Folk music.

Carnival is a very important festival in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Music plays a vital role, with Guadeloupean gwo ka ensembles, zouk music and guadeloupean big bands marching across the island, and travelling and performing music known as C (or just "videé") in a manner akin to Brazilian samba schools. Carnival in both islands declined following World War II, bouncing back with new band formats and new traditions only in the 1980s. Both islands feature participatory, call-and-response style songs during their Carnival celebrations.

Biguine vidé.

Biguine vidé is an up tempo version of the biguine rhythm, combining other carnival elements. It is participatory music, with the bandleader singing a verse and the audience responding. It allows one to grab an improvised percussion instrument and join in. Traditionally, Carnival includes dances of African origin, including laghia, haut-taille, grage, calinda and bel-air. Traditional instruments include the chacha, tibwa, maké, boula, tanbou chan and tanbou bas drums. Aside from the biguine vidé bands, Vaval includes song and costume contests, masquerading and zouk parties.

Gwo ka.

Gwo ka is a family of hand drums used to create a form of folk music from Guadeloupe. There are seven basic rhythms in gwo ka, and multiple variations on each. Different sizes of drums establish the foundation and its flourishes, with the largest, the "boula", playing the central rhythm and the smaller, "markeur" (or "maké") drums embellishes upon it and interplays with the dancers, audience or singer. Gwo ka singing is usually guttural, nasal and rough, though it can also be bright and smooth, and is accompanied by uplifting and complex harmonies and melodies.  Rural Guadeloupans still use gwo ka drums in communal experiences called lewozes; this is the most traditional manifestation of gwo ka in modern Guadeloupe. Gwo ka is also played at Carnival and other celebrations. A modernized and popularized form of gwo ka is well-known on the islands; it is known as "gwo ka moderne".

Balakadri.

Guadeloupean balakadri persisted into the 20th century and, despite disruption after World War II, made a comeback in the 1980s. The Guadeloupean-administered island of Marie-Galante has also had a vital and well-documented balakadri tradition. As in Martinique (and the Creole-speaking islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica), kwadril dances are in sets consisting of proper quadrilles, plus creolized versions of 19th-century couple dances: biguines, mazouks and valses Créoles.

Popular music.

Though Guadeloupe and Martinique are most frequently known only for the internationally renowned zouk style, the islands have also produced popular musicians in various updated styles of traditional biguine, chouval bwa and gwo ka. The world-famous zouk band Kassav' remains easily the most famous performers from the island, while the Guadeloupan Carnival band Akiyo has become the only group in that style to record commercially.

Cadence (Kadans)/Compas.

In the 1970s, a wave of Haitian, mostly musicians, to Dominica and the French Antilles (Guadeloupe and Martinique) brought with them the kadans, a sophisticated form of music that quickly swept the island and helped unite all the former French colonies of the Caribbean by combining their cultural influences. These Haitians drew upon previous success from mini-jazz artists like Les Gentlemen, Les Leopards, and Les Vikings de Guadeloupe.  Later in the decade and into the 1980s, the French Antilles became home to a style of cadence music called cadence-lypso. Gordon Henderson's Exile One innovated this style, as well as turned the mini-jazz combos into guitar-dominated big bands with a full-horn section and the newly arrived synthesizers, paving the way for the success of large groups like Grammacks, Experience 7, among others. Drawing on these influences, the supergroup Kassav' invented zouk and popularized it with hit songs like "Zouk-La-Se Sel Medikaman Nou Ni". Kassav' formed from Paris in 1978.

Mini-jazz.

Mini-jazz was formed in the mid-60s characterized by the rock bands formula of two guitars, one bass, drum-conga-cowbell, some use an alto sax or a full horn section, others use a keyboard, accordion or lead guitar. However, all these small jazz or bands had their guitars with sophisticated styles. The 1970s were dominated by mini-jazz, which still used a variant of the méringue style. One of the mini-jazz groups, Tabou Combo, became the most popular ensemble of Haiti. From Haiti the mini-jazz formula replicated in the French Antilles in the 1970s.

Cadence-lypso.

The most influential figure in the promotion of Cadence-lypso was the Dominican group Exile One (based on the island of Guadeloupe) that featured mostly the cadence rampa of Haiti and calypso music from the English speaking caribbean. It was pushed in the 1970s by groups from Dominica, and was the first style of Dominican music to find international acclaim.  Dominica cadence music has evolved under the influence of Dominican and Caribbean/Latin rhythms, as well as rock and roll, soul, and funk music from the United States. By the end of the 1970s, Gordon Henderson defined Cadence-lypso as "a synthesis of Caribbean and African musical patterns fusing the traditional with the contemporary".  Aside from Exile One, other bands included the Grammacks, Black Roots, Black Machine, Naked Feet, Belles Combo, Mantra, Black Affairs, Liquid Ice, Wafrikai, Midnighte Groovers and Milestone, while the most famous singers included Bill Thomas, Chubby Marc, Gordon Henderson, Linford John, Janet Azouz, Sinky Rabess, Tony Valmond, Jeff Joseph, Mike Moreau, Anthony Gussie and Ophelia Marie.

Zouk.

The inspiration for Zouk's style of rhythmic music comes from the Haitian compas, as well as music called cadence-lypso - Dominica cadence popularized by Grammacks and Exile One. Elements of gwo ka, tambour, ti bwa and biguine vidé are prominent in zouk. Though there are many diverse styles of zouk, some commonalities exist. The French Creole tongue of Martinique and Guadeloupe is an important element, and are a distinctive part of the music. Generally, zouk is based around star singers, with little attention given to instrumentalists, and is based almost entirely around studio recordings.  Music authors Charles De Ledesma and Gene Scaramuzzo trace zouk's development to the Guadeloupean gwo ka and Martinican bèlè ("tambour" and "ti bwa") folk traditions. Ethnomusicologist Jocelyn Guilbault, however, describes zouk as a synthesis of Caribbean popular styles, especially Dominica cadence-lypso, Haitian cadence, Guadeloupean "biguine". Zouk arose in the late 1970s and early 1980s, using elements of previous styles of Antillean music, as well as imported genres.

Zouk-love.

Zouk Love is the French Antilles cadence or compas, characterized by a slow, soft and sexual rhythm. The lyrics of the songs often speak of love and sentimental problems.  The music kizomba from Angola and cabo-love from Cape Verde are also derivatives of this French Antillean compas style, which sounds basically the same, although there are notable differences once you become more familiar with these genres. A main exponent of this subgenre is Ophelia Marie. Other Zouk Love artists come from the French West Indies, the Netherlands, and Africa. Popular artists include French West Indian artists Edith Lefel and Nichols, or like Netherlands based Suzanna Lubrano and Gil Semedo, the African artist Kaysha.

Gwo ka moderne.

A more modernized version of gwo ka is "gwo ka moderne", which adds new instruments ranging from conga or djembe drums and chimes to electric bass guitar. At root, however, these styles all use the same fundamental seven rhythms as folk gwo ka. Zouk legends Kassav' played an important role in the modernization of gwo ka, giving urban credibility to a style that was seen as backward and unsophisticated; they initially played in a gro ka format, using songs from the gwo ka Carnival tradition of "mas a St. Jean" and even placing an homage to traditionalist drumming legend Velo on their earlier albums.  Gwo ka moderne artists include Pakala Percussion, Van Lévé and Poukoutan'n, alongside more pop-influenced musicians like Marcel Magnat and Ti Celeste, while Gerard Hubert and others have fused gwo ka with zouk. The most famous modern gwo ka performer, however, is William Flessel, whose "Message Ka" in 1994 became an international hit.

Bouyon gwada.

Bouyon (Boo-Yon) is a form of popular music of Dominica, also known as jump up music in Guadeloupe and Martinique. The best-known band in the genre is Windward Caribbean Kulture (WCK), who originated the style in 1988 by experimenting with a fusion of cadence-lypso, jing ping and other traditional dances.  Due to the popularity of Triple K International, Ncore, and the New generation of bouyon bands who toured the French Antilles, a popular offshoot of bouyon from Guadeloupe is call bouyon gwada. The jump up had its heyday from the 90s with songs such as Met Veye WCK, but remained stamped background music or carnival. Over the years, thanks to inter-trade with the Dominicans and the mass participation of Guadeloupe at the World Creole Music Festival, the flagship group as Triple kay and MFR band began to democratize and local artists were inducted including the remix Allo Triple kay with Daly and "Big Ting Poppin 'Daly alone.  A popular offshoot within the bouyon gwada is call bouyon hardcore, a style characterized by its lewd and violent lyrics. Popular Bouyon gwada musicians include, Wee Low, Suppa, Doc J, Yellow gaza, etc.

French Antilles hip hop.

The French Antilles hip hop is a style of hip hop music originating from the French departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean. Usually in French and Antillean creole, the French Antilles hip hop is most popular in the French Antilles and France.'  Sidney Duteil (born Patrick Duteil in 1955 in Argenteuil, Val-d'Oise), better known as Sidney, is a French musician, rapper, DJ, television and radio host, and occasional actor of Guadeloupean origin. He is well known in France for his connection with the beginnings of the French hip hop scene.

The music of Guadeloupe encompasses a large popular music industry, which gained in international renown after the success of zouk music in the later 20th century. Zouk's popularity was particularly intense in France, where the genre became an important symbol of identity for Guadeloupe and Martinique. Zouk's origins are in the folk music of Guadeloupe and Martinique, especially Guadeloupan gwo ka and Martinican chouval bwa, and the pan-Caribbean calypso tradition.

Les Antilles françaises : la Guadeloupe et la Martinique abritent malgré leur petite taille une vaste et populaire musique originale qui a gagné un renom international grâce au succès du zouk dans les années 1980. Le zouk est particulièrement connu en France où il est devenu un important symbole de la Guadeloupe et la Martinique. Le zouk a pour origine les musiques ethniques antillaises comme le gwoka guadeloupéen, le bèlè et le chouval bwa martiniquais, le compas haitien mais a aussi une origine pan-caribéenne via la tradition de la calypso.


Early life and career.

The daughter of Anne-Victoire Vénard, she was born in Paris, France, on December 27, 1824. Her father died when she was six; she was neglected by her mother and abused by her stepfather. At the age of sixteen, she began performing at the Cirque Olympique. She helped introduce dances such as the quadrille and the can-can at the Bal Mabille. She is credited with being the first to dance the schottische. She also sang in cabarets, performing songs by Sebastián Iradier. One source has suggested that the character Carmen in Bizet's opera of the same name may have been based on Mogador.  In 1854, she married Lionel de Moreton, count of Chabrillan. He was named consul for France in Melbourne, Australia, and died there in 1858. In 1854, she published a memoir "Adieu au monde, Mémoires de Céleste Mogador". Her attorney Desmarest convinced her to pen the story of how she worked her way out of poverty to rise to the top of the "demi"-"monde." This memoir caused scandal in both Europe and Australia, where the courtesan-turned-countess had just relocated with her new husband. Although ostracized by her new community, she used the two years to work on her writing and to pen notes about her new life in a journal. In 1877, she published it as "Un deuil au bout du monde" and it describes her experiences in Australia. She was disappointed that she could not find a publisher for "Les Deux Noms," her third set of memoirs. Although lost for many years, Jana Verhoeven found them in France—and with the help of Alan Willey and Jeanne Allen, translated and annotated them.  She was director of a theatre company, the Folies-Marigny. Mogador also wrote a number of plays, including "Les voleurs d'or", "Les Crimes de la mer", "Les Revers de l'Amour", "L'Américaine" and "Pierre Pascal". Her friend Dumas "père" helped her revise a stage version of her best-selling novel "Les" "Voleurs d"’"or" (1857). Her novel, "La Sapho" (1858), is her only fictional work to address the injustices from which demi-mondaines suffered. In the novel, Marie Laurent is seduced and then abandoned. After a failed suicide attempt, she resurfaces as La Sapho in the London demi-monde and pursues revenge. Carol Mossman calls the novel a "vengeance fantasy" that allows de Chabrillan to work through the indignities she suffered as a prostitute: "If the justice sought by Céleste de Chabrillan in the course of her lifetime with respect to the social conditions leading her to her own prostitution remains elusive, she can at least mete it out in fiction."  According to a review of her third set of memoirs, the widowed de Chabrillan confronted numerous difficulties: "There were powerful men who tried to crush Céleste’s spirit with no concern for the dire financial consequences of their actions. Her memoirs painfully document her being denied a widow’s pension even though her husband had worked as an important government employee. They also recount how the Chabrillan family tried to prevent her from publishing books, staging plays, and running her own theater. She usually managed to overcome such obstacles, but on several occasions, she toiled so hard that she ended up in the hospital.  While she emphasizes the personal hurdles she faced trying to prove herself to others, she also bears witness to the struggles of a female autodidact to achieve literacy and to improve her social standing in nineteenth-century France. Writing would buoy her through her darkest hours during the fifty years she soldiered on without her companion. Although Céleste took great pride in the twelve novels, thirty plays and operettas, and dozen poems and patriotic lyrics she authored, they never provided her with a stable income and, sadly, she struggled financially at several points in her life. Rich in ideas, however, Céleste boasts: "If my numerous works are not outstanding through their literary brilliance, they are so at least by their quantity. I have never imitated anyone and never borrowed from other writers. Maybe I was wrong, but what I wrote is truly mine." Likely cognizant of the critics who doubted whether a courtesan could really write, and certainly angered by the tendency of male writers to "kill off" courtesans at the end of their novels and plays, Céleste proudly recounted her life beyond prostitution and was ultimately recognized as a writer by her peers. As she notes in the last line of her memoirs, her greatest joy was the memory of "my illustrious protectors from the Association of Stage Authors, who accepted me as one of their own and granted me a pension until the end of my life."  Indeed, Mossman notes the respect her writing earned de Chabrillan: "If the publication of her memoirs in 1854-1858 shocked a reading public, the male half of which, in any case, participated with impunity in the very life she describes, other memoirs of notorious women would follow: The "grande horizontale", Liane de Pougy, composed her Blue Notebooks from 1919-1937, Cora Pearl's memoirs appeared in 1886, and Sarah Bernhardt's fascinating but expurgated "Ma double vie" was written with considerable retrospective distance in 1907." "The Evolution of the French Courtesan Novel" also maintains that de Chabrillan's writings inspired other courtesans to protest their alienation in their own autobiographical fictions. For example, "Louise de la Bigne took up her pen to write courtesan fiction some 20 years later. She renamed herself Valtesse de la Bigne, enjoyed great fames in 1870s Paris, and took the pen name Ego when she published "Isola"." De la Bigne's novel in turn inspired Liane de Pougy to write four courtesan novels in fin-de-siècle Paris.  Generous and patriotic, during the Franco-Prussian War, she established Les Sœurs de France to look after wounded soldiers and she opened her home to children orphaned during the war. She earned a public tribute from the women who volunteered with her in the "Sœurs de France."  The name "Mogador" refers to the 1844 bombardment of Mogador in Morocco, now known as Essaouira. She explains how she earned the moniker in her first set of memoirs.

Literary work.

Mogador wrote a series of novels:

Death.

Mogador died in Montmartre, France, at the age of 84 on February 18, 1909.

Élisabeth-Céleste Venard (December 27, 1824 – February 18, 1909), better known by her stage name Céleste Mogador and often referred to simply as Mogador, was a French dancer and writer. She was also the countess of Chabrillan.

Élisabeth-Céleste Venard, épouse de Chabrillan, née le à Paris où elle est morte le, est une prostituée, galante, courtisane, comédienne, danseuse, actrice, autrice, chanteuse, propriétaire et directrice de théâtre, française, connue sous le nom de scène de la « Mogador ». Elle navigue aussi bien dans les hiérarchies sociales que prostitutionnelles, de Paris à Melbourne (Australie), du Poinçonnet à Asnières en passant par le Vésinet.


Early life.

Johnson was born in Ashley, Pennsylvania, on November 10, 1924, to Russell Kennedy Johnson (1901–1932) and Marion Wenonah Smink Johnson (1902–1976).  Johnson was the oldest of seven siblings: Kenneth W. Johnson (1925–2012), David Reed Johnson (1926–1976), Lois Marion Johnson (1927–1928), Lorraine Johnson Crosby (1928-2015), Marion Joan Johnson Reeves (1930–2010), and Paul Wesley Johnson (1932–1933). Their father died of pneumonia in December 1932, and Paul Wesley died not long after. Minnie Johnson later remarried Thomas S. Lewis.  As a teenager, Johnson attended Girard College, a private boarding school for fatherless boys, located in Philadelphia.

Military career.

After graduating from high school, Johnson enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces as an aviation cadet. On completing his training, he was commissioned a second lieutenant. He flew 44 combat missions in the Pacific Theater during World War II as a bombardier in B-25 twin-engined medium bombers.  On March 4, 1945, while flying as a navigator in a B-25 with the 100th Bombardment Squadron, 42nd Bombardment Group, 13th Air Force, his B-25 and two others were shot down during a low-level bombing and strafing run against Japanese military targets in the Philippine Islands. The B-25s encountered heavy anti-aircraft fire, and all three had to ditch in the sea off Zamboanga. Johnson broke both ankles in the landing, and his bomber's co-pilot was killed. Johnson received a Purple Heart for his injuries. He was also awarded the Air Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three campaign stars, the Philippine Liberation Ribbon with one campaign star, and the World War II Victory Medal.  After Japan's surrender, Johnson was honorably discharged as a first lieutenant on November 22, 1945, then joined the United States Air Force Reserve.

Movie and television career.

After his honorable discharge from the military, Johnson used the G.I. Bill to pay for his acting studies at the Actors' Lab in Hollywood.  Johnson became a close friend of Audie Murphy and later appeared with him in three of his films, "Column South" and "Tumbleweed" in 1953 and "Ride Clear of Diablo" in 1954. Johnson's Hollywood career began in 1952, with the college fraternity hazing exposé "For Men Only", and with "Loan Shark", also released in 1952 and starring George Raft.  His early roles were primarily in Westerns such as "Rancho Notorious" (1952, starring Marlene Dietrich), "Seminole" (1953), "Law and Order" (1953, opposite Ronald Reagan), and "Badman's Country" (1958), and science fiction films such as "It Came from Outer Space" (1953), "This Island Earth" (1955), "Attack of the Crab Monsters" (1956), and "The Space Children" (1958). He also appeared in a Ma and Pa Kettle vehicle, "Ma and Pa Kettle at Waikiki" (1955), as well as in Roger Corman's rock-'n'-roll crime drama "Rock All Night" (1957). In 1955, he had a role in "Many Rivers to Cross" along with Alan Hale Jr., later the Skipper from "Gilligan's Island".  During the 1950s, he played the head of a gang of crooks in episode 17 of season one of "The Adventures of Superman" (originally broadcast in January 1953, filmed in 1951). Johnson was also cast on the religion anthology series "Crossroads". He also played the Sundown Kid in an episode of the 1958 NBC's Western series "Jefferson Drum" and guest-starred in another NBC Western series, "The Californians". He appeared in an episode of Wagon Train, “The Cliff Grundy Story”.  He appeared four times on the first-run syndicated military drama "The Silent Service", based on actual stories of the submarine section of the United States Navy. He was cast as Hugh Grafton in episode 28, "The Gar Story", twice played submarine officer and later author Edward L. Beach Jr., and as Tom Richards in two 1960 episodes, "Intermission" and "The Desperate Challenge", and twice with June Allyson on her CBS anthology series "The DuPont Show with June Allyson". Also, he guest-starred with William Shatner in "The Hungry Glass", a 1961 episode of "Thriller", and with Joan Evans and Harvey Stephens in "The Sky Diver", the unaired pilot episode of "Ripcord" of that same year. Then he was cast as John T. Metcalf in the 1962 episode "Mile-Long Shot to Kill" of the CBS anthology series "GE True", hosted by Jack Webb. In April 1962, he was cast as Doctor Ross in Season 5 Ep 24 of the Real McCoys. In 1963, he was cast in an episode of the short-lived ABC/Warner Bros.' Western series "The Dakotas", and later that same year, he performed in the première of another ABC show, "Breaking Point", a medical drama series starring Paul Richards and Eduard Franz.

"Twilight Zone" and "Outer Limits" episodes.

Johnson appeared in two episodes of "The Twilight Zone". His character brings a murderer from 1880 into the present via a time machine in the season-one episode "Execution". In the season-two episode "Back There", he portrays a man who attempts to prevent the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The plot of both episodes involved time travel from the 20th to the 19th centuries. Johnson also appeared on "The Outer Limits" in 1964, playing a crewmember on a United States space station in the episode "".

"The Professor" on "Gilligan's Island".

Johnson was best known for playing Professor Roy Hinkley (usually called the "Professor"), the very knowledgeable polymath who could build all sorts of inventions out of the most rudimentary materials available on the island. As Johnson himself pointed out, though, he could not fix the hole in the boat. In the first episode of the show, the radio announcer describes the Professor as a research scientist and well-known scoutmaster. "Gilligan's Island" aired from 1964-67, but has been shown in reruns continuously ever since. He reprised this character for three "Gilligan's Island" made-for-television movies and two animated series. In a 2004 interview, Johnson commented about the role and shared his perspective regarding "Gilligan's Island" and the situation comedy's place in television history:

After "Gilligan's Island".

After "Gilligan's Island", Johnson found himself somewhat typecast, making portraying more unsophisticated roles other than his signature role as the Professor more difficult. Nevertheless, he was able to resume a sufficient acting career, appearing in several other movies and television shows, especially the latter. He appeared as a guest star in several dramatic series, including "The Big Valley" with Peter Breck (marking a reunion of sorts, since they co-starred together in "Black Saddle", an earlier Four Star Productions series), "The Invaders", "Death Valley Days", "", "Lassie", "That Girl", "Ironside", "The F.B.I", and "Gunsmoke." He was cast in the miniseries "Vanished", based on a novel by Fletcher Knebel (1971), the TV horror movie "The Horror at 37,000 Feet" (1973), uncredited in the Robert Redford spy thriller "Three Days of the Condor" (1975), the low-budget thriller "Hitch Hike to Hell" (1977), and appeared on the episode "Coffee, Tea or Cyanide" on "McMillan and Wife" in 1977, and on the NBC soap opera "Santa Barbara".  Johnson had a brief appearance in "MacArthur" (1977), in which he played United States Navy Admiral Ernest J. King, and he appeared in the 1978 made-for-television movies "The Ghost of Flight 401" and "The Bastard". Russell provided the narration for the animated-short episodes of "The Adventures of Stevie and Zoya" that appeared on MTV during the mid-1980s.  In an interview with "Starlog" magazine in the early 1980s, Johnson said that he had wanted to appear in the original "" during its run on NBC from 1966 to 1969, but he was never cast. An episode of CBS' "Newhart" featured the Beavers (a men's organization) watching a "Gilligan's Island" episode on television. When they are suddenly evicted from the room, one of them, portrayed by Johnson, protests, "I want to see how it ends!" He is assured that the castaways do not get off the island. Johnson also played the sheriff in several episodes of season 9 of "Dallas". His character in that series did not return in season 10, however, as season 9 turned out to be the infamous "dream season".  Johnson entertained fans at the 1996 MST3K Conventio-Con-Expo-Fest-a-Rama 2: Electric Boogaloo on the "Celebrity Panel". Johnson was invited for his role in the movie-within-a-movie of "", "This Island Earth", but spent most of the time answering questions about his "Gilligan's Island" days. He shared an amusing anecdote:  Johnson once participated in the Ig Nobel award presentation ceremony, credited as "The Professor Emeritus of Gilligan's Island".  Johnson also guest-starred in many episodes of "Laramie".

Personal life.

Johnson was married three times. His first marriage to Edith Cahoon in 1943 ended in divorce in 1948.  In 1949 he married his second wife, Kay Cousins, whom he had met while at the Actors' Lab in Hollywood. Together they had a daughter, Kim, and a son, David. Cousins died on January 20, 1980, in Century City, California.  In 1982, Johnson married Constance "Connie" Dane, and became stepfather to her son Courtney Dane. In 1988, Johnson and Dane moved to Bainbridge Island, Washington, to "get away from the heat, smog and crowds" of Los Angeles. It was here that Johnson collaborated with writer Steve Cox on the memoir, ""Here on Gilligan's Isle"," published in 1993.  Russell's son David Johnson died of AIDS-related complications on October 27, 1994, after David's longtime partner had died of similar causes in 1986. After his son's diagnosis with AIDS, Johnson frequently helped raise money for AIDS charities.

Death.

Johnson died from kidney failure at his home in Bainbridge Island, Washington, on January 16, 2014, aged 89. His remains were cremated. Johnson's memorial service was held a month later.

Russell David Johnson (November 10, 1924 – January 16, 2014) was an American actor, known for his role as Professor Roy Hinkley in "Gilligan's Island". He was also known for Marshal Gib Scott in "Black Saddle".

Russell Johnson est un acteur américain né le à Ashley, Pennsylvanie (États-Unis), et mort le à Bainbridge Island, État de Washington.


History.

The group’s first album, "Straight out the Jungle", was released on Warlock Records, an independent record label. Soon after they were signed by Warner Bros. Records, with whom the group released "Done By the Forces of Nature" in November 1989. In 1990, the Jungle Brothers contributed the song "I Get a Kick" to the Cole Porter tribute album ""Red Hot + Blue"" produced by the Red Hot Organization. Following a four-year break, the Jungle Brothers returned in 1993 with "J Beez Wit the Remedy".  Jungle Brothers involved themselves with an emerging hip hop organization called Ill Crew Universal (ICU), which released worldwide compilation albums and supported independent hip hop artists. Their fifth album, "V.I.P." was produced by Alex Gifford of Propellerheads and, during production, they added their vocal stylings to the Propellerheads tracks "Take California (And Party)" and "You Want It Back". Their latest album to contain new releases is 2002's "All That We Do".  In 2001, the group's song "What's the Five 0" was featured in the music video game FreQuency.  In 2004, the Jungle Brothers joined with British producer Mr On to produce "Breathe (Don't Stop)", a version of "Breathe and Stop" by Q-Tip of A Tribe Called Quest, combined with a sample of Michael Jackson's "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" (the idea was taken from a bootleg remix combining vocals from "Breathe and Stop" and music from "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough").  In 2005, the Jungle Brothers released a greatest hits and classic remixes and rarities double album, "This Is...", which included remixes by The Wiseguys, Urban Takeover, Natural Born Chillers, and Stereo MCs.

Jungle Brothers is an American hip hop trio composed of Michael Small (Mike Gee), Nathaniel Hall (Afrika Baby Bam), and Sammy Burwell (DJ Sammy B). Known as the pioneers of the fusion of jazz, hip-hop, and house music, they were the first hip-hop group to collaborate with a house-music producer. The trio released their debut album, "Straight out the Jungle" in July 1988. Their hip-house club hit single, "I'll House You" was added to the album in late-1988 reissues. The single was the first non-Chicago hip-house record. It changed the course of hip-hop and dance music by expanding it. Fostered by Kool DJ Red Alert, the Jungle Brothers success would pave the way for De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, and eventually the Native Tongues collective that they founded.

Jungle Brothers est un groupe de hip-hop américain, originaire de New York. Composé de Mike Gee, DJ Sammy B et Baby Bam, le groupe est l'un des pionniers de la fusion jazz rap.


Geography.

It is situated in the Reggiano Apennines mountains.  Castelnovo is best known for the Pietra di Bismantova spur. The pietra (literally "Rock of Bismantova") can be spotted from a distance of as it stands at around above sea level. The rock is a favourite climbing and abseiling destination throughout Italy and is considered a particularly difficult climb due to its outward-curving wall. The rock was mentioned by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri in the "Divine Comedy".  Other geographical landmarks include the Triassic chalk formations of the "Gessi Triassici" and the river Secchia which, together with the Pietra of Bismantova, are part of the National Park of the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano.

"Frazioni".

Bellaria, Bellessere, Berzana, Bondolo, Bora del Musso, Burano, Ca' del Cavo, Ca' del Grosso, Ca' di Magnano, Ca' di Scatola, Campolungo, Capanna, Ca' Pavoni, Carnola, Casa della Carità, Casale, Case di Sopra, Case Perizzi, Casino, Castagnedolo, Cerreto, Chiesa, Cinqueterre, Colombaia, Costa de' Grassi, Croce, Eremo Bismantova, Fariolo, Felina, Felinamata, Frascaro, Garfagnolo, Gatta, Gombio, Maro, Monchio, Monchio di Villaberza, Monte Castagneto, Monteduro, Monticello, Mozzola, Noce, Parisola, Pietrebianche, Pioppella, Pregheffio, Quarqua, Regnola, Rio, Rivolvecchio, Roncadelli, Ronchi, Roncroffio, Schiezza, Soraggio, Terminaccio, Vezzolo, Vigolo, Virola, Vologno di Sotto, Zugognago.

Transportation.

Castelnovo is connected to Reggio Emilia by a bus service run by ACT. Roads include SS 63 State road (to Reggio), the SS 513 state road (to the province of Parma), and the SP 7 and SP 15 provincial roads (to the province of Modena).

Twin towns.

Castelnovo ne' Monti is twinned with:

Castelnovo Monti (officially Castelnovo ne' Monti; locally ) is a town and "comune" in the province of Reggio Emilia, central Italy.

Castelnovo ne' Monti ("Castalnöv" en dialecte local) est une commune de la province de Reggio d'Émilie dans l'Émilie-Romagne en Italie.


History.

Background.

Following the end of World War I, the German Empire was dismantled and its African colonies granted to Allied nations as various League of Nations mandates. The mandate system was formed as a compromise between those who advocated an Allied annexation of former German and Turkish territories, and another proposition put forward by those who wished to grant them to an international trusteeship until they could govern themselves. South Africa received the former German possession of South West Africa and was permitted to administer it until that territory's inhabitants were prepared for political self-determination. However, the South African government interpreted the mandate as a veiled annexation and took steps to integrate South West Africa as a domestic province.  South Africa's attempts to absorb South West Africa became a matter of contention during the 1960s as a result of the increasingly widespread decolonisation of the African continent. Over the next decade, low intensity conflicts broke out in many of the remaining European colonies as militant African nationalist movements emerged, often with direct backing from

Formation of Koevoet.

From the early to late 1970s, the brunt of counter-insurgency operations was borne by the South African Defence Force (SADF). The SADF's primary source of manpower were white national servicemen fulfilling their terms of compulsory military service under the leadership of professional career officers. The initial commitment of South African troops to the South West African theatre in 1974 was about 15,000 men. Beginning the same year, however, there was also increasingly widespread enlistment of local armed auxiliaries and semi-official militias. The most powerful armed group outside the direct command structure of the SADF emerged in Ovamboland, SWAPO's traditional political stronghold and the source of its support base. The Ovamboland civil administration employed a local militia known as the Ovambo Home Guard, established to protect local officials who were often the target of PLAN assassination attempts.  The Ovambo Home Guard was assembled, as time passed, into larger numbered units or attached

Operational service.

PLAN units operating in Ovamboland were kept supplied by a constant flow of insurgents and war materiel along external infiltration routes through Angola. Koevoet monitored an area adjacent to the Angolan border with screening patrols coordinated between three permanent base strongpoints at Opuwo, Rundu, and Oshakati. It was also permitted to establish its own internment facility for captured PLAN prisoners just north of Windhoek. Patrols were carried out in Casspir mine-protected vehicles and sometimes lasted for weeks on end. Koevoet operators spent most of their time following suspicious tracks in search of insurgents, sometimes for over a hundred kilometres. PLAN was forced to alter its tactics accordingly. Following raids and attacks, PLAN cadres would scatter. Many ceased wearing

The 1988 ceasefire and final PLAN offensive.

As a result of the Brazzaville Protocol and subsequent Tripartite Accord, South Africa agreed to grant Namibia independence in exchange for a parallel Cuban withdrawal from Angola and a commitment by the Angolan government to cease all assistance to PLAN. Under the terms of the agreement, both the Cuban withdrawal and the independence process in Namibia would be monitored by two multinational peacekeeping forces known as the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) and the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG), respectively. UNTAG planned to confine both PLAN and the SADF to their respective bases, demobilise all paramilitary forces that belonged to neither the SADF nor to the civil police, and supervise the return of refugees via designated entry points to participate in new elections.  PLAN

Disbandment.

Koevoet's continued presence in Ovamboland became a matter of serious contention as UNTAG began supervising the return of Namibian refugees to participate in the territory's upcoming elections, many of whom were SWAPO supporters. Koevoet operators, who continued to perceive SWAPO as their enemy, responded by breaking up political rallies held by the returnees. Within a few weeks of its deployment, UNTAG had received over fifty formal complaints from Ovamboland residents, alleging misconduct on the part of the security forces and Koevoet in particular. Koevoet was accused of assaulting SWAPO supporters and firing into crowds at rallies with live ammunition. Namibian refugees being repatriated from Angola were intimidated by Koevoet's presence due to its controversial reputation among exiles in general and SWAPO supporters in

Postwar status.

Due to concerns that unemployed and poorly educated Koevoet veterans would use their paramilitary skills for criminal purposes, the South African government announced it would permit any discharged member of Koevoet to continue drawing pay indefinitely until Namibian independence. Koevoet officers benefited from a pension fund and pension payment system established for them some years prior to independence. Their pensions were paid by the South African government until 1990, after which the Namibian government assumed responsibility for the pension system. No pension deductions

Structure and organisation.

Koevoet's jurisdiction spanned three regions in northern Namibia: Kaokoland, Ovamboland, and Kavangoland. Operations were coordinated by a single headquarters at Oshakati, with two smaller regional headquarters being established in Opuwo and Rundu. Basic training for Koevoet operators was carried out at a training school at Ondangwa, although more specialised instruction could later be provided in South Africa. Koevoet also operated a detention facility just north of Windhoek, where it interned captured PLAN insurgents. Temporary Koevoet encampments and bases were strung along the border, and in some cases the unit shared a partitioned base with the civil police or the SADF.  Koevoet was organised with a disproportionate emphasis on small unit tactics and most of its engagements were fought at the platoon or section level. The unit was structured into 24 platoon-sized fighting groups, which each received the prefix "Zulu". The Zulu teams were designated alphabetically from A to Y and an individual team was identified by its letter's corresponding code in the NATO phonetic alphabet (i.e. "Zulu Alpha"). A team was usually composed of 40 black Ovambo constables and no more than 4 white officers. The team was led by a warrant officer and further divided into sections led by sergeants, which

Uniforms and equipment.

Each Koevoet fighting team adopted stylised shoulder patches and T-shirts depicting a mascot animal. Some of the patches also included an illustration of a broken insurgent AK-47 rifle. While on operations, Koevoet personnel dressed light and informally. Individual operators wore a wide variety of uniforms with little consistency, including SAP camouflage, SWAPOL camouflage, and brown SADF fatigues. Late in the war, Koevoet adopted an olive green uniform and green canvas boots to distinguish itself from other police units and the SADF.  Like the insurgents, Koevoet operators carried their ammunition in chest webbing rigs; this load-carrying tactic was favoured as it was less likely to restrict movement when moving through thick vegetation. The standard issue weapon in the unit was the Vektor R4 and Vektor R5 rifles, although some operators also carried captured PLAN Kalashnikov-pattern rifles. Koevoet sections were also issued support weapons during operations, namely the FN MAG general-purpose machine gun and the M79 grenade launcher. A few sections had access to Milkor MGLs or captured PLAN RPG-7s.  Koevoet initially possessed no vehicles aside from three Hippo armoured personnel carriers,

Tactics.

Koevoet's tactics were shaped in response to PLAN efforts to create insecurity in South West Africa's northern districts. An integral part of PLAN's strategy was to organise insurgent cells in the region, which could effectively harass the security forces and politically indoctrinate the population to undermine the South African administration and later, the South African-sponsored government of national unity. The emphasis on politicisation by PLAN insurgents was the result of their training in the Soviet Union and other socialist states, which was not confined to tactical instruction but extended to the procedures for establishing a covert political-military infrastructure within enemy-held areas. Aside from political activities, PLAN sabotaged rural infrastructure, namely power lines. The insurgents also laid land mines along known military patrol routes to hinder South African convoys.  Koevoet's response was twofold: firstly, the unit carried out patrols to intercept PLAN insurgents near the Namibian border before they could get any further into the country itself. Secondly, it carried out what were essentially counter-intelligence operations aimed at compiling intelligence about PLAN activities while breaking up that movement's own intelligence network.  Half of Koevoet's manpower was on patrol at any given time. The unit's headquarters at Oshakati identified areas where the likelihood of a PLAN presence was the greatest, and dispatched teams to patrol these districts in search of the insurgents. Koevoet operators obtained their intelligence by observing suspicious tracks or interrogating the local population. Each patrol lasted between one and two weeks. The teams either spent the night in SADF and police camps or slept in the bush. It was standard procedure to circle villages in the area and study the tracks to determine if there were any recent signs of unusual activity. After the patrol was over, the team spent a week resting,

Allegations of war crimes.

While Koevoet had an exceptional combat record in Namibia—during the final decade of the war it killed a little over 2,800 insurgents and captured another 463 while suffering 151 casualties—it also cultivated a reputation for being particularly brutal and ruthless, as well as being indifferent towards the SADF's rules of engagement.  Over the course of the South African Border War, PLAN accused Koevoet of committing numerous human rights violations, especially extrajudicial killings and assassinations. Koevoet was accused of mistreating detainees and prisoners, subjecting them to various forms of torture, including physical assault, electric shocks, and sleep, food, and water deprivation. The unit did operate its own detention facility, where it held some prisoners indefinitely. The detainees included captured insurgents as well as any civilian suspected of possessing vital information related to PLAN activities. In 1986, the Namibian courts ruled that as all the Koevoet's detainees had been arrested by a police unit as common law criminals, they were entitled to legal representation within a period of thirty days. Koevoet later subverted this ruling by evoking the Terrorism Act.  Two especially contentious issues which emerged with regards to Koevoet was the common practice of displaying corpses of dead insurgents on the unit's Casspirs, and the use of "pseudo-guerrilla" forces. During the early 1980s, SWAPOL and the SADF issued vehement denials that the enemy dead were being publicly exhibited, and warned that members of the security forces who indulged in such behaviour would be prosecuted. In December 1986, photographs were leaked to the international press which displayed two dead insurgents draped over the hull of a Koevoet Casspir. Koevoet claimed that the insurgents were not being exhibited, but simply being carried back to base, presumably for the purpose of claiming "kopgeld", stating that it was impractical to store the corpses inside the Casspirs due to the vehicles' limited internal stowage space.  PLAN insisted that Koevoet's "pseudo-guerrilla" forces were being used to carry out atrocities later attributed to insurgents. The most controversial incident allegedly involving "pseudo-guerrillas" was the murder of a family of 8 Ovambo civilians at Oshipanda. The civilians were shot with Kalashnikov rifles, and their home had been burgled. A man who escaped the massacre claimed to have recognised a Koevoet constable among the assailants. Koevoet and the civil police blamed PLAN for the killings.  Perceptions of Koevoet's human rights record among the SADF's general staff were almost universally critical. General Constand Viljoen, who served as Chief of the SADF between 1980 and 1985, claimed that Koevoet operators "had a cruelty about them that certainly didn't further the hearts and minds of the people...they used cruel, cruel, methods". His successor, General Johannes Geldenhuys, was no less scathing: "[Koevoet] would, for example, go into an area, clean it up, then collect the bodies and drag them through town behind their vehicles. Obviously this kind of action upset the local population greatly and we'd find we were suddenly getting no more cooperation from the locals". General Georg Meiring, who served as chief of the South West African Territorial Force between 1983 and 1987, stated that "Koevoet was not a law unto itself, Koevoet was just unto itself...I hated working with them."  In 1996, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established to investigate human rights abuses committed in South Africa and Namibia under the apartheid system. The commission suggested that Koevoet carried out the Oshipanda murders, based on the account of the surviving eyewitness. It was favourably inclined towards PLAN's claims that Koevoet operators carried out atrocities during "pseudo-guerrilla" operations to discredit the insurgent cause. The commission alleged that rape by Koevoet operators "was common, and women and girls of all ages were victims", citing a report compiled by the Dutch faith-based organisation "Kairos". It held Koevoet responsible for the summary execution of captured PLAN insurgents, including those who were wounded or otherwise incapacitated, and for the maltreatment of detainees at its internment facility.

Koevoet (, translates to "crowbar", abbreviated Operation K or SWAPOL-COIN) was the counter-insurgency branch of the South West African Police (SWAPOL). Its formations included white South African police officers, usually seconded from the South African Security Branch or Special Task Force, and black volunteers from Ovamboland. Koevoet was patterned after the Selous Scouts, a multiracial Rhodesian military unit which specialised in counter-insurgency operations. Its title was an allusion to the metaphor of "prying" insurgents from the civilian population.

La Koevoet (« crochet » en Afrikaans) était une unité contre-insurrectionnelle du Sud-Ouest africain (actuelle Namibie). Le quartier général de la Koevoet était basée à Oshakati. L'unité a perdu 153 hommes au cours de son existence, tués au combat. À son actif, elle compte plus de combattants SWAPO abattus.


Theory of operation.

As the gears rotate they separate on the intake side of the pump, creating a void and suction which is filled by fluid. The fluid is carried by the gears to the discharge side of the pump, where the meshing of the gears displaces the fluid. The mechanical clearances are small— in the order of 10 μm. The tight clearances, along with the speed of rotation, effectively prevent the fluid from leaking backwards.  The rigid design of the gears and houses allow for very high pressures and the ability to pump highly viscous fluids.  Many variations exist, including helical and herringbone gear sets (instead of spur gears), lobe shaped rotors similar to Roots blowers (commonly used as superchargers), and mechanical designs that allow the stacking of pumps. The most common variations are shown below (the drive gear is shown blue and the idler is shown purple). An external precision gear pump is usually limited to a maximum working pressure of and a maximum speed of 3,000 rpm. Some manufacturers produce gear pumps with higher working pressures and speeds but these types of pumps tend to be noisy and special precautions may have to be made.  Suction and pressure ports need to interface where the gears mesh (shown as dim gray lines in the internal pump images). Some internal gear pumps have an additional, crescent-shaped seal (shown above, right). This crescent functions to keep the gears separated and also reduces eddy currents.  Pump formulas:  Generally used in:

A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement. They are one of the most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. The gear pump was invented around 1600 by Johannes Kepler.

Les pompes à engrenages utilisent le profil combiné de deux roues dentées pour transvaser et augmenter la pression d'un fluide. Elles sont exclusivement utilisées avec des liquides.


Description.

Gulliver's visit to the Land of the Houyhnhnms is described in Part IV of his "Travels", and its location illustrated on the map at the start of Part IV.  The map shows Houyhnhnms Land to be south of Australia; it indicates Edels Land and Lewins Land to the north, and Nuyts Land to the north-east, on the mainland with the islands of St Francis and St Pieter further east, and Sweers, Maatsuyker and De Wit islands to the east. The map is somewhat careless with the scale, however; Edels Land to Lewins Land are shown adjacent, while in reality they are some 1000 km apart, while the sweep of the Great Australian Bight, from Cape Leeuwin, Australia's south-westerly point to the Maatsuyker Islands, off the southern tip of Tasmania, is over 3000 km.  Gulliver describes the land as "divided by long rows of trees, not regularly planted but naturally growing", with a "great plenty of grass, and several fields of oats".  The Houyhnhnms are rational equine beings and are masters of the land, contrasting strongly with the Yahoos, savage humanoid creatures who are no better than beasts of burden, or livestock. Whereas the Yahoos represent all that is bad about humans, Houyhnhnms have a settled, calm, reliable and rational society. Gulliver much prefers the Houyhnhnms' company to the Yahoos', even though the latter are biologically closer to him.

Interpretation.

It is possible to interpret the Houyhnhnms in a number of different ways. One might possibly, for example, regard them as a veiled criticism by Swift of the British Empire's treatment of non-whites as lesser humans, or one could regard Gulliver's preference (and his immediate division of Houyhnhnms into color-based hierarchies) as absurd and the sign of his self-deception. In a modern context the story might be seen as presenting an early example of animal rights concerns, especially in Gulliver's account of how horses are cruelly treated in his society and the reversal of roles. The story is a possible inspiration for Pierre Boulle's novel "Planet of the Apes".  Book IV of "Gulliver's Travels" is the keystone, in some ways, of the entire work, and critics have traditionally answered the question whether Gulliver is insane (and thus just another victim of Swift's satire) by questioning whether or not the Houyhnhnms are truly admirable. Gulliver loves the land and is obedient to a race that is not like his own. The Houyhnhnm society is based upon reason, and only upon reason, and therefore the horses practice eugenics based on their analyses of benefit and cost. They have no religion and their sole morality is the defence of reason, and so they are not particularly moved by pity or a belief in the intrinsic value of life. Gulliver himself, in their company, builds the sails of his skiff from "Yahoo skins". The Houyhnhnms' lack of passion surfaces during the scheduled visit of "a friend and his family" to the home of Gulliver's master "upon some affair of importance". On the day of the visit, the mistress of his friend and her children arrive very late. She made no excuses "first for her husband" who had passed just that morning and she had to remain to make the proper arrangements for a "convenient place where his body should be laid". Gulliver remarked that "she behaved herself at our house as cheerfully as the rest". A further example of the lack of humanity and emotion in the Houyhnhnms is that their laws reason that each couple produce two children, one male and one female. In the event that a marriage produced two offspring of the same sex, the parents would take their children to the annual meeting and trade one with a couple who produced two children of the opposite sex. This was viewed as his spoofing and or criticising the notion that the "ideal" family produces children of both sexes. George Orwell viewed the Houyhnhnm society as one whose members try to be as close to dead as possible while alive and matter as little as possible in life and death.  On one hand, the Houyhnhnms have an orderly and peaceful society. They have philosophy and a language that is entirely free of political and ethical nonsense. They have no word for a "lie" (and must substitute a circumlocution: "to say a thing which is not"). They also have a form of art that is derived from nature. Outside "Gulliver's Travels", Swift had expressed longstanding concern over the corruption of the English language, and he had proposed language reform. He had also, in "Battle of the Books" and in general in "A Tale of a Tub", expressed a preference for the Ancients (Classical authors) because their art was based directly upon nature, and not upon other art.  On the other hand, Swift was profoundly mistrustful of attempts at reason that resulted in either hubris (for example, the Projectors satirised in "A Tale of a Tub" or in Book III of "Gulliver's Travels") or immorality (such as the speaker of "A Modest Proposal", who offers an entirely logical and wholly immoral proposal for cannibalism). The Houyhnhnms embody both the good and the bad side of reason, for they have the pure language Swift wished for and the amorally rational approach to solving the problems of humanity (Yahoos); the extirpation of the Yahoo population by the horses is very like the speaker of "A Modest Proposal".  In the shipping lanes he is rescued by a Portuguese sea captain, a level-headed individual albeit full of concern for others, whose temperament at one level appears intermediate between the calm, rational Houyhnhnms of Houyhnhnmland and the norm of corrupt, European humanity, which Gulliver no longer distinguishes from Houyhnhnmland's wild Yahoos. Gulliver can speak with him, and though now disaffected from all humanity, he began to tolerate his company. Gulliver is returned to his English home and family, finds their smell and look intolerable and all his countrymen no better than "Yahoos", purchases and converses with two stabled horses, tolerating the stable boy, and assures the reader of his account's utter veracity.

Houyhnhnms are a fictional race of intelligent horses described in the last part of Jonathan Swift's satirical 1726 novel "Gulliver's Travels". The name is pronounced either or. Swift apparently intended all words of the Houyhnhnm language to echo the neighing of horses.

Dans "Les Voyages de Gulliver" de Jonathan Swift, les Houyhnhnm sont une race de chevaux. Gulliver préfère leur compagnie à celle des Yahoos.


Early political career.

Born in St. Bride's, he served three terms on that town's council. He was also a lead figure for the Cape Shore Regional Development Association before being elected to the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly in 1993 as a Progressive Conservative. He first represented the riding of St. Mary's-The Capes, in 1996 he was defeated in the redistributed riding of Placentia and St. Mary's, but was elected in 1999.  In May 2005, he was voted out of the provincial Progressive Conservative caucus because he publicly attacked the government's crab management policies. He sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative member for the rest of his term. When he was a member of the opposition, Manning served as the critic for the Ministers of Tourism, Culture, and Recreation; Employment and Labour; Government Services and Lands; Human Resources and Employment; and Youth Services and post secondary education. He was the Parliamentary Assistant to the Leader of the Opposition, a member of the Progressive Conservative Caucus Strategy Committee, and a member of the Public Accounts Committee.

Member of Parliament.

In December 2005, after having been ejected from the provincial Progressive Conservative caucus, Manning resigned his seat in the House of Assembly to pursue a seat in the House of Commons of Canada. Avalon had previously been represented by John Efford, a Liberal cabinet minister, who had been elected by a wide margin in 2004. Without the powerful incumbent, however, Manning was able to take the seat for the federal Conservatives in the 2006 federal election with 51.55% of the vote.  Manning spoke in favour of the federal government's 2007 budget, saying, "Our government has kept its commitment to honor and respect the Atlantic Accord." The provincial government of Newfoundland and Labrador and Premier Danny Williams in particular have opposed the budget which contains revisions to a previously agreed upon equalization formula.  In late August 2007, he attacked the Liberal environmental plan as making the Hebron offshore oil megaproject "dead on arrival." Scott Simms, a Liberal MP from central Newfoundland, rejected Manning's accusations, insisting that the Hebron project would not be cancelled. He also suggested that Manning's comments had more to do with attempting to increase support for Stephen Harper (who was in a dispute with Premier Danny Williams), and reviving support for the Conservative party, which had dipped to only 17% of voters.  As part of the Conservative caucus, he was a member of the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans, Chair of Atlantic Caucus and the Standing Joint Committee on the Library of Parliament.  Manning ran for re-election in Avalon in the October 2008 election and was defeated by Liberal Scott Andrews.

Appointments to Senate.

Manning was selected by Stephen Harper for appointment to the Senate on January 2, 2009. Manning resigned his seat in the senate on March 28, 2011 in order to run in the 2011 federal election in a bid to retake the same seat he had lost in 2008. Manning's bid for the riding of Avalon was unsuccessful.  On May 18, 2011 Prime Minister Steven Harper announced that Manning was to be re-appointed to the Senate. The Prime Minister followed through with that intention. Manning as a senator for Newfoundland and Labrador is also a member of the Fisheries and Oceans committee and the National Security and Defence committee.

Election results.

! align="right" colspan="3" | Total rejected ballots! align="right" | 623! align="right" | 1.65! align="right" | +0.59! align="right" colspan="3" | Turnout! align="right" |37,735! align="right" | 59.20! align="right" | +9.40 !align="left" colspan=3|Total!align="right"|5,710!align="right"|100.0%!align="right"| !align="left" colspan=3|Total!align="right"|6,517!align="right"|100.0%!align="right"|

Fabian Manning (born May 21, 1964) is a politician in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Manning served as a Progressive Conservative and later as the independent Member of the House of Assembly for the district of Placentia and St. Mary’s from 1999 to 2005. From 2006 to 2008 he was the Conservative Party of Canada Member of Parliament for the riding of Avalon. After his defeat in the 2008 federal election Manning was appointed to the Senate of Canada on January 2, 2009, he resigned his Senate seat on March 28, 2011, to run for election in his former riding of Avalon in the 2011 federal election, but was unsuccessful. Prime Minister Stephen Harper re-appointed Manning to the Senate on May 25, 2011.

Fabian Manning (né le à St. Bride's, Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador) est un homme politique canadien. Il a été député progressiste-conservateur provincial et siège à la Chambre des communes du Canada depuis 2006 sous la bannière du Parti conservateur du Canada.


Geography.

It is located in the center of the intersection of the rivers Stura, Angassino and Ponzema, from Genoa, and part of its territory to the west is within the boundaries of the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua, while in the east borders the Parco delle Capanne di Marcarolo.

History.

The place name refers to a 3rd-century AD Roman fortified settlement built during the reign of Emperor Aurelian, reinforced by the Byzantines in the 6th century. The first parish, San Michele, is probably dating back to the 10th century. Between the 12th and 13th century various families led the administration of Campo, until the year 1329, when it becomes a small fief within the Holy Roman Empire, surrounded by the territory of the Republic of Genoa.  In July 1600 the Republic of Genoa increased control of the small enclave, banishing any local opposition to its rule. In the 18th century the town saw a gradual buildup of manufacturing activities (iron production and processing, silk spinning mills, paper mills, lime pits, forestry and agriculture), as well as the birth of the republican municipality, which joined the Ligurian Republic in 1797.  In 1805 the town, then called Campo Freddo, was included in the French Empire of Napoleon I; after the 1815 Congress of Vienna it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.  In 1884 the village's name was changed from Campo Freddo (derived from “feudo” -fief- or possibly the German word “frei” -free- ) to Campo Ligure. That year also saw the opening of the first goldsmith shop dedicated to filigree.

Economy.

The country's economic activity is mainly connected to the processing of "filigrana" and crafts and the textile industry and mechanical engineering.  The "filigrana" (filigree) is very fine gold and silver threads, hand crafted using simple pliers (the “bruscelle”) and a welding torch: filigree is the centerpiece of typical Campo Ligure craft. The first shop was opened in 1884; then in a short span of time the town became the national center for this precious artistic production.

Twin towns — sister cities.

Campo Ligure is twinned with:

Campo Ligure (locally ) is a "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Italian region Liguria, located about northwest of Genoa.

Campo Ligure est une commune italienne de la ville métropolitaine de Gênes dans la région Ligurie en Italie. Elle est jumelée avec la commune française de Corbelin dans l'Isère depuis 2008


Gameplay.

Over the course of the game, the player controls one of a select few characters directly based upon their counterparts in the "Naruto" anime and manga. "Clash of Ninja" is a member of the fighting game genre; the player pits their character against another character controlled by the game's AI or by another player, depending on the mode that the player is in. The objective is to reduce the opponent's health to zero using basic attacks and special techniques unique to each character that are derived from techniques they use in the "Naruto" anime or manga. For instance, Naruto Uzumaki is able to use his signature, and Rock Lee utilizes many of his Strong Fist style techniques. To use these techniques, characters have available a chakra bar, which depletes upon the execution of a special technique, and regenerates over time. In the game's numerous modes, the player can choose from different styles of play. The game's story mode follows the plot from the anime and manga, and a versus mode pitting two players against each other also included.

Development.

The original Japanese version of "Clash of Ninja", the first installment of the, was developed by Eighting and published by D3 Publisher and Tomy, and released on April 11, 2003. On October 27, 2005, both "Clash of Ninja" and its sequel, "Clash of Ninja 2", were confirmed for a 2006 release in North America. The game has a total of ten characters that come from the Land of Waves arc and the start of the Chunin Exam arc of the series. Masato Toyoshima, one of the executives of Eighting, stated that the game was designed to appeal to both casual and hardcore gamers. The only significant difference made by Eighting in the development between the English variant and its Japanese counterpart were the voice-overs, which were done by the English voice actors in the "Naruto" anime. Toyoshima claimed that the development team was especially "proud that [they] were able to accomplish" creating the cel-shaded graphics that closely matched the scenes in the "Naruto" anime and manga.

Reception.

"Clash of Ninja" has received mixed reactions from several video game publications. GameRankings gave it a score of 67.35%, while Metacritic gave it 72 out of 100. In Japan, "Famitsu" gave the game a score of 31 out of 40. The game sold well in North America, becoming part of Nintendo's set of Player's Choice games, which lowers the retail price to $19.99 if the game has sold at least 250,000 copies.  The gameplay present in the game was subject to mixed opinions amongst critics. IGN lauded the game's battle system as "very balanced, amazingly quick, and still a lot of fun," but accepted that the battle designs were "a bit basic." GameSpot provided a more negative review, deriding the game's different modes as "seriously boring and predictable," as well as criticizing the lack of significant differences in the playing style of the game's characters. GameSpot characterized the voice acting as having "some of the worst stereotypes of anime voice acting," and noted the lack of unlockable items and other incentives to continue play. G4's "X-Play" gave "Clash of Ninja" two out of five stars, lambasting the fighting engine as "one of the laziest, most oversimplified engines ever seen in a 3D fighting game," and "ridiculously basic." "X-Play" also criticized the lack of a significant plot in the story mode and the lack of use of cutscenes or unlockable items. GameSpy commented on this, noting that "considering the charm of the source material, [the game] is really a disappointment".  The cel-shaded graphics and audio received acclaim from reviewers, with GameSpot praising the game's "smooth, powerful-looking animations," as well as extolling how "powerful sound effects and a driving soundtrack" contributed to the game's overall feel. GameSpy noted that "[the game] manages to shine in the visual department," making note of how the varied graphical details were "fluid and precise and doesn't ever slow down or become choppy." "X-Play", however, considered the graphics "underwhelming," criticizing the lack of significant usage of animation and cinematic scenes, and remarking that the graphics "follow the rest of the game's lead."

"Clash of Ninja" was originally released in Japan on April 11, 2003, and the game was subsequently released in North America on March 7, 2006, with the only major difference being the voice-overs by the English voice actors from the "Naruto" anime. Critical opinions of the game have been mixed, with many praising the simple and easy-to-learn fighting system, with others lambasting the fighting system, and the lack of significant unlockable content.

Naruto: Clash of Ninja (connu au Japon sous le nom de ) est un jeu vidéo de combat, opposant deux joueurs, développé par Eighting, sorti sur Gamecube en 2003 au Japon, en 2006 aux États-Unis.. Ce jeu met en scène les personnages de la série Naruto. Différents modes de jeu sont disponibles, comme le mode Solo, le mode Versus, le mode Arcade, et le mode Histoire...


Contributions.

The concept of NP-completeness was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s in parallel by researchers in the US and the USSR. In the US in 1971, Stephen Cook published his paper "The complexity of theorem proving procedures" in conference proceedings of the newly founded ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. Richard Karp's subsequent paper, "Reducibility among combinatorial problems", generated renewed interest in Cook's paper by providing a list of 21 NP-complete problems. Cook and Karp received a Turing Award for this work. The theoretical interest in NP-completeness was also enhanced by the work of Theodore P. Baker, John Gill, and Robert Solovay who showed that solving NP-problems in Oracle machine models requires exponential time. That is, there exists an oracle "A" such that, for all subexponential deterministic time complexity classes T, the relativized complexity class NP is not a subset of T. In particular, for this oracle, P ≠ NP.  In the USSR, a result equivalent to Baker, Gill, and Solovay's was published in 1969 by M. Dekhtiar. Later Levin's paper, "Universal search problems", was published in 1973, although it was mentioned in talks and submitted for publication a few years earlier.  Levin's approach was slightly different from Cook's and Karp's in that he considered search problems, which require finding solutions rather than simply determining existence. He provided 6 such NP-complete search problems, or "universal problems". Additionally he found for each of these problems an algorithm that solves it in optimal time (in particular, these algorithms run in polynomial time if and only if P = NP).

Definitions.

A decision problem is "in NP" if it can be solved by a non-deterministic algorithm in polynomial time.  An "instance of the Boolean satisfiability problem" is a Boolean expression that combines Boolean variables using Boolean operators.  An expression is "satisfiable" if there is some assignment of truth values to the variables that makes the entire expression true.

Idea.

Given any decision problem in NP, construct a non-deterministic machine that solves it in polynomial time. Then for each input to that machine, build a Boolean expression which computes whether that specific input is passed to the machine, the machine runs correctly, and the machine halts and answers "yes". Then the expression can be satisfied if and only if there is a way for the machine to run correctly and answer "yes", so the satisfiability of the constructed expression is equivalent to asking whether or not the machine will answer "yes".

Proof.

"This proof is based on the one given by Garey and Johnson."  There are two parts to proving that the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is NP-complete. One is to show that SAT is an NP problem. The other is to show that every NP problem can be reduced to an instance of a SAT problem by a polynomial-time many-one reduction.  SAT is in NP because any assignment of Boolean values to Boolean variables that is claimed to satisfy the given expression can be "verified" in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine. (The statements verifiable in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine" and solvable in polynomial time by a non-deterministic Turing machine" are totally equivalent, and the proof can be found in many textbooks, for example Sipser's "Introduction to the Theory of Computation", section 7.3., as well as in the Wikipedia article on NP).  Now suppose that a given problem in NP can be solved by the nondeterministic Turing machine, where "Q" is the set of states, Σ is the alphabet of tape symbols, is the initial state, is the set of accepting states, and is the transition relation. Suppose further that "M" accepts or rejects an instance of the problem in time "p"("n") where "n" is the size of the instance and "p" is a polynomial function.  For each input, "I", we specify a Boolean expression which is satisfiable if and only if the machine "M" accepts "I".  The Boolean expression uses the variables set out in the following table. Here,, and.  Define the Boolean expression "B" to be the conjunction of the sub-expressions in the following table, for all and :  If there is an accepting computation for "M" on input "I", then "B" is satisfiable by assigning "T", "H" and "Q" their intended interpretations. On the other hand, if "B" is satisfiable, then there is an accepting computation for "M" on input "I" that follows the steps indicated by the assignments to the variables.  There are "O"("p"("n")) Boolean variables, each encodeable in space. The number of clauses is "O"("p"("n")) so the size of "B" is "O"(log("p"("n"))"p"("n")). Thus the transformation is certainly a polynomial-time many-one reduction, as required.

Consequences.

The proof shows that any problem in NP can be reduced in polynomial time (in fact, logarithmic space suffices) to an instance of the Boolean satisfiability problem. This means that if the Boolean satisfiability problem could be solved in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine, then all problems in NP could be solved in polynomial time, and so the complexity class NP would be equal to the complexity class P.  The significance of NP-completeness was made clear by the publication in 1972 of Richard Karp's landmark paper, "Reducibility among combinatorial problems", in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems, each infamous for its intractability, are NP-complete.  Karp showed each of his problems to be NP-complete by reducing another problem (already shown to be NP-complete) to that problem. For example, he showed the problem 3SAT (the Boolean satisfiability problem for expressions in conjunctive normal form with exactly three variables or negations of variables per clause) to be NP-complete by showing how to reduce (in polynomial time) any instance of SAT to an equivalent instance of 3SAT. (First you modify the proof of the Cook–Levin theorem, so that the resulting formula is in conjunctive normal form, then you introduce new variables to split clauses with more than 3 atoms. For example, the clause (A ∨ B ∨ C ∨ D) can be replaced by the conjunction of clauses (A ∨ B ∨ Z) ∧ (¬Z ∨ C ∨ D), where Z is a new variable which will not be used anywhere else in the expression. Clauses with fewer than 3 atoms can be padded; for example, A can be replaced by (A ∨ A ∨ A), and (A ∨ B) can be replaced by (A ∨ B ∨ B) ).  Garey and Johnson presented more than 300 NP-complete problems in their book "Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness", and new problems are still being discovered to be within that complexity class.  Although many practical instances of SAT can be solved by heuristic methods, the question of whether there is a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm for SAT (and consequently all other NP-complete problems) is still a famous unsolved problem, despite decades of intense effort by complexity theorists, mathematical logicians, and others. For more details, see the article P versus NP problem.

In computational complexity theory, the Cook–Levin theorem, also known as Cook's theorem, states that the Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete. That is, it is in NP, and any problem in NP can be reduced in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine to the Boolean satisfiability problem.

En informatique théorique, plus précisément en théorie de la complexité, le théorème de Cook aussi appelé théorème de Cook-Levin est le théorème qui affirme que le problème SAT, c'est-à-dire le problème de satisfiabilité d'une formule de la logique propositionnelle, est NP-complet. Il a été démontré en 1971 par Stephen Cook et, sensiblement au même moment, par Leonid Levin.


Profile.

"Closer" mainly specializes in celebrity news and gossip, real-life stories, fashion and television/entertainment. There is also a French-language version of the magazine published by Mondadori, an Italian media company. The French edition had a circulation of 399,589 copies in 2005. In the spring of 2006, the British parent company East Midlands Allied Press announced that it would separate its French subsidiary, which was eventually acquired in August 2006 by Mondadori for 545 million euros when taking over Emap France. The 2010 circulation of the French version of the magazine was 466,000 copies.  In January 2013, an American edition was launched in New York published by AMI Celebrity Publications, targeting both USA and Canadian markets. The new edition is stylized as " closer" with a small "c" whereas the UK edition consistently uses a capital "C".

Controversies.

In September 2012, the French edition of the magazine printed topless photos of the Duchess of Cambridge (Kate Middleton) taken, apparently with a long telephoto lens from a road 1 km away, while she and her husband Prince William were on a private holiday at the Château d'Autet in the south of France. The British edition promised that they would not publish the photographs, and distanced itself from the French edition after receiving numerous complaints.  The Royal Family said it intended to sue the magazine, calling the publication of the photographs a "grotesque and unjustifiable invasion of privacy"; the BBC's Nicholas Witchell stated that "he had rarely seen such a level of publicly expressed anger from the palace over such an incident."  In the 10 January 2014 issue, "Closer" "revealed the supposed affair" between French actress Julie Gayet and French President François Hollande. The issue was so popular that "Closer" "reprinted the issue, with a further 150,000 copies scheduled to hit newsstands" on 15 January 2014. The website of "Closer" also saw visitor numbers increase 800 percent to 1.4 million on 10 January 2014.

Closer is a British tabloid magazine founded in 2005 and published by Bauer Consumer Media. A French language edition was added later, and starting 2013, an American edition.

Closer est un magazine hebdomadaire de presse people distribué en France, au Royaume-Uni et en Allemagne. L'édition française a été lancée en juin 2005 par Emap France, filiale du groupe de presse britannique Emap.


Biography.

The son of Auguste Colomb de Daunant and L. Carenou1, Denys Colomb de Daunant was born into a Protestant family in the Gard department of southern France. The Colomb de Daunants were major landowners and ran a number of traditional "mas" and factories.  During the Second World War, he had to flee France for having insulted a German officer. He attempted to rejoin the Free French Forces in Morocco, but was captured while crossing the Pyrenees and imprisoned.  Returning to the Camargue in 1947, at the age of 25, he purchased the Cacharel "mas" in Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, where he was to live for more than sixty years, transforming it in the process into a rustic horse-riding centre with no running water, electricity, or telephone line. Cacharel became one of the area's best-known "manades" for both horses and Camargue bulls. Though this remained his base, he travelled a lot and became friends with many of the prominent cultural figures of his time, including Picasso, Chagall, Ernest Hemingway, and Salvador Dalí. He was close to Frédéric Mistral, and contributed to the latter's Occitan language magazine "Aïoli". In 1948 he married Monique Bonis, the granddaughter of Colomb de Daunant's spiritual forebear, iconic Camargue pioneer Folco de Baroncelli-Javon.  He was the manager of the bullfighting ring at Saintes-Marie-de-la-Mer, and sometimes took part in bullfights himself.  With Albert Lamorisse and James Agee, Colomb de Daunant was one of the screenwriters of "White Mane", a short film released in 1952 that focused on the wild horses of the Camargue, and much of it was filmed at the "mas" de Cacharel. With Lamorisse he also co-authored the novel of the same name that appeared in 1953.  He spent much of his life fighting to protect the cultural heritage of the Camargue, campaigning for example against the encroachment of electricity pylons. He avoided using electricity himself, and was known in France for perpetuating the image first embodied by Folco de Baroncelli of the Camargue as an area of tough men and wild animals – at times, indeed, he even dressed in traditional clothing from Baroncelli's time.  He died on 22 March 2006 at the age of 85, survived by two children, Florian and Sylvie Colomb de Daunant.

Works.

Filmography.

As director:  As actor:

Albin Théodore Denys Colomb de Daunant (21 November 1922 – 22 March 2006) was a French writer, poet, photographer and filmmaker, best known for his work on the multi-award-winning 1953 short film "White Mane". An aristocrat and modern dandy, he was an iconic figure of France's rural Camargue region.

Denys Colomb de Daunant (Nîmes, - Nîmes, le ) est un écrivain, poète, photographe et cinéaste connu pour être l'auteur et le coscénariste du film "Crin-Blanc" (1952) réalisé par Albert Lamorisse. Personnage hautement symbolique de la Camargue, aristocrate et dandy, il fut aussi manadier.


Early life.

Meadows was born Audrey Cotter in New York City in 1922, the youngest of four siblings. There is considerable confusion concerning her year of birth and place of birth.  Her parents, the Rev. Francis James Meadows Cotter and his wife, the former Ida Miller Taylor, were Episcopal missionaries in Wuchang, Hubei, China, where her three elder siblings were born. Her older sister was actress Jayne Meadows; and she had two older brothers as well. The family returned permanently to the United States in 1927. Audrey attended high school at the Barrington School for Girls in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

Career.

After high school, she sang in the Broadway musical "Top Banana" before becoming a regular on television in "The Bob and Ray Show". She was then hired to play Alice on "The Jackie Gleason Show" after the actress who originated the role, Pert Kelton, was forced to leave the show due to blacklisting, although the official reason given was that Kelton was suffering from a health problem.  When "The Honeymooners" became a half-hour situation comedy on CBS, Meadows continued in the role. She then returned to play Alice after a long hiatus, when Gleason produced occasional "Honeymooners" specials in the 1970s. Meadows had auditioned for Gleason and was initially turned down for being too chic and pretty to play Alice. Realizing that she needed to change her appearance, Meadows the next day submitted a photo of herself, one in which she looked much plainer. Gleason changed his mind and she won the role of Alice. The character of Alice became more associated with Meadows than with the others who played her, and she reprised her role as Alice on other shows as well, both in a man-on-the-street interview for "The Steve Allen Show" (Steve Allen was her brother-in-law) and in a parody sketch on "The Jack Benny Program".  Meadows was the only member of the "Honeymooners" cast to earn residuals after the "Classic 39" episodes of the show from 1955 to 1956 started airing in reruns. Her brother Edward, a lawyer, had inserted a clause into her original contract whereby she would be paid if the shows were re-broadcast, thus earning her millions of dollars. Joyce Randolph, who played Trixie Norton, however, did receive royalty payments when the "lost" "Honeymooners" episodes from the variety shows were later released.

Career outside "The Honeymooners".

She appeared in a 1960 episode of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", entitled "Mrs. Bixby and the Colonel's Coat", one of the 17 episodes in the 10-year series directed by Hitchcock himself, and a rare light-hearted one.  She appeared in feature films, appeared on Dean Martin's television variety shows and celebrity roasts, she appeared on an episode of "Wagon Train" in the episodes title role of Nancy Palmer and years later returned to situation comedy in the 1980s playing Ted Knight's mother-in-law on "Too Close for Comfort" (1982–85).  She guest-starred on "The Red Skelton Show", made an appearance in an episode of "Murder, She Wrote" ("If the Frame Fits"), and made an appearance in an episode of "The Simpsons" ("Old Money"), wherein she voiced the role of Bea Simmons, Grampa Simpson's girlfriend. Her last work was an appearance on "Dave's World", in which she played the mother of Kenny (Shadoe Stevens).

Personal life.

In 1956 (during the run of The Honeymooners), she married a wealthy real estate man named Randolph Rouse. On August 24, 1961, Meadows married her second husband, Robert F. Six, president of Continental Airlines, in Honolulu, Hawaii. He died on October 6, 1986.  Meadows was a staunch Republican, who was quoted as saying, "I've always voted Republican because America is exactly that, a republic."

Banking and marketing career.

Meadows served as director of the First National Bank of Denver for 11 years, the first woman to hold this position. For twenty years, from 1961 to 1981, she was an advisory director of Continental Airlines, where she was actively involved in marketing programs that included the designs of flight attendant and customer service agent uniforms, aircraft interiors, and Continental's exclusive "President's Club" airport club lounges.

Memoirs.

In October 1994, Meadows published her memoirs, "Love, Alice: My Life As A Honeymooner".

Illness and death.

In 1995, Meadows was diagnosed with lung cancer and given a year to live. She declined all but palliative treatment. She died on February 3, 1996, five days shy of her 74th birthday, after slipping into a coma at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. She was interred in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, next to her second husband.

Legacy.

Meadows was portrayed by Kristen Dalton in "Gleason", a 2002 television biopic about the life of her "Honeymooners" co-star Jackie Gleason.

Audrey Meadows (born Audrey Cotter, February 8, 1922 – February 3, 1996) was an American actress best known for her role as the deadpan housewife Alice Kramden on the 1950s American television comedy "The Honeymooners". She was the younger sister of Hollywood leading lady Jayne Meadows.

Audrey Meadows est une actrice américaine née le à Wuchang (Chine), décédée le à Beverly Hills (Californie). Elle est principalement connue pour son rôle d'Alice Kramden, une femme de ménage impassible, dans la série américaine des années 1950 "The Honeymooners".


Songs.

The lyrics of "Christina the Astonishing" are based on the life of Christina Mirabilis, a 12th-century woman generally regarded as a Christian saint.  "When I First Came to Town" is based partly on Karen Dalton's recording of the traditional song "Katy Cruel". Dalton's version was later issued on "Original Seeds" Vol. 1.  Cave later claimed the songs were heavily influenced by street beggars he saw in Brazil. "They'd get their acoustic guitars with one or two strings and bang away and make a racket that had no sense whatsoever. It was very violent and seemed to come straight out of the heart. Very unmusical."  Of "Papa Won't Leave You, Henry," Cave said in 2005, "I like that song a lot. That was another one written in Brazil. It's this sprawling, lyrical thing. We were playing that [in 2000] as a very slow ballad on a different chordal structure altogether, which then became 'Darker with the Day' [from the 2001 album "No More Shall We Part"]. It had a different melody, but very slow and it made for a haunting thing. That song was composed over a long period of time and something that I would sing to my little son, Luke. It was kind of a nasty fucked-up lullaby."

Release.

"Henry's Dream" was released on 29 April 1992 in the United Kingdom and on 12 May in the United States. The album was released on CD, 12" vinyl and cassette. Although released on Mute Records, international distribution was handled by a number of associated labels. Indisc issued the album in Belgium, Liberation Records in Australia, Alfa Records in Japan, Virgin Records in France and Greece, and Elektra Records in the United States. Australian pressings were available in a box set including with a three-track promo cassette and initial French pressings came with a promo CD including "Papa Won't Leave You, Henry," "Straight to You," "Brother, My Cup is Empty" and "Loom of the Land." Limited editions of other pressings came with an enclosed poster and T-shirt. A second pressing of the album was issued on 13 February 1996 throughout Europe and the United States. On 29 March 2010, "Henry's Dream" was reissued as a collector's edition CD/DVD set, including the remastered album, a 5.1 surround sound mix, bonus tracks, a short film about the album, the single's music videos, and exclusive liner notes.  The album's two singles—"Straight to You" and "I Had a Dream, Joe"—were released on 30 March and 31 August, respectively. The singles were a moderate commercial success. Both singles charted in Australia, at number 96 and 75, respectively, and "Straight to You" charted at number 68 in the UK Singles Chart and at number 7 in the Indie Chart in April 1992. "I Had a Dream, Joe" also reached number 10 in the Indie Chart upon its release.

Tour.

Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds promoted the album with an initial tour across Europe, North America, Japan and Australia in 1992. The tour consisted of five legs and fifty-five concerts, and began in Norwich, England on 26 April 1992 and concluded in Brisbane, Australia on 12 December. In 1993, the band continued touring, adding a further two legs and twenty-three concerts in Australia, Europe and Israel, beginning on 24 January 1993 in Melbourne and concluding on 10 June in Düsseldorf, Germany. During the tour, the band performed at several music festivals, including Pukkelpop, the Reading Festival, Livid, Big Day Out and Via-Rock.  Selected recordings from the tour were featured on the band's first live album, "Live Seeds" (1993). Video recordings from the band's two shows in the Paradiso in Amsterdam on 2 and 3 June 1992 are featured on the live DVD "Live at The Paradiso", released alongside the band's tour documentary "The Road to God Knows Where" (1990) in 2006.

Reception.

Upon its release, "Henry's Dream" received generally positive critical acclaim. David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" said that "Henry's Dream" "sets Cave's deep, dolorous voice and scab-picking lyrics to windswept, tote-that-barge arrangements" and "may finally demonstrate what the fuss is all about". Holly George-Warren of "Rolling Stone" praised the album as "provocative – albeit harrowing – music". However, "The Village Voice" editor Robert Christgau, in a negative assessment, wrote that "if this is your idea of great writing, you may be ripe for his cult. Otherwise, forget it—the voice alone definitely won't do the trick." In a retrospective review, AllMusic editor Ned Raggett noted that the album "showed the band in fierce and fine fettle once more" and described Cave's lyrics as "a series of striking, compelling lyrics again exploring love, lust and death", adding that the songs "showcase the Seeds' peerless abilities at fusing older styles with noisy aggression and tension" and citing "Loom of the Land" as "one of Cave's best songs ever".  The remastered edition of "Henry's Dream" was also well received. BBC Music reviewer Mike Diver referred to the album, and the remaster of "Tender Prey" (1988), as "anything but poor albums" and said that even without former member Roland Wolf "the instrumentation loses little of its potency, and religious imagery remains prominent in Cave's wordplay." Alexander Tudor of "Drowned in Sound" called the album "a masterclass in narrative songwriting" and referred to its songs as "favela-punk", adding that "the album's atmospheric centrepiece conveys the mystery of faith (and the weirdness of folk traditions), rather than just rattling out a pretty tune."  "Henry's Dream" was listed in a number of album of the year lists, particularly in the United Kingdom. "Melody Maker" listed it as number 7 on their End of Year Critics List in 1992, "NME" ranked it at number 5 on its end of year list, and "Vox" listed it as number 14 in its Albums of 1992.

Chart positions.

Singles.

— denotes a single was released but did not chart.

Henry's Dream is the seventh album released by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, in April 1992. Nick Cave himself was unhappy with the production by David Briggs. Briggs preferred a "live-in-the-studio" method he had used with Neil Young. This led to Cave and Mick Harvey re-mixing the album, and ultimately to the "Live Seeds" recordings, as Cave wanted the songs "done justice".

Henry's Dream est le septième album de Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, paru en 1992. Cet album fait probablement référence au recueil de poèmes "The Dream Songs" de John Berryman, qui évoque les rêves d'un protagoniste nommé Henry.


Process.

Carbonitriding is similar to gas carburization with the addition of ammonia to the carburizing atmosphere, which provides a source of nitrogen. Nitrogen is absorbed at the surface and diffuses into the workpiece along with carbon. Carbonitriding (around 850 °C / 1550 °F) is carried out at temperatures substantially higher than plain nitriding (around 530 °C / 990 °F) but slightly lower than those used for carburizing (around 950 °C / 1700 °F) and for shorter times. Carbonitriding tends to be more economical than carburizing, and also reduces distortion during quenching. The lower temperature allows oil quenching, or even gas quenching with a protective atmosphere.

Characteristics of carbonitrided parts.

Carbonitriding forms a hard, wear-resistant case, is typically 0.07 mm to 0.5 mm thick, and generally has higher hardness than a carburized case. Case depth is tailored to the application; a thicker case increases the wear life of the part. Carbonitriding alters only the top layers of the workpiece; and does not deposit an additional layer, so the process does not significantly alter the dimensions of the part.  Maximum case depth is typically restricted to 0.75 mm; case depths greater than this take too long to diffuse to be economical. Shorter processing times are preferred to restrict the concentration of nitrogen in the case, as nitrogen addition is more difficult to control than carbon. An excess of nitrogen in the work piece can cause high levels of retained austenite and porosity, which are undesirable in producing a part of high hardness.

Advantages.

Carbonitriding also has other advantages over carburizing. To begin, it has a greater resistance to softening during tempering and increased fatigue and impact strength. It is possible to use both carbonitriding and carburizing together to form optimum conditions of deeper case depths and therefore performance of the part in industry. This method is applied particularly to steels with low case hardenability, such as the seat of the valve. The process applied is initially carburizing to the required case depth (up to 2.5 mm) at around 900-955°C, and then carbonitriding to achieve required carbonitrided case depth. The parts are then oil quenched, and the resulting part has a harder case than possibly achieved for carburization, and the addition of the carbonitrided layer increases the residual compressive stresses in the case such that the contact fatigue resistance and strength gradient are both increased. Studies are showing that carbonitriding improves corrosion resistance.

Applications.

Typical applications for case hardening are gear teeth, cams, shafts, bearings, fasteners, pins, hydraulic piston rods, automotive clutch plates, tools, dies and tillage tools.

Carbonitriding is a metallurgical surface modification technique that is used to increase the surface hardness of a metal, thereby reducing wear.

La carbonitruration est un traitement de diffusion, effectué à une température comprise entre 800 et 850 °C. Comme pour la cémentation, il y a un apport de carbone en surface mais en plus, il y a une introduction d'azote dans le four ou dans un bain (L’azote étant fortement gammagène, il augmente le coefficient de diffusion du carbone dans l’austénite, ce qui permet des températures de carbonitruration plus basses que celles utilisées en cémentation par le carbone seul, ce qui est un avantage...).


Biography.

Early life.

Doyle was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Mary Ruth (née Fitzgerald) and Lewis Raymond Doyle, an attorney. He graduated from Campion High School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in 1947.  His maternal grandfather, John Fitzgerald, was a prominent railroad builder and banker in Nebraska. His younger sister, Mary (1931–1995), was a stage actress, who died from lung cancer aged 63.

Career.

Doyle is best remembered for his role as detective John Bosley on the television series "Charlie's Angels", one of only two actors (the other being original angel Jaclyn Smith) to appear in all 110 episodes of the series (1976–1981).  Doyle made a number of appearances as a guest on the game show "Match Game" from 1977 to 1982. He appeared on one week of "Password Plus" in 1980, three weeks of "Super Password", and on "Tattletales" with his wife Anne in 1982.  He lent his distinctive raspy voice to the character Grandpa Lou Pickles on the Nickelodeon animated series "Rugrats" from 1991 until his death. Joe Alaskey then assumed the role of Grandpa Lou.  Doyle was also a stage actor. He played Orgon in the 1964 premiere of Richard Wilbur's translation of "Tartuffe" at the Fred Miller Theater in Milwaukee. His sister Mary played the maid, Dorine, in the same production. His New York stage credits include "Beg, Borrow or Steal", "Something About a Soldier", "Here's Love", "I Was Dancing", and a revival of "South Pacific".

Personal life.

Doyle was married twice. In 1956 he married his first wife, Rachael, with whom he had a daughter, Leah (born 1961). Rachael died in 1968 after falling from a staircase. The next year, while on a vacation trip to the South Pacific, Doyle met Anne Nathan, a singer-dancer, and they married a short time later.

Death.

Doyle died in Los Angeles, California, of a heart attack on February 26, 1997, at age 67, and was cremated.

David Fitzgerald Doyle (December 1, 1929 – February 26, 1997) was an American actor. He was best known for his portrayal of John Bosley on the 1970s TV series "Charlie's Angels". Along with Jaclyn Smith, he was one of the only actors to appear in every episode of the show.

David Doyle, de son vrai nom David Fitzgerald Doyle, né le à Omaha, en Nebraska, aux (États-Unis), et mort le à Los Angeles, en Californie, aux (États-Unis), à l'âge de 67 ans, d'une crise cardiaque, est un acteur américain.