Payments.

Straight-through processing exists in numerous areas of financial services, such as payments processing.  Payments may be non-STP due to various reasons such as missing information, information which that is not in a machine "understandable" form (such as name and address rather than a code), or human-readable instructions "Please credit urgently") or simply falls outside of rules for which the bank allows automatic processing (for example, payments of large value or in exotic currencies).  Traditionally, making payments involves many departments in a bank. Both initiating a payment to be sent and processing a received payment may take days. In the past, payments were initiated through numerous "human-friendly" (aka paper-based) means, such as a human through a paper order, over the phone, or via fax. The payment order was input into the bank's payment system, then confirmed by a supervisor. This confirmation ensured an accurate match of input versus order before sending the payment. When multiple banks, countries or currencies were involved, the process often took several hours. When the complexity of the payment was higher, the amount of labor increased and additional human intervention resulted in more risk of errors, longer processing time, and higher costs.  In most cases, banks levy charges for non-STP payments or for manual repairs. Alternatively, banks may not charge on a "per repair" basis, but rather levy heavier fees for correspondents that provide lower quality (lower STP) payments.

Equities trading.

The process before STP was very antiquated: sales traders would have to fill in a deal ticket, blue for buy and red for sell. The order was invariably scribbled and mostly unreadable. Upon receiving the order, the trader would often execute an incorrect investment on the market. A runner picking up the ticket to input the order into the system in order to send out a contract note. For example, if the client wished to purchase 100,000 shares, but the trader only executed 10,000, the runner would send out the contract for 1,000. In those days, there was a T10 settlement so any errors were "fixable". However, with the new introduction of T5, the settlement arena changed, and STP was born. To reduce the exposure of risk, failed settlement, there could only be one "golden source" of information and that it was the responsibility of the sales trader to be correct as they had the power to correct any discrepancies with the client directly.  The goal of STP is to reduce the time it takes to process a transaction, in order to increase the likelihood that a contract or an agreement is settled on time. The concept has also been transferred into other sectors including energy (oil, gas) trading and banking, and financial planning.  Currently, the entire trade lifecycle, from initiation to settlement, is a complex labyrinth of manual processes that take several days. Such processing for equities transactions is commonly referred to as T+2 (trade date plus two days) processing, as it usually takes two business days from the "trade" being executed to the trade being settled. This means investors who are selling a security must deliver the certificate within two business days, and investors who are buying securities must send payment within two business days. But this process comes with higher risks through the occurrence of unsettled trades. Market conditions fluctuate, meaning a two-day window brings an inherent risk of unexpected losses that investors may be unable to pay for, or settle, their transactions.  Industry practitioners, particularly in the United States, viewed STP as meaning "same-day" settlement or faster, ideally minutes or even seconds. The goal was to minimise settlement risk for the execution of a trade and its settlement and clearing to occur simultaneously. However, for this to be achieved, multiple market participants must realize high levels of STP. In particular, transaction data would need to be made available on a just-in-time basis, which is a considerably harder goal to achieve for the financial services community than the application of STP alone. After all, STP itself is merely an efficient use of computers for transaction processing.  In the past, STP methods were used to help financial market firms move to one-day trade settlement of equity transactions, as well as to meet the global demand resulting from the rapid growth of online trading. Now the concepts of STP are applied to reduce systemic and operational risk and to improve certainty of settlement and minimize operational costs.

Common misconceptions.

There is often confusion within the trading world between STP and an electronic communication network (ECN). Although they are similar initiatives, ECN connects orders with those of other traders as well as staff liquidity provides. An ECN is also typically a bigger pool of orders than a standard STP.  When fully implemented, STP is able to provide asset managers, brokers and dealers, custodians, banks and other financial services with benefits including shorter processing cycles, reduced settlement risk, and lower operating costs. Some industry analysts believe that STP is not an achievable goal in the sense that firms are unlikely to find the cost/benefit to reach 100% automation. Instead, they promote the idea of improving levels of internal STP within a firm while encouraging groups of firms to work together to improve the quality of the automation of transaction information between themselves, either bilaterally or as a community of users (external STP). Other analysts, however, believe that STP will be achieved with the emergence of business process interoperability.

Straight-through processing (STP) is a method used by financial companies to speed up financial transactions by processing without manual intervention (straight-through).

Straight-through processing (STP) est un principe de traitement des opérations au fil de l'eau, c'est-à-dire sans rupture ou sans délai (littéralement : "traitement tout droit à travers"). Cette expression est employée dans les milieux financiers ; on peut faire l'analogie avec le principe de flux tendu employé dans l'industrie.


History.

The city of Helena was founded by European Americans in 1833, as a port along the Mississippi River. Crowleys Ridge provided elevation and some protection against flooding, a rare feature along the right/west bank of the lower Mississippi River.  During the Civil War, the Union Army occupied Helena prior to the Battle of Helena in 1863. In the early morning hours of July 4, 1863, Confederate forces attempted to retake Helena in order to help relieve pressure on the strategic river town of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Confederate forces in Vicksburg had already arranged to surrender to General U.S. Grant on the morning of July 4. Many of the former battle sites are still intact. Helena may benefit from developing and protecting these historic areas for destination tourism.  Prior to consolidation, Helena contained 6,323 people within 23.1 km2. Neighboring West Helena had 8,689 people in 11.5 km2. Merger proposals began as early as 2002, and a March 2005 vote among citizens of both cities approved the merger. The surrounding rural county is one of the poorest of Arkansas' 75 counties. Proponents of the consolidation said that combining the cities would strengthen their bargaining power for the surrounding region in competing for projects to improve the overall economy and standard of living. Among the combined city's council's first tasks was the hiring of a new police chief. They chose Vincent Bell.

Demographics.

Based on U.S. Census reports for both cities prior to the merger, the 2000 population of the area comprising Helena–West Helena was 15,012. There were 5,516 households, and 3,765 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 31.85% White, 66.63% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 0.89% of the population.  The median income for a household in the city was $19,896, and the median income for a family was $23,274. Males had a median income of $25,087 versus $17,238 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,131.

Helena.

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,323 people, 2,312 households, and 1,542 families residing in the city of Helena. The population density was 710.7 people per square mile (274.3/km2). There were 2,710 housing units at an average density of 304.6/sq mi (117.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 30.59% White, 67.93% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.  There were 2,312 households out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.8% were married couples living together, 28.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.28.  In the city, the population was spread out with 32.5% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.5 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $18,662, and the median income for a family was $21,534. Males had a median income of $27,203 versus $17,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,028. About 38.4% of families and 41.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 54.9% of those under age 18 and 24.1% of those age 65 or over.

West Helena.

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,689 people, 3,204 households, and 2,223 families residing in the city of West Helena. The population density was 1,956.6 people per square mile (755.6/km2). There were 3,518 housing units at an average density of 792.2/sq mi (305.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 32.77% White, 65.69% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.01% of the population.  There were 3,204 households out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 29.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.32.  In the city, the population was spread out with 34.1% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.5 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $21,130, and the median income for a family was $25,014. Males had a median income of $22,971 versus $17,225 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,234. About 30.9% of families and 35.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 49.5% of those under age 18 and 27.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

With a median income of $19,896 for a household, the city is one of the poorest in the nation. One potential advance for the combined city, as reported by the "Arkansas Democrat-Gazette" on July 12, 2006, is an ethanol fuel refinery to be built by Las Vegas-based E-Fuels. Whether the consolidation had any bearing on the decision is not certain. If the project is developed, it is expected to bring several new jobs and a significant increase in traffic to the region's port on the Mississippi River.  In 2006, the city announced plans to reopen the regional landfill, from which Helena–West Helena could earn fees.  Helena–West Helena's chief economic base continues to be agriculture, specifically cotton cultivation. Mechanization and large industrial farms have reduced the need for farm labor since the first half of the 20th century. Barge traffic at the city's port on the Mississippi River is another source of jobs and revenues, in addition to retail and tourism.

Media.

"The Helena-West Helena World" is the local newspaper.

Arts and culture.

Musical history.

In the 1940s and 1950s, Helena attracted blacks from rural Arkansas and the Mississippi Delta, who came for the jobs. Some also worked full-time as musicians. By then Helena was 70% black, and juke joints employed such blues pianist as Sunnyland Slim, Memphis Slim and Roosevelt Sykes.  In November 1941, a white businessman put together the staff for the town's first radio station KFFA. A group of blues musicians were given a one-hour radio spot on the condition that they gain a sponsor. King Biscuit Flour agreed to do. The King Biscuit Entertainers were sponsored, as well as the show "King Biscuit Time," featuring blues musicians.  The King Biscuit Blues Festival was organized in the late 20th century as an annual October event. It was renamed as the Arkansas Blues and Heritage Festival in 2005, and is one of the largest blues festivals in the world. The celebration is held in downtown Helena on Cherry Street in early October. It was renamed in 2010 as the King Biscuit Blues Festival at a 25th anniversary performance of renowned musician B.B. King.  The lyrics of "Stand Up Guy" by Mark Knopfler make reference to West Helena.  The Helena–West Helena School District operates public schools. operates a group of charter schools in the municipality. Helena previously had a Catholic grade school for black children, St. Cyprian School; it closed in 1963.

Helena–West Helena is the county seat of and the largest city within Phillips County, Arkansas, United States. The current city was consolidated, effective January 1, 2006, from the two Arkansas cities of Helena and West Helena. Helena is sited on lowlands between the Mississippi River and the eastern side of Crowley's Ridge. West Helena is located on the western side of Crowley's Ridge, a geographic anomaly in the typically flat Arkansas Delta. The Helena Bridge, one of Arkansas' four Mississippi River bridges, carries U.S. Route 49 across to Mississippi. The combined population of the two cities was 15,012 at the 2000 census and at the 2010 census, the official population was 12,282.

Helena-West Helena est la plus grande ville et le siège du Comté de Phillips en Arkansas aux États-Unis. La ville actuelle est une fusion effective au des villes de Helena et West Helena.


Name.

Petrovaradin was founded by Celts, but its original name is not known. During Roman administration it was known as "Cusum". After the Romans conquered the region from the Celtic tribe of Scordisci, they built the Cusum fortress where present Petrovaradin Fortress now stands. In addition, the town received its name from the Byzantines, who called it "Petrikon or Petrikov (Πετρικον)" and who presumably named it after Saint Peter.  In documents from 1237, the town was first mentioned under the name "Peturwarod" ("Pétervárad"), which was named after Hungarian lord Peter, son of Töre. Petrovaradin was known under the name "Pétervárad" during Hungarian administration, "Varadin" or "Petervaradin" during Ottoman administration, and "Peterwardein" during Habsburg administration.  Today, the municipality is known in Serbian as "Петроварадин", in Hungarian as "Pétervárad", and in German as "Peterwardein".

Geography.

Petrovaradin is located in the Syrmia region, on the Danube river and Fruška Gora, a horst mountain with elevation of 78–220 m (municipality up to 451 m). The northern part of Fruška Gora consists of massive landslide zones, but they are not active, except in Ribnjak neighborhood (between Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin fortress).

History.

Human settlement in the territory of present-day Petrovaradin has been traced as far back as the Stone Age (about 4500 BC). This region was conquered by Celts (in the 4th century BC) and Romans (in the 1st century BC).  The Celts founded the first fortress at this location. It was part of the tribal state of the Scordisci, which had its capital in Singidunum (present-day Belgrade). During the Roman administration, a larger fortress was built (in the 1st century) with the name "Cusum" and was included into Roman Pannonia. Subsequently, the fortress was included into the Pannonia Inferior and the Pannonia Secunda. In the 5th century, Cusum was devastated by the invasion of the Huns.  The town was then conquered by Ostrogoths, Gepids, and Lombards. By the end of the 5th century, Byzantines had reconstructed the town and called it by the names "Cusum" and "Petrikon" or "Petrikov". It was part of the Byzantine province of Pannonia. Subsequently, it passed into the hands of Avars, Franks, Pannonian Croats, Pannonian Slavs, Bulgarians, and Byzantines again. During Bulgarian administration, the town was known as "Petrik" and was part of the domain of duke Sermon, while during subsequent Byzantine administration, it was part of the Theme of Sirmium.  Later, the town became part of the Kingdom of Hungary.  Between 1522 and 1526, Petrovaradin was a base for the early Ŝajkaš regiments, but in 1526, the Ottoman Empire took Petrovaradin after a two-week battle waged against combined forces of Serbs and Hungarians.  In the war of 1683-1699 with the Habsburg Monarchy, the Ottomans abandoned Petrovaradin. In 1690, they returned for just two years. After that, Petrovaradin remained under Habsburg control.  In 1695, a military force of Serbs—600 infantry and 200 cavalry—under Captain Pane Božić were brought to Petrovaradin to serve. One thousand Serbs worked on the Citadel and fortifications.  During Hungarian administration, the town was firstly part of the Bolgyán County and then part of the Syrmia County, while during Ottoman administration, it was firstly part of the vassal duchy of Syrmia ruled by Serb duke Radoslav Čelnik (1527-1530), and then part of the Sanjak of Syrmia.  During the Ottoman administration, Petrovaradin had 200 houses, and three mosques. There was also a Christian quarter with 35 houses populated with Serbs. Petrovaradin was the site of a notable battle on August 5, 1716 in which the Habsburg Monarchy led by the Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the forces of the Ottomans led by the Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha. Habsburg forces led by Prince Eugene later defeated the Ottomans at Belgrade before the Ottomans sued for peace at Požarevac.  During the Habsburg administration, Petrovaradin was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier (Slavonian general command - Petrovaradin regiment). In 1848–49, the town was part of Serbian Vojvodina, but in 1849, it was returned under the administration of the Military Frontier. With the abolishment of the Military Frontier in 1881, the town was included into the Syrmia County of Croatia-Slavonia, which was the autonomous kingdom within Austria-Hungary. In 1918, the town firstly became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, then part of the Kingdom of Serbia and finally part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Yugoslavia). Between 1918 and 1922, the town was part of the Syrmia County, between 1922 and 1929 part of the Syrmia Oblast, and between 1929 and 1941 part of the Danube Banovina, a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. From 1918 to 1936, Yugoslav Royal Air Force was based in Petrovaradin. During World War II (1941–1944), the town was occupied by the Axis Powers and it was attached to the Independent State of Croatia. Since the end of the war in this part of Yugoslavia in 1944, the town was part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which from 1945 was part of the new socialist Serbia within socialist Yugoslavia.

Settlements and neighborhoods.

Petrovaradin is one of the two city municipalities of the City of Novi Sad and it is located in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. Approximately 25-30% of total area of City of Novi Sad (699 km2) is an area of Petrovaradin municipality, which is approximately 100–130 km2; of which approximately 30% is a part of urban area of Novi Sad. Much of land outside of urban area is part of National Park of Fruška Gora.  Municipality of Petrovaradin includes 5 settlements:  Neighborhoods and parts of Petrovaradin are: Petrovaradin Fortress, Podgrađe Tvrđave (which is a fortified part of Petrovaradin and part of Petrovaradin Fortress complex), Stari Majur (which is part of Petrovaradin where offices of Petrovaradin local community are located), Novi Majur, Bukovački Plato (Bukovački Put), Sadovi, Široka Dolina, Širine, Vezirac, Trandžament, Ribnjak, Mišeluk, Alibegovac, Radna Zona Istok, Marija Snežna (Radna Zona Istok), and Petrovaradinska Ada (Ribarska Ada).

Demographics.

In 1961 Petrovaradin had 8,408 inhabitants; in 1971 10,477; in 1981 10,338; in 1991 11,285; and in 2002 13,973. By city's registry estimation, from mid-2005, Petrovaradin town had 15,266 inhabitants.  According to the 2011 census, the total population of the territory of present-day Petrovaradin municipality was 33,865, of whom 27,328 (80.69%) were ethnic Serbs. All settlements in the municipality have an ethnic Serb majority.  During the Ottoman administration, Petrovaradin was mostly populated by Muslims, while some Serbs lived there as well in the Christian quarter. According to Habsburg census from 1720, inhabitants of Petrovaradin mostly had German and Serbo-Croatian names and surnames. During the subsequent period of the Habsburg administration and in one part of the 20th century, the largest ethnic group in the Petrovaradin town were ethnic Croats. According to the 1910 census the town had 5,527 residents, of which 3,266 spoke Croatian (59.09%), 894 German (16.18%), 730 Serbian (13.21%), 521 Hungarian (9.43%) and 159 Slovak (2.88%). Since 1971 census, largest ethnic group in Petrovaradin are Serbs. Today, there are a couple of neighborhoods with sizable number of Croats in Petrovaradin, like Stari Majur and Podgrađe Tvrđave.

Economy.

The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017):

Politics.

The town of Petrovaradin is the seat of Petrovaradin Municipality. Since 2002, when the new statute of the City of Novi Sad came into effect, it has been divided into two city municipalities, Petrovaradin and Novi Sad. Between 1980 and 1989, Petrovaradin also had municipality status within Novi Sad. From 1989 to 2002, Novi Sad's municipalities were abolished and territory of the former Petrovaradin municipality was part of "Novi Sad municipality", which included the whole territory of the present-day City of Novi Sad. The city municipalities of Novi Sad were formally established in 2002, for the sole reason that Novi Sad could get a city status. In 2007, after the update of the law of local government, the requirement for multiple municipalities for city status was lifted (and 20 additional cities were proclaimed). However, the renewed 2008 city statute also foresaw formation of two separate municipalities, but as of 2009 none of them de facto exist, and the whole city is run solely by the city administration. Petrovaradin municipality does not yet have its own offices, and the town is administered only by local community office.

Petrovaradin (, ) is one of two city municipalities which constitute the city of Novi Sad. As of 2011, the urban area has 27,083 inhabitants, while the municipality has 33,865 people inhabitants. Lying across the river Danube from the main part of Novi Sad, it is built around the Petrovaradin Fortress, historical anchor of the modern city.

Petrovaradin (en serbe cyrillique ; en allemand : Peterwardein ; en français : Pierre Varadin) est une ville et une municipalité urbaine de Serbie situées dans la province autonome de Voïvodine et sur le territoire de la Ville de Novi Sad, dans le district de Bačka méridionale. Au recensement de 2011, la ville "intra muros" comptait habitants et la municipalité dont elle est le centre.


Club career.

Capi was born in Camas, Seville, Andalusia. Apart from a loan spell at Granada CF in the third division, Capi spent the vast majority of his career at Real Betis. Previously, he appeared nearly 150 times with the club's B-side, and made his first-team – and La Liga – debut against Valencia CF on 26 May 1997, one of only two during the 1996–97 season.  Capi went to play over 250 league games for Betis, always as an important part of the squad. He scored his first goal for the club on 19 November 2000, albeit in a 1–3 home defeat against neighbouring Sevilla FC where he excelled before being stretchered off with 15 minutes to go and the score at 1–1, as the campaign in Segunda División ended in promotion for both clubs in the city; however, in 2004–05, as the team achieved a fourth place in the league, with qualification to the UEFA Champions League, he appeared in only 11 matches, mainly due to injuries.  After another two-and-a-half-month spell in the sidelines, Capi returned to action on 4 April 2009, netting as a second-half substitute in a 3–3 home draw against CD Numancia. Betis were eventually relegated to division two.  Capi continued to be bothered with injuries in the 2009–10 season, but still played 26 games (only three complete) as the club failed to regain its lost status. On 19 June 2010, the 33-year-old appeared in his last game as a "Verdiblanco", the useless 4–0 home win against Levante UD (they finished in fourth place, tied with both the second and third-placed teams), his contract expiring and not being renewed.  In summer 2012, after a couple of second tier campaigns with another side in his native region, Xerez CD, Capi signed with amateurs Camas Club de Fútbol, his first-ever club as a footballer. He retired in 2014 at age 37, being immediately appointed as Juan Merino's assistant manager at Betis B.

International career.

Capi earned four caps for the Spain national team, making his debut on 27 March 2002 against the Netherlands, in a friendly match played in Rotterdam (0–1 loss). He featured in a further three internationals, all during that year.

Honours.

Betis

Jesús Capitán Prada (born 26 March 1977), known as Capi, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

Jesús Capitán Prada dit Capi est un joueur de football espagnol né à Camas, dans les environs de Séville. Il a effectué la majeure partie de sa carrière au Betis Séville, hormis une saison au Grenade CF. En juillet 2010, il quitte son club de toujours pour rejoindre le Xerez CD.


Biography.

Shikha was born to father Mahesh (who was a table-tennis player for India) and mother Madhu in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Her family moved to Princeton, New Jersey when she was an infant. She has one older sister (Diya) and three younger sisters (Neha, Nikita and Nimita). Her four sisters are also tennis players, but of all, Shikha is by far the most successful, and the only one to represent India (the other sisters represent the United States).  She was named the Zee Astitva Athlete of the Year 2007. She was one of the top-10 fastest servers in the world. She earned her bachelor's degree from Princeton University in Anthropology and South Asian Studies. She graduated with high academic standing while winning Princeton's prestigious Kit Harris Memorial Award for Leadership and Ethics.  Shikha launched her media and lifestyle company, SDU Seva, Inc. As of 2013, she is currently creating and producing international social issue television shows, and is a social entrepreneur. She speaks internationally at various diplomatic conferences on female empowerment through sport. She has recently been invited to sit on the board of directors of the World Economic Forum's "Global Shapers Initiative" for Bhopal. She is also a news and sports presenter and coaches all levels of tennis and fitness.

Tennis career.

She turned pro in August 2003. Though she has not won any WTA Tour event till date, Uberoi has three ITF Women's Circuit singles titles to her name- one in Harrisonburg in 2003 and two in Fort Worth and Edmond in 2004.  At the 2004 US Open, Uberoi became the second ever Indian female player in the modern era to feature and win a round at a main draw Grand Slam Tournament, defeating Japan's Saori Obata. (The first was Nirupama Vaidyanathan at the 1998 Australian Open.)  In 2005, Shikha reached 2 WTA doubles finals partnering sister Neha, one in Kolkata and one in Guangzhou.  In 2006, Uberoi represented India at the 2006 Asian Games where she defeated Linda Ahmad of Bahrain in Round 1, but retired in the second round to Zheng Jie of China.  In 2007, Shikha was the finalist in Auckland, partnering Su-Wei Hsieh.  She was also the India Fed Cup Team leader.

Shikha Devi Uberoi (; born 5 April 1983) is a former Indian-American professional tennis player and a former Indian No. 1. After Nirupama Sanjeev, she is the second Indian female player in history to crack the top 200 WTA rankings, as well as the second to feature and win a round at a Grand Slam tournament.

Shikha Uberoi est une joueuse de tennis indienne, professionnelle depuis 2003, née le à Bombay. En 2006, aux Jeux asiatiques de Doha, elle a remporté la médaille d'argent avec l'équipe féminine indienne (aux côtés d'Ankita Bhambri, Isha Lakhani et Sania Mirza).


Family.

Erthal was born in Lohr am Main on 3 January 1719. His younger brother, Franz Ludwig von Erthal, was the prince-bishop of Würzburg and Bamberg.

Election.

Erthal's predecessor, archbishop Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim, had introduced some ideas of the Enlightenment, and had been a popular figure. After his death, the "Domkapitel" was split in two fractions, one representing the openness to reform of the Enlightenment, the larger one advocating immediate restoration. Directly after the death of archbishop Emmerich Joseph, Friedrich von Erthal, then "Domkustos", was charged with reducing the influence of the Enlightenment in the schools and monasteries of the archbishopric. After his election on 18 July 1774, and his election as Bishop of Worms, he assigned many opponents of the Enlightenment to important positions.  Both the papal nuncio and the emperor Joseph II had expected Erthal's election to improve relationships with the Archbishopric. However, Erthal, in his position as Archchancellor wanted to have an important role in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire himself, opposing the dynastical tendencies of the Emperor. In 1785, he even joined the Prussian-led mostly Protestant Fürstenbund, a coalition of princes organized to oppose Joseph's scheme to exchange Bavaria for Belgium.

Relationship to the Enlightenment.

Erthal did not pursue his opposition to the enlightenment for very long, reinstating the modern government of his predecessor in 1777. After 1781, Erthal's politics were dominated by the Enlightenment. The universities of Mainz and Erfurt were reformed according to new ideas, and a hymnal in German language was published. He became one of the most notable supporters of free-thought in theology and of Febronianism in the government of the Church. Georg Forster, a Protestant, became his librarian and William Heinse, another Protestant, and author of the lascivious romance "Ardinghello", was his official reader. Erthal suppressed the Carthusian monastery and two nunneries at Mainz and used their revenues to meet the expenses of the university, in which he appointed numerous Protestants and free-thinkers as professors. Notorious unbelievers such as Felix Anthony Blau and others were invited to the university in 1784 to supplant the Jesuits in the faculty of theology.

Theological position.

As a spiritual ruler, Erthal was guided by the principles of Febronianism. In union with the Archbishops Max Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenzeslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus Joseph of Salzburg he convoked the Congress of Ems at which twenty-three antipapal articles, known as the " of Ems", were drawn up and signed by the plenipotentiaries of the four archbishops on 25 August 1786. The purpose of the was to lower the papal dignity to a merely honorary primacy and to make the pope a primus inter pares, with practically no authority over the territories of the archbishops. In order to increase his political influence he joined (25 October 1785) the Confederation of Princes which was established by King Frederick the Great. In 1787 he apparently receded from the schismatic position of the " of Ems" and applied to Rome for a renewal of his quinquennial faculties and for the approbation of his new coadjutor, Karl Theodor von Dalberg. Somewhat later, however, he resumed his opposition to papal authority and continued to adhere to the even after the other archbishops had rejected it.

End of the archbishopric.

His opposition was made futile by the revolutionary wars: The troops of General Custine occupied Mainz on 21 October 1792; Mainz capitulated without a fight. Erthal fled to Aschaffenburg for the time of the republican government in Mainz.  By the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 Erthal was deprived of his possessions west of the Rhine and by the Concordat of 1801 he lost also spiritual jurisdiction over that part of his diocese. The negotiations concerning the reimbursement of Erthal for the loss of his territory west of the Rhine were not yet completed when he died on 25 July 1802, and was succeeded as archbishop by Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg.  Erthal is buried in "St. Peter und Alexander" collegiate church at Aschaffenburg.

Friedrich Karl Joseph Reichsfreiherr von Erthal (3 January 1719 – 25 July 1802) was prince-elector and archbishop of Mainz from 18 July 1774 to 4 July 1802, shortly before the end of the archbishopric in the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss".

Friedrich Karl Joseph Reichsfreiherr von Erthal (3 janvier 1719 à Lohr am Main † 25 juillet 1802 à Aschaffenbourg), fut le dernier prince-évêque de Mayence. Il fut également évêque de Worms.


Life and career.

Dieter Rams began his studies in architecture and interior decoration at Wiesbaden School of Art in 1947, now part of the RheinMain University of Applied Sciences. A year later, in 1948, he took a break from studying to gain practical experience and finish his carpentry apprenticeship. He returned to the Wiesbaden School of Art in 1948 and graduated in architecture with honours in 1953, after which he began working for Frankfurt-based architect Otto Apel. In 1955, he was recruited to Braun as an architect and an interior designer. In 1961, he became the chief design officer at Braun, a position he retained until 1995.  Dieter Rams was strongly influenced by the presence of his grandfather, a carpenter. Rams once explained his design approach in the phrase "Weniger, aber besser" which translates as "Less, but better". Rams and his staff designed many memorable products for Braun including the famous SK-4 record player and the high-quality 'D'-series (D45, D46) of 35mm film slide projectors. He is also known for designing a furniture collection for Vitsœ in the 1960s including the 606 universal shelving system and 620 chair programme.  By producing electronic gadgets that were remarkable in their austere aesthetic and user friendliness, Rams made Braun a household name in the 1950s.  In addition to being a successor to the Bauhaus, Rams eventually became a protégé of the Ulm School of Design in Ulm, Germany.

"Good design" principles.

Rams introduced the idea of sustainable development and of obsolescence being a crime in design in the 1970s. Accordingly, he asked himself the question: "Is my design good design?" The answer he formed became the basis for his celebrated ten principles. According to him, "good design":

Awards and accomplishments.

Rams has been involved in design for seven decades, and has received many honorary appellations throughout his career. Notable awards and accomplishments include:

Legacy.

The appearance of the calculator application included in Apple's iOS 3 mimics the appearance of the 1987 Braun ET 66 calculator designed by Rams and Dietrich Lubs, and the appearance of the now playing screen in Apple's own Podcast app used to mimic the appearance of the Braun TG 60 reel-to-reel tape recorder, before a later redesign of the app removed it. The iOS 7 world clock app closely mirrors Braun's clock (and watch) design down to the font and layout used. In Gary Hustwit's 2009 documentary film "Objectified", Rams states that Apple Inc. is one of the few companies designing products according to his principles.

"Less and More" exhibition.

"Less and More" is an exhibition of Rams' landmark designs for Braun and Vitsœ. It first traveled to Japan in 2008 and 2009, appearing at the Suntory Museum in Osaka and the Fuchu Art Museum in Tokyo. Between November 2009 and March 2010 it appeared at the Design Museum in London. It appeared at the Museum für Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt from July to September 2010. The exhibit then appeared at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art from August 2011 to February 2012.

Documentary.

On June 22, 2016 filmmaker Gary Hustwit announced his documentary "Rams" and launched a Kickstarter campaign for the project. The full-length documentary features in-depth conversations with Rams about his design philosophy, the process behind some of his most iconic designs, his inspiration and his regrets. Some of the funds raised in the Kickstarter campaign also helped to preserve Rams' design archive in cooperation with the Dieter and Ingeborg Rams Foundation. The film is currently screening at special events worldwide and is now available to order on digital and disc, and is available for paid streaming on Vimeo.

Dieter Rams (born 20 May 1932 in Wiesbaden, Hessen) is a German industrial designer and retired academic closely associated with the consumer products company Braun, the furniture company Vitsœ, and the functionalist school of industrial design. His unobtrusive approach and belief in "Less, but better" design generated a timeless quality in his products and have influenced the design of many products, which also secured Rams worldwide recognition and appreciation.

Dieter Rams, né le à Wiesbaden, est un designer industriel allemand contemporain, étroitement associé aux produits de consommation de la société Braun et à l'école fonctionnaliste du design industriel.


History.

The Dynamite Factory.

Paulilles Recreational Park occupies a rehabilitated dynamite factory site protected as an ecological network by the Natura 2000 European organisation. Originally serving as the French Nobel Dynamite Factory, it was created by Nobel's associate in France, Paul François Barbe, and built in 1870. Several accidents over the years caused multiple deaths: the most important ones killed 20 workers in 1882 and 5 in 1885.

Protecting the environment.

In July 1991, the installations were closed by the Société nationale des poudres et des explosifs (SNPE), and later sold to the Conservatoire du littoral in 1998 to protect the area from real estate developers. In 2005, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales launched the renovation to ready 9 buildings, destroy nearly 70, and landscape 17 hectares to turn Paulilles into a free and ecological recreational park, a museum on the industrial heritage of the factory and a traditional Catalan boat repair facility. Paulilles opens to the public in June 2008.

Geography.

Paulilles is located about 2 miles (3 km) south of Port-Vendres behind the Las Portas pass along the scenic Route Départementale 914. It is a small scale Mediterranean bay, forming a prairie down to the sea between the Béar cape, and the Oullestrell cape and forms three beaches: Bernardi, del Mitg, Fourat separated by small cliffs in the bay. The original forest has been well preserved and is typical of the Mediterranean region. It is composed of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster), Stone Pine (Pinus pinea), for the Pinaceae)family. Also Holm oak (Quercus ilex), Cork Oak (Quercus suber) and Olive trees (Olea europaea). Local flora is well represented with the Armeria of Roussillon (Armeria ruscinonensis Girard), the polycarpon of Catalonia (Polycarpon polycarpoides), the Thymelaea hirsuta, the Limonium tremolsii, and also Tamarix (Tamaricaceae), and Gattiliers (Vitex agnus-castus).  All the waters around Paulilles are also protected by Natura 2000, for its Posidonia oceanica, a species of seagrass that is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and Coralline algaes that offers shelter and nursing home for the rich aquatic life. This marine plants forms large underwater meadows of high importance to the environmental conservation of the region.

Paulilles is a protected area on the Mediterranean Sea, located between the towns of Port-Vendres, and Banyuls-sur-Mer in Pyrénées-Orientales, North Catalonia, France.

L'anse de Paulilles est située sur le littoral méditerranéen du département français des Pyrénées-Orientales, dans le territoire de la commune de Port-Vendres. Elle forme une aire protégée accessible au public, propriété du Conservatoire du littoral et est gérée par le Conseil général des Pyrénées-Orientales. Paulilles fait partie du réseau Natura 2000 pour protéger sa faune, sa flore et ses fonds marins. Elle s'étend sur 17 hectares dans une baie abritée sur la mer Méditerranée, aux pieds du massif des Albères. Les abords de la baie et la prairie sont aménagés pour le public et témoignent de l'histoire de la dynamiterie de Paulilles.


History.

In 1873 Ernst Abbe reported that conventional lenses are incapable of capturing some fine details of any given image. The super lens is intended to capture such details. The limitation of conventional lenses has inhibited progress in the biological sciences. This is because a virus or DNA molecule cannot be resolved with the highest powered conventional microscopes. This limitation extends to the minute processes of cellular proteins moving alongside microtubules of a living cell in their natural environments. Additionally, computer chips and the interrelated microelectronics are manufactured to smaller and smaller scales. This requires

Theory.

Image formation.

An image of an object can be defined as a tangible or visible representation of the features of that object. A requirement for image formation is interaction with fields of electromagnetic radiation. Furthermore, the level of feature detail, or image resolution, is limited to a length of a wave of radiation. For example, with optical microscopy, image production and resolution depends on the length of a wave of visible light. However, with a superlens, this limitation may be removed, and a new class of image generated.  Electron beam lithography can overcome this resolution limit. Optical microscopy, on the other hand cannot, being limited to some value just above 200 nanometers. However, new technologies combined with optical microscopy are beginning to allow increased feature resolution (see sections below).  One definition of being constrained by the resolution barrier, is a resolution cut off at half the wavelength of light. The

Conventional lens.

The conventional glass lens is pervasive throughout our society and in the sciences. It is one of the fundamental tools of optics simply because it interacts with various wavelengths of light. At the same time, the wavelength of light can be analogous to the width of a pencil used to draw the ordinary images. The limit becomes noticeable, for example, when the laser used in a digital video system can only detect and deliver details from a DVD based on the wavelength of light. The image cannot be rendered any sharper beyond this limitation.  Thus, when an object emits or reflects light there are two

Subwavelength imaging.

This has led to the desire to view live biological cell interactions in a real time, natural environment, and the need for "subwavelength imaging". Subwavelength imaging can be defined as optical microscopy with the ability to see details of an object or organism below the wavelength of visible light (see discussion in the above sections). In other words, to have the capability to observe, in real time, below 200 nanometers. Optical microscopy is a non-invasive technique and technology because everyday light is the transmission medium. Imaging below the optical limit in optical microscopy (subwavelength) can be engineered for the cellular level, and nanometer level in principle.  For example, in 2007 a technique was demonstrated where a metamaterials-based lens coupled with a conventional

Early subwavelength imaging.

"Metamaterial lenses" ("Superlens") are able to reconstruct nanometer sized images by producing a negative refractive index in each instance. This compensates for the swiftly decaying evanescent waves. Prior to metamaterials, numerous other techniques had been proposed and even demonstrated for creating super-resolution microscopy. As far back as 1928, Irish physicist Edward Hutchinson Synge, is given credit for conceiving and developing the idea for what would ultimately become near-field scanning optical microscopy.  In 1974 proposals for two-dimensional fabrication techniques were presented. These proposals included contact imaging to create a pattern in relief, photolithography, electron lithography, X-ray lithography, or ion bombardment, on an appropriate planar substrate. The shared technological goals of the metamaterial lens and the variety of lithography aim to optically resolve features having dimensions much

Analysis of the diffraction limit.

The original problem of the perfect lens: The general expansion of an EM field emanating from a source consists of both propagating waves and near-field or evanescent waves. An example of a 2-D line source with an electric field which has S-polarization will have plane waves consisting of propagating and evanescent components, which advance parallel to the interface. As both the propagating and the smaller evanescent waves advance in a direction parallel to the medium interface, evanescent waves decay in the direction of propagation. Ordinary (positive index) optical elements can refocus the propagating

The diffraction limit as restriction on resolution.

The performance limitation of conventional lenses is due to the diffraction limit. Following Pendry (2000), the diffraction limit can be understood as follows. Consider an object and a lens placed along the z-axis so the rays from the object are traveling in the +z direction. The field emanating from the object can be written in terms of its angular spectrum method, as a superposition of plane waves:  where formula_2 is a function of formula_3:  Only the positive square root is taken as the energy is going in the +"z" direction. All of the components of the angular spectrum of the image for which formula_2 is real are transmitted and re-focused by an ordinary lens. However, if

Effects of negative index of refraction.

Normally, when a wave passes through the interface of two materials, the wave appears on the opposite side of the normal. However, if the interface is between a material with a positive index of refraction and another material with a negative index of refraction, the wave will appear on the same side of the normal. Pendry's idea of a perfect lens is a flat material where "n"=−1. Such a lens allows near-field rays, which normally decay due to the diffraction limit, to focus once within the lens and once outside the lens, allowing subwavelength imaging.

Development and construction.

Superlens construction was at one time thought to be impossible. In 2000, Pendry claimed that a simple slab of left-handed material would do the job. The experimental realization of such a lens took, however, some more time, because it is not that easy to fabricate metamaterials with both negative permittivity and permeability. Indeed, no such material exists naturally and construction of the required metamaterials is non-trivial. Furthermore, it was shown that the parameters of the material are extremely sensitive (the index must equal −1); small deviations make the subwavelength resolution unobservable. Due to the resonant nature of metamaterials, on which many (proposed) implementations of superlenses depend, metamaterials are highly dispersive. The sensitive nature of the superlens to the material parameters causes superlenses based on metamaterials to have a limited usable frequency range. This initial theoretical superlens design consisted of a metamaterial that compensated for wave decay and reconstructs images in the near field. Both propagating and evanescent waves could contribute to the resolution of the image.  Pendry also suggested that a lens having only one negative parameter would form an approximate superlens, provided that the distances involved are also very small and provided that the source polarization is appropriate. For visible light this is a useful substitute, since engineering metamaterials with a negative permeability at the frequency of visible light is difficult. Metals are then a good alternative as they have negative permittivity (but not negative permeability). Pendry suggested using silver due to its relatively low loss at the predicted wavelength of operation (356 nm). In 2003 Pendry's theory was first experimentally demonstrated at RF/microwave frequencies. In 2005, two independent groups verified Pendry's lens at UV range, both using thin layers of silver illuminated with UV light to produce "photographs" of objects smaller than the wavelength. Negative refraction of visible light was experimentally verified in an yttrium orthovanadate (YVO) bicrystal in 2003.  It was discovered that a simple superlens design for microwaves could use an array of parallel conducting wires.  In 2004, the first superlens with a negative refractive index provided resolution three times better than the diffraction limit and was demonstrated at microwave frequencies. In 2005, the first near field superlens was demonstrated by N.Fang "et al.", but the lens did not rely on negative refraction. Instead, a thin silver film was used to enhance the evanescent modes through surface plasmon coupling. Almost at the same time Melville and Blaikie succeeded with a near field superlens. Other groups followed. Two developments in superlens research were reported in 2008. In the second case, a metamaterial was formed from silver nanowires which were electrochemically deposited in porous aluminium oxide. The material exhibited negative refraction. The imaging performance of such isotropic negative dielectric constant slab lenses were also analyzed with respect to the slab material and thickness. Subwavelength imaging opportunities with planar uniaxial anisotropic lenses, where the dielectric tensor components are of the opposite sign, have also been studied as a function of the structure parameters.  The superlens has not yet been demonstrated at visible or near-infrared frequencies (Nielsen, R. B.; 2010). Furthermore, as dispersive materials, these are limited to functioning at a single wavelength. Proposed solutions are metal–dielectric composites (MDCs) and multilayer lens structures. The multi-layer superlens appears to have better subwavelength resolution than the single layer superlens. Losses are less of a concern with the multi-layer system, but so far it appears to be impractical because of impedance mis-match.  While the evolution of nanofabrication techniques continues to push the limits in fabrication of nanostructures, surface roughness remains an inevitable source of concern in the design of nano-photonic devices. The impact of this surface roughness on the effective dielectric constants and subwavelength image resolution of multilayer metal–insulator stack lenses has also been studied.

See also.

Metamaterials scientists

A superlens, or super lens, is a lens which uses metamaterials to go beyond the diffraction limit. The diffraction limit is a feature of conventional lenses and microscopes that limits the fineness of their resolution. Many lens designs have been proposed that go beyond the diffraction limit in some way, but constraints and obstacles face each of them.

Une superlentille est une lentille optique élaborée avec des métamatériaux et permettant de distinguer des détails jusqu'à vingt fois inférieurs à la longueur d'onde d'utilisation.


Season summaries.

Pilot.

The first episode of "Water Rats" screened in Australia at 8.30 pm on Monday, 12 February 1996. It was entitled "Dead in the Water" and was a two-part episode. "Dead in the Water" introduced viewers to Detective Senior Constables Frank Holloway and Rachel Goldstein.  Along with: and  The pilot plot concerned a divorced man, deranged over the death of his daughter, who captures a Sydney harbour ferry and holds the city to ransom.

Season one.

Season one ran for 26 episodes and major storylines included:

Season two.

The second season of "Water Rats" ran, again, for 26 episodes and began airing on Monday, 10 February 1997. Season two also took the detectives to Melbourne, a change from Sydney harbour. It also introduced a new character, Constable Tayler Johnson, as well as a few minor ones, including:  Major storylines included:

Season three.

Season three ran for 31 episodes and premiered on Monday, 9 February 1998. A couple of episodes into the season, it was moved to Tuesday nights. Steve Bisley is also added to the opening credits for a number of episodes near the end of the season. New characters included:  Major storylines included:

Season four.

The fourth series began on Tuesday, 16 February 1999 and ran for 32 episodes. It was a series of change for "Water Rats", which included both Colin Friels' and Catherine McClements' departures within 18 episodes of each other. It introduced some new and old characters such as:  Major storylines included:

Season five.

The fifth season began airing on Tuesday, 22 February 2000, and ran for 36 episodes, the longest out of the six seasons of the show. Ratings began to fall slightly, as a result of McClements' departure the previous year. A number of regular characters also left, including Jay Laga'aia and Scott Burgess, whose character was not seen at all in series five, and his whereabouts was finally mentioned in series six. New characters included:  Major storylines included:

Season six.

The sixth and final season of "Water Rats" began airing on Tuesday, 6 February 2001 and ran for 26 episodes. Sometime early in the season, the timeslot was changed from 8.30 pm to 9.30 pm. The Nine Network decided to cancel the show, due to escalating costs and declining ratings, and two main stars, Bisley and Smart had decided to leave the show. Notable new characters in the final season included:  Major storylines included:

Filming locations.

"Water Rats" was filmed on and around Goat Island in Sydney Harbour. Other locations used throughout the series were:

Fictional locations.

The real Sydney Water Police headquarters was located at Pyrmont. The TV version of the Sydney Water Police headquarters was located on Goat Island, though the fictional address was 48/50 Harbour Drive, Sydney 2000. Other fictional locations throughout the series included:

Home media.

"Water Rats" was first released on DVD in 2004 through Shock Entertainment. It was released as two parts called Series 1 and Series 2, though it was actually only season 1 in two parts. Warner Vision Australia then released the rest of the show, where DVDs labelled series 3 were actually season 2 and so on. It was announced on 7 August 2017 that Via Vision Entertainment would re-release all six seasons on DVD on 22 November 2017. Several episodes are out of broadcast order in the Via Vision collection and on Amazon Prime.

Online streaming availability.

All episodes are available on Amazon Prime in Australia.

Soundtrack.

A "Water Rats" soundtrack was produced by Les Gock in 1999. It contained songs featured on the series, such as "Goldie's Theme" by Cathi Ogden (heard in many episodes, most notably episode 109) and "I'll Dream of You" by Hugh Wilson (heard in Frank's final episode). It also features a couple of songs sung by cast members: "Breathe" with Raelee Hill and "Let's Party" with Jay Laga'aia. The song "Breathe", was written by James Freud who also sung in the chorus.

International broadcasting.

The series is currently being re-run in:

Water Rats is an Australian TV police procedural broadcast on the Nine Network from 1996 to 2001. The series was based on work of the men and women of the Sydney Water Police who fight crime around Sydney Harbour and surrounding locales. The show was set on and around Goat Island in Sydney Harbour.

Brigade des mers (") est une série télévisée australienne en 177 épisodes de 45 minutes, créée par John Hugginson et, diffusée entre le et le sur.


Names and History.

The city's name in Chinese () means "The Gorge of Three Gateways" and is derived from two islands that split the Yellow River into three parts.  According to Chinese mythology, Yu the Great used a divine axe to cut the mountain ridge three times, creating the Sanmenxia gorges to prevent massive flooding. The three ""men"" or gates were then named "The Gateway of Man" (), "The Gateway of Gods" () and "The Gateway of Devils" ().  With the construction of the Sanmenxia Dam in the late 1950s, the ancient passes were flooded.  During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Sanmenxia was part of the territory of the State of Western Guo, ruled by relatives of the ruling Ji family of Zhou. Guo moved its capital from modern day Baoji to Shangyang (), next to Sanmenxia. Later, this territory was annexed the State of Jin.  Archaeological finds near Sanmenxia between 1956 and 1991 revealed mass chariot graves and bronzeware of Western Guo State rulers. Furthermore, the archaeological site “Shihao Section of Xiaohan Ancient Road”, an excavated pathway that is recognized by UNESCO as part of the world heritage site “”, is also located in Sanmenxia.

Geography and climate.

Sanmenxia is located in western Henan on the southern (right) bank of the Yellow River, and is surrounded on three sides by mountains, with elevations generally increasing from northeast to southwest. Most of the prefecture is at an altitude of, although the highest peak in the province, at, is located in Lingbao. The prefecture is at the intersection of Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces, bordering Luoyang to the east, Nanyang to the south, Weinan (Shaanxi) to the west, and Yuncheng (Shanxi) to the north across the Yellow River.  Sanmenxia has a mostly dry, monsoon-influenced continental climate with four seasons. Winters are moderately cold and very dry, while summers are hot and humid. Monthly daily average temperatures range from in January to in July, and the annual mean is. More than half of the annual precipitation falls from July to September. There are between 184 and 218 frost-free days per annum. In the Köppen system, the city is in the transition zone between a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa") and humid continental climate (Köppen "Dwa"), and receives barely enough precipitation to avoid being semi-arid (Köppen "BSk").

Administration.

The prefecture-level city of Sanmenxia administers two districts, two county-level cities and two counties.

Sanmenxia (; postal: Sanmenhsia) is a prefecture-level city in the west of Henan Province, China. The westernmost prefecture-level city in Henan, Sanmenxia borders Luoyang to the east, Nanyang to the southeast, Shaanxi Province to the west and Shanxi Province to the north. The city lies on the south side of the Yellow River at the point where the river cuts through the Loess Plateau on its way to the North China Plain.

Sanmenxia (三门峡 ; pinyin : Sānménxiá) est une ville-préfecture située dans une région assez montagneuse dans l'ouest du Henan en Chine. La ville elle-même se trouve sur les rives du Fleuve Jaune, un peu en amont de la Grande plaine de Chine du Nord. Entre 1957 à 1960, le barrage de Sanmenxia est construit pour éviter les inondations. Il permet également l'irrigation et produit de l'électricité. Néanmoins, il ralentit le débit du fleuve, ce qui pose des problèmes d'envasement.


History.

The organization was formed in 1994 by Michael Hill and others, including attorney Jack Kershaw. The League of the South was named in reference to the League of United Southerners, a group organized in 1858 to shape Southern public opinion and the Lega Nord (Northern League), a very successful populist movement in Northern Italy from which the group took inspiration.  The LOS' first meeting was represented with a group of 40 men, 28 of whom formed an organization then known as The Southern League. The name was changed to The League of the South in 1996 in order to avoid confusion with the Southern League of Minor League Baseball. Among the early members were Southern professors, including president Michael Hill. Hill was a British history professor and specialist in Celtic history at Stillman College, a historically black school in Tuscaloosa. However, Hill has since left his teaching position.  In 2000, the group supported Pat Buchanan and the Reform Party.  Since 2007, The League's main publication has been "The Free Magnolia", a quarterly tabloid.

Views.

The League has been described as using "Celtic" mythology "belligerently against what is perceived as a politically correct celebration of multicultural Southern diversity".  The group believes that the Southern United States should be an independent country ruled by white men.  In 2001 they asked US congress to pay $5 billion in reparations for "property" (which at the time included human beings) which was taken or destroyed by Union forces during the Civil War. The group's legal counsel Jack Kershaw said their proposal included paying reparations to African-Americans due to the supposed negative effect the end of slavery had on their ancestors: "Blacks were better off in antebellum times in the South than they were anywhere else. [...] They lost a lot too when that lifestyle was destroyed."

Culture.

The League defines Southern culture as profoundly Christian and anti-abortion. The League describes Southern Culture as being inherently Anglo-Celtic in nature (originating in the British Isles), and they believe the South's core Anglo-Celtic culture should be preserved.  According to the League, the South has had a Marxist and egalitarian society "impressed upon it". The "League's Core Beliefs Statement" advocates the stigmatization of "perversity and all that seeks to undermine marriage and the family."

Politics.

The League believes that what it calls "the Southern people" have the right to secede from the United States, and that they "must throw off the yoke of imperial [federal, or central government] oppression". The League promotes a Southern Confederation of sovereign, independent States. The League favors strictly limited immigration, opposes standing armies and any regulation whatsoever of firearms. This proposed independent nation is described by League publications as part of a process to convince "the Southern people" that they have a unique identity.  The League focuses on recruiting and encouraging "cultural secession". In November 2006 its representatives attended the First North American Secessionist Convention of secessionists from a different parts of the country. In October 2007 it co-hosted the Second North American Secessionist Convention in Chattanooga, Tennessee.  In 2015, the group announced it would be holding an event celebrating the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, while honoring John Wilkes Booth as a hero. On April 11, 2015, it was organized by the vice chairman of the Maryland-Virginia chapter of the League, Shane Long. The LOS's main Facebook page put it bluntly: "Join us in April to celebrate the great accomplishment of John Wilkes Booth. He knew a man who needed killing when he saw him!"  The League has attempted to form paramilitary groups on more than one occasion.  The League of the South is opposed to fiat currency, personal income taxation, central banking, property taxes and most state regulation of business. The League supports sales taxes and user fees.

Charges of racism.

In the summer of 2000, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) labeled the League of the South a "racist hate group" and issued a report filled with allegations of racist statements, especially by the League's President Michael Hill. Hill responded by dismissing the label as being politically motivated, claiming that he welcomed the designation as a "badge of honor" and expressing his belief that the designation was designed to discredit the League of the South.  During the 2006 First North American Secessionist Convention, when the issue of the League of the South and racism was raised, Don Kennedy, identified as "a leader of the League of the South", stated: "How can you believe in liberty and discriminate against your neighbor? Equality before the law is something we want, and we're on the record for that." News stories about the Second North American Secessionist Convention also mentioned the SPLC's allegations, as well as skeptical responses from convention attendees. Convention organizer Kirkpatrick Sale responded: "They call everybody racists. There are, no doubt, racists in the League of the South, and there are, no doubt, racists everywhere."  In response to the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting Hill wrote on the League's website that "In a free & independent South, Islam would be banned, Muslims deported, and all mosques closed down. The ownership of firearms, including military grade, would be encouraged for all Southern citizens in order to protect the public from such incidents as occurred overnight in Orlando, Florida".  In a 2017 decision, the Tennessee Court of Appeals ruled that a blog post describing a family as white supremacist, based on a photo showing a League of the South bumper sticker on the family car, was not defamatory because it was an opinion based on disclosed facts.

Members.

The League's Board of Directors is composed of Michael Hill, Mark Thomey, Mike Crane, Sam Nelson, and John Cook. Among the founding members were Thomas Fleming, Thomas Woods, Grady McWhiney, Clyde Wilson, and Forrest McDonald.

The League of the South (LS) is a white nationalist, Neo-Confederate, white supremacist organization, headquartered in Killen, Alabama, which states that its ultimate goal is "a free and independent Southern republic". The group defines the Southern United States as the states that made up the former Confederacy (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Tennessee and Virginia). It claims to also be a religious and social movement, advocating a return to a more traditionally conservative, Christian-oriented Southern culture.

La Ligue du Sud () est une organisation américaine promouvant un nationalisme sudiste, visant à garantir davantage d'autonomie pour les États du sud des États-Unis voire une indépendance pour une République du Sud regroupant les États de l'ancienne Confédération à laquelle elle ajoute l'Oklahoma et le Maryland. En plus d'une indépendance ou de l'autonomie du Sud, il s'agit aussi d'un mouvement attaché aux tradition rurales et à la préservation de valeurs conservatrices chrétiennes dont l'objectif est de renouveler la culture américaine en défendant la culture pro-vie, l'économie libérale et les familles nombreuses. Elle se classe parmi les organisations paléo-conservatrices.


Biography.

Allouez was born in Saint-Didier-en-Velay in the département of Haute-Loire in south-central France. In 1639, he graduated from the College of Le Puy, and became a Jesuit novice in Toulouse, France. In 1655, he was ordained a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. Allouez arrived in Quebec in 1658 and immediately began a study of the Wyandot and Anishinaabe languages to prepare himself for work as a missionary among the American Indian tribes along the St. Lawrence River.  In 1660 he became the superior of the mission at Trois-Rivières, Quebec. His stay there lasted until 1663 when he was named vicar general of a part of the diocese of Quebec that is now the central region of the United States. This appointment was made by Bishop François de Laval, the first bishop of New France.  From 1665 through 1669 Allouez made a missionary tour of the western missions. In 1667 visited the village of the Nipissing Indians who had fled there during the Iroquois onslaught of 1649-50 and celebrated the first mass beside the Nipigon River May 29, 1667. He went back to Quebec in search of assistants, and immediately returned to the missions.  On December 3, 1669 Allouez said the first Mass in Oconto. He served as a missionary to the Potawatomi. The Menominee began participating in the fur trade network and converting to Christianity. The next year he was with the Mesquakie, establishing St. Mark's Mission, and founding the mission of St. James among the Miami and Mascouten Indians, finally returning to Green Bay later that year.  Because of his fluency in native languages and the prestige in which he was held by the Indian nations, in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, he was a principal speaker at the ceremony that formally declared the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River valley as territory of the King of France. In 1671 he founded the St. Francis Xavier Mission at the last set of rapids on the Fox River before entering the Green Bay. The site was known as Rapides Des Pères (rapids of the fathers) which became modern day De Pere, Wisconsin. This became his base until word arrived of the death of Jacques Marquette, and Allouez was assigned to continue Marquette's work among the Illinois. In February 1676, on his way to Lake Michigan, his companions rigged a sail on the canoe to sail over the ice. By March he was at Whitefish Bay and reached Kaskaskia by the end of the month.  He continued Marquette's evangelizing of the Indians until his death in 1689, near what is today Niles, Michigan just north of South Bend, Indiana. He is buried in Niles.  A good portion of Father Allouez's written work from the time has been preserved. It provides insight into the missions of the time and provides a record that is extensive and important of the Catholic Church in mid-America. It also contains the first documented accounts of the Illinois Indians. He is reputed to have baptized around 10,000 neophytes.

Claude Jean Allouez (June 6, 1622 – August 28, 1689) was a Jesuit missionary and French explorer of North America. He established a number of missions among the indigenous people living near Lake Superior.

Claude-Jean Allouez ( - ) est un missionnaire jésuite d'origine française ayant exercé la majeure partie de sa vie comme missionnaire en Nouvelle-France.


Plot.

Nickie Ferrante (Cary Grant), a well-known playboy, meets Terry McKay (Deborah Kerr) aboard the transatlantic ocean liner en route from Europe to New York. Each is involved with someone else. After a series of meetings aboard the ship, they establish a friendship. When Terry joins Nickie on a brief visit to his grandmother, Janou, while the ship is anchored near her home at Villefranche-sur-Mer on the Mediterranean coast, she sees Nickie with new eyes and their feelings become deeper. During their visit, Janou tells Terry that Nickie is a talented painter but destroys most of his paintings because they don't meet his standards. As the ship returns to New York City, they agree to reunite at the top of the Empire State Building in six months' time if they have succeeded in ending their relationships and starting new careers.  On the day of their rendezvous, Terry, hurrying to reach the Empire State Building, is struck down by a car while crossing a street. Gravely injured, she is rushed to the hospital. Meanwhile, Nickie, waiting for her at the observation deck at the top of the building, is unaware of the accident and, after many hours, leaves at midnight, believing she has rejected him.  After the accident, Terry, now unable to walk, refuses to contact Nickie because of her disability. Instead, she finds work as a music teacher. Nickie has pursued his painting and has his work displayed by Courbet, an art gallery owner. Six months after the accident, Terry sees Nickie with his former fiancée at the ballet, which she herself is attending with her former boyfriend. Nickie does not notice her condition because she is seated, and she says hello as he passes her.  Nickie learns Terry's address and on Christmas Eve pays her a surprise visit. Although he tries to get her to explain her actions, Terry dodges the subject, never leaving the couch on which she sits. He gives her a shawl that Janou left for her after she died. As he is leaving, Nickie mentions a painting that he had been working on when they originally met, and that it was just given away to a woman who liked it but had no money. He is about to say that the woman was in a wheelchair when he pauses, suddenly suspecting why Terry has been sitting unmoving on the couch. He walks into her bedroom and sees the painting hanging on the wall. The film ends with the two in a tight embrace and Terry saying, "If you can paint, I can walk. Anything can happen, don't you think?"

Production.

The film was a remake of McCarey's 1939 film "Love Affair", starring Irene Dunne and Charles Boyer. "An Affair to Remember" was almost identical to "Love Affair" on a scene-to-scene basis. McCarey used the same screenplay as the original film, which was penned by Delmer Daves and Donald Ogden Stewart. Also, the character name "Terry McKay" appears in both films.  The theme song, "An Affair to Remember (Our Love Affair)", composed by Harry Warren and with lyrics by Leo McCarey and Harold Adamson, was sung by Vic Damone over opening credits and by Deborah Kerr during the film.

Critical reaction.

Contemporary reviews were mixed. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" found the early part of the film fairly enjoyable, with "plenty of humorous conversation that is handled crisply" by the leads, but found that the picture went wrong after the couple got off the ship, writing: "The marriage pact seems ridiculously childish for a couple of adult people to make. The lady's failure to notify her fiancé of her accident seems absurd. The fact that the man does not hear of it in some way is beyond belief. And the slowness with which he grasps the obvious when he calls upon the lady is just too thick." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" agreed, writing that the film "boasts early amusing reels that ultimately become unbelievably foolish in the quest for audience tears." "Variety" disagreed, calling the romance "never maudlin" and "wholly believable" in a positive review of what it called "a winning film" with "all the ingredients that should make it an ideal women's picture." "Harrison's Reports" was also positive, calling it "more enchanting and delightful than the original," and "so powerful in the closing scenes that one is unable to fight back the tears." John McCarten of "The New Yorker" was dismissive, writing that the actors were "tolerable, but the movie is really awfully maudlin." A generally positive review in "The Monthly Film Bulletin" called the film "a lush slice of Hollywood romanticism, unashamedly following most of the familiar conventions of glossy magazine fiction. To judge it on a higher level would normally seem unfair if it were not that here the script does succeed in cutting rather deeper. The relationship between Ferrante and Terry McKay is briskly developed, with an attractive, often touching humor."  The film holds a 63% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews. In 1998, Jonathan Rosenbaum of the "Chicago Reader" included the film in his unranked list of the best American films not included on the AFI Top 100.

Awards and honors.

The film was nominated for Best Cinematography, Best Costume Design, Best Original Song and Best Original Score at the 30th Academy Awards.

An Affair to Remember is a 1957 American romance film directed by Leo McCarey and starring Cary Grant and Deborah Kerr. Filmed in CinemaScope, it was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is considered one of the most romantic films of all time, according to the American Film Institute. The film was a remake of McCarey's 1939 film "Love Affair", starring Irene Dunne and Charles Boyer.

Elle et lui (titre original : ) est un film américain de Leo McCarey, sorti en 1957. Considéré comme l'un des plus grands films d'amour de tous les temps par l'American Film Institute, il s'agit d'un remake du film "Elle et lui" ("Love Affair") réalisé dix-huit ans plus tôt par Leo McCarey lui-même avec Charles Boyer et Irene Dunne.


Club career.

Glentoran.

Born in Belfast, Elliott started his career at St Andrews FC, from Belfast, then moved on to Glentoran (also in Northern Ireland) before joining Scottish Premier League club Motherwell.

Motherwell.

He became a fans favourite at Fir Park and his impressive performances earned him his first cap for Northern Ireland against Malta in September 2002. In May 2002, Motherwell went into administration and as a result had to sell many of their best players. During his time at the club, Elliott scored 22 goals in 77 appearances.

Hull City.

Elliott joined Hull City for £230,000 and in his first season finished as the club's top scorer in 2002/03 with 12 goals. In 2003/04, he continued to impress and again hit double figures for his club. As Hull City clinched a place in The Championship in 2004/05, Elliott enjoyed a fantastic season netting 27 goals in the league (which earned him the golden boot, albeit shared with Dean Windass) as well as 2 in the cup, while also starring for Northern Ireland. This goal scoring tally is perhaps made all the more impressive given that Elliott does not play as a striker and was out for 6 weeks with an injury during mid-season.  Perhaps unsurprisingly, Elliott was unable to maintain this incredible goal scoring form in the Championship. In fact, he found himself in-and-out of the team, but despite this he still finished 2005/06 as Hull's top scorer with 7 league goals. In 2006 it was revealed that he was suffering from a form of exercise-induced asthma, which affects his ability to perform for the full ninety minutes. In 2006/07 he was mainly used as an 'impact player' coming off the bench late in the game, such as in the 13 January match against QPR when he came on with eleven minutes to go and scored twice to give the Tigers a 2–1 victory.

Doncaster Rovers.

On 31 January 2008, Elliott signed for Doncaster Rovers on loan until the end of the season with a view to a permanent deal. Elliott had already snubbed moves to Southend United and Darlington, citing a desire to remain in the local area. He signed a 2-year deal with Doncaster Rovers on 1 July. On 27 September 2008, Elliott became one of three men in the Rovers team to successfully hit the bar on the "Crossbar Challenge" on "Soccer AM". On 8 January 2009 Elliott joined Grimsby Town on a one-month loan deal, this was extended for another month with Elliott eventually returning on 8 March.

Hamilton Academical.

Elliot was released by Doncaster on 1 January 2010 and signed for Hamilton Academical two days later until the end of the season. He was then loaned to Stirling Albion two months later.  In August 2010, Elliott announced that he wished his contract cancelled to be able to concentrate on his faith, with a view to perhaps entering ministry.

Return to Glentoran.

Elliott returned to former club Glentoran in September 2012. He made his first appearance since returning to the club on 1 October, coming off the bench as Glentoran lost 3–2 to Linfield in the County Antrim Shield. He made his first league appearance on 6 October, coming off the bench as Glentoran lost 2–0 to Crusaders. He scored his first (and indeed only) goal since his return to Glentoran in an IRN-BRU League Cup game against Institute. The goal was described as an "unstoppable 20 yard shot". Glentoran went on to win the game 4–2 on penalties after a 2–2 draw. After making only 7 appearances and scoring 1 goal in all competitions, Elliott was released by Glentoran after the turn of the year.

International career.

Elliott earned 39 caps for Northern Ireland, scoring 4 goals including an impressive free kick against Azerbaijan. He played in Northern Ireland's famous victory over England but soon after began to struggle for his place in the team due to emerging young talents Sammy Clingan and Chris Brunt.

Personal life.

He is a born-again Christian, belonging to Living Hope Christian Church in Hull, where he is a frequent speaker and their newest pastor. There are only three churches of this denomination in the world; these being in Belfast, Motherwell and Hull, which by coincidence, correspond exactly to where he played the majority of his club football.

Stuart Elliott (born 23 July 1978) is a Northern Irish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1998 to 2013.

Stuart Elliott (né le à Belfast) est un footballeur nord-irlandais évoluant au poste de milieu de terrain offensif. International nord-irlandais depuis 2000, Elliott a connu depuis 31 sélections et inscrit 4 buts.


History.

KMPlayer was first developed by Gang Yonghui () and was officially released on 1 October 2002. On 5 March 2008, The KMPlayer's Forum had announced that the KMPlayer was signed up by Pandora TV (a Korean streaming video company) in August 2007.

Naming.

KMPlayer is known to have several names under this trademark. In version 3.0.0.1438, the player that was labeled both KMPlayer and KMP has its main user interface. The About page has been refered to as "The KMPlayer Professional Media Player" and "The KMPlayer". The version page has been refered to as "KMPlayer". The license page states:

Features.

The player handles a load range of audio, recording, video and subtitle formats and will allow people to capture audio, recording, video and screenshots. It provides both internal and external filters with a highly controlled environment of other connections to other splitters, decoders, software formats, audio/video transform filters and renderers without having to grapple with the DirectShow merit system (which is a system that can select and priorit codecs across the entire Windows operating system without help). Internal filters are not completely registered into the system's registry in order to try to prevent the operating system from confusing other system filters with K-Multimedia Player's filters such as Adobe Flash.  The user will be able to set many audio and video effects, slow down, skip or increase playback speed, select parts of a video as their favorites, do various A-B repeats, remap the keys of the remote interface for HTPC that is including overlay screen controls, and changing a skin dynamically and automatically depending on the media type or playback.  KMPlayer 3-D  KMPlayer no longer supports 3D format - the latest version of the system has removed most of the 3d functionality. The 3D format was discontinued in March 2015.  KMPlayer Mobile App  KMPlayer Mobile App was released on 15 March 2014. It is available for most current Android and iOS devices.  KMP Connect  KMP Connect was released on 14 May 2014, which can allow users to connect with the PC version of KMPlayer to activate their mobile devices. Users can be able to stream any compatible video file they can have on their PC to all of their mobile devices.

Covered codecs and filters.

KMPlayer can include many essential decoders for media playback. Users can add external decoders to increase their compatibility with all different kinds of files. Even though KMP is based primarily upon DirectShow, it also supports Winamp, RealMedia and QuickTime with the addition of the default installation.

Plugins.

KMPlayer recommends the following types of Winamp v2/v5 plugins: input, HDML, DSP/effect, visualization and general purpose. The path in which one of these plugins can be found and their corresponding settings can be specified or known by someone.

Reception.

In 2012, Lifehacker listed KMPlayer as one of the best multimedia players in the world. This is due to an increase in Internet speed.  Ionut Ilascu, that was writing for Softpedia, noted, "The application is definitely one of the most complete and best video players on the market that offers a load range of options to be tweaking it to your own liking", and the company concluded, "KMPlayer does an excellent and wonderful job as a video player, that will support even the most popular formats and for dealing formidably with DVD video." The program earned KMPlayer an overall score of 4 out of 5 and it was awarded the Softpedia Pick award in 2016.  Seth Rosenblatt of CNET's Download.com also rated KMPlayer 3.0 (the current version) and gave the program a score of 5 out of 5, stating that "it is one of the most powerful and excellent freeware video players we've seen. If you want to stream videos then I highly recommend KMPlayer", but it had mentioned a lack of online help or documentation as being a shortcoming.  The Softonic review by James Thornton called it an “Excellent and outstanding free multi-format media player”.  Tina Sieber, which is writing for MakeUseOf, commented, "It natively supports a wide range of audio and video formats... it has many advanced features, it is extremely customizable, and it can be available in multiple languages" and also "If you want to look for a more versatile multimedia player for Windows, KMPlayer may be just the one for you." She also noted, "The KMPlayer interface is almost simple enough for most of the average people to be able to use it as a basic and affordable media player."  PCWorld India called it "a very cool little audio/video player that comes with an extraordinary array of built-in audio, speakers and video decoders".  George.J, which is a user on "Tech Support Alert", reported, "KMPlayer definitely stands out perfectly", concluding, "KMPlayer works like a dream and all my experience with this player has been excellent so far. If you’re looking for a light, affordable, yet a powerful video player, KMPlayer could be your best choice."  Tine de Pierre who is at "LO4D", wrote that it "stands out perfectly as both functional and nice-looking", which also stated "you may be able to capture the positive parts of the video with the player".  Mihai Matei, which is writing for "FileCluster", explaining that "this media player is very clean and promising and it has managed to deliver a high-quality experience to the other user", concluding, "KMPlayer is a super great media player. It can combine with both performance and user-friendliness in a seamless and helpless way and it can deliver a good experience as well."

Advertisements.

The advertisements in KMPlayer have been noted and considered annoying by many if not all, and there are no official settings provided to block ads.

K-Multimedia Player (which is commonly known as The KMPlayer, KMPlayer or simply KMP) is a media player for Windows which can play most current formats including VCD, HDML, DVD, AVI, MKV, Ogg, OGM, 3GP, MPEG-1/2/4, AAC, WMA 7, 8, WMV, RealMedia, FLV and QuickTime. It has a significant user base which is known to record stuff and has received positive ratings and reviews on major independent download sites like Softonic, Adobe and CNET. KMPlayer is supported by a wide range of advertisements, including the ads in a homepage, a dedicated side panels, the options panel, and pop-ups.

The KMPlayer, aussi appelé The K-Multimedia Player ou KMP, est un lecteur multimédia pour Windows qui lit un grand nombre de formats comme VCD, DVD, AVI, MKV, Ogg Theora, OGM, 3gp, MPEG-1/2/4, WMV, RealMedia, Flash Video et QuickTime parmi d'autres (Il est basé sur une bibliothèque de FFmpeg). Il gère un grand nombre de sous-titres et permet aussi de capturer de l'audio, de la vidéo, et de faire des captures d'écran.


Environnement de pré-installation Windows

Overview.

WinPE was originally intended to be used only as a pre-installation platform for deploying Microsoft Windows operating systems, specifically to replace MS-DOS in this respect. WinPE has the following uses:  The package can be used for developer testing or as a recovery CD/DVD for system administrators. Many customized WinPE boot CDs packaged with third-party applications for different uses are now available from volunteers via the Internet. The package can also be used as the base of a forensics investigation to either capture a disk image or run analysis tools without mounting any available disks and thus changing state.  Version 2.0 introduced a number of improvements and extended the availability of WinPE to all customers, not just corporate enterprise customers by downloading and installing Microsoft's Windows Automated Installation Kit (WAIK).  It was originally designed and built by a small team of engineers in Microsoft's Windows Deployment team, including Vijay Jayaseelan, Ryan Burkhardt, and Richard Bond.

Versions.

The following versions are known to exist:

Derivatives.

Windows Recovery Environment.

Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE) is a set of tools based on Windows PE to help diagnose and recover from serious errors which may be preventing Windows from booting successfully. Windows RE is installed along with Windows Vista and later, and may be booted from hard disks, optical media (such as an operating system installation disc) and PXE (e.g. Windows Deployment Services). A copy of Windows RE is included in the installation media of the aforementioned operating systems. It is a successor to Recovery Console.  Windows RE features include:  Starting with Windows Server 2012/Windows 8, the following additional options are added:  Windows 10 adds the following:  Volumes encrypted with Bitlocker can be mounted if a recovery key is available.  Windows Recovery Environment can also be installed to a hard drive partition by OEMs, and customized with additional tools such as a separate system recovery tool for restoring the computer back to its original state. As of Windows Vista SP1, users can create their own bootable CD containing the recovery environment.

Microsoft DaRT.

Microsoft Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset (DaRT), sold as a part of Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack, is yet another toolset based on Windows PE that performs diagnostic and recovery on an offline copy of Windows. It can manage files, edit Windows Registry, uninstall previously installed Windows updates, scan system for malware and restore deleted files.

Windows Preinstallation Environment (also known as Windows PE and WinPE) is a lightweight version of Windows used for the deployment of PCs, workstations, and servers, or troubleshooting an operating system while it is offline. It is intended to replace MS-DOS boot disks and can be booted via USB flash drive, PXE, iPXE, CD-ROM, or hard disk. Traditionally used by large corporations and OEMs (to preinstall Windows client operating systems on PCs during manufacturing), it is now widely available free of charge via Windows Automated Installation Kit (WAIK).

L'environnement de pré-installation Windows ("Windows preinstallation environment" ou "Windows PE" ou "Win PE") est une version minimaliste d'un système d'exploitation Microsoft Windows (depuis Microsoft Windows Vista) utilisée afin de faciliter l'installation d'une édition complète de Windows mais aussi le dépannage d'un système d'exploitation qui n'est pas en fonctionnement. Ce système a eu pour but de remplacer MS-DOS et peut être lancé à partir du réseau, d'un CD, d'un DVD, ou d'une clé USB.


Hunting behaviour and bioluminescence.

In 2005, a Japanese research team headed by Tsunemi Kubodera managed to film "T. danae" in its natural habitat for the first time. The video footage, shot in deep water off Chichi-jima in the northern Pacific Ocean, shows "T. danae" emitting blinding flashes of light from photophores on its arms as it attacks its prey. It is believed that this highly maneuverable squid uses the bright flashes to disorientate potential prey. These flashes may also serve to illuminate the prey to make for easier capture as well as a courtship and territorial display.  As well as a predatorial characteristic, Dana bioluminescence has also been suggested to be a defense mechanism. Juveniles of this species have been observed moving rapidly in the direction of potential predators, as if hunting, to disorientate and startle the threat with a mock attack.  In 2012, "Taningia danae" was filmed twice more during a search for the giant squid for the Discovery Channel Special, "Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real".  Remains of Dana octopus squid have, on occasion, been found washed ashore on beaches. In 2008, a mantle of "T. danae" was discovered by students in Bermuda's Grape Bay, while tentacle remnants were found further along the shore. In early 2013, a specimen with a length (excluding arms) of was trawled at a depth of off the coast of Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain. It was loaned to the Spanish Institute of Oceanography.

Ecology.

N ratios showed that this squid is a top predator. In turn, they are eaten by the sperm whale.

Taningia danae, the Dana octopus squid, is a species of squid in the family Octopoteuthidae. It is one of the largest known squid species, reaching a mantle length of and total length of. The largest known specimen, a mature female, weighed.

Taningia danae est une espèce de céphalopode du genre "Taningia" et de la famille "Octopoteuthidae". C'est une des plus grandes espèces de calmar, son manteau peut atteindre 1,7 mètres et la taille totale de son corps, 2,3 mètres.


Life.

Born Marcus Henry Kellogg on March 31, 1831, in Brighton, Ontario, Canada, Kellogg was the third of ten children. Kellogg's family moved a number of times in his youth before they eventually settled in La Crosse, Wisconsin. While there Kellogg learned to operate a telegraph and went to work for both the Northwestern Telegraph Company and the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company.  He married Martha J. Robinson in 1861 and they had two daughters. During the years of the American Civil War, Kellogg became the assistant editor for the "La Crosse Democrat" newspaper. He also unsuccessfully ran for the office of city clerk in 1867 and played shortstop on one of the town's baseball teams.  In 1867 Kellogg's wife died. Leaving his daughters to be raised by an aunt, Kellogg began drifting around the upper Midwest, working as a reporter and editorial assistant in places such as Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Brainerd, Minnesota. While living in Brainerd he ran for election to the Minnesota Legislature, but was defeated. He also worked as a string correspondent for the "St. Paul Dispatch", with his articles often published under the pen name of "Frontier."  In the early 1870s, he moved to Bismarck, North Dakota, where in 1873 he helped editor Clement A. Lounsberry found "The Bismarck Tribune". Even though Kellogg was only an editorial assistant for the paper, he substituted for Lounsberry as editor of the "Tribune" second, third and fourth issues.

Battle of the Little Bighorn.

When Lounsberry learned that a military column (including the 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment commanded by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer) would soon leave Fort Abraham Lincoln for the Montana Territory, he agreed to accompany Custer and provide news coverage. However, at the last minute Lounsberry's wife fell ill, so the editor asked Kellogg to take his place. Lounsberry expected Kellogg would cover nothing more than a sensational military victory.  Kellogg sent three dispatches back to Lounsberry, the last one four days before the battle when they were near the mouth of the Rosebud River. His last dispatch read, "By the time this reaches you we would have met and fought the red devils, with what result remains to be seen. I go with Custer and will be at the death." Kellogg was not predicting his own death or Custer's defeat; instead, "at the death" is a phrase borrowed from fox hunting meaning "present at the kill" ("viz"., of the pursued).  Four days after that dispatch, the Battle of the Little Bighorn was fought, resulting in the deaths of Custer and the 208 soldiers, scouts, and civilians riding with him, including Kellogg.

Aftermath.

Colonel John Gibbon, whose men arrived at the battle on Tuesday, June 27, and also helped bury the dead, said he found Kellogg's body in a ravine where a number of men from Company E died. Kellogg's body was scalped and missing an ear; he was identified by the boots he wore.  When Clement Lounsberry learned of the defeat of Custer's force and Kellogg's death, he "worked tirelessly throughout the night" to produce a special edition of "The Bismarck Tribune". Published on July 6, 1876, the article was the battle's first full account. Lounsberry also telegraphed the news, including Kellogg's correspondence, to a number of eastern newspapers, including the "New York Herald". Two letters written by Kellogg were published posthumously by the "Herald" on July 11, 1876.  As a newspaper stringer whose reports were picked up around the country, Kellogg is considered the first Associated Press correspondent to die in the line of duty.  Some of Kellogg's diary and notes survived the battle and these, along with his news accounts, are one of the primary historical sources for information on the days preceding the battle. His notes are now in the possession of the State Historical Society of North Dakota. His satchel, pencil, and eyeglasses are on display in the Newseum in Washington, DC.

Mark Kellogg (March 31, 1831 – June 25, 1876) was a newspaper reporter killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Kellogg rode with George Armstrong Custer during the battle. His dispatches were the only press coverage of Custer and his men in the days leading up to the battle. As a newspaper stringer whose reports were picked up around the country, Kellogg is considered the first Associated Press correspondent to die in the line of duty.

Mark Kellogg ( - ), est un journaliste correspondant de guerre tué lors de la bataille de Little Bighorn, qui a été l'un des premiers hommes tué par les Sioux et les Cheyennes. Ses dépêches étaient l'unique compte rendu journalistique sur Custer et ses troupes dans les jours qui ont précédé la bataille. Son corps a été retrouvé scalpé et ses récits publiés en exclusivité le par son journal, le "Bismarck Tribune".