History.

The plan to establish a theological seminary in Princeton was in the interests of advancing and extending the theological curriculum. The educational intention was to go beyond the liberal arts course by setting up a postgraduate, professional school in theology. The plan met with enthusiastic approval on the part of authorities at the College of New Jersey, later to become Princeton University, for they were coming to see that specialized training in theology required more attention than they could give. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church established The Theological Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey in 1812, with the support of the directors of the nearby College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), as the second graduate theological school in the United States. The Seminary remains an institution of the Presbyterian Church (USA), being the largest of the ten theological seminaries affiliated with the 1.6-million-member denomination.  In 1812, the seminary boasted three students and Archibald Alexander as its first professor. By 1815 the number of students had gradually increased and work began on a building: Alexander Hall was designed by John McComb Jr., a New York architect, and opened in 1817. The original cupola was added in 1827, but it burned in 1913 and was replaced in 1926. The building was simply called "Seminary" until 1893, when it was officially named Alexander Hall. Since its founding, Princeton Seminary has graduated approximately 14,000 men and women who have served the church in many capacities, from pastoral ministry and pastoral care to missionary work, Christian education and leadership in the academy and business.  The seminary was made famous during the 19th and early 20th centuries for its defense of Calvinistic Presbyterianism, a tradition that became known as Princeton Theology and greatly influenced Evangelicalism during the period. Some of the institution's figures active in this movement included Charles Hodge, B.B. Warfield, J. Gresham Machen, and Geerhardus Vos. In response to the increasing influence of theological liberalism in the 1920s and the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy at the institution, several theologians left to form the Westminster Theological Seminary under the leadership of J. Gresham Machen.  The college was later the center of the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy of the 1920s and 1930s. In 1929, the seminary was reorganized along modernist lines, and in response, Machen, along with three of his colleagues: Oswald T. Allis, Robert Dick Wilson and Cornelius Van Til, resigned, with Machen, Allis and Wilson founding Westminster Theological Seminary in Glenside, Pennsylvania. In 1958, Princeton became a seminary of the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., following a merger between the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. and the United Presbyterian Church of North America, and in 1983, it would become a seminary of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) after the merger between the UPCUSA and the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.  In 2019, the Seminary announced that it would spend $27 million on "scholarships and other initiatives to address its historical ties to slavery".

Academics.

Princeton Theological Seminary has been accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools (ATS) since 1938 and by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education since 1968.

Libraries.

The Princeton Seminary Library is a destination for visiting scholars from around the world. The library has over 1,252,503 bound volumes, pamphlets, and microfilms. It currently receives about 2,100 journals, annual reports of church bodies and learned societies, bulletins, transactions, and periodically issued indices, abstracts, and bibliographies. The Libraries are:

Rankings.

Given its status as an autonomous postgraduate institution, Princeton Seminary does not appear in most global or national rankings for universities and colleges. As a graduate school, however, it does see such ranking on occasion. In 2015, for instance, the U.S. News & World Report placed Princeton Seminary among the top 50 graduate programs for the field of history in the United States. The journal First Things, an organ of the Institute on Religion and Public Life in New York, ranked Princeton Seminary fifth among American graduate programs in theology, in 2012.

Student life.

Miller Chapel.

Built in 1834, Princeton Seminary's chapel was named to honor Samuel Miller, the second professor at the Seminary. It was designed in the Greek Revival style by Charles Steadman, who also designed the nearby Nassau Presbyterian Church. Originally located beside Alexander Hall, it was moved in 1933 toward the center of the campus, its steps now leading down onto the Seminary's main quad. Miller Chapel underwent a complete renovation in 2000, with the addition of the Joe R. Engle Organ.

Navigating the Waters.

In 2011, Princeton Theological Seminary's Office of Multicultural Relations and The Kaleidoscope Institute worked together to initiate an effort known as "Navigating the Waters," a program designed to promote cultural proficiency and diversity competency in faculty, staff, and students.

Research.

Center for Barth Studies.

The Center for Barth Studies was established at Princeton Seminary in 1997 and is administered by a board of seminary faculty. The Center sponsors conferences, research opportunities, discussion groups, and publications that seek to advance understanding of the theology of Karl Barth (1886–1968), the Germans Swiss professor and pastor widely regarded as the greatest theologian of the 20th century. The Karl Barth Research Collection, part of Special Collections in the Princeton Theological Seminary Libraries, supports the scholarly activities of the Center for Barth Studies. The Karl Barth Research Collection is acquiring an exhaustive collection of writings by and about Karl Barth. Although many volumes are still needed, the Research Collection has already acquired Barth's most important works in German and English, several first editions, and an original hand-written manuscript by Karl Barth.

Abraham Kuyper Center for Public Theology.

The heart of the Abraham Kuyper Center for Public Theology is the Abraham Kuyper Collection of Dutch Reformed Protestantism in the library's Special Collections, which focuses on the theology and history of Dutch Reformed Protestantism since the nineteenth century and features a sizable assemblage of primary and secondary sources by and about Abraham Kuyper. The Center maintains in partnership with the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam an online database of secondary literature about Abraham Kuyper.  The Center has also established an annual event organized to award the Abraham Kuyper Prize for Excellence in Reformed Theology and Public Life, during which the recipient delivers an address. The Abraham Kuyper Consultation, a series of further lectures, takes place on the following day.  In 2017 there was a controversy surrounding the plan to award the Kuyper Prize to Tim Keller then Pastor of Redeemer Presbyterian Church in New York City. A group of students and faculty protested that Keller should not receive the award due to his non-affirming views regarding LGBTQ and women clergy. President Barnes initially defended awarding Keller the prize before changing his position. Keller withdrew himself from consideration for the prize and still delivered his lecture. While drawing support from some quarters, the decision to not award Keller the prize also drew criticism in the "Wall Street Journal" and "Washington Post".

Center of Theological Inquiry.

In 1978 Princeton Theological Seminary's Board of Trustees established the Center of Theological Inquiry as an independent, ecumenical institution for advanced theological research, "to inquire into the relationship between theological disciplines, [and of these with]... both human and natural sciences, to inquire into the relationship between diverse religious traditions..., to inquire into the present state of religious consciousness in the modern world, and to examine such other facets of religion in the modern world as may be appropriate..." Today, the Center has its own board, funding, mission and staff, yet maintains close relations with Princeton Theological Seminary. Present director is William Storrar and director of research is Robin Lovin.

Journals.

"Theology Today" is a peer-reviewed, quarterly journal of Christian theology founded in 1944.  "Koinonia Journal" is published annually by doctoral students at Princeton Theological Seminary. The publication and its annual forum promote written and face-to-face interdisciplinary discussion about issues in theology and the study of religion. It is distributed to well over 100 libraries worldwide.  "Princeton Theological Review" is a student-run, annual and online journal that exists to serve students within the Princeton Theological Seminary body as well as the wider theological community. It is distributed to well over 100 libraries worldwide.

Frederick Buechner Prize.

Acclaimed writer and theologian Frederick Buechner has long standing ties to Princeton Theological Seminary and the seminary has honored him with the creation of the Buechner Prize for Writing. Princeton sponsored and hosted the Buechner Writing Workshop in June 2015. Also, Princeton Theological Seminary has given copies of Buechner's Telling the Truth to students as part of their graduation.

Princeton Theological Seminary people.

Principals and Presidents of Princeton Theological Seminary.

Prior to the creation of the office of President in 1902, the seminary was governed by the principal.

Princeton Theological Seminary (PTS) is a private Presbyterian school of theology in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1812 under the auspices of Archibald Alexander, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), it is the second-oldest seminary in the United States. It is also the largest of ten seminaries associated with the Presbyterian Church.

Le Princeton Theological Seminary (PTS) est une université privée dédiée à l'enseignement de la théologie protestante située à Princeton (New Jersey). Fondé en 1812 sous les auspices de Archibald Alexander, de l'Assemblée générale de l'Église presbytérienne et du "College of New Jersey" (devenu aujourd'hui l'université de Princeton), c'est le deuxième séminaire protestant à être fondé aux États-Unis C'est aussi le plus grand des 10 séminaires associés à l'Église presbytérienne (États-Unis).


Geography.

Masonville is located in south-central Daviess County at (37.683612, -87.036563). U.S. Route 231 passes through the center of the CDP. The William H. Natcher Parkway forms the eastern border of the CDP, but there is no exit for the community. Owensboro, the county seat, is to the northwest, and Hartford is to the southeast.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the Masonville CDP has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.66%, is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,075 people, 381 households, and 310 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 120.1 people per square mile (46.4/km2). There were 411 housing units at an average density of 45.9/sq mi (17.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.16% White, 0.09% African American, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.19% of the population.  There were 381 households out of which 41.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.15.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 30.0% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,171, and the median income for a family was $45,795. Males had a median income of $35,089 versus $19,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,469. About 10.9% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.2% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

Masonville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Daviess County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,014 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Owensboro Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Masonville est une "census-designated place" située dans le comté de Daviess, dans le Commonwealth du Kentucky, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement.


Personal.

Fearnley was born on 23 March 1981 in the New South Wales town of Cowra as the youngest of five children. He was born with sacral agenesis; he is missing certain parts of his lower spine and all of his sacrum. At the time of his birth, doctors did not believe he would live longer than a week. He grew up in the small New South Wales town of Carcoar. At school, he took part in all sports including athletics and rugby league. He won his first athletics medal in the high jump. He took up wheelchair racing at the age of 14 and took it to an elite level at the age of 17.  After leaving Blayney High School, he moved to Sydney to train and start a Bachelor of Human Movement degree. He lives in Newcastle and is a teacher. He is tall and weighs.  In 2010, Fearnley married Sheridan Rosconi at Glenrock Lagoon. Fearnley and Rosconi met while studying at Charles Sturt University in Bathurst, New South Wales. Their first son, Harry, was born in 2013 with a second child, a daughter Emilia born in 2017. In 2014, his autobiography "Pushing the Limits: Life, Marathons & Kokoda" was published.

Career.

In 1997, Fearnley was a member of the Western Region Academy of Sport and by the 2000 Sydney Paralympics was representing Australia. At these Games, Fearnley won two silver medals in the 800 m and 4×100 m relay events. He also represented his country in the demonstration sport of Men's 1500 m wheelchair, where he came 4th. He went to the 2002 IPC Athletics World Championships in Birmingham, England and finished 7th in both the 400 m and 800 m T54 events.  At the 2004 Olympic Games, he finished 5th in the demonstration sport of Men's 1500 m wheelchair. Following this he won two gold medals in the 5000 m T54 and marathon T54 events at the 2004 Athens Paralympics, for which he received a Medal of the Order of Australia. At the 2006 IPC Athletics World Championships in Assen, Netherlands, he won three gold medals and one bronze medal. Participating in his third Paralympics in Beijing, he won a gold medal in the marathon T54, two silver medals in the 800 m T54 and 5000 m T54 events and a bronze medal in the 1500 m T54 event.  On 30 September 2009, Fearnley conducted a training climb of Sydney's Centrepoint Tower's 1,504 fire stairs in 20 minutes, taking them two at a time. While far short of the 6m 52s record for the annual charity climb (Sydney Tower Run-up), the Tower's manager said this was quicker than the 25 minutes required by most able-bodied people. In 2009, he won his fourth New York City Marathon title, his third consecutive title in the Chicago Marathon and victories in Seoul, Paris, London and Sydney. In November 2009, Fearnley crawled the Kokoda Trail accompanied by family and friends in support of Movember and Beyond Blue. He completed the journey in 10 days. In 2009, he was awarded the Young Australian of the Year for New South Wales.  Fearnley is active in advocacy work, and has been an ambassador for the Don't DIS my ABILITY campaign for four years. He was also a 2010 International Day of People with Disability Ambassador. In 2010, Fearnley competed again in the New York marathon, which he came in third. In the same year his image was featured on the medal for the 2010 Blackmores Sydney Running Festival. He also won a gold medal at the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games in the 1500 m T54 event.  In early 2011 at the IPC Athletics World Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand, he won the marathon. Later in the year, Fearnley competed in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.  At the 2012 London Paralympics, he was aiming to be the first person to win three consecutive marathon T54 gold medals. However, he instead won a bronze medal in the Men's Marathon T54 and a silver medal in the Men's 5000 m T54.  Fearnley won a bronze medal in the 1500 m T54 at the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games; he had been fighting a virus in the days before the event. In November 2014, he won his fifth New York Marathon men's wheelchair event. After the competition, he stated "That was one of the toughest races of my life" due to the high winds that nearly forced the cancellation of the wheelchair event.  At the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships in Doha, he finished fourth in the Men's 5000 m T54 and did not progress to the final of the Men's 1500 m T54. He left Doha immediately to compete in the New York Marathon where he finished fifth after crashing at the 12-mile mark. On Australia Day 2016, he won the Oz Day 10K Wheelchair Road Race for the tenth time joining Louise Sauvage as a ten-time winner of this prestigious wheelchair road race.  At his last Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro in 2016, Fearnley won the silver medal in the Men's Marathon T54 and the bronze medal in the Men's 5000 m T53/54. Fearnley indicated he will race in the wheelchair marathon at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games and continue to race marathons on the international circuit. At the end of the marathon, Fearnley said: "One of my biggest strengths is that I deal with discomfort better than most."  At the 2017 World Para Athletics Championships in London, England, Fearnley finished sixth in both the Men's 1500 m and 5000 m T54 events.  At the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games, Fearnley won the gold medal in the Men's Marathon T54 and silver in the Men's 1500 T54. He was given the honour of the flag bearer at the closing ceremony.  Fearnley is coached by Andrew Dawes at the New South Wales Institute of Sport.

Boards.

Fearnley extensive experience in disability sport had led him to be appointed to several boards.

Kurt Harry Fearnley, (born 23 March 1981) is an Australian wheelchair racer, who has won gold medals at the Paralympic Games and 'crawled' the Kokoda Track. He has a congenital disorder called sacral agenesis which prevented fetal development of certain parts of his lower spine and all of his sacrum. In Paralympic events he is classified in the T54 classification. He focuses on long and middle-distance wheelchair races, and has also won medals in sprint relays. He participated in the 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012 Games. Fearnley finished his Paralympic Games career with silver and bronze medals at the 2016 Rio Paralympics. He won a gold and silver medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and was the Australian flag bearer at the closing ceremony.

Kurt Fearnley (né le à Cowra) est un athlète handisport australien, concourant en catégorie T54 spécialiste du demi-fond et des courses de fond. Il est triple champion paralympique, ayant participé à cinq éditions consécutives, et officier de l'Ordre d'Australie. Il est porte-drapeau de la délégation australienne pour la cérémonie de clôture des Jeux du Commonwealth de 2018, durant lesquels il a gagné sa quatrième médaille en trois participations.


Plot summary.

"So long a letter", or in its original French publication, "Une si longue lettre," is written as a series of letters, known as an epistolary novel, from the main character Ramatoulaye Fall to her best friend Aissatou following the sudden death from heart attack of Ramatoulaye's husband Moudou Ba. The letter is written while Ramatoulaye is going through 'Iddah, a four month and ten day mourning process that widow of the Muslim Senegalese culture must follow. Ramatoulaye begins her first letters by recalling and describing the emotions that flooded her during the first few days after her husband's death and speaks in detail about how he lost his life. She transitions the tone and time by discussing the life she had with her husband, from the beginning of their relationship to his betrayal of a thirty year marriage by secretly marrying his daughter's school best friend to the life he had with his second wife. Throughout this short and compelling novel, Ramatoulaye details to Assiatou, who experienced a similar but different marital situation, how she emotionally dealt with and changed by his betrayal, his death, and being a single mother of many.

Cultural History.

Senegal was home to many indigenous peoples during precolonial times. Around the 9th century AD Islamization spread throughout Senegal due to the expansive trade routes throughout Western Africa. Today, roughly 90 percent of Senegalese society follows Muslim religion while the remaining 10 percent follows forms of Christianity or mixed religions. Although many people follow Muslim religion, Arabic culture is not practiced in Senegal nor is Arabic spoken as the language. Much of their legal codes are from translated passages of the Qu'ran. French colonialism came to Senegal in the 1800s and enforced a separation of church and state. However many still abide by the Qu'ran's laws which shape ideas of gender roles, family life, marriage, and the patrilineal male dominated society.

Analysis.

The letter covered many topics such as polygyny, Senegalese class hierarchy, and religion so, it was difficult to place the genre of the book. Some called it a novel while others referred to Bâ's work as a letter. Critics studied the novel's informal voice, some writing it off as a personal experience rather than the story of many Senegalese women at the time.  Author and associate professor "Uzoma Esonwanne" interpreted the book as a challenge to colonialism while also acknowledging colonial practices. The character "Ramatoulaye's" insistence on being heard and providing inside commentary on the downside of polygyny, made Esonwanne question the part gender plays in this new era of the world.  Author and Yale professor "Christopher L. Miller" found Ba's "So Long a Letter" more journal-like, in that it held her written letter(s) with no one answering back.

Reception.

The letter was used in the western hemisphere to study how strong bonds women formed influenced them. Ramatoulaye and Aissatou’s friendship helped them break away from social norms, gaining social and political respect without a male.  The letter was also used to understand women’s views on polygamy. Some women in Senegal saw fault in polygamy and fought against it. Aissatou leaves her husband for practicing polygamy and Ramatoulaye says no to marriage to another man.  The author was praised for her involvement in expanding African literature as well as feminism through personal accounts of her life.

Themes.

"So Long a Letter" deals with multiple themes, which includes the life of women in Senegal during the 1970s and 1980s, family and community life, Islam and polygamy, and death rituals.  The letters explore the tensions between Ramatoulaye's feminist values (developed largely as a consequence of her French colonial education) and her religion, which is often used a means of justifying the mistreatment of women like herself. However, Ramatoulaye attributes the mistreatment of women by men to the misinterpretation and misappropriation of Islamic scriptures, rather than suggesting that they are inherently sexist.

So Long a Letter () is a semi-autobiographical epistolary novel originally written in French by the Senegalese writer Mariama Bâ. Its theme is the condition of women in Western African society.

Une si longue lettre est le premier roman de l'écrivaine sénégalaise Mariama Bâ publié pour la première fois en 1979. Écrit en français, l'ouvrage prend la forme d'un roman épistolaire où Ramatoulaye Fall raconte à Aïssatou, son amie de longue date, son veuvage et sa vie de femme et de mère. Aux événements de sa vie s'entrelacent ceux de son amie Aïssatou.


History.

Watson was platted in 1869. The village was named after a railroad official. A post office was established at Watson in 1869, and remained in operation until 1965.

Geography.

Watson is located at (40.478975, -95.623762).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 100 people, 40 households, and 28 families living in the village. The population density was. There were 47 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.  There were 40 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.0% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.96.  The median age in the village was 38.7 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 54.0% male and 46.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 121 people, 40 households, and 32 families living in the village. The population density was 1,136.4 people per square mile (424.7/km2). There were 58 housing units at an average density of 544.7 per square mile (203.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.17% White, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.48% of the population.  There were 40 households out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.38.  In the village, the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.2 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $27,750, and the median income for a family was $28,500. Males had a median income of $28,594 versus $23,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,753. There were 9.4% of families and 7.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 15.2% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Notable person.

Current Missouri Supreme Court Judge Zel Fischer grew up in Watson.

Watson is a village in Nishnabotna Township, Atchison County, Missouri, United States. The population was 100 at the 2010 census. It is the westernmost settlement in the state of Missouri, about 120 miles northwest of Kansas City.

Watson est un village du comté d'Atchison, dans le Missouri, aux États-Unis. Située à l'ouest du comté, il est incorporée en 1874.


Geography.

Gladstone is located in west-central Henderson County at (40.864568, -90.958815). Illinois Route 164 passes through the village, leading north to Oquawka, the county seat, and south to U.S. Route 34. Burlington, Iowa, is southwest of Gladstone via IL-164 and US-34.  According to the 2010 census, Gladstone has a total area of, all land.

History.

Gladstone grew from a Meskwaki village that was led by Taimah in the 1820s. Gladstone was originally named "Sagetown", after Gideon Sage upon whose land the town was platted. Gladstone is named after the English statesman William Ewart Gladstone.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 284 people, 139 households, and 82 families residing in the village. The population density was 722.1 people per square mile (281.2/km2). There were 146 housing units at an average density of 371.2 per square mile (144.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.30% White, 0.35% African American, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population.  There were 139 households out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.64.  In the village, the population was spread out with 20.8% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $30,694, and the median income for a family was $41,429. Males had a median income of $32,083 versus $20,972 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,245. About 11.5% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under the age of eighteen and 23.1% of those sixty five or over.

Gladstone is a village in Henderson County, Illinois, United States. The population was 281 at the 2010 census, down from 284 in 2000. It is part of the Burlington, IA–IL Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Gladstone, est un village du comté de Henderson dans l'Illinois, aux États-Unis. Situé au centre du comté, il est incorporé le.


History and culture.

Kawakawa starting developing as a town with the mining of coal, which was discovered there in 1861. A horse-drawn tramway was opened in 1868 to carry coal from the mines to the Taumarere wharf. In 1871 two steam locomotives were acquired and the tramway was upgraded to railway standard. In 1884 a railway line from Kawakawa to Opua was opened, and this replaced the line to Taumarere wharf.  By 1899 there were about 1,000 residents in the town, which was built mainly on the hillside. In 1899 a fire destroyed all but a few of the buildings. The town was rebuilt on the flat, alongside the railway tracks. The present railway station was built in 1911.  A railway line south to Whangarei was completed in 1911. Coal mining ceased at Kawakawa in the early 20th century.  The Bay of Islands County headquarters were in Kawakawa until the county was disestablished in 1989.  Kawakawa has three marae affiliated with hapū of Ngāpuhi. Mohinui Marae and its Hohourongo meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Hine and Ngāti Kahu o Torongare. Kawiti Marae and Te Tawai Riri Maihi Kawiti meeting house, and Miria Marae and Te Rapunga meeting house are also connected to Ngāti Hine.

Demographics.

Kawakawa had a population of 1,464 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 249 people (20.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 138 people (10.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 426 households. There were 732 males and 732 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. Of the total population, 405 people (27.7%) were aged up to 15 years, 297 (20.3%) were 15 to 29, 606 (41.4%) were 30 to 64, and 156 (10.7%) were 65 or older. Figures may not add up to the total due to rounding.  Ethnicities were 41.6% European/Pākehā, 73.8% Māori, 8.2% Pacific peoples, 4.5% Asian, and 1.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.  The percentage of people born overseas was 9.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.  Although some people objected to giving their religion, 43.0% had no religion, 37.1% were Christian, and 13.9% had other religions.  Of those at least 15 years old, 123 (11.6%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 231 (21.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $22,800. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 465 (43.9%) people were employed full-time, 156 (14.7%) were part-time, and 102 (9.6%) were unemployed.

Features.

The town is known as "Train Town", because the Bay of Islands Vintage Railway runs down the middle of its main street on the former Opua Branch railway line. Eight km of the 17 km track reopened in 2008. At present trains cannot go over "Long Bridge" because rails have not been relaid since it was re-piled, and the track between this bridge at Taumarere and Opua is being used as part of the Twin Coast Cyclepath. When the rails have been relaid, the cyclepath will be moved next to the track.  The town is also famous for its Hundertwasser toilet block, designed by Austrian artist Friedensreich Hundertwasser, who was a resident of the town from 1975 until his death in 2000.  The Kawiti glowworm caves at nearby Waiomio are also an attraction.

Education.

Kawakawa Primary School is a full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of students.  Bay of Islands College is a secondary (years 9–13) school with a roll of students. It takes students from around the Bay of Islands and middle Northland, with 85% of its students travelling daily by bus to attend.  Both schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of  Karetu School is located nearby, in Karetu.

Kawakawa is a small town in the Bay of Islands area of the Northland Region of New Zealand. Kawakawa developed as a service town when coal was found there in the 1860s, but coal mining ceased in the early 20th century. The economy is now based on farming. The town is named after the kawakawa shrub.

Kawakawa est une ville de la région Northland en Nouvelle-Zélande. Sa population était de en 2013. Sa population était de en 2013.


Investors.

For an investor, dividend stripping provides dividend income, and a capital loss when the shares fall in value (in normal circumstances) on going ex-dividend. This may be profitable if income is greater than the loss, or if the tax treatment of the two gives an advantage.  Different tax circumstances of different investors is a factor. A tax advantage available to everyone would be expected to show up in the ex-dividend price fall. But an advantage available only to a limited set of investors might not.  In any case the amount of profit on such a transaction is usually small, meaning that it may not be worthwhile after brokerage fees, the risk of holding shares overnight, the market spread, or possible slippage if the market lacks liquidity.

Tax avoidance.

Dividend stripping or cum-ex trading can be used as a tax avoidance strategy, enabling a company to distribute profits to its owners as a capital sum, instead of a dividend, which offers tax benefits if the effective tax rate on capital gains is lower than for dividends. For example, consider a company called ProfCo wishing to distribute D, with the help of a stripper company called StripperCo.  The net effect for the owners is a capital gain of +D and a dividend distribution of -D. The net effect for StripperCo is nothing; the dividend it receives is income, and its loss on the share trading is a deduction. StripperCo might need to be in the business of share trading to get such a deduction (i.e. treating shares as merchandise instead of capital assets).  Many variations are possible:  The tax treatment for each party in an exercise like this will vary from country to country. The operation may well be caught at some point by tax laws, and/or provide no benefit.

Australia.

In Australia, ordinary external investors are free to buy shares cum-dividend and sell them ex-dividend, and treat the dividend income and capital loss the same as for any other investment. But schemes involving a deliberate arrangement by a company's owners to avoid tax are addressed by anti-avoidance provisions of Part IVA the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936.

Investors.

Dividend stripping by investors has the general advantages or disadvantages described above, but in addition in Australia there are franking credits attached to dividends under the dividend imputation system. Those credits can only be used by eligible investors (see the dividend imputation article), so there's a tension between different investors for the amount shares should fall when going ex-dividend. A rationally priced drop for one group is a bonus or trading opportunity for the other.  But the difference is not large. In a franked dividend, each $0.70 cash has $0.30 of franking attached (at the 30% company tax rate for 2005). To eligible investors it's worth $1.00, to others it's worth only $0.70 (of before-tax income in both cases). A typical half-yearly dividend (in 2005) of 2% of the share price would mean an extra 0.85% in franking credits, an amount which might easily be swamped by brokerage and the general risks noted above.

Tax avoidance.

The kind of dividend stripping tax avoidance schemes described above presently fall under anti-avoidance provisions of the Income Tax Assessment Act part IVA amendments introduced in 1981.  Part IVA is a set of general anti-avoidance measures addressing schemes with a dominant purpose of creating a tax benefit. Section 177E specifically covers dividend stripping. That section exists to avoid any difficulty that might arise from identifying exactly where a tax benefit arises in dividend stripping. Dividend stripping will generally result in money to owners being taxed as dividends, irrespective of interposed steps.  Section 177E also applies to related schemes which draw off profits from a company, benefitting its owners, not just to the formal payment of a dividend. For example,  Losses in the company for such related schemes may be recognised immediately in its accounts, or only booked progressively over future years, the latter being various "forward stripping" schemes. Both are caught by section 177E.

United States.

In the United States, dividends may qualify for a lower rate. However, among other things, the stock must be owned for more than 60 days out of a 121-day period around the ex-dividend date.

Dividend stripping is the practice of buying shares a short period before a dividend is declared, called cum-dividend, and then selling them when they go ex-dividend, when the previous owner is entitled to the dividend. On the day the company trades ex-dividend, theoretically the share price drops by the amount of the dividend.

L'arbitrage de dividendes, souvent désigné par les acronymes anglophones CumCum ou CumEx est une pratique financière consistant à vendre des actions peu de temps avant qu'un dividende ne soit versé, voire le jour même du versement afin d'induire en erreur les services fiscaux. Ces pratiques sont considérées comme de la fraude fiscale dans de nombreux pays car le principe de base est d'éviter les taxes frappant les dividendes, ou d'obtenir des remboursements indus d'avances d'impôts sur les dividendes.


Campagne de la Dynastie Ming contre l'Uriankhai

Background.

During the 1380s, the Mongol commander Naghachu had organized the many Mongol tribes of Manchuria into the Uriankhai. They frequently clashed with the Chinese along the northeastern frontier regions of Ming China.

Course.

In December 1386, the Ming Hongwu Emperor ordered General Feng Sheng to lead an army of 200,000 soldiers against the Mongols. In early 1387, Feng Sheng was commissioned as the Grand General, assigned Fu Youde and Lan Yu to assist him, and raised a large army. The Hongwu Emperor drew the plans with the ultimate objective to conquer Jinshan.  The Ming army comprised 200 thousand soldiers, including the 50,000 soldiers that garrisoned four fortresses. General Feng Sheng and General Fu Youde commanded the front army, while General Lan Yu commanded the rear army. Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, commanded the princely guard, but saw relatively limited action.  In January 1388, General Feng Sheng led the Ming army to Tongzhou (通州), where he sent General Lan Yu with a cavalry unit to attack a Mongol force at Qingzhou (慶州). Lan Yu defeated the Mongol force, capturing the Mongol governor, many Mongol people, and their horses. On 20 March 1387, General Feng Sheng led the Ming army northward through the Great Wall.  Fortresses were constructed at Daning (大寧), Fuyu (富峪), Huizhou (會州), and Kuanhe (寛河) near the Great Wall and completed at the end of the summer of 1387. In Daning, a regional military commission was established to command the four fortresses. Zhu Quan, the Prince of Ning, would later be stationed at Daning and take command of the four fortresses. Beiping, Shandong, Shanxi, and Henan provinces dispatched the peasantry to transport grain to the north. Millions of piculs of foodstuff were stored at the four fortresses, which served as advance bases.  General Feng Shen led his main army further eastward. He left about 50,000 troops at Daning. On 7 July 1387, Zhen Yong (陣鏞; Marquis of Linjiang) and his division had become separated from the main army and was ambushed, resulting in the killing of Zhen.  In July 1387, the Ming army advanced further and crossed the Liao River. Within a few days after crossing the Liao River, they surrounded the Mongol stronghold of Jinshan. Within that month, the Ming army established their encampment west of Jinshan.  General Feng Sheng returned Nayira'u (Naghachu's former lieutenant, captured in 1376) to Naghachu with a letter that stated that he should surrender and accept the suzerainty of Ming China. Meanwhile, General Lan Yu and his army inflicted much destruction to portions of the Mongol horde in the northern vicinity of the Great Wall. All whilst rice, weapons, and other supplies were transported across the Great Wall into Manchuria for the Ming army.  Naghachu and his Mongol horde surrendered to the Ming army. Dreyer (1982) stated that this was on 14 July 1387, while Langlois (1998) stated that this was in October 1387. The lesser Mongol chieftains regarded Naghachu's surrender as a defection and continued resisting. While the Ming army was returning to the Great Wall, the rear guard was ambushed and suffered losses, including Chief Commissioner Pu Ying (濮英), who was the commander of the rear guard.

Aftermath.

The campaign concluded with the capture of Naghachu and his horde, their families, and their domesticated animals. Naghachu, his 6500 officers, and their families were sent to Nanjing. In the period after his surrender to the Ming, Naghachu was given a marquisate with a stipend of 2000 piculs of grain, an estate of public fields in Jiangxi, and a mansion in Nanjing. He ultimately died (probably due to his excessive alcohol consumption) near Wu-ch'ang on 31 August 1388 and was buried outside Nanjing.  Bolstered by this successful campaign, the Hongwu Emperor ordered General Lan Yu to lead 150,000 men on a military campaign against Toghus Temur, the Khan of the Mongols, culminating in the Ming victory over the Mongol horde at Buir Lake in 1388.

The Ming campaign against the Uriankhai of 1387 was an offensive military expedition campaign of Ming China's army led by General Feng Sheng against the Uriankhai horde of the Mongol chieftain Naghachu in Manchuria. Later that year, the military campaign concluded with the surrender of the Uriankhai.

La campagne de la Dynastie Ming contre l'Uriankhai de 1387 est une campagne militaire offensive de l'armée de la dynastie chinoise Ming, dirigée par le général Feng Sheng contre la horde Uriankhai du chef mongol Naghachu en Mandchourie. Avant la fin de l'année, la campagne militaire s’achève par la reddition de la horde Uriankhai.


Taxonomy.

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the black-crowned tchagra in his "Ornithologie" based on a specimen collected in Senegal. He used the French name "La pie-griesche gris du Sénégal" and the Latin "Lanius Senegalensis cinereus". Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his "Systema Naturae" for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the black-crowned tchagra. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name "Lanius senegalus" and cited Brisson's work. The species is now placed in the genus "Tchagra" that was introduced by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1831. Nine subspecies are recognised.

Description.

The black-crowned tchagra is a colourful and unmistakable species, 19–22 cm in length. It has a black crown and eye stripes separated by a broad white supercilium. The underparts are pale grey and the upperparts pale brown. The folded wings are chestnut and the tail is black, tipped white. The bill is black.  Sexes are similar, but young birds have a brown cap and a pale yellow bill. There are 14 subspecies, varying in size and the colour of the back, underparts and eyestripe.  Black-crowned tchagra has a descending whistling song, "chee-chee chee cheroo cheroo", and can be readily tempted into sight by imitating this call, presumably because the bird is concerned that there is an intruder in its territory. The male also has a switchback display flight.

Behaviour.

Black-crowned tchagra lays two or three heavily marked white eggs in a cup nest in a tree or bush. Both sexes, but mainly the female, incubate for 12–15 days to hatching; the chicks fledge after another 15 days.  It is similar in habits to the shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch in a bush, although it sits less conspicuously than true shrikes.

The black-crowned tchagra ("Tchagra senegalus") is a bushshrike. This family of passerine birds is closely related to the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, and was once included in that group.

Le Tchagra à tête noire (Tchagra senegalus) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Malaconotidae. Cet oiseau vit en Afrique et le sud de la péninsule Arabique.


Accident.

Loaded with 86 tons of cargo, the MD-11F operating Flight 6316 took off from Shanghai Hongqiao Airport at around 4:00 pm. The flight crew consisted of 54-year-old Captain Hong Sung-sil (), 35-year-old First Officer Park Bon-suk (), and 48-year-old flight engineer Park Byong-ki (). After taking off, the MD-11F received clearance to climb to after the first officer contacted Shanghai Departure.  As the aircraft climbed to, the first officer told the captain that the required altitude should be, thinking that the aircraft was 3,000 feet too high. Therefore, the captain pushed the control column abruptly forward, causing the aircraft to descend at over 34,000 feet per minute. At 4:04 pm, the aircraft became uncontrollable due to the steep dive and eventually crashed into an industrial zone in Xinzhuang, which is 10 kilometres southwest of Hongqiao Airport. The aircraft impacted the ground and exploded. Along with the 3 South Korean crew on board, 2 pupils and 3 migrant workers on the ground also perished. The crash was recorded by the nearby Shanghai Earthquake Administration which indicated that the impact forces had generated an equivalent of a 1.6 magnitude earthquake.

Aircraft.

The aircraft operated Flight 6316 was a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 freighter with the registration HL7373 and S/N 48409, powered by three Pratt & Whitney PW4460 engines. Built in February 1992, this aircraft was delivered to Korean Air on March 24, 1992. In 1996, the aircraft was converted to a freighter.

Investigation.

On April 27, 1999, the primary investigation revealed no evidence of explosion or mechanical failure before the impact. In June 2001, further investigation carried out by CAAC showed that the first officer had confused 1,500 metres, the required altitude, with 1,500 feet, causing the pilot to make the wrong decision to descend.  In almost all countries, aviation altitudes are measured in feet in compliance with the ICAO convention.  Only China, Russia, North Korea, and some nearby countries use metres.

Korean Air Cargo Flight 6316 (also known as KAL6316 and KE6316) was a scheduled Korean Air Cargo freight flight from Shanghai to Seoul. On April 15, 1999, the McDonnell Douglas MD-11F operating the route, registered as HL7373, crashed in Xinzhuang, Shanghai shortly after taking off from Hongqiao Airport, killing all 3 crew on board, along with 5 on the ground.

Le vol Korean Air Cargo 6316 (aussi connu comme KAL6316 et KE6316) était un vol de Korean Air Cargo pour frets de Shanghai à Séoul. Le, le McDonnell Douglas MD-11F effectuant habituellement la route, enregistré comme HL7373, s'est écrasé à Xinzhuang, Shanghai, peu de temps après avoir décollé de l'Aéroport de Hongqiao, tuant les 3 membres d'équipage à bord et 5 personnes au sol.


Background.

Villehardouin was present at the origins of the Crusade during the 1199 tournament held by Thibauld III of Champagne. Throughout the five-year crusade he acted as an envoy, an ambassador, a councilman, and even a military leader at the Battle of Adrianople in 1205. Several years later, Villehardouin took the time to write down his account.  Villehardouin chose to write his work in epic fashion. He writes his work in the third-person, and combines objectivity and ecclesiastical points-of-view. A common technique in his work is to narrate a battle or episode along subjective and even militaristic guidelines, and follow this with his personal and religious explanation of what the results were.  Villehardouin makes constant hints and references to future events and the unknowingness of the characters at this moment. He defines the outcome in his own terms and does not allow the audience to reach their own conclusion for the actions of the characters. He recapitulates the events leading to Alexis's negotiations with the Crusaders. Compare this to Robert de Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade.  His Crusade is more than just a Holy War, it is an event of such great magnitude that he must recapture it within his work in lengthy detail and describe the actors. Villehardouin describes the Doge of Venice (Enrico Dandolo) as a blind man who valiantly leads his men into battle. Contemporary studies are undecided but lean towards this man being only short-sighted or having poor eyesight. He makes many references to "The Song of Roland". Much like this earlier epic, Villehardouin describes the French Army as elected to execute God's will. When Villehardouin describes how Count Louis refuses to leave the field, there is a clear reference to the functions of Roland's climax in his epic.  Villehardouin's words — while sometimes accurate and other times not — present a vivid personal account of the Fourth Crusade. From the outset, Villehardouin states that he is a pilgrim, but he never explains this tenet of the Crusade. Another omission is Fulk of Neuilly's influence on the origins of the Fourth Crusade. Villehardouin merely reports of the successes of his work.  A misleading portion of the book is Villehardouin's treatment of the envoy and negotiations that lead to Venice being the central port for the Fourth Crusade. Many historians have described the calculation by Villehardouin on the number of men and horses needed as chivalrous enthusiasm combined with Christian idealism. Villehardouin claims that it is in fact the Venetians who were outwitted, but Villehardouin has overcalculated (only 11,000 showed up instead of over 33,000 as planned). Villehardouin directs attention to crusaders possibly leaving from other ports.  Villehardouin captures the Council at Zara with specific detail, and so creates a negative view of this portion of the Crusade. He describes how Zara's citizens pleaded with the Crusaders not to attack a Christian city and gives an unbiased description of the looting by the Crusaders. He also points out that the French would not attack Zara and that many deserted the Crusade. This attitude continues with his description of the Siege at Constantinople as well. He is appalled at the actions of the Crusaders and describes the destruction and thefts. He claims that Constantinople had prized and ancient relics equivalent to the rest of the world combined. Throughout his book, Villehardouin shows an understanding of history and of Greek culture that allows for a more complete view.

A sample text from the Chronicle.

The first paragraphs from the Chronicle are copied here: Sachiez que mille cent quatre-vinz et dix huit ans après l'incarnation nostre seingnor Jésus Christ, al tens Innocent trois, apostoille de Rome, et Philippe, roi de France, et Richart, roi d’Angleterre, ot un saint home en France qui ot nom Folques de Nuilli. Cil Nuillis siet entre Lagny-sor-Marne et Paris; e il ère prestre et tenoit la paroiche de la ville. Et cil Folques dont je vous di, comença à parler de Dieu par France et par les autres terres entor, et Nostre Sires fist maint miracles por luy.  Sachiez que la renommée de cil saint home alla tant qu’elle vint a l'apostoille de Rome, Innocent; et l’apostoille envoya en France et manda al prod'ome que il empreschast des croiz par s’autorité. Et après y envoia un suen cardonal, maistre Perron de Chappes, croisié, et manda par luy le pardon tel come vos dirai: Tuit cil qui se croisieroient et feroient le service Dieu un an en l’ost, seroient quittes de toz les péchiez que il avoient faiz, dont il seroient confés. Por ce que cil pardons fu issi granz, si s’en esmeurent mult li cuers des gens; et mult s’encroisièrent por ce que li pardons ère si grans.  in translation:  Be it known to you that eleven hundred and ninety-seven years after the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, in the time of Innocent Pope of Rome, and Philip King of France, and Richard King of England, there was in France a holy man named Fulk of Neuilly - which Neuilly is between Lagni-sur-Marne and Paris - and he was a priest and held the cure of the village. And this said Fulk began to speak of God throughout the Isle-de-France, and the other countries round about; and you must know that by him the Lord wrought many miracles.  Be it known to you further, that the fame of this holy man so spread, that it reached the Pope of Rome, Innocent; and the Pope sent to France, and ordered the right worthy man to preach the cross (the Crusade) by his authority. And afterwards the Pope sent a cardinal of his, Master Peter of Capua, who himself had taken the cross, to proclaim the Indulgence of which I now tell you, viz., that all who should take the cross and serve in the host for one year, would be delivered from all the sins they had committed, and acknowledged in confession. And because this indulgence was so great, the hearts of men were much moved, and many took the cross for the greatness of the pardon.

De la Conquête de Constantinople ("On the Conquest of Constantinople"), is the oldest surviving example of historical French prose, and considered to be one of the most important historical sources on the Fourth Crusade. It was written by Geoffrey of Villehardouin, a knight and crusader, who gave his eyewitness account of the successful conquest of the Byzantine Empire's capital city, Constantinople, on April 13, 1204.

La Conquête de Constantinople est une œuvre écrite par Geoffroi de Villehardouin, un chevalier champenois croisé, relatant les événements de la quatrième croisade ayant abouti à la conquête de la capitale de l’empire byzantin, Constantinople, le.


History.

In 1865, an Indian showed a piece of "mineral-bearing" rock to Owen Farell, M. G. Cough, and Alonzo Monroe. The men recognized that there might be more similar rocks. For ten dollars, they persuaded the Indian to show them where he had found the rock. The Indian directed them to a location about two and a half miles west of the township of Eureka, Nevada. On this site, the northwestern side of Prospect Mountain, the Buckeye and Champion mines were established. In the early 1870s, a mining town followed. The town took its name from the ruby silver discovered there and became known as Ruby Hill. A post office was built and services commenced on September 23, 1873, until its closure on November 30, 1901. The town was served by rail, and the route was named after Ruby Hill. The railroad transported the ore produced to the smelters in Eureka.  Ruby Hill was part of Eureka County. The county was created in 1873 from part of Lander County. It is situated in the middle of the state of Nevada, running north and south in a columnar area, extending "northward from Nye County to the Tuscaroara Mountains, to north of the Humboldt River." The county was formed to help the residents of the township of Eureka. Before the creation of Eureka County, the residents had to travel to Lander County for county government business. For the convenience of the residents of Eureka, the new county was formed, and was named after the town of Eureka. This in turn aided the residents of Ruby Hill.  Mining boomed in Ruby Hill around 1878, when the population grew to its maximum of 2,500 residents. The majority of the 900 residents were miners and their respective families. The town was a bustling center with many stores, schools, churches, a theater, a miner’s union, a brewery, and a printing shop. In the printing shop, the first copies of the "Mining Report" were produced. It was later renamed the "Mining News". By 1880, the population of Ruby Hill had declined, and by 1885, 700 remained. They continued to mine until the end of the 19th century. Miners were able to lease land and prospect for ore. Some of them did find an untouched vein of ore.  By the start of the 20th century, the population of the town was so small that only three businesses remained. In 1910 a powerful storm washed away the railroad and buildings, and many townspeople left. Of the buildings left standing, only one was built in the 19th century.  This small mining camp was active for many years and produced nearly $200,000. The initial location was the Cow and Calf Mine discovered in 1871. The Ruby Hill Mining District was organized in July 1872. By August, Ruby Hill reached its peak population of approximately 150. The town had two restaurants, two stores, a bar, and a boardinghouse. By fall, the smaller mines were depleted and only the four largest mines were producing. Legal problems forced the mines to close and emptied the once bustling camp.  In the early 1880s some mines reopened. That was short lived, and by 1885 only two residents remained. There was intermittent activity until 1928, when all mining activity ended. Because the camp was active for only a few years at a time, few permanent buildings were constructed. Most of the mines are high in the mountains, and access is extremely difficult.

Ruby Hill is a ghost town in Eureka County, in the central part of the U.S. state of Nevada, approximately west of the town of Eureka, Nevada. In 1910, the Ruby Hill Railroad was washed out, after which there were only three businesses in town.

Ruby Hill est une ville fantôme du comté d'Eureka dans le Nevada aux États-Unis. Elle est située à environ à l'ouest de la ville d'Eureka. En 1910, la ville est détruite par une puissante tempête qui emporte le chemin de fer et les bâtiments rendant la ville inhabitable.


Early life.

He was born in Fort Riley, Kansas but grew up in Columbia, South Carolina to a military family from Queens, New York. Growing up, he would spend his summers with his grandmother in Queens, which lead to his interest in East Coast hip hop artists such as Dipset and G-Unit. He is related to Mobile Malachi, a Belizean Kriol Reggae artist and musician. He is also a cousin of Papoose, who is of Liberian descent. Inspired by his uncle Dwight who was a rapper and graphic artist, Jenks first began making beats when he was in elementary school, using FL Studio on his uncle's computer.

Career.

Jenks went to school for graphic design for a year before dropping out. At 18, his uncle encouraged him to pursue his career in music and Jenks moved to Atlanta to study sound engineering at the SAE Institute. While in school, he met and began collaborating with DJ Burn One, who encouraged him to create his own instrumentals and not rely on samples. After graduating school, the studio where the two worked hired him as a full-time engineer. In 2015, Jenks began working for Epic Records as a sound engineer, leaving a year later to focus on his own career.  Jenks began producing for Young Nudy and Trippie Redd in 2016. He met Playboi Carti in February 2017, collaborating on the track "Woke Up Like This" and producing most tracks on his debut project. Their song "Magnolia" peaked at 29 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. This kickstarted Jenks' producing career, producing songs for 21 Savage, Trippie Redd, Rich the Kid, Lil Yachty, Famous Dex, Nav, Young Thug and Lil Uzi Vert. Jenks has also released a series of mixtapes called "The Life of Pi'erre" and has his own imprint, SossHouse, at Interscope Records. He produced Travis Scott's single "Watch" which features Kanye West and Lil Uzi Vert. He also produced Playboi Carti's album "Die Lit". He also helped produce for Kanye West's albums "Ye" and "Jesus Is King".  On May 8, 2019, Pi'erre Bourne & close collaborator Young Nudy dropped their collaborative mixtape titled "Sli'merre". The project, which consists of 12 songs, featured then-rising hip-hop stars DaBaby and Megan Thee Stallion, along with Nudy's cousin and multi-platinum rapper 21 Savage, as well as fellow multi-platinum recording artist Lil Uzi Vert. All songs on the mixtape were produced by Pi'erre, and hit number 1 on Apple Music's US All Genres chart, and debuted at number 167 on the "Billboard" 200, later peaking at number 63 in the following week. On March 25, 2020, Jenks debuted at No. 1 on "Billboard"s Hot 100 Producers chart, thanks to four production credits on the deluxe edition of Lil Uzi Vert's second album, "Eternal Atake". <br> On June 19, 2020, almost exactly a year after the "The Life of Pi'erre 4"s release, a deluxe edition was released.

Artistry.

Jenks is influenced by Wiz Khalifa, Young Jeezy, Gucci Mane, J Dilla, Pharrell Williams, Timbaland and Kanye West. Like West, Jenks wants to continue to work as a producer, while pursuing his own rap career. Alphonse Pierre of "Pitchfork" described Bourne's productions as "beats that pair airy video-game melodies with classic trap drums".

Jordan Timothy Jenks (born September 19, 1993), known professionally as Pi'erre Bourne, is a Belizean-American record producer, rapper, songwriter, and audio engineer. He is known for producing the singles "Magnolia" by Playboi Carti, and "Gummo" by 6ix9ine, with the two peaking at number 29 and 12 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 respectively. After the release of American rapper Playboi Carti's breakout track "Magnolia" from his eponymous debut commercial mixtape "Playboi Carti" (2017), Bourne's producer tag, "Yo Pierre, you wanna come out here?" (a line sampled from an episode of "The Jamie Foxx Show"), became a viral phenomenon and an internet meme leading the tag to become widely known and Bourne to break out as a producer.

Pi'erre Bourne, de son vrai nom Jordan Timothy Jenks, né le à Fort Riley, dans le Kansas, est un rappeur, producteur et disc jockey bélizien-américain.


Early life and career.

Cadbury, the eldest child of Charles Lloyd Cadbury and Jillian Stafford Ransome, is one of three Quakers elected at the 2015 general election, the others being Labour's Catherine West and the Conservatives' Tania Mathias. She was educated at The Mount School, York, Bournville College, and graduated from the University of Salford, BSc in 1981. Having worked from 1983–1989 for Covent Garden Community Association she was a Planning Advisor at Planning Aid for London for the next seven years, then had the same title but in directly applicable policy at the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames for five years, progressing to a freelance consultant 2006–2014.

Career.

At the 2015 general election, she defeated the sitting Conservative MP Mary Macleod. In her maiden speech to the House of Commons on 2 June 2015, she made much of her Quaker background and its relevance to social justice. Her speech also referenced her distant ancestor, the chocolate producer and Quaker George Cadbury. She is an honorary associate of the National Secular Society,  In October 2016, she was appointed by Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn as a Shadow Housing Minister. Commenting on the appointment she said "As a result of this Government's policies, owning a home is an unattainable dream for so many youngsters, and for countless people even having somewhere stable and affordable to call home is impossible". She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election.  Cadbury was ousted as Shadow Housing Minister on 29 June 2017 for contravening a whipped vote on an amendment to the Queen's speech calling for the UK to remain in the European Single Market: whilst the Labour position was to abstain, she voted to support the motion.  Cadbury voted in the unsuccessful no ('Noes') lobby in a key House of Commons division of 25 June 2018 as to the National Policy Statement: Airports which laid out government support for a third runway, and was among 28 of the 46 London Labour MPs opposing the runway.

Ruth Margaret Cadbury (born 14 May 1959) is a British Labour Party politician who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Brentford and Isleworth since gaining the seat from the Conservative Party at the 2015 general election. Cadbury has been a Brentford councillor for 25 years, and was deputy leader of the Hounslow London Borough Council from 2010–2012 where she was known for her work on a Living Wage for its staff as well as her opposition to any expansion to the nearby London Heathrow Airport.

Ruth Margaret Cadbury MP (né le ) est une femme politique britannique, Parti du Travail qui est Membre du Parlement (MP) pour Brentford et Isleworth depuis 2015.


2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands

Élections européennes de 2019 aux Pays-Bas

Background.

Voting and election organisation.

Right to vote.

In order to vote, a person must:  Additionally, nationals of other member states of the European Union must:  Dutch nationals abroad, as well as in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have to register to vote for the elections to the European Parliament. When they register, they must say whether they will vote by post, by proxy, or in person at a polling station in the Netherlands.  Dutch nationals living in another EU member state must make a statement that they have not voted in the member state in which they reside, if they want to vote in the Netherlands.  Dutch residents on Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba have no need to register, because these islands are part of the Netherlands. They are able to vote in person at polling stations on the islands.

Right to stand as a candidate.

In order to stand in the European Parliament election, a candidate must:  Additionally, candidates from other member states of the European Union must:

Organisation of elections.

In elections for the European Parliament, the national electoral districts play no role in the nomination. The Netherlands consists of a single electoral district. Political parties, therefore, take part in the elections with only a single candidate list.  However, the national electoral districts do play an important role in processing the election results. The principal polling station of each constituency determines the vote total of the constituency. The results of the vote are recorded in an official document and transferred to the Electoral Council. The Electoral Council, in its role as the central electoral committee, then determines the result of the Netherlands' distribution of seats.

Casting a vote.

A voter could cast their vote at a polling station of their choice within their own district. At the casting their vote, they could identify themselves with an identity document which is considered valid even if it has expired within the last five years.

Numbering of the candidates list.

The parties which had obtained one or more seats in 2014 at the last election to the European Parliament were given a number based on the number of votes they had received in the previous election. These totalled nine candidate lists. The party with the most votes got number 1 and the rest were listed accordingly. The list numbers for the remaining candidate lists were decided by a lottery.  The official order and names of candidate lists:

Common lists.

Parties can form common lists, which means that two or more parties create a single list and stand in the elections as though they were one party. There are two for this election:

Election day.

Traditionally, all elections are held on Wednesday in the Netherlands. However, the European Parliament elections run from Thursday to Sunday across the entire European Union so Thursday was chosen. This is because it is the only day that the Dutch Government believes is appropriate for an election day due to it not being a rest day for any religion. Sunday is not an option because it is a rest day for Christians, while it is the Sabbath on Friday and Saturday.

Polls.

Exit Poll.

An exit poll carried out by Ipsos, as well as a forecast of the result produced by GeenPeil and Maurice de Hond based on a part of results collected, indicated that the Labour Party (PvdA) emerged with the most seats, followed by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) with four seats each, Forum for Democracy (FvD) and GroenLinks (GL) with three seats and the Democrats 66 (D66) and the Christian Union – Reformed Political Party (CU-SGP) lists with two seats each, with all others on zero or one seat.

Results.

Turnout.

A total of 13,164,688 people were entitled to vote. Of these 5,519,776 participated in the election. This amounts to a turnout of 41.93%, which is higher than in 2014 (37.32%), and higher than any European Parliament election in the past twenty years.

Seat assignment.

Electoral quota.

The electoral quota is the number of votes needed for one seat. It is the total valid number of votes divided by the number of seats. For this election it was 5,497,813 valid votes, divided by 26 seats. The electoral quota was established as 211,454.

Assigning full seats.

Full seats are assigned by number of votes divided by the electoral quota. Electoral alliances are marked as a letter, instead of a number. Any seats left over are not yet assigned to a specific party.

Remainder seats.

The remaining, or left over, seats are awarded sequentially to the lists with the highest average number of votes per seat. Only lists that reached the electoral quota are eligible.

Elected members.

To be elected by preference votes, 10% of the electoral quota is needed. The electoral quota was 211,454. 10% of 211,454 = 21,145 votes.  36 members were directly elected by preference votes. Not all candidates could be appointed because either the party did not get enough seats, or it got no seats.  Below are all the elected members of European parliament for the Netherlands. The following 26 MEPs were officially announced by the Central Electoral Commission. Members elected by preference votes are in bold.  P.v.d.A./European Social Democrats  VVD  CDA – European People's Party  Forum for Democracy  GreenLeft  Democrats 66 (D66) – ALDE  Christian Union-SGP  Party for the Animals  50PLUS  "Members not elected, but enough preference votes:"

MEPs in 2019–2024.

Below is a list of members of the European Parliament for the period 2019–2024 as a result of this election.

The 2019 European Parliament election for the election of the delegation from the Netherlands is an election that was held on 23 May 2019. It is the ninth time the elections have been held for the European elections in the Netherlands. The number of Dutch seats was to increase from 26 to 29 following Brexit, but due to the extension of the Article 50 process in the United Kingdom, the number of seats to be elected will remain at 26

Les élections européennes de 2019 aux Pays-Bas sont les élections des députés de la neuvième législature du Parlement européen, qui se déroulent du au dans tous les États membres de l'Union européenne, dont les Pays-Bas où elles ont lieu le.


Biography.

In his teenage years, he was one of the founders of the Cape Verdean review "Claridade" journal which was founded in 1936 alongside Cape Verdeans Manuel Lopes, Baltasar Lopes da Silva, Manuel Ferreira, António Aurélio Gonçalves, Jorge Barbosa and Daniel Filipe. The journal was related to nationalism and opposition of colonial rule.  He was alumni of the geographer Orlando Ribeiro when he was at Escola Superior de Administração Colonial (High School of Colonial Administration), where he studied geography, he also stimulated for making a doctorate thesis on Tenreiro's native island. He also studied in London and later Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Política Ultramarina (High Institute of Overseas Social Sciences and Politics) in Lisbon and was promoted as philosopher in 1961 at the Faculty of the University of Lisbon. He was later a docent there.  He published several essays and were featured in newspapers and reviews. The main subject was the blacks suffering during colonial rule and the problems of the black diaspora in Portugal and around the world. Even in problems with African-Americans, he inspired the poem "Blues Fragment" ("Fragmento do Blues") dedicated to Langston Hughes. His famous poem was "Negro de todo o mundo" ("Blacks From All the World").  He took part in Portuguese neo-realism since its appointment.  As member of the Portuguese Parliament, he represented São Tomé and Príncipe.  He died in 1963 in Lisbon, Portugal.

Legacy.

He is regarded as one of the greatest writers in the nation and is the most influential writer of the nation.  The literary award of São Tomé and Príncipe is named after him.  The National Library of São Tomé and Príncipe has things named for him including a hall and a cultural center.  From December 2008 until the end of 2017, a printed portrait of himself was on the 100,000 dobra note.

Francisco José Tenreiro (20 January 1921 – 1963) was a São Toméan geographer and poet who lived during the colonial era. He was taught at the Overseas Political and Social Sciences Institute, now known as the Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (ISCSP, High Science and Politics Institute) of the University of Lisbon.

Francisco José de Vasques Tenreiro, né le dans la ville de São Tomé et mort le à Lisbonne, est un géographe, universitaire et poète portugais.


History.

A post office called Foster has been in operation since 1883. The village was named for Charles Foster, governor of Ohio.

Geography.

Foster is located at (38.165674, -94.507017).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 117 people, 46 households, and 35 families living in the village. The population density was. There were 60 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the village was 98.3% White, 0.9% African American, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.  There were 46 households of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.9% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.89.  The median age in the village was 44.5 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.9% were from 25 to 44; 35.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 130 people, 52 households, and 34 families living in the village. The population density was 277.5 people per square mile (106.8/km2). There were 63 housing units at an average density of 134.5 per square mile (51.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.92% White, 2.31% Native American, and 0.77% from two or more races.  There were 52 households out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 1.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.23.  In the village, the population was spread out with 31.5% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.2 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $46,875. Males had a median income of $27,000 versus $17,188 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,631. There were 6.5% of families and 12.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 5.2% of under eighteens and 27.3% of those over 64.

Foster is a village in Bates County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census.

Foster est un village du comté de Bates, dans le Missouri, aux États-Unis. Situé au sud-ouest du comté, il est incorporé en 1964.


Background.

Psalm 55 is similar to Psalm 41, especially 41:9: "Even my close friend in whom I trusted, who ate my bread, has lifted his heel against me" (ESV).  The introduction to the psalm identifies it as a 'Maskil' (instructional piece) and associates it with David. The anonymous author may have been an Israelite living in a foreign city, and the false friend could be another Israelite living there. This interpretation is especially plausible if the second part of verse 24 is translated "men of idols and figurines," as suggested by Hermann Gunkel, rather than "men of blood and treachery."  Jerome, in the Vulgate, titled the psalm "Vox Christi adversus magnatos Judaeorum et Judam traditorem," meaning "The voice of Christ against the chiefs of the Jews and the traitor Judas."

Structure.

The psalm can be divided into three sections. In a commentary written in 1901, Alexander Kirkpatrick identified the themes of the sections as despair, indignation, and trust, respectively. The first section (vss. 1–8) begins with a desperate appeal to God for deliverance (vss. 1–3) and then launches into a description of the psalmist's anguish and his desire for peace. Verses 9–15 are a strident denunciation of the author's enemies, especially an individual described as "my equal" and "my familiar friend" who has turned against the psalmist (vss. 12–14). This second section closes with a wish that the speaker's enemies be swallowed alive in Sheol, a possible allusion to the fate of Korah. The final section (vss. 16–23) is a confident meditation on God's justice. The psalmist is sure that God will save him and destroy the wicked.

Analysis.

It is unclear whether the psalm was written by a single author or not. Some scholars suggest that verses 12–14, 20–21, and 22 are fragments by a different author which were inserted into the text of the original psalm.  In a 1999 article, Ulrike Bail used intertextual interpretive methods to read the psalm as a reference to the rape of Tamar.

Uses.

New Testament.

Verse 22 is quoted in 1 Peter

Psalm 55 is the 55th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version, "Give ear to my prayer, O God, and hide not thyself from my supplication". The Book of Psalms is the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible, and in the Latin Vulgate, this psalm is Psalm 54 in a slightly different numbering system. In Latin, it is known as "Exaudi Deus orationem meam". The psalm is a lament in which the author grieves because he is surrounded by enemies, and one of his closest friends has betrayed him.

Le psaume 55 (54 selon la numérotation grecque) est une complainte dans laquelle l'auteur se désole, car il est entouré d'ennemis, et l'un de ses plus proches amis l'a trahi.


Termites.

Groups of termite whose soldiers have been found to use autothysis to defend their colonies include: "Serritermes serrifer", "Dentispicotermes", "Genuotermes", and "Orthognathotermes". Several species of the soldierless Apicotermitinae, for example those of the "Grigiotermes" and "Ruptitermes" genera, have workers that can also use autothysis. This is thought to be one of the most effective forms of defense that termites possess as the ruptured workers block the tunnels running into the nest and it causes a one-to-one exchange between attackers and defenders, meaning attacks have a high energy cost to predators.  The soldiers of the neotropical termite family Serritermitidae have a defense strategy which involves front gland autothysis, with the body rupturing between the head and abdomen. When outside the nest they try to run away from attackers, and only use autothysis when in the nest to block tunnels up, preventing attackers entering.  Old workers of "Neocapritermes taracua" develop blue spots on their abdomens that are filled with copper-containing proteins. These react with a secretion from the labial gland upon autothysis to form a mixture which is toxic to other termites.

Ants.

Some ants belonging to the genus "Camponotus" and "Colobopsis" have adapted to using autothysis as an altruistic defensive trait to better fight against arthropods and to possibly deter vertebrate predators for the benefit of the colony as a whole. These ants use autothysis as a self-destructive defense to protect their territory, but they use it differently from termites, in that their primary uses for autothysis do not include blocking the tunnels of their territory from attackers, but more so for combat purposes during territorial battles.  Early ants used mechanical means of stinging to defend themselves, but the stings showed to be more useful against large vertebrate predators and not as successful against other arthropods. So selection for autothysis in ants evolved as a way to more effectively kill arthropod enemies. The products of autothysis in ants are sticky and corrosive substances, released by the ants' contraction of their gasters, leading to a burst at an intersegmental fold as well as the mandibular glands. The ants use this self-sacrifice to kill one or more enemies which entangle themselves in this sticky substance. The worker ant has been observed to wrap itself around an opponent, placing its dorsal gaster onto the opponent's head before expelling sticky corrosive material from its mouth and gaster, permanently sticking to the opponent while killing itself and the enemy, as well as any other enemies that become stuck to the products.  These ants mostly use autothysis against other arthropods, like invading ant colonies or against termite colonies, and are rather ineffective towards larger vertebrate predators such as lizards or birds. This self-sacrifice is most useful against arthropods because the sticky adhesives in the products work best against the bodies of other arthropods. The compounds used in autothysis, however, have also been explained to have some use in deterring vertebrate predators from eating the ants, because these products are inedible.

Autothysis (from the Greek roots "autos-" "self" and "thysia" "sacrifice") or suicidal altruism is the process where an animal destroys itself via an internal rupturing or explosion of an organ which ruptures the skin. The term was proposed by Ulrich Maschwitz and Eleonore Maschwitz in 1974 to describe the defensive mechanism of "Colobopsis saundersi", a species of ant. It is caused by a contraction of muscles around a large gland that leads to the breaking of the gland wall. Some termites (such as the soldiers of "Globitermes sulphureus") release a sticky secretion by rupturing a gland near the skin of their neck, producing a tar effect in defense against ants.

L'autothyse, l'autothysis ou l'altruisme suicidaire, est un mécanisme de défense par lequel un animal se détruit par une rupture interne ou l'explosion d'un organe qui rompt la peau. Certains insectes ont des cellules spéciales dans leur corps, des glandes, qui transportent des liquides collants qui sont pulvérisés à l’extérieur du corps, lorsqu'elles sont stimulées par une contraction des muscles autour, destiné à sceller le visage de l'attaquant.


History.

The city was named for Henry Dearborn, Revolutionary War general and Secretary of War, and was incorporated in 1882.  From 1913 to 1933, Dearborn was one of the stops along the Kansas City, Clay County and St. Joseph Railway (KCCC&SJ), an interurban light rail line connecting Kansas City and St. Joseph. Portions of the right-of-way and roadbed are still visible from Dearborn north to St. Joseph.  In November 2012, one of two winning tickets for a then record-breaking $587.5 million Powerball jackpot was purchased at the Trex Mart gas station in Dearborn.

Geography.

Dearborn is located in northern Platte County and centered about one-half mile south of the Platte-Buchanan county line. The Dearborn Reservoir is just across the county line to the north. The community is on Routes Z and Y one mile east of U.S. Route 71. Bee Creek flows past the west side of the community.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

The Platte County portion of Dearborn (the majority of the city) is part of the Kansas City, MO–KS Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Buchanan County portion is part of the St. Joseph, MO–KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 496 people, 234 households, and 120 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 269 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 96.4% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.2% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.  There were 234 households of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.0% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.7% were non-families. 41.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.98.  The median age in the city was 38.7 years. 23.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 529 people, 230 households, and 134 families living in the city. The population density was 615.9 people per square mile (237.5/km2). There were 258 housing units at an average density of 300.4 per square mile (115.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.22% White, 0.38% African American, 0.76% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 1.13% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population.  There were 230 households out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 36.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 3.02.  In the city the population was spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $34,861, and the median income for a family was $47,727. Males had a median income of $34,500 versus $24,808 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,537. About 4.3% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 18.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

North Platte County R-I School District operates two schools in the community: North Platte Jr. High School and North Platte High School.  Dearborn has a public library, a branch of the Mid-Continent Public Library.

External links.

Dearborn is a city in Buchanan and Platte counties in the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The population was 496 at the 2010 census.

Dearborn est une ville des comtés de Buchanan et Platte, dans le Missouri, aux États-Unis. Située entre les deux comtés, elle est incorporée en 1882.


Plot.

Marie Colvin is an American journalist for "The Sunday Times", visiting the most dangerous countries and documenting their civil wars.  In 2001, while trekking with the Tamil Tigers, Colvin and her crew are ambushed by the Sri Lankan Army. Despite her attempt to surrender, an RPG fires in her direction, wounding her to the point that she loses her left eye. Afterwards, Colvin is forced to wear an eyepatch.  Diagnosed with PTSD, Colvin is still determined to look for new stories, and argues with her boss, Sean Ryan, about conflicts she wants to cover, including Iraq, where she meets war photographer Paul Conroy, and Libya. She lives in London when not traveling the world, and begins a relationship with Tony Shaw.  In February 2012, Conroy and Colvin decide to cover the conflict in the city of Homs, where they find 28,000 Syrian men, women, and children caught in the crossfire. After Conroy and Colvin send their story to Ryan, Colvin decides to appear on CNN to bring awareness to civilian casualties. As Marie, Paul, and another reporter, Rémi Ochlik, flee the building they had used as a media centre, the street is peppered with explosions. Paul, injured and shellshocked, wakes to find Colvin and Ochlik killed from the explosions and subsequent pile up of rubble. The movie ends with imagery of the devastated city of Homs, followed by an interview of the real Marie Colvin, with the quote: "You're never going to get to where you're going if you acknowledge fear."  The movie postscript reads: "Marie Colvin and journalist Remi Ochlik were killed in Homs, Syria, on February 22nd, 2012. Paul Conroy, despite being gravely injured, survives and continues to work as a photographer. Over 500,000 Syrian civilians have been killed since Colvin's death."

Production.

The film was produced in Jordan and London, and was shot by Robert Richardson. It features an original song by Annie Lennox, entitled "Requiem for A Private War".

Release.

In February 2018, Aviron Pictures acquired distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2018, and had its European premiere at the Mayor's Gala in the BFI London Film Festival. It also screened at the Mill Valley Film Festival, Hamptons International Film Festival, and the Woodstock Film Festival. The film was released on November 2, 2018, in limited release, before expanding nationwide on November 16, 2018. "A Private War" was released in the UK and Ireland on 15 February 2019.

Reception.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 87%, based on 135 reviews, and the average score is 7.06/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""A Private War" honors its real-life subject with a sober appraisal of the sacrifices required of journalists on the front lines—and career-best work by Rosamund Pike." On review aggregator Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  Peter Debruge of "Variety" called it "an incredibly sophisticated, psychologically immersive" film.

A Private War is a 2018 American biographical drama film directed by Matthew Heineman, and starring Rosamund Pike as journalist Marie Colvin. The film is based on the 2012 article "Marie Colvin’s Private War" in "Vanity Fair" by Marie Brenner. The film was written by Arash Amel and features Jamie Dornan, Tom Hollander and Stanley Tucci. The film premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the United States on November 2, 2018. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Pike's performance. At the 76th Golden Globe Awards, the film earned nominations for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama (Pike) and Best Original Song ("Requiem for A Private War"), while director Matthew Heineman received a nomination for Outstanding Directorial Achievement of a First Time Feature Film Director from the Directors Guild of America.

Private War ("A Private War") est un film américain réalisé par Matthew Heineman, sorti en 2018. Le film relate les dix dernières années de la reporter de guerre Marie Colvin du "Sunday Times".


History.

Polo was laid out in 1867. The city's name is a transfer from Polo, Illinois. A post office called Polo has been in operation since 1868.

Geography.

Polo is located at (39.552842, -94.039022).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 575 people, 229 households, and 136 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 256 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 95.1% White, 0.3% African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.  There were 229 households of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.6% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 17% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.17.  The median age in the city was 38.9 years. 26.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.2% were from 25 to 44; 22.8% were from 45 to 64; and 19.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 582 people, 239 households, and 150 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,006.4 people per square mile (387.4/km2). There were 262 housing units at an average density of 453.0 per square mile (174.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.48% White, 0.17% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.37% of the population.  There were 239 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.09.  In the city the population was spread out with 25.8% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $34,250, and the median income for a family was $36,705. Males had a median income of $32,375 versus $21,111 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,868. About 5.2% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Polo is a city in Caldwell County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area with the United States. The population was 575 at the 2010 census.

Polo est une ville du comté de Caldwell, dans le Missouri, aux États-Unis. Située au sud du comté, elle est fondée en 1867 et incorporé en 1953.