Biography.

Early life.

Shep Fields was born Saul Feldman in Brooklyn, New York, on September 12, 1910, and his mother's maiden name was Sowalski. His brother, Edward Fields was a carpet manufacturer and his younger brother Freddie Fields was a respected theatrical agent and film producer who helped to establish Creative Management Associates in 1960.. Their father died at the young age of 39.  Fields began his musical career by playing clarinet and tenor saxophone in bands during college. His "Shep Fields Jazz Orchestra" made frequent appearances at his father's resort hotel the "Queen Mountain House" in the Catskill mountains which featured such noted singers as Al Jolson and Eddie Cantor. Following the death of his father, Fields was forced to become his family's principal provider. Consequently, he abandoned his studies at law school and reformed his orchestra. Appearances on cruise ships and resort hotels soon followed.

Career.

Hotels and radio.

In 1931, Fields received his first big break when his orchestra was booked at the famed Roseland Ballroom in New York City. By 1933 he also led a band that played at Grossinger's Catskill Resort Hotel. In 1934 he replaced the Jack Denny Orchestra at the landmark Hotel Pierre in New York City. He soon left the Hotel Pierre to join a roadshow with the dancers Veloz and Yolanda. In 1936 he was booked at Chicago's Palmer House hotel, and the concert was broadcast live on the radio. His highly successful "Rippling Rhythm" society dance band was subsequently featured regularly on the hotel's big band remote concerts which were transmitted over the radio to audiences throughout the country.

Rippling rhythm sound.

Fields was eager to perfect a unique orchestral sound in order to distinguish his ensemble from other "sweet jazz bands" of his era. With this in mind, he collaborated with his arrangers Sal Gioa and Lou Halmy in order to analyze the performances of his peers. After admiring the glissandos featured by the trombone in Wayne King's orchestra, Fields adapted them to his viola section. The embellishments for the right hand which were popularized by Eddy Duchin on the piano, became the source of inspiration for the elegant passages which Fields assigned to his accordionist. Fields was also impressed by Hal Kemp's use of triplets on the trumpet and Ted Fio Rito's distinctive use of temple blocks. With this in mind, he incorporated the use of triplets by the clarinets, flutes and temple blocks in his orchestra. After taking note of Ferde Grofe's innovative use of both the trombone and temple blocks in his "Grand Canyon Suite", he adopted a similar stylistic device for muted trumpets. The resulting sound impressed radio listeners on the Mutual Radio Network. A contest was soon held in Chicago for fans to suggest a new name for the Fields band, in keeping with the new sound. The word "rippling" was suggested in more than one entry, and Fields came up with "Rippling Rhythm."  Shep Fields soon attracted national attention, and he was subsequently invited to entertain audiences with Veloz and Yolanda at the Cocoanut Grove nightclub at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Confident in his success, Fields withdrew from his association with Veloz, Yolanda and MCA Inc. He decided instead, to return east to his former position at the Hotel Pierre in New York City. It was during this return trip to New York that Fields stumbled upon the distinctive sound effect which would serve as the introduction to his "Rippling Rhythm" sound for years to come.  While relaxing between shows during a performance in Rockford, Illinois Fields was seated at a soda fountain when his wife Evelyn. His attempts to develop a studio sound effect to introduce his music in Los Angeles had not been entirely successful. Struggling to find a solution for her husband, Evy began blowing bubbles into her soda through a straw. Bowing to his wife's inspiration, Fields immediately seized upon the idea and that sound became the trademark which opened each of his shows.  Fields' light and elegant musical style remained popular among audiences throughout the 1930s and into the 1950s. Based upon his widespread popularity, Fields received a contract with Bluebird Records in 1936. His hits included "Cathedral in the Pines", "Did I Remember?", and "Thanks for the Memory". His performances at Broadway's Paramount Theater consistently broke attendance records. While appearing at the posh "Star-light Roof" atop the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in 1937, Fields replaced Paul Whiteman with his own radio show "The Rippling Rhythm Revue" which featured a young actor named Bob Hope as the announcer on the NBC network. In 1938, Fields' Rippling Rhythm Orchestra and Hope were featured in his first feature-length motion picture, "The Big Broadcast of 1938". A series of live remote broadcasts of the orchestra were also transmitted at this time from the landmark Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel featuring the accordionist John Serry Sr.

New music and USO.

By 1941 Fields revamped the band into an all-reeds group, with no brass section, known as Shep Fields and His New Music, featuring vocalist Ken Curtis. The orchestra's size was increased dramatically in order to embellish the results which Paul Whiteman had recorded. Fields now presented an orchestra which blended over thirty five instruments including: one bass saxophone, one baritone saxophone, six tenor saxophones, four alto saxophones, three bass clarinets, ten standard clarinets and nine flutes including an alto flute and a piccolo. Noted singers such as Ralph Young were also engaged. The resulting band produced a rich ensemble sound under the guidance of such arrangers as Glenn Osser, Lew Harris and Freddy Noble; who also served as the band's musical director. The critic Leonard Feather applauded the new band's beautiful sound, and Shep embarked upon a series of USO tours to entertain the troops during World War II. From February, 1943 to August, 1944, guitarist Joe Negri also worked with the band.  After World War II ended, Fields reverted to his ever popular "Rippling Rhythm" style in 1947 and continued to perform in hotels long after other bands of his era had disappeared. The group disbanded in 1963, and Fields moved to Houston, Texas where he worked as a disc jockey. He later worked at Creative Management Associates with his brother Freddie Fields in Los Angeles.

Death.

Shep Fields died on February 23, 1981 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from a heart attack. He was buried in Mount Hebron Cemetery in New York.

Legacy.

During the course of an artistic career which extended from 1931 through 1963, Shep Fields compiled an extensive musical legacy which has been preserved on such record labels as: Bluebird Records, Mercury Records, MGM and RCA Victor. His discography includes over three hundred arrangements of popular songs from this era and includes such hits as: "It's De-Lovely" (1937), "I've Got You Under My Skin", "The Jersey Bounce" (1942), "Moonlight and Shadows" (Bluebird 6803), "That Old Feeling" (Bluebird 7066) and "Thanks for the Memory" (Bluebird 7318, 1938). The noted musical arranger and editor Joseph Schillinger observed that over the course of his career Shep Fields had assembled "one of the most colorful bands" of his time.

Band.

Gene Merlino, vocals 1928

Shep Fields (born Saul Feldman, September 12, 1910 – February 23, 1981) was an American bandleader who led the "Shep Fields and His Rippling Rhythm" orchestra during the Big Band era of the 1930s. He was the originator of the unique jazz band sound known as "Rippling Rhythm". During the course of a musical career which spanned over three decades he recorded over three hundred records and remained popular with audiences from the 1930s into the 1950s.

Shep Fields (né le à Brooklyn, de son vrai nom Saul Feldman, mort le ) est un musicien américain, chef du big band dans les années 1930. Il était également saxophoniste et clarinettiste.


Gameplay.

"Charlie Murder" is a side-scrolling beat 'em up game with role-playing game elements. Players select one of five band members to play as; the lead vocalist and band namesake Charlie Murder, guitarist Lester Deth, bassist Tommy Homicide, backup vocalist Kelly "Skelekitten" Skitten, or drummer The Rexecutioner. Players can complete the game alone, or can team together with up to three other people, through either offline (with all of the players using the same Xbox 360) or online cooperative gameplay (co-op). With each additional player, the number of enemies that appear on screen at once increases. Players can also fight each other in special areas of the game. The game takes place across several different areas, including a construction site, a graveyard, a pirate ship, and a mall. Players are pitted against a large variety of enemies, including zombies, witches, ninjas, giant rats, yetis, and sharks with dynamite strapped to their heads. Interspersed between the normal combat levels are a number of minigames and special levels, including driving and flying levels.  Players fight using two buttons to string together combinations of light and heavy melee attacks. Players can also use grabs, launch enemies into the air, use character-specific special attacks, and pick up and use weapons. In co-op mode, players can also team up to execute highly damaging group attacks. Scattered throughout the game are bosses, unique and challenging enemies that have more health and are more difficult to fight than normal enemies. There are also "minibosses", enemies that are less challenging than bosses but more challenging than regular enemies. Minibosses have the ability to block and counter players' attacks, which few other enemies in the game do.  Each of the five band members has a unique character class, which vary from one another mainly by the special magical attacks, called Anar-chi, that they can use. Anar-chi attacks include Tommy Homicide's ability to summon acid-coated buzzsaws and The Rexecutioner's ability to summon and use a debris-spitting drum kit. Players are able to use new abilities by visiting an in-game tattoo parlor. Tattoos, and the special abilities that they unlock, are character-specific. Players can also unlock new abilities, including additional combination attacks, group attacks, and the ability to use two weapons at once, by leveling up.  Players use an in-game Windows 8 phone to manage their inventory, level up, read emails that explain game mechanics, and scan QR codes that unlock items and give the character money or followers (the game's experience point equivalent). Players earn money by defeating enemies, and outside of combat, they can purchase weapons and armor (all of which is visible on the character), stat-boosting food and alcohol, and the aforementioned tattoos from shops.

Plot.

The game's protagonist, Charlie Murder, is a member of a garage punk band of the same name. Charlie kicks one of the founding members, Paul, out of the band, and begins to experience chart-topping success creating music in a new genre with new bandmates. Under the name Lord Mortimer, Paul forms his own band, Gore Quaffer, and makes a pact with a demon, raising an army of demons and undead in order to destroy Charlie Murder. Charlie and his band are killed at the beginning of the game, fight out of hell, and are reborn on Earth amidst an apocalypse caused by Lord Mortimer and his army. In order to stop the apocalypse, Charlie Murder must defeat Gore Quaffer in a Battle of the Bands.  During the game, a series of flashbacks detail the game's backstory. As Charlie and his new bandmates experience success without Paul, the latter becomes increasingly upset, eventually vowing revenge. The flashbacks neither paint Charlie Murder in a wholly positive light, nor Paul in a wholly negative light. "Charlie Murder" has an in-game talk radio station, which plays in enemy-free areas. Additional information about the band and about the game's world is presented in the form of people calling into the radio program.  The game has two endings that depend on whether or not the player has acquired all of the hidden pieces of Smockula by the time of the final battle. If the player has not gathered the pieces, then the game immediately ends upon Lord Mortimer's defeat, and a credits montage reveals that, back when Mortimer was Paul, he was childhood friends with Charlie. This is considered the "Bad Ending".  If the player collects all the pieces of Smockula and has them equipped during the final battle, then Lord Mortimer is incapacitated instead of killed, and Charlie Murder confronts the demon who granted Mortimer his power, a being known as the Angel of Chaos. After the Angel's death, Mortimer turns back into Paul and he and Charlie reconcile. The credits montage shows how each of the surviving band members now live comfortable, happy lives. This is considered the "Good Ending".

Development.

"Charlie Murder" was first announced in January 2010 in a Ska Studios blog post as an Xbox Live Indie Games title set for release in March 2010. The game's plot was a four-member band's journey to save Skelekitten (Murder's girlfriend) from a rival metal band. A demo of the game was showcased at PAX East 2010. In April, Ska Studios founder James Silva announced that the game was in development for an unidentified platform and would no longer be released through Xbox Live Indie Games. Joystiq noted that the demo ran on Microsoft XNA Game Studio 4.0, which is designed for the Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows computers, and Windows Phone 7. Ska Studios announced in May that the game was to undergo a "complete overhaul", and would be released through Xbox Live Arcade in 2012. The game was eventually released in August 2013 as part of Summer of Arcade, an annual Xbox Live Arcade promotion known for releasing several of the platform's most acclaimed games.  Ska Studios' first games, including the Xbox Live Arcade game "" (April 2009), were developed entirely by James Silva. Michelle Juett was a tester for "The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai", and the two met in person for the first time at the September 2009 Penny Arcade Expo. They began to date a year later, and Juett eventually left ArenaNet to join Ska Studios, becoming its second employee. "Charlie Murder" was one of the first games that the two worked on together. Silva did all of the game's programming work, while Juett handled its marketing. Silva and Juett worked together to design the art and compose the soundtrack. "Charlie Murder" music was produced by Silva and sung by the pair. In an interview with Joystiq, James Silva explained that he used major game conferences, such as PAX East, as public betas. The conferences allowed Silva to expose a large number of people to the game, providing him with the opportunity to solicit feedback and discover issues. The couple also invited friends over for parties in order to test the game while it was in development. Silva proposed to Juett at the "Charlie Murder" booth at PAX 2011, using an in-game cutscene built in as a secret for the occasion.  "Charlie Murder" was the third Ska Studios game published by Microsoft Studios. During development, Microsoft Studios provided Ska Studios with usability testing and play testing feedback, handled localization, and found and suggested bug fixes. Microsoft required Ska Studios to create picture packs (Xbox Live account customizations), but was not responsible for the Windows Phone 8 game mechanic. Ska Studios had complete creative control over the game itself. "Charlie Murder" was promoted as a free Xbox download with Microsoft's Games with Gold program during the month of June 2014.

Reception.

"Charlie Murder" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The game's music was highly praised. The game's hand-illustrated visuals were also praised by reviewers. Critics felt that the music and visual style complemented the game's punk rock theme, and "Official Xbox Magazine"s Cameron Lewis praised the game for being rich in personality and detail without being over-polished.  Reviewers were less enthused about the game's user interface, and found that many gameplay details went unexplained. IGN's Jose Otero found the inventory management system, which lacks an easy way to sort items, to be problematic. Chris Carter from Destructoid noted that the game's intricacies are described in messages on the in-game phone, which he considered difficult to navigate and read, and that the messages were often insufficiently clear and detailed.  Critics compared the game to Ska Studios' previous side-scrolling beat 'em up games, "" and "". Game Informer noted "Charlie Murder"s similarity to the "Dishwasher" series, and Destructoid's Chris Carter believed that "Charlie Murder" was an improvement over the previous games, in both presentation and in the amount of personality that the characters had. There was a consensus among reviewers that the game was more enjoyable in multiplayer, with Hardcore Gamer saying that the game felt designed for cooperative play.

Charlie Murder is an action role-playing beat 'em up video game developed by Ska Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360 and Ska Studios for PC. First revealed in January 2010 as an Xbox Live Indie Games title, the studio announced in May 2010 that the game would undergo a "complete overhaul" and be published in 2012 through Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360. "Charlie Murder" was eventually released on 14 August 2013 to positive reviews, with critics praising the game's soundtrack and hand-illustrated visuals. Versions for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS were released on May 12, 2017 via Steam.

Charlie Murder est un jeu vidéo de type "beat them all" développé par Ska Studios et édité par Microsoft Game Studios, sorti en 2013 sur Xbox 360 (via le Xbox Live Arcade) puis réédité en 2017 sur Windows, Mac et Linux.


History.

The company was formed in 1988 by Rodney Stiff and Phil Ainsworth to manufacture affordable light aircraft in kit and certified forms.  In October 1991, the first aircraft (Jabiru LSA 55/2k), was certified by the Australian Civil Aviation Authority.  Due to the original engine manufacturer, Italian American Motor Engineering ceasing production of the KFM 112M aero engines used, the company started development of its own engines, and by 1995 the Jabiru 2200, a horizontally opposed four-cylinder air-cooled aviation engine, was available for delivery. Since then the six-cylinder Jabiru 3300 and eight-cylinder Jabiru 5100 have been added to the range.  Also in 1995, it was decided to offer the aircraft range as amateur-build or experimental self-build kits.  The microlight version of the Jabiru two-seater aircraft, the Jabiru UL, holds two world speed records for three-axis microlight aircraft. These were set over 50- and 100-kilometre predefined courses and certified by the FAI (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale).

Engines.

Jabiru produces its own range of lightweight, four-stroke, horizontally opposed, air-cooled engines, specifically designed and engineered for use in aircraft. All engines are direct drive and are fitted with alternators, mufflers, and dual ignition systems as standard. Over 3,900 four-cylinder engines and over 2,900 of the six-cylinder engines have been produced.

Current Models.

In November 2014 the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA required passengers to sign an acknowledgement of risk before flying and restricting equipped aircraft to day VFR flight and within gliding distance of a safe place to land. In the following two years, CASA inspectors witnessed the tear-downs of failed Jabiru engines and also high time engines that had not failed. This resulted in exemptions to these restrictions in 2016, for all aircraft that complied with the manufacturer's engine maintenance manuals, service letters, bulletins, flight operation manuals and had no unapproved modifications.  Both the manufacturer and Recreational Aviation Australia (RA-Aus) opposed the restrictions as unnecessary and unwarranted. RA-Aus reported that it was supplied with only a fraction of CASA's source data – just a day before submissions closed – and that CASA seemed to have excluded all engine reliability data post-"early 2014".

Jabiru Aircraft Pty Ltd is an Australian aircraft manufacturer that produces a range of kit- and ready-built civil light aircraft in Bundaberg, Queensland. The company also designs and manufactures a range of light aircraft engines. Types past and present include microlights (Ultralight or ULM), including the "Calypso", two-seat trainers and recreational aircraft (J120/J160/ J170/J230) and four-seat aircraft (J400/J430/J450).

Jabiru Aircraft Pty Ltd est un constructeur d'avions et de moteurs d'avions australien situé à Bundaberg, dans le Queensland. La société conçoit et produit des ULM, avions deux places et quatre places.


Early life and family.

Bharti was born in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) on 25 February 1974 to Om Prakash Bharti, an insurance officer, and his wife, Meeta Bharti. She had a younger brother named Kunal and a half-sister Poonam, who was the child of Om Prakash Bharti's first marriage. Actress Kainaat Arora is her second cousin.  Bharti spoke Hindi, English and Marathi fluently. In her early years, she was known for her bubbly personality and doll-like looks. She studied at Maneckji Cooper High School in Juhu, Mumbai. Bharti was a restless student at school and completed the 9th standard before pursuing an acting career.

Career.

In 1988, Bharti, then a ninth-grader, was signed by filmmaker Nandu Tolani for one of his films. She was originally scheduled to make her screen debut in "Gunahon Ka Devta" in 1988, but her role was cancelled. Kirti Kumar noticed Bharti at a video library, and was eager to sign her for his project "Radha Ka Sangam" opposite Govinda. Kumar met with Dilip Shankar and managed to release Bharti from her contract. After taking dancing and acting lessons for months to prepare for her role, Bharti was dropped and replaced by Juhi Chawla. It was speculated that Kumar's possessiveness over Bharti and her childish nature were the cause of her replacement.  Bharti's career was stalled until D. Ramanaidu, a Telugu film producer, offered her "Bobbili Raja" opposite his son Daggubati Venkatesh. She commenced shooting in Andhra Pradesh for her screen debut. The film was released in the summer of 1990 and became a hit. "Bobbili Raja" remains one of the most popular Telugu movies. That same year, Bharti acted in a Tamil film, "Nila Penne", opposite Anand. The film was critically and financially unsuccessful.  In box office ratings, she figured next to Vijayshanti. In 1991, Bharti had back-to-back hits with action comedy film "Rowdy Alludu" and drama "Assembly Rowdy" opposite actors Chiranjeevi and Mohan Babu, respectively. Later that year, Bharti began filming A. Kodandarami Reddy's action romance "Dharma Kshetram" under Sri Rajeev Productions. Bharti got to work with Telugu film actor Nandamuri Balakrishna.  While Bharti celebrated her success in Andhra Pradesh, Bollywood's top directors were eager to sign her for films. Bharti's first Bollywood film was "Vishwatma" opposite Sunny Deol, directed by Rajiv Rai, and was released on 2 January 1992. The film was an average grosser in the box office but gained Bharti wider recognition from the public as well as film critics. Bharti was most notable for the song used in the film "Saat Samundar".  A week later, Bharti's next film, Lawrence D'Souza's romantic drama "Dil Ka Kya Kasoor", in which she starred alongside Prithvi, was released. The film was not a box office success but was recognized for its music. Afterwards she remarked, "I wanted to prove myself. But I've fallen flat on my face. Now, I have to begin my climb all over again. Yet, I'm positive that one day, success will be mine."  In March 1992, David Dhawan's romantic action drama "Shola Aur Shabnam" was released. It was popular with critics and was a box office hit in India, marking Bharti's first major hit in Bollywood. Bharti achieved further success in Raj Kanwar's "Filmfare" Award-winning love story "Deewana," which starred veteran actor Rishi Kapoor and newcomer Shahrukh Khan and was one of the biggest hits of 1992. Her performance in "Deewana" was highly appreciated. Critics reported that Bharti belonged to a new breed of Hindi film actors who broke away from character stereotypes. Bharti won the Filmfare Award for Lux New Face of the Year. By July 1992, Bharti's work in "Deewana" was said to have earned her more recognition.  She had several Hindi releases that year, among them action drama "Jaan Se Pyaara", which featured Bharti alongside Govinda once again, romantic drama "Geet" opposite Avinash Wadhawan, action "Dushman Zamana" alongside Armaan Kohli, and action drama "Balwaan", which marked the debut of Sunil Shetty. The latter achieved moderate success. In October, she appeared in Hema Malini's romantic drama "Dil Aashna Hai", which did not do as well at the box office. Bharti's performance as a bar dancer who sets out to find her birth mother was appreciated. Bharti decided to act in one Telugu movie per year to not disappoint her Telugu audience. "Chittamma Mogudu" was released at the end of 1992, again starring the popular couple of Bharti and Mohan Babu. The ensemble film "Kshatriya", in which she co-starred alongside Sunny Deol, Sanjay Dutt and Raveena Tandon, was the last film to be released during Bharti's lifetime on 26 March 1993.  Bharti's death on 5 April 1993 left several films incomplete. She was more than halfway through the filming of "Laadla" at the time of her death. She was replaced in several other films she had not completed, including "Mohra", "Kartavya", "Vijaypath", "Dilwale", and "Andolan".  Shortly before her death, she had completed filming for "Rang" and "Shatranj"; these were released posthumously several months later and achieved moderate success. Although she had completed filming her scenes for both films, a dubbing artist was used as she never got the chance to dub for the films. Her incomplete Telugu film "Tholi Muddhu" was partly completed by actress Rambha, who slightly resembled Bharti and hence was used as her body double to complete her remaining scenes; the film was released in October 1993. She was also supposed to play the role of Bhavani in the Telugu film "Allari Premikudu", but due to her death her role was given to Rambha.

Personal life.

Bharti met director-producer Sajid Nadiadwala through Govinda at the shooting of "Shola Aur Shabnam", and they married on 10 May 1992. Bharti and Nadiadwala were married in a private ceremony, with the presence of her hairdresser and friend Sandhya, Sandhya's husband, and a qazi at Nadiadwala's Tulsi Buildings residence in Mumbai. She converted to Islam after her marriage and changed her name to Sana Nadiadwala. The marriage was kept secret due to family problems and also to safeguard Bharti's movie career.

Death.

In the late evening hours of 5 April 1993, Bharti fell from the balcony window of her fifth-floor apartment in Tulsi Buildings, Versova, Andheri West (Mumbai). When her guests Neeta Lulla, Neeta's husband Shyam, Bharti's maid Amrita, and neighbours realised what had happened, she was rushed in an ambulance to the emergency department at Cooper Hospital, where she died. The cause of death was severe head injuries and internal bleeding. She was cremated on 7 April 1993 at the Vile Parle crematorium, Mumbai. Bharti died in April 1993, aged 19, after falling from the balcony of her apartment in Mumbai.  The reason of her fatal fall was never established and several theories circulated in the media. Some sources believe it was a planned murder, others say she accidentally fell, while some say she was drunk which caused her to fall. The investigation was closed in 1998 by Mumbai police with the conclusion that it was an accidental death.

Legacy.

In 2011, Bollywood legend Dev Anand made the movie "Chargesheet", which was loosely based on her death and the mystery surrounding it.

Divya Bharti (25 February 1974 – 5 April 1993) was an Indian film actress who starred in Hindi and Telugu movies in the early 1990s. Known for her acting versatility, vivacity and beauty, she was regarded as one of the most popular and highest paid Indian actresses of her time.

Divya Om Prakash Bharti, née le à Mumbai (Maharashtra, en Inde) et morte le à Versova (Bombay, Inde), est une actrice indienne.


Early life and education.

Adelaide Smith was born on 2 June 1868 to an elite family in Freetown, British Sierra Leone, to a mixed-race father (William Smith Jr, of English and royal Fanti parentage) from the Gold Coast and a Creole mother, Anne Spilsbury, of English, Jamaican Maroon, and Sierra Leone Liberated African ancestry. Adelaide was the second youngest of her parents' seven children. She and her sisters grew up mostly in England, where her father had retired in 1872 with his family on a pension of 666 pounds sterling. She attended Jersey Ladies' College (now Jersey College for Girls). Like many other Sierra Leonean women born into the elite society, she was deeply influenced by Victorian values and ideas of family and gender roles.  Casely-Hayford also traveled, and it was during these travels that she became interested in Pan Africanist politics. In 1872, she migrated to London and studied at the Ladies College on the island of Jersey. At the age of 17, Smith went to Stuttgart, Germany, to study music at the Stuttgart Conservatory. She returned to England where, together with a sister, she opened a boarding home for African bachelors who were living in the country as students or workers. In 1905, during one of her speeches, she emphasized the important role that African women could play in social and political development. Two years later, she returned to the Gold Coast (now Ghana).

Marriage and family.

While in England, Adelaide Smith married J. E. Casely Hayford (also known as Ekra-Agiman). Their marriage may have given her a deeper insight into African culture and influenced her transformation into a cultural nationalist. Their daughter Gladys Casely-Hayford became a well-known Creole poet. In 1914, Adelaide and J.E.'s marriage failed. After that, she returned to Sierra Leone.

Return to Freetown.

After 25 years abroad, Adelaide Casely-Hayford and her sisters returned to Sierra Leone. Inspired by the ideas of racial pride and co-operation advanced by Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), she joined the Ladies Division of the Freetown Branch. She became a leading African feminist, using her speeches and writing to challenge male supremacy in Africa and to support African women's' rights. In 1915, she delivered a speech on "The rights of women and Christian Marriage" articulating her vision for increasing women's rights. She rose to be President of the UNIA. In June 1920, she resigned from the association because of a conflict of interest between it and her proposed Girls' Vocational School. She toured the United States, giving public lectures to correct American notions about Africa.  Back in Freetown, Casely-Hayford embarked on establishing a vocational institution to help girls learn their cultural background and instill national pride. In October 1923, the Girls' Vocational School opened in the Smith family home with 14 pupils. As principal, Casely-Hayford would have preferred the pupils to wear native dress to school, but their parents rejected this idea. The Girl's Vocational School was very unique because there were not many educational opportunities for girls in Sierra Leone at the time. The school was also unique because it not only taught young girls African history, but it also taught them how to be independent thinkers and economically independent. She wanted to instill girls with the confidence and skills to become future leaders in Africa and Sierra Leone. In a 1922 editorial, she said "Instantly, my eyes were opened to the fact that the education meted out to [African People] had... taught us to despise ourselves... Our immediate need was an education which would instill to us a love of country, pride of race, an enthusiasm for the black man's capabilities, and a genuine admiration for Africa's wonderful art work," and that she "was looking forward... to a new day, in which African shall be allowed to expand and develop, along with her own ideas and ideals."  She spent her later years writing her memoirs and short stories. Her short story "Mista Courifer" was featured in Langston Hughes' "African Treasury: Articles, Essays, Stories, Poems" (1960), a collection of short works by African writers, published in the United States. She died in Freetown on 24 January 1960, aged 91.

Importance in today’s society.

Adelaide Smith Casely Hayford paved the way for young girls in her home country to be able to go to school and learn skills that they otherwise might not have been able to learn on their own. Adelaide gave women the right to learn and to speak for themselves but to also persuade mothers to raise their children in their home country so that they could be immersed in the culture that they were born into.

Legacy and honors.

Casely-Hayford opposed the injustices of the colonial system and advocated cultural nationalism, earning the respect of British authorities. Asteroid 6848 Casely-Hayford, discovered by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Schelte Bus at Palomar Observatory in 1978, was named in her memory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 August 2019 ().

Adelaide Casely-Hayford, MBE (née Smith; 2 June 1868 – 24 January 1960), was a Sierra Leone Creole advocate, an activist for cultural nationalism, educator, short story writer, and feminist. Casely-Hayford was committed to public service and worked to improve the conditions of black men and women. As a pioneer of women's education in Sierra Leone, she played a key role in popularizing Pan-Africanist and feminist politics during the early nineteen hundreds. She established a school for girls in 1923 called Girl's Vocational and Training School in Freetown, to instill cultural and racial pride during the colonial years under British rule. Promoting the preservation of Sierra Leone national identity and cultural heritage, in 1925 she wore a traditional African costume to attend a reception in honor of the Prince of Wales, where she created a sensation.

Adélaïde Casely-Hayford, née Smith le, morte le, a été une éducatrice, une femme de lettres et une féministe sierraleonaise. Elle a créé une école pour les filles en 1923, et s'est consacrée à réveiller une fierté culturelle nationale malgré la domination britannique.


Early life and education.

Al-Taftazani was born in 1322 in Taftazan, Khorasan in Iran, then in the Sarbedaran state. He completed his education in various educational institutions in the cities of Herat, Ghijduvan, Feryumed, Gulistan, Khwarizm, Samarkand and Sarakhs. He mainly resided in Sarakhs. He was active during the reign of Timur, who noticed him as a promising scientist and supported his scholarship, and was part of his court. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani famously remarked about him that "science ended with him in the East" and "no one could ever replace him". He died in Samarkand in 1390 and was buried in Sarakhs. He practiced and preached in the Hanafi and Ashari schools. He was of the Hanafi school in matters of Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and a Maturidi with regard to issues of Aqidah (Islamic creed).

Career.

During his lifetime, he wrote treaties on grammar, rhetoric, theology, logic, law and Quran exegesis. His works were used as textbooks for centuries in Ottoman madrasahs. and are used in Shia madrasahs to this day. He completed "Sharh-i az-Zanjani" which was his first and one of his most famous works at the age of 16. He also wrote a commentary of the Qur'an in Persian and translated a volume of Sa'adi's poetry from Persian into Turkish. But it was in Arabic that he composed the bulk of his writing.  His treatises, even the commentaries, are "standard books" for students of Islamic theology and his papers have been called a "compendium of the various views regarding the great doctrines of Islam".

Legacy.

Ibn Khaldun said of him: I found in Egypt numerous works on the intellectual sciences composed by the well-known person Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazani, a native of Herat, one of the villages of Khurasan. Some of them are on kalam (speculative theology) and the foundations of "fiqh" and rhetoric, which show that he had a profound knowledge of these sciences. Their contents demonstrate that he was well versed in the philosophical sciences and far advanced in the rest of the sciences which deal with Reason.

Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani () also known as Al-Taftazani and Taftazani (1322–1390) was a Muslim Persian polymath. He wrote "Kashf-al-Asrar", a commentary on the Qur'an in Persian.

Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani (-سعدالدین مسعودبن عمربن عبداللّه هروی خراسانی تفتازانی), également connu sous les noms Al-Taftazani et Taftazani (1322–1390), est un Persan musulman polymathe. Il a écrit un commentaire du Coran en persan, intitulé "Kashf-al-Asrar".


First Majdanek trial.

Retreating Germans did not have time to destroy the facility. It remained the best preserved example of a Holocaust death camp in history, with intact gas chambers and crematoria. The advancing Soviets were shocked into disbelief after discovering it, and initially overestimated the total number of victims.  A group of six members of Majdanek personnel – who had not managed to escape – were arraigned before the Soviet-Polish Special Criminal Court immediately following the camp's liberation of July 23, 1944. After the trial, and deliberations which lasted from November 27, 1944 to December 2, 1944 all accused were found guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and sentenced to death by hanging. They included "SS-Obersturmführer" Anton Thernes,'Wilhelm Gerstenmeier,'Hermann Vögel, "Kapo" Edmund Pohlmann, "SS-Rottenführer" Theodor Schöllen and "Kapo" Heinrich Stalp, all of whom were executed by hanging on December 3, 1944 except for Pohlmann, who had committed suicide the night before.

Second Majdanek trial (1946–1948).

The series of trials which took place between 1946 and 1948 in Poland – usually referred to as the Second trial of Majdanek – consisted of trials of many kinds. Some 95 SS-men, mostly guards (including those apprehended hiding in postwar Germany), were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Seven of the defendants were given the death penalty. The most prominent of them was Elsa Ehrich, "Oberaufseherin" of the women and children camp division (liquidated in spring of 1944). She was responsible for the selections to gas chambers. Ehrich was found guilty of all charges, and hanged in July 1948. Apparently, Ehrich made an attempt to launch a Nazi brothel in 1943, but the project was abandoned before fruition after one of her slave sex-workers was diagnosed with typhus.  Most other "SS" men were sentenced from 2 to 12 years' imprisonment. Some of the more prominent defendants in the 1946–1948 series of trials included over 60 "SS-Schütze" camp guards. The multiple proceedings were held in Lublin, as well as in Radom and Świdnica (1947), Kraków, Wadowice, and Toruń (1948) and in Warsaw (1948), where the last appellate court case of Jacob Gemmel took place in November 1950.

Third Majdanek trial.

At the Third Majdanek Trial, held between November 26, 1975, and June 30, 1981, before a West German Court at Düsseldorf, sixteen defendants were arraigned. Five were cleared of all charges, two released due to ill health, one died of old age, and eight were found guilty. They were sentenced to 3 to 12 years imprisonment. The 3rd Majdanek trial was preceded by the Treblinka Trials also at Düsseldorf in 1964 and 1970. The Majdanek trial lasted for six years, and concluded on June 30, 1981. There were insufficient grounds to lay charges against other suspects according to the prosecution (many of the key witnesses having died).  Notably, the camp deputy commandant, Arnold Strippel, implicated in the torture and killing of many dozens of prisoners (including 42 Soviet POWs in July 1942), received a nominal -year sentence. He also received 121,500-Deutsche Mark reimbursement for the loss of earnings and his social security contributions, which he used to purchase a condominium in Frankfurt, which he occupied until his death.

Post 1981 Majdanek War Crimes Trials.

In 1989 Karl-Friedrich Höcker was tried and sentenced for his actions in Majdanek.

The Majdanek trials were a series of consecutive war-crime trials held in Poland and in Germany during and after World War II, constituting the overall longest Nazi war crimes trial in history spanning over 30 years. The first judicial trial of Majdanek extermination camp officials took place from November 27, 1944, to December 2, 1944, in Lublin, Poland.<ref name="Poland/Majdanek-1"> The last one, held at the District Court of Düsseldorf began on November 26, 1975, and concluded on June 30, 1981. It was West Germany's longest and most expensive trial, lasting 474 sessions.

Les procès de Majdanek fut constitué d'une série de jugements rendus par la justice polonaise et allemande après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cette série de procès s'étale sur 30 ans, ce qui constitue le procès des crimes de guerre nazis le plus long de l'histoire. Le premier procès judiciaire des fonctionnaires du camp d'extermination de Majdanek a lieu du au à Lublin, en Pologne. Le dernier débute dans le district de Düsseldorf le et se termine le. Ce fut le procès le plus long et le plus cher d'Allemagne, d'une durée de 474 séances.


Plot.

Lord Alwin (LeRoy Mason), Earl of Northumbria, is captured in a Viking raid and taken to Norway as a slave. There he is bought by Helga (Pauline Starke), an "orphan of noble blood" under the guardianship of Leif Ericsson (Donald Crisp). He proves a troublesome slave, and Leif's sailing master, Egil the Black (Harry Woods), prepares to kill him for his insolence, but Helga stops him. When Alwin challenges Egil to a sword fight, Leif is impressed by his courage and permits it. Alwin manages to break Egil's sword, but spares him. Helga then gives Alwin to Leif.  Leif, with the support of King Olaf (Roy Stewart), the first Christian king of Norway, sets out to search for lands beyond Greenland, which was discovered by his pagan father, Eric the Red (Anders Randolf). Back in Greenland, Eric kills one of his men after he discovers that the man is a Christian. When Leif stops there to pick up supplies, Eric gives his blessing for his marriage to Helga (unbeknownst to her). However, after it is revealed that Leif is himself a Christian, Eric disowns him and refuses to give him any supplies. Fighting breaks out after Leif instructs Alwin to take the supplies anyway. In the confusion, Helga stows away on Leif's ship.  Leif has no choice but to take her along. During the voyage, she and Alwin confess their love for each other. Unaware of this, Leif informs her that he will marry her on the "second change of the moon". Egil, in love with Helga himself, foments a mutiny among the crew, who fear sailing off the edge of the world. When Egil prepares to stab Leif in the back during the wedding ceremony, Alwin leaps in the way and is wounded. Leif kills Egil, but is enraged when Helga reveals that she loves Alwin. He raises his sword to kill the unconscious Alwin, but his Christian faith stops him. Just then, land is sighted, and the mutiny dissolves.  Leif steps ashore bearing a makeshift cross. He has a stone tower built and makes friends with the natives. When Leif leaves for home, Alwin, Helga and a few others remain behind. A final,'modern day,' scene, with "God Bless America" sung in the background, implies that the stone tower still stands somewhere in a coastal city on the northeast coast of America.

Production.

"The Viking" was the first feature film to use Technicolor's dye-transfer process because of the technical limitation of the previous process with printing sound, which used two prints cemented base-to-base. The film was considered the finest use of color cinematography at the time of release.

Early sound and color technology.

The sound was recorded in the Movietone sound-on-film system originally developed by Fox Film Corporation, with color by Technicolor in their new dye transfer process, now known as Process 3.  The film was produced by the Technicolor Corporation, but was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, after production chief Irving Thalberg became impressed with the technology. The film carries MGM's Leo the Lion logo in color, featuring a different lion then the one shown on Black-and-White films. In 1930, MGM reissued the film as a color sound musical film titled "The Private Life of Leif Ericson". The sound film survives today as well as the silent version.

Reception.

Critical response.

Film critic Mordaunt Hall of "The New York Times" wrote in his review: "the figures often look as if they had stepped out of an opera comique.... The make-up of the players is often more than a trifle overdone, especially when the villain reveals on close inspection his mouse-colored eyelids."  In 1938, Technicolor president Herbert Kalmus wrote: There seemed to be two principal troubles with "The Viking", both of which I suspected but without certainty. First it came out among the very last silent pictures in 1929, and second, whiskers. Leif Ericson, the Viking hero true to character had a long curling mustache, whereas American audiences prefer their lovers smooth-shaven. At times the whole screen seemed filled with Viking whiskers.  Film historians Sheldon Hall and Steve Neale wrote in their book "Epics, Spectacles, and Blockbusters": ""The Viking" was neither a talkie nor a musical", as the other two Technicolor films of "the late 1920s and early 1930s".

The Viking (1928) was the first feature-length Technicolor film that featured a soundtrack, and the first film made in Technicolor's Process 3. It stars Pauline Starke, Donald Crisp and LeRoy Mason. The film is loosely based on the 1902 novel "The Thrall of Leif the Lucky" by Ottilie A. Liljencrantz. "The Viking" was directed by Roy William Neill.

Les Vikings ("The Viking") est un film américain réalisé par Roy William Neill, sorti aux États-Unis en 1928. C’est le premier long métrage tourné en Technicolor trichrome.


Design and development.

The 1923 Schneider Trophy race for seaplanes had been won by the United States Navy with the Curtiss CR-3, a floatplane which outclassed Britain's entry, the Supermarine Sea Lion III flying boat. In a change from previous years, where Britain's entries had been privately funded, the British Air Ministry ordered two racing seaplanes from the Gloster Aircraft Company to compete for the 1924 race.  The resulting aircraft, designated the Gloster II, was a floatplane development of Gloster's earlier Gloster I racing aircraft, which had won the annual Aerial Derby air race three years running between 1921 and 1923, and had attempted unsuccessfully to break the World airspeed record in 1922. It was a small single-seat biplane of fabric covered wooden construction, powered by a closely faired Napier Lion engine. It had short-span single bay wings and a twin float undercarriage, with radiators mounted on the struts supporting the floats.  The first aircraft, with the serial number "J7504", was ready for flight testing in September 1924. However, when attempting to land after its first test flight, on 19 September 1924, the undercarriage collapsed and the aircraft sank, with pilot Hubert Broad escaping unhurt. There was insufficient time to prepare the second aircraft for the race, scheduled for October, but as no other European nation had an entry ready to compete, the Americans postponed the race until 1925.  The second aircraft was converted to a landplane and used for flight testing equipment to be used for the Gloster III racer being designed for the 1925 competition. It was lost in a high-speed crash landing at RAF Cranwell following elevator flutter in June 1925, the pilot, Larry Carter, being seriously injured, fracturing his skull.

The Gloster II was a British racing floatplane of the 1920s. A single-engined biplane, two were built to compete in the 1924 Schneider Trophy air race. However the crash of the first prototype during testing meant that it could not be made ready for the race, which was postponed. The second aircraft was also lost in a crash.

Le Gloster II est un hydravion de course britannique des années 1920. C'était un monoplace monomoteur biplan. Deux exemplaires furent construits pour la course 1924 de la Coupe Schneider. Le crash du premier prototype lors des tests ne permit pas aux Anglais d'être prêts pour la course. Celle-ci fut donc reportée sur décision des organisateurs américains. Le deuxième avion fut également détruit lors d'un crash.


History.

Tamera was founded in 1995 by three Germans: Dieter Duhm (M.S. in Psychoanalysis, PhD in Sociology), Sabine Lichtenfels (Theologian), and Rainer Ehrenpreis (M.S. in Physics). However, its history goes back to 1978 when these three left their professions and tried to create an interdisciplinary research center to find solutions to the ecological and technological problems the world was facing at that time. Very quickly they discovered that if their project had any chance of surviving, they first had to research the core human relationship questions that lay hidden under all issues and prevent real solutions – such as competition, greed, and jealousy. In 1983 they began a three-year "Social Experiment" with fifty participants in the Black Forest of (Germany), and then further developed the results of this research into creating a functioning community in other projects throughout Europe, until they finally established Tamera in 1995.

Experimental research.

Currently, approximately 250 coworkers and students (including children) live and study in Tamera which operates as an experimental research center dedicated to discovering how human beings can live peacefully among themselves and with nature, and create a successful, working, and sustainable community. Tamera is also a "free lab" and an international meeting place where peace workers and specialists in various fields from many parts of the world share their expertise. In 2008 participants from more than twenty-five different countries lived, studied, worked, or visited there.

Theory.

The research in Tamera is based on a complex world view explained in detail in "The Sacred Matrix" by Dieter Duhm. One essential part of this theory is the "implicate order" of David Bohm. Another is the "morphic field" theory developed by Rupert Sheldrake, where only a few peace research villages worldwide of a large enough size and complexity in which peace is established in all its aspects are enough to create cultural healing on a global level.  “What will determine the success of such peace projects is not how big and strong they are (compared to the existing apparatus of violence), but how comprehensive and complex they are, and how many elements of life they combine and unite in a positive way. When establishing new fields in evolution, it is not the law of the strongest, but the success of the more comprehensive that is the determining factor. Otherwise, no new developments could be made, for when they begin they are all small and inconspicuous." The political goal of Tamera and its cooperation partners worldwide is to create several such centers on earth, which they call “the plan of the healing biotopes.”

Projects.

Tamera serves as the headquarters for a number of different and independent projects that, when brought together properly, they believe can establish a new social model and a new culture of peace. They include the Global Campus, Monte Cerro Peace Education, the GRACE Foundation, the Institute for Global Peacework, Verlag Meiga Publishing Company, the Children's Center, the Love School, the SolarVillage, the Permaculture Project, the Horse Project, the Seminar and Guest Center and the Terra Nova movement.

The Global Campus.

The Global Campus is a worldwide educational initiative designed to offer knowledge in community development as well as the basic principles of decentralized energy supply, architecture, and ecology required to establish autonomous peace villages. Tamera is the home of the first phase of the Global Campus – the Monte Cerro Peace Education – and is cooperating with the San José de Apartadó Peace Village in Colombia and the Holy Land Trust in Palestine to establish similar educational centers around the world.

Monte Cerro Peace education.

“Monte Cerro Peace Education" is a three-year course of studies for a comprehensive understanding for the development of globally effective peace villages. More than one hundred students have enrolled since "Monte Cerro" opened on 1 May 2006, and in April 2009 the first class will graduate.

GRACE Foundation.

The GRACE Foundation was established in 2007, founded by Sabine Lichtenfels, to direct and attract money towards peace projects in an attempt to offset the large amounts of money now being directed into war and war industries. With the motto, "A peace village instead of a tank," the Foundation mainly finances peace actions and peace education which are connected to the power of grace. “GRACE follows the realization that we can only create as much peace outside ourselves as we have created inside ourselves. GRACE reminds us that the healing of our planet can only succeed if humanity succeeds in connecting itself with the true basis of life and love, trust and truth; and humanity will only succeed if we personally succeed. GRACE embraces the commitment not to aggravate personal and political conflicts, but to create new possibilities for solutions."

The Institute for Global Peacework (IGP).

The Institute for Global Peacework is a network of peaceworkers and peace initiatives around the world who want to cooperate to create a nonviolent future. It coordinates all the different projects in Tamera and serves as the “base camp” for all external activities. It also hosts an annual “Summer University” that brings these different people and projects together in a “think tank.”

Verlag Meiga Publishing Company.

Verlag Meiga publishes books, literature, and essential thoughts to disseminate the knowledge and experience of over thirty years of research into the development of the “plan of the healing biotopes.” Its main headquarters is in (Germany), with a branch in Tamera.

The Children’s Center.

The basic principle of the work with children in Tamera is the “education of perception.” In addition to languages, math, biology, and geography, the main emphasis in learning is placed on studies in community development, art, cosmology, international networking, and how to be a spiritual being in the world.

The Love School.

One core tenet of the Tamera theory is that a nonviolent culture will essentially depend on whether we succeed in ending the war between the genders. Love without jealousy, sexuality without fear, faithfulness that is not broken when one loves and desires others, truth and longevity in love, and new pathways in partnerships are the focus of the “Love School.”  “There cannot be peace between nations as long as there is war between man and woman.”

The SolarVillage.

The “SolarVillage” is a test site in Tamera creating a model village that will be self-sufficient in energy and food production enough for fifty people. It can be built without any assistance from the big energy companies. Ecology, technology, architecture, and community are combined in a holistic pilot project designed and monitored by physicist and inventor Jürgen Kleinwächter. With the energy produced by a system of lenses within a greenhouse and stored in a hot oil system, round-the-clock cooking is available. Power and electricity can also be produced by means of sun-powered pulses of the low-temperature Stirling engine. Even in a hot climate, vegetables and other useful plants flourish and grow very well under light filtered by these lenses.

The Permaculture Project.

Since Tamera was founded, an ecological team has made ponds and oases, and planted about 20,000 trees. Sepp Holzer, Austrian mountain farmer known throughout Europe as the "Agro-Rebel," is cooperating with Tamera to build a sustainable "lakescape" in the dry Alentejo region of Portugal, surrounded by a self-sufficient edible landscape with trees, gardens, and wetlands.

The Horse Project.

The basis of working with horses in Tamera is to develop a new way of cooperation between human and horse, to promote inner growth, and to increase the ability to be in intimate contact with animals. The horses are ridden without bits or saddles, which requires trust and sensitive communication. The Horse Project is now expanding to offer first-aid treatment for sick, injured, or abused animals, and developing an Animal Sanctuary.

Seminar and Guest Center.

The Seminar and Guest Center offers visitors the possibility to get to know Tamera, its grounds, and its research activities. The Center includes the Tamera Guesthouse, visitor's cabins and community tents, as well as the International Youth Cultural Center; and its activities include courses and seminars, Information Weeks, the Summer University, and Open Sundays.

Terra Nova movement.

Terra Nova is the global platform that has arisen from the ideas of Dieter Duhm and Sabine Lichtenfels and from the real experience of Tamera. Terra Nova aims to create the conditions for a global system change for a nonviolent Earth, through activism, education and networking and by spreading perspectives for profoundly nonviolent culture based on trust and cooperation.  In 2015, Dieter Duhm wrote the book "Terra Nova: Global Revolution and the Healing of Love" to expound upon and clarify the basic ideas of the movement.

Art and Music.

In many intensive courses and community encounters throughout the history of the Tamera project, art was discovered to be a creative principle of Creation and became an essential element for the inner development of community. In addition to painting, "art" in Tamera now includes music, theater, dance, landscape art, and artistic expression in language. For example, there is a Tamera Chorus as well as a small "a cappella" jazz group called the "MoonRiders."

Architecture.

Tamera has created experimental buildings as models for the construction of peace villages, designed by various architects such as Gernot Minke, professor of Clay Architecture at the University of Kassel, Germany. Designer Martin Pietsch of Tamera has developed "Shade Creations" which have been used not only in Tamera but in quite a number of light-roof pavilions in other locations.  The Great Hall in Tamera is a meeting place for up to 300 people. It is a wood-frame, straw bale, clay, and green roof construction. With its harmonic interior structure, it is the largest straw bale and clay building on the Iberian Peninsula.

Spirituality.

In Tamera, spirituality and religion are not questions of some profession of faith or creed, but of a clear perception, openness, and connection with universal forces in daily life. The core community gathers together every morning and every afternoon in the "Political Ashram" to focus on attunement and connection through spiritual lectures. There is also a stone circle in Tamera made up of more than sixty monoliths, created and arranged by Sabine Lichtenfels in cooperation with Marko Pogacnik and Peter Frank, that serves as a place of meditation and power.

Further reading.

Books translated into English:  Dieter Duhm: "Towards a new Culture." (2012) Verlag Meiga Available online  Dieter Duhm: "Future Without War: Theory of Global Healing." (2007) Verlag Meiga Dieter Duhm: "The Sacred Matrix: From the Matrix of Violence to the Matrix of Life; Foundation of a New Civilization." (2005) Verlag Meiga  Dieter Duhm: "Terra Nova: Global Revolution and the Healing of Love." (2015) Verlag Meiga  Sabine Lichtenfels: "GRACE: Pilgrimage for a Future without War." (2007) Verlag Meiga Sabine Lichtenfels: "Sources of Love and Peace." (2004)

Tamera is a peace research village with the goal of becoming "a self-sufficient, sustainable and duplicable communitarian model for nonviolent cooperation and cohabitation between humans, animals, nature, and Creation for a future of peace for all." It is also often called a "healing biotope". Literally translated, "biotope" simply means a place where life lives. In Tamera, however, "healing biotope" is also described as a "greenhouse of trust, an acupuncture point of peace, and a self-sufficient future community." It is located on in the Alentejo region of southwestern Portugal.

Tamera est un village de recherche sur la paix dont le but est de devenir « un modèle communautaire auto-suffisant, durable et transposable pour la coopération non-violente et la cohabitation entre les humains, les animaux, la nature et la Création pour un futur de paix pour tous ». Il est situé sur un terrain de 1,36 km2 dans la région d'Alentejo au sud-ouest du Portugal.


Examples.

Unprotected cruisers included medium-sized ships such as the Spanish and Chinese "Kai Che" down to smaller ships of about 1,000 tons. A small unprotected cruiser was little different from a large gunboat (for instance, at the Battle of Manila in 1898 the American was larger than the Spanish unprotected cruisers of the, and was equivalent to a small British protected cruiser, however the US Navy classified "Concord" as only a gunboat.) Such ships could be known by alternate names depending on the preference of each navy. For instance, the British Royal Navy tended to refer to larger gunboats/small cruisers as “sloops”.  The designation “unprotected” made sense only after the development of protected cruisers in the 1880s. Many ships designed earlier had essentially the same features and size range; for instance, the Spanish, the French and the Dutch ships were also to be called unprotected cruisers. Steel-hulled cruisers had been preceded by iron-hulled (but not armored) ships and composite (iron and wood)-hulled ships, which were originally termed cruisers, frigates, or corvettes. Most of these ships retained sailing rig and were useful for colonial duties, where dockyards and coal supplies were often inadequate. Some of these older ships were fairly large, for instance.  The cruisers meant for colonial duty, like gunboats, were not built for high speed. The French unprotected cruiser "Milan" (1885) was distinct in appearance and role, with the recognition that cruisers were more useful as scouts and commerce raiders if they were faster than ironclad battleships. In the 1880s and 1890s fast, small unarmored cruisers could also be listed as “avisos”, “dispatch boats” (if the ship was fast enough to be useful for carrying messages, in the era before wireless), or “torpedo cruisers” (a term derived from “torpedo gunboats”, again the distinction being mainly of larger size). Different contemporary reference works may use more than one of these terms for the same ship.

Decline.

All of these terms faded from use because the design of these ships became obsolete. By World War I, there was no need to produce unprotected cruisers since fast “light” cruisers could be given not only protective decks but side armor (over the pre-dreadnought era, effective armor could be made thinner with less weight due to advances in steelworking technology). The speed and firepower difference between even a small light cruiser and a gunboat had made these categories permanently distinct. Wireless technology had eliminated message-carrying roles, and specialized torpedo craft were made much lighter and faster (destroyers). When discarded terms such as “sloop”, “frigate” and “corvette” were used again, it was for small anti-submarine convoy escort craft.

An unprotected cruiser was a type of naval warship in use during the late Victorian or pre-dreadnought era (about 1880 to 1905). The name was meant to distinguish these ships from “protected cruisers” which had become accepted in the 1880s. A protected cruiser did not have side armor on its hull like a battleship or “armored cruiser” but had only a curved armored deck built inside the ship – like an internal turtle shell – which prevented enemy fire penetrating through the ship down into the most critical areas such as machinery, boilers, and ammunition storage. An unprotected cruiser lacked even this level of internal protection. The definitions had some gray areas because individual ships could be built with a protective deck that did not cover more than a small area of the ship, or was so thin as to be of little value (the same was true of the side armor on some armored cruisers). An unprotected cruiser was generally cheaper and less effective than a protected cruiser, while a protected cruiser was generally cheaper and less effective than an armored cruiser (with some exceptions in each case).

Le croiseur non protégé est un type de croiseur de la marine de la fin du. Les parties vitales ne sont pas, contrairement au croiseur protégé, recouvertes d'un blindage en dos d'âne de d'épaisseur. Il fut construit de 1880 à 1905.


Plot summary.

One day, writer Lutz Ventura receives news that his sister has died. She leaves behind two children, whom he temporarily takes in after the funeral because Frau Roeckel, the sister of the children's father, deceased five years earlier, is taking a holiday with her husband.  Lutz and the children become good friends. The children want to stay with their uncle, but he does not have much room in his tower apartment, has little money, and wants to get married soon.  The children must return to the Roeckel family, but they run away, because there is always trouble there. The soft-hearted uncle takes them in, but his fiancée has definite ideas about their future, and they don't include other people's children. On the spur of the moment, she tells him that she no longer wants to marry him.  The writer gets in trouble with the authorities; the children are not allowed to live with him since he is an unmarried man. The situation escalates as the child welfare authorities require the niece and nephew to be ready for transfer to an orphanage that evening. Lutz goes to the parish priest and explains to him his new idea to seek sanctuary in order to make the public aware of his problem. The priest rejects this but secretly talks to Margot, Lutz's fiancé. She tells the priest that she had been waiting for an opportunity to change her mind and the couple is married on the same day.

Location.

The film was shot in rural Franconia, among other locations. The tower is part of the city wall in Sommerhausen. Ventura's marriage took place in the Würzburg Adalberokirche. Cities like Würzburg, Ochsenfurt or Marktbreit pop up in the film repeatedly.

Reception.

– Encyclopedia of the International film  – Protestant film observers [2]

Vater sein dagegen sehr (English: "Being a father however, is hard") is a 1957 West German film directed by Kurt Meisel.

Vater sein dagegen sehr (titre français : "Le Petit Homme de la tour") est un film allemand réalisé par Kurt Meisel sorti en 1957.


Development.

On May 12, EA Sports uploaded a trailer to YouTube. They also revealed the new features that were added to the game, which include an upgrade of the Ground Game, a redesigned and better Franchise Mode, "Madden 365", new Ball Carrier UI Prompts help teach moves available to you, while the new Path Assist helps you navigate and anticipate down field and more. They have also announced that they would hire new announcers, Brandon Gaudin and Charles Davis.

Cover athlete.

EA decided not to allow Madden players to vote for the "Madden NFL 17" cover athlete, announcing it on May 12, 2016 via the "SportsCenter" Twitter account. After losing the "Madden NFL 16" cover vote to New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr., New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski was announced as the cover athlete of "Madden NFL 17".

Features.

"Madden NFL 17" has developed a new ground game mechanic that provide players a more balanced experience. In addition to this, the new defensive AI puts players' teammates into positions to stop the run or pass game. Features such as Ultimate Team and Franchise mode will make a return, however, many of their features have been revamped and upgraded.

Soundtrack.

On August 3, 2016, EA Sports announced the soundtrack for the game, which would feature 40 songs, including 2 Chainz, Flume, Steve Aoki, Logic, Blake Shelton, Brantley Gilbert, Bishop Briggs, Flo Rida, Flux Pavilion, Pusha T and Lil' Wayne. The soundtrack was also made available for streaming on Spotify. The original score of "Madden NFL 15" also returns in game and can be played through EA Trax.

Reception.

According to review aggregator Metacritic, "Madden NFL 17" received generally favorable reviews. IGN awarded the game an 8.6/10, praising the improved franchise mode and defense, but were disappointed in the game's commentary. GamesRadar gave it 4/5, saying: "With major changes to some of the game’s core mechanics, and an impressive revamp of the now marquee Franchise Mode, "Madden 17" has done its best to avoid [accusations of phoning it in and failing to make significant progress], and succeeded."  According to the NPD Group, "Madden NFL 17" was the best-selling retail game in the US in its month of release, but its launch month sales failed to surpass that of its predecessor, "Madden NFL 16".

Madden NFL 17 is an American football sports video game based on the National Football League and published by EA Sports for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox One and Xbox 360. As the 28th installment of the "Madden NFL series", the game was released on August 23, 2016 and features New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski on the cover. It was the last "Madden NFL" game to be made on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

Madden NFL 17 est un jeu de simulation de football américain ayant l'exclusivité des licences de la "National Football League" et sorti le sur la PlayStation 3, la PlayStation 4, la Xbox 360 et la Xbox One. Le jeu a été développé et édité par EA Tiburon et fait partie de la série de jeu "Madden NFL". Rob Gronkowski est sélectionné pour être en couverture du jeu. La bande son du jeu comprend des titres de 2 Chainz, Flume, Steve Aoki, Logic, Blake Shelton, Brantley Gilbert, Bishop Briggs, Flo Rida, Flux Pavilion et Pusha T.


Facilities.

The airport has a small retail gift shop as well as a coffee shop and bar for visitors waiting for their flights. Three check-in counters are available, and there are couches available as well.  There is WiFi available, but data is very limited. Power is also available, using South African standard plugs and sockets as well as USB charging points.  Daytime parking only is available (no overnight).

Ground Transport.

Avis Car Rental runs the car rental facilities at both Skukuza camp and Skukuza Airport. In addition to the rental facility at the airport, they provide a shuttle service to the main Skukuza camp. Lion Sands Reserve provides free shuttles from Skukuza airport for guests to the reserve.

Runway.

The airport is at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 17/35 with an asphalt surface measuring. The runway is sloped, putting the northwest end at elevation and the southeast end at. Landing permission is handled by the Skukuza AP management company.

Airlines and destinations.

The only commercial flights to Skukuza are offered by Airlink, with a single daily flight to Cape Town and two daily flights to Johannesburg. Private and Charter flights are also available, but as Skukuza has a limit of 10 landings and 10 takeoffs per day between the hours of 09:00 and 15:00, slots are limited. Flights are also required to take specific paths in order to reduce noise in sensitive natural areas.

History.

Skukuza airport was established in 1958 and began operating in 1959. In 2001, commercial flights were discontinued due to the opening of Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport near Nelspruit. Charter flights were still accepted at the airport if scheduled ahead of time. Commercial flights were reopened in the second half of 2013, and management of the airport was handed from South African National Parks to a private operator, the Skukuza Airport Management Company, which is jointly owned by Lion Sands Reserve, Federal Air and Airlink. The airport is assigned to be able to handle a maximum of 6 scheduled flights a day, with a maximum of 30 per week. Up to four charter flights are allowed each day. In January 2014, construction commenced on a major renovation, and the airport reopened on. The airport has also been continuously used by the South African Air Force for anti-poaching efforts.

Skukuza Airport the only commercial airport in the Kruger National Park, located near Skukuza, in the Mpumalanga province in South Africa. The airport was established in 1958 and was named in honour of James Stevenson-Hamilton, the first warden of the Kruger national park. In 2018, the airport was dubbed "the prettiest airport in the world" by Forbes Magazine's travel section.

L'aérodrome de Skukuza est un aéroport dans le Parc national Kruger et situé à Skukuza, dans la province du Mpumalanga, en Afrique du Sud.


Biography.

James William Good was born near Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to Henry and Margaret Combs Good. He studied at Coe College, graduating in 1892. He later studied at University of Michigan Law School, graduating in 1893. He was admitted to the bar in 1893 and commenced practice in Indianapolis, Indiana, the same year. He married Lucy Deacon on October 4, 1894. They had two sons, James William, Jr. and Robert Edmund Good.  In 1896, Good returned to Cedar Rapids, where he continued to practice law. Good served as the Cedar Rapids City Attorney from 1906 to 1908.  Good was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1909 to 1921, where he represented Iowa's 5th congressional district (then made up of Linn, Grundy, Benton, Marshall, Tama, Jones, and Cedar counties). He became chairman of the House Appropriations Committee in 1919, and continued to serve in that position until the end of his service. He was re-elected seven times, and never defeated. But soon after his fellow Republican, Warren G. Harding, was elected president in November 1920, Good disclosed that he would likely resign his seat in Congress and join a Chicago, Illinois law firm, once Good's plan to reorganize the budgetary process was adopted. Good resigned on June 10, 1921. Republican Cyrenus Cole of Cedar Rapids won a special election to fill his vacancy, and was sworn in August 1, 1921. In 1928 Good worked to elect Herbert Hoover, a fellow Iowa Republican, as President of the United States. When Hoover took office in March 1929, he appointed Good to be the United States Secretary of War and Good was soon confirmed by the United States Senate. He served in that position for eight months until his sudden death from peritonitis caused by a ruptured appendix.  He died in Washington, D.C. on November 18, 1929, shortly after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, at the beginning of the Great Depression. He was succeeded by the Under Secretary of War Patrick J. Hurley.

James William Good (September 24, 1866 – November 18, 1929) was an American politician from the state of Iowa, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Cabinet of President Herbert Hoover as Secretary of War. He was a member of the Republican Party.

James William Good, né le à Cedar Rapids (Iowa) et mort le à Washington (district de Columbia), est un homme politique américain. Membre du Parti républicain, il est représentant de l'Iowa entre 1909 et 1921 puis secrétaire à la Guerre en 1929 dans l'administration du président Herbert Hoover.


History.

Background.

The Mauro-Roman Kingdom was established in the early fifth century after following partial Berber conquests of Roman Mauretania. Direct Roman rule had already become confined to a few coastal cities (such as Septem in Mauretania Tingitana and Caesarea in Mauretania Caesariensis) by the late 3rd century. Historical sources about inland areas are sparse, but these were apparently controlled by local Berber rulers who, however, maintained a degree of Roman culture, including the local cities, and usually nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Roman Emperors.  After the Vandal conquest of Northern Africa and the establishment of the Vandal Kingdom, these cities became completely isolated and eventually fell into the control of the romanized berber people of the region. The berbers would form an independent barbarian kingdom, dubbed the "Regnum Maurorum et Romanorum", the "Kingdom of the Moors and Romans". This kingdom would be a local power, often finding itself at war with the neighboring Vandal Kingdom. When the Eastern Roman Empire invaded the Vandals in their successful attempt at reconquering Northern Africa, the Mauro-Roman Kingdom under Masuna allied with them against the Vandals. However, subsequent rulers would come into conflict with the Empire. After a failed military campaign under King Garmul against the Eastern Roman Empire, the Empire reincorporated some coastal territories and the Kingdom collapsed.

Altavan rump-state.

Though the domain of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom had collapsed and other Kingdoms had risen from its ruins, such as the Kingdom of the Ouarsenis and the Kingdom of the Hodna, a romanized berber kingdom continued to be ruled from the city of Altava, though it was significantly smaller in size than the Kingdom ruled by Garmul had been. During this period, Christianity became the predominant religion in the Altava kingdom, with syncretic influences from the traditional Berber religion. A new church was built in the capital Altava in this period.  The last recorded ruler of the Kingdom of Altava was Caecilius, called Koceila or Kusaila ("leopard" in Tamazight). He died in the year 690 AD fighting against the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. He was also leader of the Awraba tribe of the Imazighen and possibly Christian head of the Sanhadja confederation. He is known for having led an effective Berber martial resistance against the Umayyad Caliphate's conquest of the Maghreb in the 680s.  Indeed, in 683 AD Uqba ibn Nafi was ambushed and killed in the Battle of Vescera near Biskra by Kusaila, who forced all Arabs to evacuate their just founded Kairouan and withdraw to Cyrenaica. But in 688 AD Arab reinforcements from Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan arrived under Zuhair ibn Kays. Caecilius met them in 690 AD -with the support of Byzantine troops- at the Battle of Mamma. Vastly outnumbered, the Awraba and Byzantines were defeated and Caecilius was killed.  With the death of Caecilius, the torch of resistance passed to a tribe known as the Jerawa tribe, who had their home in the Aurès Mountains: his Christian berber troops after his death fought later under Kahina, the last Queen of the romanized Berbers.

The Kingdom of Altava was an independent Berber kingdom centered on the city of Altava in present-day northern Algeria. The Kingdom of Altava was a successor state of the previous Mauro-Roman Kingdom which had controlled much of the ancient Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis. This Kingdom collapsed following Eastern Roman military campaigns to decrease its influence and power after Garmul invaded the Exarchate of Africa.

Le royaume d'Altava est un royaume berbère indépendant centré sur la ville d'Altava dans le nord de l'actuelle Algérie. Le royaume d'Altava est un état successeur de l'ancien royaume des Maures et des Romains qui contrôlait une grande partie de l'ancienne province romaine de Maurétanie césarienne. Ce royaume s'effondre à la suite des campagnes militaires des Byzantins visant à réduire son influence et son pouvoir après que le roi Garmul ait envahi l’exarchat d’Afrique.


Context.

After capturing Oujda, French forces turned their sights to Casablanca, domain of the tribes of the Chaouia, known for producing ferocious soldiers.  Five years before the "Protectorat", Casablanca was occupied, but the battles continued. Dozens of battles took place within the city, in the periphery, and finally, deeper into the Chaouia.  In 1907, the presence of French agents controlling customs duties, in addition to the start of intense, alienating, and clearly colonial construction, came to a head.  On July 29, a delegation of Chaouia tribes presented itself to Moulay Lamine—governor of the province and uncle of Morocco's young sultan, Abdelaziz El-Alawi—with the desire to demolish the works under way. Another delegation met with the city's pasha, Si Boubker Ben Bouzid Slaoui, protesting and demanding an end to the construction on the port, the destruction of the railroad, and the removal of the French supervisors at the customs house. On July 30, the turmoil in the city increased. In the morning, a public crier sent by the Oulad Hriz tribe called the population to end all relations with the French.  Hajj Hammou, qa'id of the Oulad Hriz tribe, called for jihad and prepared for battle with the French and the Spanish and their associates. People of the Chaouia took to the streets and violence broke out that afternoon, leading to the death of nine European laborers working for la Compagnie Marocaine, the French company chosen to build the port. The protesters stopped the train, the tracks of which ran over the Sidi Belyout necropolis on the way to a quarry up the shore, with a pile of rocks on the track, and attacked the European workers aboard—four French, three Italian, and two Spanish.

Bombardment.

Following the insurrection of July 30, 1907, thousands of warriors from the Chaouia, apparently allied with Ma al-'Aynayn, took Casablanca. France, surprised due to poor intelligence, urgently sent for a fleet, which left from Algeria. Saint Aulaire, the diplomat in charge of the French Legation in Tangier, under instruction from Paris, called a number of warships to Casablanca, including the which was dispatched from Tangier that very night and which arrived on August 1, and the cruiser which arrived on August 4 from Toulon. The morning of August 5, 66 men disembarked from "Galilée" to protect the French consulate, a move which was criticized by other European powers present in Casablanca, as it aggravated the situation in the city. Foreign warships arrived on the scene, including the English cruiser and the Spanish gunboat, which landed 30 men to protect the Spanish consulate. The French protected cruiser arrived from the Azores. In the late afternoon, once French forces had occupied the French, Swedish, and Portuguese consulates in Casablanca, entering through the Portuguese consulate, "Galilée" commenced bombardment. On August 7, a French squadron coming from Algeria arrived:,,, and. They were soon joined by, "Nive", and the hospital ship "Shamrock" transporting terrestrial forces.  "Galilée" and "Gloire" bombarded the qasbah causing numerous casualties—"rebels" and civilians alike. The working class neighborhood known as Tnaker (تناكر), located near the port, paid the heftiest price, taking shrapnel from shells filled with "mélinite," a nitric compound adopted by the French government. Houses of worship, including the great mosque and the sanctuary of Sidi Qairawani, were not spared.  The gates to the medina were especially targeted to prevent the entrance of Chaoui combatants.  The bombardment continued through the night and into the morning of August 6. 31 soldiers disembarked from "Du Chayla"; 44 from "Forbin". The Moroccans, despite the considerable losses suffered from the incessant bombardment, continued to fight, inspiring unease within the French troops. The squadron of Rear-Admiral Joseph-Alphonse Philibert brought General Antoine Drude's troops, including first French and Algerian tirailleurs, to shore at the beach of Sidi Belyout, where they were met with Moroccan fire.  On August 7, the disembarked troops of General Drude and the marine riflemen of Rear-Admiral Philibert were able, after fierce combat, to retake control of the city. According to eyewitnesses and diplomatic sources, a "revolution" seemed to have started in Morocco. Some had the premonition that this was only the beginning of a long war between the French and the Moroccans.  Over three days of bombs raining down from the French warships, then carnage and pillaging from troops on the ground, what had been a prosperous city of 30,000 inhabitants was transformed into a field of rubble with nothing spared, with the exception of the European neighborhood.  French sources put the death toll at a conservative 600–1,500, while German sources estimate 2,000–3,000. Moroccan sources, supported by European testimonies, attest that only few rare inhabitants of the city survived after the carnage.  On September 6, the commercial ship "Magnus" brought the 400 Jews who had fled at the beginning of the insurrection, back to Casablanca from Tangier and Gibraltar.

The Bombardment of Casablanca (; ) was a French naval attack taking place from August 5–7 in 1907 that destroyed the Moroccan city of Casablanca. France used mainly artillery fire from battleships to bomb the city and targets in the surrounding area, causing an estimated 1,500–7,500 deaths. The bombing followed the insurrection of Casablanca of July 30, 1907, in which tribes of the Chaouia revolted and took control of the city in opposition to French presence in the customs house and the construction of a railroad over a sacred gravesite specifically, and to French colonization generally.

Le bombardement de Casablanca, qui eut lieu du 5 au 7 août 1907, est une attaque navale française qui détruisit la ville marocaine de Casablanca. La France utilisa principalement des bombardements navals et incendiaires avec des cuirassés, provoquant entre. Elle fait suite à l’insurrection de Casablanca qui a vu les tribus marocaines de la Chaouia massacrer plusieurs Européens et prendre le contrôle de la ville pour s'opposer à la colonisation française.