Exit slit.

Sellar and Boreman have argued that this SNR improvement can be considered as a result of freedom from needing an exit slit inside the spectrometer, since an exit slit reduces the light collected by the detector by the same factor.

Emission.

There is an additional multiplex advantage for emission lines of atomic and molecular spectra. At the peak of the emission line, a monochromator measurement will be noisy, since the noise is proportional to the square root of the signal. For the same reason, the measurement will be less noisy at the baseline of the spectrum. In a multiplexed measurement, however, the noise in a given measurement is spread more or less evenly across the spectrum, regardless of the local signal intensity. Thus, multiplexed measurements can achieve higher SNR at the emission line peaks. There is a corresponding multiplex "dis"advantage, however. When the signals of interest are "absorption" lines in the spectrum, then the same principle will produce increased noise at the valleys of the absorption lines relative to the noise of a scanning monochromator.

Shot noise.

However, if the detector is shot noise dominated (which is typically the case for a photomultiplier tube), noise will be proportional to the square root of the power, so that for a broad flat spectrum the noise will be proportional to the square root of "m", where "m" is the number of sample points comprising the spectrum, thus this disadvantage precisely offsets the Fellgett advantage. Shot noise is the main reason Fourier transform spectroscopy has never been popular for UV and visible light spectrometry.

Fellgett's advantage or the multiplex advantage is an improvement in signal to noise ratio that is gained when taking multiplexed measurements rather than direct measurements. The name is derived from P. B. Fellgett, who first made the observation as part of his PhD. When measuring a signal whose noise is dominated by detector noise, a multiplexed measurement such as the signal generated by a Fourier transform spectrometer can produce a relative improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), compared to an equivalent scanning monochromator, of the order of the square root of "m", where "m" is the number of sample points comprising the spectrum.

L'avantage de Fellgett ou avantage multiplexe est une amélioration du rapport signal sur bruit (SNR) obtenu en mesurant par multiplexage plutôt que par mesure directe. Son nom vient de P. B. Fellgett, qui fit le premier par de cette observation dans sa thèse de doctorat. Lorsqu'on mesure un signal dont le bruit est dominé par le bruit du détecteur, une mesure multiplexée, comme le signal généré par un spectromètre transformée de Fourier, peut réellement améliorer le rapport signal sur bruit comparé à son équivalent de balayage par un monochromateur, de l'ordre de √"m", où "m" est le nombre de points d'échantillonnage dans le spectre étudié. Sellar et Boreman ont fait valoir que cette amélioration du SNR peut être considérée comme un résultat de l'absence de contrainte d'avoir une ouverture de sortie à l'intérieur du spectromètre, qui réduit la lumière collectée par le détecteur du même facteur.


Metabolism.

Thaumarchaea are important ammonia oxidizers in aquatic and terrestrial environments, and are the first archaea identified as being involved in nitrification. They are capable of oxidizing ammonia at much lower substrate concentrations than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and so probably dominate in oligotrophic conditions. Their ammonia oxidation pathway requires less oxygen than that of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, so they do better in environments with low oxygen concentrations like sediments and hot springs. Ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaea can be identified metagenomically by the presence of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase ("amoA") genes, which indicate that they are overall more dominant than ammonia oxidizing bacteria. In addition to ammonia, at least one Thaumarchaeal strain has been shown to be able to use urea as a substrate for nitrification. This would allow for competition with phytoplankton that also grow on urea. One study of microbes from wastewater treatment plants found that not all Thaumarchaea that express "amoA" genes are active ammonia oxidizers. These Thaumarchaea may be capable of oxidizing methane instead of ammonia, or they may be heterotrophic, indicating a potential for a diversity of metabolic lifestyles within the phylum. Marine Thaumarchaea have also been shown to produce nitrous oxide, which as a greenhouse gas has implications for climate change. Isotopic analysis indicates that most nitrous oxide flux to the atmosphere from the ocean, which provides around 30% of the natural flux, may be due to the metabolic activities of archaea.  Many members of the phylum assimilate carbon by fixing HCO. This is done using a hydroxypropionate/hydroxybutyrate cycle similar to the Crenarchaea but which appears to have evolved independently. All Thaumarchaea that have been identified by metagenomics thus far encode this pathway. Notably, the Thaumarchaeal CO-fixation pathway is more efficient than any known aerobic autotrophic pathway. This efficiency helps explain their ability to thrive in low-nutrient environments. Some Thaumarchaea such as "Nitrosopumilus maritimus" are able to incorporate organic carbon as well as inorganic, indicating a capacity for mixotrophy. At least two isolated strains have been identified as obligate mixotrophs, meaning they require a source of organic carbon in order to grow.  A study has revealed that Thaumarchaeota are most likely the dominant producers of the critical vitamin B12. This finding has important implications for eukaryotic phytoplankton, many of which are auxotrophic and must acquire vitamin B from the environment; thus the Thaumarchaea could play a role in algal blooms and by extension global levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Because of the importance of vitamin B in biological processes such as the citric acid cycle and DNA synthesis, production of it by the Thaumarchaea may be important for a large number of aquatic organisms.

Environment.

Many Thaumarchaea, such as "Nitrosopumilus maritimus", are marine and live in the open ocean. Most of these planktonic Thaumarchaea, which compose the Marine Group I.1a Thaumarchaeota, are distributed in the subphotic zone, between 100m and 350m. Other marine Thaumarchaea live in shallower waters. One study has identified two novel Thaumarchaeota species living in the sulfidic environment of a tropical mangrove swamp. Of these two species, Candidatus "Giganthauma insulaporcus" and Candidatus "Giganthauma karukerense", the latter is associated with Gammaproteobacteria with which it may have a symbiotic relationship, though the nature of this relationship is unknown. The two species are very large, forming filaments larger than ever before observed in archaea. As with many Thaumarchaea, they are mesophilic. Genetic analysis and the observation that the most basal identified Thaumarchaeal genomes are from hot environments suggests that the ancestor of Thaumarchaeota was thermophilic, and mesophily evolved later.

The Thaumarchaeota or Thaumarchaea (from the ) are a phylum of the Archaea proposed in 2008 after the genome of "Cenarchaeum symbiosum" was sequenced and found to differ significantly from other members of the hyperthermophilic phylum Crenarchaeota. Three described species in addition to "C. symbosium" are "Nitrosopumilus maritimus", "Nitrososphaera viennensis", and "Nitrososphaera gargensis". The phylum was proposed in 2008 based on phylogenetic data, such as the sequences of these organisms' ribosomal RNA genes, and the presence of a form of type I topoisomerase that was previously thought to be unique to the eukaryotes. This assignment was confirmed by further analysis published in 2010 that examined the genomes of the ammonia-oxidizing archaea "Nitrosopumilus maritimus" and "Nitrososphaera gargensis", concluding that these species form a distinct lineage that includes "Cenarchaeum symbiosum". The lipid crenarchaeol has been found only in Thaumarchaea, making it a potential biomarker for the phylum. Most organisms of this lineage thus far identified are chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers and may play important roles in biogeochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. Metagenomic sequencing indicates that they constitute ~1% of the sea surface metagenome across many sites.

Les Thaumarcheota, ou thaumarchées sont un embranchement ("phylum") du règne des archées proposé en 2008 après le séquençage du génome de "Cenarchaeum symbiosum" qui avait révélé des divergences sensibles avec les autres membres du phylum hyperthermophile des "Crenarchaeota"<ref name="10.1073/pnas.1013488108">


Plot.

Charlie Chan arrives in Shanghai at the behest of the U.S. government to help stop an opium smuggling ring. He receives a warning aboard ship not to stop in Shanghai. He is met by his Number One Son, Lee Chan, as well as Philip Nash and his fianceé, Diana Woodland. Charlie is the guest of honor at a banquet held that evening, hosted by Sir Stanley Woodland (David Torrence in an uncredited role). When Sir Stanley opens a box to give a handwritten scroll to Charlie, he is shot and killed by a gun inside the booby-trapped box. Charlie meets with Colonel Watkins, the commissioner of police, and agrees to investigate the crime. The next day, American FBI man James Andrews arrives in Shanghai, accompanied by his valet, Forrest (Gladden James in an uncredited role). That night, an assassin shoots what seems to be a sleeping Charlie Chan in bed. But Charlie, suspecting another attempt on his life, rigged a dummy and escaped death.  Watkins, Nash, and Woodland try to meet with Andrews. Nash sneaks off and goes through Andrews' briefcase, suitcase, and other papers. Charlie arrives, and while he is speaking with Andrews is nearly shot. Charlie and Andrews managed to retrieve the gun, but the assassin escaped. A fingerprint on the gun reveals that Nash is the likely suspect, and he is arrested. A letter Nash had stolen from Andrews' things seem innocuous, but Charlie takes it as evidence. Charlie returns to his hotel and meets with Lee. They receive a note from Col. Watkins asking them to come to an office downtown. They check with police headquarters, which assures them the note is genuine. Charlie goes, but Lee realizes the note is fake when Col. Watkins calls soon thereafter. Charlie is kidnapped and taken into a room to meet with a mysterious Russian (Ivan Marloff). Lee tries to save his father, but is caught. The two bluff their way out of danger, and after a brief fight manage to escape.  That evening, Charlie and Andrews meet with Col. Watkins. Diana Woodland arrives and asks to see Nash; her request is granted. But Diana sneaks Nash a pistol, and the two escape. Later that day, Andrews and Charlie return to the house where Charlie was held. The gang has left, but Charlie finds an ink pad in the fireplace and takes it as evidence. Lee shows up dressed as a beggar, and Charlie sends him home. Oddly, Charlie arrives at the hotel first. Lee shows up later, and reveals that he saw their kidnapper in a taxi on the street and followed him to the Cafe Versailles. Moments later, Andrews calls and summons Charlie to his apartment. Before he leaves, Charlie sends Lee off on a secret mission. Charlie arrives at Andrews' apartment, where the FBI agent has caught a gangster involved with the Marloff gang. After a punch to the jaw, the gangster reveals that the Cafe Versailles is where the opium gang is hiding out. Andrews calls the police, and asks them to meet them at the club. Charlie and Andrews leave for Cafe Versailles. After Charlie and Andrews depart, Andrews' valet, Forrest, frees the gangster and the two leave. At the club, Nash (disguised as an able seaman) sees some of the Marloff gang heading toward the basement and follows, but is captured. Charlie and Andrews arrive moments later, and follow a gang member into the basement as well. The basement is where opium is being shipped out via riverboat, reached by a trap door. Andrews urges Charlie to go first, but Charlie hesitates when his flashlight mysteriously refuses to work. The police arrive by boat, and after a brief shootout capture the gang.  Charlie surprises everyone by arresting James Andrews. Lee Chan reveals that his father sent him off to cable America, and he has just received a reply which indicates that the real Agent Andrews was murdered in San Francisco three weeks earlier. The false "James Andrews" is really the leader of the Marloff gang, and intended to have the gang murder Charlie in a shoot-out when they descended through the trap door. Charlie knew Andrews did not really call the police, and had Lee summon them instead. Nash's escape from police custody was planned by Charlie. Charlie reveals that Forrest used the ink pad to put Nash's thumbprint on the revolver to frame him. Nash is declared innocent, and Andrews and Forrest go to jail.

Critical reception.

Writing for "The Spectator" in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film mild praise, describing it as "a well-made, if conventional piece of genuine Chan". Comparing the film to the Perry Mason film, "The Case of the Lucky Legs", Greene noted that this film contained considerably more honest detection than the other, ultimately ranking Charlie Chan as the only other "sustained detective character on the screen".

Charlie Chan in Shanghai is the ninth Charlie Chan film produced by Fox Film Corporation with the title character played by Warner Oland.

Charlie Chan à Shanghaï (titre original : "Charlie Chan in Shanghai") est un film américain réalisé par James Tinling, sorti en 1935.


Effect on street grid.

The diagonal path of Flatbush Avenue creates a unique street pattern in every neighborhood it touches. It is the central artery of the borough, carrying traffic to and from Manhattan past landmarks such as MetroTech Center, City Point, the Fulton Mall, Junior's, Long Island University Brooklyn, the Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Long Island Rail Road's Atlantic Terminal, the Barclays Center, Grand Army Plaza, the Brooklyn Public Library, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Prospect Park, Erasmus Hall High School, Kings Theatre, Brooklyn College, and Floyd Bennett Field.  Flatbush Avenue is the border of Prospect Heights/Park Slope and many other neighborhoods. Other main Brooklyn thoroughfares start at Flatbush Avenue, including Ocean Avenue and Empire Boulevard (both at Willink Plaza), Linden Boulevard, Eastern Parkway, and Utica Avenue.  It was originally a Native American trail, running roughly along what is now the eastern edge of Prospect Park and taking advantage of a low point in the Heights of Guan that form the spine of Long Island. A monument beside the former Flatbush Road, now inside the park, commemorates an attempt to block the road at Battle Pass during the Battle of Long Island. For much of the 19th century, it had a plank road run by a turnpike company. Historic homes line the neighborhoods around the avenue, which in the late 1920s was straightened to its current form. Streets such as Amersfort Place that are remnants of old parts of the avenue remain in the city grid as an echo of the past.

Transportation.

The majority of Flatbush Avenue is served by the route of MTA Regional Bus Operations, though the route also serves Flatbush Avenue south of Nostrand Avenue. Several bus routes also use the avenue for shorter stretches.  The New York City Subway's IRT Nostrand Avenue Line () has a southern terminus at the Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College station, while the BMT Brighton Line () and IRT Eastern Parkway Line () run under the avenue between Prospect Park and DeKalb Avenue, and Grand Army Plaza and Nevins Street, respectively.

Flatbush Avenue is a major avenue in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn. It runs from the Manhattan Bridge south-southeastward to Jamaica Bay, where it joins the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge, which connects Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens. The north end was extended from Fulton Street to the Manhattan Bridge as "Flatbush Avenue Extension".

Flatbush Avenue est l'une des principales avenues de l'arrondissement de Brooklyn, à New York. Elle s'étend du Manhattan Bridge en direction du sud et du sud-est pour rallier Jamaica Bay au niveau du Marine Parkway-Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge qui rejoint la péninsule de Rockaway (rattachée au Queens). "Flatbush Avenue" constitue une artère centrale de Brooklyn, et, à l'instar de Broadway à Manhattan, ses intersections avec les autres rues rompent avec le plan hippodamien qui prévaut dans une partie importante du quartier.


Early life.

Maia Mitchell was born in Lismore, New South Wales. Her father, Alex, is a taxi driver while her mother, Jill, works in the education system. Mitchell has one younger brother, Charlie. She plays guitar, which has been demonstrated in her film and television work. She learned to play at a young age. She attended Trinity Catholic College, Lismore.

Career.

Mitchell first began acting by performing in school plays and also in local theatre productions. She was discovered by talent agencies and got her big break at age 12; when she was cast as Brittany Flune, in the Australian children's television series "Mortified". "Mortified" ended after two seasons and a total of 26 episodes, which ran from 30 June 2006 to 11 April 2007. Due to her success on "Mortified", she also starred in the Australian TV series "Trapped" and its sequel series "Castaway" as the character Natasha Hamilton. She was also in the TV series "K-9", a spin-off of the popular British TV series "Doctor Who" which focuses on the robot dog K-9.  Her first television role in the U.S. was in the Disney Channel TV series "Jessie". She then made her film debut by starring as the main character McKenzie in the Disney Channel original movie "Teen Beach Movie" and reprising her role in "Teen Beach 2". From 2013 to 2018 she starred in the ABC Family later Freeform drama series "The Fosters" as Callie Jacob, who would later change names to Callie Adams Foster. During the show's fifth and last season, it was announced that Mitchell and Cierra Ramirez would be spun off into their own series, titled "Good Trouble" as reported in June 2018. She also collaborated with her boyfriend Rudy Mancuso for the song “Magic”.

Maia Mitchell (born 18 August 1993) is an Australian actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Brittany Flune in the children's television series "Mortified" for the Nine Network, and as Natasha Ham in the Seven Network's teen drama "Trapped". For American audiences, since 2013, she has played the role of Callie Adams Foster in the Freeform drama "The Fosters" (2013–2018) and its sequel series "Good Trouble". She also co-starred with Ross Lynch in the Disney Channel original films "Teen Beach Movie" (2013) and "Teen Beach 2" (2015) as McKenzie.

Maia Mitchell est une artiste Australienne née le à Lismore, Nouvelles Galles du Sud. Elle est connue pour son rôle de Callie Adams Foster dans les séries télévisées américaine "The Fosters " et dans la série dérivée, Good Trouble ainsi que dans le rôle de McKenzie « Mack » dans les téléfilms "Teen Beach Movie" et "Teen Beach 2 "de Disney Channel.


Underlying causes.

Building practices.

In 1872, there was no strictly enforced building code in Boston. The streets were narrow and the buildings were close together. Many of the buildings were too tall for fire ladders to reach the upper levels, and the pressure from the fire hoses was often insufficient to extinguish flames on the roofs of the buildings. Thus, the fire could spread from rooftop to rooftop, and across narrow streets. Many of the affected buildings were made of brick and stone, but with wooden framing. Also, wooden mansard roofs were a common architectural trend of the time period. The steep pitch of a mansard roof allows for more storage in the upper levels of a building. However, these roofs are flammable due to their wooden construction. Additionally, the warehouses of downtown Boston commonly stored dry materials in the eaves of the roofs, increasing the flammability. Merchandise stored in the attics of warehouses was not considered taxable inventory.

Insurance.

Building owners in Boston had few incentives to implement fire-safety measures. Buildings were often insured above value or at full value. Arson to gain insurance money was not uncommon.

Fire alarm boxes.

In 1852, Boston became the first city in the world to install telegraph-based fire alarm boxes. The boxes served as a fire warning system. If the lever inside of the alarm box was pulled, the fire department was notified, and the alarm could be traced back to the box via a coordinate system so that firefighters were dispatched to the correct location. All of the fire alarm boxes were kept locked from the system's installation in 1852 until after the Great Fire of 1872 to prevent false alarms. A few citizens in each area of Boston were given a key to the boxes, and all other citizens had to report fires to the key-holders who could then alert the fire department. In 1872, witnesses watched the fire spread before the key-holder of the area was located and able to unlock the alarm box to alert the Boston Fire Department. Twenty minutes after the fire was first noticed, firefighters arrived on the scene.

Water infrastructure.

John Damrell, Boston Fire Department's chief engineer at the time, had told Boston officials that the existing water infrastructure was inadequate. He was told not to "magnify the needs of his department" after requesting funding for water infrastructure repairs. The existing water main pipelines were old and leaky, causing the pressure in the pipes to be lower than acceptable. The lack of pressure was so severe that the pipes could not produce enough force to reach the top floors and roofs of newer buildings. The number of hydrants throughout the city was insufficient to adequately cover the surrounding buildings. As the fire spread, firefighters struggled to find hydrants with adequate water pressure. Additionally, the fire hydrant couplings were not standardized within Boston making it more difficult for firefighters to connect their hoses and related equipment.

Horse sickness.

Horses were used by the Boston fire department to pull fire engines, hoses, and ladders. At the time of the 1872 fire in early November, the northeast United States was experiencing an epizootic flu that affected and weakened the horses. When Damrell heard of the horse sickness he preemptively hired an additional 500 men to replace the horsepower that would typically haul the engines and other equipment to the sites of fires. After the fire, the city commission in charge of investigating the fire concluded that the response time of the fire department was only delayed by a few minutes in the absence of the horses.

Similarities to Great Chicago Fire.

In 1871, Chicago suffered massive destruction and an estimated 300 casualties due to a massive fire. Damrell, along with fire chiefs from various large cities, traveled to Chicago after the fire in an attempt to learn from the city’s mistakes. Like Boston, Chicago buildings were made primarily of wood and building codes were not enforced, making the densely developed neighborhoods susceptible to fire. General Phil Sheridan, in charge of military relief in Chicago post-fire, did not condemn the city's use of gunpowder to blow up buildings to create firebreaks. In theory, a firebreak creates a gap in flammable material that serves as a barrier where the fire will run out of "fuel" to spread any further. However, many fire chiefs from Southern cities were firmly opposed to gunpowder-created firebreaks after having seen the destruction they caused in the Civil War. Damrell returned to Boston and continued to request funding for improved water infrastructure and fire equipment.

Events of the fire.

Experts have deduced that the fire began in the basement of a warehouse on the corner Kingston Street and Summer Street, at approximately 83-85 Summer Street. In this particular area, most of the buildings were dedicated to retail or used as warehouses. The warehouse that first caught fire housed dry goods. From the basement, the flames spread to the wooden elevator shaft in the center of the building and moved up the floors, fueled by the flammable fabrics in storage. Finally, the building’s wooden mansard roof caught on fire and the flames were able to spread from rooftop to rooftop down the street. The heat was so powerful that granite buildings exploded. The fire spread through most of Boston's financial district which became known as the "burnt district." The glow of the fire was noted in ships' logs by sailors off the coast of Maine.

Fire department response.

At 7:24 pm, the first alarm was received from Box 52 at the corner of Summer Street and Lincoln Street. The first fire engine to arrive was Engine Co. 7 from a station at 7 East Street. The first water on the fire came from Hose Company 2 of Hudson Street. By 8 pm, all of Boston's twenty-one engine companies were fighting the fire. Telegraphs were sent to surrounding towns requesting help, but the messages were delayed due to most telegraph offices already having closed for the night. Eventually, support arrived from fire departments in every state of New England, except Vermont. Of these were two Amoskeag Steamers from Manchester, New Hampshire. One was the first Amoskeag ever constructed (serial number 1), owned by the Manchester Fire Department; the other was the first self-propelled Amoskeag that the manufacturer sent down. Boston purchased the self-propelled steamer after the fire, impressed with its performance. The self-propelled steamer was the first one in use in the country.

Crowd control.

During the fire, the narrow streets of Boston were packed with firefighters and their equipment as well as crowds of people. As building owners raced to retrieve valuables from their burning properties, looters ran in after them to collect whatever was left behind. Because the affected area was mostly commercial and not residential, spectators came from residential neighborhoods to watch the fire spread. Some historians estimate that over 100,000 bystanders watched the fire spread. The firefighters had to both extinguish the flames and keep people back from danger.

Gas lines.

Gas supply lines connected to street lamps and used for lighting in buildings could not be shut off promptly. The gas still running through the lines served as fuel to the fire. Many of Boston's gas lines exploded due to the fire.

Use of explosives.

As the fire spread, citizens asked Mayor William Gaston to authorize the use of gunpowder to blow up buildings in the path of the fire to create a firebreak. Mayor Gaston approved the creation of firebreaks and groups of citizens began packing buildings with gunpowder kegs. However, the firebreaks were not effective. Instead, they caused injury to the citizens involved and the flaming debris from the exploded buildings spread to surrounding buildings. Eventually, Damrell had to force citizens to stop using gunpowder.

Conclusion.

Citizens and firefighters alike worked to stop the fire. Along Washington Street, wet blankets and rugs were said to have been used to cover buildings to prevent the fire from spreading to the Old South Meeting House, the church in which the Boston Tea Party was planned. Some citizens and firefighters climbed to the roof of the meeting house to put out sparks. Most accounts of the fire credit the Kearsarge Engine 3 of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with saving Old South Meeting House. The efforts to save this historic landmark finally halted the fire at the corner of Washington and Milk Streets, around midday on November 10.

Aftermath.

Rebuilding.

Following the fire, a citizen-formed committee urged Boston to restructure the layout of roadways in the damaged areas. Boston officials approved of this proposal, and many downtown streets were re-established to be wider and straighter. Most notably, Congress Street, Federal Street, Purchase Street, and Hawley Street were widened. The restructuring allotted space to establish Post Office Square at the intersection of Milk, Congress, Pearl, and Water Streets. Some of the rubble from destroyed buildings was moved into the harbor to expand Atlantic Avenue. Because over-insurance of buildings was common, many businesses had enough insurance money to begin rebuilding soon after the fire. In less than two years, Boston's financial district was rebuilt.

Economic effects.

In the rebuilding that followed the fire, land values of the "burnt district" increased, according to a study in "American Economic Review" in 2017. The forced reconstruction of the financial district brought about widespread, simultaneous building upgrades and updates, and many properties were rebuilt to suit the commercial nature of the district. The widening of roads and re-assembly of land plots into larger parcels also contributed to the rise in land values.

John Stanhope Damrell.

A new committee, the Fire Commission was established to oversee the Boston Fire Department and investigate the fire of 1872. John Damrell resigned from his position as chief engineer in 1874 in the wake of the Fire Commission's investigation. He had served as chief engineer for eight years and worked as a professional firefighter in Boston since 1858. In 1874, Boston began replacing and repairing its water mains, one of Damrell's main causes during his career. Damrell continued his career in firefighting and public safety. In 1873, he founded the National Association of Fire Engineers (NAFE, now called the International Association of Fire Chiefs, IAFC) and became the organization's first president. He also served as a building inspector for the city of Boston.

Building code and inspection.

While Damrell served as president of NAFE, the association published a list of eight fire safety concerns in building construction.  In 1877, Damrell was appointed Boston's building commissioner. He served the Department of Building Inspection for 25 years, until his son succeeded him. At the 20th Annual Convention of NAFE in 1892, Damrell is credited for Boston's formally established limits of building height and area. At the time, Boston was the only American city with these limitations.  In 1884, Damrell petitioned the National Association of Fire Engineers to create a more formalized building code during his presentation of "Building Code Report" at a NAFE convention.  In 1891, The National Association of Commissioners and Inspectors of Public Buildings (NACIPB) was established by Damrell, and he served as the first president. He served a second term as president when he was re-elected at the organization's annual conference in 1894.  A standardized building code wasn't established until 1905, the year of Damrell's death, when the National Board of Fire Underwriters published its "National Building Code".

Remembrance.

At the corner of Kingston and Summer Streets, a plaque was installed by The Bostonian Society to mark the start of the fire.  Old South Meeting House recognized the 138th anniversary of the fire in 2010 by displaying a partially-restored Kearsarge fire engine.  Harvey W. Wiley took part in fighting the fire while he was a student at Harvard University. He later wrote about it in his autobiography.  Author Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. watched the fire from his home on Beacon Hill. He wrote a poem about the event called "After the Fire".

The Great Boston Fire of 1872 was Boston's largest fire, and still ranks as one of the most costly fire-related property losses in American history. The conflagration began at 7:20 p.m. on November 9, 1872, in the basement of a commercial warehouse at 83–87 Summer Street. The fire was finally contained 12 hours later, after it had consumed about of Boston's downtown, 776 buildings and much of the financial district, and caused $73.5 million in damage (equivalent to $ billion in ). The destruction to the buildings was valued at $13.5 million and the personal property loss was valued at $60 million. Despite these devastations, only thirteen people died in the inferno, including two Boston firemen.

Le grand incendie de Boston s'est déclaré dans le centre de la ville de Boston en 1872 et a provoqué de très lourdes pertes détruisant une partie du quartier financier de la ville. L'incendie a touché une superficie de 26 hectares et plus de 776 bâtiments pour une perte estimée à 73,5 millions de dollars américains. Au moins 30 personnes ont péri au cours de la tragédie.


Biography.

Prior to becoming a writer, Cannell was a former soldier in the Boer War and journalist for "The Daily Telegraph". Cannell began writing novels under the pen-name "E. Charles Vivian" in 1907. Cannell started writing fantastic stories for the arts magazine "Colour" and the aviation journal "Flying" (which Cannell edited after leaving the "Telegraph") in 1917–18, sometimes publishing them under the pseudonym "A.K. Walton". Vivian is best known for his Lost World fantasy novels such as "City of Wonder" the novel "Star Dust" about a scientist who can create gold. Critic Jack Adrian has praised Cannell's lost-world stories as ""bursting with ideas and colour and pace"", and ""superb examples of a fascinating breed"". Influences on Vivian's work included Rider Haggard, H.G. Wells, Arthur Machen and the American novelist Arthur O. Friel. Vivian also published fiction under several other pseudonyms, including Westerns as "Barry Lynd". Adrian has noted that some of the pseudonyms Cannell used ""will never now be identified"". For younger readers, Vivian wrote "Robin Hood and his Merry Men", a retelling of the Robin Hood legend.  Vivian also edited three British pulp magazines. From 1918 to 1922 Vivian edited "The Novel Magazine", and later, for the publisher Walter Hutchinson (1887–1950), "Hutchinson's Adventure-Story Magazine" (which serialised three of Vivian's novels) and "Hutchinson's Mystery-Story Magazine". In addition to UK writers, Vivian often reprinted fiction from American pulp magazines such as "Adventure" and "Weird Tales" in the Hutchinson publications.  Outside the field of fiction, Vivian was noted for the non-fiction book, "A History of Aeronautics".  Some of the popular errors about his life are now corrected in the first and only full-length biography, "The Shadow of Mr Vivian: The Life of E. Charles Vivian (1882-1947)" by Peter Berresford Ellis, PS Publishing Ltd, Hornsea, UK, 2014.

Evelyn Charles Henry Vivian ( – ) was the pseudonym of Charles Henry Cannell, a British editor and writer of fantasy and supernatural, detective novels and stories.

Evelyn Charles Henry Vivian, pseudonyme de Evelyn Charles Henry Cannell, né le, à, dans le Norfolk, et mort à Londres le, est un auteur britannique de nombreux récits de littérature populaire. Il signe E. C. Vivian la plupart de ses récits policiers et utilise d’autres pseudonymes, dont Jack Mann pour ses récits fantastiques et Barry Lynd pour ses romans westerns.


The Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme.

Unlike the EU, AFTA does not apply a common external tariff on imported goods. Each ASEAN member may impose tariffs on goods entering from outside ASEAN based on its national schedules. However, for goods originating within ASEAN, ASEAN members are to apply a tariff rate of 0-5 %(the more recent members of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, also known as CMLV countries, were given additional time to implement the reduced tariff rates). This is known as the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme.  ASEAN members have the option of excluding products from the CEPT in three cases: 1.) Temporary exclusions 2.) Sensitive agricultural products 3.) General exceptions. Temporary exclusions refer to products for which tariffs will ultimately be lowered to 0-5 %, but which are being protected temporarily by a delay in tariff reductions.  For sensitive agricultural products include commodities such as rice, ASEAN members have until 2010 to reduce the tariff levels to 0-5 %.  General exceptions refer to products which an ASEAN member deems necessary for the protection of national security, public morals, the protection of human, animal or plant life and health, and protection of articles of artistic, historic, or archaeological value. ASEAN members have agreed to enact zero tariff rates on virtually all imports by 2010 for the original signatories, and 2015 for the CMLV countries.

Rule of origin.

The CEPT only applies to goods originating within ASEAN. The general rule is that local ASEAN content must be at least 40% of the FOB value of the good. The local ASEAN content can be cumulative, that is, the value of inputs from various ASEAN members can be combined to meet the 40% requirement. The following formula is applied:  However, for certain products, special rules apply: The exporter must obtain a “Form D” certification from its national government attesting that the good has met the 40% requirement. The Form D must be presented to the customs authority of the importing government to qualify for the CEPT rate. Difficulties have sometimes arisen regarding the evidentiary proof to support the claim, as well as how ASEAN national customs authorities can verify Form D submissions. These difficulties arise because each ASEAN national customs authority interprets and implements the Form D requirements without much co-ordination.

Administration.

Administration of AFTA is handled by the national customs and trade authorities in each ASEAN member. The ASEAN Secretariat has authority to monitor and ensure compliance with AFTA measures, but has no legal authority to enforce compliance. This has led to inconsistent rulings by ASEAN national authorities. The ASEAN Charter is intended to bolster the ASEAN Secretariat's ability to ensure consistent application of AFTA measures.  ASEAN national authorities have also been traditionally reluctant to share or cede sovereignty to authorities from other ASEAN members (although ASEAN trade ministries routinely make cross-border visits to conduct on-site inspections in anti-dumping investigations). Unlike the EU or NAFTA, joint teams to ensure compliance and investigate non-compliance have not been widely used. Instead, ASEAN national authorities must rely on the review and analysis of other ASEAN national authorities to determine if AFTA measures such as rule of origin are being followed. Disagreements may result between the national authorities. Again, the ASEAN Secretariat may help mediate a dispute but has no legal authority to resolve it.  ASEAN has attempted to improve customs co-ordination through the implementation of the ASEAN Single window project. The ASEAN Single Window would allow importers to submit all information related to the transaction to be entered electronically once. This information would then be shared with all other ASEAN national customs authorities.

Dispute resolution.

Although these ASEAN national customs and trade authorities co-ordinate among themselves, disputes can arise. The ASEAN Secretariat has no legal authority to resolve such disputes, so disputes are resolved bilaterally through informal means or through dispute resolution.  An ASEAN Protocol on Enhanced Dispute Settlement Mechanism governs formal dispute resolution in AFTA and other aspects of ASEAN. ASEAN members may seek mediation and good offices consultations. If these efforts are ineffective, they may ask SEOM (Senior Economic Officials Meetings) to establish panel of independent arbitrators to review the dispute. Panel decisions can be appealed to an appellate body formed by the ASEAN Economic Community Council.  The Protocol has almost never been invoked because of the role of SEOM in the dispute resolution process. SEOM decisions require consensus among all ASEAN members, and since both the aggrieved party and the alleged transgressor are both participating in SEOM, such consensus cannot be achieved. This discourages ASEAN members from invoking the Protocol, and often they seek dispute resolution in other fora such as the WTO or even the International Court of Justice. This can also be frustrating for companies affected by an AFTA dispute, as they have no rights to invoke dispute resolution yet their home ASEAN government may not be willing to invoke the Protocol. The ASEAN Secretary General has listed dispute resolution as requiring necessary reform for proper administration of AFTA and the AEC.

Further trade facilitation efforts.

Efforts to close the development gap and expand trade among members of ASEAN are key points of policy discussion. According to a 2008 research brief published by the World Bank as part of its Trade Costs and Facilitation Project, ASEAN members have the potential to reap significant benefits from investments in further trade facilitation reform, due to the comprehensive tariff reform already realised through the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement.  This new analysis suggests examining two key areas, among others: port facilities and competitiveness in the Internet services sector. Reform in these areas, the report states, could expand ASEAN trade by up to 7.5% ($22 billion) and 5.7% ($17 billion), respectively. By contrast, cutting applied tariffs in all ASEAN members to the regional average in Southeast Asia would increase intra-regional trade by about 2% ($6.3 billion).

Membership.

Countries that agree to eliminate tariffs among themselves:  Regular Observers  The most recent ASEAN meeting was observed also by:

ASEAN–Australia–New Zealand Free Trade Area.

An International treaty titled: "Agreement Establishing the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area" (AANZFTA) signed in Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand on created a free trade area between ASEAN nations, Australia and New Zealand.

The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local trade and manufacturing in all ASEAN countries, and facilitating economic integration with regional and international allies. It stands as one of the largest and most important free trade areas (FTA) in the world, and together with its network of dialogue partners, drove some of the world's largest multilateral forums and blocs, including Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, East Asia Summit and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.

La zone de libre échange de l'ASEAN est un accord signé le à Singapour entre les pays membres de l'Association des nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est. Il est entré en vigueur en 2003.


Early life.

Jiah Khan was born into a Muslim family in New York City, United States. She was the daughter of Ali Rizvi Khan, an Indian American businessman, and Rabiya Amin, a Hindi film actress in the 1980s from Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Khan's father left the family when she was two and never came back. Describing her father's absence she said "A man who left his daughter when she was two, should be hanged in public". Her paternal aunts were Pakistani actresses Sangeeta (born Parveen Rizvi) and Kaveeta (born Nasreen Rizvi). Khan grew up in London where she completed her Edexcel O level and A level with five As, before moving to Mumbai to pursue a career in Bollywood. She has two younger sisters Kavita and Karishma. She was inspired to enter Bollywood after watching Ram Gopal Verma's former protege Urmila Matondkar's movie "Rangeela" at the age of six.  Khan studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in Manhattan, though she quit upon receiving a movie offer. She learnt the dance forms of salsa, belly dancing, kathak, lambada, jazz, samba and reggae, along with the other forms of dancing.

Career.

In 2004, at the age of 16, Khan was signed to act in Mukesh Bhatt's "Tumsa Nahin Dekha" but backed out when both she and the director felt the role was too mature for her; she was immediately replaced by Dia Mirza. Three years later, in 2007, at the age of 18, Khan made her debut in Ram Gopal Verma's controversial romantic thriller "Nishabd", as Jia, where she acted opposite Amitabh Bachchan. Despite the provocative content in the film, it performed poorly at the box office, and earned mixed reviews from critics. Nonetheless, Khan received a mostly positive reception for her performance, with critics noting her confidence, attitude, and sex appeal. Raja Sen praised her portrayal of Jia, a seductive, free-spirited teenager, calling her performance "nuanced" and "impressive". Taran Adarsh agrees, saying that "Newcomer Jiah Khan is supremely confident. Loaded with attitude and sex appeal, the newcomer carries off her part with flourish. Her scenes with Bachchan are superb!" Rajeev Masand adds that she is "perfectly cast" for the film. She was also nominated for a Filmfare Best Female Debut Award, however lost to Deepika Padukone for Om Shanti Om.  The following year, she appeared alongside Aamir Khan and Asin in A.R. Murugadoss's psychological thriller "Ghajini", the Hindi remake of its namesake. She played Sunita, a medical student who investigates the history of Sanjay Singhania, portrayed by Aamir Khan. The film gathered much appreciation from critics, and went on to become the highest grossing Bollywood film of 2008. Khan's performance attracted mixed reviews, with critics agreeing that her role was "sketchy". Despite this, Sukanya Verma compliments her performance, commenting that Khan "continues to strike as an exquisite and expressive actress."  In 2010, Khan had almost completed the shooting of the dance film "Chance Pe Dance" opposite Shahid Kapoor when the director Ken Ghosh asked her to leave the film and was replaced by Genelia D'Souza. The director said that she got over-friendly with Kapoor and was not doing her job well. However, after the release of the film, Khan said that she was asked to leave because the director had a bad eye on her. While Kapoor said that he got to know about the replacement when D'Souza came on the set for shooting. Kapoor further said that he has no hand in the replacement of Khan. However, the film was a box office flop and Khan said that she was happy for leaving the film. That same year, Khan made her last film appearance in a supporting role as Devika K. Samtani, the ex-wife of Akshay Kumar's character, in Sajid Khan's "Housefull" with an ensemble cast including Arjun Rampal, Riteish Deshmukh, Deepika Padukone and Lara Dutta. Upon release, "Housefull" received negative reviews, though her performance was better received. Commercially the film did very well and became the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year. Khan had signed a few movies including Udhas Singh's "Aap Ka Saaya", in which she was supposed to play Ranbir Kapoor's wife. Unfortunately, this film couldn't be completed.

Death.

Khan, who was pregnant at the time, reportedly died after hanging herself from a ceiling fan, at approximately 11:45 pm in her bedroom at her family's residence in Juhu, Mumbai on Monday, 3 June 2013. Her mother, Rabiya, and sister, Kavita, were not at home.  An autopsy was performed at JJ Hospital in Byculla. Her body was then brought back to her residence around 7:00 am on Wednesday, 5 June 2013, following the post-mortem. On the same day her Namaz-e-janaza (funeral prayer) took place at Sonapur Kabar Walla Masjid and she was buried at Juhu Muslim cemetery after Dhuhr prayer per Islamic rites. Bollywood actors in attendance included Aamir Khan, Kiran Rao, Riteish Deshmukh, Siddharth Mallya, Sophie Choudry, Urvashi Dholakia, Prem Chopra, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay Khan and Nagma. Bollywood stars reacted with shock at her death.  On 7 June 2013, a six-page suicide note was found by her sister. The note reportedly indicates that Khan planned to end her life. A transcript mentioning a recent abortion was released by the family. However, her mother later said the purported events did not add up and that she suspected foul play. On 8 June 2013, Khan's memorial was held at Vile Parle Medical Club to pray for Khan and her family. Bollywood actors in attendance included Aamir Khan, Deepika Padukone, Randhir Kapoor, Prateik Babbar, Sanjay Kapoor, Shweta Pandit, Kiran Rao, Urvashi Dholakia, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay Khan and Nagma.  Aditya Pancholi's son Sooraj Pancholi, who was allegedly in a live-in relationship with Khan, was taken into police custody during the investigation of her suicide on 10 June 2013. The Bombay High Court granted him bail on 2 July 2013. On 3 July 2014, a year after her death, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was ordered by the High Court to further investigate the death.  The High Court held a hearing on the matter, starting on 7 June 2016, following the Supreme Court's call to expedite the process. On 1 August 2016 the CBI ruled out murder in the case. As per its investigations, the cause of Jiah's death was'suicide by hanging'. Khan's mother, Rabia, independently hired British forensics expert Jason Payne-James, who concluded in a 20 September 2016 report that Khan's hanging was staged and the marks on her face and neck indicate it was not simply suicide.  In January 2017, nearly four years after her death, the prosecution requested that charges of sexual assault and murder be laid against Sooraj Pancholi.  On 31 January 2018, nearly five years after her death, a court in Mumbai charged Sooraj Pancholi with abetting Khan's suicide. The CBI submitted a list of 69 witnesses, including Khan's mother Rabia, the complainant, with the case to begin in March 2018.

Legacy.

An episode of the TV series "Yeh Hai Aashiqui" was loosely based on Jiah Khan's suicide, with Mihika Verma and Rithvik Dhanjani playing the central characters.

Jiah Khan (born Nafisa Rizvi Khan, 20 February 1988 – 3 June 2013) was a British-American actress and singer who appeared in Hindi films. She appeared in three Hindi films from 2007 to 2010.

Jiah Khan, née le à New York City (New York) et morte le à Mumbai (Maharashtra), était une actrice, chanteuse et mannequin britannico-américaine.


Before the battle.

As the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division advanced northwards to Baghdad, they avoided getting bogged down in urban combat by bypassing heavily defended Iraqi towns. Keeping to the south of the Euphrates River, they planned to cross the river directly south of Baghdad, in the Karbala Gap.  Outside of Samawah from 22 – 25 March, the 3rd Infantry Division made contact with Iraqi forces outside Samawah, using artillery and airstrikes. Iraqi forces attacked the American armored columns and were slaughtered. It is estimated that 120-200 Iraqis died in this action, in which no Americans were killed.  The city was bypassed and did not seriously impede the 3rd Infantry Division's advance on Baghdad, but irregular forces based inside the city staged attacks on American supply lines. On 25 March, the 2nd Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division received the order to clear Samawah and by 28 March they had re-deployed to Talil Air Base in southern Iraq.

Battle.

The 2nd Brigade reached Samawah at 3:00 AM on 30 March, expecting to assault a trench line on the eastern outskirts of the town. Instead, they discovered a sand berm surrounding a landfill, which Bravo Battery 2/319th used as their first artillery position since no enemy forces were defending it. At dawn, the Americans began to advance towards the cement factory and received heavy small arms, mortar, and RPG fire. A sharp firefight developed between the Americans hiding behind the berms in the landfill and railroad track, and the Iraqi forces around the cement factory. An Iraqi sniper fired from the top of the factory's smokestack until an American soldier fired a TOW missile into the smokestack, collapsing the structure. Lacking smoke shells for their mortars in order to screen their movements, American forces were unable to advance and pulled back to the east. OH-58D Kiowa Warrior helicopters arrived and attacked enemy mortar and RPG teams, and destroyed several technical vehicles. At around 3:00 PM, Navy F/A-18 Hornets arrived on station and bombed a warehouse attached to the cement factory. Fighting around the cement factory died down at nightfall.  That night, elements of the 3rd Battalion of the 325th Infantry Regiment launched a feint attack against the bridges in the town over the Euphrates River. The purpose was to draw the attention of Iraqi Republican Guard forces on the other side of the river, preventing them from attacking the 3rd ID's rear areas and fixing their positions so they could be destroyed by American air power. At the start of the assault, A-10 Thunderbolt II attack aircraft and 105 mm howitzers from 2/319th AFAR bombarded the north bank of the Euphrates. Raining smoke and high explosive rounds. 1st Battalion then attacked, seizing the bridges, crossing the river, and establishing a bridgehead on the north bank. Having achieved their objectives, the battalion pulled back at dawn. During this operation, an SUV attempted to run across the bridge at the Americans. After being hit with fire from a.50 caliber machine gun, the vehicle exploded into a fireball. It had been loaded with propane tanks for use as a suicide car bomb.  Snipers and recon forward observers from the 82nd Airborne's 2/319 COLT team located approximately 17 armed combatants staging along the outskirts of Samawah. They radioed for artillery/mortar support and killed most of the insurgents after directing and adjusting fire unto their location (31.303165, 45.307851).  At 7:00 PM on 2 April, Bco 1st Battalion of the 325th Infantry Regiment launched an attack on the cement factory with the support of an AC-130 gunship, and an M1 Abrams Tank. They took the factory unopposed. Over the next two days, 2nd Brigade cleared the rest of the city, securing the south side of the bridges, followed by an assault on the headquarters of an Iraqi paramilitary group on 4 April. Rather than taking and holding ground, the Americans launched probing attacks into the city, engaged enemy forces, and then pulled back. High explosive rounds fired by 2/319th were used against the Ba'ath Party Headquarters, a school used as a headquarters building, and a soccer field used as a rallying point. It was later said there was nothing left standing. A hospital was also being used as a headquarters by Iraqi forces, however this was not bombed due to civilians in the area. By 4 April, resistance had ceased and the city was declared cleared. 1-41 Infantry, 1st Armored Division, and the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division would be awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for their performance during combat operations.

The Battle of Samawah took place during the 2003 invasion of Iraq as American troops fought to clear the city of Iraqi forces. The city had been bypassed during the advance on Baghdad, leaving the task of clearing it to American paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division with mechanized infantry and armor provided by units of the 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment, and 2-70th Armor Battalions, along with 3rd platoon 59th Chemical Company tasked with finding and removing any potential chemical or biological weapons. The battle was the largest sustained urban combat that paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne had been involved in since World War II.

La bataille de Samawa oppose les forces de la Coalition (Américains) aux forces irakiennes (composées de paramilitaires des Fedayin Saddam et d'éléments de la garde républicaine ainsi que de l'armée irakienne) du au pendant l'opération liberté irakienne, lors de la progression américaine sur Bagdad.


Overview.

Initially issued as a 7" vinyl single on 27 October 1980 as a preview to the album "Ace of Spades" and autumn tour, the song was also released by Bronze Records as a 12" vinyl pressing in special Christmas picture sleeves, limited to 50,000 copies. The picture of the band in Santa outfits used on the cover was taken at the Aylesbury Fair, while the band were on tour.  Bronze also issued German and Spanish 7" vinyl versions which had a different sleeves, as well as a Japanese release, with a colour picture insert with song lyrics in English and Japanese. One sided test pressings (not mis-presses, but used in the trade) escaped the pressing plant and are on the market.  The song opens with an overdriven bass intro played by Lemmy. For the lyrics, he said he "used gambling metaphors, mostly cards and dice—when it comes to that sort of thing, I'm more into the one-arm bandits actually, but you can't really sing about spinning fruit, and the wheels coming down".  On 6 September 1980, Lemmy was interviewed by Graham Neale on BBC Radio 1's "Rock on Saturday" show, "Bomber", "Ace of Spades" and "Love Me Like a Reptile" were played. The following month, on 6 and 20 October, the band played the song on BBC TV show "Top of the Pops".

Commercial success.

The song spent 13 weeks in the UK Singles Chart, and originally peaked at number 15 upon its initial release. At the midweek point in January 2016 it reached No. 9 and in the official Friday chart they reached number 13, following the death of frontman Lemmy in December 2015 and subsequent dissolution of the band. It has sold 208,830 digital copies as of January 2016. It reached the top of the UK Rock & Metal Singles and Albums Charts on 9 January 2016.

Critical reception.

The song – which "put a choke on the British music charts and proved to all that a band could succeed without sacrificing its blunt power and speed" – is considered the definitive Motörhead anthem, albeit not by Lemmy. "I don't see the song that way at all," he said in 2000. "I believe we've done our best work since Eddie left the band in 1982."  In March 2005, "Q" placed it at No. 27 in a list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks, stating, "This song has an intro which wouldn't be out of place ushering in the end of the world." In 2009, it was named the tenth greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1.  In 2014, "NME" ranked it number 155 in a list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.  In May 2019, "Ace of Spades" was named the favorite poker-themed song in a survey of 1,000 customers of online poker site PokerStars. The song reportedly "not only won, but crushed" the other finalist, "Poker Face" by Lady Gaga.

Live version.

"Ace of Spades (live)" is a 1988 7-inch vinyl release of the song by Motörhead. The single has no picture sleeve; it was issued (and withdrawn) in a plain white paper cover. All three songs on the single appeared on the band's "No Sleep at All" live album, which was recorded at the Giants of Rock Festival in Hämeenlinna, Finland on 2 July 1988.  The band had wanted "Traitor" as the A-side, but "Ace of Spades" was chosen instead, when the band noticed the change, they refused to allow the single to be distributed to the shops. So despite the popularity the song had achieved, this single was not as successful as the original version, which reached No. 15 in the UK Singles Chart in 1980, as it became only available at gigs and through the Motörheadbangers fan club.  The song became a staple of the band's live set, with Lemmy acknowledging that despite becoming "sick" of performing it, they "can't ditch Ace of Spades, it wouldn't be right. If I go to see Little Richard, I expect to hear "Good Golly Miss Molly", or I'd be pissed off". However, Lemmy softened his view on performing Ace of Spades live later on, saying "I used to have that thought occasionally, but I killed it. "Ace of Spades" has been really good to us, and it's one of the best songs that I ever wrote. So I suppose you have to put up with it, because everybody wants to hear it, every night." Live versions have appeared on the albums "No Sleep 'til Hammersmith" (1981), "Nö Sleep at All" (1988), "Everything Louder than Everyone Else" (1999), "Live at Brixton Academy" (2003), "" (2007), "" (2011), "" (2012), and "Clean Your Clock" (2016).  It was the first song that Phil Campbell and Würzel played with the band – on the "Bambi" episode of "The Young Ones". The lineup is particularly rare until 1987: Lemmy, Campbell, Würzel and Taylor. Taylor had already left the band by the time the filming started, but kept to his promise of making the performance.  In September 1993, WGAF Records re-released the original 1980s track on CD-single, cassette single, 12" vinyl picture sleeve and picture disc versions, the song was coupled with "Louie Louie", "Dirty Love", and "Ace of Spades (The CCN Remix)", and although the band were not too pleased with the CCN Remix version, this single peaked at No. 23 in the UK chart.

"Ace of Spades" is a song by English heavy metal band Motörhead and the title track to the album "Ace of Spades". It was released as a single in October 1980.

La chanson a été publiée au format vinyle 7" le en preview de l'album " et de la tournée d'automne. La maison de disques Bronze Records, a également produit le single au format 12" pour un pressage spécialement pour la période de Noël, qui fut édité à exemplaires.


Reaction mechanism.

The reaction mechanism for chlorination of benzene is the same as bromination of benzene. Iron(III) bromide and iron(III) chloride become inactivated if they react with water, including moisture in the air. Therefore, they are generated by adding iron filings to bromine or chlorine. Here is the mechanism of this reaction:  The mechanism for iodination is slightly different: iodine (I) is treated with an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid to obtain the electrophilic iodine ("I", probably IONO). Other conditions for iodination include I, HIO, HSO, and "N"-iodosuccinimide, HSO. These conditions are successful for highly deactivated arenes, including nitroaromatics.  In a series of studies, the powerful reagent obtained by using a mixture of iodine and potassium iodate dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid was used. Here the iodinating agent is the triiodine cation I and the base is HSO. In these studies both the kinetics of the reaction and the preparative conditions for the iodination of strongly deactivated compounds, such as benzoic acid and 3-nitrobenzotrifluoride, were investigated.  While electrophilic fluorination is possible with F/N (10%), XeF, or N-F reagents like Selectfluor, these methods are seldom used, due to the formation of isomeric mixtures and polyfluorination products. Although mixtures also form in the case of other aromatic halogenations, fluoroaromatics are often extremely challenging to separate from their nonfluorinated, polyfluorinated, and/or isomeric counterparts.  The initial step of the halogenation of aromatic compounds differs from that of the halogenation of alkenes in that alkenes do not require a catalyst to enhance the electrophilicity of the halogen. The formation of the arenium ion results in the temporary loss of aromaticity, which has a higher activation energy compared to halonium ion formation in alkenes. In other words, alkenes are more reactive and do not need to have the Br–Br or Cl–Cl bond weakened.

Scope.

If the ring contains a strongly activating substituent such as –OH, –OR or amines, a catalyst is not necessary, for example in the bromination of "p"-cresol:  However, if a catalyst is used with excess bromine, then a tribromide will be formed.  Halogenation of phenols is faster in polar solvents in a basic environment due to the dissociation of phenol, with phenoxide ions being more susceptible to electrophilic attack as they are more electron-rich.  Chlorination of toluene with chlorine without catalyst requires a polar solvent as well such as acetic acid. The "ortho" to "para" selectivity is low:  No reaction takes place when the solvent is replaced by tetrachloromethane. In contrast, when the reactant is 2-phenylethylamine, it is possible to employ relatively apolar solvents with exclusive "ortho-" regioselectivity due to the intermediate formation of a chloramine, enabling the Intramolecular reaction.  The food dye erythrosine can be synthesized by iodination of another dye called fluorescein:  This reaction is driven by sodium bicarbonate.

In organic chemistry, an electrophilic aromatic halogenation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. This organic reaction is typical of aromatic compounds and a very useful method for adding substituents to an aromatic system.

Une halogénation électrophile aromatique est une réaction organique de type substitution électrophile aromatique qui permet d'ajouter des substituants de type halogène sur un composé aromatique :


Station layout.

The center level is located at the 60th Street/Lexington Avenue end. Installed in conjunction with the 1962 opening of the lower level IRT express platforms, it allows transfer between all routes. There are three staircases up to the BMT platform, two down to each of the lower level IRT express platforms, and one staircase and escalator up to the IRT local platforms on the upper level.

Artwork.

The mezzanine between the IRT express platforms and the BMT platform has a large-scale mosaic mural entitled "Blooming" (1996), by Elizabeth Murray. It covers all four walls of the mezzanine area. It takes its name from the nearby Bloomingdale's department store. The mosaic features larger versions of the coffee cups and slippers found on the platform walls, with the text: "In dreams begin responsibilities" and "Conduct your blooming in the noise and whip of the whirlwind". The text floats from the coffee cups and are excerpted from poetry by Delmore Schwartz and Gwendolyn Brooks. Additional, mini shoe mosaics can be found on the IRT express platforms.  This is one of two murals Murray made for MTA Arts & Design; the other, "Stream", can be found at Court Square/23rd Street.

Entrances and exits.

The complex has a total of 11 staircase entrances.

IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms.

59th Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line is an express station. It has two stacked levels, each of which has two tracks and two side platforms. The upper level is used by local trains, and the lower level is used by express trains. The levels are separated by the BMT Broadway Line's platform directly underneath the local platforms and a mezzanine between the BMT platform and the express level. Long escalators connect the local and express platforms directly. The station used to have all green tile which has been covered up except for one "59th Street" sign near the south end of the northbound platform. There are whimsical stylized mosaics of coffee cups and slippers in varied colors at random spacing near the stairways to the Broadway and IRT local trains. This station was renovated in conjunction with the construction of the Bloomberg Tower at 59th Street and Lexington Avenue. Although a new entrance was constructed within the building, it has remained closed due to fears of icicle formation on a railing that is part of the building's design, directly above the street entrance. A legal battle between the city and the building's management over who is responsible for modifying the design has caused the entrance to be temporarily closed between 2003 and 2006.  There is a direct exit to Bloomingdale's from the uptown local platform's fare control (this exit was used in the 2008 film "Cloverfield"). The underpass near the south end of the station was originally the northbound platform for the extension of the BMT Broadway Line to Queens. That line had been planned as two separate, one-track tunnels, one each under 59th and 60th Streets. Later on, it was decided to alter this layout in favor of a single two-track tunnel under 60th Street. The semi-completed platform under 59th Street was then converted to an underpass between the north and southbound platforms of the Lexington Avenue Line local tracks.  On the upper level, north of the station, there is a storage/lay up track between the two tracks. It ends at a bumper block at its north end. It merges with the two local tracks on its southern end.  In 2019, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority announced that the station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program.

Addition of express platforms.

The station originally served local trains only. On November 4, 1954, the New York City Transit Authority approved plans to convert 59th Street into an express station. The project was proposed by the executive director of the NYCTA, Sidney Bingham, to improve connections between the Lexington Avenue Line and the Broadway Line. Construction was expected to take two years and cost $5 million. The new express stop was expected to reduce transfer congestion at Grand Central–42nd Street. Even before the express platforms were added, this station was the busiest on the line.  Construction for the express station began on August 10, 1959. Along with the new express platforms, a new mezzanine was built above it to connect it to the local station, and the Broadway Line station. Two high speed escalators were added to connect the local and express platforms. Two additional high speed escalators were built to connect the local platforms with the new mezzanine. The express station opened three months earlier than originally planned. As part of the plan, the local platforms were extended to accommodate 10-car trains. In addition, new entrances and booths were added to the 59th Street ends of the northbound and southbound sides. The whole cost of the project was $6.5 million. Work on the express station at 59th Street, required express trains to run local during late nights. The express platforms were opened on November 15, 1962.

BMT Broadway Line platform.

Lexington Avenue−59th Street on the BMT Broadway Line has two tracks and one island platform, and two mezzanines. The Lexington Avenue mezzanine has two staircases to each of the IRT local platforms, an escalator to the downtown platform, and three staircases down to the center level. The Third Avenue side was constructed in the late 1960s, with the same red tile that was used during renovation of Bowling Green in 1978. It has up and down escalators and an adjoining staircase, and is open part-time only, with four street staircases on Third Avenue. The new entrance is a result of the platform extension along the same side during the 1960s.  The distinctive "Lex" mosaics were preserved during the renovation, by installing pre-arranged blocks along the station wall that cup the Lexington Avenue Line above it. The wall tiles have the red "Lex" evenly spaced out, similar to the IND style, with blue background, green borders, and white lettering. In 2002, the station received a major overhaul. It received a state of repairs with the original late 1910s tiling being restored. The MTA repaired the staircases, re-tiled the walls, added new tiling on the floors, upgraded the station's lights and the public address system, and installed ADA yellow safety threads along the platform edge, new signs, and new trackbeds in both directions. Despite this, the project did not make the station ADA-accessible. In 2019, the MTA announced that the station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program.  Despite its name, the station is located on Lexington Avenue and 60th Street, one block north of 59th Street. Originally, the Broadway subway was to run to Queens over the Queensboro Bridge. Because the side streets are so narrow, the Queens-bound track was to run under 59th Street and the downtown-bound track under 60th Street. The Broadway subway plan was changed in 1915 to route both tracks into 60th Street and to cross the East River by a tunnel just north of the Queensboro Bridge. The 59th Street crossing was now useless, and at 60th Street, the subway would have to be at a lower grade on its way to the 60th Street Tunnel. The 59th Street crossing was converted into a pedestrian underpass for the IRT station, and is still in use for that purpose; its floor level is that of the never-completed BMT station. The 60th Street crossing was mostly destroyed when the existing station was built at a lower grade. A door in the southern wall across from the platform opens into a remaining unused space, and suggests the platform level of the original grade, which is the same as the 59th Street underpass.

External links.

Google Maps Street View:

Lexington Avenue/59th Street is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line. It is located at Lexington Avenue between 59th and 60th Streets, on the border of Midtown and the Upper East Side of Manhattan. The station complex is the fourteenth-busiest in the system, with over 21 million passengers in 2016.

Lexington Avenue / 59th Street est une station souterraine du métro de New York située à la frontière des quartiers de Midtown et de l'Upper East Side à Manhattan. Elle est située sur deux lignes (au sens de tronçons du réseau), l'IRT Lexington Avenue Line (métros verts) et la BMT Broadway Line (métros jaunes) issues respectivement des réseaux des anciennes Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) et Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT). Sur la base de la fréquentation, la station figurait au sur 421 en 2012.


Early life and education.

She was born and raised in Kent, England, United Kingdom, the daughter of finance director Clive Thompson. She is a graduate of film from the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. Her films are female-friendly based on her ideas first outlined in her 1997 dissertation 'Towards a New Pornography'. She later graduated with an MA in Philosophy from Birkbeck College, University of London, and studied for a PhD in Gender Studies at the University of Sussex, titled 'Rethinking Misogyny: How Men Experience Women to have Power in Dating Relationships'.

Career.

She had her first film aired in 1999 on UK porn channel Television X and has made over 250 scenes to date.  Her films focus on women enjoying sex with women or men, sometimes both. Other themes include sex toys, everyday objects (such as a chocolate bar or orange) being used as sex toys, threesomes, group sex, and gang bangs. Role playing and fantasy are also common. Sometimes a character from one of her films appears in another. There is a big emphasis on reality both in script and actor performances. In her films she includes a much higher than average percentage of shots which look at the men, which she has termed 'female point of view' shots.  Arrowsmith was the 2007/8 and 2008/9 Best Director at the UK Adult Film & TV Awards, where she also won four other awards for her DVD "Hug a Hoodie". She wanted to present a sympathetic image of the Young offender. British Conservative Party Leader David Cameron had taken a tough line on youth offenders but in July 2006 gave a sympathetic speech that was dubbed by the "News of the World" as 'Hug a Hoodie'. The phrase came into popular use in the UK despite Cameron insisting that he did not use it. She won Best British Film Brand at The UK's trade awards – the ETO Awards in 2008. In 2007 she won 'Indie Porn Pioneer 'and in 2011 'Best Bi Movie' at The International Emma Feminist Porn Awards, in Toronto. Her film Be My Toy Boy was nominated for best Film at the 2009 ETO Awards.  After a shorter documentary aired on Channel 4 earlier in her career, in September 2007, she was the focus of a TV documentary entitled "Sex Films For Girls", made by Five, which captured her views on pornography and her film approach and featured on-set filming during the making of a film. Her father also appeared in the documentary, expressing a negative view of pornography but a very supportive view of his daughter.  She identifies as bisexual and has said, 'I'm bi and looking at two women together turns me on.'  She has given talks about pornography and feminism in various countries, for example at universities or film festivals and has debated on pornography with Germaine Greer and Gail Dines. In 2011, Span was invited alongside Jessi Fischer and Johnny Anglais to debate against Gail Dines, Richard Woolfson and Shelley Lubben at the University of Cambridge. The proposition that she argued was that 'This house believes that pornography does a good public service.' Span won the proposition with 231 in favour to 187 against with 197 abstentions. Dines said her opponents won because the chamber consisted mostly of '18-22-year-old males who were using pornography on a regular basis.'  Anna runs a campaign website called WeConsent.org on behalf of the people who work in the various sex industries against the various moral panics aimed at them and their industries. She has been a regular columnist of the "Daily Sport" newspaper, The Guardian newspaper, and the British women's sex magazine "Scarlet". She has been an active member of Feminists Against Censorship since the late 1990s. Anna has also appeared on various TV programmes and press such as Newsnight, The Today Programme, PM, and Woman's Hour, defending the porn industry.

2010 United Kingdom general election.

Arrowsmith was the Liberal Democrat candidate for Gravesham in Kent for the 2010 United Kingdom general election. Conservative Adam Holloway held on to the seat by a considerable margin; Arrowsmith increased the Liberal Democrat vote share by nearly one third compared to the previous Lib Dem election results and by more than the regional average, but remained in third place behind Labour.  She explained her reasons for moving into politics in "The Observer", which included: women's right to sexual expression and consumption, freedom of speech, and helping young people. Then Liberal Democrat party leader Nick Clegg said, "It's not exactly my cup of tea what she's been doing before she has put herself forward in parliament but I also think it's really important that people like her who really care a lot about her local area are encouraged to come into politics. You can't accuse her of being a cardboard cut-out Westminster politician."

Personal life.

Span lives in the US state of California as of 2018.

Anna Arrowsmith (born Anna Imogen Thompson 15 January 1972), who works under the pseudonym Anna Span, is a former English pornographic film director and producer. She makes frequent public appearances, speaking on sex, pornography and feminism, though not without significant opposition from some feminists.

Anna Arrowsmith, née Anna Imogen Thompson le à Greenwich, connue un temps comme Anna Span, est une militante et réalisatrice de film pornographique anglaise, devenue personnalité politique.


Biography.

Oleg Efrim was born on 4 November 1975 in the village of Corneşti, Ungheni district, Moldavian SSR, USSR, but in documents, is November 7. In 1997 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of the State University of Moldova and from September of the same year he is a lecturer at the State University (Civil Law) and a lawyer. Between 2002 and 2008 he was a partner lawyer at the Associate Law Firm "Avornic & Partners". From October 2008 to November 2009 he was the Ombudsman of the Republic of Moldova at the Center for Human Rights. From November 2009 until May 2011 he was Deputy Minister of Justice of the Republic of Moldova. On 6 May 2011, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Moldova no. 124, was appointed Minister of Justice of the Republic of Moldova.  For the parliamentary elections of 30 November 2014 from Republic of Moldova Oleg Efrim was not included in the list of PLDM candidates for the post of deputy. On 10 December 2014, following the validation of the vote, the Leancă Cabinet with Efrim in its composition resigned, observing the technical procedure provided by the law. On 16 December 2014 Oleg Efrim said he no longer wanted his job, even if he would receive from the party the offer to stay in this chair and in the next government.  Oleg Efrim is married to Violeta Marian (born 23 February 1980), a singer who together with her sister Nona formed the band "Fresh" in the past. They have a son named Paul.

Oleg Efrim (born 7 November 1975 in Cornești, Moldova) is a Moldovan politician and jurist. He has served as the Justice Minister in Second Vlad Filat Cabinet since 6 May 2011 until 18 February 2015. He is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova.

Oleg Efrim, né le à Cornești, alors en RSS moldave, est un homme politique moldave, membre du Parti libéral-démocrate de Moldavie (PLDM). Il est ministre de la Justice depuis le, dans les gouvernements des libéraux-démocrates Vlad Filat et Iurie Leancă.


History.

No accurate information or documents have been found on the origin of the village. When the village was established is still unknown. It is believed that the village originated during the period of the Unification Campaign by King Prithvi Narayan Shah. The King's main aim was to capture the Kathmandu Valley, but to win Kathmandu Valley over he had to defeat the Kirtipur Valley. He brought a large number of troops from the west to attack the Kirtipur Valley. However, he failed twice to take over city. After a heavy loss of troops and his 'right-hand' Kalu Pandey, he started to conquer the small states around Kirtipur to impose an economic strike. During those days Charghare was unnamed and open plain land. Some people migrated or may be troops who has come for battle form western part who started to settlement with the four houses(चार घर) in village. Later pronounced of Char ghar (चार घर) changed into Charghare (चारघरे) which consequenced the name of village as Charghare. This assumption of data about the origin of the village and may be fallacious or wrong because data are not based on primary and secondary sources. It is supposed that the name and village were developed in the 19th century but this place has a historical story which is more than a thousand years old. Name of this place was mentioned in Swasthanibratha katha as Jalpadevi, Jalandhar. According to the religious history of the temple here, Sati Devi's lower chin fell in this place.

Charghare is a village situated in the Nuwakot, Nepal. It is also a village development committee (VDC), and is surrounded by Bidur Nagarpaalika KalyanPur VDC, Gorysang VDC Khadkabhanjyang VDC. Charghare's main tourist places are Jalpadevi Temple and sloping land (पाखा). It covers an area of approximately 4 or 5 km. Around 90 houses are found here. The population of this village is about 470.

Charghare (en ) est un comité de développement villageois du Népal situé dans le district de Nuwakot. Au recensement de 2011, il comptait.


Plot.

High school senior Billy Lynch lives with his protective aunt Cheryl, who has raised him since infancy after his parents died in a car accident. A gifted basketball player, Billy is offered a chance at a scholarship to attend the University of Denver, but Cheryl dismisses the idea, assuming that Billy will stay with her to "contribute." At school, Billy is bullied by one of his basketball teammates, Eddie, who is jealous of Billy's close camaraderie with their coach, Tom Landers; meanwhile Julia, the school newspaper photographer, begins to take a romantic interest in Billy.  On Billy's 17th birthday, Cheryl changes her mind about the scholarship, and asks Billy to stop by the television repair shop to have the shop technician, Phil Brody, come by to look at their set. That night, after Phil works on their television, Cheryl makes aggressive sexual advances toward him; when he refuses, Cheryl stabs him to death with a kitchen knife, which Billy witnesses through the window. Cheryl hysterically claims Phil tried to rape her.  A bigoted police detective (and former Marine and Purple Heart recipient), Joe Carlson, is assigned to the case, and is skeptical of Cheryl and the alleged rape attempt. After discovering that Phil Brody was gay, and that he was in a same-sex relationship with Billy's coach, Tom, he assumes the murder to be the result of a love triangle between Phil, Tom, and Billy, and that Cheryl is covering for her nephew. Carlson begins questioning Billy, accusing him of being a "fag", and harasses Tom, forcing him to resign from his job at the high school. Carlson also inquires from Julia about her and Billy's sexual relationship. Meanwhile, Cheryl feeds Billy drugged milk, which causes him to perform poorly at his scholarship tryout, and cleans out the attic so he can have an apartment space in the house. Sergeant Cook, who has been casing Cheryl's home, believes Billy to be innocent, and is suspicious of Cheryl.  After walking in on Billy and Julia having sex, Cheryl becomes enraged with Billy. In the attic, Billy finds a photo of a man named Craig, whom Cheryl claims was one of his mother's old boyfriends. Billy has Julia stop by the house to distract Cheryl so that he can investigate further; locked in a box upstairs, he finds his birth certificate, indicating that Cheryl is actually his mother, and that Craig was his father. Meanwhile, downstairs, Cheryl strikes Julia in the head with a meat tenderizer, and again drugs Billy with milk, rendering him unconscious.  Julia awakens in a secret room in the basement, where she discovers Craig's mummified corpse and his severed head in a jar of formaldehyde next to a makeshift shrine. Cheryl's nosy neighbor Margie, having grown suspicious, arrives shortly after to investigate the goings-on on the property, and is followed into the woods behind the house by Cheryl, who stabs her to death with a machete. Sergeant Cook then enters the house in search of Julia, who has been reported missing by her mother, and is also murdered by Cheryl after discovering Julia in the basement. Cheryl chases Julia out of the house, and they both fall in a pond near the woods, where Cheryl again knocks Julia unconscious.  Billy awakens in the attic, which Cheryl has adorned with his childhood toys, and stumbles downstairs to call the police. While attempting to dial 911, Cheryl attacks him with a knife, and a violent struggle ensues, ending with Billy impaling her with a fireplace poker. Billy calls Tom, asking for help. Shortly after, Carlson arrives at the house, where he finds Tom treating Billy's stab wounds, and sees Cheryl's lifeless body on the floor. In a rage, Carlson blames Billy and Tom for the crimes, and draws his gun on them, despite Julia's insistent cries that Cheryl was responsible. Tom and Carlson get into a scuffle, during which Billy is able to grab the gun, shooting Carlson multiple times. Carlson bleeds to death in front of the living room piano while Billy and Julia embrace, both crying.

Analysis and themes.

Malignant motherhood.

Horror film scholar John Kenneth Muir writes extensively regarding the themes of motherhood in "Butcher, Baker, Nightmare Maker" in his book "Horror Films of the 1980s", specifically the warped relationship that Billy's aunt Cheryl (whom he later discovers to be in fact his mother) has with him. Muir points out several motifs surrounding this theme, such as the milk Cheryl uses to drug him, "a symbol of her twisted motherhood... Billy is rendered impotent by the milk, infantilized by Cheryl's inappropriate and inimical ministrations." Muir also suggests that the film may potentially be engaging with the American stereotype that overbearing mothers produce gay sons, as Billy's sexuality is questioned by those around him throughout the film.  Several other critics and scholars have noted the plotline of "Butcher, Baker, Nightmare Maker" is modeled after "Oedipus the King" by Sophocles, borrowing the themes of adoption and incestual yearning from a mother to her son. Muir writes that when Billy eventually murders Cheryl in self-defense, he impales her with a tire iron—a phallic symbol—and that, after the struggle, her dead body collapses around his in what resembles a sexual position.

Inversion of the "final girl".

Writer Marc Heuck notes that the film "predicted tropes of young adult books and films for decades to come: a teenager living in relative comfort is thrust into dangerous circumstance beyond their preparedness or comprehension, and discovers that neither parental figures nor the law can be trusted. Hell, many of us in our advanced age still have nightmares of this sort and never quite transcend that basic fear. It’s this theme that probably kept those teenage girls in their seats when the subject matter started getting really icky and they would have been tempted to leave for the mall."  Heuck also views the character of Billy as an inversion of the "final girl" trope, in that he "not only is he directly injured by the villains and survives against the odds, he is also extremely attractive, feeding into the unhealthy motivations of those who threaten him within and the desires of the audience watching him outside." Counterpoint to Billy is the character of Julia, his girlfriend, whom Heuck notes as taking on the "helpful boyfriend" role often present in slasher films.

Portrayal of homosexuality.

"Butcher, Baker, Nightmare Maker" has been noted for being an early film to portray a homosexual male character as a positive figure by featuring Tom Landers, Billy's gay basketball coach who is subjected to homophobia, and later comes to Billy and Julia's rescue in the final sequence. Steve Easton, who portrayed the character, recalled that the screenplay did not sensationalize the character's sexuality: "He's a gay man, but he's not a pervert. He just likes men, and he's got a boyfriend, and his boyfriend is murdered." Scholar Jeffery Dennis notes that Tom's partner, who is murdered early in the film by Billy's aunt Cheryl, is "perhaps the only gay person in all of American cinema who is not an urban sophisticate", as well as one of the only characters in the film shown to be an upstanding individual.  Likewise, Dennis interprets an inversion of social norms in which heterosexual desire as "oppressive and sinister... Aunt Cheryl opines that "Homosexuals are very, very sick!" as she murders half a dozen people, grabs and fondles Billy, drugs his milk, and finally tries to stab him." The question of Billy's potential homosexuality is also noted, though Dennis states that his "sexual identity is not answered by his constant protesting-too-much or by his buddy bond with the coach."

Production.

Screenplay.

Producer and co-writer Stephen Breimer co-wrote the film's screenplay with Boon Collins and Alan Jay Glueckman, aspiring to blend elements of character-driven films led by female villains (such as "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?") with the slasher film. The genesis of the story was based on Breimer's own curiosity about his biological parents, as he himself was adopted. Though the core of the plot was devised by Breimer and Glueckman, Boone, a writer from Vancouver, helped write several sequences, including the opening car crash death of Billy's parents.

Casting.

Jimmy McNichol, cast as the male lead, Billy, was among the first to sign on to the film. McNichol had achieved significant success as a child star, which led to him signing a three-picture contract with executive producer Jerry Weintraub, in which he would receive top-billing. Breimer had initially wanted Bill Paxton for the leading role, but instead gave him a minor supporting part as one of Billy's bullying classmates. After McNichol was cast, Bo Svenson, who was also represented by McNichol's talent agency, was cast in the role of Joe Carlson, the homophobic detective. In seeking an actress to portray Cheryl, the unhinged aunt of Billy, producer Stephen Breimer hand-selected Susan Tyrrell based on her performance in "Fat City" (1972). Glueckman was enthusiastic about Tyrrell's involvement in the film, having met her on the set of "Forbidden Zone" (1980). Director William Asher instructed Tyrrell to "pull out all the stops," giving her character an exaggerated performance that would help lend the film a "larger-than-life" quality. Julia Duffy was cast as Billy's girlfriend, Julia, beating out several other actresses who auditioned for the part, including Daryl Hannah and Ally Sheedy.

Filming.

Principal photography took place in Los Angeles, California. Though William Asher is solely credited as director, the film's opening sequence was shot by Michael Miller, who had previously directed "Jackson County Jail" (1976) for Roger Corman. Jan de Bont served as Miller's cinematographer for the scene. Finding Miller's production pacing too slow, the film's investors fired Miller and replaced him with Asher. Asher had previously had a long career directing in television, including numerous episodes of "I Love Lucy" and "Bewitched". The home in the film was located on a historic property in Elysian Park that housed a larger estate as well as several other cottages.

Release.

Distribution.

The film was first given a small regional release through Comworld Pictures under the title "Butcher, Baker, Nightmare Maker" in several cities in Oregon, including Salem and Corvallis, on November 20, 1981. A novel tie-in written by Joseph Burgo was issued by Pocket Books on December 1, 1981. The film's theatrical release expanded in March 1982, screening in St. Louis, Missouri, as well as Vancouver, British Columbia.  The film was re-released in January 1983 under the title "Night Warning", first screening in the California cities of San Francisco and Santa Cruz, as well as Indianapolis, Indiana.

Critical response.

Upon the film's opening in Corvallis, Oregon, local "Corvallis Gazette-Times" critic Lloyd Woods praised the performances of Tyrrell and Svenson as well as the direction of William Asher, who he felt "does a credible job in developing the derangement." Leonard Maltin awarded the film his usual two-and-a-half out of four stars, his most frequently used rating, writing: "Explosive, tour-de-force acting by Tyrrell distinguishes this formula horror film.  Following its January 1983 re-release under the title "Night Warning", critic J. A. Conner of the "Santa Cruz Sentinel" characterized the film as a "Tennessee Williams version of "Psycho"" and deemed it an early contender for the worst films of 1983, summarizing: ""Night Warning" is just another drive-in grindhouse sleazoid mess that some how wandered into town by the back door."  AllMovie awarded it two-and-a-half out of five stars and labeled it "an especially unique entry into the slasher film cycle in the 1980s" based on its influences, 1960s Gothic horror films. Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Unfolding deftly under Asher's direction, "Night Warning" combines darkly outrageous humor with persuasive psychological validity." "Variety" called it "a fine psychological horror film" in which Tyrrell "gives a tour-de-force performance." In "Horror Movies of the 1980s", John Kenneth Muir rated it 3.5/4 stars. Muir called it "a true gem of the decade" and "the 1980s' most twisted, bizarre cinematic vision of motherhood."  In a 2019 article published in "Film Comment", Justin Stewart praised Asher for directing "with a meat-and-potatoes efficiency and visual sense, letting the casting, risk-taking performances, and the twisted, quirky screenplay... carry the day," and also praised Tyrrell's performance.

Home media.

The film screened on The Movie Channel in the fall of 1983, and was released on VHS through HBO Home Video under the "Night Warning" title in 1985. In the United Kingdom, the film was deemed a "video nasty" by the British Board of Film Classification and refused a video certificate.  Independent label Code Red issued the film on DVD in 2014, and reissued it on Blu-ray on July 18, 2017, which featured a 2K scan of the original film elements.

Butcher, Baker, Nightmare Maker, later released as Night Warning, is a 1981 American exploitation horror film directed by William Asher, and starring Susan Tyrrell, Jimmy McNichol, Julia Duffy, and Bo Svenson. Framed as a contemporary Oedipus tale, the plot focuses on a teenager who, raised by his neurotic aunt, finds himself at the center of a murder investigation after she stabs a man to death in their house. The boy's sexually repressed aunt secretly harbors incestuous feelings for him, while a homophobic detective investigating the crime irrationally believes the murder to be a result of a homosexual love triangle.

À la limite du cauchemar (titre original : ', originellement appelé ') est un film américain d'horreur réalisé par William Asher, sorti aux États-Unis en février 1982.