Biography.

His studies at École des Beaux-Arts (Fine Arts) of Rennes were interrupted by the First World War. Accordingly, he engaged himself and in 1914 joined the 41st Infantry Regiment (), "for the duration of the entire war". He accordingly took part in combat in Éparges, Argonne, Verdun and Champagne. In May 1917, he obtained a citation for "taking command of his unit, and by his energetic intervention will, brought the unfolding of the enemy" while he was the only ranked surviving of his section.  Designated Sous-Lieutenant by battlefield promotion under fire, Geille, upon his request, joined the Military Aeronautics () in 1917. Brevetted as an observer, he was assigned to the Escadriile BR7, dotted de Breguet XIV. He had the opportunity to distinguish capability in 1918 « succeeding at delicate as well as perilous missions on top of enemy lines ». It was during that period that he conducted his first parachute experiment. At the end of war, he remained in Military Aeronautics.  At the end of the war, Frédéric Geille finally remained in the army. Designated definitely as a Sous-Lieutenant, he went to Poland in the corps of the Escadrille SAL 39, with the Blue Army of general Józef Haller, then engaged against Soviet Russia. There, the young () officer showcased « evidence of an energy at all obstacles and at great tenacity ».  Returned to France, Sous-Lieutenant Geille finished by obtained his brevet as a military pilot. After having served in North Africa and in Lebanon (at the 39th Aviation Regiment), he was promoted to Captain in 1927. He then passed a couple of years at the general staff headquarters of the 22 Escadre, at Chartres.  From 1931 to 1935, he was a pilot at the 2 Escadre de Chasse (), situated on Aerial Base 112 Chartres-Champhol ().  Nevertheless, an event evoked his interests: in 1934, in front of numerous foreign observers, the Soviets conducted a parachute jump, in the region of Kiev, of two battalions - with light artillery means - which, within the cadres of the grand maneuver, were able to apprehend a small town which was designated for them. The Red Army has retaken to account an idea put in circulation since 1918 by Commandant Ernest Evrard. However, the latter's intuition did not lift the enthusiasm of the respective general staff headquarters at the époque.  Nevertheless, both Captains Geille and Durieux (both pilots) as well battalion chief () Chalret du Rieu obtained to be sent to the USSR to study the techniques of Russian Soviet Jumps.  A candidate at the School of Tuchino, near Moscow, Frédéric Geille obtained the brevet of chief paratrooper instructor number 3 (). Returned to France, he was joined by « Kapitan » Kaitanoff, a brevetted paratrooper of the Red Army, officered as a technical councilor. The latter would be at the origin of a surprising anecdote. At Vilacoublay, during the campaign trial, which consisted of dropping mannequins as homologues of paratroopers, one of them would not open. The Soviet Officer accordingly examined the suspension lines and canopy of the defected exemplary, refolded the chute before boarding the aircraft and jumped with it. The homologue was accordingly accomplished.  Having pursued the instructor parachute () course in the Soviet Union. Upon his return to France, he organized at Pujaut, not far from Avignon, the center of Parachute Instruction of the French Air Force which he assumed command. Owing to his instruction center, the 601st Air Infantry Group 601 GIA was born on April 1, 1937, first parachute unit of the French Air Force constituted on the model which existed then in a couple of countries (Soviet Union and Germany notably). On another hand, the 602nd Air Infantry Group 602 GIA was based in Algeria. The mission confined to these two units was « transport by aircraft and disembark by parachute, in enemy territory, infantry detachments ».  Promoted Commandant in 1937, he realized two records the same year: that of a "saut à l'arraché" of thirty five meters of height and that of twelve jumps in one hour and forty five minutes.  In 1938, after the creation of the 601st Air Infantry Group 601 GIA and 602nd Air Infantry Group 602 GIA (at Reims, and White House, in Algeria), Commandant Geille returned to the Hunter Fighter Aviation Field () and was assigned to the 2 Escadre, at the corps of which, he formed the III Group.  On February 27, 1939, the 601st Air Infantry Group 601 GIA left the Aerial Base 112 Reims-Champagne () to rejoin the 602 GIA on the land of Algiers - White House ().  As a Fighter pilot at the 2 Escadre de Chasse, on the Aerial Base 112 Chartres-Champhol (), and Commandant of one of the Escadrilles, his brevet of moniteur parachutiste (parachute instructor brevet), the first in France, was counter parted on February 1939.

Second World War.

In 1940, Commandant Geille executed with success the first Aerial attack towards the ground with armored contingents. On June 13, 1940, he was hit by a Messerschmitt Bf 109. His equipment in flames, he was severely burned, and managed to saved his life "in extremis" by jumping in parachute out his aircraft. That evening, he had to land forcibly after having descended in front of a flak.  On December 25, 1940, barely recovered, he assumed command of the III Group of the 6 Escadre based in Algiers. He left the group after the Syria–Lebanon Campaign on November 15, 1941, date in which he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel. He commanded during one year the Military air base of Ouakam (today in Senegal), then was placed in non-activity by the Government of Vichy.  Recalled to activity, he was designated as a Colonel on June 25, 1943 and took command of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment 1 RCP at Fez on July 1, 1943, which he led under fire during the Liberation of France.  Assigned to the general staff headquarters of the French Air Force on November 25, 1944, he was delegated two important tasks:

After-war.

The end of the war in Europe stopped his works. Attained since two years by the age limit of navigating personnel, and even though well retained in the officers corps of Air Force at exceptional title, colonel Geille solicited and obtained to be placed on leave from the navigating personnel on May 18, 1945. He left indefinitely the French Air Force on May 19, 1950.  A couple years later, colonel Frédéric Geille succeeded the works of colonels Pierre-Louis Bourgoin () and Bernard Dupérier (). In 1949, he would be the founder of the National Federation of French Paratroopers (), at origin of the French Parachute Federation () and the National Association of Veteran Paratroopers ().  He is titular of at least eight citations out which two at the title of the war of 1914-18, one at the title of the Polish Army and five at the title of war of 1939-45. He was also seen, bestowed three satisfactory attestations. He was also titled of two Aerial Victories on May 16, 1940 and June 8, 1940.  The three units which he commanded - the Groups III/2, III/6 and the 1 RCP - were brilliantly cited during the Second World War, and his role as a commander of these units, is particularly underlined.  Commander of the Légion d'honneur, titled of more than eight citations, and inventor of the actual French « Chuteurs Opérationnels, Colonel Geille passed away on July 21, 1976 at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He incarnated « a legendary type of courage and sense of humor » while being « a remarkable instructor of men ».

Colonel Frédéric Cyrille Jules (Fred) Geille (Brest, November 19, 1896 - Saint-Germain-en-Laye, July 21, 1976) () was a French military officer. Frédéric was the 1st French paratrooper and a Fighter pilot () of the French Air Force as well as a commander and founder of various units and initiatives. He is also considered as the Father of French paratroopers and the inventor of French High-Altitude Operational Jumpers ().

Le colonel Frédéric Cyrille Jules Geille (Brest, - Saint-Germain-en-Laye, ) est un militaire français. Il est considéré comme le et l'inventeur des chuteurs opérationnels.


Early life.

Romilly was born in Frith Street, Soho, London, the second son of Peter Romilly, a watchmaker and jeweller, and his wife Margaret Garnault, daughter of Aimé Garnault, another jeweller. He was largely self-educated. Romilly had Sir Samuel Fludyer, 1st Baronet as godfather and first cousin once removed, and prospects for entering his business; but Sir Samuel died in 1768, followed by his brother Sir Thomas in 1769, and the opportunity fell away. He served for a time in his father's shop. He became a good classical scholar, and was conversant with French literature.  The family was Huguenot, and spoke French at home. They attended the French Protestant Chapel in Soho, where John (Jean) Roget from Geneva was pastor. Roget introduced Romilly to the works of Jean Jacques Rousseau, and he became a follower.  Romilly was articled in 1773 to William Michael Lally, a chancery solicitor. Lally worked in the Six Clerks office of the Court of Chancery. Romilly after five years turned down the possibility of purchasing his post there.

Legal career.

In 1778 Romilly decided on a career as barrister, and entered Gray's Inn. He was a pupil of Jeffries Spranger, an equity draughtsman. Called to the bar in 1783, he went the Midland circuit, but was mostly occupied with chancery practice. His practice at the chancery bar grew, and in 1800 he was made a King's Counsel. In 1805 he was appointed chancellor of the county palatine of Durham.

Travels and associations, radical period.

First continental tour.

In the legal vacation of 1781, Romilly made a tour in France and Switzerland. He had the family connection with Geneva, through John Roget, now his brother-in-law. Roget, who died in 1783, moved back there for his health, and Romilly brought out the young Peter Mark Roget to be reunited with his parents. In Geneva Romilly also met Pierre Étienne Louis Dumont. Staying for a period with David Chauvet, one of the progressive group of local politicians, Romilly met also the like-minded Etienne Clavière, Jacques-Antoine Douveray and Etienne Reybaz.  A friend from the Paris leg of this visit was Marguerite Madeleine Delessert (1767–1839), later Madame Gautier. She had had Rousseau as a family friend, her mother being Madeleine Catherine Boy de La Tour who married Etienne Delessert (1735–1816). She became the wife of the Genevan banker Jean-Antoine Gautier (1756–1800), who moved to Paris. Romilly stayed at the Delessert home in Passy.

Second continental tour.

In 1783, immediately after being called to the bar, Romilly made a second tour. This time he was accompanied in France by John Baynes, and met Benjamin Franklin at Passy, to whom Baynes had an introduction from John Jebb. In Lausanne he met the Abbé Raynal.  In the meantime, the failed Geneva Revolution of 1782 had occurred. Romilly was introduced in 1784 to Honoré Mirabeau, by the Genevan writer François d'Ivernois, as his "Memoirs" state; Halevy says it was through Thomas Brand Hollis. D'Ivernois and Dumont formed part of the group of the revolution's leaders who by then were exiles in London. Mirabeau saw him daily for a long time.

Bowood circle.

The Marquess of Lansdowne, to 1784 William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne and Prime Minister in 1782–3, invited Romilly to Bowood House, around 1784–5. He had heard Romilly's name from Mirabeau, had read the pamphlet "A Fragment on the Constitutional Power and Duty of Juries upon Trials for Libels" by Romilly, and was interested in Dumont.  In what has been called the Bowood circle, Jeremy Bentham, with whom Romilly was acquainted, became a friend, and he had much to do with Benjamin Vaughan, another friend.

French Revolution and its era.

In 1789 Romilly visited Paris, and studied the course of the French Revolution there, also visiting the dungeon at Vincennes where Mirabeau had been confined. When Mirabeau became a political leader, it was to Romilly that he applied for an account of the procedure used in the House of Commons of Great Britain. He left France with less optimism about the politics of the Revolution.  Romilly's abilities were recognized by the Whig party. The Marquess of Lansdowne offered him in 1792 the parliamentary seat of, which Romilly turned down. In July 1793 he defended Birmingham booksellers who had sold Tom Paine's works, despite thinking Paine was lacking in arguments; and in August of that year attended the sedition trial of Thomas Muir, which he regarded as shocking.  By the end of 1793 Romilly had concluded that French revolutionary politics amounted to "barbarism". He explained in 1794 to his correspondent Madame Gautier that "public events" had brought about his change of views. In August 1797 he secured the acquittal of the radical John Binns.  During the Peace of Amiens, Romilly was in Paris. He visited the Palais Bourbon, where the Legislative Assembly met, with Bentham.

Political career.

In 1806, on the accession of the Ministry of All the Talents to office, Romilly was offered the post of Solicitor General, although he had never sat in the House of Commons. He accepted, was knighted, and was brought into parliament for Queenborough. He went out of office with the government, but remained in the House of Commons, sitting successively for Horsham, Wareham and Arundel. Romilly's reforming efforts made his reputation. In 1818, he was returned at the head of the poll for the city of Westminster. He had not much longer to live.

Abolitionist.

Romilly was a vocal opponent of the slave trade. His interest came early in life, by the time of his meeting in 1783 with the Abbé Raynal, whose "Histoire des deux Indes" he had read. He gave his support to William Wilberforce's abolition campaign.  During the parliamentary debate on the Slave Trade Bill, Romilly paid tribute to Wilberforce, saying that his leadership had "preserved so many millions of his fellow creatures." As he concluded his remarks, Romilly was greeted with a standing ovation by other Members of Parliament, a reaction that very rarely occurred in the House of Commons. Wilberforce himself sat with his head in his hands, tears streaming down his face.

Legal reformer.

Romilly worked to reform the criminal law, under the influence of what is now called Classical criminology. He spent a dozen years of his life on the passage through Parliament of legislative reforms. He argued against the attitudes to punishments of Martin Madan and William Paley. The so-called Bloody Code of justice was, in his view, something that required reform, while, as he stated in his "Memoirs", one effect of the French Revolution was to lessen the chances of Parliament passing the necessary legislation. The tide of opinion, however, was beginning to turn.  In 1808, Romilly managed to repeal the Elizabethan statute which made it a capital offence to steal from the person. Successful prosecutions of pickpockets then rose. Charles Williams-Wynn, on the other hand, saw Romilly's background in equity law, and discrete bills, as inadequate.  In 1809, three bills for repealing draconian statutes were thrown out by the House of Lords under the influence of Lord Ellenborough. Romilly saw further bills rejected; but in March 1812 he had repealed a statute of Elizabeth I making it a capital offence for a soldier or a mariner to beg without a pass from a magistrate or his commanding officer.  In 1813 John William Ward found the approach too "philosophical". Romilly failed to pass a law which would have abolished corruption of blood for all crimes, but in the following year he tried again and succeeded (except for treason and murder). Also in 1814 he succeeded in abolishing hanging, drawing and quartering.  Seeing a connection, Romilly also advocated prison reform in 1811. Here, however, reform in the direction proposed by Jeremy Bentham was thwarted.

Death.

On 29 October 1818 Lady Romilly died in the Isle of Wight. A few days later, on 2 November 1818, Romilly cut his throat, and died in a few minutes, in his house on Russell Square in London. His nephew Peter Mark Roget attended him in his final moments. His last words were written: "My dear, I wish"... presumably regarding his late wife.  Romilly was buried on 11 November 1818 at the parish church of St Michael and All Angels, Knill, Herefordshire, with his wife Ann.

Family.

Romilly married Anne Garbett, daughter of Francis Garbett, of Knill Court, Herefordshire, in 1798. They had met at Bowood House, and Francis Garbett had worked for Lord Shelburne as his secretary. They had six sons and a daughter. Among the sons were Sir John Romilly, a lawyer and politician ennobled as Baron Romilly in 1866, and Frederick Romilly, a politician.

Sir Samuel Romilly (1 March 1757 – 2 November 1818), was a British lawyer, politician and legal reformer. From a background in the commercial world, he became well-connected, and rose to public office and a prominent position in Parliament. After an early interest in radical politics, he built a career in chancery cases, and then turned to amelioration of the British criminal law.

Samuel Romilly (1757-1818) fut un jurisconsulte anglais. Né à Londres, il descendait d'une famille française protestante. Ami de Fox, il fut nommé en 1806 avocat général, et entra peu après à la Chambre des communes.


Facilities.

Mori Tower is a mixed-use facility that is used for retail and office space. The tower's first six floors house retail stores and restaurants.

Mori Arts Center and Art Museum.

The Mori Arts Center is located on floors 49–54. This center includes various tourist attractions spread over the tower's top six floors. Two members-only facilities—a library and a private club—are located on floors 49 and 51, respectively. Visitors are provided with views of the city at Tokyo City View on the 52nd floor and an open-air roof deck on the 54th floor.  Opening in October 2003, the Mori Art Museum is the centerpiece of the Mori Arts Center. Its interior was designed by Gluckman Mayner Architects, and it originally occupied the entire 53rd floor as well as a portion of the 52nd floor. The museum's galleries on the 52nd floor have since been removed, however. British-born David Elliott served as the museum's director until he resigned in late 2006, and Fumio Nanjo assumed the position. The museum is one of the only venues in Tokyo with a percentage of foreign visitors comparable to the Tokyo National Museum, but it attracts fewer visitors in total.

Office tenants.

Floors 7–48 serve as office space and house various corporate tenants, including:  Since the opening of Tokyo Midtown's Midtown Tower in 2007, former Mori Tower tenants such as Konami and Yahoo! Japan have relocated to the new tower. Prior to its bankruptcy, Lehman Brothers occupied the space currently occupied by Barclays.

Incidents.

2004 fatality.

While on a tour of Mori Tower on the morning of March 26, 2004, six-year-old Ryo Mizokawa was killed in a revolving door at the building's second-floor main entrance. Mizokawa's head was crushed between the door rotating from his left and the outer frame; he died two hours after reaching the hospital. The door's motion safety sensor was originally set to detect anything standing tall. This setting was changed to, however, after the door began stopping unnecessarily when detecting a newly installed, nearby safety barrier. After the incident, it was revealed that 32 people had previously sustained injuries caused by revolving doors at Roppongi Hills since the complex opened less than a year earlier. In September of the same year, in an out-of-court settlement, the Mizokawa family received a compensation payment of approximately 70 million yen from the building's operator, Mori Building Company. This sum was approximately equivalent to the cost of two doors of the type that caused the fatality.  In March 2005, prosecutors indicted three people on charges of professional negligence resulting in death: senior Mori Building Co. executives Yuzo Tada and Yukihiro Koyama and an executive from the revolving door's manufacturer, Sanwa Tajima Corporation, Hisanobu Kubo. Prosecutors argued that the Mori Building officials did not implement safety measures proposed after previous incidents because they would detract from the tower's entrance appearance. All three pleaded guilty to the charges, and in September they received three-year suspended prison sentences of 10 months, 10 months and 14 months, respectively.

2007 fire.

On April 4, 2007, an elevator system in Mori Tower produced a fire that destroyed part of the tower's lift-motor room and forced hundreds of people to evacuate the building. According to the elevator's manufacturer, Otis Elevator Company, a frayed cable scraping surrounding lift system components produced enough sparks to ignite a fire. After the fire, it was discovered that Otis was aware of rusted and frayed cables in the tower's elevator systems since January 2005. The incident spawned nationwide inspections of Japanese elevators by both Nippon Otis and the Land, Infrastructure and Transport Ministry. The ministry inspection of approximately 260,000 elevators turned up problems in 813 elevators.

Livedoor incident.

In January 2006 one of the building's tenants, livedoor, a Japanese internet service provider, was raided by police. The incident resulted in the arrests of two executives and the company has since relocated its headquarters.

The Mori Tower building is primarily used for office space, but it also includes retail stores, restaurants and other attractions. The Mori Art Museum is located on the 53rd floor and visitors can view the city from observation decks on the 52nd and 54th floors. The headquarters of Mori Building Company are located in this building.

La Roppongi Hills Mori Tower est un gratte-ciel de Tokyo qui mesure pour 54 étages.On y trouve un musée d'art contemporain, le musée d'Art Mori.


Origins.

De Burgh's family were minor landholders in Norfolk and Suffolk, from whom he inherited at least four manors. His mother was named Alice, and his father may have been named Walter. He was the younger brother of William de Burgh (d. 1206), the founder of the de Burgh/Burke/Bourke dynasty in Ireland. His younger brother Geoffrey was Archdeacon of Norwich and then Bishop of Ely, and his younger brother Thomas was castellan of Norwich.

Appointments by King John.

De Burgh entered the service of Prince John by 1198, and from then until 1202 rose in importance in John's administration. He served successively as chamberlain of John's household, an ambassador to Portugal, sheriff first of Dorset and Somerset and then of Berkshire and Cornwall, custodian of the castles of Dover, Launceston and Windsor, and then custodian of the Welsh Marches. For these services, he was granted a series of manors, baronies, and other castles, and became a powerful figure in John's administration. In 1202, de Burgh was sent to France by King John, to assist in the defense of Poitou against King Philip II of France. De Burgh was appointed castellan of the great castle of Chinon in Touraine. During this time, he served as guard of the captured Arthur I, Duke of Brittany. After almost all of Poitou had fallen to the French king, de Burgh held the castle for an entire year, until he was captured during the ultimately successful storming of the castle in 1205. He was held captive until 1207, during which time his royal appointments and grants of land passed to other men. Following his return to England, de Burgh did however acquire fresh offices in John's administration. He also acquired lands scattered throughout East Anglia, the southwest of England, and elsewhere, making him once again an important baron in England.  In 1212, de Burgh returned to France at first as deputy seneschal of Poitou and then as seneschal. He served John in his efforts to recover dominions lost to Philip II of France, until the signing of a truce between John and Philip following John's failed military campaign in France in 1214.

Chief Justiciar.

De Burgh remained loyal to King John during the barons' rebellion in the last years of his reign. In the early stages of that rebellion, John sent de Burgh to London with the Bishop of Coventry, in an unsuccessful attempt to command the people of London to resist the Barons' military advance. De Burgh and Philip d'Aubigny brought together the king's troops at Rochester, but then John made peace with the rebels. In "Magna Carta", of 1215, de Burgh is listed as one of those who advised the king to sign that charter, of which his brother Geoffrey de Burgh, Bishop of Ely, was a witness. De Burgh is also listed as the person who would act on the king's behalf if the king were out of the country. Soon after the issuing of "Magna Carta", de Burgh was officially declared Chief Justiciar of England.  During the First Barons' War of 1215–1217, de Burgh served John as sheriff of Kent and Surrey, as well as castellan of Canterbury and Dover. De Burgh defended Dover Castle during a siege that lasted until John died in October, 1216, and the infant King Henry III (1216-1272) was crowned. On 24 August 1217, a French fleet arrived off the coast of Sandwich in Kent, in order to provide Prince (later King) Louis of France, then ravaging England, with soldiers, siege engines and fresh supplies. Hubert set sail to intercept the French fleet and at the resulting Battle of Sandwich he scattered the French and captured their flagship "The Great Ship of Bayonne", commanded by Eustace the Monk, who was promptly executed. When the news reached Louis, he entered into fresh peace negotiations.

Regent to Henry III.

When Henry III came of age in 1227 de Burgh was made Governor of Rochester Castle, lord of Montgomery Castle in the Welsh Marches and Earl of Kent. He remained one of the most influential people at court. On 27 April 1228 he was named Justiciar for life. But in 1232 the plots of his enemies finally succeeded and he was removed from office and soon was in prison. He escaped from Devizes Castle and joined the rebellion of Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, in 1233. In 1234, Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury, effected a reconciliation. He officially resigned the Justiciarship about 28 May 1234, but had not exercised the power of the office after September 1232. The judgment was reversed by William Raleigh also known as William de Raley in 1234, which, for a time, restored the earldom.

Trouble with the King.

The marriage of Hubert de Burgh's daughter Margaret (or Megotta as she was also known) to Richard of Clare, the young Earl of Gloucester, brought de Burgh into some trouble in 1236, for the earl was as yet a minor and in the king's wardship, and the marriage had been celebrated without the royal licence. Hubert, however, protested that the match was not of his making, and promised to pay the king some money, so the matter passed by for the time. Eventually the marriage came to an end, by way of her death.

Lands acquired.

In 1206 he purchased the manor of Tunstall in Kent from Robert de Arsic. His eldest son John de Burgh later inherited Tunstall.  He was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and was also given charge of Falaise, in Normandy. At Falaise he was the gaoler of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, the nephew of King John and boy claimant to the English throne. Arthur may or may not have been murdered after leaving de Burgh's custody; his fate is unknown.  De Burgh is cited as having been appointed at some time before 1215 Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, which position later, after the Baron's War, carried with it ex officio the Constableship of Dover Castle. In the case of de Burgh however, a rather long period seems to have elapsed between the two appointments. Sometime after 1215, De Burgh started building a castle in Hadleigh having been rewarded the land by King John. The licence to crenellate was retrospectively given in 1230, at which point that original castle had been completed. After falling out with King Henry III, De Burgh was stripped of Hadleigh Castle. The castle went claimed by the monarchy and stayed in royal hands until being sold off in 1551. Much of the stonework was dismantled and sold off. What remained of the ruin later suffered from several landslips. The remains of the castle are owned by English Heritage and can be visited.

Marriages.

Hubert was initially betrothed to Joan de Redvers, a daughter of William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (died 1217), but the marriage never took place and she went on to marry William II Brewer (d.1232), eldest surviving son and heir of William Brewer (died 1226) a prominent administrator and judge in England during the reigns of Kings Richard I, his brother King John, and the latter's son Henry III.  De Burgh married three times:

Death.

Hubert de Burgh died in 1243 in Banstead in Surrey, and was buried in the Church of the Friars Preachers (commonly called Black Friars) in Holborn, London.

Fictional portrayals.

Hubert is a character in the play "King John" by William Shakespeare. On screen he has been portrayed by Franklyn McLeay in the silent short "King John" (1899), which recreates John's death scene at the end of the Shakespeare play, by Jonathan Adams in the BBC TV drama series "The Devil's Crown" (1978), and by John Thaw in the BBC Shakespeare version of "The Life and Death of King John" (1984). The story of his daughter's marriage is told in the novel "The Marriage of Meggotta" (1979) by Edith Pargeter.

Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent (c. 1170 – before 5 May 1243) was Justiciar of England and Ireland and one of the most influential men in England during the reigns of King John (1199–1216) and of his infant son and successor King Henry III (1216–1272).

Hubert de Burgh (vers 1160 ou 1165 – ), comte de Kent, justicier d'Angleterre et d'Irlande, fut l'un des hommes les plus influents d'Angleterre sous les règnes de Jean et d'Henri III.


Operation.

Security and Maintenance consists of three major components: A control panel applet, a Windows service and an application programming interface (API) provided by Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI).  The control panel applet divides the monitored criteria into categories and color-codes them. Yellow indicates a non-critical warning, e.g. some settings are not being monitored or are not optimal. Red indicates a critical message, e.g. anti-virus program is offline.  A service, named "Security Center", determines the current state of the settings. The service, by default, starts when the computer starts; it continually monitors the system for changes, and notifies the user if it detects a problem. In versions of Windows prior to Windows 10, it adds a notification icon into the Windows Taskbar.  A WMI provider makes the settings available to the system. Third-party anti-virus, anti-spyware and personal firewall software vendors primarily register with Security and Maintenance through the WMI provider. Windows Vista added a new set of APIs that let programs retrieve the aggregate health status within Security and Maintenance, and to receive notifications when the health status changes. These APIs allow programs to confirm that the system is in a healthy state before engaging in certain actions. For example, a computer game can ensure that a firewall is running before connecting to an online game.  Security and Maintenance is charge of the following:

Version history.

Windows XP SP2.

Microsoft learned from discussions with customers that there was confusion as to whether users were taking appropriate steps to protect their systems, or if the steps they were taking were effective. From this research, Microsoft made the decision to include a visible control panel with Windows XP Service Pack 2 that would provide a consolidated view of the most important security features. Service Pack 2, released in August 2004, includes the first version of Windows Security Center (WSC). This version monitors Windows Update, Windows Firewall, and the availability of an anti-virusprogram. Third-party providers of personal firewall and anti-virus software packages were encouraged to use WSC API to register their products with WSC.  On 25 August 2004, "PC Magazine" published an article in their "Security Watch" newsletter titled "Windows XP SP2 Security Center Spoofing Threat" which outlined a design vulnerability which could allow malware to manipulate Security Center into displaying a false security status regardless of the true security status. To do so, the malware requires administrative privileges. Microsoft countered their claim by asserting that if a piece of malware gains administrative privileges, it need not spoof anything, as it can commit much nastier malicious actions.

Windows Vista.

WSC in Windows Vista monitors new criteria, such as anti-spyware software, User Account Control, and Internet Explorer security settings. It can also display logos of third-party products that have been registered with the Security Center.  Unlike Windows XP, in the beta versions of Windows Vista, WSC could not be disabled or overridden. Security software maker Symantec spoke out against this, noting that it would cause a great deal of consumer confusion because any security problems would be reported by both WSC and Symantec's tools at the same time. McAfee, another large security software vendor, lodged similar complaints. In the end, Microsoft allowed WSC to be disabled.

Windows 7.

In Windows 7, Windows Security Center has been renamed "Action Center." It was designed to centralize and reduce the number of notifications about the system; as such, it encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. Its notification icon on Windows Taskbar only appears when there is a message for perusal and replaces five separate notification icons found in Windows Vista. A "Troubleshooting" link was also added, providing a shortcut to Windows 7's new Troubleshooting control panel.

Windows 8.

In Windows 8, Action Center monitors 10 new items: Microsoft account, Windows activation, SmartScreen, automatic maintenance, drive status, device software, startup apps, HomeGroup, File History, and Storage Spaces.

Windows 10.

In Windows 10, the name "Action Center" is now used for application notifications and quick actions. The Action Center from Windows 8.1 was renamed to Security and Maintenance, causing confusion for users and IT administrators. It no longer displays an icon in the notification area, but otherwise retains all the features of the Windows 8.1 Action Center. The "Troubleshooting" link was removed in Windows 10 Fall Creators Update.  Starting with Windows 10 Creators Update, Microsoft has introduced a new component called Windows Defender Security Center (WDSC) that provides much of the same functionality. This new component is a Universal Windows Platform app and is also the default front-end for Windows Defender. It relies on its own service, called "Windows Defender Security Center Service".  In comparison to Security and Maintenance, WDSC:

Security and Maintenance (formerly known as Action Center, and Security Center in earlier versions) is a component of the Windows NT family of operating systems that monitors the security and maintenance status of the computer. Its monitoring criteria includes optimal operation of antivirus software, personal firewall, as well as the working status of Backup and Restore, Network Access Protection (NAP), User Account Control (UAC), Windows Error Reporting (WER), and Windows Update. It notifies the user of any problem with the monitored criteria, such as when an antivirus program is not up-to-date or is offline.

Le panneau « Sécurité et maintenance » (anciennement le centre de maintenance et le centre de sécurité Windows) est un composant inclus depuis le système d'exploitation Windows XP de Microsoft (à partir du Service Pack 2). Il est aussi présent dans Microsoft Windows Vista, 7, 8 et 10. Il indique et permet de changer les fonctions de sécurité. Il sert aussi de moniteur pour la sécurité et informe par une bulle de notification s'il y a un problème.


Unit 1.

The 325 MW unit 1 (CHASNUPP-I) is a pressurised water reactor that began commercial operation in May 2000. It is an CNP-300 nuclear reactor design like the other 3 units in the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, and the first Chinese export of a nuclear power plant.

Unit 2.

The 325 MW unit 2, (CHASNUPP-II) is like CHASNUPP-I. Unit 2 was officially inaugurated on 10 May 2011 by former Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani.

Unit 3.

On 28 April 2009 a general engineering and design contract for CHASNUPP-3 and CHASNUPP-4 was signed with "Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute" (SNERDI). The units will both have generation capacity of 340 MW and a design life of 40 years.On 6 March 2013 the dome of the third reactor was lifted into place.  The 340 MW Unit 3 (CHASNUPP-3) was officially inaugurated on 28 December 2016 by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.  The reactor type is CNP-300.

Unit 4.

CHASHNUPP-4 has been connected to national grid on 29 June 2017. Formal inauguration is to be held on 8 September 2017 by Prime Minister of Pakistan, Shahid Khaqan Abbasi.  The reactor type is also CNP-300.

Unit 5.

In March 2013, Pakistan and China agreed to build a fifth unit (CHASNUPP-5). It will be an ACP-1000. China National Nuclear Corporation and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission had signed a cooperation agreement for the construction of a 1,100 MW ACP1000 (Hualong One) nuclear reactor at the Chashma nuclear power plant in Punjab province in Pakistan.

Nuclear Engineering Training centre.

The complex has its own training establishment, known as CHASCENT (CHASNUPP Center of Nuclear Training). CHASCENT houses a Full Scope Training Simulator (FSTS) for CHASNUPP-1 and a similar facility for CHASNUPP-2 is under construction. The simulator is used for providing training to the nuclear power plant operators. Apart from training nuclear plant operators the centre offers various engineering programs at diploma and degree levels. The centre is currently in a phase of expansion to cater to an ever-increasing demand for quality technicians and engineers within PAEC. It is largest Nuclear hub of Pakistan.

The Chashma Nuclear Power Plant (CHASNUPP) or Chashma Nuclear Power Complex, near Chashma Colony and Kundian town, Mianwali District, Punjab, Pakistan, is a commercial nuclear power plant consisting of four operating units (CHASHNUPP-I, CHASHNUPP-II, CHASHNUPP-III and CHASHNUPP-IV) and one planned unit (CHASHNUPP-V). Chashma Nuclear Power Plant reactors and other facilities are being built and operated by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) with Chinese support under the approval and guidelines of International Atomic Energy Agency.The original chairman for the Chashma Nuclear Project that began in 1993 was Ch. Mohd. Nawaz Cheema.

La centrale nucléaire de Chashma, ou CHASNUPP pour "CHASma NUclear Power Plant", est située à Chashma dans la province du Pendjab au Pakistan.


History.

Bruce Nichols of "The Dallas Morning News" said that in early 1984 1600 Smith Street "was so vacant it became a symbol for overexpansion in Houston". By 1987 the Canadian company Trizec Group bought debentures carrying an option to buy portions of the Cullen Center, including 1600 Smith Street. In 1997 subcommittees of the University of Houston System Board of Regents held meetings at 1600 Smith Street.  In September 1997, Continental Airlines announced that it would consolidate its Houston headquarters in what would become Continental Center I. The airline scheduled to move around 3,200 employees in stages beginning in July 1998 and ending in January 1999. The airline consolidated the headquarters operation at the America Tower in Neartown and three other local operations into Continental Center I and Continental Center II in the Cullen Center. Continental anticipated taking 15 floors at Continental Center I. In addition it planned to add a company store, a credit union, and an employee service center in the street-level lobby of Continental Center I. The airline agreed to lease of space in the Cullen Center for 11 years initially and 20 years if it takes renewal options.  To make room for the airline and to increase the complex's overall tenancy, Trizec negotiated with the Shell Oil Company to renew a lease of that was scheduled to expire in 1998. The unit of Shell Oil Company agreed to reduce its square feet of space in Continental Center I to to make room for Continental. Shell had planned to downsize, so it renewed its lease for a smaller amount of space. In addition Houston Industries, Inc. paid TrizecHahn so it could break its lease on of space. This made additional room for Continental Airlines.  Tim Reylea, the vice president of Cushman Realty Corp., said that the Continental move "is probably the largest corporate relocation in the central business district of Houston ever". Bob Lanier, Mayor of Houston, said that he was "tickled to death" by the airline's move to relocate to Downtown Houston. In September 2000 an electrical component burned out at Continental Center I, and the Houston Fire Department shut off the backup power supply as a precaution. As a result of the temporary power outage, delays of between 300 and 400 Continental Airlines flights occurred worldwide. The Texas bureau of Jesse Jackson's Wall Street Project opened in office space in Continental Center I in May 2001. After the September 11 attacks and by September 2004 Continental laid off 24% of its clerical and management workers. Despite the reduction of the workforce, Continental did not announce any plans to sublease any of its space in Continental Center I and Continental Center II.  In 2004 three new lease agreements to occupy space in Continental Center I were signed. Nancy Sarnoff of the "Houston Business Journal" said that the three to five year terms were "considerably short" for leasing agreements; she added that the short leases were due to an abundance of capacity in the Downtown office market, which allowed tenants to have more say in their agreements. Southwest Bank of Texas (now Amegy Bank) agreed to occupy. Tana Exploration Co. LLC agreed to occupy. Stinnett Thiebaud & Remington LLP agreed to occupy.  In February 2006 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. signed a lease for of space. The lease deal filled the building to full occupancy and removed a large portion of available space from the Downtown Houston submarket. Tim Relyea, the vice chairperson of Cushman & Wakefield of Texas Inc., said that Chevron considered other properties before deciding on Continental Center I. He did not state which other towers the company had considered. Chevron planned to place 1,300 employees in 20 floors in the building. The company planned to begin moving employees into the tower by the third quarter of 2006. Prior to the signing of the lease agreement, rumors stated that the company was looking for more office space in Downtown Houston.  In 2008 Continental renewed its lease for around in Continental Center I. Before the lease renewal, rumors spread stating that the airline would relocate its headquarters to office space around George Bush Intercontinental Airport due to high fuel costs affecting the airline industry; the rumors stated that the airline was studying possibilities of less expensive alternatives to Continental Center I. If the airline had left Continental Center I, 40% of the space in the building would have been unoccupied. Steven Biegel, the senior vice president of Studley Inc. and a representative of office building tenants, said that the square footage renewed by Continental is a significant amount of space. Biegel added that if the space went vacant, the vacancy would not have had a significant impact in the Downtown Houston submarket as there is not an abundance of available space, and that another potential tenant would likely occupy it. Jennifer Dawson of the "Houston Business Journal" said that if Continental Airlines left Continental Center I, the development of Brookfield Properties's new office tower would have been delayed. The parties did not reveal the terms of the lease agreement. As of 2008, Continental Center I was 98% leased.  In 2010, Continental Airlines and United Airlines announced that they would merge and that the headquarters of the combined company would be in the Chicago Loop in Chicago. As of 2010 Continental had around 3,000 clerical and management workers in its Downtown Houston offices and leased in Continental Center I, about 40% of the tower's office space. United continued to occupy space in the building following the merger, but stated in 2011 that it would not renew the lease for of space on six floors. By 2016, United had reduced their leasehold at 1600 Smith to just 140,000 SF, and announced they would be leaving at the end of 2017 for new space at 609 E Main.  In 2011 Chevron renewed a lease for of space for seven years.  As of July 2018, the building was 69% leased with over 500,000 square feet available.

Design.

Continental Center I includes a blue lighting pattern on the roof that displays the Continental Airlines logo. The light had been kept off for a period before 2010. After Continental had occupied the building, the airline wanted to display its logo on the roof of Continental Center I. The City of Houston had a 1993 ordinance restricting the height of any new signs in Downtown Houston to. On Wednesday August 2, 2000, the Houston City Council voted 10–4 to stop enforcing the informal agreement and enact a new law that exempts a company from the height restriction if the national headquarters of a company occupies 45 percent or more of a Downtown Houston building of over of usable space. The Mayor of Houston, Lee P. Brown, said that he supported the ordinance change since it was a promise made by Bob Lanier to the airline in exchange for enticing the company to move its headquarters to Continental Center I. Opponents of the change feared that company logos would become more prevalent in the Downtown Houston skyline.  The elevators were manufactured by Fujitec.

1600 Smith Street, (previously named Continental Center I and also known as Cullen Center Plaza) is a 51-story, office tower in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. It served as the headquarters of Continental Airlines prior to its merger with United Airlines, and at one point also served as the headquarters of ExpressJet Airlines. It is a part of the Cullen Center complex.

Le Continental Center One est un gratte-ciel de Houston, construit en 1984. Il mesure pour 53 étages. Il était le siège de Continental Airlines.


Development.

The origins of algebraic geometry mostly lie in the study of polynomial equations over the real numbers. By the 19th century, it became clear (notably in the work of Jean-Victor Poncelet and Bernhard Riemann) that algebraic geometry was simplified by working over the field of complex numbers, which has the advantage of being algebraically closed. Two issues gradually drew attention in the early 20th century, motivated by problems in number theory: how can algebraic geometry be developed over any algebraically closed field, especially in positive characteristic? (The tools of topology and complex analysis used to study complex varieties do not seem to apply here.) And what about algebraic geometry over an arbitrary field?  Hilbert's Nullstellensatz suggests an approach to algebraic geometry over any algebraically closed field "k": the maximal ideals in the polynomial ring "k"["x"...,"x"] are in one-to-one correspondence with the set "k" of "n"-tuples of elements of "k", and the prime ideals correspond to the irreducible algebraic sets in "k", known as affine varieties. Motivated by these ideas, Emmy Noether and Wolfgang Krull developed the subject of commutative algebra in the 1920s and 1930s. Their work generalizes algebraic geometry in a purely algebraic direction: instead of studying the prime ideals in a polynomial ring, one can study the prime ideals in any commutative ring. For example, Krull defined the dimension of any commutative ring in terms of prime ideals. At least when the ring is Noetherian, he proved many of the properties one would want from the geometric notion of dimension.  Noether and Krull's commutative algebra can be viewed as an algebraic approach to "affine" algebraic varieties. However, many arguments in algebraic geometry work better for projective varieties, essentially because projective varieties are compact. From the 1920s to the 1940s, B. L. van der Waerden, André Weil and Oscar Zariski applied commutative algebra as a new foundation for algebraic geometry in the richer setting of projective (or quasi-projective) varieties. In particular, the Zariski topology is a useful topology on a variety over any algebraically closed field, replacing to some extent the classical topology on a complex variety (based on the topology of the complex numbers).  For applications to number theory, van der Waerden and Weil formulated algebraic geometry over any field, not necessarily algebraically closed. Weil was the first to define an "abstract variety" (not embedded in projective space), by gluing affine varieties along open subsets, on the model of manifolds in topology. He needed this generality for his construction of the Jacobian variety of a curve over any field. (Later, Jacobians were shown to be projective varieties by Weil, Chow and Matsusaka.)  The algebraic geometers of the Italian school had often used the somewhat foggy concept of the generic point of an algebraic variety. What is true for the generic point is true for "most" points of the variety. In Weil's "Foundations of Algebraic Geometry" (1946), generic points are constructed by taking points in a very large algebraically closed field, called a "universal domain". Although this worked as a foundation, it was awkward: there were many different generic points for the same variety. (In the later theory of schemes, each algebraic variety has a single generic point.)  In the 1950s, Claude Chevalley, Masayoshi Nagata and Jean-Pierre Serre, motivated in part by the Weil conjectures relating number theory and algebraic geometry, further extended the objects of algebraic geometry, for example by generalizing the base rings allowed. The word "scheme" was first used in the 1956 Chevalley Seminar, in which Chevalley was pursuing Zariski's ideas. According to Pierre Cartier, it was André Martineau who suggested to Serre the possibility of using the spectrum of an arbitrary commutative ring as a foundation for algebraic geometry.

Origin of schemes.

Grothendieck then gave the decisive definition of a scheme, bringing to a conclusion a generation of experimental suggestions and partial developments. He defined the spectrum "X" of a commutative ring "R" as the space of prime ideals of "R" with a natural topology (known as the Zariski topology), but augmented it with a sheaf of rings: to every open subset "U" he assigned a commutative ring "O"("U"). These objects Spec("R") are the affine schemes; a general scheme is then obtained by "gluing together" affine schemes.  Much of algebraic geometry focuses on projective or quasi-projective varieties over a field "k"; in fact, "k" is often taken to be the complex numbers. Schemes of that sort are very special compared to arbitrary schemes; compare the examples below. Nonetheless, it is convenient that Grothendieck developed a large body of theory for arbitrary schemes. For example, it is common to construct a moduli space first as a scheme, and only later study whether it is a more concrete object such as a projective variety. Also, applications to number theory rapidly lead to schemes over the integers which are not defined over any field.

Definition.

An affine scheme is a locally ringed space isomorphic to the spectrum Spec("R") of a commutative ring "R". A scheme is a locally ringed space "X" admitting a covering by open sets "U", such that each "U" (as a locally ringed space) is an affine scheme. In particular, "X" comes with a sheaf "O", which assigns to every open subset "U" a commutative ring "O"("U") called the ring of regular functions on "U". One can think of a scheme as being covered by "coordinate charts" which are affine schemes. The definition means exactly that schemes are obtained by gluing together affine schemes using the Zariski topology.  In the early days, this was called a "prescheme", and a scheme was defined to be a separated prescheme. The term prescheme has fallen out of use, but can still be found in older books, such as Grothendieck's "Éléments de géométrie algébrique" and Mumford's "Red Book".  A basic example of an affine scheme is affine "n"-space over a field "k", for a natural number "n". By definition, A is the spectrum of the polynomial ring "k"["x"...,"x"]. In the spirit of scheme theory, affine "n"-space can in fact be defined over any commutative ring "R", meaning Spec("R"["x"...,"x"]).

The category of schemes.

Schemes form a category, with morphisms defined as morphisms of locally ringed spaces. (See also: morphism of schemes.) For a scheme "Y", a scheme "X" over "Y" means a morphism "X" → "Y" of schemes. A scheme "X" over a commutative ring "R" means a morphism "X" → Spec("R").  An algebraic variety over a field "k" can be defined as a scheme over "k" with certain properties. There are different conventions about exactly which schemes should be called varieties. One standard choice is that a variety over "k" means an integral separated scheme of finite type over "k".  A morphism "f": "X" → "Y" of schemes determines a pullback homomorphism on the rings of regular functions, "f"*: "O"("Y") → "O"("X"). In the case of affine schemes, this construction gives a one-to-one correspondence between morphisms Spec("A") → Spec("B") of schemes and ring homomorphisms "B" → "A". In this sense, scheme theory completely subsumes the theory of commutative rings.  Since Z is an initial object in the category of commutative rings, the category of schemes has Spec(Z) as a terminal object.  For a scheme "X" over a commutative ring "R", an "R"-point of "X" means a section of the morphism "X" → Spec("R"). One writes "X"("R") for the set of "R"-points of "X". In examples, this definition reconstructs the old notion of the set of solutions of the defining equations of "X" with values in "R". When "R" is a field "k", "X"("k") is also called the set of "k"-rational points of "X".  More generally, for a scheme "X" over a commutative ring "R" and any commutative "R"-algebra "S", an "S"-point of "X" means a morphism Spec("S") → "X" over "R". One writes "X"("S") for the set of "S"-points of "X". (This generalizes the old observation that given some equations over a field "k", one can consider the set of solutions of the equations in any field extension "E" of "k".) For a scheme "X" over "R", the assignment "S" ↦ "X"("S") is a functor from commutative "R"-algebras to sets. It is an important observation that a scheme "X" over "R" is determined by this functor of points.  The fiber product of schemes always exists. That is, for any schemes "X" and "Z" with morphisms to a scheme "Y", the fiber product "X"×"Z" (in the sense of category theory) exists in the category of schemes. If "X" and "Z" are schemes over a field "k", their fiber product over Spec("k") may be called the product "X" × "Z" in the category of "k"-schemes. For example, the product of affine spaces A and A over "k" is affine space A over "k".  Since the category of schemes has fiber products and also a terminal object Spec(Z), it has all finite limits.

Examples.

Examples of morphisms.

It is also fruitful to consider examples of morphisms as examples of schemes since they demonstrate their technical effectiveness for encapsulating many objects of study in algebraic and arithmetic geometry.

Arithmetic surfaces.

If we consider a polynomial formula_5 then the affine scheme formula_6 has a canonical morphism to formula_7 and is called an Arithmetic surface. The fibers formula_8 are then algebraic curves over the finite fields formula_9. If formula_10 is an Elliptic curve then the fibers over its discriminant locus generated by formula_11 where formula_12 are all singular schemes. For example, if formula_13 is a prime number and formula_14 then its discriminant is formula_15. In particular, this curve is singular over the prime numbers formula_16.

Motivation for schemes.

Here are some of the ways in which schemes go beyond older notions of algebraic varieties, and their significance.

Coherent sheaves.

A central part of scheme theory is the notion of coherent sheaves, generalizing the notion of (algebraic) vector bundles. For a scheme "X", one starts by considering the abelian category of "O"-modules, which are sheaves of abelian groups on "X" that form a module over the sheaf of regular functions "O". In particular, a module "M" over a commutative ring "R" determines an associated "O"-module on "X" = Spec("R"). A quasi-coherent sheaf on a scheme "X" means an "O"-module that is the sheaf associated to a module on each affine open subset of "X". Finally, a coherent sheaf (on a Noetherian scheme "X", say) is an "O"-module that is the sheaf associated to a finitely generated module on each affine open subset of "X".  Coherent sheaves include the important class of vector bundles, which are the sheaves that locally come from finitely generated free modules. An example is the tangent bundle of a smooth variety over a field. However, coherent sheaves are richer; for example, a vector bundle on a closed subscheme "Y" of "X" can be viewed as a coherent sheaf on "X" which is zero outside "Y" (by the direct image construction). In this way, coherent sheaves on a scheme "X" include information about all closed subschemes of "X". Moreover, sheaf cohomology has good properties for coherent (and quasi-coherent) sheaves. The resulting theory of coherent sheaf cohomology is perhaps the main technical tool in algebraic geometry.

Generalizations.

Considered as its functor of points, a scheme is a functor which is a sheaf of sets for the Zariski topology on the category of commutative rings, and which, locally in the Zariski topology, is an affine scheme. This can be generalized in several ways. One is to use the étale topology. Michael Artin defined an algebraic space as a functor which is a sheaf in the étale topology and which, locally in the étale topology, is an affine scheme. Equivalently, an algebraic space is the quotient of a scheme by an étale equivalence relation. A powerful result, the Artin representability theorem, gives simple conditions for a functor to be represented by an algebraic space.  A further generalization is the idea of a stack. Crudely speaking, algebraic stacks generalize algebraic spaces by having an algebraic group attached to each point, which is viewed as the automorphism group of that point. For example, any action of an algebraic group "G" on an algebraic variety "X" determines a quotient stack ["X"/"G"], which remembers the stabilizer subgroups for the action of "G". More generally, moduli spaces in algebraic geometry are often best viewed as stacks, thereby keeping track of the automorphism groups of the objects being classified.  Grothendieck originally introduced stacks as a tool for the theory of descent. In that formulation, stacks are (informally speaking) sheaves of categories. From this general notion, Artin defined the narrower class of algebraic stacks (or "Artin stacks"), which can be considered geometric objects. These include Deligne–Mumford stacks (similar to orbifolds in topology), for which the stabilizer groups are finite, and algebraic spaces, for which the stabilizer groups are trivial. The Keel–Mori theorem says that an algebraic stack with finite stabilizer groups has a coarse moduli space which is an algebraic space.  Another type of generalization is to enrich the structure sheaf, bringing algebraic geometry closer to homotopy theory. In this setting, known as derived algebraic geometry or "spectral algebraic geometry", the structure sheaf is replaced by a homotopical analog of a sheaf of commutative rings (for example, a sheaf of E-infinity ring spectra). These sheaves admit algebraic operations which are associative and commutative only up to an equivalence relation. Taking the quotient by this equivalence relation yields the structure sheaf of an ordinary scheme. Not taking the quotient, however, leads to a theory which can remember higher information, in the same way that derived functors in homological algebra yield higher information about operations such as tensor product and the Hom functor on modules.

In mathematics, a scheme is a mathematical structure that enlarges the notion of algebraic variety in several ways, such as taking account of multiplicities (the equations "x" = 0 and "x" = 0 define the same algebraic variety and different schemes) and allowing "varieties" defined over any commutative ring (for example, Fermat curves are defined over the integers).

En géométrie algébrique, un schéma est un espace localement annelé formula_1 localement isomorphe à un schéma affine. Le faisceau formula_2 est appelé le faisceau structural.


Geography.

According to the 2010 Census, the county had a total area of, including of land (95.7%) and of water (4.3%). The county is named after the historic English county of Middlesex.  Bisected by the Raritan River, the county is topographically typical of Central Jersey in that it is largely flat. The elevation ranges from sea level to above sea level on a hill scaled by Major Road/ Sand Hill Road near Route 1 in South Brunswick Township.

Demographics.

Middlesex County, is prominently known for its significant concentration of Asian Indians. The growing Little India is a South Asian-focused commercial strip in Middlesex County, the U.S. county with the highest concentration of Asian Indians. The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about one-and-a-half miles through Edison and neighboring Iselin in Woodbridge Township, near the area's sprawling Chinatown and Koreatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. It is the largest and most diverse South Asian cultural hub in the United States. Monroe Township in Middlesex County has experienced a particularly rapid growth rate in its Indian American population, with an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017, which was 23 times the 256 (0.9%) counted as of the 2000 Census; and Diwali is celebrated by the township as a Hindu holiday. Carteret's Punjabi Sikh community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in New Jersey. In Middlesex County, election ballots are printed in English, Spanish, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.  As of 2017 Census estimates, there were 201,243 people of Asian descent in Middlesex County accounting for 24% of the county's total population. At 61.57% of the population of Asian descent, Indian Americans accounted for 12.93% (104,705 people) of the county's total population in 2010, increasing to 127,875 (15.3%, the highest of any U.S. county) by 2017, more than that of the other Asian sub-groups combined.

Census 2000.

As of the 2000 United States Census there were 750,162 people, 265,815 households, and 190,855 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,422 people per square mile (935/km2). There were 273,637 housing units at an average density of 884 per square mile (341/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 68.42% White, 9.13% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 13.89% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.71% from other races, and 2.60% from two or more races. 13.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Among residents listing their ancestry, 16.1% were of Italian, 13.8% Irish, 10.2% German and 9.8% Polish ancestry according to the 2000 Census. There were 265,815 households out of which 34.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.00% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 22.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.23.  In the county, the population was spread out with 23.70% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 32.80% from 25 to 44, 21.70% from 45 to 64, and 12.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.50 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $61,446, and the median income for a family was $70,749. Males had a median income of $49,683 versus $35,054 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,535. About 4.2% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Middlesex County is governed by a Board of Chosen Freeholders, whose seven members are elected at-large on a partisan basis to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election. At an annual reorganization meeting held in January, the board selects from among its members a Freeholder Director and Deputy Director. The Freeholder Director appoints Freeholders to serve as Chairpersons and members on the various committees which oversee county departments. Middlesex County also elects three "constitutional officers" whose existence is laid out in the New Jersey Constitution. The County Clerk and Surrogate serve five-year terms and the Sheriff serves a three-year term of office. In 2016, freeholders were paid $23,438 and the freeholder director was paid an annual salary of $24,428, though Ronald Rios has accepted a salary of $8,340 as director. , Middlesex County's Freeholders (with party affiliation, term-end year and residence listed in parentheses) are:  Article VII Section II of the New Jersey State Constitution requires each county in New Jersey have three elected administrative officials known as "constitutional officers." These officers are the County Clerk and County Surrogate (both elected for five-year terms of office) and the County Sheriff (elected for a three-year term). Middlesex county's constitutional officers are:  The Middlesex County Prosecutor is Chris Kubereit who was sworn in as acting County Prosecutor in September 2019, replacing Andrew C. Carey of Monroe Township.  Middlesex County constitutes Vicinage 8 of the New Jersey Superior Court; the vicinage is seated at the Middlesex County Courthouse, at 56 Paterson Street in New Brunswick. The Middlesex Vicinage also has facilities for the Family Part at the Middlesex County Family Courthouse at 120 New Street, also in New Brunswick; there are also other facilities in New Brunswick and Perth Amboy for Probation. The Assignment Judge for Vicinage 8 is Alberto Rivas.  The 6th and 12th Congressional Districts cover the county.  The county is part of the 12th, 14th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 22nd Districts in the New Jersey Legislature.

Politics.

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 455,044 registered voters in Middlesex County, of which 169,718 (37.3%) were registered as Democrats, 57,711 (12.7%) were registered as Republicans and 227,355 (50.0%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 260 voters registered to other parties.  After being a Republican stronghold in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Middlesex County leaned Democratic for much of the 20th century beginning with Franklin Roosevelt's victory in the county in 1932. Throughout the twentieth century, in close elections the county would always vote Democratic, sometimes by solid margins, but the county was willing to flip Republican in the midst of nationwide Republican landslides in the 1970s and 80s. However, since the 1990s, Middlesex County has become a Democratic stronghold at the national level, mirroring the state's heavy swing to the Democrats.  Democrat Bill Clinton carried the county in 1992 and it has remained reliably blue in every election since. In the nationally close 2000 election, Democrat Al Gore won the county decisively with 59.9% of the vote to Republican George W. Bush's 36.1%, a Democratic victory margin of 23.7%, while winning the state overall by a 56-40 margin. In the 2004 U.S. presidential election, many of the suburban counties surrounding New York City, including Middlesex County, swung Republican in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, but Democrat John Kerry still carried the county comfortably by a 13.6% margin over George W. Bush, Kerry taking 56.3% of the vote to Bush's 42.8%, while Kerry carried the state overall by 6.7% over Bush. In 2008, Barack Obama carried Middlesex County by a much larger 21.8% margin over John McCain, Obama taking 60.2% of the vote to McCain's 38.4%, while Obama won New Jersey overall by 15.5% over McCain. In 2012, Obama won an even more commanding victory in the county, receiving 63.2% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney's 35.6%, a Democratic victory margin of 27.6%, while carrying New Jersey overall by 17.8%. Like much of the New York City metro area, Middlesex County was one of the few parts of the country to actually swing even harder in Obama's favor in 2012 compared to 2008, even as he lost ground nationally, indicating a long-term trend toward Democratic dominance in Middlesex County.  In the 2005 Gubernatorial Election, the county went to Democrat Jon Corzine by a 56-39 margin; while in the 2009 Gubernatorial Election, Republican Chris Christie received 47% of the vote, defeating incumbent Democrat Corzine, who received around 45%.

Sheriffs.

Thomas N. Acken served as the sheriff in 1891. Joseph Spicuzzo served in 2014 and was arrested for bribery. Mildred S. Scott is the current sheriff.

Transportation.

Middlesex County hosts various county roads, state routes, US routes, and interstate highways, as well as toll highways., the county had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Middlesex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.  County roads include County Route 501, County Route 514, County Route 516 (only in Old Bridge), County Route 520, County Route 522, County Route 527, County Route 529, County Route 531, County Route 535 and County Route 539.  The state routes are: Route 18, Route 26 (only in North Brunswick Township – entirely concurrent with Livingston Avenue), Route 27, Route 28, Route 32, Route 33 (only in Monroe Township), Route 34 (only in Old Bridge), Route 35, Route 91 (concurrent with Jersey Avenue in North Brunswick Township and entering New Brunswick), Route 171, Route 172 (only in New Brunswick), Route 184 and Route 440.  U.S. Routes include: U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 9, U.S. Route 1/9 (only in Woodbridge Township) and U.S. Route 130.  The county also includes some limited access highways and Interstates as well. Middlesex County hosts the southern end of the Middlesex Freeway (Interstate 287) which then turns into Route 440 that connects to the Outerbridge Crossing. The Garden State Parkway passes through the eastern edge of the county, which features nine interchanges and the northern start/end of the split-roadways (Express & Local Lanes). The New Jersey Turnpike carries Interstate 95 through the center of the county. The Turnpike has five interchanges in Middlesex County: Exit 12 in Carteret, Exit 11 in Woodbridge Township, Exit 10 in Edison, Exit 9 in East Brunswick and Exit 8A in Monroe Township.  The NJDOT is upgrading the Route 18 "avenue" to a freeway between the Route 1 interchange all the way up to the new 18 Extension in Piscataway Township.  The Turnpike Authority planned to build Route 92, which was to start near the intersection of Ridge Road & Route 1 in South Brunswick Township to Interchange 8A in Monroe Township. This plan was cancelled on December 1, 2006.  The southern end of the "dual-dual" configuration (inner car lanes and outer truck lanes) used to be one mile south of Interchange 8A at the border of Cranbury Township and Monroe Township. It was relocated to Exit 6 in Mansfield Township in Burlington County after the Turnpike widening project was completed in early November 2014.

Public transportation.

NJ Transit provides Middlesex County with frequent commuter rail service along the North Jersey Coast Line, Northeast Corridor Line, and Raritan Valley Line. The North Jersey Coast Line runs through the eastern part of the county. The Northeast Corridor Line runs through the northern and central part of the county. The Raritan Valley Line serves Dunellen and is accessible to other communities along the county's northern border with Union and Somerset counties.  Intercity rail service is provided by Amtrak. The routes that run through Middlesex County are the "Acela Express", "Keystone", "Northeast Regional", and "Vermonter" services, although only the "Keystone" and "Northeast Regional" have regular stops within Middlesex County, at either New Brunswick or Metropark station. The "Acela" service also occasionally stops at Metropark.  Bus service in Middlesex County is provided by New Jersey Transit, Coach USA's Suburban Transit, the extensive Rutgers Campus bus network, the MCAT shuttle system, and DASH buses. There are bus routes that serve all townships in the county on weekdays, and studies are being conducted to create the New Brunswick Bus Rapid Transit system.

Healthcare.

The county offers more than 1,900 inpatient beds among five major hospitals.

Major employers.

Major non-governmental employers in Middlesex County include the following, grouped by ranges of employees:

Municipalities.

Municipalities in Middlesex County (with 2010 Census data for population, housing units and area in square miles) are: Other, unincorporated communities in the county are listed next to their parent municipality. Many of these areas are census-designated places that have been defined by the United States Census Bureau for enumeration purposes within a Township and for which 2010 population data is included in parentheses.

Climate and weather.

Middlesex has a hot-summer humid continental climate ("Dfa") which borders a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa") on Raritan Bay. Average monthly temperatures in downtown New Brunswick range from 30.8 °F in January to 75.6 °F in July, while in South Amboy they range from 31.4 °F in January to 75.9 °F in July.  In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of New Brunswick have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in January 1984 and a record high of was recorded in July 1999. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in February to in July.

Middlesex County is a county located in north-central New Jersey, United States. In 2019, the Census Bureau estimated the county's population at 825,062, making it the state's second-most populous county, an increase of 4.1% from 809,858 in the 2010 census. Middlesex is part of the New York metropolitan area, and its county seat is New Brunswick. The center of population of the state of New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in East Brunswick Township, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike. The 2000 Census showed that the county ranked 63rd in the United States among the wealthiest counties by median household income. The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 143rd-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States (and the 10th-highest in New Jersey) as of 2009. Middlesex County holds the nickname, "The Greatest County in the Land".

Le comté de Middlesex est un comté des États-Unis situé dans l'État du New Jersey. Sa population était de au recensement de 2000. Le comté fait partie de l'agglomération new-yorkaise. Son chef-lieu est New Brunswick.


Devica and Ozren mountains.

The Sokobanjska Moravica originates from the eastern slopes of the Devica mountain, near the village of Skrobnica. The river flows to the north, turns westward at the village of Levovik and enters the Banja region. The rivers flows between the northern slopes of the Devica and Ozren mountains (on the south) and southern slopes of the Rtanj mountain (on the north), next to the villages of Čitluk (including a coal mine), Vrela and Blendija, reaching the town of Sokobanja, a center of Sokobanja depression and of the whole Banja region.

Bovan.

After the villages of Poružnica and Trubarevac, the Sokobanjska Moravica turns south, curving between the western tip of the Ozren and southern slopes of the Bukovik mountain. At the village of Bovan, the river is dammed, as part of the complex project of the Velika Morava river regulation. Artificial Bovan lake flooded the Bovan gorge carved by the river and is very popular local and regional tourist destination, especially among campers and fishermen, but the coastline is not put in order. The river continues to the south, in an inverse flow, and after the villages of Subotinac and Kraljevo, it empties into the Južna Morava at the town of Aleksinac. The lower section used to be a coal mining area too, just like the upper one, but the mines (Aleksinački Rudnik) are closed now.  The Sokobanjska Moravica belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin, drains an area of 606 km2 itself, and it is not navigable.

The Sokobanjska Moravica or simply Moravica (Serbian Cyrillic: Сокобањска Моравица or Моравица) is a river in central eastern Serbia, a 58 km-long right tributary to the Južna Morava river.

La Sokobanjska Moravica ou, plus simplement, la Moravica (en serbe Alphabet cyrillique serbe : ou ) est une rivière de Serbie, un affluent droit de la Južna Morava.


Beginning.

Scherer began swimming when he was a child to help improve his respiratory problems. When he was 14, he participated in his first competitions and trained at the Doze de Agosto club. In 1992, he began to achieve national prominence, winning the 50-meter freestyle and 100-meter freestyle in the Brazil Trophy. That day, his friends created a nickname "Xuxa", by which Scherer became widely known because his blond hair resembled that of a children's television presenter with the same name.

International career.

1993.

At the Brazilian short course championship, the Jose Finkel Trophy in Santos on July 7, 1993, the Brazilian team comprising Fernando Scherer, Teófilo Ferreira, José Carlos Souza and Gustavo Borges, broke the world record in the 4×100-meter freestyle with a time of 3:13.97three centiseconds better than the Swedish team record of 3:14.00 from March 19, 1989. On December 5, Brazil again broke the world record, with the same team, with a time of 3:12.11. This mark was achieved at the 1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), in Palma de Mallorca, where Scherer won his first major titles: the gold in the 100-meter freestyle and in the 4×100-meter freestyle, at 19 years of age and after five years of competitive swimming experience. With this, Scherer was elected as the revelation athlete of Brazil. He also finished eighth in the 50-meter freestyle.

1994.

Scherer participated in the 1994 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, where he won the bronze in the 4×100-meter freestylealong with Teófilo Ferreira, André Teixeira and Gustavo Borges. Scherer also finished 10th in the 50-meter freestyle and 14th in the 100-meter freestyle.

1995.

In 1995, Scherer signed with Flamengo. He was the first swimmer with signed contract. In March, he competed at the 1995 Pan American Games in Argentina, where he became champion of the 50-meter freestyle, two silver medals in 4×100-meter freestyle and 4×200-meter freestyle, and bronze in the 100-meter freestyle. He was named the "Brazilian Athlete of the Year" in 1995, after winning two gold medals in the 100-meter freestyle and 4×100-meter freestyle at the 1995 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) in Rio de Janeiro. In the 4×100-meter freestyle, he opened with a time of 47.74 seconds in the heats and a time of 47.63 seconds in the finala South American and Championship record. He also won a silver medal in the 50-meter freestyle.

1996.

At the 1996 Summer Olympics, in Atlanta, Scherer earned a bronze medal in the 50-metre freestyle, came 5th in the 100-metre freestyle and 4th in the 4×100-metre freestyle.

1997.

1997 was a bad year for Scherer. He could not swim competitively for six months after experiencing problems in his left shoulder and both knees caused after the Olympics. He competed in the 1997 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), where he finished 13th in the 100-meter freestyle, and 20th in the 50-meter freestyle.

1998.

In 1998, Scherer moved to Coral Springs, Florida. He swam at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships, in Perth, Australia, where he finished eighth in the 50-meter freestyle, 17th in the 100-meter freestyle and sixth in the 4×100-meter freestyle. In August in New York City, at the Goodwill Games, Scherer broke the South American record for the 50-meter freestyle with a time of 22.18 seconds, that would only be broken in 2007 by César Cielo. He also broke the 100-metre freestyle record with a time of 48.69 seconds, which was unbroken until 2006, also by Cielo. With that, Scherer attained first place in the world rankings in both events; he was awarded the title of "World's Best" by Swimworld magazine, and for the second time the best Brazilian athlete, by COB. At this time, the world record for the 50-meter freestyle was 21.81 seconds, set by Tom Jager; the 100-meter freestyle world record was 48.21 seconds, set by Alexander Popov.  At the end of 1998, Scherer broke the third consecutive world record by a Brazilian relay team in the 4×100-meter freestyle on short course. On December 20, shortly after the end of Jose Finkel Trophy, the team of Scherer, Carlos Jayme, Alexandre Massura and Gustavo Borges, in order, fell the pool at Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama and recorded a time of 3:10.45; a record which would be broken in 2000 by the Swedish team.  In this competition, Scherer had also broken the short-course South American records in the 50-meter freestyle with a time of 21.44 seconds, the 100-meter freestyle with a time of 47.17 seconds, and the Brazilian record in the 100-meter butterfly with a time of 53.13 seconds. In the 50-meter freestyle, Scherer was 0.13 seconds slower than Mark Foster's world record of 21.31 seconds, obtained on December 13. He also came close to the world record in the 100-meter freestyle of 46.74 seconds set by Popov in 1994.  Scherer was also elected Best Swimmer in the World, in 1998, by FINA.

1999.

In March 1999, Scherer broke the South American record for the 50-meter butterfly twice in one week. Also this year, Scherer participated in the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, in which Brazil achieved its best swimming results of all time. The Brazilian 4×100-meter medley relay team of Alexandre Massura, Marcelo Tomazini, Gustavo Borges and Scherer won the race for the first time in the Pan's history, with a time of 3:40.27, breaking the Pan American and South American records and securing a place in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Scherer also won the gold in the 50-meter freestyle, 100-meter freestyle, and 4×100-meter freestyle and broke the South American record for the latter race, becoming the first Brazilian to win four gold medals in the same Pan American Games.

2000.

This year, Scherer forwent all competitions to prepare for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. However, after an accident on the stairs of his house he sprained an ankle and partially tore the ligament, almost costing him the Games. Although his injury affected his performancehe hardly used his legs, Scherer won the bronze in the 4×100-meter freestyle and participated in two other heats, ranking 12th in the 4×100-meter medley and 20th in the 50-meter freestyle.

2002.

In 2002, Scherer returned to Brazil and moved to São Paulo.

2003.

At the 2003 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Scherer broke his own South American record in the 50-meters butterfly with a time of 23.86 seconds. He went to the final, finishing in 8th. He also finished 23rd in the 50-meter freestyle, and 12th in the 4×100-meter freestyle.  At the age of 29, Scherer competed in the his third Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, where he helped Brazil win 21 medals in swimmingBrazil's all-time record. Scherer won the gold in the 50-meter freestyle, beating the Olympic champion Gary Hall Jr. and world champion José Meolans, and gold in the 4×100-meter freestyle.

2004.

In May, Scherer equaled his South American record of 23.86 seconds in the 50-meter butterfly. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, he swam just one race, ranking 11th in the 50-meter freestyle.

2005.

Now 30 years old, Scherer competed in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, where on June 24, he broke the South American record in the 50-meter butterfly in the semifinals with a time of 23.55 seconds, a record that was beaten in 2009 by César Cielo. Scherer finished fifth in the final. He also finished in 24th place in the 50-meter freestyle.

2007.

In 2007, Scherer retired from competitive swimming.

Records.

Fernando Scherer is the former holder of the following records:

Fernando de Queiroz Scherer (born October 6, 1974) is a Brazilian former international swimmer. He won the bronze medal in the 50-meter freestyle at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and another bronze medal four years later in Sydney with the Brazilian relay team in the 4×100-meter freestyle.

Fernando de Queiroz Scherer, né le à Florianópolis, est un nageur brésilien. Il est surnommé "Xuxa". Spécialiste du nage libre, il fut médaillé de bronze aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1996 à Atlanta. Aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2000 à Sydney, il faisait partie du relais brésilien, médaillé de bronze sur 4 × nage libre.


Synopsis.

The poem begins with an old grey-bearded sailor, the Mariner, stopping a guest at a wedding ceremony to tell them a story of a sailing voyage he took long ago. The Wedding-Guest is at first reluctant to listen, as the ceremony is about to begin, but the mariner's glittering eye captivates him.  The mariner's tale begins with his ship departing on its journey. Despite initial good fortune, the ship is driven south by a storm and eventually reaches the icy waters of the Antarctic. An albatross appears and leads the ship out of the ice jam where it is stuck, but even as the albatross is fed and praised by the ship's crew, the mariner shoots the bird:  The crew is angry with the mariner, believing the albatross brought the south wind that led them out of the Antarctic. However, the sailors change their minds when the weather becomes warmer and the mist disappears:  They soon find that they made a grave mistake in supporting this crime, as it arouses the wrath of spirits who then pursue the ship "from the land of mist and snow"; the south wind that had initially blown them north now sends the ship into uncharted waters near the equator, where it is becalmed:  The sailors change their minds again and blame the mariner for the torment of their thirst. In anger, the crew forces the mariner to wear the dead albatross about his neck, perhaps to illustrate the burden he must suffer from killing it, or perhaps as a sign of regret:  After a "weary time", the ship encounters a ghostly hulk. On board are Death (a skeleton) and the "Night-mare Life-in-Death", a deathly pale woman, who are playing dice for the souls of the crew. With a roll of the dice, Death wins the lives of the crew members and Life-in-Death the life of the mariner, a prize she considers more valuable. Her name is a clue to the mariner's fate: he will endure a fate worse than death as punishment for his killing of the albatross. One by one, all of the crew members die, but the mariner lives on, seeing for seven days and nights the curse in the eyes of the crew's corpses, whose last expressions remain upon their faces:  Eventually, this stage of the mariner's curse is lifted after he begins to appreciate the many sea creatures swimming in the water. Despite his cursing them as "slimy things" earlier in the poem, he suddenly sees their true beauty and blesses them ("A spring of love gush'd from my heart, And I bless'd them unaware"). As he manages to pray, the albatross falls from his neck and his guilt is partially expiated. It then starts to rain, and the bodies of the crew, possessed by good spirits, rise again and help steer the ship. In a trance, the mariner hears two spirits discussing his voyage and penance, and learns that the ship is being powered supernaturally:  Finally the mariner wakes from his trance and comes in sight of his homeland, but is initially uncertain as to whether or not he is hallucinating:  The rotten remains of the ship sink in a whirlpool, leaving only the mariner behind. A hermit on the mainland who has spotted the approaching ship comes to meet it in a boat, rowed by a pilot and his boy. When they pull the mariner from the water, they think he is dead, but when he opens his mouth, the pilot shrieks with fright. The hermit prays, and the mariner picks up the oars to row. The pilot's boy laughs, thinking the mariner is the devil, and cries, "The Devil knows how to row". Back on land, the mariner is compelled by "a woful agony" to tell the hermit his story.  As penance for shooting the albatross, the mariner, driven by the agony of his guilt, is now forced to wander the earth, telling his story over and over, and teaching a lesson to those he meets:  After finishing his story, the mariner leaves, and the wedding-guest returns home, waking the next morning "a sadder and a wiser man".  The poem received mixed reviews from critics, and Coleridge was once told by the publisher that most of the book's sales were to sailors who thought it was a naval songbook. Coleridge made several modifications to the poem over the years. In the second edition of "Lyrical Ballads", published in 1800, he replaced many of the archaic words.

Inspiration for the poem.

The poem may have been inspired by James Cook's second voyage of exploration (1772–1775) of the South Seas and the Pacific Ocean; Coleridge's tutor, William Wales, was the astronomer on Cook's flagship and had a strong relationship with Cook. On this second voyage Cook crossed three times into the Antarctic Circle to determine whether the fabled great southern continent Terra Australis existed. Critics have also suggested that the poem may have been inspired by the voyage of Thomas James into the Arctic.  According to William Wordsworth, the poem was inspired while Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Wordsworth's sister Dorothy were on a walking tour through the Quantock Hills in Somerset. The discussion had turned to a book that Wordsworth was reading, "A Voyage Round The World by Way of the Great South Sea" (1726) by Captain George Shelvocke. The book told of a privateering voyage in 1719 during which a melancholy sailor, Simon Hatley, shot a black albatross:  As they discussed Shelvocke's book, Wordsworth proffered the following developmental critique to Coleridge, which importantly contains a reference to tutelary spirits: "Suppose you represent him as having killed one of these birds on entering the south sea, and the tutelary spirits of these regions take upon them to avenge the crime." By the time the trio finished their walk, the poem had taken shape.  Bernard Martin argues in "The Ancient Mariner and the Authentic Narrative" that Coleridge was also influenced by the life of Anglican clergyman John Newton, who had a near-death experience aboard a slave ship.  The poem may also have been inspired by the legends of the Wandering Jew, who was forced to wander the earth until Judgement Day for a terrible crime, found in Charles Maturin's "Melmoth the Wanderer", M. G. Lewis' "The Monk" (a 1796 novel Coleridge reviewed), and the legend of the "Flying Dutchman".  It is argued that the harbour at Watchet in Somerset was the primary inspiration for the poem, although some time before, John Cruikshank, a local acquaintance of Coleridge's, had related a dream about a skeleton ship manned by spectral sailors. In September 2003, a commemorative statue, by Alan B. Herriot of Penicuik, Scotland, was unveiled at Watchet harbour.

Coleridge's comments.

In "Biographia Literaria", Coleridge wrote:  In "Table Talk", Coleridge wrote:

Wordsworth's comments.

Wordsworth wrote to Joseph Cottle in 1799:  However, when "Lyrical Ballads" was reprinted, Wordsworth included it despite Coleridge's objections, writing:

Early criticisms.

Upon its release, the poem was criticized for being obscure and difficult to read. The use of archaic spelling of words was seen as not in keeping with Wordsworth's claims of using common language. Criticism was renewed again in 1815–16, when Coleridge added marginal notes to the poem that were also written in an archaic style. These notes or glosses, placed next to the text of the poem, ostensibly interpret the verses much like marginal notes found in the Bible. There were many opinions on why Coleridge inserted the gloss. Charles Lamb, who had deeply admired the original for its attention to "Human Feeling", claimed that the gloss distanced the audience from the narrative, weakening the poem's effects. The entire poem was first published in the collection of "Lyrical Ballads". Another version of the poem was published in the 1817 collection entitled "Sibylline Leaves" (see 1817 in poetry).

Interpretations.

On a surface level the poem explores a violation of nature and the resulting psychological effects on the mariner and on all those who hear him. According to Jerome McGann the poem is like a salvation story. The poem's structure is multi-layered text based on Coleridge's interest in higher criticism. "Like the Iliad or Paradise Lost or any great historical product, the "Rime" is a work of transhistorical rather than so-called universal significance. This verbal distinction is important because it calls attention to a real one. Like The Divine Comedy or any other poem, the "Rime" is not valued or used always or everywhere or by everyone in the same way or for the same reasons."  George Whalley, in his 1946–47 essay, "The Mariner and the Albatross", suggests that the Ancient Mariner is an autobiographical portrait of Coleridge himself, comparing the mariner's loneliness with Coleridge's own feelings of loneliness expressed in his letters and journals.

In popular culture.

In addition to being referred to in several other notable works, due to the popularity of the poem the phrase "albatross around one's neck" has become an English-language idiom referring to "a heavy burden of guilt that becomes an obstacle to success".  The phrase "Water, water, every where, / Nor any drop to drink" has appeared widely in popular culture, but usually given in a more natural modern phrasing as "Water, water, everywhere / "But not a drop to drink""; some such appearances have, in turn, played on the frequency with which these lines are misquoted.  The poem is referenced in the script of the 1939 film "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes".  The Iron Maiden song "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" from their fifth studio album "Powerslave" (1984) was inspired by and based on the poem, and quotes the poem in its lyrics.  The Slint song "Good Morning, Captain" from their album "Spiderland" (1991) was a lesser known tribute to Coleridge's seafaring epic.  The Bastille song "Weight of Living, Pt.I" from their first album "Bad Blood" (2013) was also based on the poem. Its lyrics refer to someone having an albatross around their neck.  Donald Duck tries to recite the poem in Carl Barks' 1966 cartoon "The Not-So-Ancient Mariner", published in the "Walt Disney's Comics and Stories" series.

The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner (originally The Rhyme of the Ancyent Marinere) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797–98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of "Lyrical Ballads". Some modern editions use a revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss. Along with other poems in "Lyrical Ballads", it is often considered a signal shift to modern poetry and the beginning of British Romantic literature.

La Complainte du vieux marin (titre original ) est un poème de l'auteur britannique Samuel Taylor Coleridge composé entre 1797 et 1799. De style romantique, ce très long poème décrit les aventures surnaturelles d'un marin, servant sur un bateau qui fait naufrage. Le poème est souvent décrit comme une allégorie chrétienne.


History.

Though the village is older, the first recorded mention is from the early 18th century. On one map from the period of 1718-1739 Austrian occupation of northern Serbia, the village is recorded as "Rogomiz". In the first decades of the 19th century, Rogača was part of Katić "knežina" (administrative unit in Revolutionary Serbia). In 1846 it became administrative seat of the newly formed Turija "srez".  The first court in the Belgrade "nahiyah" was established in Rogača.

Features.

There is a Serbian Orthodox church of the Holly Trinity in the village, on the hillock above. It is a resting place for 600 killed third-reserve soldiers during the 1914 Battle of Kosmaj. In the center of the village there is a memorial for the killed in World War II. In 2004, a monument to Janko Katić was erected next to the World War II memorial. The monument is a work of Milanko Mandić and is surrounded by the pine trees. Katić was killed fighting the Ottomans in western Serbia and was buried in the neighboring village of Sibnica. In 1934 his remains were reinterred in the memorial ossuary in the Rogača's church.  The grave of another rebel,, is also located in Rogača. He was killed, on the orders of ruling prince Miloš Obrenović in the spring of 1817 in Rogača. His head was cut off and sent to Belgrade. Cukić's grave was discovered in c.2010, when a local farmer discovered a tombstone while he was clearing a meadow. Next to Cukić's tomb there is another memorial with carved "bradva", an adze.

Rogača () is a village in the municipality of Sopot, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1046 people. It is the birthplace of one of the leaders of the First Serbian Uprising, Janko Katić.

Rogača (en serbe cyrillique : ) est un village de Serbie situé dans la municipalité de Sopot et sur le territoire de la Ville de Belgrade. Au recensement de 2011, il comptait 949 habitants.