History.

The Museum of Fine Arts in Bilbao was established in 1908. After moving through various venues, the final headquarters were built in 1945, in a great neoclassical building that was to undertake paths expansions in 1970 and 2001 to house the growing museum collection.  The collection of the present Bilbao Fine Arts Museum originated with the merger of the collections from the first "Museo de Bellas Artes", inaugurated in 1914, and the "Museo de Arte Moderno" ("Museum of Modern Art") in 1924. In 2008 the Museum of Fine Arts of Bilbao reached its century under the slogan "100 Years of History, 10 Centuries of Art".  During more than 100 years of history, the collaboration between civil society, local artists and public institutions has enabled the museum to gather an extensive collection, considered one of the most important and diverse of all Spain. Its creation is unique taking into account the importance of bequests and donations from diverse patrons and benefactors, as well as the continuous effort of the museum itself to expand through major acquisitions. Since its inception, the interest in establishing a representative artistic compendium has allowed to refine the selection criteria, and, as a result, the museum can offer and present a panoramic lengthy art history to its visitors.

Aim of the museum.

In its role as a public cultural entity, the main mission is to collect, preserve, study and exhibit its own collection, pursue their enrichment, maintain services and promote quality activities in order to contribute decisively to the education of the society and projection of the cultural values of the Basque Autonomous Community.

The institution and its headquarters.

The museum of Fine Arts.

The Bilbao Fine Arts Museum was established in 1908 and opened in 1914, guided by the will to modernize individuals and adapt to the cultural moment that the city lived. Its main objectives was to provide a space which at that time was considered essential in any modern society and provide historical role models to the local arts community that would help to complete and develop their training. Indeed, the most important impetus for the realization of the project was the contribution by the legacy of an extensive art collection of great value by the entrepreneur and philanthropist Laureano Jado. Jado was followed soon by other major donations of Antonio Plasencia, the House of Meetings of Guernica or the consulate of Bilbao. The Bilbao painter Manuel Losada is also considered one of the main promoters of the museum, and he became the director of the first office in the School of Arts and Crafts Village, located in the building of the former Civil Hospital in Achuri.

The museum of Modern Art.

Through contacts of young artists with other art centers, and thanks mainly to the increasingly common regular schedule of exhibitions of contemporary art, organized on many occasions by the newly created Association of Basque Artists, a growing concern about the so-called "modern art" took place in the social and cultural environment of the city, enabling the creation of another center dedicated solely to contemporary art. Thus, on October 25, 1924 the Museum of Modern Art opened its doors where previously the Conservatory of Music was installed, owned by the council. The new museum was born with a distinctly innovative spirit of its time and, in fact, the updating of the criteria and the risk assumed with the museum initiatives differentiate the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum from the rest of museums located in Spain.  The International Exhibition of 1919, held in the building of "Berastegui schools", was a key factor behind the birth of this initiative. Apart from the relevant list of national and international artists who participated in it, there was also a strong commitment from the organizers with contemporary art, shown with the acquisition by the Council of a significant set of pieces such as the work of Cassatt, Gauguin, Sidaner, Cottet, Serusier, and Spanish Anglada Camarasa, Nonell and Canals among others, and eventually entering the museum collection. Following the tradition of the directors-artists, the Basque painter Aurelio Arteta would be named director, who remained in front of it until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936.

The new building.

The war affected unequally to the two museums. While the Museum of Fine Arts moved to Deposito Franco Uribitarte in Bilbao, works in the Museum of Modern Art were expatriated. The recovery of the works was an urgent determination of the new power and once achieved that goal a new need emerged to study a different location for the museum. The same year 1939 when the war ended, the County Council and the City Council reached an agreement to jointly fund the construction of the new building in the so-called park of the Three Nations (current Doña Casilda Park).  The building, designed by the young architect Fernando Urrutia and Gonzalo Cárdenas, and probably inspired by the great historical museums including the Prado with neoclassic forms, combining stone and red brick. The work was completed in 1945 and in 1962 was declared "Monumento Nacional".

Extensions of the museum.

With the aim of adding a new wing to the neoclassical building, the architects Alvaro Lebanon and Ricardo de Beascoa Jauregui reformed the museum with minimalist lines and modern materials such as metal and glass. This new architecture was inaugurated in 1970, staying since the contemporary art section.  The museum has also undertaken various works of enlargement and improvement to enable new spaces and facilities (exhibition hall, auditorium, cabinet graphics) and the provision of new services (Restoration Department, Cataloguing, Documentation and Education, as well as a library, film library, bookstore and cafeteria).  In the late nineties proprietary institutions such as the Bilbao City Council, the Provincial Council of Vizcaya and the Basque Government, aware of the growing importance of cultural facilities in the city, promoted the "Reform and Expansion Plan" at the Museum. In 1996, under the direction of Miguel Zugaza and pursuing the improvement of facilities and services, a link between the original building and its extension was added, respecting the existing architectures. In addition, to gain space for the expansion of visitor services and exhibition spaces, the entrances to the museum were also modified, placing them in the reformed Square Monument to Arriaga and the new "Plaza Chillida". The works were completed in November 2001.

Current situation.

In December 2000, the institutions agreed to create the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum Foundation. The governing body is the Board, in which representatives of the institutions are integrated with other natural or legal persons who, for their input or knowledge of the museum activity, promote the achievement of foundational purposes. In October 2008, under the slogan "100 years of history, 10 centuries of art", the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum celebrated its centenary.  In May 2009, the mayor of Bilbao Iñaki Azkuna publicly commented on the opportunity to undertake further expansions. Due to the difficulties and limitations of extending the building once again, a second placement was found where the newest art pieces are still stored.  Today the museum has a total area of 13,914 m2, of which 5,089 are distributed in 33 rooms for the permanent collection, temporary exhibitions in 1142 and the rest in domestic and care visitor services. Miguel Zugaza, formerly director of the Prado Museum, is currently director of the museum since 2017.

Collection.

Notable for the lengthy period it covers (from the 12th century to the present day) and the extraordinary variety of art works acquired since its inception, the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum collection currently boasts more than ten thousand works including 1,500 paintings, 400 sculptures, more than 6,500 works on paper and 1,000 pieces of art applied.  These works are spread over 33 rooms corresponding to the permanent exhibition, and the museum's collection is divided into five main sections: ancient art, modern and contemporary art, Basque art, works on paper and applied arts. The collection combines classical art, contemporary art and creations by Basque artists, as well as a small display of applied arts.  The backbone of the collection is the Spanish school whose ancient and modern examples of Basque art are also part of the contemporary age. The broad representation of other schools such as the Flemish and Dutch during the 15th - 17th centuries, unique works of the Italian school, as well as some examples of Avant-garde and Post-Impressionism provide Spanish and Basque art with an international context.  The collection combines classical art (Cranach, El Greco, Van Dyck, Goya), contemporary art (Bacon, Kitaj, Serra and Tàpies) and creations by Basque artists (Regoyos, Zuloaga and Echevarría), as well as a small display of applied arts. The exhibition is presented in chronological order, and covers the period from the 17th century to the present day. The collection contains over 10,000 works composed by 1,500 paintings, 400 sculptures, more than 6,500 works on paper and 1,000 pieces of art applied.

Permanent collection.

The collection of the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum gathers an outstanding heritage of more than 10,000 pieces: approximately 1,500 paintings, 400 sculptures, more than 6,500 works on paper and a thousand pieces of applied arts. It also preserves relevant examples of some of the major European schools from the 18th century to the present day and other exceptional collections such as the Palace collection of Oriental art, pottery collection of Manises of the 14th-16th centuries or Taramona-Basabe collection of Etruscan bronzes, Italic, Roman and Iberian, whose chronology goes back to the 6th century BC.  The Flemish and Dutch painting schools are of particular interest, with renowned works of Gossart, Benson and Coecke, Mandijn, Vredeman de Vries, De Vos, Jordaens, Van Dyck, Grebber or Ruisdael. In 2012 the museum has added an important example of Lucas Cranach the Elder: "Lucrecia" (1534). It also has the largest collection from Basque artists, becoming the maximum reference institution due to its artistic and documentary heritage, research tradition and proximity to the artists.  It is worth mentioning the variety of works on paper, prints and engravings by Albrecht Dürer, Van Meckenem, Georg Pencz, Goltzius, Rembrandt, Sandrart, Piranesi, Goya, Fortuny, Carlos de Haes, Cézanne, Picasso, Duchamp, Lipchitz, Utamaro, Hokusai, Rouault, Hockney, Allen Jones, Immendorff, Bacon and Antonio Saura, among others.  An indispensable tour of the museum includes rare works by Bermejo, Benson, Mandijn, Vredeman de Vries, Lucas Cranach the Elder, De Vos, Anthonis Mor, Alonso Sánchez Coello, El Greco, Pourbus, Gentileschi, Ribera, Zurbarán, Van Dyck, Murillo, Arellano, Meléndez, Bellotto, Mengs, Goya, Paret, Villaamil, Ribot, Zamacois, Madrazo, Gauguin, Cassatt, Sorolla, Iturrino, Ensor, Regoyos, Romero de Torres, Zuloaga, Sunyer, Gutiérrez Solana, Daniel Vázquez Díaz, Lipchitz, Delaunay, González, Gargallo, Bacon, Palazuelo, Oteiza, Appel, Chillida, Caro, Serra, Millares, Tàpies, Saura, Lüpertz, Kitaj, Blake, Arroyo and Barceló, among others.

The Bilbao Fine Arts Museum (Spanish: "Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao", Basque: "Bilboko Arte Ederren Museoa") is an art museum located in the city of Bilbao, Spain. The building of the museum is located entirely inside the city's Doña Casilda Iturrizar park.

Le musée des Beaux-Arts de Bilbao est situé dans la ville de Bilbao, dans la province basque de Biscaye (nord de l'Espagne), et c'est actuellement l'un des principaux musées de peinture et sculpture du pays. Son histoire est singulière car il est né grâce au parrainage de collectionneurs locaux, dans une ville dont la tradition artistique est plutôt courte et sans grandes collections aristocratiques ou ecclésiastiques.


Biography.

Delia Amadora García Gerboles was born 13 October 1919 to Gabriel García and Amadora Gerboles in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She was a student of the Labardén Children's Theatre and trained at the Conservatorio Nacional de Música y Arte Escénico (National Conservatory of Music and Performing Arts) and the Comedia Nacional at the Teatro Nacional Cervantes. Claiming she had always been a "theater rat", and performed her first role at age 8, she trained with students like Zully Moreno, Nury Montsé, Fanny Navarro, and Malisa Zini. Students received a small monthly stipend and participated in plays to hone their skills many taking pseudonyms. Between the performances of "Mandinga en la sierra" and "Cyrano de Bergerac", María Luisa Zambrini became Malisa Sambrini and Delia Gerbolés became Delia Garcés. One of her teachers, Cunil Cabanillas, gave her her first professional role in a small part of the 1936 production of "Locos de verano", a play written by Gregorio de Laferrère.  Her debut in film occurred in the 1937 in "¡Segundos afuera!" directed by Chas de Cruz and Alberto Echebehere. Later that same year, she was in the film "Viento Norte" directed by Mario Soffici, which caught the interest of critics as it was widely seen as the best film of the year. She followed those with "Maestro Levita" (1938), "Kilómetro 111" (1938), "Doce mujeres" (1939), and "La vida de Carlos Gardel" (1939), with Hugo del Carril and Elsa O’Connor under the direction of Alberto de Zavalía, who she would soon marry. Almost from the beginning, her acting persona was of a naïve heroine, an elfin beauty, who appeared fragile, but had a touch of impishness that portrayed strength and daring.  De Zavalía made eleven films with Garcés showcasing her in "Dama de compañía" (1941); "Veinte años y una noche" (1941), her first of several films with Spanish actor Pedro López Lagar; Malambo (1942); and others. In 1941 she won a "Premios Sur" for Best Actress from the Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences for "Veinte años y una noche" and repeated the award in 1942 for "Malambo", which was presented by Orson Welles.  Garcés starred in "La maestrita de los obreros" in 1942 directed by her husband with Oscar Valicelli, Felisa Mary, Orestes Caviglia, among others. In 1943, she made "Casa de muñecas" and was highly praised for her portrayal of "Nora" in the film which was directed by Ernesto Arancibia. Filming began in 1944 for "La Dama Duende" in which Garcés starred, directed by Luis Saslavsky, in an elaborate film based on a seventeenth-century Spanish play by Pedro Calderón de La Barca. With the exception of Saslavsky and Garcés, all the other facets of the play were done by the Spanish émigré community. Garcés won her third Premios Sur Best Actress award from the Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences in 1945.  That same year, Garcés formed her own theatrical company and in March premiered the first play of Homero Manzi and Ulises Petit de Murat, "La novia de arena", at the Odeón Theater. In her troupe, besides herself were: Alba Castellanos, Orestes Caviglia, Margarita Corona, Enrique Alvarez Diosdado, Alita Román, Domingo Sapelli, and Milagros de la Vega. Having completed a run of the play, her company continued at the Odeón and performed her "farewell" theatrical production in Argentina, "Claudia" by Rose Franken. After the performance, due to the political situation with Juan Peron's government, she and her husband planned to leave Argentina. But, they stayed and in 1946, she performed "La eterna ninfa" at the Odeón and filmed "Rosa de América" directed by her husband with Orestes Caviglia, Antonia Herrero, Elsa O’Connor, among others. She earned praise for her roles in "El gran amor de Bécquer" (1946) and "El hombre que amé" (1947) and in 1948, she performed in the play "El otro yo de Marcela" which was so successful that it led to a film by the "same name" two years later, in which she sang and danced.  Garcés then did a tour of Latin America which included Chile, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Puerto Rico covering the plays "Casa de muñecas", "Leocadia", "Nina", "Tesá", "La voz de la tórtola", "El balcón de Julieta" all with her husband, and "La llave en el desván" by Alejandro Casona, before arriving in Spain. She began filming "Rebeldía" under the direction of José Antonio Nieves Conde which was based on the play "La luz de la víspera" by José María Pemán.  In 1955, they were able to return to Argentina and Garcés starred in "Mi marido y mi novio", directed by Carlos Schlieper. The film was forward-thinking for the times, with Garcés poking fun at gender stereotypes and singing of women being as free as men. She made her last film, "Alejandra" in 1956 for which she won the Argentine Film Critics Association's Silver Condor Award for Best Actress.  In 1958, she and de Zavalía had a season at the National Theater of Paris, performing as the Buenos Aires Theater Company in the production of "La Carroza de San Sacramento" by Prosper Mérimée and "El Límite" by de Zavalía. That same year, she starred in a television series on Channel 9, "Lo mejor de nuestra vida, nuestros hijos", directed by Alberto Migré based on stories by Julio César Barton. She and her husband also performed at the Teatro Nacional Cervantes in both 1958 and 1959, completing "No es cordero... que es cordera" and then doing several guest appearances the following year. In 1961, Garcés starred in "La doncella prodigiosa", a play by her husband, de Zavalía at the Teatro Nacional Cervantes under the direction of Fernando Labat.  From 1960 on, Garcés dedicated herself launching the Teatro San Martín. She had memorable performances in Ondine by Jean Giraudoux; "Saint Joan" by George Bernard Shaw; "The Living Room" by Graham Greene; "The Turn of the Screw" by Henry James; and the 1966 production of "El jardín de los cerezos" ("The Cherry Orchard") by Anton Chekhov which was her last performance before she retired to care for her husband through his last long final illness. She may also have been prevented from performing, as her name appeared on the list of banned artists during the 1979 dictatorship. She appeared briefly in a tribute that Mirtha Legrand did for Channel 9 on the death of Daniel Tinayre.  She joined the board of the National Endowment for the Arts and worked with them throughout her retirement. In 1982, she received the Premios Leopoldo Torre Nilsson In 1995, she received the Premio Pablo Podestá and a room at the Tita Merello Complex on Suipacha Street was named in her honor by the Institute of Cinema and Audiovisual Arts to acknowledge her stature in Argentine film. On 29 October 2001 she won the first ACE Platinum Lifetime Achievement Award ever presented by the Asociación de Cronistas del Espectáculo (Association of reporters of Show Business)  Garcés died on 7 November 2001 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Delia Amadora García Gerboles better known as Delia Garcés (; 13 October 1919 – 7 November 2001) was an Argentine film actress of the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema (1940–1960). She made almost 30 appearances in film between 1937 and 1959 and acted on stage from 1936 to 1966. She won the Premios Sur Best Actress award three times from the Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences, as well as the Argentine Film Critics Association's Silver Condor Award for Best Actress, the Premios Leopold Torre Nilsson, Premio Pablo Podestá, and the inaugural ACE Platinum Lifetime Achievement Award from the Asociación de Cronistas del Espectáculo.

Delia Garcés est une actrice argentine, de son vrai nom Delia Amadora García, née à Buenos Aires (Argentine) le, décédée à Buenos Aires le.


History (US).

The first full body security scanner was developed by Dr. Steven W Smith, who developed the Secure 1000 whole body scanner in 1992. He subsequently sold the device and associated patents to Rapiscan Systems, who now manufacture and distribute the device.  The first passive, non-radiating full body screening device was developed by Lockheed Martin through a sponsorship by the National

History (World).

In 2000 Dr. Vladimir V. Linev within ADANI patented a system for scanning a person, based

Usage.

Schiphol in the Netherlands was the first airport in the world to implement this device on a large scale after a test with flight personnel the previous year. On May 15, 2007 two of 17 purchased security scans were installed.  The Italian government had planned to install full-body scanners at all airport and train stations throughout the country, but announced in September 2010 plans to remove the scanners from airports, calling them "slow and ineffective."  The European Union currently allows member states to decide whether to implement full body scanners in their countries:  In Australia the Government has decided a no opt-out policy will be enforced in relation to screening at airports. Persons with medical or physical conditions that prevent them from undertaking a body scan will be offered alternative screening methods suitable to their circumstances. Infants and young children under 140 cm will not be selected to undergo a body scan. Body-scanners are being used at eight of Australia’s international airports – Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Gold Coast, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. So far only passengers exiting via international flights are affected. Domestic and international passengers departing Newcastle Port Stephens airport have been subject to body scanning since October 2019. Passengers who refuse a scan may be banned from flying. The scanners proposed to be used in Australia have shown a high rate of error in testing. Public outrage over the nude images created by the body scanners being collected by policy resulted in a lawsuit in 2010 to stop body scanning.  In Canada 24 airports currently have these scanners in use. "Passengers selected for a secondary search can choose between the full body scanner or a physical search."

USA.

Full-body scanners was installed in at least one Florida courthouse in 2010 and have started to appear in courthouses around the US.  At least one New Jersey PATH train station used full-body scanners during a two-week trial in 2006..  As of September 3, 2014, Transportation Security Administration reported that there were almost 740 Millimeter Wave AIT (Advanced Imaging Technology) scanners now in use at 160 United States airports  The US Government also hinted in 2010 at the possibility of deploying the full body scanners at train stations and subways.  The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has stated in 2010 they "[have] not, will not and the machines cannot store images of passengers at airports". However the TSA later disclosed, in a response to the house chair on homeland security, that its procurement of airport scanners requires manufacturers to include image storage and transmission features but that these features should be disabled before being

United Kingdom.

Civil rights groups in Britain in 2010 argued that the body scanning of children contravened the law relating to child pornography.  Passive infra-red scanners have been developed for use in public spaces

Controversies.

The implementation of widespread full-body scanners has raised a public controversy.

Privacy.

Some argue that using a full-body scanner is equivalent to a strip search, and if used without probable cause violates basic human rights.  Full-body scanning allows screeners to see the surface of the skin under clothing, prosthetics including breast prostheses and prosthetic testicles, which may require a potentially embarrassing, physical inspection once detected. The scanners can also detect other medical equipment normally hidden, such as colostomy bags and catheters. The transgender community also has privacy concerns that body scanners could lead to their harassment.  In the UK, in 2010, the Equality and Human Rights Commission argued that full-body scanners were a risk to human rights and might be breaking the law.  A ruling of the European Council in 2013 required that persons analyzing the image shall be in a separate location and the image shall not be

Treatment of minorities.

Current backscatter and millimeter wave scanners installed by the TSA are unable to screen adequately for security threats inside turbans, hijab, burqas, casts, prosthetics and loose clothing. This technology limitation of current scanners often requires these persons to undergo additional screening by hand or other methods and

Treatment of transgender people.

Current machines installed by the TSA require agents in the US to designate each passenger as either male or female, after which

Health concerns.

There have been health concerns relating to the use of full body scanning technology, especially the use of X-ray scanners. Mainly the issue is regulated by ANSI 43.17.2009 making a limitation to the dose per one person. However this document is referred mainly to airport security of year of 2010 and not adopted to modern threats and terrorist detection in high security (prisons, airports) or military institutions and correspondent threats like liquid bombs inside body cavities, swallowed drugs which are not possible to detect by any other means but transmission X-ray by technology limitations.  On the contrary, transmission X-ray within 0.25 μSv alongside with yearly limit at 250 μSv lets a person for max 1000 scans per year. Therefore counting all medical X-ray procedures and assuming the dose per year to be not more than 250 μSv in total, one can say that it will shorten the amount of flights/scans dramatically for a person if X-ray transmission technology will be used.

Millimeter wave scanners.

Currently adopted millimeter wave scanners operate in the millimeter or sub-terahertz band, using non-ionizing radiation, and have no proven adverse health effects, though no long term studies have been done. Thomas S. Tenforde, president of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, said in 2010 that millimeter wave scanners are probably within bounds [of standards for

Backscatter X-ray scanners.

In the United States, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 required that all full-body scanners operated in airports by the Transportation Security Administration use "Automated Target Recognition" software, which replaces the picture of a nude body with the cartoon-like representation. As a result of this law, all backscatter X-ray machines formerly in use by the Transportation Security Administration were removed from airports by May 2013, since the agency said the vendor (Rapiscan) did not meet their contractual deadline to implement the software.  In the European Union, backscatter X-ray screening of airline passengers was banned in 2012 to protect passenger safety, and the deployment at Manchester Airport was removed.  Several radiation safety authorities including the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, The Health Physics Society, and the American College of Radiology, have stated that they are "not aware of any evidence" that full-body scans are unsafe. However, other radiation authorities, including the International Atomic Energy Agency and Nuclear Energy Agency recommend against using ionizing radiation on certain populations like pregnant women and children, and opponents of the devices say that no long-term studies have been done on the health effects of either backscatter x-ray or millimeter wave scanners: "I don't think the right questions have been asked. We don't have enough information to make a decision on whether there's going to be a biological effect or not". (Douglas Boreham, professor in Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont.)  Richard Morin, a medical physicist at the Mayo Clinic has said that he is not concerned about health effects from backscatter x-ray scanners: "From a radiation standpoint there has been no evidence that there is really any untoward effect from the use of this device [backscatter scanner], so I would not be concerned about it from a radiation dose standpoint – the issues of personal privacy are a different thing". The health effects of the more common millimeter wave scanner are largely unknown, and at least one expert believes a safety study is warranted. "I am very interested in performing a National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements study on the use of millimeter-wave security screening systems," said Thomas S. Tenforde, council president. However, no long-term studies have been done on the health effects of millimeter wave scanners.  Perhaps the most notable and debated professional opinion in regard to the safety of scanners is the so-called "Holdren Letter" from a number of world-renowned biochemists and biophysics researchers from the University of California to the Assistant to the US President for Science and Technology, Dr. John P. Holdren (Co-author of EcoSolutions). The opening paragraph of their letter of concern reads: "We, a number of University of California, San Francisco faculty, are writing—see attached memo—to call your attention to our concerns about the potential serious health risks of the recently adopted whole body back scatter X-ray airport security scanners. This is an urgent situation as these X-ray scanners are rapidly being implemented as a primary screening step for all air travel passengers."  Critics of backscatter x-ray scanners, including the head of the Center for Radiological Research at Columbia University, say that the radiation emitted by some full-body scanners is as much as 20 times stronger than officially reported and is not safe to use on large numbers of persons because of an increased risk of cancer to children and at-risk populations. Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, (UCSF) have argued that the amount of radiation is higher than claimed by the TSA and body scanner manufacturers because the doses were calculated as if distributed throughout the whole body, but the radiation from backscatter x-ray scanners is focused on just the skin and surrounding tissues:  The majority of [the scanners'] energy is delivered to the skin and the underlying tissue. Thus, while the dose would be safe if it were distributed throughout the volume of the entire body, the dose to the skin may be dangerously high.  The X-ray dose from these devices has often been compared in the media to the cosmic ray exposure inherent to airplane travel or that of a chest X-ray. However, this comparison is very misleading: both the air travel cosmic ray exposure and chest X- rays have much higher X-ray energies and the health consequences are appropriately understood in terms of the whole body volume dose. In contrast, these new airport scanners are largely depositing their energy into the skin and immediately adjacent tissue, and since this is such a small fraction of body weight/vol, possibly by one to two orders of magnitude, the real dose to the skin is now high.  In addition, it appears that real independent safety data do not exist. A search, ultimately finding top FDA radiation physics staff, suggests that the relevant radiation quantity, the Flux [photons per unit area and time (because this is a scanning device)] has not been characterized. Instead an indirect test (Air Kerma) was made that emphasized the whole body exposure value, and thus it appears that the danger is low when compared to cosmic rays during airplane travel and a chest X-ray dose.  However other professors in the UCSF radiology department disagree, saying that the radiation dose is low. "The conclusions are wrong," Ronald Arenson, professor of radiology, tells SF Weekly of his own institution's letter. "People who are totally unrelated to radiation wrote it.... It was senior faculty at UCSF. They're smart people and well-intended, but their conclusions, I think, were off-base. They don't understand how radiation translates to an actual dose in the human body".  Dr. Steve Smith, inventor of the body scanner in 1991, and president of Tek84, one of the companies that produces the machines, has stated that the concerns of Dr. Brenner and UCSF Scientists regarding the skin dose of backscatter scanners are incorrect. He states the values used for X-ray penetration were incorrectly based on the description of the imaging depth which describes what the instrument sees and is a few mm into the skin and the dosage depth which is deeper. He describes experimental proof that the X-rays have the same properties as

Child scanning.

There is controversy over full-body scanners in some countries because the machines create images of virtual strip searches on persons under the age of 18 which may violate child

Ineffectiveness.

Backscatter and Millimiter.

Some critics suggest that full-body scanner technology is ineffective for multiple reasons, including that they can easily be bypassed and a study published in the November 2010 edition of the "Journal of Transportation Security" suggested terrorists might fool the Rapiscan machines and others like it employing the X-ray "backscatter" technique. A terrorist, the report found, could tape a thin film of explosives of about 15–20 centimeters in diameter to the stomach and walk through the machine undetected.  Terrorists have already evolved their tactics with the use of surgically implanted bombs or bombs hidden in body cavities.  In March 2012, scientist and blogger Jonathan Corbett demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the machines by publishing a viral video showing how he was able to get a metal box through backscatter x-ray and millimeter wave scanners in two US airports. In April 2012, Corbett released a second video interviewing a TSA screener, who described firearms and simulated explosives passing through the scanners during internal

Transmission (penetrating).

Unlike the above, transmission technology allows to detect objects swallowed or hidden inside the objects. This is the main reason it is commonly used in prisons and jails. However the current technology does not allow the dual-energy body scanning (and detecting the object by its atomic number like it is used in baggage or vehicle X-ray scanners) which will give the image with the same detection effectiveness as regular black and white X-ray. This leads to the idea that human-held detection (finding threats watching at the image) is the most effective way to find a contraband. However counting a human factor (fatigue, decreased attention) threats could be missed. Modern software based on Artificial Intelligence in full body scanners is designed to minimize human faults and rise detection effectiveness of this method.

US Public opinion.

A Gallup poll given just after the 2009 Christmas Day bombing attempt suggested that 78% of American airline travelers approved of body scanners while 20% disapproved. 51% indicated that they would have some level of discomfort with full-body scans, while 48% said they would not be uncomfortable with the idea. The poll was given in the context of the 2009 Christmas Day bombing attempt, and some opponents of full body scanners say that the explosives used in that bombing attempt would not have been detected by full-body scanners.  An ABC/Washington Post poll conducted by Langer Associates and released November

Full-body scanner lobbyists.

Former Homeland Security secretary Michael Chertoff has been criticized for heavily promoting full-body scanners while not

TSA's expansion of scanning program.

Forbes magazine reported, in March 2011, that:  Newly uncovered documents show that as early as 2008, the Department of Homeland Security has been planning pilot programs to deploy mobile scanning units that can be set up at public events and in train stations, along with mobile

"No nudity" full-body scanner.

New software for scanners has been applied by US Aviation Security so that the scanner will not show a nude image to the operator, but only a featureless male or female figure. Opponents of full body scanners still consider this an unconstitutional strip search, because even though the operator sees only an edited version of the image, a naked image is still captured by the machine,

Technical countermeasures.

Some people wish to address privacy and health problems that might be associated with a backscatter scan. One company sells underwear that is said to provide X-ray absorption equivalent to 0.5 mm of lead. Another product, Flying Pasties, is "designed to obscure the most private parts of the human body when entering full body airport scanners", but it claims no protection from X-rays.

A full-body scanner is a device that detects objects on or inside a person's body for security screening purposes, without physically removing clothes or making physical contact. Depending on the technology used, the operator may see an alternate-wavelength image of the person's naked body, merely a cartoon-like representation of the person with an indicator showing where any suspicious items were detected or full X-ray image of the person. For privacy and security reasons, the display is generally not visible to other passengers, and in some cases is located in a separate room where the operator cannot see the face of the person being screened. Unlike metal detectors, full-body scanners can detect non-metal objects, which became an increasing concern after various airliner bombing attempts in the 2000s. Transmission X-ray bodyscanners can also detect swallowed items or hidden in body cavities of a person.

Un scanner corporel est un portail conçu pour être utilisé dans les aéroports afin d'inspecter les passagers et de détecter les objets interdits dissimulés sous les vêtements. Il permet d'éviter la palpation.


Calico, San Bernardino County, California

History.

In 1881 four prospectors were leaving Grapevine Station (present day Barstow, California) for a mountain peak to the northeast. Describing the peak as "calico-colored", the peak, the mountain range to which it belonged, and the town that followed were all called Calico. The four prospectors discovered silver in the mountain and opened the Silver King Mine, which was California's largest silver producer in the mid-1880s. A post office was established in early 1882, and the Calico Print, a weekly newspaper, started publishing. The town soon supported three hotels, five general stores, a meat market, bars, brothels, and three restaurants and boarding houses. The county established a school district and a voting precinct. The town also had a deputy sheriff and two constables, two lawyers and a justice of the peace, five commissioners, and two doctors. There was also a Wells Fargo office and a telephone and telegraph service. At its height of silver production during 1883 and 1885, Calico had over 500 mines and a population of 1,200 people. Local badmen were buried in the Boot Hill cemetery.  The discovery of the borate mineral colemanite in the Calico mountains a few years after the settlement of the town also helped Calico's fortunes, and in 1890 the estimated population of the town was 3,500, with nationals of China, England, Ireland, Greece, France, and the Netherlands, as well as Americans living there. In the same year, the Silver Purchase Act was enacted and drove down the price of silver. By 1896, its value had decreased to $0.57 per troy ounce, and Calico's silver mines were no longer economically viable. The post office was discontinued in 1898, and the school closed not long after. By the turn of the century, Calico was all but a ghost town, and with the end of borax mining in the region in 1907 the town was completely abandoned. Many of the original buildings were moved to Barstow, Daggett and Yermo.  An attempt to revive the town was made in about 1915, when a cyanide plant was built to recover silver from the unprocessed Silver King Mine's deposits. Walter Knott and his wife Cordelia, founders of Knott's Berry Farm, were homesteaded at Newberry Springs around this time, and Knott helped build the redwood cyanide tanks for the plant.  The last owner of Calico as a mine was Zenda Mining Company. In 1951, Knott purchased the town from Zenda Mining Company.  Knott began restoring it to its original condition, referencing old photographs. He installed a longtime employee named "Calico Fred" Noller as resident caretaker and official greeter. In 1966, Knott donated the town to San Bernardino County, and Calico became a County Regional Park.

Current status.

Calico has been restored to the look of the silver rush era when it flourished, although many original buildings were removed and replaced instead with gingerbread architecture and false facades that tourists would expect to see in a Western-themed town. Most of the restored and newly built buildings are made of wood with a simple, rustic architecture and a severely weathered appearance. Some structures still stand dating back to the town's operational years: Lil's Saloon; the town office; the former home of Lucy Lane, which is now the main museum but was originally the town's post office and courthouse; Smitty's Gallery; the general store; and Joe's Saloon. There is also a replica of the schoolhouse on the site of the original building. The one-time homes of the town's Chinese citizens exist as ruins only; only a portion of one rock wall remains of the former "family" residential area on a nearby bluff.  In November 1962, Calico Ghost Town was registered as a California Historical Landmark (Landmark #782), In 2002, Calico vied with Bodie in Mono County to be recognized as the Official State Ghost Town. In 2005, a compromise was finally reached when the State Senate and State Assembly agreed to list Bodie as the Official State Gold Rush Ghost Town and Calico the Official State Silver Rush Ghost Town.  Today, the park operates mine tours, gunfight stunt shows, gold panning, several restaurants, the historic, narrow gauge Calico & Odessa Railroad, a Mystery Shack, and a number of trinket stores. It is open every day except Christmas and requires an entrance fee. Additional fees are required for some attractions. Overnight camping is also available. Special events are held throughout the year including a Spring Festival in May, Calico Days in early October, and a Ghost Town haunt in late October.  The Calico Cemetery, which holds between 96 and 130 graves, has had burials in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Calico is a ghost town and former mining town in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Located in the Calico Mountains of the Mojave Desert region of Southern California, it was founded in 1881 as a silver mining town, and today has been converted into a county park named "Calico Ghost Town". Located off Interstate 15, it lies from Barstow and 3 miles from Yermo. Giant letters spelling "CALICO" can be seen on the Calico Peaks behind the ghost town from the freeway. Walter Knott purchased Calico in the 1950s, architecturally restoring all but the five remaining original buildings to look as they did in the 1880s. Calico received California Historical Landmark #782, and in 2005 was proclaimed by then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to be California's Silver Rush Ghost Town.

Calico est une ville fantôme située dans le désert de Mojave en Californie du Sud. Fondée en 1881 près de mines d'argent, elle est au début du un parc de comté. Elle fait partie du comté de San Bernardino. Elle a été convertie aujourd’hui en parc régional appelé "Calico Ghost Town". Situé à la sortie de l'Interstate 15, il se trouve à de Barstow et à de Yermo. Les lettres géantes orthographiées "CALICO" sont visibles sur les pics de Calico qui surplombent la ville fantôme.


Gameplay.

"Rogue Warrior" is primarily a first-person shooter with tactical elements. The player assumes control of U.S. Navy SEAL Richard "Demo Dick" Marcinko, also known as "Rogue Warrior". The primary goal for Marcinko begins as an infiltration mission to disrupt hostile missiles and evolves to prevent other potentially dangerous situations. To achieve this goal, Marcinko may use a wide array of weapons and explosives. Such weapons include AK-47s, grenades, and combat knives. In addition to weapons, Marcinko may also utilize explosives barrels and gas tanks to eliminate enemies.  The focus of gameplay is Marcinko's over-the-top methods and signature execution moves used in war situations. When the player is in close proximity of an enemy, they may press one of several buttons to trigger an instant kill via finishing moves, referred to as kill moves in the game. There are more than twenty-five finishing moves available to players. Such moves include throwing an enemy over a rail, slashing their throat, or stabbing them in the head. Upon initiating a finishing move, the in-game camera shifts to a third person cinematic angle to show the finishing animation. A cover system akin to "Gears of War" and "" is incorporated. This allows the player to blind-fire and pop in-and-out of cover, but some positions of cover may be destroyed. There is also a "robust" checkpoint system that tracks player progress.

Plot.

In 1986, Richard Marcinko (voiced by Mickey Rourke), a U.S. Navy SEAL, is sent on a classified mission into Unggi, North Korea, with two other SEALs, to retrieve intelligence from a North Korean mole on ballistic missiles of an unfamiliar design that North Korea is supposedly in possession of, as well as to recon a factory that is allegedly developing the missiles. Shortly after touching ground, Marcinko's unit successfully takes out a Korean People's Army patrol, but one of the North Koreans suffers only wounds and manages to pull the pin of one of his grenades, killing Marcinko's team. Admiral Travis Payton (voiced by Neal McDonough), the commander of the operation, demands that Marcinko abort, but he refuses, saying he intends to finish the mission. After fighting through Unggi, Marcinko discovers the mole was killed. However, he finds the intel in the mole's apartment room on missile launchers that have been developed in Unggi.  Marcinko is then ordered by Payton to disable the missile launchers by any means necessary. Marcinko enters the facility that is producing the missile launchers but finds that only one is present. According to intelligence received from Payton, the rest of the launchers are being moved out by sea. After destroying the missile, Marcinko heads to the Unggi harbor, and sees that they are actually being sent out of Unggi by train to the Soviet Union, not far from Unggi. Marcinko boards the train and destroys it as it crosses the border. Marcinko enters Soviet territory and gathers intelligence that the ballistic missiles were of Soviet origin, not North Korean. Marcinko also notices that the remaining ballistic missiles were moved out of North Korea to a palace in the Soviet Union. Marcinko insists on going after the missiles, but Payton warns that an attempt to go after the missiles will not only result in Marcinko's court-martial but even war between the United States and the Soviet Union. Marcinko dismisses these warnings and goes after the missiles.  Marcinko enters the palace where the missiles are located. He contacts Payton, who threatens to have Marcinko court-martialed for disobeying orders. Marcinko suggests that he found proof that the Soviet Union created a missile defense program aimed to deter any U.S. nuclear launch against Soviet territory. This program was similar to the real-life U.S. Star Wars program aimed at deterring any Soviet missile attack on U.S. territory. Marcinko launches a missile at the palace, destroys the missiles located in a bunker under the palace, and escapes the palace. Marcinko then goes to a dam to disrupt electricity to a Soviet submarine base. Marcinko then heads to the submarine base with the purpose of destroying a submarine carrying the remaining missiles. Marcinko escapes onto a patrol boat with Navy SEALs aboard that were sent by Payton to help Marcinko. Marcinko hands over a computer chip to the commanding SEAL of the boat and tells him that it is evidence that justifies Marcinko's actions that is to be presented at his court-martial.

Development.

Announced in the fall of 2006 as a partnership between Bethesda Softworks and Zombie Studios, "Rogue Warrior: Black Razor" was billed as a tactical first-person shooter for release in 2007. Set in present-day North Korea, the plot focused on Marcinko and his team's effort to neutralize the country's nuclear launch capabilities. The game include drop-in four-player cooperative and 24-player competitive multiplayer, with the latter featuring a unique map system where each team would select the layout of their territory, and the center area of the map would be randomized.  In 2009, the game resurfaced after much silence. Bethesda publicly stated that they were not satisfied with the direction Zombie was taking the game. Bethesda scrapped the project and commissioned Rebellion Developments to develop the game. Starting fresh, Rebellion made numerous changes to the gameplay, plot, and features. The setting shifted to 1986 Soviet Union and North Korea; the game engine became proprietary; the cooperative play was struck along with the multiplayer tiling system; the overall focus turned to Marcinko's personality and kill moves; and the name was shortened to simply "Rogue Warrior". Mickey Rourke was also announced as the celebrity voice actor of Marcinko. On 6 September, video game website GameSpot posted the game's first preview after the game had been reconstructed.

Reception.

"Rogue Warrior" received "unfavorable" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.  GameSpot said of the PC and Xbox 360 versions, "This dreadfully boring, expletive-filled, extremely short shooter is an absolute rip-off." IGN said that the gameplay is poorly done. GameZone's Natalie Romano said of the Xbox 360 version, "A very disappointing game from start to finish, "Rogue Warrior" is a game that brings nothing new to the genre nor does it make for a fun first-person shooter worth the money. Simply put, this isn’t just an awful shooter but it’s also a terrible game. Sorry, but this is one hero we would like to leave behind." Andrew Reiner of "Game Informer" concluded that "with the gunplay being as bad as it is, and the story coming across as a six-year-old’s interpretation of Cold War events, the only fun comes from the possibility of stepping into the shoes of a blatantly homoerotic Rambo".

Rogue Warrior is a 2009 first-person shooter video game developed by Rebellion Developments and published by Bethesda Softworks for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game was released on 26 November 2009 in Australia, 27 November in Europe, and 1 December in North America.

Rogue Warrior est un jeu vidéo de tir à la première personne et d'infiltration sorti en 2009 sur PC, PlayStation 3 et Xbox 360. Il a été développé par Rebellion Developments (puis avec le soutien de sa société satellite Rebellion UK Derby et édité par Bethesda Softworks (depuis 2008). Ce jeu vidéo est basé sur l'autobiographie du même nom de Richard Marcinko, vétéran des Navy SEAL.


History.

2008–2010: Brazil and Mexico initiatives.

The immediate predecessor of the CELAC is the Rio Group. Formed in 1986, it gathered 24 Latin American and Caribbean countries around summits to cooperate regional policy issue independently of the United States.  On 16–17 December 2008, the I Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC) took place in Costa do Sauipe, Bahia, Brazil. It was organized at the initiative of the Lula administration with the goal of building cooperation mechanism with greater autonomy from the United States and Canada. Most heads of state from Latin America and the Caribbean states attended, with the exception of President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe and President of Peru Alan García. The summit finished with the signing of the "Bahia Declaration", a common agenda establishing the following priorities: cooperation between mechanism of regional and subregional integration, the global financial crisis, energy, infrastructures, social development and eradication of hunger and poverty, food security, sustainable development, natural disasters, human rights promotion, migration, South–South cooperation and Latin America and Caribbean projection.  In 2008, the Calderón administration of Mexico proposed the creation of the Latin American and the Caribbean Union (Spanish: "Unión Latinoamericana y del Caribe", ULC). The proposal was formalized on 27 March 2009 at Rio Group meeting. At the initiative of Mexico, the XXI Rio Summit and the II CALC summit were held together on 22–23 February 2010 in Playa del Carmen, Mexico. The joint summit was named the Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit and the 32 attending states decided to create the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), which would be formally established in 2011.  Hugo Chávez, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Rafael Correa were among the other prominent left-wing leaders who praised the creation of CELAC.  The announcement prompted debate and discussion across Latin America and the Caribbean about whether it was more beneficial to have close ties with U.S. and Canada or to work independently.  Raúl Zibechi, writing for Mexico's center-left "La Jornada" newspaper said, "The creation of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States is part of a global and continental shift, characterized by the decline of U.S. hegemony and the rise of a group of regional blocs that form part of the new global balance."  An editorial in Brazil's liberal "Estadão" newspaper said, "CELAC reflects the disorientation of the region's governments in relation to its problematic environment and its lack of foreign policy direction, locked as it is into the illusion that snubbing the United States will do for Latin American integration what 200 years of history failed to do."

2011: Founding.

CELAC's inaugural summit was due to be held in mid-2011, but was postponed because of the ill-health of Hugo Chávez, president of the host nation, Venezuela. The summit was instead held on December 2 and 3, 2011 in Caracas. It primarily focused on the global economic crisis and its effects on the region. Several leaders, including presidents Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Dilma Rousseff and Juan Manuel Santos, encouraged an increase in regional trade, economic development, and further economic cooperation among members in order to defend their growing economies.  Chavez, and other leaders such as Rafael Correa and Daniel Ortega, expressed hope that the bloc would work to further Latin American integration, end U.S. hegemony and consolidate control over regional affairs. Chavez, citing the Monroe Doctrine as the original confirmation of U.S. interference in the region, openly called for CELAC to replace the OAS: "As the years go by, CELAC is going to leave behind the old and worn-out OAS." Correa called for a new human rights commission to replace the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Other leaders argued that the organisation should be used as a tool to resolve regional disagreements and uphold democratic values, but not as a replacement of the OAS. Santos stated that he would like to see dialogue within the group over whether existing counter-drug regulations should be revised. The president of the Latin American Parliament (Parlatino) said he expects that Parlatino will become the main legislative institution of CELAC. Amongst the key issues on the agenda were the creation of a "new financial architecture," sanction for maintaining the legal status of coca in Bolivia and the rejection of the Cuban embargo by the U.S.  United States President Barack Obama's senior adviser on Latin America, Daniel Restrepo, informed reporters from Miami that the U.S. government would "watch and see what direction CELAC takes".

2013 Summit – Chile.

The EU-LAC Foundation chose CELAC to be the main organization representative of the relationship between European and Latin American and Caribbean countries.

2014 Summit – Cuba.

During the summit, the region was declared a "peace zone". After three days and with the approval of participating representatives, a document with 83 focus points was created. It emphasized that, despite cultural and regional differences, unity between the participating countries is necessary in order to create progress. "Unity and the integration of our region must be gradually constructed, with flexibility, with respect to differences, diversity, and the sovereign right of each of our countries to choose our own forms of political and economic organization" stated the document. It also states which countries have been developing the best and how they are doing it in order for them to be a model for other countries.  The issue of poverty was widely discussed. Cuba's Raul Castro pointing out that throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, people want a fairer distribution of wealth, access to affordable education, employment, better salaries, and the eradication of illiteracy. He argued that CELAC countries can work together, support each other, to create new plans and solutions for these problems.

Organization.

The CELAC has six organs:  The "pro tempore" presidency is the main representative of the CELAC. The troika is composed by the current "pro tempore" presidency, its predecessor, its successor and the presidency of the CARICOM.

Member states.

CELAC comprises 32 countries, speaking four different languages:  Eighteen Spanish-speaking countries  One French-speaking country  Twelve English-speaking countries One Dutch-speaking country  Eleven countries are in South America.  Brazil suspended its membership in January 2020, citing the organization's failure to protect democracy in member states.

Indicators.

The following table shows various data for CELAC member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various composite indices, including human development, viability of the state, rule of law, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.

The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (; ; ; ; CELAC) is a regional bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states thought out on February 23, 2010, at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community "Unity Summit", and created on December 3, 2011, in Caracas, Venezuela, with the signature of The Declaration of Caracas. It consists of 32 sovereign countries in the Americas. Due to the focus of the organization on Latin American and Caribbean countries, other countries and territories in the Americas, Brazil, Canada and the United States, as well as the overseas territories in the Americas of France (Overseas departments and territories of France), the Netherlands (Dutch Caribbean), Denmark (Greenland) and the United Kingdom (British Overseas Territories) are not included.

La Communauté d'États latino-américains et caraïbes (Celac) (, ) est un organisme intergouvernemental régional qui regroupe les 600 millions d'habitants des 33 États d’Amérique latine et de la communauté caribéenne (Caricom). Il fut créé le 23 février 2010 lors du sommet du Groupe de Rio à Playa del carmen, Mexique.


Biography.

Graduated in Japanese from the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales in 1970, Jean-Noël Robert was a resident of the Franco-Japanese House of Tokyo in 1974–1975. From 1975 to 1990, he worked at the CNRS and since 1979, lecturer and director of studies at the fifth section of the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE). A doctor ès lettres and social science (1987), he was appointed director of the Institut des hautes études japonaises des Instituts d’Asie of the Collège de France in 2010.  On 11 April 2011, he was appointed professor at the College of France where he became holder of the Chair of "Philologie de la civilisation japonaise".  Jean-Noël Robert is a member of numerous scientific societies and specialized committees: "Société française des études japonaises de Paris", "commissions des spécialistes" of the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (Paris Diderot University), "commission scientifique" of the École pratique des hautes études (Ve section), councellor of the Société Asiatique, board of the École française d'Extrême-Orient.  He is also editor of "Hôbôgirin", encyclopaedia of Buddhism from the Chinese and Japanese sources, and member of the editorial and scientific committees of the ', the "Journal asiatique" and the'journal. He was elected on 17 March 2006, member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the chair of André Caquot.  He is chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite and officier of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques.  Jean-Noël Robert also writes in Latin under the pseudonym Alexander Ricius.

Jean-Noël Alexandre Robert (born 30 December 1949 in Paris) is a French orientalist, specialist of the history of Buddhism in Japan and of its Chinese predecessors. His work particularly focus on Tendai and the philology of Sino-Japanese Buddhist texts. He is the author of the French translation of the Lotus Sūtra, seminal text of Mahayana 大乘 (great vehicle), from the ancient Chinese text. In 2011, he was appointed a professor at the Collège de France to become the holder of the chair "Philologie de la civilisation japonaise".

Jean-Noël Alexandre Robert, né le à Paris, est un orientaliste français, spécialiste de l’histoire du bouddhisme au Japon et de ses antécédents chinois. Ses travaux concernent en particulier le bouddhisme Tendai et la philologie des textes bouddhiques sino-japonais. Il est l’auteur de la traduction française du Sūtra du Lotus, texte fondateur du bouddhisme mahāyāna 大乘 (grand véhicule), à partir du texte chinois ancien. En 2011, il est nommé professeur au Collège de France pour y devenir titulaire de la chaire "Philologie de la civilisation japonaise".


Origin.

The flag used by the Arab Palestinian nationalists in the first half of the 20th century is the flag of the 1916 Arab Revolt. The origins of the flag are the subject of dispute and mythology. In one version, the colours were chosen by the Arab nationalist 'Literary Club' in Istanbul in 1909, based on the words of the 13th-century Arab poet Safi al-Din al-Hili:  <poem> Ask the high rising spears, of our aspirations Bring witness the swords, did we lose hope We are a band, honor halts our souls Of beginning with harm, those who won't harm us White are our deeds, black are our battles, Green are our fields, red are our swords. </poem>  Another version credits the Young Arab Society, which was formed in Paris in 1911. Yet another version is that the flag was designed by Sir Mark Sykes of the British Foreign Office. Whatever the correct story, the flag was used by Sharif Hussein by 1917 at the latest and quickly became regarded as the flag of the Arab national movement in the Mashriq.  On October 18, 1948, the flag of the Arab Revolt was adopted. A modified version (changing the order of stripes) was officially adopted as the flag of the Palestinian people by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964. On November 15, 1988 the PLO adopted the flag as the flag of the State of Palestine.  On the ground the flag became widely used since the Oslo Agreements, with the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1993. Today the flag is flown widely by Palestinians and their supporters.

Ban.

In 1967, immediately following the Six-Day War, the State of Israel banned the Palestinian flag in the occupied Gaza Strip and West Bank. A 1980 law forbidding artwork of "political significance" banned artwork composed of its four colours, and Palestinians were arrested for displaying such artwork.  Since the signing of the Oslo Peace Accords in 1993, the ban has been abolished.

The flag of Palestine () is a tricolor of three equal horizontal stripes (black, white, and green from top to bottom) overlaid by a red triangle issuing from the hoist. This flag is derived from the Pan-Arab colors and is used to represent the State of Palestine and the Palestinian people. It was first adopted on 28 May 1964 by the Palestinian Liberation Organization.

Le drapeau de la Palestine est le drapeau de l'État de Palestine, État observateur non-membre de l'ONU. Il est identique au drapeau de l'Autorité palestinienne et plus généralement, il est le symbole des Palestiniens. Comme pour beaucoup de pays arabes, le drapeau reprend les couleurs panarabes du drapeau de la Grande révolte arabe de 1916. Il est presque identique à celui du parti Baath et de celui de la Jordanie. Ainsi sa composition est proche d'autres drapeaux arabes, comme celui de la République arabe sahraouie démocratique (RASD), du royaume d'Irak, des Émirats arabes unis ou encore du Koweït. Le drapeau fut également utilisé en 1958 par l’éphémère Fédération arabe d'Irak et de Jordanie.


Playing career.

Immonen made his debut in Finland's second-tier league Mestis with TuTo Hockey during the 2000–01 season. For the following year, he joined Ässät of the country's top-tier Liiga. He then signed with fellow Liiga side JYP Jyväskylä in 2002 and remained three years at the club.  Immonen was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft as their eighth round pick, 254th overall.  On March 3, 2004, Immonen was traded by the Maple Leafs to the New York Rangers as part of the Brian Leetch trade. He made his NHL debut for the Rangers during the 2005–06 season. In the course of his two-year stint with the Rangers, he played a total of 20 games in the NHL and mostly gained playing time in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Hartford Wolf Pack. In his 141 AHL contests played, he scored 54 goals and had 75 assists.  He returned to Finland for the 2007-08 campaign, again joining JYP, where he spent another two years and won the Finnish championship in 2009, before signing with Ak Bars Kazan of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) shortly after. In his first year, he won the championship with Kazan. After four years with Ak Bars, Immonen decided to move on and join fellow KHL team Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod for the 2014–15 season.  On March 30, 2015, he agreed to a two-year contract with Swiss club, EV Zug of the NLA. At the conclusion of his contract with Zug, Immonen returned to Finland to play with his original club, JYP on a three-year contract from the 2017–18 season.

International play.

Immonen won the Bronze medal with Finland at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. He won the Gold medal with Finland at the 2011 IIHF World Championship, where he scored the most goals (9 in 9 games) and the most points (12) in the tournament. He was also named to the all-star lineup.

Jarkko Immonen (born April 19, 1982) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward currently playing for JYP Jyväskylä of the Liiga.

Jarkko Immonen (né le à Rantasalmi en Finlande) est un joueur professionnel finlandais de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant.


École supérieure de danse de Cannes Rosella Hightower

Historic.

Rosella Hightower, eager to offer a comprehensive and multidisciplinary training decides the opening of her dance school in Cannes, the Centre de Danse International Rosella Hightower located in the former "Hotel Gallia" in the district of California - Pezou in Cannes then in the neighboring commune in Mougins. This will become a true school ahead of its time, places where many artists came out, it appeared originally as a unique structure in his day.  The dance school allowed to train young people of all nationalities, combining a rigorous education in ballet technic but also various forms of expression, such as contemporary dance, Modern jazz, drama, adage, pas de deux, boy technique, the bar on the ground, the functional analysis of the body in dance movement, dance history, music training, singing, mime, character dance, piano... while giving them the opportunity to follow normal schooling, and created the very first arranged schedules with academic classes.  Rosella Hightower left the leadership of the school in 2001. She named her successor, the dancer Monique Loudières, former star of the Paris Opera Ballet who became head of the school from 2001 to 2009. Then Paola Cantalupo, former star of the Monte Carlo Ballet, takes the school management from 2009. The school acquired a worldwide reputation, many dancers and choreographers come here to train or teach, such as Anton Dolin, Serge Lifar, Rudolf Nureyev, Maurice Bejart, Nima Kiann,.  In addition to the famous school, Rosella Hightower created in 1984 the Cannes Dance Festival which undoubtedly is one of the largest international dance festivals and in 1973 the famous Prix de Lausanne, international competition for young dancers initiated by Elvire and Philippe Braunschweig.

Education.

The École Supérieure de Danse de Cannes Rosella Hightower offers different courses:

The Ecole Supérieure de Danse de Cannes Rosella Hightower (formerly Centre de Danse International Rosella Hightower) is a dance school created by the prima ballerina Rosella Hightower in 1961 in Cannes, on the French Riviera. The school is currently a very important dance training center in ballet, contemporary dance and modern jazz.

L'école supérieure de danse de Cannes Rosella-Hightower (anciennement centre de danse international Rosella-Hightower) est un établissement créée par la danseuse étoile franco-américaine Rosella Hightower en 1961 à Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes). Elle fait partie des six écoles supérieures de danse en France.


Biography.

Storm came to Australia with parents Laurits and Ane in 1958 after Laurits lost the family farm to lawyers. After having settled in Melbourne, his father worked as a builder's labourer and built a darkroom where Esben learned photographic processing, composition and lighting.  Storm started making films at 18 with his partner Haydn Keenan. His early work was mostly serious in nature, including a 1983 documentary about the Hilton Bombing in Sydney called "With Prejudice". He wrote and directed "27A" (1974), "In Search of Anna" (1978) (with film stills and publicity shots by Carol Jerrems who was then his girlfriend), "Deadly" (1991), and "Subterano" (2003); he directed "Devil's Hill" (1988) and the Tasmanian film in the "Touch the Sun" series of bicentennial telemovies. In 2007, he directed the SBS comedy series "Kick".  Storm also worked on several television series such as "Round the Twist", "The Genie from Down Under" (in which he was scriptwriter and director), "Sky Trackers" (in which he was script consultant), "Li'l Elvis Jones and the Truckstoppers" (in which he was the show's creator, scriptwriter and dialogue director), directed "Blue Heelers", "Crash Zone", and "Winners" for which he directed the episode "The Other Facts of Life".

Actor.

in 1976 Storm acted in Carol Jerrems' "Hanging About" who was then his girlfriend and living with him in Willoughby. He played Tom in "Room to Move" and Leo George in "The Other Facts of Life"), and "More Winners" (in which he played The Waiter in the episode "The Big Wish") and "Phoenix" (in which he played Pat). In "Blue Heelers" (which he directed) he played Colin Roper in the episode "Breaking the Cycle".

Death.

Storm died, aged 60, on 28 March 2011.

Esben Storm (26 May 1950 – 28 March 2011) was a Danish Australian actor, screenwriter, television producer, television director, voice artist and songwriter.

Esben Storm, né en 1950 au Danemark et mort le, est un acteur, producteur et réalisateur de la télévision australienne, connu pour son travail sur la série australienne pour enfants "Les Twist". Il avait travaillé sur l'adaptation de la série "Tomorrow" de John Marsden mais en perdit les droits.


Career.

Jean skates in every distance for the Canadian team and is a member of the national short track relay team. He helped the team to a silver at the 2007 World Championships. As well Jean skated to a bronze at the recent 2009 World Championships. Olivier Jean is a member of the Canadian team and relay team in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Jean qualified for the 1500m final on February 13 after judges ruled he was interfered with during his semi-final heat. Jean would go on to finish 4th in the final just missing out on a medal. On February 26, he won a gold medal in the 5000 m relay along with Charles Hamelin, François Hamelin, François-Louis Tremblay and Guillaume Bastille.  At the 2012 World Championships Jean won gold in the 500 m, he followed this with a gold medal in the men's relay final where he skated the anchor leg. He also won his first overall medal at the World Championships when he finished with the bronze.  During the 2011 World Team Championships Jean was the victim of a bizarre sabotage event, when American Simon Cho damaged his skate blade after the United States were already eliminated. This caused the Canadians to be unable to skate for gold, leaving them in the bronze position. The events came to light at an inquiry into the actions of U.S. coach Jae Su Chun in 2012.  At the 2017 World Speed Skating Championships in Gangneung, South Korea Jean won a bronze medal at the mass start event.

2018 Olympics.

Now solely focused on long track speed skating, Jean after finishing in the top 16 in the mass start event at the 2017–18 ISU Speed Skating World Cup, pre-qualified for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.

Olivier Jean (born March 15, 1984) is a three time Olympian who represented Canada in both short track and long track speed skating. Olivier Jean is a gold medalist from Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games in the men's 5000m relay. Canadian short track speed skater racing internationally from 2002 to 2015 and switched to long track speed skating competing internationally from 2015 to 2018. Olivier competed at his second Olympic Games in Sochi 2014 in short track speed skating, and for his third games switched to long track speed skating competing in the mass start at the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games. He is a well-known figure for his dreadlocks and for listening to reggae, which he says makes him skate faster.

Olivier Jean, né le à Lachenaie, est un patineur de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte canadien devenu par la suite patineur de vitesse.


Early life.

Forebears.

Smith was born in Utica, New York, to Peter Gerrit Smith (1768–1837), whose ancestors were from Holland, and Elizabeth (Livingston) Smith (1773–1818), daughter of Col. James Livingston (1747–1832) and Elizabeth (Simpson) Livingston (1750–1800). "Peter Smith's marriage into the Livingston family with its aristocratic connections among the Schuylers and the Van Rensselaers gave him considerable prestige." "In partnership with John Jacob Astor in the fur trade and alone in real estate, Peter Smith managed to amass a considerable fortune. He turned over a $400,000 business [] to his son Gerrit in 1819 and bequeathed $800,000 more [] to his children in 1837. Smith was the county judge of Madison and has been described as 'easily its leading citizen'." He was "a devout and emotionally religious man,...From 1822 on, Peter Smith was intensely engaged in the work of the Bible and Tract societies." Smith's maternal aunt, Margaret Livingston, was married to Judge Daniel Cady (1773–1859). Their daughter Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a founder and leader of the women's suffrage movement, was Smith's first cousin. Elizabeth Cady met her future husband, Henry Stanton, also an active abolitionist, at the Smith family home in Peterboro, New York. Established in 1795, the town had been founded by and named for Gerrit Smith's father, Peter Smith, who built the family homestead there in 1804. Gerrit came there when he was 9.

Gerrit as a young man.

Gerrit was described as "tall, magnificently built and magnificently proportioned, his large head superbly set on his shoulders;" he "might have served as a model for a Greek god in the days when man deified beauty and worshipped it." He attended Hamilton Oneida Academy in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, and graduated with honors from its successor Hamilton College in 1818, giving the valedictory address, and describing his stay at the college as "very active with many friends". In January 1819, he married Wealtha Ann Backus (1800–1819), daughter of Hamilton College's first President, Azel Backus D.D. (1765–1817), and sister of Frederick F. Backus (1794–1858). Wealtha died in August of the same year. Returning home from college, Smith took on the management of the vast estate of his father, a long-standing partner of John Jacob Astor, and greatly increased the family fortune, described as "monumental". In 1822, he married Ann Carroll Fitzhugh (1805–1879), sister of Henry Fitzhugh (1801–1866); their relationship was "loving". They had eight children, but only Elizabeth Smith Miller (1822–1911) and Greene Smith (ca. 1841–1880) survived to adulthood.  He became an active temperance campaigner, and claimed to have given in 1824 the first temperance speech ever in the New York State Legislature. In his hometown of Peterboro, he built one of the first temperance hotels in the country.  Smith wrote of himself:

Geritt in the 1830s.

He attended numerous revival meetings, and taught Sunday school. He thought of establishing a seminary for negro students. In 1834 he began a Peterboro Manual Labor School for Blacks, along the model of nearby Oneida Institute. It had only one instructor, and it lasted only one year. Previously a supporter of the American Colonization Society, he became an abolitionist in 1835, after a mob in Utica, including New York congressman Samuel Beardsley, broke up the initial meeting of the New York Anti-Slavery Society, which he attended at the urging of his friends Beriah Green and Alvan Stewart. He resigned as a trustee of Hamilton College "on the grounds that the school was insufficiently anti-slavery", and joined the board of and financially assisted the Oneida Institute, "a hotbed of anti-slavery activity". He contributed $9,000 () to support schools in Liberia, but realized by 1835 that the American Colonization Society had no intention of abolishing slavery.  Smith was a laggard instead of a leader in changing from supporting colonization to "immediatism", immediate full abolitionism. Support for Jefferson Davis after the war would be unthinkable for Garrison, Douglass, or other abolitionist leaders.

Political career.

In 1840, Smith played a leading part in the organization of the Liberty Party. In the same year, their presidential candidate James G. Birney married Elizabeth Potts Fitzhugh, Smith's sister-in-law. Smith and Birney travelled to London that year to attend the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London.  Birney, but not Smith, is recorded in the commemorative painting of the event. In 1848, Smith was nominated for the Presidency by the remnant of this organization that had not been absorbed by the Free Soil Party. An "Industrial Congress" at Philadelphia also nominated him for the presidency in 1848, and the "Land Reformers" in 1856. In 1840 and again in 1858, he ran for Governor of New York on an anti-slavery platform. On June 2, 1848, in Rochester, New York, Smith was nominated as the Liberty Party's presidential candidate. At the National Liberty Convention, held June 14–15 in Buffalo, New York, Smith gave a major address, including in his speech a demand for "universal suffrage in its broadest sense, females as well as males being entitled to vote." The delegates approved a passage in their address to the people of the United States addressing votes for women: "Neither here, nor in any other part of the world, is the right of suffrage allowed to extend beyond one of the sexes. This universal exclusion of woman...argues, conclusively, that, not as yet, is there one nation so far emerged from barbarism, and so far practically Christian, as to permit woman to rise up to the one level of the human family." Reverend Charles C. Foote was nominated as his running mate. The ticket would come in fourth place in the election, carrying 2,545 popular votes, all from New York.  By 1856, very little of the Liberty Party remained after most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly of all what remained of the party joined the Republicans in 1854. The small remnant of the party renominated Smith under the name of the "National Liberty Party".  In 1860, the remnant of the party was also called the Radical Abolitionists. A convention of one hundred delegates was held in Convention Hall, Syracuse, New York, on August 29, 1860. Delegates were in attendance from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. Several of the delegates were women. Smith, despite his poor health, fought William Goodell in regard to the nomination for the presidency. In the end, Smith was nominated for president and Samuel McFarland from Pennsylvania was nominated for vice president. The ticket won 171 popular votes from Illinois and Ohio. In Ohio, a slate of presidential electors pledged to Smith ran with the name of the Union Party.  Smith, along with his friend and ally Lysander Spooner, was a leading advocate of the United States Constitution as an antislavery document, as opposed to abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, who believed it was to be condemned as a pro-slavery document. In 1852, Smith was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Free-Soiler. In his address, he declared that all men have an equal right to the soil; that wars are brutal and unnecessary; that slavery could be sanctioned by no constitution, state or federal; that free trade is essential to human brotherhood; that women should have full political rights; that the Federal government and the states should prohibit the liquor traffic within their respective jurisdictions; and that government officers, so far as practicable, should be elected by direct vote of the people. Unhappy with his separation from his home and business, Smith resigned his seat at the end of the first session, ostensibly to allow voters sufficient time to select his successor.

Social activism.

After becoming an opponent of land monopoly, he gave numerous farms of each to indigent families. In 1846, hoping to help black families become self-sufficient, to isolate and thus protect them from escaped slave-hunters, and to provide them with the property ownership that African Americans needed to vote in New York, Smith attempted to colonize approximately of land in remote North Elba, New York (near Lake Placid), with free blacks. Abolitionist John Brown joined his project, purchasing land and moving his family there. The difficulty of farming in the Adirondack Mountains, coupled with the settlers' lack of experience in housebuilding and the bigotry of white neighbors, caused the "Timbuctoo" experiment to fail.  Peterboro became a station on the Underground Railroad. Due to his connections with it, Smith financially supported a planned mass slave escape in Washington, D.C., in April 1848, organized by William L. Chaplin, another abolitionist, as well as numerous members of the city's large free black community. The Pearl incident attracted widespread national attention after the 77 slaves were intercepted and captured about two days after they sailed from the capital.  After 1850, Smith furnished money for the legal expenses of persons charged with infractions of the Fugitive Slave Law. Smith became a leading figure in the Kansas Aid Movement, a campaign to raise money and show solidarity with anti-slavery immigrants to that territory. It was during this movement that he first met and financially supported John Brown. He later became more closely acquainted with Brown, to whom he sold a farm in North Elba for $1/acre, and from time to time supplied him with funds. In 1859, Smith joined the Secret Six, a group of influential northern abolitionists, who supported Brown in his efforts to capture the armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and start a slave revolt. After the failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Senator Jefferson Davis unsuccessfully attempted to have Smith accused, tried, and hanged along with Brown. Upset by the raid, its outcome, and its aftermath, Smith suffered a mental breakdown, and for several weeks was confined to the state asylum in Utica.  When the Chicago "Tribune" later claimed Smith had full knowledge of Brown's plan at Harper's Ferry, Smith sued the paper for libel, claiming that he lacked any such knowledge and thought only that Brown wanted guns so that slaves who ran away to join him might defend themselves against attackers. Smith's claim was countered by the "Tribune", which produced an affidavit, signed by Brown's son, swearing that Smith had full knowledge of all the particulars of the plan, including the plan to instigate a slave uprising. In writing later of these events, Smith said, "That affair excited and shocked me, and a few weeks after I was taken to a lunatic asylum. From that day to this I have had but a hazy view of dear John Brown's great work. Indeed, some of my impressions of it have, as others have told me, been quite erroneous and even wild."  Smith was a major benefactor of New-York Central College, McGrawville, a co-educational and racially integrated college in Cortland County.  Smith was in favor of the Civil War, but at its close he advocated a mild policy toward the late Confederate states, declaring that part of the guilt of slavery lay upon the North. In 1867, Smith, together with Horace Greeley and Cornelius Vanderbilt, helped to underwrite the $100,000 bond needed to free Jefferson Davis, who had, at that time, been imprisoned for nearly two years without being charged with any crime. In doing this, Smith incurred the resentment of Northern Radical Republican leaders.  Smith's passions extended to religion as well as politics. Believing that sectarianism was sinful, he separated from the Presbyterian Church in 1843. He was one of the founders of the Church at Peterboro, a non-sectarian institution open to all Christians of whatever denomination.  His private benefactions were substantial; of his gifts he kept no record, but their value is said to have exceeded $8,000,000. Though a man of great wealth, his life was one of marked simplicity. He died in 1874 while visiting relatives in New York City.  The Gerrit Smith Estate, in Peterboro, New York, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001.

Tribute.

Frederick Douglass dedicated to Smith "My Bondage and My Freedom" (1855):  Years before, a student at his Peterboro Manual Labor School, where "Mr. Smith liberally supplies us with stationary, books, board and lodging", stated that "if the man of color has a sincere friend, that friend is Gerrit Smith".

List of philanthropic activities.

Smith provided support for a large number of progressive causes and did not keep careful records. The dates given are in some cases approximate, either because documents do not provide a definite date, or because there were multiple payments.

Gerrit Smith (March 6, 1797 – December 28, 1874), also spelled Gerritt, was a leading American social reformer, abolitionist, politician, and philanthropist. Spouse to Ann Carroll Fitzhugh, Smith was a candidate for President of the United States in 1848, 1856, and 1860, but only served 18 months in the federal government—in Congress as a Free Soil Party Representative, in 1853–4.

Gerrit Smith ( - ) était un homme politique, un abolitionniste et un philanthrope américain. Il fut candidat à trois reprises au poste de président des États-Unis en 1848, 1852 et 1856.


Composition.

"Cosmic Girl" is a disco song, a dance music song based on rhythmic "looped beats" "to give it an off-center, otherworldly" sound. The syncopated rhythm contains 10 pulses which occur inside a 32-beat pattern, with pulses on beats 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27 and 30. Coincidentally, the first four beats of this pattern are the same as the George Gershwin song "I Got Rhythm". Jamiroquai's psychedelic lyric evokes a spacey environment, using terms such as "zero gravity", "hyperspace", "galaxy" and "quasar". A disco-era aura is achieved by incorporating early electronic synthesizers along with disco-style string parts also produced by synthesizers.

Performance.

While the single, and especially its chart performance, received mixed reviews from critics, it has become one of the better-known tracks of the band, and a concert staple. Live versions usually last for 7–8 minutes, nearly double the duration of the album version. In 2006, it was reissued as part of the "Classic Club Mixes" series, which also included "Space Cowboy", "Deeper Underground", "Love Foolosophy" and "Alright". In 2019, it was remixed by French DJ Dimitri From Paris.  In the United Kingdom, the song has sold 250,580 copies as of March 2017, and is also their second most streamed track, with 2.75 million plays.

Music video.

The video, directed by Adrian Moat, shows three famous supercars driving and racing each other through several highways and mountain roads across a desert landscape from clear daylight to dawn. The cars on the video are a black Ferrari F355 GTS, a purple Lamborghini Diablo SE30 and a red Ferrari F40. Jay Kay appears to be driving the purple Lamborghini with Stuart Zender on the co-pilot seat, but the driver of the black Ferrari is not shown in detail. It has four different edits: Versions 1–3, and the so-called 'Jay's cut' version. In a Top Gear interview, Jay Kay explained that before filming, one car had been totalled during transportation, and the windscreen of the second was smashed after one of the precision drivers knocked the camera off the cliff. Jay stated, "They made three of those special edition 30th-anniversary Diablos, and one was a Jota, so it was a 600 brake car that was not really road legal, so there were only two. So I had mine in storage, and the guy goes to stick it on the car transporter, and then I got word that he'd just totalled this car, there it is [points to picture on screen], and we kind of had to have a purple one, because it was the purple, the cosmic, you know it's just one of those things. So we got the other one, and I said, ""Look, wait until I get there. I'm flying in. Just nobody drive it until I get there, please. We can't afford to smash it"". So I came off the plane, and everybody looked really downtrodden, looking at the floor, and I went, ""Why are you looking so sad?"", and they said, ""One of the precision drivers has knocked the camera off the cliff and taken out the front windscreen, so there's no windscreen. Lamborghini can't send one for another day or so"". So for most of the video, it had to be done with no windscreen, that's why you see me squinting, and actually trying to sing the song as well, while driving the mountain road".  The F40 was provided by the Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason, who drove in the video as well. The video was filmed at the Cabo de Gata, in Spain.

"Cosmic Girl" is the second single from British funk/acid jazz band Jamiroquai's third studio album, "Travelling Without Moving", released on 11 November 1996 on Sony Soho Square in the United Kingdom and 17 January 1997 on Sony Music/Work Group in the United States. The song achieved great chart success, peaking at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart. It also peaked at number 3 in Italy, number 4 in Iceland and number 10 in Finland. The B-side to the single was an instrumental, "Slipin' 'N' Slidin'", a rather obscure song originating from another old Jamiroquai tune called "Mr Boogie", which was a live-only song. "Slipin 'N' Slidin'", just like "Mr Boogie", also had a vocal version.

Le clip présente trois voitures de sport parcourant une route désertique et montagneuse. Il y a une Ferrari F355 noire, une Ferrari F40 et une Lamborghini Diablo SE30 violette. Si on distingue Jason Kay au volant de la Lamborghini avec Stuart Zender comme copilote, les deux autres conducteurs ne sont pas visibles.


Early life.

Barnfield was born at the home of his maternal grandparents in Norbury, Staffordshire, where he was baptized on 29 June 1574. He was the son of Richard Barnfield, gentleman, and Mary Skrymsher (1552–1581).  He was brought up in Shropshire at The Manor House in Edgmond, his upbringing supervised by his aunt Elizabeth Skrymsher after his mother died when Barnfield was six years old.  In November 1589 Barnfield matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford, and took his degree in February 1592. He performed the exercise for his masters gown, but seems to have left the university abruptly, without proceeding to the M.A. It is conjectured that he came up to London in 1593, and became acquainted with Watson, Drayton, and perhaps with Edmund Spenser. The death of Sir Philip Sidney had occurred while Barnfield was still a school-boy, but it seems to have strongly affected his imagination and to have inspired some of his earliest verses.

Publications.

In November 1594, in his twenty-first year, Barnfield published anonymously his first work, "The Affectionate Shepherd", dedicated with familiar devotion to Penelope Rich, Lady Rich. This was a sort of florid romance, in two books of six-line stanzas, in the manner of Lodge and Shakespeare, dealing at large with the complaint of Daphnis for the love of Ganymede. As the author expressly admitted later, it was an expansion or paraphrase of Virgil's second eclogue "Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim".  Although the poem was successful, it did not pass without censure from the moral point of view because of its openly homosexual content. Two months later, in January 1595, Barnfield published his second volume, "Cynthia, with certain Sonnets, and the legend of Cassandra", and this time signed the preface, which was dedicated, in terms which imply close personal relations, to William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby. In the preface Barnfield distances himself from the homoeroticism of his previous work, writing that some readers "did interpret The Affectionate Shepherd otherwise than in truth I meant, touching the subject thereof, to wit, the love of a shepherd to a boy". He excuses himself by saying he was imitating Virgil. The new collection, however, also contained poems which were "explicitly and unashamedly homoerotic, full of physical desire", in the words of critics Stanley Wells and Paul Edmondson. The book exemplifies the earliest study both of Spenser and Shakespeare. "Cynthia" itself, a panegyric on Queen Elizabeth, is written in the Spenserian stanza, of which it is probably the earliest example extant outside "The Faerie Queene".  In 1598, Barnfield published his third volume, "The Encomion of Lady Pecunia", a poem in praise of money, followed by a sort of continuation, in the same six-line stanza, called "The Complaint of Poetry for the Death of Liberality". In this volume there is already a decline in poetic quality. But an appendix of "Poems in diverse Humours" to this volume of 1598 presents some very interesting features. Here appears what seems to be the absolutely earliest praise of Shakespeare in a piece entitled "A Remembrance of some English Poets", in which the still unrecognized author of "Venus and Adonis" is celebrated by the side of Spenser, Daniel and Drayton. Here also are the sonnet, "If Music and sweet Poetrie agree", and the ode beginning "As it fell upon a day", which were once attributed to Shakespeare himself.  In the next year, 1599, "The Passionate Pilgrim" was published, with the words "By W. Shakespeare" on the title-page. It was long supposed that this attribution was correct, but Barnfield claimed one of the two pieces just mentioned, not only in 1598, but again in 1605. It is certain that both are his, and possibly other things in "The Passionate Pilgrim" also; Shakespeare's share in the twenty poems of that miscellany being doubtless confined to the five short pieces which have been definitely identified as his.  He was for long neglected; but his poetry is clear, sweet, and musical, although lacking in range and extremely derivative. The sonnet sequence, in particular, can be read as one of the more obviously homoerotic sequences of the period. His gift indeed is sufficiently attested by work of his having passed for that of Shakespeare, albeit for only one ode. The "Affectionate Shepheard" and the "Sonnets" appeared as limited-edition artist's books in 1998 and 2001, illustrated by Clive Hicks-Jenkins and produced by the Old Stile Press.  Barnfield's "Lady Pecunia" and "The Complaint of Poetry" were used as sample texts by the early 17th-century phonetician Robert Robinson for his invented phonetic script.

Later life.

In 1605 his "Lady Pecunia" was reprinted, and this was his last appearance as a man of letters. Some sources have claimed that Barnfield married and withdrew to his estate of Dorlestone (a locality in Staffordshire now known as Darlaston), where he thenceforth resided as a country gentleman. This is supported by records of a will for a Richard Barnfield, resident at Darlaston, and his burial in the parish church of St Michaels, Stone, on 6 March 1627. However it now appears that the Barnfield in question was in fact the poet's father, the poet having died in 1620 in Shropshire.

Richard Barnfield (baptized 29 June 1574 – 1620) was an English poet. His obscure though close relationship with William Shakespeare has long made him interesting to scholars. It has been suggested that he was the "rival poet" mentioned in Shakespeare's sonnets.

Richard Barnfield est un poète anglais né à Norbury, Staffordshire en 1574 et mort en 1620 à Market Drayton, Shropshire. Fils aîné de Richard Barnfield (vers 1544–1627), un gentilhomme, et de Mary Skrymsher (1552–1581), il est baptisé le. Il grandit à Newport dans le Shropshire. Il entre à l'université d'Oxford qu'il quitte avant d'avoir terminé ses études. On pense qu'il arrive en 1593 à Londres, où il fréquente Thomas Watson, Michael Drayton, et peut-être Edmund Spenser. Bien que Barnfield ait encore été écolier lorsque Philip Sidney mourut, il semble que cette disparition ait marqué son esprit et influencé ses premiers vers. Alors qu'il a vingt et un ans, en, Richard Barnfield fait paraître de manière anonyme sa première œuvre : "The Affectionate Shepherd (Le Berger affectueux)", dédiée à Penelope Devereux, Lady Rich, épouse du de Warwick. Malgré son succès, le poème n'évite pas les critiques concernant la moralité, car le contenu de ses vers se révèle ouvertement homosexuel.