel on the right side and is commemorated with a monument that the French Ambassador François-René de Chateaubriand donated in 1830.  The second chapel on the left has an altarpiece by Carlo Saraceni.  The fifth chapel on the left was designed and decorated by Simon Vouet. His two paintings depict St. Francis of Assisi: one shows him receiving his religious habit and the other depicts his temptations. The altarpiece shows "St. Francis Appearing to Giacinta Marescotti on Her Deathbed" by Marco Benefial.  Giuseppe Sardi designed the baptistery to the left of the entrance in the 17th century.  In the basilica is also the tomb of the composer Bernardo Pasquini (1637-1710). Three years after the composer's death, his portrait was placed there, sculpted in Carrara marble by Pietro Francesco Papaleo (circa 1642-1718). The portrait was a commission by the composer's nephew Felice Bernardo Ricordati and his pupil Bernardo Gaffi.  Charles Stewart, an officer in the Papal army who died in 1864, is buried in the basilica. He was the son of John Stewart, Prince Charles Edward Stuart's ("Charles III", the "Young Pretender") "maestro di casa". Charles had ennobled John as a baronet in 1784.

The Minor Basilica of St. Lawrence in Lucina ( or simply ; ) is a Roman Catholic parish, titular church, and minor basilica in central Rome, Italy. The basilica is located in Piazza di San Lorenzo in Lucina in the Rione Colonna, circa two blocks behind the Palazzo Montecitorio, proximate to the Via del Corso.

La basilique San Lorenzo in Lucina est une basilique de Rome située dans le rione Colonna, non loin du palais Montecitorio, dont la construction a débuté en 1130. L'un des plus anciens titres cardinalices, celui de "San Lorenzo in Lucina" est attaché à cette église.


Early life and education.

Roberto Sabatino Lopez was born in Genoa, Italy. His family were Sephardi Jews. He received a doctorate from the University of Milan in 1932 and taught medieval history at various universities, serving at one point as Chair of History at the University of Genoa. Lopez fled Benito Mussolini's regime for England in 1939, where he came under the influence of Cecil Roth. Robert L. Reynolds, a friend of Lopez, informed him that an American Ph.D was necessary to find tenure at an American university, and through the influence of Reynolds, Lopez enrolled in the graduate history program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Here he gained a Ph.D in 1942.

Early work in the United States.

From 1942 to 1944 Lopez worked for Voice of America and in the Italian section of the Office of War Information in New York City. There he met his future wife, Claude-Anne Kirschen, a wartime refugee from Belgium who had come to New York with her family in 1940. He afterward maintained that his successful courtship of her was his supreme wartime accomplishment.

Marriage and family.

Lopez married Claude-Anne Kirschen, a Jewish refugee from Belgium, in 1946. They had two sons, Michael and Lawrence, after moving to New Haven, Connecticut. The children were raised in the Jewish faith.

Resumption of academic career.

In 1946, Lopez was hired as an assistant professor at Yale University. He rose through the academic ranks to full professor. He was honored by selection as a Sterling Professor of History, a recognition of his academic contributions. Lopez was one of the first Jews appointed at Yale University.  At Yale, in 1962 Lopez founded the interdisciplinary graduate program in Medieval Studies, and served as its chairman for many years. Originally a master's program, it awarded doctorates by 1965. When founded, it was the third such medieval studies program in the United States.  Lopez trained a number of distinguished medieval scholars, among them David Herlihy, Edward M. Peters, and Patrick J. Geary. Lopez retired from the Yale faculty in 1981 after 35 years at the university.  Lopez's main contributions to the field were in the history of trade and commerce in the medieval Mediterranean. He was particularly interested in showing the dynamism and creativity of medieval towns and economic networks. Other scholars had frequently compared them unfavorably to those of the Renaissance and early modern period.  In his best-known book, "The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages" (1971, with numerous reprints), Lopez argued that the key contribution of the medieval period to European history was the creation of a commercial economy. He said it was first based in the Italo-Byzantine eastern Mediterranean, but eventually extended to the Italian city-states and through the rest of Europe. Lopez noted that it was the Renaissance period that was characterized by economic decline. Lopez's scholarship was underpinned by his expert knowledge of medieval agriculture, industry and especially coinage.  At the end of his career, Lopez maintained close ties to Israeli academia. He was affiliated with the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and his advice was sought on the tenure cases of Israeli medievalists. Lopez was a notable adviser of Walter Goffart.  Lopez died from cancer in 1986. His library and papers were acquired by Arizona State University.

Roberto Sabatino Lopez (October 8, 1910 – July 6, 1986) was an Italian-born American historian of medieval European economic history. He taught for many years at Yale University as a Sterling Professor of History.

Roberto Sabatino Lopez, également connu sous le nom Robert S. Lopez, né le à Gênes, Italie et mort le à New Haven, États-Unis, est un historien italo-américain. Il enseigne l'histoire médiévale à l'Université Yale durant 35 ans et est nommé "Chairman of Medieval Studies". Il est membre de la Medieval Academy of America.


Mountaineering.

The 7338 m summit of Kabru is the site of a mountaineering altitude record, either in 1883 or in 1905. The English barrister William Graham, the Swiss hotelier Emil Boss and the Swiss mountain guide Ulrich Kauffmann reported to have reached a point 30-40 feet below this summit, which Graham described as "little more than a pillar of ice", at 2pm on October 8, 1883. The ascent was questioned by powerful members of the Alpine Club and the Indian Survey Department, though not by their Himalayan climbing colleagues, and has been dismissed for most of the time since. Recent analysis suggests that the mountaineers may have been correct in their assertions after all. If Graham, Boss and Kaufmann did climb to ~7325 m on Kabru it was a remarkable achievement for its time, breaking the existing altitude record by at least 360 m (assuming a pre-Columbian ascent of Aconcagua) and holding on to it for twenty-six years (when in 1909 an expedition led by Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi reached about 7500 m on Chogolisa).  If their account is dismissed, the same peak nevertheless became the site of an undisputed altitude record on 20 October 1907, when the Norwegians Carl W. Rubenson and Monrad Aas came within 50 m of climbing it. Notably, Rubenson and Aas believed that Kauffmann, Boss and Graham had reached the same point 34 years before.  The summit of this peak, Kabru North, was first reached by C.R.Cooke on 18 November 1935, without oxygen, after his Swiss companion Gustav Schoberth succumbed to altitude sickness at their highest camp. It remained the highest solo climb until 1953.  Talung (7349) was first climbed on May 18, 1964, by Franz Lindner and Tensing Nindra of a German expedition via the West Flank and South Col. Their original plan to climb the high point of Kabru (p.7412) from the 6983 m col had to be abandoned.  On May 10, 1994, 12 members of a large Indian Army expedition led by Major A. Abbey reached the summit of Kabru North (p. 7338). Four more climbers would reach this summit on May 13. From the saddle in between, a total of 27 soldiers made the first ascent of Kabru South (p. 7318) on May 12 and 13. This expedition also accomplished a first ascent of the highest summit of Kabru (p. 7412), which they called Kabru III and at that time was estimated to be 7395 m high. Three members led by Naib Subedar Dan Singh reached the peak on May 12, while a group of four led by Naib Subedar Devi Singh, climbed it on May 13, completing their ascent of all three summits.  In 2004, a group of Serbian climbers unsuccessfully attempted to climb the west face of Kabru South. A series of avalanches forced the group to give up their goal.  The north-northwest pillar of Talung was first climbed in 2015 by two Ukrainian climbers, Mikhail Fomin and Nikita Balabanov, who won the Piolet d'Or for their climb. It was the fifth ascent of Talung.

Kabru is a mountain in the Himalayas on the border of eastern Nepal and India. It is part of a ridge that extends south from Kangchenjunga and is the southernmost peak in the world.

Le Kabru est un sommet de l'Himalaya, dans la chaîne de Sangalila qui marque la frontière indo-népalaise, entre le district de Taplejung dans l'Est du Népal et l'État indien du Sikkim. Situé à une dizaine de kilomètres au sud du Kangchenjunga, il culmine à d'altitude.