Bâtiment du ministère des Finances du Royaume de Yougoslavie

Architecture.

It is the work of Russian architect Nikolaj Petrovič Krasnov, the most important representative of the academic historicism in the Serbian interwar architecture. Due to the importance that the building has as an anthological work of Belgrade academic interwar architecture, it represents the immovable cultural property as the cultural monument. The building was constructed between 1926 and 1928, after the design by the architect Nikolay Krasnov, as the author of the original design of the building, and the later addition of the third floor from 1938.  The building is conceived as the monumental object at the crossroads of the busy Knez Miloš Street and Nemanjina Street. It has the square-shaped basis with the spacious inner courtyard. The interior was designed according to its purpose. The exquisite artistry of the facades reflects in the richness of the decorative architectural plastic, a number of details, studied ratio between the masses. The dynamic facades, designed in the style of аcademism, have massive pilasters, between the first and the second floor windows. The most luxurious is the corner part of the building, where the vertical effect is underlined by the dome with the bronze sculpture on its top – the personification of Yugoslavia. This sculpture, as well as other free standing sculptures on the facades of the building, Fertility with cornucopia, Crafts, Industry and Mercury were the works of a sculptor Đorđe Jovanović. The choice of motifs and the symbols of the facade sculptures was determined by the institution located in the building. The symbolism of the motifs was determined by the activity of the institution the object was initially intended for. The Ministry of Finance of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Building was designated as the cultural property.  Today, this building is a site of the Government of Serbia.

The Ministry of Finance of Serbia Building () is a building of the Ministry of Finance of Serbia, located in Savski Venac, Belgrade, Serbia.

Le bâtiment du ministère des Finances du Royaume de Yougoslavie (en serbe cyrillique : ; en serbe latin : ) est situé à Belgrade, la capitale de la Serbie, dans la municipalité urbaine de Savski venac. Construit entre 1926 et 1928, il est inscrit sur la liste des biens culturels de la Ville de Belgrade. Il abrite aujourd'hui le Gouvernement de la Serbie.


Career.

Born in Kenilworth, England, Marlow studied psychology at Manchester University, graduating in 1974. He began his photography career in 1975 working on an Italian cruise liner in the Caribbean before joining the Sygma news agency in Paris in 1976. In the 1970s Marlow worked in Northern Ireland, Angola, The Philippines and Lebanon primarily as a war photographer, but soon found that the competition of photojournalism did not suit him.I did get some very good pictures, and was doing a lot of conflict work, but I just realised I was never ever going to be Don McCullin. And actually, in certain situations, I was very, very scared.He returned home to Britain, and worked in Liverpool on an eight-year project, "Liverpool – Looking out to Sea," which documented what he perceived to be decline of the city under Margaret Thatcher"."  He became associated with Magnum Photos in 1980 and became a full member in 1986, having been attracted to the freedom the agency gives its photographers to work on personal projects. Alongside Chris Steele-Perkins, he founded Magnum's London office in 1987. He served as the agency's president twice and was vice-president numerous times. The photographer Martin Parr said it was “difficult to overestimate” Marlow’s contribution to Magnum".  He also worked regularly for "The Sunday Times" in the mid-1980s. In 1991 he received an assignment from the Somme department in France to photograph Amiens. Later he began to work abroad again, travelling to Japan, the United States, and other parts of Europe. His later photography is primarily in color. Though well known for his depictions of places, Marlow also documented politics with a collaboration with Tony Blair.  Marlow died on 21 February 2016 from influenza contracted during a stem cell transplant as a treatment for multiple myeloma.

Collections.

Marlow's work is held in the following public collections:

Peter Marlow (19 January 1952 – 21 February 2016) was a British photographer and photojournalist, and member of Magnum Photos.

Peter Marlow (né en 1952 à Kenilworth, Angleterre, et mort le ) est un photographe de presse britannique de l'agence Magnum.


Using TSRs.

Normally in DOS, only one program can run at any given time. To stop running, it gives control back to the DOS shell program, COMMAND.COM, using the system call INT 21h/4Ch. The memory and system resources that are used by the program are then marked as unused. This in effect makes it impossible to restart parts of the program without having to reload the whole program from scratch. However, if a program ends with the system call INT 27h or INT 21h/31h, the operating system does not reuse a certain specified part of the program's memory.  The original call, INT 27h, is called "terminate but stay resident", hence the name "TSR". Using this call, a program can make up to 64 KB of its memory resident. MS-DOS version 2.0 introduced an improved call, INT 21h/function 31h ('Keep Process'), which removed this limitation and let the program return an exit code. Before making this call, the program can install one or several interrupt handlers pointing into itself, so that it can be called again. Installing a hardware interrupt vector allows such a program to react to hardware events. Installing a software interrupt vector allows it to be called by the currently running program. Installing a timer interrupt handler allows a TSR to run periodically (see ISA and programmable interval timer, especially the section "IBM PC compatible").  The typical method of using an interrupt vector involves reading its present value (the address), storing it within the memory space of the TSR, and installing a pointer to its own code. The stored address is called before or after the TSR has received the interrupt and has finished its processing, in effect forming a singly linked list of interrupt handlers, also called "interrupt service routines", or ISRs. This procedure of installing ISRs is called "chaining" or "hooking" an interrupt or an interrupt vector.  By chaining the interrupt vectors TSR programs can take complete control of the computer. A TSR can have one of two behaviors:  The terminate-and-stay-resident method is used by most DOS viruses and other malware, which can either take control of the PC or stay in the background. This malware will react to disk I/O or execution events by infecting executable (.EXE or.COM) files when it is run and data files when they are opened.  Parts of DOS itself, especially in DOS versions 5.0 and later, use this same technique to perform useful functions, such as the DOSKEY command-line editor and various other installable utilities which are installed by running them at the command line (manually, from AUTOEXEC.BAT or through codice_1 from within CONFIG.SYS) rather than loading them as device drivers through codice_2 statements in CONFIG.SYS.  A TSR program can be loaded at any time; sometimes one is loaded immediately after the operating system's boot by being explicitly loaded in the AUTOEXEC.BAT batch program, or alternatively at the user's request (for example, Borland's Sidekick and Turbo Debugger, Quicken's QuickPay, or FunStuff Software's Personal Calendar). These programs will, as "TSR" implies, stay resident in memory while other programs are executing. Some of them do not have an option for unloading themselves from memory, so calling TSR means the program will remain in memory until a reboot. However unloading is possible externally, using utilities like the MARK.EXE/RELEASE.EXE combo by TurboPower Software or "soft reboot" TSRs which will catch a specific key combination and release all TSRs loaded after them. As the chain of ISRs is singly linked, there is no provision for discovering the previous handler's address (other than attempting to trace back the interrupt chain), or to inform its predecessor that it needs to update its "next address to which to jump" not to point to the TSR which desires to remove itself, so that in order to safely unload TSRs in the middle of a chain, stubs have to be left in memory in most cases, thereby causing memory fragmentation. This gave rise to TSR cooperation frameworks such as TesSeRact and AMIS.

Interrupts sharing.

To manage problems with many TSR programs sharing the same interrupt, a method called "Alternate Multiplex Interrupt Specification" (AMIS) was proposed by Ralf D. Brown as an improvement over previously used services offered via INT 2Fh. AMIS provides ways to share software interrupts in a controlled manner. It is modeled after IBM's "Interrupt Sharing Protocol", originally invented for sharing hardware interrupts of an x86 processor. AMIS services are available via Int 2Dh.  The proposal never gained a widespread traction among programmers in its days. It existed alongside several other competing specifications of varying sophistication.

Faults.

While very useful, or even essential to overcome DOS's limitations, TSR programs have a reputation as troublemakers. Many of the programs effectively hijack the operating system in varying documented or undocumented ways, often causing systems to crash on their activation or deactivation when used with particular application programs or other TSRs. As explained above, some viruses and other malware were coded as TSRs, and are deliberately troublesome. Additionally, all program code in DOS systems, even those with large amounts of physical RAM, have to be loaded into the first 640 KB of RAM (the conventional memory). TSRs are no exception, and took chunks from that 640 KB that are thus unavailable to application programs. This meant that writing a TSR was a challenge of achieving the smallest possible size for it, and checking it for compatibility with a lot of software products from different vendors—often a very frustrating task.  In the late 1980s and early 1990s, many video games on the PC platform pushed up against this limit and left less and less space for TSRs—even essential ones like CD-ROM drivers—and arranging things so that there was enough free RAM to run the games, while keeping the necessary TSRs present, became a black art. Many gamers had several boot disks with different configurations for different games. In later versions of MS-DOS, "boot menu" scripts allowed various configurations to be selectable via a single "boot disk". In the mid- to later 1990s, while many games were still written for DOS, the 640 KB limit was eventually overcome by putting parts of the game's data and/or program code above the first 1 MB of memory and using the code below 640 KB to access the extended memory (using DOS extension methods), with code being swapped into the lowest 1 MB of RAM as overlays. Because programming with many overlays is a challenge in and of itself, once the program was too big to fit entirely into about 512 KB, use of extended memory was almost always done using a third-party DOS extender implementing VCPI or DPMI, because it becomes much easier and faster to access memory above the 1 MB boundary, and possible to run code in that area, when the x86 processor is switched from real mode to protected mode. However, since DOS and most DOS programs run in real mode (VCPI or DPMI makes a protected mode program look like a real mode program to DOS and the rest of the system by switching back and forth between the two modes), DOS TSRs and device drivers also run in real mode, and so any time one gets control, the DOS extender has to switch back to real mode until it relinquishes control, incurring a time penalty (unless they utilize techniques such as DPMS or CLOAKING).

Return.

With the arrival of expanded memory boards and especially of Intel 80386 processors in the second half of the 1980s, it became possible to use memory above 640 KB to load TSRs. This required complex software solutions, named "expanded memory managers". Some memory managers are QRAM and QEMM by Quarterdeck, 386 by Qualitas, CEMM by Compaq and later EMM386 by Microsoft. The memory areas usable for loading TSRs above 640 KB are called "upper memory blocks" (UMBs) and loading programs into them is called "loading high". Later, memory managers started including programs which try to automatically determine how to best allocate TSRs between low and high memory (Quarterdeck's Optimize or Microsoft's MemMaker) in order to try to maximize the available space in the first 640 KB.

Decline.

With the development of games using DOS extenders (an early example was "Doom") which bypassed the 640 KB barrier, many of the issues relating to TSRs disappeared, and with the widespread adoption of Microsoft Windows and especially Windows 95 (followed by Windows 98) – which rendered most TSRs unnecessary and some TSRs incompatible – the TSR faded into obsolescence, though Win16 applications can do TSR-like tricks such as patching the interrupt descriptor table (IDT) because Windows allowed it. TSRs have now almost disappeared, as multitasking operating systems such as Windows Vista, Windows 7, Mac OS X, and Linux provide the facilities for multiple programs and device drivers to run simultaneously without the need for special programming tricks, and the modern notion of protected memory makes the kernel and its modules exclusively responsible for modifying an interrupt table.

Regarding computers, a terminate-and-stay-resident program (commonly referred to by the initialism TSR) is a computer program that uses a system call in DOS to return control of the computer to the operating system, as though the program has quit, but stays resident in computer memory so it can be reactivated by a hardware or software interrupt. This technique partially overcame DOS's limitation of executing only one program, or task, at a time. TSR is unique to DOS and not used in Windows.

Terminate and Stay Resident, ou TSR, est un appel système sous MS-DOS et certains systèmes semblables, qui permet à un programme de repasser le contrôle au système d'exploitation (MS-DOS n'étant pas multitâche, le programme en cours d'exécution garde normalement le contrôle tant que son exécution n'est pas totalement terminée), tout en restant chargé en mémoire.


History.

Hamlet's history goes back to the late 80s, when five kids decided to get together under the name of one of the best-known works of writer William Shakespeare. After several concerts, they recorded a mini LP ·Hamlet". this work shows a style influenced by the era of hard rock. That same style would continue in the first official recording of the group, but with some changes (including formation): "Peligroso" was released in 1992 by DRO, with a production that was quite bad. The group was not very happy with the final work and this is the reason why the unheralded record is widely unknown by many fans.

1993: Sanatorio de Muñecos (The True Beginning).

More concerts and self-promotion lead J. Molly, Luis Tárraga, Pedro Sanchez, Paco Sanchez, and Augusto Fernandez to move to Tampa, Florida in 1993 to Morrisound Studios with producer and owner Tom Morris (Sepultura, Coroner, Morbid Angel) and record their second proper album "Sanatorio de Muñecos". The history of this group really starts with this album. Without pressure, they were able to express all their musical influences (Sepultura, Pantera, Faith No More) Hamlet formed their own sound. The musical evolution is very strong with this record; the style, though ill-defined at beginning, inspired a new trend, a new movement. The Hard-rockers roots were left behind, with powerful guitars, rhythmic bases and an aggressive vocal style, blending melody with hardcore shouting and screaming vocals. The lyrics of Hamlet in this work are strong, committed and involve current topics.

Hamlet is a Spanish five-piece metal band from Madrid, Spain. They formed in 1987 and are still active. They are signed to Maldito Records and have released twelve albums, their most recent being "Berlín" was released in 2018. They are the pioneers of alternative metal in Spain with their albums "Sanatorio de Muñecos" (1994) and "Revolución 12.111" (1996).

Hamlet est groupe de heavy metal espagnol, originaire de Madrid. Le nom du groupe s'inspire de la pièce "Hamlet" de William Shakespeare. Bien que formé en 1987, le groupe ne devient réellement actif qu'à partir de 1993. Le groupe compte un total de dix albums studio, et évolue largement au fil du temps, inspiré par des groupes comme Pantera, Sepultura et Slayer.


Club career.

Al Mokawloon.

Elneny played his youth football with Al Ahly. In 2008, he transferred to Al Mokawloon during the 2010–2011 season. Elneny advanced and became a regular in the starting team. Following the Port Said Stadium disaster in early February 2012, the Egyptian Premier League was stopped and all subsequent matches of the 2011–12 Egyptian Premier League were postponed. On 10 March 2012, the Egyptian Football Association announced their decision to cancel the remainder of the season.

Basel.

FC Basel had been watching Elneny for some time and invited him to their training camp in Estepona from 14 to 24 January 2013. Elneny played his unofficial debut on 18 January 2013 during the friendly match against Steaua București, a 1–1 draw. Elneny was able to impress Basel's trainer Murat Yakin during the training camp and on 29 January 2013, it was announced that he had signed a loan contract with Basel up until the end of June 2013. Elneny played his official debut for Basel in the 2012–13 Swiss Super League season on 10 February 2013 in the 3–0 home win against Sion as he was substituted in at half time.  At the end of the Swiss Super League season 2012–13 Elneny won the Championship title and was Swiss Cup runner up with Basel. In the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League Basel advanced as far as the semi-finals, there being matched against the reigning UEFA Champions League holders Chelsea, but they were knocked out, losing both home and away ties, beaten 2–5 on aggregate.  During May 2013 Basel announced that they had taken up the option of signing the Egyptian midfielder on a permanent basis. He signed a four-year contract up-until 30 June 2017. He scored his first goal for Basel, the last goal of the match, in the 4–2 home win at the St. Jakob-Park against Zurich on 16 April 2014. At the end of the 2013–14 Super League season Elneny won the league championship with Basel. They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup, but were beaten 2–0 by Zürich after extra time. During the 2013–14 Champions League season Basel reached the group stage and finished the group in third position. Thus they qualified for Europa League knockout phase and here they advanced as far as the quarter-finals. In their season 2013–14 Basel played a total of 68 matches (36 Swiss League fixtures, 6 Swiss Cup, 6 Champions League and 10 Europa League and 10 test matches). Elneny totaled 55 appearances, 32 League, 4 Cup, 6 Champions League and 6 Europa League as well 7 in the test games. He scored just that one goal in the league.  The season 2014–15 was a very successful one for Elneny and FC Basel. The championship was won for the sixth time in a row that season and in the 2014–15 Swiss Cup they reached the final. But for the third season in a row, they finished as runners-up, losing 0–3 to FC Sion in the final. Basel entered the Champions League in the group stage and reached the knockout phase as on 9 December 2014 they managed a 1–1 draw at Anfield against Liverpool. But then Basel then lost to Porto in the Round of 16. Basel played a total of 65 matches (36 Swiss League fixtures, 6 Swiss Cup, 8 Champions League and 15 test matches). Under manager Paulo Sousa Elneny totaled 51 appearances, 29 in the Super League, 6 in the Cup and 7 in the Champions League, as well 9 in test games. He scored 5 goals in these matches.  Despite the fact that Elneny left the club during the winter break, under their new trainer Urs Fischer Basel won the Swiss Super League championship at the end of the 2015–16 Super League season. For Elneny it was the fourth title, for the club it was the seventh in a row and their 19th championship title in total.

Arsenal.

On 13 January 2016, after a 3–3 draw against Liverpool, Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger confirmed the signing of Elneny from FC Basel. The following day, the transfer was officially confirmed by the club for an undisclosed fee reported to be somewhere between £5 million and £7.4 million. He was assigned the number 35 shirt for Arsenal. He made his debut for the club in a 2–1 win against Burnley in the fourth round of the FA Cup, on 30 January. Elneny scored his first Arsenal goal in the Champions League Round of 16 second leg defeat against FC Barcelona, and was later awarded Arsenal's Player of the Month award for March. He also starred in April combining well with Aaron Ramsey, winning the Arsenal's Player of the Month award for a second month. Elneny's only goal won him the goal of the season award for Arsenal. In the 2017/18 season, on 7 December 2017, Elneny scored his first goal at the Emirates Stadium (his second for Arsenal overall) in the Europa League Group Stage against FC BATE Borisov in a match which ended 6–0 to the home side. On 15 February, Elneny again produced a commendable display in the first leg of Arsenal's round of 32 Europa league tie against Östersunds FK. Elneny was subsequently rewarded man of the match for his effort in a 3–0 away victory.  On 26 March 2018, Elneny renewed his contract with Arsenal.  On 8 April 2018, Elneny was sent off against Southampton. In a tight game defender Jack Stephens tussled with Jack Wilshere and retaliation from Stephens resulted in referee Andre Marriner giving him a straight red. Wilshere escaped with just a yellow card but in the aftermath, Elneny received a red card after a shove on Cédric Soares. Arsenal held on to win 3–2.

Beşiktaş (loan).

On 31 August 2019, Elneny joined Beşiktaş J.K. on a season-long loan deal with an optional buyout clause.

International career.

Elneny helped the National Under-23 team qualify for the 2012 Olympics, where he played in all four games as the team reached the last eight, and were knocked out by Japan.  He was in the Egypt National First Team squad in the Africa Cup of Nations 2017 in Gabon, which came as Runners-up. He also helped the team qualify to the 2018 FIFA World Cup tournament in Russia, this is the third time for the Egyptians to participate in the competition after the 1934 and 1990 editions.

Personal life.

In July 2019 the body of a man, believed to be a thief attempting to steal electrical cables, was discovered on Elneny's property in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Egypt. The body was discovered by his father, who immediately reported the incident to the police. It is believed that the man was electrocuted trying to steal the cables.

Honours.

Basel  Arsenal  Egypt

Mohamed Naser Elsayed Elneny (; born 11 July 1992) simply known as Mohamed Elneny, is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Turkish club Beşiktaş, on loan from English club Arsenal, and the Egypt national team.

Mohamed Naser Elsayed Elneny, né le à Mahalla (Égypte), est un footballeur égyptien. Il évolue au poste de milieu de terrain au Beşiktaş JK, en prêt de l'Arsenal FC.


Participants.

Six teams started and finished the race. Of the teams only Team Sanya raced a second hand boat, "Telefónica Blue", which took third place in the 2008-09 race.

Route.

The race used a scoring system where the overall winner was the team with the most points at the end of the race. All races counted with no discards allowed. The boats were awarded points in every race, six to one in in-port races and 30–5 points (30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5) for ocean races (legs). The race had a total of nine ocean legs and ten in-port races. Due to piracy the legs to and from Abu Dhabi were given two scores with the same total as the other legs. The scores were to be divided 80+20% and 20+80% respectively.  In addition to the ocean and in-port races, there were no-score pro-am races in every port where sponsors and guests were given an experience as close to that of true professional sailing as possible.

Summary.

The race began in Alicante on 29 October 2011 and ended in Galway on 7 July 2012.

Alicante In-Port Race.

On 29 October 2011 Abu Dhabi won the first In-Port race with Puma second and Camper third. The winds were very light on the race day.

Alicante to Cape Town.

The 6,500 NM leg started 5 November 2011 at 1300 UTC.  Camper with Emirates Team New Zealand led the fleet out of Alicante and through the Gibraltar straits.  On 5 November 2011, "Abu Dhabi Ocean Racing" lost its mast within hours of the race's beginning during heavy winds and high seas near Alicante. On 6 November 2011 "Team Sanya" was forced to head to port after damaging its hull. Team Sanya withdrew from the first leg on 7 November after an assessment of the damage.  The fleet were led round the turning mark near the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha by "Puma Ocean Racing, powered by BERG Propulsion" on 17 November. Several days later at 1500 hours on 21 November their mast failed, splitting into three bits. They retired from the first leg on 22 November and headed to Tristan da Cunha.  Telefónica won the first leg, followed by Camper with Emirates Team New Zealand. Groupama placed third, several days after the leaders, as they missed the lowpressure system Telefónica and Camper used to cross the southern Atlantic at high speed.

Cape Town In-Port Race.

On 10 December 2011 Telefónica won the In-Port race with Camper second and Puma third.

Cape Town to Abu Dhabi.

The 5,430 NM leg started on 11 December 2011. Abu Dhabi Ocean Racing led the fleet out of Cape Town. Team Sanya were forced to suspend racing following a rigging failure and missed the cargo ship from the secret port to Abu Dhabi.  Due to the threat of piracy around Somalia, the fleet headed from Cape Town to a secret port, later revealed to be Malé, and were then transported by ship to Abu Dhabi, closer to the finish line for a sprint into Abu Dhabi. The first part of the leg gave 80% of the points (24, 20, 16, 12, 8 and 4 points) and the second part 20% (6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points) for the same total of 30 to 5 points as the other ocean legs. Team Telefónica were the first boat into the secret port while Groupama Sailing Team won the sprint leg. Telefónica won overall points on the leg.  Team Sanya resumed racing on 6 January with a six-man crew and finally finished the first part of leg 2 on 19 January, also scoring points for the sprint part of leg 2 and the in port race that they had missed.

Abu Dhabi In-Port Race.

Was held on 13 January 2012 and was won by Abu Dhabi Ocean Racing, with Groupama coming second, and Camper third.

Abu Dhabi to Sanya.

The 4,600 NM leg started on 14 January 2012. Due to the threat of piracy around Somalia, the fleet was transported once again by ship to Male from where the third leg of the race began. From the new port they will then head through the Bay of Bengal and then pass the Malacca Strait. The first part give 20% of the points (6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points) and the second part 80% (24, 20, 16, 12, 8 and 4 points) for the same total of 30 to 5 points as the other ocean legs.

Sanya In-Port Race.

On 18 February 2012 Team Telefónica took their second in-port victory in perfect sailing conditions with flat waters and winds gusting up to 20 knots. Team Puma came in second, followed by Abu Dhabi, Camper, Groupama and Sanya.

Sanya to Auckland.

The 5,220 NM leg started on 19 February 2012.

Auckland In-Port Race.

Was held on 17 March 2012.

Auckland to Itajaí.

The 6,705 NM leg started 18 March 2012. This leg, the longest in the race, included safety waypoints which were designed to keep the boats north of the main areas of iceberg risk.  Team Sanya suffered rudder and hull damage on 22 March and were forced to return to New Zealand. They rejoined the race in Miami. Both Team New Zealand and Abu Dhabi stopped in Puerto Montt, Chile. Team New Zealand repaired the boat and continued on while Abu Dhabi was shipped from there to Itajai, Brazil.  After 17 days at sea, with 677 nautical miles to go to the finish line, Groupama (Franck Cammas/FRA) dismasted 60 nautical miles (nm) south of Punta del Este. Groupama motored to Punta del Este and following the creation of a jury rig rejoined the race and was placed third.

Itajaí In-Port Race.

Was held on 21 April 2012 and won by Groupama.

Itajaí to Miami.

The 4,800 NM leg started on 22 April 2012 and was won by Puma.

Miami In-Port Race.

Was held on 19 May 2012 and won by Abu Dhabi.

Miami to Lisbon.

The 3,590 NM leg started on 20 May 2012.

Lisbon In-Port Race.

Was held on 9 June 2012.

Lisbon to Lorient.

The 1,940 NM leg started on 10 June 2012. From Lisbon the fleet travelled to a turning point at São Miguel Island before heading to Lorient.

Lorient In-Port Race.

Was held 30 June 2012.

Lorient to Galway.

The 485 NM leg started on 1 July 2012. This leg was the shortest offshore leg in the race.

Galway In-Port Race.

Was held on 7 July 2012.

The 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race was the 11th edition of the round-the-world Volvo Ocean Race, yacht race which started with an in-port race in Alicante, Spain on 29 October 2011 with six Volvo Open 70 yachts at the start line and ended with an in-port race in Galway, Ireland on 7 July 2012. The 39,270 NM route involved stopovers and in-port races in Cape Town, Abu Dhabi, Sanya, Auckland, Itajaí, Brazil, Miami, Lisbon, Lorient. The race consisted of nine ocean races and ten in-port races. Overall winner was Groupama.

La Volvo Ocean Race 2011-2012 est la onzième édition de la Volvo Ocean Race (auparavant dénommée "Whitbread Round the World Race"). Cette course à la voile autour du monde en équipage et par étapes est réservée aux monocoques. Cette édition 2011-2012 voit s'affronter six équipages dans 19 manches, dont 10 régates côtières et 9 étapes en haute mer. Le départ a été donné le à Alicante en Espagne, et l'arrivée s'est effectuée en à Galway, en Irlande.


Mechanistic overview.

Originally two proposed mechanisms describe the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: first, the concerted pericyclic cycloaddition mechanism, proposed by Rolf Huisgen; and second, the stepwise mechanism involving a diradical intermediate, proposed by Firestone. After much debate, the former proposal is now generally accepted—the 1,3-dipole reacts with the dipolarophile in a concerted, often asynchronous, and symmetry-allowed 4 + 2 fashion through a thermal six-electron Huckel aromatic transition state. However, a few examples exist of a stepwise mechanism for the catalyst-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of thiocarbonyl ylides, and nitrile oxides

Pericyclic mechanism.

Huisgen investigated a series of cycloadditions between the 1,3-dipolar diazo compounds and various dipolarophilic alkenes. The following observations support the concerted pericyclic mechanism, and refute the stepwise diradical or the stepwise polar pathway.

1,3-Dipole.

A 1,3-dipole is an organic molecule that can be represented as either an allyl-type or a propargyl/allenyl-type zwitterionic octet/sextet structures. Both types of 1,3-dipoles share four electrons in the π-system over three atoms. The allyl-type is bent whereas the propargyl/allenyl-type is linear in geometry. 1,3-Dipoles containing higher-row elements such as sulfur or phosphorus are also known, but are utilized less routinely.  Resonance structures can be drawn to delocalize both negative and positive charges onto "any" terminus of a 1,3-dipole (see the scheme below). A more accurate method to describe the electronic distribution on a 1,3-dipole is to assign the major resonance contributor based on experimental or theoretical data, such as dipole moment measurements or computations. For example, diazomethane bears the largest negative character at the "terminal" nitrogen atom, while hydrazoic acid bears the largest negative character at the "internal" nitrogen atom.  Consequently, this ambivalence means that the ends of a 1,3-dipole can be treated as both nucleophilic and electrophilic at the same time. The extent of nucleophilicity and electrophilicity at each end can be evaluated using the frontier molecular orbitals, which can be obtained computationally. In general, the atom that carries the largest orbital coefficient in the HOMO acts as the nucleophile, whereas that in the LUMO acts as the electrophile. The most nucleophilic atom is usually, but not always, the most electron-rich atom. In 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, identity of the dipole-dipolarophile pair determines whether the HOMO or the LUMO character of the 1,3-dipole will dominate (see discussion on frontier molecular orbitals below).

Dipolarophile.

The most commonly used dipolarophiles are alkenes and alkynes. Heteroatom-containing dipolarophiles such as carbonyls and imines can also undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Other examples of dipolarophiles include fullerenes and nanotubes, which can undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with azomethine ylide in the Prato reaction.

Solvent effects.

1,3-dipolar cycloadditions experience very little solvent effect because both the reactants and the transition states are generally non-polar. For example, the rate of reaction between phenyl diazomethane and ethyl acrylate or norbornene (see scheme below) changes only slightly upon varying solvents from cyclohexane to methanol.  Lack of solvent effects in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is clearly demonstrated in the reaction between enamines and dimethyl diazomalonate (see scheme below). The polar reaction, N-cyclo"pen"tenyl pyrrolidine nucleophilic addition to the diazo compound, proceeds 1,500 times faster in polar DMSO than in non-polar decalin. On the other hand, a close analog of this reaction, N-cyclo"hex"enyl pyrrolidine 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to dimethyl diazomalonate, is sped up only 41-fold in DMSO relative to decalin.

Frontier molecular orbital theory.

1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions are pericyclic reactions, which obey the Dewar-Zimmerman rules and the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. In the Dewar-Zimmerman treatment, the reaction proceeds through a 5-center, zero-node, 6-electron Huckel transition state for this particular molecular orbital diagram. However, each orbital can be randomly assigned a sign to arrive at the same result. In the Woodward–Hoffmann treatment, frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) of the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile overlap in the symmetry-allowed 4 + 2 manner. Such orbital overlap can be achieved in three ways: type I, II and III. The dominant pathway is the one which possesses the smallest HOMO-LUMO energy gap.

Type I.

The dipole has a high-lying HOMO which overlaps with LUMO of the dipolarophile. A dipole of this class is referred to as a HOMO-controlled dipole or a nucleophilic dipole, which includes azomethine ylide, carbonyl ylide, nitrile ylide, azomethine imine, carbonyl imine and diazoalkane. These dipoles add to electrophilic alkenes readily. Electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) on the dipolarophile would accelerate the reaction by lowering the LUMO, while electron-donating groups (EDG) would decelerate the reaction by raising the HOMO. For example, the reactivity scale of diazomethane against a series of dipolarophiles is shown in the scheme below. Diazomethane reacts with the electron-poor ethyl acrylate more than a million times faster than the electron rich butyl vinyl ether.  This type resembles the normal-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction, in which the diene HOMO combines with the dienophile LUMO.

Type II.

HOMO of the dipole can pair with LUMO of the dipolarophile; alternatively, HOMO of the dipolarophile can pair with LUMO of the dipole. This two-way interaction arises because the energy gap in either direction is similar. A dipole of this class is referred to as a HOMO-LUMO-controlled dipole or an ambiphilic dipole, which includes nitrile imide, nitrone, carbonyl oxide, nitrile oxide, and azide. Any substituent on the dipolarophile would accelerate the reaction by lowering the energy gap between the two interacting orbitals; i.e., an EWG would lower the LUMO while an EDG would raise the HOMO. For example, azides react with various electron-rich and electron-poor dipolarophile with similar reactivities (see reactivity scale below).

Type III.

The dipole has a low-lying LUMO which overlaps with HOMO of the dipolarophile (indicated by red dashed lines in the diagram). A dipole of this class is referred to as a LUMO-controlled dipole or an electrophilic dipole, which includes nitrous oxide and ozone. EWGs on the dipolarophile decelerate the reaction, while EDGs accelerate the reaction. For example, ozone reacts with the electron-rich 2-methylpropene about 100,000 times faster than the electron-poor tetrachloroethene (see reactivity scale below).  This type resembles the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction, in which the diene LUMO combines with the dienophile HOMO.

Reactivity.

Concerted processes such as the 1,3-cycloaddition require a highly ordered transition state (high negative entropy of activation) and only moderate enthalpy requirements. Using competition reaction experiments, relative rates of addition for different cycloaddition reactions have been found to offer general findings on factors in reactivity.

Stereospecificity.

1,3-dipolar cycloadditions usually result in retention of configuration with respect to both the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile. Such high degree of stereospecificity is a strong support for the concerted over the stepwise reaction mechanisms. As mentioned before, many examples show that the reactions were stepwise, thus, presenting partial or no stereospecificity.

With respect to dipolarophile.

"cis"-Substituents on the dipolarophilic alkene end up "cis", and "trans"-substituents end up "trans" in the resulting five-membered cyclic compound (see scheme below).

With respect to dipole.

Generally, the stereochemistry of the dipole is not of major concern because only few dipoles could form stereogenic centers, and resonance structures allow bond rotation which scrambles the stereochemistry. However, the study of azomethine ylides has verified that cycloaddition is also stereospecific with respect to the dipole component. Diastereopure azomethine ylides are generated by electrocyclic ring opening of aziridines, and then rapidly trapped with strong dipolarophiles before bond rotation can take place (see scheme below). If weaker dipolarophiles are used, bonds in the dipole have the chance to rotate, resulting in impaired cycloaddition stereospecificity.  These results altogether confirm that 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is stereospecific, giving retention of both the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile.

Diastereoselectivity.

When two or more chiral centers are generated during the reaction, diastereomeric transition states and products can be obtained. In the Diels-Alder cycloaddition, the "endo" diastereoselectivity due to secondary orbital interactions is usually observed. In 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, however, two forces influence the diastereoselectivity: the attractive π-interaction (resembling secondary orbital interactions in the Diels-Alder cycloaddition) and the repulsive steric interaction. Unfortunately, these two forces often cancel each other, causing poor diastereoselection in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.  Examples of substrate-controlled diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions are shown below. First is the reaction between benzonitrile N-benzylide and methyl acrylate. In the transition state, the phenyl and the methyl ester groups stack to give the "cis"-substitution as the exclusive final pyrroline product. This favorable π-interaction offsets the steric repulsion between the phenyl and the methyl ester groups. Second is the reaction between nitrone and dihydrofuran. The "exo"-selectivity is achieved to minimize steric repulsion. Last is the intramolecular azomethine ylide reaction with alkene. The diastereoselectivity is controlled by the formation of a less strained "cis"-fused ring system.

Directed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.

Trajectory of the cycloaddition can be controlled to achieve a diastereoselective reaction. For example, metals can chelate to the dipolarophile and the incoming dipole and direct the cycloaddition selectively on one face. The example below shows addition of nitrile oxide to an enantiomerically pure allyl alcohol in the presence of a magnesium ion. The most stable conformation of the alkene places the hydroxyl group above the plane of the alkene. The magnesium then chelates to the hydroxyl group and the oxygen atom of nitrile oxide. The cycloaddition thus comes from the top face selectively.  Such diastereodirection has been applied in the synthesis of epothilones.

Regioselectivity.

For asymmetric dipole-dipolarophile pairs, two regioisomeric products are possible. Both electronic/stereoelectronic and steric factors contribute to the regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.

Electronic/stereoelectronic effect.

The dominant electronic interaction is the combination between the largest HOMO and the largest LUMO. Therefore, regioselectivity is governed by the atoms that bear the largest orbital HOMO and LUMO coefficients.  For example, consider the cycloaddition of diazomethane to three dipolarophiles: methyl acrylate, styrene or methyl cinnamate. The carbon of diazomethane bears the largest HOMO, while the end olefinic carbons of methyl acrylate and styrene bear the largest LUMO. Hence, cycloaddition gives the substitution at the C-3 position regioselectively. For methyl cinnamate, the two substituents (Ph v.s. COOMe) compete at withdrawing electrons from the alkene. The carboxyl is the better electron-withdrawing group, causing the β-carbon to be most electrophilic. Thus, cycloaddition yields the carboxyl group on C-3 and the phenyl group on C-4 regioselectively.

Steric effect.

Steric effects can either cooperate or compete with the aforementioned electronic effects. Sometimes steric effects completely outweighs the electronic preference, giving the opposite regioisomer exclusively.  For example, diazomethane generally adds to methyl acrylate to give 3-carboxyl pyrazoline. However, by putting more steric demands into the system, we start to observe the isomeric 4-carboxyl pyrazolines. The ratio of these two regioisomers depends on the steric demands. At the extreme, increasing the size from hydrogen to t-butyl shifts the regioselectivity from 100% 3-carboxyl to 100% 4-carboxyl substitution.

Synthetic applications.

1,3-dipolar cycloadditions are important ways toward the synthesis of many important 5-membered heterocycles such as triazoles, furans, isoxazoles, pyrrolidines, and others. Additionally, some cycloadducts can be cleaved to reveal the linear skeleton, providing another route toward the synthesis of aliphatic compounds. These reactions are tremendously useful also because they are stereospecific, diastereoselective and regioselective. Several examples are provided below.

Nitrile oxides.

1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with nitrile oxides is a widely used masked-aldol reaction. Cycloaddition between a nitrile oxide and an alkene yields the cyclic isoxazoline product, whereas the reaction with an alkyne yields the isoxazole. Both isoxazolines and isoxazoles can be cleaved by hydrogenation to reveal aldol-type β-hydroxycarbonyl or Claisen-type β-dicarbonyl products, respectively.  Nitrile oxide-alkyne cycloaddition followed by hydrogenation was utilized in the synthesis of Miyakolide as illustrated in the figure below.

Carbonyl ylides.

1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions have emerged as powerful tools in the synthesis of complex cyclic scaffolds and molecules for medicinal, biological, and mechanistic studies. Among them, [3+2] cycloaddition reactions involving carbonyl ylides have extensively been employed to generate oxygen-containing five-membered cyclic molecules.

Preparation of carbonyl ylides for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions.

Ylides are regarded as positively charged heteroatoms connected to negatively charged carbon atoms, which include ylides of sulfonium, thiocarbonyl, oxonium, nitrogen, and carbonyl. Several methods exist for generating carbonyl ylides, which are necessary intermediates for generating oxygen-containing five-membered ring structures, for [3+2] cycloaddition reactions.

Synthesis of carbonyl ylides from diazomethane derivatives by photocatalysis.

One of the earliest examples of carbonyl ylide synthesis involves photocatalysis. Photolysis of diazotetrakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopentadiene* (DTTC) in the presence of tetramethylurea can generate the carbonyl ylide by an intermolecular nucleophilic attack and subsequent aromatization of the DTTC moiety. This was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography due to the stability imparted by aromaticity, electron withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups, and the electron donating dimethylamine groups. Stable carbonyl ylide dipoles can then be used in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with dipolarophiles.  Another early example of carbonyl ylide synthesis by photocatalysis was reported by Olah "et al". Dideuteriodiazomethane was photolysed in the presence of formaldehyde to generate the dideuterioformaldehyde carbonyl ylide.

Synthesis of carbonyl ylides from hydroxypyrones by proton transfer.

Carbonyl ylides can be synthesized by acid catalysis of hydroxy-3-pyrones in the absence of a metal catalyst. An initial tautomerization occurs, followed by elimination of the leaving group to aromatize the pyrone ring and to generate the carbonyl ylide. A cycloaddition reaction with a dipolarophile lastly forms the oxacycle. This approach is less widely employed due to its limited utility and requirement for pyrone skeletons.  5-hydroxy-4-pyrones can also be used to synthesize carbonyl ylides by an intramolecular hydrogen transfer. After hydrogen transfer, the carbonyl ylide can then react with dipolarophiles to form oxygen-containing rings.

Synthesis of α-halocarbonyl ylides from dihalocarbenes.

Dihalocarbenes have also been employed to generate carbonyl ylides, exploiting the electron withdrawing nature of dihalocarbenes. Both phenyl(trichloromethyl)mercury and phenyl(tribromomethyl)mercury are sources dichlorocarbenes and dibromocarbenes, respectively. The carbonyl ylide can be generated upon reaction of the dihalocarbenes with ketones or aldehydes. However, the synthesis of α-halocarbonyl ylides can also undesirably lead to the loss of carbon monoxide and the generation of the deoxygenation product.

Synthesis of carbonyl ylides from diazomethane derivatives by metal catalysis.

A universal approach for generating carbonyl ylides involves metal catalysis of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, generally in the presence of dicopper or dirhodium catalysts. After release of nitrogen gas and conversion to the metallocarbene, an intermolecular reaction with a carbonyl group can generate the carbonyl ylide. Subsequent cycloaddition reaction with an alkene or alkyne dipolarophile can afford oxygen-containing five-membered rings. Popular catalysts that give modest yields towards synthesizing oxacycles include Rh(OAc) and Cu(acac).

Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds.

The universality and extensive use of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl molecules, for synthesizing oxygen-containing five-membered rings, has spurred significant interest into its mechanism. Several groups have investigated the mechanism to expand the scope of synthetic molecules with respect to regio- and stereo-selectivity. However, due to the high turn over frequencies of these reactions, the intermediates and mechanism remains elusive. The generally accepted mechanism, developed by characterization of stable ruthenium-carbenoid complexes and rhodium metallocarbenes, involves an initial formation of a metal-carbenoid complex from the diazo compound. Elimination of nitrogen gas then affords a metallocarbene. An intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the carbonyl oxygen regenerates the metal catalyst and forms the carbonyl ylide. The carbonyl ylide can then react with an alkene or alkyne, such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) to generate the oxacycle.  However, it is uncertain whether the metallocarbene intermediate generates the carbonyl ylide. In some cases, metallocarbenes can also react directly with dipolarophiles. In these cases, the metallocarbene, such as the dirhodium(II)tetracarboxylate carbene, is stabilized through hyperconjugative metal enolate-type interactions. Subsequent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction occurs through a transient metal-complexed carbonyl ylide. Therefore, a persistent metallocarbene can influence the stereoselectivity and regioselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction based on the stereochemistry and size of the metal ligands.  The mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between the carbonyl ylide dipole and alkynyl or alkenyl dipolarophiles has been extensively investigated with respect to regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. As symmetric dipolarophiles have one orientation for cycloaddition, only one regioisomer, but multiple stereoisomers can be obtained. On the contrary, unsymmetric dipolarophiles can have multiple regioisomers and stereoisomers. These regioisomers and stereoisomers may be predicted based on frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory, steric interactions, and stereoelectronic interactions.

Regioselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds.

Regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylide dipoles and alkynyl or alkenyl dipolarophiles is essential for generating molecules with defined regiochemistry. FMO theory and analysis of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps between the dipole and dipolarophile can rationalize and predict the regioselectivity of experimental outcomes. The HOMOs and LUMOs can belong to either the dipole or dipolarophile, for which HOMO-LUMO or HOMO-LUMO interactions can exist. Overlap of the orbitals with the largest coefficients can ultimately rationalize and predict results.  The archetypal regioselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by carbonyl ylide dipoles has been examined by Padwa and coworkers. Using a Rh(OAc) catalyst in benzene, diazodione underwent a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with methyl propiolate and methyl propargyl ether. The reaction with methyl propiolate affords two regioisomers with the major resulting from the HOMO-LUMO interaction, which has the largest coefficients on the carbon proximal to the carbonyl group of the carbonyl ylide and on the methyl propiolate terminal alkyne carbon. The reaction with methyl propargyl ether affords one regioisomer resulting from the HOMO-LUMO interaction, which has largest coefficients on the carbon distal to the carbonyl group of the carbonyl ylide and on the methyl propargyl ether terminal alkyne carbon.  Regioselectivities of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds may also be influenced by the metal through formation of stable metallocarbenes. Stabilization of the metallocarbene, via metal enolate-type interactions, will prevent the formation of carbonyl ylides, resulting in a direct reaction between the metallocarbene dipole and an alkynyl or alkenyl dipolarophile (see image of The dirhodium(II)tetracarboxylate metallocarbene stabilized by π→π hyperconjugation.). In this situation, the metal ligands will influence the regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.

Stereoselectivity and asymmetric induction of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds.

The stereoselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylide dipoles and alkenyl dipolarophiles has also been closely examined. For alkynyl dipolarophiles, stereoselectivity is not an issue as relatively planar sp carbons are formed, while regioselectivity must be considered (see image of the Products of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction Between Carbonyl Ylide Dipoles and Alkenyl or Alkynyl Dipolarophiles). However, for alkenyl dipolarophiles, both regioselectivity and stereoselectivity must be considered as sp carbons are generated in the product species.  1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylide dipoles and alkenyl dipolarophiles can generate diastereomeric products. The "exo" product is characterized with dipolarophile substituents being "cis" to the ether bridge of the oxacycle. The "endo" product is characterized with the dipolarophile substituents being "trans" to the ether bridge of the oxacycle. Both products can be generated through pericyclic transitions states involving concerted synchronous or concerted asynchronous processes.  One early example conferred stereoselectivity in terms of "endo" and "exo" products with metal catalysts and Lewis acids. Reactions with just the metal catalyst Rh(OAc) prefer the "exo" product while reactions with the additional Lewis acid Yb(OTf) prefer the "endo" product. The "endo" selectivity observed for Lewis acid cycloaddition reactions is attributed to the optimized orbital overlap of the carbonyl π systems between the dipolarophile coordinated by Yb(Otf) (LUMO) and the dipole (HOMO). After many investigations, two primary approaches for influencing the stereoselectivity of carbonyl ylide cycloadditions have been developed that exploit the chirality of metal catalysts and Lewis acids.  The first approach employs chiral metal catalysts to modulate the "endo" and "exo" stereoselectivity. The chiral catalysts, in particular Rh[("S")-DOSP] and Rh[("S")-BPTV] can induce modest asymmetric induction and was used to synthesize the antifungal agent pseudolaric acid A. This is a result of the chiral metal catalyst remaining associated with the carbonyl ylide during the cycloaddition, which confers facial selectivity. However, the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood.  The second approach employs a chiral Lewis acid catalyst to induce facial stereoselectivity after the generation of the carbonyl ylide using an achiral metal catalyst. The chiral Lewis acid catalyst is believed to coordinate to the dipolarophile, which lowers the LUMO of the dipolarophile while also leading to enantioselectivity.

Azomethine ylides.

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition between an azomethine ylide and an alkene furnishes an azacyclic structure, such as pyrrolidine. This strategy has been applied to the synthesis of spirotryprostatin A.

Ozone.

Ozonolysis is a very important organic reaction. Alkenes and alkynes can be cleaved by ozonolysis to give aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid products.

Biological applications.

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes (i.e., the Huisgen cycloaddition) has been widely utilized for bioconjugation.

Copper catalysis.

The Huisgen reaction generally does not proceed readily under mild conditions. Meldal "et al." and Sharpless "et al." independently developed a copper(I)-catalyzed version of the Huisgen reaction, CuAAC (for Copper-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition), which proceeds very readily in mild, including physiological, conditions (neutral pH, room temperature and water solution). This reaction is also bioorthogonal: azides and alkynes are both generally absent from biological systems and therefore these functionalities can be chemoselectively reacted even in the cellular context. They also do not react with other functional groups found in nature, so they do not perturb biological systems. The reaction is so versatile that it is termed the "Click" chemistry. Although copper(I) is toxic, many protective ligands have been developed to both reduce cytotoxicity and improve rate of CuAAC, allowing it to be used in "in vivo" studies.  For example, Bertozzi "et al." reported the metabolic incorporation of azide-functionalized saccharides into the glycan of the cell membrane, and subsequent labeling with fluorophore-alkyne conjugate. The now fluorescently labeled cell membrane can be imaged under the microscope.

Strain-promoted cycloaddition.

To avoid toxicity of copper(I), Bertozzi "et al." developed the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) between organic azide and strained cyclooctyne. The angle distortion of the cyclooctyne helps to speed up the reaction by both reducing the activation strain and enhancing the interactions, thereby enabling it to be used in physiological conditions without the need for the catalyst.  For instance, Ting "et al." introduced an azido functionality onto specific proteins on the cell surface using a ligase enzyme. The azide-tagged protein is then labeled with cyclooctyne-fluorophore conjugate to yield a fluorescently labeled protein.

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a chemical reaction between a 1,3-dipole and a dipolarophile to form a five-membered ring. The earliest 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were described in the late 19th century to the early 20th century, following the discovery of 1,3-dipoles. Mechanistic investigation and synthetic application were established in the 1960s, primarily through the work of Rolf Huisgen. Hence, the reaction is sometimes referred to as the Huisgen cycloaddition (this term is often used to specifically describe the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between an organic azide and an alkyne to generate 1,2,3-triazole). 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is an important route to the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of five-membered heterocycles and their ring-opened acyclic derivatives. The dipolarophile is typically an alkene or alkyne, but can be other pi systems. When the dipolarophile is an alkyne, aromatic rings are generally produced.

La cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire, aussi connue sous le nom de cycloaddition de Huisgen ou réaction de Huisgen est une réaction en chimie organique appartenant à la grande famille des cycloadditions péricycliques concertées. C'est une réaction entre un 1,3-dipôle et un dipolairophile, la plupart du temps un alcène substitué, pour former un cycle à cinq atomes. Rolf Huisgen fut le premier à effectuer des recherches sur cette réaction en variant les 1,3-dipôles et à considérer son importance dans la synthèse d'hétérocycles à cinq atomes.


History.

Firefly's first title, "Stronghold" was successful both critically and commercially.  The company has however struggled to recreate the popularity of its original "Stronghold" and "Stronghold: Crusader" titles; "Stronghold 2" and "Stronghold Legends" both reviewed poorly with metascores of 63% and 57% respectively, and the last of the series, "", has received the worst reviews to date, receiving average 40% scores. Their latest title "Stronghold 3" has again had negative reviews by multiple gaming sites and fans for errors in the game (i.e. Hard to build walls, no kingmaker, etc.). Although there are many problems with this game, Firefly Studios is saying they will try to patch this game every week.  A brief collaboration with Firaxis Games produced "", which again reviewed poorly, and was in fact the last Firefly title published by Take-Two Interactive.  The latest title, "Stronghold Kingdoms", is Firefly's first foray into the MMO genre and was launched as an open beta in November 2010.  Firefly has also previously stated in 2008 that they would be working on "Stronghold 3" then "Crusader II" due to the high demand by fans but only after the completion of "Dungeon Hero". In 2009 when asked if they had any other unannounced game in development other than "Dungeon Hero" and "Stronghold Kingdoms", the answer was that they still had one more game in development. In Firefly's second newsletter, they stated that they had "something very big in the pipeline" which will be revealed in 2010.  "Stronghold 3" was officially announced on 14 May 2010 by SouthPeak Games. It was released in October 2011.  "Stronghold Crusader II" is the latest title in the "Stronghold" series and was scheduled for release in Q4 2013, but got later delayed to Q1 2014. It is the sequel to their 2002 title "Stronghold: Crusader" which is, according to Lead Designer at Firefly Studios, Simon Bradbury, "our favorite game, it’s our fans’ favorite game and it’s the game we have been waiting to put into production for several long years now." The title was released on 23 September 2014.

Future.

"Dungeon Hero", being developed for the PC and Xbox 360 systems, has been in development for several years. Originally being published by Gamecock Media Group until they were bought out by SouthPeak Games in October 2008, this spurred a legal squabble on the subject of ownership of the game. "Dungeon Hero" is currently without a publisher despite SouthPeak publishing every other Gamecock title due for release. Firefly Studios have announced that the title is on hold, and with the last of several planned release dates having passed, it has further fuelled speculation that this title is now a vaporware title.  "Stronghold: Next" is the latest confirmed title by Firefly. On Electronic Entertainment Expo 2019, the title was revealed to be "Stronghold: Warlords" with a release set for 2020 on the Steam platform.

Firefly Studios Limited is a British video game developer based in London, England. The company was formed in 1999 by Simon Bradbury and Eric Ouellette. The company has focused on historic real-time strategy titles for the PC and Macintosh systems, and is best known for its "Stronghold" series of games.

Firefly Studios est un studio de développement de jeux vidéo fondé à Londres en 1999. Il est notamment connu pour la série "Stronghold".


Biography.

Joining the Society of Jesus on 31 August 1924 he was on his way to India five years later (1929), after completing his early spiritual training in his home country. His first job was to teach in the Saint Xavier's school of Bettiah (Bihar, India), but went soon after to Saint Mary's College, Kurseong for the theological training that would prepare him to become a priest. His ordination to the priesthood took place on 21 November 1935.

Education work in India.

When the brand new St. Xavier's High School, Patna opened its door in 1940, the young Moran was its first principal. He is considered as the founder of the school. Gifted with an excellent memory he remembered the names of the students and their parents and had good contacts with the Bihar state authorities. St Xavier's became in no time a'model school' with a students enrolment of about 700, a hundred and fifty of them living in the attached hostel. The hostel attracted people from all over the state, and from neighbouring West-Bengal, Calcutta and Nepal as well.  At the request of Mirza Ismael, a high official of the Jaipur state, he launched a similar St Xavier's School in Jaipur (Rajasthan) too.

In Nepal.

As member of the Patna University Senate Moran got an opportunity to visit Kathmandu in October 1949 to supervise exams at the Trichandra College. During the month-long trip, he met with Nepalese authorities, and was granted audience with the then Rana prime minister Mohan Samsher twice. On the second occasion, he requested the prime minister to consider establishing a Jesuit school in Nepal to modernise education in the country. A definitive reply from the Nepali government came in the fall of 1950. House and land were given, some 10 miles outside the city of Kathmandu. In 1951 the Godavari St Xavier's school was opened. Classes began on July 1 of the same year. The school was the first Christian institution in the Hindu kingdom and Moran, the first Jesuit to enter Nepal since 1721.

Amateur radio.

Moran was first licensed in 1947 in India with the callsign VU2SX. In 1951, after being transferred to Godavari St. Xavier school, south of Kathmandu, Nepal, Moran set up a ham radio station with the callsign 9N1MM. In doing so he became the very first ham radio operator in Nepal, and in no time he was in touch with some 90.000 other operators all over the world. Not surprisingly he was involved in several emergency communications events, including rescue work in time of earthquake and floods, saving climbers on Everest and the life of a young boy in a separate incident. For his efforts he received a decoration from King Birendra of Nepal and the International Humanitarian Award of the American Radio Relay League.  Due to his being the only radio ham in Nepal for decades, many hams worldwide sought a two-way radio communication with him. His call sign, 9N1MM ("Nine En One Mickey Mouse"), his rare location, and his pleasant demeanor on the air made him one of the most famous radio hams of his time. When he traveled in the West, he was avidly sought as a guest speaker at meetings of ham operators. After communicating with Moran, hams eagerly sought to receive his QSL card as a souvenir.  It is likely that Moran operated his radio in the absence of government permission for a time, and may have died before the Nepali government had a legal mechanism to grant formal ham radio licenses, but he was given oral and eventually written permission to conduct radio transmissions by the King of Nepal in recognition of his Everest safety work. Father Moran was widely loved in the worldwide ham radio community and was often cited as an example of the best in amateur radio operation and on-air behavior.

Death.

Moran was admitted to a hospital in Kathmandu in early April 1992. He was diagnosed with leukemia. and was transferred to New Delhi, India for more advanced treatment. He died soon after arrival in the Indian capital, on April 14, 1992. His death was noted in amateur radio magazines around the world.

Marshall D. Moran was born in Chicago on May 29, 1906 and died April 14, 1992 in Delhi, India. He was an American Jesuit priest, missionary in India and Nepal where he founded several schools, amongst them the St. Xavier's High School, Patna and the Godavari St. Xavier's school of Kathmandu.

Marshall D. Moran, né à Chicago (États-Unis) le et mort le à New-Delhi (Inde), est un prêtre jésuite américain, missionnaire en Inde et au Népal où il a fondé plusieurs institutions d’enseignement, dont les collèges Saint-Xavier de Patna (Inde) et Saint-Xavier de Godavari, à Katmandou (Népal). Éducateur de renom, il est également connu pour être le pionnier de la radio amateur au Népal.


ARCH("q") model specification.

To model a time series using an ARCH process, let formula_1denote the error terms (return residuals, with respect to a mean process), i.e. the series terms. These formula_1 are split into a stochastic piece formula_3 and a time-dependent standard deviation formula_4 characterizing the typical size of the terms so that  The random variable formula_3 is a strong white noise process. The series formula_7 is modeled by  An ARCH("q") model can be estimated using ordinary least squares. A methodology to test for the lag length of ARCH errors using the Lagrange multiplier test was proposed by Engle (1982). This procedure is as follows:

GARCH.

If an autoregressive moving average model (ARMA) model is assumed for the error variance, the model is a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model.  In that case, the GARCH ("p", "q") model (where "p" is the order of the GARCH terms formula_20 and "q" is the order of the ARCH terms formula_21 ), following the notation of the original paper, is given by  formula_22  formula_23  formula_24  Generally, when testing for heteroskedasticity in econometric models, the best test is the White test. However, when dealing with time series data, this means to test for ARCH and GARCH errors.  Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) is an alternative model in a separate class of exponential smoothing models. As an alternative to GARCH modelling it has some attractive properties such as a greater weight upon more recent observations, but also drawbacks such as an arbitrary decay factor that introduces subjectivity into the estimation.

GARCH("p", "q") model specification.

The lag length "p" of a GARCH("p", "q") process is established in three steps:

NGARCH.

NAGARCH.

Nonlinear Asymmetric GARCH(1,1) (NAGARCH) is a model with the specification: For stock returns, parameter formula_35 is usually estimated to be positive; in this case, it reflects a phenomenon commonly referred to as the "leverage effect", signifying that negative returns increase future volatility by a larger amount than positive returns of the same magnitude.  This model should not be confused with the NARCH model, together with the NGARCH extension, introduced by Higgins and Bera in 1992.

IGARCH.

Integrated Generalized Autoregressive Conditional heteroskedasticity (IGARCH) is a restricted version of the GARCH model, where the persistent parameters sum up to one, and imports a unit root in the GARCH process. The condition for this is  formula_36.

EGARCH.

The exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (EGARCH) model by Nelson & Cao (1991) is another form of the GARCH model. Formally, an EGARCH(p,q):  formula_37  where formula_38, formula_39 is the conditional variance, formula_40, formula_41, formula_42, formula_43 and formula_44 are coefficients. formula_45 may be a standard normal variable or come from a generalized error distribution. The formulation for formula_46 allows the sign and the magnitude of formula_45 to have separate effects on the volatility. This is particularly useful in an asset pricing context.  Since formula_48 may be negative, there are no sign restrictions for the parameters.

GARCH-M.

The GARCH-in-mean (GARCH-M) model adds a heteroskedasticity term into the mean equation. It has the specification:  formula_49  The residual formula_50 is defined as:  formula_51

QGARCH.

The Quadratic GARCH (QGARCH) model by Sentana (1995) is used to model asymmetric effects of positive and negative shocks.  In the example of a GARCH(1,1) model, the residual process formula_52 is  formula_53  where formula_54 is i.i.d. and  formula_55

GJR-GARCH.

Similar to QGARCH, the Glosten-Jagannathan-Runkle GARCH (GJR-GARCH) model by Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle (1993) also models asymmetry in the ARCH process. The suggestion is to model formula_56 where formula_54 is i.i.d., and  formula_58  where formula_59 if formula_60, and formula_61 if formula_62.

TGARCH model.

The Threshold GARCH (TGARCH) model by Zakoian (1994) is similar to GJR GARCH. The specification is one on conditional standard deviation instead of conditional variance:  formula_63  where formula_64 if formula_65, and formula_66 if formula_67. Likewise, formula_68 if formula_67, and formula_70 if formula_65.

fGARCH.

Hentschel's fGARCH model, also known as Family GARCH, is an omnibus model that nests a variety of other popular symmetric and asymmetric GARCH models including APARCH, GJR, AVGARCH, NGARCH, etc.

COGARCH.

In 2004, Claudia Klüppelberg, Alexander Lindner and Ross Maller proposed a continuous-time generalization of the discrete-time GARCH(1,1) process. The idea is to start with the GARCH(1,1) model equations  and then to replace the strong white noise process formula_54 by the infinitesimal increments formula_75 of a Lévy process formula_76, and the squared noise process formula_77 by the increments formula_78, where  is the purely discontinuous part of the quadratic variation process of formula_80. The result is the following system of stochastic differential equations:  where the positive parameters formula_83, formula_84 and formula_85 are determined by formula_86, formula_87 and formula_88. Now given some initial condition formula_89, the system above has a pathwise unique solution formula_90 which is then called the continuous-time GARCH (COGARCH) model.

ZD-GARCH.

Unlike GARCH model, the Zero-Drift GARCH (ZD-GARCH) model by Li, Zhang, Zhu and Ling (2018) lets the drift term formula_91 in the first order GARCH model. The ZD-GARCH model is to model formula_56, where formula_54 is i.i.d., and  formula_94  The ZD-GARCH model does not require formula_95, and hence it nests the Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) model in "RiskMetrics". Since the drift term formula_91, the ZD-GARCH model is always non-stationary, and its statistical inference methods are quite different from those for the classical GARCH model. Based on the historical data, the parameters formula_97 and formula_98 can be estimated by the generalized QMLE method.

Spatial GARCH.

Spatial GARCH processes by Otto, Schmid and Garthoff (2018) are considered as the spatial equivalent to the temporal generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models. In contrast to the temporal ARCH model, in which the distribution is known given the full information set for the prior periods, the distribution is not straightforward in the spatial and spatiotemporal setting due to the interdependence between neighboring spatial locations. The spatial model is given by formula_99 and  where formula_101 denotes the formula_102-th spatial location and formula_103 refers to the formula_104-th entry of a spatial weight matrix and formula_105 for formula_106. The spatial weight matrix defines which locations are considered to be adjacent.

In econometrics, the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model is a statistical model for time series data that describes the variance of the current error term or innovation as a function of the actual sizes of the previous time periods' error terms; often the variance is related to the squares of the previous innovations. The ARCH model is appropriate when the error variance in a time series follows an autoregressive (AR) model; if an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model is assumed for the error variance, the model is a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model.

En économétrie, les modèles ARCH (AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) sont utilisés pour caractériser et modéliser des séries chronologiques. Ces modèles sont souvent appelés les modèles ARCH (Engle, 1982), bien qu'une variété d'autres acronymes sont appliqués à des structures particulières du modèle qui ont une base similaire. Les modèles ARCH sont employés couramment dans la modélisation de séries temporelles financières, qui comportent des volatilités variables c'est-à-dire des périodes agitées suivies par des périodes de calme relatif. Dans ces modèles, la variance conditionnelle au temps t est variable. Elle dépend par exemple du carré des réalisations précédentes du processus ou du carré des innovations.


Cities.

Berlin.

In Berlin about 200 cemeteries contain approximately 740 tombs of honor with about 800 "Ehrengräber" (some tombs honor several members of the same family). Berlin public memorial graves are under the legislation of the Berlin Senate dating to 1952, labeled as "General Instructions for the recognition, transfer and maintenance..." regarding tombs subject to benefits. The current basis is §12, Paragraph 6 of the "Law on the state-owned and non-state-owned cemeteries in Berlin" (Cemeteries Act) of 1 November 1995.  As such, Berlin provides at public expense honorary graves, available to:  Among those who have such tombs of honor in Berlin are Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Bertolt Brecht, Wilhelm Busch, Theodor Fontane, Valeska Gert, the brothers Grimm, Georg Ludwig Hartig, Heinrich von Kleist, Hildegard Knef, Otto Lilienthal, Herbert Marcuse, Felix Mendelssohn, Marg Moll, Helmut Newton, Ernst Reuter, Joachim Ringelnatz, Heinrich Zille, and Arnold Zweig.  The Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery contains a socialist monument with graves of honor, among them are the socialists Karl Liebknecht, and Rosa Luxemburg.

Vienna.

Graves of honor are called "Gewidmete Gräber der Stadt Wien" (Dedicated tombs of the City of Vienna). The name "Ehrengräber" is reserved for tombs in the Central Cemetery of Vienna. To make the cemetery more attractive, famous citizens such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert were exhumed and transferred to the cemetery. Funerary monuments were built for others, such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Hundreds of graves of honor are found in cemeteries in Vienna.

Zurich.

The city of Zurich maintains an anonymous tomb of honor near the Nordheim crematorium (). It is a common tomb for people who have donated their bodies to the Anatomical Institute of the University of Zurich for the needs of science and wished that their urn would be stored there. Some graves originate from the medical faculties of universities in other cities of Switzerland, Germany and Austria, and the maintenance costs for the graves are generally borne by the responsible institutions.

An Ehrengrab (English: 'grave of honor') is a distinction granted by certain German, Swiss and Austrian cities to some of their citizens for extraordinary services or achievements in their lifetimes. If there are no descendants or institutions to care for the gravesites, the communities or cities will take responsibility for the graves and for financing their care.

Un Ehrengrab (en français une "tombe d'honneur") est une distinction accordée par certaines villes allemandes, autrichiennes et suisses à leurs citoyens pour des mérites ou accomplissements exceptionnels durant leur vie. Si l'entretien de la tombe n'est pas assuré par des descendants ou des organismes spécifiques, la commune ou la ville prend à sa charge la responsabilité et l'entretien de la tombe. De nombreuses tombes d'honneur servent aussi à illustrer l'histoire culturelle de la ville ; ainsi, quand un cimetière est fermé, les tombes présentant un intérêt historique sont transférées aux frais de la communauté.


History.

Beginning.

Mumbai FC was officially founded at a grand launch in Mumbai on 27 June 2007. The club was created to provide Indian football another non-institutional club and to provide young aspiring footballers in the city a chance to show off their skills on a proper platform. Mumbai FC then set about their goals in which they wanted to build a strong first team, build a good youth development program which would serve as the platform in the ladder to the first-team for potential youngsters, build a good football culture in Mumbai, and develop the football infrastructure in Mumbai. The club started building their team straight away with the signing of Englishmen David Booth. The team then started making some major signings in Indian internationals Abhishek Yadav, Khalid Jamil, Noel Wilson, and Kalyan Chaubey along with potential youngsters Dane Pereira and Darren Caldeira. The team then added their first round of foreign players Felix Aboagye and James Dissiramah. The club then began their grassroots project in November 2007 with Aqueel Ansari being the head coach. Mumbai FC then participated in their first tournament, the Mumbai Football League Elite Division in 2007. Mumbai FC lost their match in the Mumbai Football League to RCF 2–1 with Dane Pereira scoring the first goal. Mumbai FC then won the first match in their history against Bengal Mumbai; in their second match, won 7–0 with Abhishek Yadav scoring four goals. The club then won their first-ever championship, the Abhijit Kadam Memorial Cup, in which Mumbai defeated then I-League club Vasco. The club then finished in second place in the Mumbai Football League Elite Division behind I-League club Mahindra United.

I-League 2nd Division.

The club played in their first national competition in 2008 when they participated in the 2008 I-League 2nd Division. The club were placed in Group B with Mohammedan, Indian Bank, Amity United, Oil India, and New Delhi Heroes. The club won their first four matches in their group, only losing the final match of the group stage against Mohammedan which did not matter as the club was already qualified for the Final Round. The club won their first match of the Final Round which was a revenge match against Mohammedan. The club then played local rivals Pune for the first time in their history and thus started the Maha Derby (however the match was on neutral territory) with Mumbai winning the match. The club then drew against Vasco which was followed by a two-goal victory over Indian Bank. The club then officially secured promotion to the I-League when the defeated Chirag United despite being a man-down.

2008 – 2009: I-League.

The club played their first season in the I-League during the 2008–09 I-League season. The club played their first ever I-League match against historic club Mohun Bagan on 27 September 2008 in which Abel Hammond scored the first ever I-League goal for Mumbai FC as Mumbai went on to win 2–1 at the Barasat Stadium. Mumbai then completed a double against the two giant Kolkata clubs after they defeated East Bengal at the Salt Lake Stadium 1–0 with Felix Aboagye scoring the only goal. Mumbai then played their first ever home match in their history at the Cooperage Ground on 11 October 2008 with Kalia Kulothungan scoring the only goal in the match. Halfway through the season Mumbai was placed in sixth place in the table. The club however did finished in 7th place which currently remains their best position to date.

Khalid Jamil Era (2009–2016).

Khalid is the longest running manager in the I-league currently. He has managed Mumbai since 2009.  Mumbai FC acquired foreigners in Josimar, Chika Wali & Taisuke Matsugae. The squad consisted of a strong base of Mumbai-based players like Dane Pereira, Ashutosh Mehta, Jayesh Rane, John Coutinho, Rahul Bheke, Collin Abranches, Abhishek Yadav, Rohit Mirza, Cletus Paul, Allan Dias and Paresh Shivalkar. The team captain is Climax Lawrence and vice-captain is Nidhin Lal.  The club started the season in the best possible form blowing away all teams and building an unassailable lead in the MDFA Elite League. Nine wins in nine games having scored 37 goals and conceding only 4. The biggest victory was their latest game in the League which was an 8–0 win over Maharashtra State Police. Josimar is the highest goalscorer with 11 goals in the eight games he has played.  Mumbai failed to carry the momentum in the Federation Cup as they got knocked out in the Group stage itself. The club were pit in Group A alongside Dempo SC, East Bengal, Sporting Clube de Goa and Royal Wahingdoh. All group stage games were played at Fatorda Stadium, Goa. The team lost their first game 2–1 against newbies Royal Wahingdoh with Josimar scoring the consolation goal in the game. A solitary Samapth Kutty Mani goal in the 1–0 win against Sporting Goa gave Mumbai a glimmer of hope to qualify for the semi-finals. In the next game against East Bengal unfortunately ended in a 0–0 draw. Mumbai's inability to finish their chances cost them a win although the draw left them top of the Group. The last game against Dempo ended in a 2–0 defeat for Mumbai which knocked Mumbai out of the Federation Cup.  The dismal form continued in the I-League as Mumbai lost their first three matches in a row. The losses included a 3–1 loss at Kolkata against Mohun Bagan, a 1–0 loss against Shillong Lajong and a 3–2 defeat in the Maha Derby against Pune. The next match against Sporting Goa was a big game for the club as it was Mumbai's homecoming. The club would play their first game at their home ground – Cooperage Football Stadium after a five-year hiatus. The match ended in a 0–0 draw thereby handing Mumbai their first point in the league. The first match at the Cooperage saw a 2,500 strong crowd  Mumbai took advantage of getting back at the Cooperage and went on to win two straight home games by thrashing Goan giants Salgaocar 3–0 and then on 20 February 2015 defeating the then league leaders Royal Wahingdoh 2–1. Mumbai FC went on to win their first away game when they beat I-League newcomers Bharat 2–0 which made it three wins in a row and took them to 4th place in the I-League table. The next match against Bengaluru at the Cooperage ended in a 1–1 draw as an equaliser in the second-half from the in-form Mumbai striker Josimar rescued a point for the Mumbaikars. Khalid Jamil ensured Mumbai survived relegation that season as they finished 6th in the I-League.  2015-16 saw a flurry of changes. Khalid Jamil refreshed the squad and his Yellow army briefly fought for the top places before losing track and ultimately finishing at 5th place, which is still Mumbai's highest ever finish in the I-League.  Khalid Jamil was sacked on 15 June 2016, making him the longest running manager in I-League. In July 2016, Mumbai signed former Royal Wahingdoh and Salgaocar FC coach Santosh Kashyap as their Head Coach. After making huge changes 8n both style of play and squad, Mumbai won their initial 2 games aiming for a 'top 3'. But after 12 winless games which included 6 games winless steak and a 5-0 to DSK Shivajians he was sacked. This made his reign the shortest in Mumbai's history. The Mumbai F.C. was made defunct by 2019.

Crest.

The Club crest consists of a shield with a yellow figurine of a footballer in front of the Gateway of India.

Colors.

The colors of Mumbai FC are yellow and blue, which are derived from the club crest. The home kit consists of a yellow jersey with yellow shorts and blue socks while the away kit consists of an orange jersey and white shorts and black socks.

Stadium.

Since being promoted to the I-League in 2008, Mumbai FC has used the Cooperage Ground as its home ground. For the 2010–11 I-League season, the club played their home fixtures at the Rajarshi Shahu Stadium in Kolhapur, with the Cooperage Stadium undergoing renovation. From 2011–12 onwards till 2013–14, the club along with local rivals Air India played their home fixtures at the Balewadi Sports Complex in Pune. The club returned to its original and newly renovated Cooperage Stadium in Mumbai from the 2014–15 season.

Fans.

A club recognised fan club by the name Yellow Brigade has been in support since 2015. The Cooperage Ground has seen an average attendance of 3500.

Mumbai Football Club is a former Indian professional football club based in Mumbai, the capital city of Maharashtra state of India.

Le Mumbai Football Club est un club indien de football fondé le et basé à Mumbai, dans l'État de Maharashtra.


Early life.

Joseph Christian Leyendecker ('J.C.' or 'Joe') was born on March 23, 1874, at Montabaur in western Germany, a tiny village 18km east of the Rhine, to Peter Leyendecker (1838–1916) and Elizabeth Ortseifen Leyendecker (1845–1905). Joseph was the first-born son, and his brother Francis Xavier was born three years later. A sister, Mary Augusta, the third and last child, arrived after the family emigrated to America.  In 1882, the Leyendecker family immigrated to Chicago, Illinois, where Elizabeth's brother Adam Ortseifen was Vice president of the successful McAvoy Brewing Company. After working in late adolescence for a Chicago engraving firm, J. Manz & Company, and completing his first commercial commission of 60 Bible illustrations for the Powers Brothers Company, J. C. sought formal artistic training at the school of the Chicago Art Institute.  In 1895 the April-September issue of Inland Printer had an introduction to J.C. Leyendecker. The article described his work for J. Manz & Company as well as his intention to study in Paris. The article also featured a sketch and two book covers he had illustrated. The book covers were provided courtesy of E.A. Weeks. E.A. Weeks was a Chicago Publisher between 1893 and 1899. In this same year, J.C. Leyendecker created his first poster. It was also for E.A. Weeks. The poster was for the book One Fair Daughter by Frank Frankfort Moore.  After studying drawing and anatomy under John H. Vanderpoel at the Chicago Art Institute, J. C. and younger brother Frank enrolled in the Académie Julian in Paris for a year, where they were exposed to the work of Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, and also Alphonse Mucha, a leader in the French Art Nouveau movement.

Career.

In 1899, the Leyendecker brothers returned to America and set up residence in an apartment in Hyde Park, Illinois. They had a studio in Chicago's Fine Arts Building at 410 South Michigan Ave. On May 20 of that year, Joe received his first commission for a "Saturday Evening Post" cover – the beginning of his forty-four-year association with the most popular magazine in the country. Ultimately he would produce 322 covers for the magazine, introducing many iconic visual images and traditions including the New Year's Baby, the pudgy red-garbed rendition of Santa Claus, flowers for Mother's Day, and firecrackers on the 4th of July. In 1900, Joe, Frank, and their sister Mary moved to New York City, then the center of the US commercial art, advertising and publishing industries. During the next decade, both brothers began lucrative long-term working relationships with apparel manufactures including Interwoven Socks, Hartmarx, B. Kuppenheimer & Co., and Cluett Peabody & Company. The latter resulted in Leyendecker's most important commission when he was hired to develop a series of images of the Arrow brand of shirt collars. Leyendecker's Arrow Collar Man, as well as the images he later created for Kuppenheimer Suits and Interwoven Socks, came to define the fashionable American male during the early decades of the twentieth century. Leyendecker often used his favorite model and partner Charles Beach (1881–1954).  Another important commission for Leyendecker was from Kellogg's, the breakfast food manufacturer. As part of a major advertising campaign, he created a series of twenty "Kellogg's Kids" to promote Kellogg's Corn Flakes.  In 1914, the Leyendeckers, accompanied by Charles Beach, moved into a large home and art studio in New Rochelle, New York, where J. C. would reside for the remainder of his life. During the first World War, in addition to his many commissions for magazine covers and men's fashion advertisements, J. C. also painted recruitment posters for the United States military and the war effort.  The 1920s were in many ways the apex of Leyendecker's career, with some of his most recognizable work being completed during this time. Modern advertising had come into its own, with Leyendecker widely regarded as among the preeminent American commercial artists. This popularity extended beyond the commercial, and into Leyendecker's personal life, where he and Charles Beach hosted large galas attended by people of consequence from all sectors. The parties they hosted at their New Rochelle home/studio were important social and celebrity making events. As the 1920s marked the apex of J. C. Leyendecker's career, so the 1930s marked the beginning of its decline. Around 1930–31, Cluett, Peabody, & Co. ceased using Leyendecker's illustrations in its advertisements for shirts and ties as the collar industry seriously declined after 1921. During this time, the always shy Leyendecker became more and more reclusive, rarely speaking with people outside of his sister Mary Augusta and Charles (Frank had died in 1924 as a result of an addiction-riddled lifestyle). Perhaps in reaction to his pervasive popularity in the previous decade, or as a result of the new economic reality following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the number of commissions Leyendecker received steadily declined. In 1936, the editor at the "Saturday Evening Post" for all of Leyendecker's career up to that point, George Horace Lorimer, retired, and was replaced by Wesley Winans Stout (1937–1942) and then Ben Hibbs (1942–1962), both of whom rarely commissioned Leyendecker to illustrate covers.  Leyendecker's last cover for the "Saturday Evening Post" was of a New Year Baby for January 2, 1943, thus ending the artist's most lucrative and celebrated string of commissions. New commissions continued to filter in, but slowly. Among the most prominent were posters for the United States Department of War, in which Leyendecker depicted commanding officers of the armed forces encouraging the purchases of bonds to support the nation's efforts in World War II.  Leyendecker died on July 25, 1951, at his estate in New Rochelle of an acute coronary occlusion.

Personal life.

Many biographers have speculated on J. C. Leyendecker's sexuality, often attributing the apparent homoerotic aesthetic of his work to a homosexual identity. Without question, Leyendecker excelled at depicting male homosocial spaces (locker rooms, clubhouses, tailoring shops) and extraordinarily handsome young men in curious poses or exchanging glances. Leyendecker never married, and he lived with another man, Charles Beach, for much of his adult life. Beach was the original model for the famous Arrow Collar Man and is assumed to have been his lover.  While Beach often organized the famous gala-like social gatherings that Leyendecker was known for in the 1920s, he apparently also contributed largely to Leyendecker's social isolation in his later years. Beach reportedly forbade outside contact with the artist in the last months of his life.  Due to his fame as an illustrator, Leyendecker was able to indulge in a very luxurious lifestyle which in many ways embodied the decadence of the Roaring Twenties. However, when commissions began to wane in the 1930s, he was forced to curtail spending considerably. By the time of his death, Leyendecker had let all of the household staff at his New Rochelle estate go, with he and Beach attempting to maintain the extensive estate themselves. Leyendecker left a tidy estate equally split between his sister and Beach.  Leyendecker is buried alongside parents and brother Frank at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Charles Allwood Beach died of a heart attack on 21 June 1954 at New Rochelle. The exact location of his burial is unknown. Although the register for St. Paul's Church, New Rochelle, indicates internment at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, the cemetery has no record of the burial.

Body of work.

Museum holdings.

Examples of his work can be found in the collections of the Haggin Museum in Stockton, CA, the National Museum of American Illustration and the Grace Vanderbilt in Newport, RI, and in the Pritzker Military Museum & Library in Chicago, IL.

Legacy.

As the premier cover illustrator for the enormously popular "Saturday Evening Post" for much of the first half of the 20th century, Leyendecker's work both reflected and helped mold many of the visual aspects of the era's culture in America. The mainstream image of Santa Claus as a jolly fat man in a red fur-trimmed coat was popularized by Leyendecker, as was the image of the New Year Baby. The tradition of giving flowers as a gift on Mother's Day was started by Leyendecker's May 30, 1914 "Saturday Evening Post" cover depicting a young bellhop carrying hyacinths. It was created as a commemoration of President Woodrow Wilson's declaration of Mother's Day as an official holiday that year.  Leyendecker was a chief influence upon, and friend of, Norman Rockwell, who was a pallbearer at Leyendecker's funeral. In particular, the early work of Norman Rockwell for the "Saturday Evening Post" bears a strong superficial resemblance to that of Leyendecker. While today it is generally accepted that Norman Rockwell established the best-known visual images of Americana, in many cases they are derivative of Leyendecker's work, or reinterpretations of visual themes established by Rockwell's idol.  The visual style of Leyendecker's art inspired the graphics in "The Dagger of Amon Ra", a video game, as well as designs in "Team Fortress 2", a first-person shooter for the PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.  Leyendecker's work inspired George Lucas and will be part of the collection of the anticipated Lucas Museum of Narrative Art.  "In Love with the Arrow Collar Man", a play written by Lance Ringel and directed by Chuck Muckle at Theatre 80 St. Marks from November to December 2017, dramatizes the life of Leyendecker and his life partner Charles Beach.

Joseph Christian Leyendecker (March 23, 1874 – July 25, 1951) was a German-American illustrator. He is considered to be one of the preeminent American illustrators of the early 20th century. He is best known for his poster, book and advertising illustrations, the trade character known as The Arrow Collar Man, and his numerous covers for "The Saturday Evening Post". Between 1896 and 1950, Leyendecker painted more than 400 magazine covers. During the Golden Age of American Illustration, for "The Saturday Evening Post" alone, J. C. Leyendecker produced 322 covers, as well as many advertisement illustrations for its interior pages. No other artist, until the arrival of Norman Rockwell two decades later, was so solidly identified with one publication. Leyendecker "virtually invented the whole idea of modern magazine design."

Joseph Christian Leyendecker (né le à Montabaur, en province de Hesse-Nassau, et mort le à New Rochelle, dans l'État de New York) fut l'un des plus importants illustrateurs américains du début du. Il est surtout connu pour ses affiches, livres, illustrations publicitaires, ainsi que la création de la figure du « » pour la marque Arrow, et ses couvertures pour "The Saturday Evening Post". Entre 1896 et 1950, Leyendecker a peint plus de 400 couvertures de magazines. Pendant l'âge d'or de l'illustration américaine, pour "The Saturday Evening Post" seul, J. C. Leyendecker a produit 322 couvertures, ainsi que plusieurs publicités pour ses pages intérieures. Aucun autre artiste jusqu'à l'arrivée de Norman Rockwell deux décennies plus tard, ne fut plus étroitement identifié avec cette revue. Leyendecker.