Synopsis.

In 1997 in Istanbul, Turkey, Ömer Uçar (Ismail Filiz) and his family lived a comfortable lower middle-class life, until one day his life was changed forever. Ömer had two best friends that he had known for years, Ali and Cengiz. Ömer worked with Ali (Barış Falay) as a motor mechanic, and Cengiz (Yiğit Özşener) when Ömer met and fell in love with Eyşan (Cansu Dere). Ali and Cengiz soon become convinced by Serdar Tezcan (Salih Kalyon), who is also Eyşan's father, to rob a casino. Serdar devises the whole scheme, and figures that it will require four people to pull off a successful robbery. Cengiz was up first in the plot to rob the casino, he was the mole and was working there in order to gain access. Ali comes into play next as the ruthless killer on the night of the robbery. The third accomplice is Eyşan (Cansu Dere), the skilled con-woman who manipulates men for their money as a career and this time her victim would be Ömer. In Serdar's plan, Ömer would be the fourth person to complete the job. Ömer is blamed for the robbery by way of implanting false evidence, misleading the police and ceasing all other investigations on the matter. Serdar's primary motive was the money, though his love for a good con also played a role. Eyşan's, Cengiz' and Ali's motives would be revealed later in the series.  Ali and Cengiz at the time believed that Ömer would only get a few years in jail for stealing the money; however, the robbery went wrong and Ali had to shoot and kill the security guard. The same gun that was used in the robbery was pointed at Ömer by Cengiz just a few days before the crime. After having too many drinks, Cengiz, in a drunken state and wearing gloves, points the gun at Ömer, after which he manages to take the gun away from Cengiz only to leave his prints on the gun, sealing his fate. Further evidence to implicate Ömer to the crime is a jacket that he had previously worn which was also dumped with the gun ensuring the police a swift arrest.  In 1997, when Ömer was blamed for the crime, the commissar (played by Mesut Akusta) went to the prison cell where Ömer was in there for a couple hours. Whilst the chief commissar was inside the cell, he kept inquiring about the whereabouts of the money, even though Ömer kept denying having done the robbery. Because of his lack of cooperation, Ömer was beaten up for hours. Afterwards, during Ömer's trial, the judge showed the picture of the murder weapon used in the robbery, a gun, and a picture of a similarly related jacket. Although Ömer was still insisting that he was innocent, a witness was called to the stand. That witness was revealed to be Eyşan, who falsely testified that it was Ömer who robbed the casino and murdered the security guard. In anger, he escaped from the clutches of the[clarification needed]  Eyşan's testimony was to re-establish the evidence and accusations, cementing her betrayal. The plan worked successfully and all the while Ali, Cengiz, Serdar and Eyşan got away with murder and millions of dollars. Ömer went to jail for the crime he didn't commit the day after he proposed to Eyşan. During his incarceration, Ömer had some very hard times, being beaten almost daily by the chief prison warden who was convinced that Ömer had indeed committed the crime, and wanted to know the exact whereabouts of the money. His family was even threatened, and so his hatred for his old friends grew for what they had done to him. Ömer's only luck was to be taken under the wing of Ramiz Karaeski (referred to as Uncle Ramiz, played by Tuncel Kurtiz), once a powerful mafia type figure who treated Ömer like one of his sons and offered him some protection while imprisoned.  In 2005, Ömer had his face badly cut by the chief warden with two other guards by using a riot in the prison as an excuse to beat Ömer, so he would tell where the money was. Ömer pretended to tell him, so that when the warden dismissed the other guards, a fight to the death meant the head warden was killed. With help from Ramiz, it was made known that Ömer had died but his face was unrecognisable, when actually Ömer escaped the jail and had full plastic surgery. Ömer Uçar then changes his name to Ezel Bayraktar (meaning "eternity" in Turkish), played by Kenan İmirzalıoğlu), and returns to get his revenge, unknown to his previous friends, Eyşan and Cengiz (who are now married and have a son), and Ali (who is head of security at Cengiz's hotel) The once simple boy becomes a man exceptionally skilled at gambling, reading people, and fighting, and has considerably high class in society. He is helped by his assistants Kamil (Güray Kip) and Sebnem (Bade İşçil), as well as his prison mentor Ramiz Karaeski.  Eyşan's motive for framing Ömer was to save her sister Bahar's life. Serdar explained to Eyşan that Bahar was terminally ill and would need expensive treatment out of the country at better medical facilities, such as in England. The money would be the only way to pay for that treatment. A torn Eyşan ultimately chose to send her love to what she thought would be a short prison sentence in exchange for her sister's recovery. Cengiz went along with the plan because he fell in love with Eyşan the moment he saw her, and he would do anything she asked. Besides, Cengiz figured that with Ömer in prison he would have a clear path to winning Eyşan's heart.  Ali's motive was the big mystery. Like Eyşan, he greatly regretted sending Ömer to prison, and much later in the series it was revealed that he did so only at Eyşan's prodding. She reminded him that Ali's own father had gone to prison years earlier, having taken the blame for Ali's accidental fatal shooting of a young boy when Ali was a teenager. Ali's father made his son promise him to "become a big man," and so Ali figured his time was running out, and the casino robbery would give him the money and power that would fulfill his promise to his father.  As the first season closes, Ömer, now Ezel, eventually reveals his identify to his former friends, after he believes that he has punished them enough. A second plot comes to the forefront, however, and intertwines with the first. A new villain emerges, more powerful than Ramiz in terms of connections, considered the most powerful man in Turkey, in fact: Kenan Birkan. It turns out that Ramiz and Kenan were best friends 30 years earlier, bitterly torn apart by their common love interest, Selma. It is also revealed that even though Ramiz genuinely loves Ömer/Ezel like a son, part of why he groomed him was to create a good and trustworthy right-hand man to help him battle Kenan.  As the second and final season winds to an ultimate conclusion, the plot moves along at a furious pace, with main characters killed off in substantially every episode. In the final episode (71), the only ones left standing are Ezel, Eyşan, their young son, Ezel's mother and father, Ali, his wife (Ramiz' daughter) Azad, their baby boy Tevfik aka "Tefo" (named after Ali's deceased right-hand man and dear friend), Bade (Ezel's brief love interest), and Sebnem, Tevfik's widow. Ezel (Ömer) and Eyşan have recaptured their love, but an insanely jealous Cengiz rapes Eyşan and nearly kills her, informing the police that Ezel did it. As she lies in the hospital in critical condition, Eyşan reveals that it was Cengiz and not Ezel who did that to her. Meanwhile, Ezel and Ali catch up with Cengiz at a lighthouse and kill him. Ezel then returns to the hospital where the doctors tell him that Eyşan has only a few hours left to live. She wants to die in Ömer's arms.  In a vague and rather metaphysical conclusion, Ezel and Eyşan ride on a train as Eyşan's eyes close and it appears that she has died. Ezel then drinks some liquid from a ring that Ramiz had given him with the instructions never to "wear the ring" (i.e., drink from it) unless he was ready for a new life. Ezel's eyes also close and he tells Eyşan that he is coming to be with her, and that Bahar (who had been killed much earlier in the series) is waiting for them, too. The camera pans to other passengers on the train, the beloved friends and family of Ömer and Eyşan that had been killed, including Ramiz, Bahar, and Ezel's little brother, Mert.  In the final scene, a young man on a motorcycle pulls up to the lighthouse and tells the guard "I am here to see my father." When asked to identify himself, the young man reveals he is Ömer's son. As he approaches the door, the camera shows a silhouette of a man opening the door, and making a gesture as if to scratch his head, much like Ömer/Ezel used to. The audience is left wondering what really happened: Whether that is Ezel, whether he died on that train with Eyşan, or whether he lived. Whether that liquid in the ring was poison or not. Whether or not the train scene, in fact, was real or imagined. That all leaves the possibility of a third season wide open, even though most of the characters have been killed off.

Location.

The story is set in Istanbul, Turkey. Filming took place in North Cyprus, Croatia, England and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Ezel in other languages.

"Ezel" was translated multiple times and broadcast in foreign channels, most notably to :  The movie has been sold to over 100 countries.

Spin-offs.

Armenia's leading TV channel, Shant TV, purchased the script rights to the show and produced its own TV series featuring local actors and actresses who resemble their Turkish peers. The Armenian producers hid the fact that the show was originally a Turkish production, fearing protests from the Armenian audience.

Ezel () is a Turkish crime drama TV series that was initially broadcast by Show TV in fall 2009. In 2010 it was transferred to ATV. It has gained a considerably large fan base in Turkey since. Although it is set in modern-day Istanbul, filming also took place in North Cyprus, Croatia, and England. There are 71 episodes, roughly 90 minutes each (though the season 1 and season 2 finales are 120 minutes long). The series came to an end after two seasons. The series is an adaptation of Alexandre Dumas' 1844 novel "The Count of Monte Cristo".

Ezel est une série télévisée turque créée par Kerem Deren. La série, dont la diffusion a débuté le sur la chaîne de télévision hertzienne Show TV, a ensuite été diffusée sur la chaîne ATV du au.


Education and career.

Ludwig Mond was born into a Jewish family in Kassel, Germany. His parents were Meyer Bär (Moritz) Mond and Henrietta Levinsohn. After attending schools in his home town, he studied chemistry at the University of Marburg under Hermann Kolbe and at the University of Heidelberg under Robert Bunsen but he never gained a degree. He then worked in factories in Germany and the Netherlands before coming to England to work at the factory of John Hutchinson & Co in Widnes in 1862. He worked in Utrecht for the firm of P. Smits & de Wolf from 1864 to 1867 and then returned to Widnes. Here he formed a partnership with John Hutchinson and developed a method to recover sulphur from the by-products of the Leblanc process, which was used to manufacture soda.  In 1872 Mond got in touch with the Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay who was developing a better process to manufacture soda, the ammonia-soda or Solvay process. The following year he went into partnership with the industrialist John Brunner to work on bringing the process to commercial viability. They established the business of Brunner Mond & Company, building a factory at Winnington, Northwich. Mond solved some of the problems in the process that had made mass production difficult, and by 1880 he had turned it into a commercially sound process. Within 20 years the business had become the largest producer of soda in the world.  Mond continued to research new chemical processes. He discovered nickel carbonyl, a previously unknown compound and the first-discovered in the class of metal carbonyls, which could be easily decomposed to produce pure nickel from its ores through the Mond process. He founded the Mond Nickel Company to exploit this. Ores from nickel mines in Canada were given preliminary enrichment there and then shipped to Mond's works at Clydach, near Swansea, Wales for final purification.

Honours and benefactions.

Mond supported scientific societies and, with Henry Roscoe, helped to expand the small Lancashire Chemical Society into the nationwide Society of Chemical Industry of which he was elected president in 1888. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1891. Abroad, he was elected to membership of the German Chemical Society, the Società Reale of Naples, and the. He received honorary doctorates from the universities of Padua, Heidelberg, Manchester and Oxford and was awarded the grand cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy.  He was a benefactor to a number of scientific organisations including the Royal Society, the Italian Accademia dei Lincei and the Royal Institution of Great Britain. In his will he left bequests to the town of Kassel and to a number of Jewish charities. In his later years he had built up a collection of old master paintings and he left the greater proportion of these to the National Gallery, London. His wife left a large collection of materials relating to German literature to King's College, London.  The Royal Society of Chemistry awards the Ludwig Mond Award in his honour. A statue of him, designed by Édouard Lantéri (1912), stands in front of the former Brunner Mond offices in Winnington, flanked by a statue of Brunner.

Family and personal.

In October 1866 Mond married his cousin Frida Löwenthal (1847–1923) in her native town of Cologne. They soon moved to England and had two sons, Robert and Alfred. In 1880 he took British nationality. While he was establishing his business the family lived at Winnington and in 1884 they moved to London. From the early 1890s on, he spent most of his winters in Rome at his home there. This home, the Palazzo Zuccari, was first leased and then (1904) bought in the name of his wife's friend Henriette Hertz, who developed it into a study centre for the history of art now called Bibliotheca Hertziana. He died in his London home, 'The Poplars', Avenue Road, near Regent's Park. Although he had never practised any religion he was buried with Jewish rites at St Pancras cemetery where his sons erected a mausoleum. His estate was valued at £1 million.

Ludwig Mond (7 March 1839 – 11 December 1909) was a German-born chemist and industrialist who took British nationality. He discovered an important, previously unknown, class of compounds called metal carbonyls.

Ludwig Mond ( - ) est un chimiste et un industriel d'origine allemande qui a pris la nationalité britannique. C'est l'un des fondateurs et propriétaires de "Brunner Mond", société pour laquelle il a mis au point différents procédés industriels, dont celui de la production de soude.


Description.

Wet-season form.

The upperside of males is white with the forewing having the costa from base to base of vein 11 dusky black and then jet black continuing into a widened and curving short streak along the discocellulars to the lower apex of the cell; apical area diagonally with the termen black, the former with six elongate outwardly pointed spots of the ground colour enclosed one in each of the interspaces 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9. Hindwing: uniform, the black along the venation on the underside seen through by transparency; termen between veins 2 and 6 somewhat broadly black, with a series of four round spots of the ground colour in the interspaces; below vein 2 and above vein 6 the termen is very narrowly black. Underside: forewing white, markings similar, more clearly defined, the white spots within the black apical area larger. Hindwing: yellowish white, all the reins very broadly bordered with black; interspaces 1, 2, 6, and 7 with crossbars of black, beyond which there is a subterminal, somewhat broad, transverse band of black between veins 2 and 6. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings white alternated with black. The ground colour on both upper and undersides variable, often cream coloured above; beneath: in some specimens, the base of cell and the elongate spots in apical area of forewing, and the whole surface of the hindwing varies to rich chrome yellow.  Female similar; the black markings on both upper and undersides broader, the white spots on black apical area of forewing often sub-obsolete above.  Antennae in both sexes black, sparsely sprinkled with white dots; head, thorax and abdomen above and below white: thorax above often bluish grey.

Dry-season form.

The dry-season form is similar to the wet-season form but on the upperside the black markings are narrower, the white markings on the black apical area of forewing broader and longer, and on the hindwing the narrow inner margining to the black on the termen very narrow, somewhat obsolescent; therefore, the white subterminal spots have the appearance of opening inwards. Underside: ground colour almost pure white; on the hindwing slightly tinged with yellow. Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen as in the wet-season form.  Wingspan of 44–62 mm.  Race "taprobana", Moore. (Sri Lanka) Differs from the typical form as follows: Male upperside, forewing: deep black on apical area, the enclosed white elongate spots more or less obsolete. Hindwing: the black terminal border much broader and of a deeper black, the enclosed white spots, except the spot in interspace 6, very much smaller, somewhat obsolescent, sometimes absent in interspace 4. Underside: similar to the upperside, the markings of a very intense black and broader, the enclosed spots in the apical area of forewing, the white of the cell and the area along the upper half of the wing generally overlaid with rich chrome yellow. Hindwing: ground colour a deep rich chrome yellow, the spots on it enclosed in the black along terminal margin subhastate (somewhat spear shaped), the spot in interspace 4 absent.  The female is similar to the male on both upper and undersides, but in most specimens, on the upperside, the spots of the white ground colour that are enclosed in the black apical area of the forewing and the spots on the black border along the terminal margin of the hindwing are entirely absent.

Distribution.

The species lives in Sri Lanka, the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at elevations below, and through the plains to southern India. In the Nilgiris observed up to (George Hampson). To the west it spreads through Persia and Arabia to East Africa. The species occurs over the greater part of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Life cycle.

Food plants of the larvae include "Capparis zeylanica". In Africa, the host plants are almost exclusively from the family Capparaceae and in particular the genera "Boscia", "Maerua" and "Capparis". Eggs are laid in batches of 20 or so, while the newly hatched larvae are gregarious.

Belenois aurota, the pioneer or pioneer white or caper white, is a small to medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites, which is found in South Asia and Africa. In Africa, it is also known as the brown-veined white, and is well known during summer and autumn when large numbers migrate north-east over the interior.

Belenois aurota est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Pieridae, de la sous-famille des Pierinae et du genre "Belenois".


Political career.

Ortega has occupied different positions inside the PRI of Yucatán. In 1998 she was elected municipal president (mayor) of Dzemul, Yucatán. In 2001 she served as local deputy in the Congress of Yucatán and in 2003 she was elected as a federal deputy representing Yucatán's Second District. In 2006 she was elected senator, to serve from 2006 to 2012, but she left that position after two months to run for Governor of Yucatán in the 2007 Yucatán gubernatorial election. Ortega won the election to serve as governor from 2007 to 2012 (the term was originally set to end in 2013 but a state reform was made to have the state election coincide with the 2012 presidential election in Mexico). She was inaugurated as governor on August 1, 2007.

Candidate for Governor.

In 2006 she expressed her intention to be candidate of her party for Governor of Yucatán in the 2007 elections and asked permission to leave her duties as a senator. Her nomination was a surprise, because she had occupied the post of senator for only two months (with her alternate, Renán Cleominio Zoreda Novelo, sworn in on October 30), and faced candidates with more political career than her.  On December 4, 2006, the PRI's National Executive Committee was presented the results of the Consulta Mitofsky poll conducted between Ortega and 5 other candidates in the PRI party of Yucatán: Carlos Sobrino Sierra, Erick Rubio Barthell, Dulce María Sauri, Orlando Paredes Lara and Rubén Calderón Cecilio. Ortega was the most favored by the Yucatecans, and consequently was declared a candidate of unity with the agreement of the rest of the candidates. Again her victory was considered a surprise because the former interim governor Dulce María Sauri had been seen as the favorite. On January 13, 2007 she was sworn as the PRI candidate for the governorship of Yucatan.  On February 26 her candidacy was endorsed by the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico and the Alliance for Yucatan Party, which formed a three-party coalition with PRI for the 25 local deputations and 106 municipalities.

Federal deputy.

The PRI placed Ortega Pacheco on its list for proportional representation federal deputies from the third electoral region in 2015, sending her to the Chamber of Deputies for the LXIII Legislature. She presides over the Communicaciones Commission and also sits on the Constitutional Points and Rules and Parliamentary Practices Commissions.

Electoral history.

Alleged corruption.

Unfinished hospital in Tekax, Yucatan.

In February 2015 the ex governor of Yucatan Ivonne Ortega Pacheco was accused by the ex governor of Yucatan Patricio Patrón Laviada of deviating funds for the construction of a hospital in Tekax in the amount of at least 112 million Mexican pesos. Patrón Laviada started the construction of the hospital in 2006, with had an estimated cost of 52.07 million Mexican pesos. Leaving the hospital with a progress of 67%, Patrón Laviada left office in 2007, year in which Ortega Pacheco became governor of Yucatan. By 2010 governor Ortega Pacheco had spent more than 100 million Mexican pesos in the further construction of the hospital, which she never finished.  In 2016 the governor of Yucatán Rolando Zapata Bello made an investment of 80 million Mexican pesos in order to finish the hospital, which should start operations at the end of 2016.

Controversy.

The Palace of Mayan Civilization: unfinished.

The Palace of Mayan Civilization, conceived as the first piece of a “Mayan Disneyland” in Yucatan has been abandoned since 2012. About 90 million Mexican pesos were spent in the development of the project.  Located 11.5 kilometres of Pisté, the project had 520,000 square meters for its development. In the first stage a parking lot and the foundations for 5 building would be built. This stage counted with 70 million Mexican pesos of federal funds. The second and third stages would have had an estimated cost of 140 million Mexican pesos, but in 2012 the project was postponed until 2014, which already had a 50% progress. However, in November 2014, the 13 thousand square meters of construction, which started on December 21 of 2009, were abandoned and have started to be swallowed by the jungle.

Gran Museo del Mundo Maya: financial disaster.

With a progress of 90%, the (Great Museum of the Maya World) was inaugurated in September 2012 by Ivonne Ortega Pacheco. The museum, one of Ortega Pacheco's main projects, proved to be a financial disaster.  Ortega Pacheco informed that the total cost of the building would be of 411 million Mexican pesos. However, the state government will have to pay for the construction and operation of the museum 4,643 million Mexican pesos during 21 years at a yearly rate of 221.1 million Mexican pesos, according to information based on official documents obtained by Mayaleaks.

Ivonne Aracely Ortega Pacheco (born November 27, 1972) is a Mexican politician from Yucatán affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), former Governor of Yucatán and current federal deputy to the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress. She is Yucatan's first elected female governor, although the second to serve, after Dulce María Sauri who served as interim governor from 1991 to 1994. She is the sixth woman to serve as governor of a Mexican state.

Ivonne Aracelly Ortega Pacheco, née le à Dzemul, Yucatán, est une femme politique mexicaine. Elle est gouverneure de l'État mexicain du Yucatán de 2007 à 2012.


Positions.

According to MADD's website, "The mission of Mothers Against Drunk Driving is to end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes and prevent underage drinking." Generally MADD favors strict policy in a variety of areas, including an illegal blood alcohol content of.08% or lower and using stronger sanctions for DUI offenders, including mandatory jail sentences, treatment for alcoholism and other alcohol abuse issues, ignition interlock devices, and license suspensions; maintaining the minimum legal drinking age at 21 years; mandating alcohol breath-testing ignition interlock devices (IIDs) for everyone convicted of driving while legally impaired.  MADD's founder Candace Lightner left the group in 1985. In 2002, as reported by "The Washington Times", Lightner stated that MADD "has become far more neo-prohibitionist than I had ever wanted or envisioned... I didn't start MADD to deal with alcohol. I started MADD to deal with the issue of drunk driving".  Author Susan Cheever and the SAGE "Encyclopedia of Social Problems" have said MADD is a manifestation of the temperance movement. MADD "supports a substantial increase in taxation on alcoholic beverages as a means of covering the cost to society caused by misuse of alcohol". MADD "advocates that schools and other organizations hosting social and athletic gatherings for youth take positive steps to ensure that alcoholic beverages not be present at those gatherings".

History.

On May 3, 1980, Cari Lightner, a 13-year-old girl, was killed by a drunken hit-and-run driver at Sunset and New York Avenues in Fair Oaks, California. The 46-year-old driver, who had recently been arrested for another DUI hit-and-run, left Cari's body at the scene. Cari's mother, Candace (Candy) Lightner, organized Mothers Against Drunk Driving and subsequently served as its founding president. A 1983 television movie about Lightner garnered publicity for the group, which grew rapidly.  In the early 1980s, the group attracted the attention of the United States Congress. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) did not like the fact that youth in New Jersey could easily travel to New York to purchase alcoholic beverages, circumventing New Jersey's law restricting consumption to those 21 years old and older.  The group had its greatest success with the enacting of a 1984 federal law, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, that introduced a federal penalty (a 5%—later raised to 10%—loss of federal highway dollars), for states that did not raise the minimum legal age for the purchase and possession of alcohol to 21. After the United States Supreme Court upheld the law in the 1987 case of "South Dakota v. Dole", every state and the District of Columbia made the necessary adjustments by 1988 (but not the territories of Puerto Rico and Guam). However, in July 2010 Guam raised its drinking age to 21.  In 1985, Lightner objected to the shifting focus of MADD, and left her position with the organization.  In 1988, a drunk driver traveling the wrong way on Interstate 71 in Kentucky caused a head-on collision with a school bus. Twenty-seven people died and dozens more were injured in the ensuing fire. Known as the Carrollton bus disaster, it equaled another bus crash in Kentucky in 1958 as the deadliest bus crash in US history. In the aftermath, several parents of the victims became actively involved in MADD and one became its national president.  In 1989, MADD Canada was founded.  In 1994, "The Chronicle of Philanthropy" released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility. The study showed that MADD was ranked as the "most popular charity/non-profit in America of over 100 charities researched with 51% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing 'Love' and 'Like A Lot' for MADD".  MADD released its first "Rating the States" report, grading the states in their progress against drunk driving, in 1991. "Rating the States" has been released four times since then.  In 1999, MADD's National Board of Directors unanimously voted to change the organization's mission statement to include the prevention of underage drinking.  In 2002, MADD announced its "Eight-Point Plan". This consisted of:  In a November 2006 press release, MADD launched its 'Campaign to Eliminate Drunk Driving': this is a four-point plan to completely eliminate drunk driving in the United States using a combination of current technology (such as alcohol ignition interlock devices), new technology in smart cars, law enforcement, and grass roots activism.  MADD's national president was Millie I. Webb in 2002. Chuck Hurley became MADD CEO in 2005. He retired in June 2010 and was replaced by Kimberly Earle, who had been CEO of Susan G. Komen for the Cure since 2007. Earle left to become the president of a new foundation of Sanford Health in January 2012, the Edith Sanford Breast Cancer Foundation. Debbie Weir replaced her as MADD's CEO.

Funding.

According to Obama-Coburn Federal Funding Accountability Transparency Act of 2006, MADD received $56,814 in funds from the federal government in fiscal year 2000, and a total of $9,593,455 between fiscal years 2001 and 2006.  In 1994, "Money" magazine reported that telemarketers raised over $38 million for MADD, keeping nearly half of it in fees. This relationship continues to date.  In 2001, "Worth" magazine listed MADD as one of its "100 best charities".  In 2005, "USA Today" reported that the American Institute of Philanthropy was reducing MADD from a "C" to a "D" in its ratings. The Institute noted that MADD categorizes much of its fundraising expenses as "educational expenses", and that up to 58% of its revenue was expended on what the Institute considered fundraising and management.  Charity Navigator rated MADD at 63.53 out of 100 on its financial rating scale and 96.00 out of 100 on its accountability and transparency scale for its 2013 fiscal year. MADD reported that it spent 24.4% of its total expenses on fundraising that year.  In 2014 MADD spent over $9 million on fundraising activities according to its 2014 tax return.

Activities and criticisms.

Radley Balko, an advocate for decriminalizing drunk driving, argued in a December 2002 article that MADD's policies were becoming overbearing. "In fairness, MADD deserves credit for raising awareness of the dangers of driving while intoxicated. It was almost certainly MADD's dogged efforts to spark public debate that effected the drop in fatalities since 1980, when Candy Lightner founded the group after her daughter was killed by a drunk driver," Balko wrote. "But MADD is at heart a bureaucracy, a big one. It boasts an annual budget of $45 million, $12 million of which pays for salaries, pensions and benefits. Bureaucracies don't change easily, even when the problems they were created to address change." Charity Watch gives MADD a "C-" grade.

Drunk driving laws.

MADD was heavily involved in lobbying to reduce the legal limit for blood alcohol from BAC.10 to BAC.08. In 2000, this standard was passed by Congress and by 2004, every state had a legal.08 BAC limit. MADD Canada has called for a maximum legal BAC of.05. Although many MADD leaders have supported a lower limit, MADD has not called for a legal limit of.05 in the United States.

Victim impact panels.

MADD promotes the use of victim impact panels (VIPs), in which judges require DWI offenders to hear victims or relatives of victims of drunk driving crashes relate their experiences. MADD received $5,547,693 in 2010 from VIPs; much of this income was voluntary donations by those attending as some states do not allow a fee to be charged to offenders for non-legislative programs. Other states like California and Georgia require that a fee be paid in order to attend. In California this fee ranges from $25 to $50 depending on the county and in Georgia this fee is $50. Some states in the United States, such as Massachusetts, permit victims of all crimes, including drunk driving accidents, to give victim impact statements prior to sentencing so that judges and prosecutors can consider the impact on victims in deciding on an appropriate sentence to recommend or impose. The presentations are often emotional, detailed, and graphic, and focus on the tragic negative consequences of DWI and alcohol-related crashes. According to the John Howard Society, some studies have shown that permitting victims to make statements and to give testimony is psychologically beneficial to them and aids in their recovery and in their satisfaction with the criminal justice system. A New Mexico study suggested that the VIPs tended to be perceived as confrontational by multiple offenders. Such offenders then had a higher incidence of future offenses.

"Grand Theft Auto".

On April 29, 2008 MADD issued a press release criticizing the video game "Grand Theft Auto IV" saying it was "extremely disappointed" with the manufacturers. MADD has called on the ESRB to re-rate the game to Adults Only. They also called on the manufacturer (Rockstar) "to consider a stop in distribution – if not out of responsibility to society then out of respect for the millions of victims/survivors of drunk driving." Players can drive drunk in "Grand Theft Auto IV" but doing so makes it harder to drive. The game also explicitly recommends that the player take a taxi instead of driving, and the character makes humorous remarks suggesting that it is bad to drive drunk. Ignoring these will lead to consequences: if any police officer is around while the player is drunk driving, the player immediately becomes wanted by the police.

Blood alcohol content.

Prior to MADD's influence, drunk driving laws addressed the danger by making it a criminal offense to drive a vehicle while impaired — that is, while "under the influence of alcohol"; the amount of alcohol in the body was evidence of that impairment. The level specified at that time — commonly, 0.15% — was high enough to indicate drunkenness rather than impairment. In part due to MADD's influence, all 50 states have now passed laws making it a criminal offense to drive with a designated level of alcohol of.08% or higher.

Sobriety checkpoints.

MADD writes that "opponents of sobriety checkpoints tend to be those who drink and drive frequently and are concerned about being caught".  Radley Balko, opponent of limits on drunk driving and writer for "Reason Magazine", discusses the possible social implications of some of MADD's policies in a 2002 article. He writes, "In its eight-point plan to 'jump-start the stalled war on drunk driving,' MADD advocates the use of highly publicized but random roadblocks to find drivers who have been drinking."

Beer taxes.

Balko criticizes MADD for not advocating higher excise taxes on distilled spirits, even though it campaigns for higher excise taxes for beer. He writes, "Interestingly, MADD refrains from calling for an added tax on distilled spirits, an industry that the organization has partnered with on various drunk driving awareness projects." MADD writes, "Currently, the federal excise tax is $.05 per can of beer, $.04 for a glass of wine and $.12 for a shot of distilled spirits, which all contain about the same amount of alcohol." Point 7 of MADD's 8-Point Plan is to "Increase beer excise taxes to equal the current excise tax on distilled spirits".

Breath alcohol ignition interlock devices.

Additionally, MADD has proposed that breath alcohol ignition interlock devices should be installed in all new cars. Tom Incantalupo wrote: "Ultimately, the group said yesterday, it wants so-called alcohol interlock devices factory-installed in all new cars. "The main reason why people continue to drive drunk today is because they can," MADD president Glynn Birch said at a news teleconference from Washington, D.C."  Sarah Longwell, a spokeswoman for the restaurant lobbying group American Beverage Institute, responded to MADD's proposals for ignition interlocks by stating "This interlock campaign is not about eliminating drunk driving, it is about eliminating all moderate drinking prior to driving. The 40 million Americans who drink and drive responsibly should be outraged." She also points out that "Many states have laws that set the presumptive level of intoxication at.05% and you can't adjust your interlock depending on which state you're driving in. Moreover, once you factor in liability issues and sharing vehicles with underage drivers you have pushed the preset limit down to about.02%. It will be a "de facto" zero tolerance policy."  A review of devices concluded, "The results of the study show that interlock works for some offenders in some contexts, but not for all offenders in all situations. More specifically, ignition interlock devices work best when they are installed, although there is also some evidence that judicial orders to install an interlock are effective for repeat DUI offenders, even when not all offenders comply and install a device. California's administrative program, where repeat DUI offenders install an interlock device in order to obtain restricted driving privileges, is also associated with reductions in subsequent DUI incidents. One group for whom ignition interlock orders do not appear effective is first DUI offenders with high blood alcohol levels."

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is a nonprofit organization in the United States and Canada that seeks to stop drunk driving, support those affected by drunk driving, prevent underage drinking, and strive for stricter impaired driving policy, whether that impairment is caused by alcohol or any other drug. The Irving, Texas–based organization was founded on September 5, 1980, in California by Candace Lightner after her 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a drunk driver. There is at least one MADD office in every state of the United States and at least one in each province of Canada. These offices offer victim services and many resources involving alcohol safety. MADD has claimed that drunk driving has been reduced by half since its founding.

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (abrégé en MADD) (en français : Les mères contre l'alcool au volant) est une association américaine à but non lucratif, qui se donne pour but de mettre un terme à la conduite en état d'ébriété, de soutenir les victimes de telles conduites, de prévenir la consommation d'alcool par des mineurs, et d’œuvrer pour une législation plus stricte à l'égard de la consommation d'alcool de façon générale. L'association est basée à Irving (au Texas), et a été fondée en 1980 par Candice Lightner après que sa fille de 13 ans ait été tuée par un chauffeur ivre, Clarence Bush, alors âgé de 46 ans et travaillant dans une conserverie.


Namesake.

The "Schiaparelli" Entry, Descent, and Landing Demonstrator module is named for Giovanni Schiaparelli (1835–1910), an astronomer active in the 19th century who made Mars observations. In particular, he recorded features he called "canali" in his native Italian. His observations of what translates as channels in English inspired many. The dark streaks on Mars are an albedo feature which is related to dust distribution; these albedo features on Mars slowly change over time, and in the last few decades have been monitored by Mars orbiters. Schiaparelli is famous for making

Origins and development.

The EDM traces itself back to the ESA Aurora programme, which has the goal of human exploration of space, and thus producing missions that are building blocks to support this goal. ExoMars originated out of this, and provides context for understanding the EDM. Schiaparelli forms an important "block" of learning how to land heavy payloads on Mars, which is vital to future manned missions. Another "block" is the ExoMars rover, which is intended to demonstrate among other things the ability to traverse several km/miles on the surface of Mars. The Aurora program is focused on two types of the mission, one are larger flagship spacecraft and the other are smaller missions specifically meant to offload risk from the larger missions. There are also various science goals:  An important date in its development was 2005, when the ESA council approved 650 million Euros for a Mars rover and static lander. At this time the idea was for a single launch bringing both a Mars Exploration Rover

Overview.

Although the lander crashed, the data transmitted from "Schiaparelli" are expected to provide ESA and Roscosmos with the technology for landing on the surface of Mars with a controlled soft landing, key technologies for the 2020 ExoMars rover mission.

Pre-launch.

The descent module "Schiaparelli" and orbiter completed testing and were integrated to a Proton-M rocket at the Baikonur cosmodrome in Baikonur in

Liftoff.

The launch occurred at 09:31 GMT (15:31 local time) on 14 March 2016. Four rocket burns occurred in the following 10 hours before the descent module and orbiter were released.

Cruise, separation and arrival.

After its launch, the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and EDM traveled together coasting through space towards Mars. During this time the EDM was powered from an umbilical power line to the TGO, thus preserving the EDM's limited internal batteries. A deep space manoeuvre was executed by the TGO main engine in two legs on the 28 of July and on the 11 of August in order to target the entry flight path angle and the landing site. On 14 October 2016, the TGO did a final adjustment to its trajectory before the separation of Schiaparelli. The launch mass of the two spacecraft together is 4332 kg including the 600 kg "Schiaparelli" module. This was the heaviest spacecraft yet sent to Mars. The journey from Earth to Mars in 2016 took about 7 months.  On 16 October 2016, the TGO and EDM separated, the orbiter heading for Mars orbit insertion and the EDM for Mars atmospheric entry. Prior to the separation, the EDM was spun up 2.5 RPM (see also spin stabilization) and then released at a velocity of about 1 km/h

Landing site.

The landing site chosen was Meridiani Planum, a Martian plain prized by Mars landers for its flat terrain and low elevation that gives a spacecraft time and distance to slow down before reaching the ground. The EDM cannot avoid obstacles during its descent, so it was important to pick a large flat area with a minimum of obstacles. The landing ellipse is about 100 km long by 15 km wide, centered at 6° west and 2° south

Dust storm goal.

The landing was planned to take place on Meridiani Planum during the dust storm season, which would have provided a chance to characterise a dust-loaded atmosphere during entry and descent, measure the dust's static electricity charge—typically produced by friction—and to conduct surface measurements associated with a dust-rich environment.  Global dust storms have occurred at least nine times since 1924 including 1977, 1982, 1994, 2001 and 2007; the 2007 dust storms nearly

Entry, descent, and landing events sequence.

The "Schiaparelli" lander separated from the TGO orbiter on 16 October 2016, three days before arrival at Mars, and entered the atmosphere at on 19 October 2016. (see also Mars atmospheric entry) When the lander disconnected from the orbiter, it switched to internal battery power and used a low-power hibernation mode while it coasted for three days just before entering the Martian atmosphere. "Schiaparelli" came out of hibernation several hours before its entry, at a speed of and an altitude of above the surface of Mars. The heat shield was used during the plunge into the atmosphere to decelerate the lander to by the time it reached altitude. During entry the COMARS+ instrumentation the EDM operated to collect data on how heat and air flow around the entry capsule.  After slowing its initial entry through the atmosphere, the module deployed a parachute and was to complete its landing on retrorockets by using a closed-loop guidance, navigation and control system based on a Doppler radar altimeter sensor, and on-board inertial measurement units. Throughout the descent, various sensors recorded a number of atmospheric parameters and lander performance. The plan was that at in altitude the front heat shield would be jettisoned and the radar altimeter turned on, then at altitude above Mars the rear heat cover and parachute would be jettisoned.  The final stages of the landing were to be performed using pulse-firing liquid-fuel engines or retrorockets. About two metres above ground, the engines were designed to turn off and let the platform land on a crushable structure, designed to deform and absorb the final touchdown impact. On final landing it was designed to endure rocks about one foot high, and it was hoped, but not guaranteed, that no out-sized boulders or craters would be encountered. On final contact, the lander was designed to handle slopes of up to 19 degrees and rocks up to in height.  The "Opportunity" rover was operating in the region and the two teams worked together to attempt to image the EDM on its descent, which, depending on conditions, might have been possible especially if the EDM "went long" in its landing ellipse. However, the rover's cameras had no view of the lander during its descent. It was the first time a surface probe attempted to image the landing of another vehicle from the surface of Mars. (Other spacecraft have imaged each other, especially orbiters viewing ones on the ground, and in 2005 "Mars Global Surveyor" imaged "Mars Express" in orbit around Mars.)  EDL summary (as planned):  Contact was lost with the module 50 seconds before the planned touch-down. By 21 October 2016, after studying the data, ESA said it was likely that things went wrong when the parachute released early, the engines then turned on but then turned off after too short of time.

Instrument and sensor payload.

The primary mission goal was to test the landing systems, including the parachute, Doppler radar altimeter, hydrazine thrusters, etc. The secondary mission goal was scientific. The lander was to measure the wind speed and direction, humidity, pressure and surface temperature, and determine the transparency of the atmosphere. The surface science payload was called DREAMS, and was designed to conduct meteorological data for a few days after landing, as well as measure the first measurements of atmospheric static electricity on Mars.  A descent camera (DECA) was included in the payload. Its captured images were to be transmitted after landing. AMELIA, COMARS+, and DECA collected data during the entry, descent, and landing for about six minutes. Much of this data was transmitted while it was descending. Although EDL portion was designed to last literally a few minutes, and the surface observations at most a few days, one instrument, INRRI, was a passive laser retro-reflector that could be used as long as possible, even decades later, for laser range-finding of the lander.  INRRI was mounted to the top (zenith) side of the lander, to enable spacecraft above to target it. Its mass was about 25 grams, and it was contributed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The design used a cube corner reflector to return incoming laser light. The cubes are made of fused silica which are mounted to an aluminum support structure. INRRI was also mounted to the InSight Mars lander.

DREAMS.

The lander's scientific payload for the surface was the meteorological DREAMS (Dust Characterization, Risk Assessment, and Environment Analyser on the Martian Surface) package, consisting of a suite of sensors to measure the wind speed and direction (MetWind), humidity (MetHumi), pressure (MetBaro), surface temperature (MarsTem), the transparency of the atmosphere (Solar Irradiance Sensor - SIS), and atmospheric electrification (Atmospheric Relaxation and Electric-field Sensor - Micro-ARES). The institutions that contributed to the DREAMS science payload include INAF and CISAS from Italy, LATMOS from France, ESTEC from the Netherlands, FMI from Finland, and INTA from Spain.  The DREAMS payload was intended to function for 2 to 8 Mars days as an environmental station for the duration of the surface mission after landing. The planned lander arrival was made to coincide with the Mars global dust storm season and collect data on a dust-loaded Mars atmosphere. DREAMS had been hoped to

Descent Camera.

The Descent Camera (DECA) was intended to capture about 15 downward-looking views as it approached the surface of Mars. It was to begin acquiring images after the lower heat shield was ejected. This camera had a 60 degree field of view to capture greyscale images, to support technical knowledge of the descent. DECA was a flight spare of the visual

Preliminary results.

Because the "Schiarapelli" demonstrator lander transmitted "during" its descent, a great deal of telemetry was successfully returned. About

Specifications.

Note about masses: on the Mars surface the gravity is less than on Earth, so the weight is 37% of the Earth weight.

Power systems.

At one point, Roscosmos offered to contribute a 100 watt radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) power source for the EDM lander to allow it to monitor the local surface environment for a full Martian year, but because of complex Russian export control procedures,

Communication systems and network.

"Schiaparelli" had a UHF radio to communicate with Mars orbiters. The lander had two antennae, one on the back shell and one on the lander. When the back shell is ejected, it can transmit from the spiral antenna on body of the lander. The ExoMars TGO could also communicate with it using the UHF system. When an orbiter can communicate with the lander depends on where it is in its orbit, and not all orbiters could record or talk with lander because the globe of Mars blocks the line of sight to the lander. The ExoMars TGO could also communicate with it using the UHF system. The EDM "woke up" from hibernation about 90 minutes prior to landing, and transmitted continuously for 15 minutes prior to landing.  During its landing, the EDM signal was monitored at Mars by the "Mars Express" orbiter, and remotely by the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in

Computing.

The "Schiaparelli" lander has two main computers, one is called the Central Terminal & Power Unit (CTPU) and housed in a warm box on top, and the other computer is called the Remote Terminal & Power Unit (RTPU) and is on the underside of the lander. Overall, the CTPU handles surface operations and the RTPU handles entry and descent, and is actually destroyed on final landing with surface because it is on the underside. When the Trace Gas Orbiter and Entry Demonstrator Module are connected, the RTPU handles the interface

Parachute.

A disk-band-gap parachute was deployed by a pyrotechnic mortar. It was tested at full scale in the largest wind tunnel in the world as part of its development. A sub-scale parachute was tested in Earth's atmosphere in 2011; it was ascended by balloon

Retro-rockets.

"Schiaparelli" module has 3 sets of three thrusters, nine total, that operate starting at about 1 km (half a mile) up in pulse mode, slowing the spacecraft from. Each of the nine engines is a CHT-400 rocket engine that can produce 400 Newtons of thrust. These rocket engines are fueled by three spherical 17.5 liter tanks holding hydrazine propellant. The

Impact on ExoMars.

A possible "shutdown" moment for the next ExoMars mission was the ESA ministerial meeting in December 2016 which considered certain issues including €300 million of ExoMars funding and lessons learned from the ExoMars 2016 missions so far. One concern is the "Schiapraelli" module crash, as this landing system is being produced in near duplication for the ExoMars 2020 mission consisting of the "Rosalind Franklin" rover delivered by the instrumented 2020 "Kazachok" lander. The ExoMars team has been praised for "putting a brave face" on what happened and being positive about the EDM's very credible return on its prime mission: data about entry, descent, and landing, despite the crash. Also, there was the successful insertion of the TGO into Mars orbit with its large science payload. Another positive was the development of the demonstrator module as part of the overall grand plan for ExoMars, which meant that the landing technologies underwent a real-world test before carrying more valuable cargo. Just as the EDM itself was tested on Earth to gain knowledge about how it would perform on Mars, the EDM is also a test for future missions. Study of what happened is critical, as significant breakthroughs in understanding can impact the lessons learned from a mission, which in turn effects public opinion, technology, future mission design, and even the feelings of everyone involved. For example, "Beagle 2" Mars lander was suspected to have undergone a high velocity impact with Mars in 2003, but when it was found on Mars intact with its panels partly deployed the EDL design was validatedbut only after more than a decade. The lead developer did suffer heavy criticism and even ridicule for this failure, eventually dying from a brain hemorrhage in 2014, just a year before his spacecraft was found intact. A preliminary report on the malfunction was presented at the December 2016 ESA ministerial meeting. By December the outcome was known: ExoMars would go on being financially supported by the ESA. €436 million ($464 million) was authorized to finish the mission.

"Schiaparelli" EDM () was a failed Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) of the ExoMars programme—a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian space agency Roscosmos. It was built in Italy and was intended to test technology for future soft landings on the surface of Mars. It also had a limited but focused science payload that would have measured atmospheric electricity on Mars and local meteorological conditions.

Schiaparelli ou ExoMars EDM (EDM pour "), est un atterrisseur expérimental développé par l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA), qui s'est écrasé à l'atterrissage sur la planète Mars le, en raison de l'échec de la procédure de freinage. La mission de Schiaparelli devait permettre de valider les techniques de rentrée atmosphérique et d'atterrissage qui seront mises en œuvre par de futures missions martiennes européennes. L'engin spatial est développé dans le cadre du programme ExoMars de l'ESA, avec la participation de l'agence spatiale russe Roscosmos.


History.

Founded in 1866, the club were one of the 15 teams to play in the very first edition of the FA Cup in 1871–72; they never won the competition but did reach the quarter-finals on four occasions. They were also the inaugural winners of the London Senior Cup in 1882–83. Though resolutely an amateur club, they inadvertently sparked the legalisation of professionalism in the game after complaining about Preston North End's payments to players after the two met in the FA Cup in 1884; Preston were disqualified, but the incident made the FA confront the issue and, under threat of a breakaway, they allowed payments to players the following year.  The club were wound up in 1887 but were resurrected four years later in 1891. In 1892 they were founder members of the Southern Alliance, an early league competition amongst teams from southern England, but were bottom of the league with only one win to their name when the competition folded before the 1892–93 season ended.  Despite the obvious similarity of name to Upton Park stadium (officially known as the Boleyn Ground), the club had no connection with the ground and never played there; however there were formal links between Upton Park and West Ham United (then known as Thames Ironworks) and many players did play for both. In addition, Upton Park's home games in West Ham Park attracted large crowds to their games, which may have influenced Thames Ironworks' decision to move to the area from Canning Town, where football was not as popular.

1900 Olympic Games.

The Amateur Status Committee of the Football Association offered the club the opportunity to play in Paris at the inaugural Olympic Games. Records show that Upton Park were the first club to agree to play but were unlikely to be the first to be asked. Upton Park were not participating in a league at the time playing only cup games and friendlies. They had never reached the semi-final stage of the FA Amateur Cup and the competition was now in its seventh year.  The club secretary and goalkeeper James Jones selected the team and brought in players from other amateur teams; Richard Turner joined from Crouch End Vampires, William Gosling, a soldier on leave, joined from Chelmsford, Alfred Chalk joined from Ilford and Jack Zealley joined from Bridport FC. Gosling's Chelmsford side had beaten Upton Park 7–1 in January 1900.  Upton Park won the competition in Paris, beating a USFSA XI representing France, 4–0. Although a gold medal was not awarded to the side at the time (it being a demonstration sport), the IOC have since retrospectively awarded one. The team that day (playing a 2–3–5 formation) was:  The scorers were Nicholas (with two), Turner and Zealley.

Famous players.

Famous players for the side included Charles Alcock, later president of the Football Association, FA Cup Final referees Alfred Stair and Segar Bastard (who was also an England international), and Charlie Dove, one of the early leading players for Thames Ironworks. Upton Park also supplied two other England internationals, Clement Mitchell and Conrad Warner. Claude Buckenham, who played in the Olympic team of 1900, represented England at cricket.

Legacy.

Upton Park continued to play until at least 1911, according to modern-day records. The Upton Park Trophy, the annual playoff between the league champions of Guernsey and Jersey, is named for the Upton Park side, to commemorate their tenth annual tour of the islands, which they made in 1906. In 2016, coinciding with West Ham United's move to the London Stadium, Upton Park were'reformed' as an amateur club and staged the final game at the Boleyn Ground, against Royal Engineers.  Upton Park FC was responsible for proposing two of the most important rule changes in the history of association football: in 1870, the club proposed abolishing all handling of the ball (previously, any player was allowed to catch the ball). In 1871, the club introduced a proposal to create the special position of goalkeeper, who alone would be allowed to handle the ball.

Upton Park Football Club was an amateur football club from Upton Park, London in the late 19th and early 20th century, now defunct. As well as being one of the fifteen teams that played in the inaugural FA Cup in 1871, they also represented Great Britain at the first ever Olympic football tournament in 1900, which they won.

L'Upton Park Football Club est un ancien club anglais de football, qui avait le statut d'amateur. Basé à l'est de Londres, dans le district de Newham, le club résidait dans le West Ham Park.


History.

The KS-23 was designed in the 1970s for suppressing prison riots. It was created by TsNIITochMash, a key Russian weapons developer, for the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The barrel for the KS-23 were made from 23 mm aircraft gun barrels that were rejected due to manufacturing flaws. These rejected barrels were deemed to be acceptable for the lower stress of firing slugs and less-lethal rounds, and thus were cut down in length for use as shotgun barrels. The KS-23 began to see use during the mid-1980s by several MVD forces. During the 1990s, research was made into improving the original design to make it usable in confined indoor areas. Two prototypes were proposed, the KS-23M and KS-23K, although only the M version saw use. Today, both the standard KS-23 and the KS-23M are in use by Russian law enforcement.

Ammunition.

The KS-23 was created with the capability to fire several different types of ammunition, listed below:  Later, two add-on muzzle mortars were produced, the 36 mm Nasadka-6 and 82 mm Nasadka-12, bringing with them several new ammunition types:

Variants.

KS-23.

The original KS-23 was developed jointly by NIISpetstekhniki (MVD) and TsNIITochmash in 1971, it was accepted for use by the Soviet police in 1985. The gun has a barrel length of 510 mm and an overall length of 1040 mm. The KS-23 has an underbarrel tubular magazine capable of holding three rounds, with one in the chamber giving the gun a maximum round capacity of four. The gun's effective range is 150 m.

KS-23M.

The KS-23M «дрозд» (Carbine, Special, 23 mm, modernized - project: "Drozd" > "Thrush") was developed on the base of the KS-23. Development for it was started in October 1990. Twenty-five carbines were submitted for testing on December 10, 1991. After which the winner, then designated S-3, became the KS-23M "Thrush" and was accepted for use by the police and the Internal Troops of Russia. The KS-23M includes a detachable wire buttstock and shortened barrel, as opposed to the fixed wooden stock on standard KS-23s. The gun is still chambered in 23 mm. Its overall length with the buttstock is 875 mm, without, 650 mm, and the barrel is 410 mm long. The gun's effective range is 150 m.

KS-23K.

The KS-23K is a redesigned KS-23 that features a bullpup layout. The KS-23K was accepted in 1998 for the use of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). Development and adoption of this carbine was motivated by the fact that in the earlier accepted configurations of the KS-23 and KS-23M a major noted deficiency was that the tubular magazine did not make it possible to rapidly reload or change the type of ammunition being used, because of this a major design change for the KS-23K is that it has an extended box magazine that holds seven shells instead of the three shells seen on the other models. The gun has a mechanical safety located on the left side, above the pistol handle and open non adjustable sights. The gun's effective range is 100 m.

TOZ-123.

The civilian version of the KS-23 is the TOЗ-123 «Селезень-4» ("ТОZ-123 "Drake-4""). It is manufactured by Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod and features a smoothbore design, making it more similar to a traditional shotgun, and is chambered in standard 4-gauge. It has been legal to use as a civilian hunting shotgun in Russia since August 1996.  The gun maker's website has this as the description for the shotgun.  The shotgun is multicharged, with a tubular underbarrel magazine of 3-cartridge capacity. Reloading is provided with a removable fore-end. The presence of the special barrel rear projection on the frame combined with the rear sight gives the possibility of mounting an optical sight. The shotgun is intended for the amateur hunting with shot cartridges.  The TOZ-123 was banned from import into the United States during the Clinton administration.

The KS-23 is a Soviet shotgun, although because it uses a rifled barrel it is officially designated by the Russian military as a carbine. KS stands for "Karabin Spetsialniy", "Special Carbine". It is renowned for its large caliber, firing a 23 mm round, equating to 6.27 gauge using the British and American standards of shotgun gauges and approximately 4 gauge using the current European standards (based on the metric CIP tables), making it the largest-bore shotgun in use today.

Le KS-23 est un fusil à pompe anti-émeute soviétique créé en 1970. Il est apparu pour la première fois en Occident au salon Eurosatory du Bourget en 1996. Destiné à équiper les unités de forces de police et de maintien de l’ordre, il a été commandé par le Ministère de l'Intérieur de Russie.


Plants.

Natural backcrossings.

York radiate groundsel ("Senecio eboracensis") is a naturally occurring hybrid species of Oxford ragwort ("Senecio squalidus") and common groundsel ("Senecio vulgaris"). It is thought to have arisen from a backcrossing of the F1 hybrid with "S. vulgaris".  Again, the pure tall (TT) and pure dwarf (tt) pea plants when crossed in the parental generation, they produce all heterozygote (Tt) tall pea plants in the first filial generation. The cross between first filial heterozygote tall (Tt) pea plant and pure tall (TT) or pure dwarf (tt) pea plant of the parental generation is also an example for the back-crossing between two plants. In this case, the filial generation formed after the back cross may have a phenotype ratio of 1:1 if the cross is made with recessive parent or else all offspring may be having phenotype of dominant trait if back cross is with parent having dominant trait. The former of these traits is also called a test cross.

Artificially recombinant lines.

In plants, "inbred backcross lines" (IBLs) refers to lines (i.e. populations) of plants derived from the repeated backcrossing of a line with artificially recombinant DNA with the wild type, operating some kind of selection that can be phenotypical or through a molecular marker (for the production of introgression lines).

Animals.

Backcrossing may be deliberately employed in animals to transfer a desirable trait in an animal of inferior genetic background to an animal of preferable genetic background. In gene knockout experiments in particular, where the knockout is performed on easily cultured stem cell lines, but is required in an animal with a different genetic background, the knockout animal is backcrossed against the animal of the required genetic background. As the figure shows, each time that the mouse with the desired trait (in this case the lack of a gene (i.e. a knockout), indicated by the presence of a positive selectable marker) is crossed with a mouse of a constant genetic background, the average percentage of the genetic material of the offspring that is derived from that constant background increases. The result, after sufficient reiterations, is an animal with the desired trait in the desired genetic background, with the percentage of genetic material from the original stem cells reduced to a minimum (in the order of 0.01%).  Due to the nature of meiosis, in which chromosomes derived from each parent are randomly shuffled and assigned to each nascent gamete, the percentage of genetic material deriving from either cell-line will vary between offspring of a single crossing but will have an expected value. The genotype of each member of offspring may be assessed to choose not only an individual that carries the desired genetic trait, but also the minimum percentage of genetic material from the original stem cell line. A "consomic strain" is an inbred strain with one of its chromosomes replaced by the homologous chromosome of another inbred strain via a series of marker-assisted backcrosses.

Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms.

En génétique, un rétrocroisement, aussi appelé "croisement en retour", est le croisement d'un hybride avec l'un de ses parents ou avec un individu similaire sur le plan génétique à l'un de ses parents, de manière à obtenir un descendant ayant une identité génétique plus proche de celle du parent. On utilise ce procédé en culture sélective des plantes (agriculture, horticulture), en sélection animale et pour la production d'organismes par invalidation génique.


Memorial elements.

The primary feature of the memorial is the Space Mirror, a flat expanse of polished black granite, 42.5 feet high by 50 feet wide, divided into 90 smaller panels. The names of the 25 astronauts who have died are scattered over the mirror, with names of astronauts who died in the same incident grouped on the same panel, or pairs of adjacent panels. The names are cut completely through the surface, exposing a translucent backing, and filled with translucent acrylic, which is then backlit with LED lights, causing the names to glow, and appear to float in a reflection of the sky.  Near the Space Mirror is a granite wall, bearing pictures and brief biographies of those listed on the Mirror. The Space Mirror Memorial was designed by Wes Jones of Holt Hinshaw Pfau Jones and was commissioned after he won an international design competition.

Defunct Sun tracking mechanism.

The memorial as built incorporated motors and jackscrews to constantly track the Sun across the sky in both pan and tilt axes. Parabolic reflectors on the back side of the mirror would then direct the sunlight through the acrylic panels to brilliantly illuminate the honorees' names with sunlight. Supplemental floodlights were used when the sunlight was inadequate.  In 1997, the tracking system failed, allowing part of the monument to strike a steel beam on an adjacent platform. Insurance paid $375,000 for repair work, but later, the mechanism again ground to a halt, due to further problems with the slewing ring.  Estimated cost of repairs was around $700,000, and the Astronauts Memorial Foundation unanimously decided the money would be better spent on educational programs instead. The floodlights were repositioned and are kept burning 24 hours a day to illuminate the memorial.

Memorial funding.

The Space Mirror Memorial cost $6.2 million.  The memorial was to be partially funded by the sales of "Space Shots" trading cards. An agreement was made for 25% of Space Shots profits, in exchange for guaranteeing a $160,000 loan. A projected $400,000 was owed to the Foundation, which was never paid.  The Space Mirror Memorial and the Astronauts Memorial Foundation are funded in part by a specialty vehicle registration plate issued by the state of Florida. Called the "Challenger" plate, it was first issued in 1987, and was the first specialty plate issued by the state. The third edition, introduced in 2004, includes "Columbia" in the text, and is now termed the "Challenger/Columbia" plate. License plates brought in $377,000 in 2009.  One quarter of the revenue from the Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins will go to the Astronauts Memorial Foundation.

Honorees.

Only those killed during human spaceflight missions or during training for such missions sponsored by the United States are eligible for inclusion in the memorial. For a comprehensive list of space disasters, see List of space disasters.  The people honored on the memorial are:

Astronauts Memorial Foundation.

The president of the Astronaut Memorial Foundation was Stephen Feldman from 1999 to 2012. He was paid $303,000 annually. This was criticized as being the highest among 100 of Brevard County non-profits. His salary represented 18.3 percent of the fund's $1.8 million budget in fiscal year 2009. He defended his salary by saying that he was the sole fundraiser and the chief financial officer for the foundation.  Thad Altman became President and CEO of the Astronauts Memorial Foundation in August 2012. The Board of Directors include Eileen Collins - Chairman, Jack Kirschenbaum - Vice Chairman, Gregory H. Johnson - Treasurer, Sheryl L. Chaffee - Secretary.

The Space Mirror Memorial, which forms part of the larger Astronauts Memorial, is a National Memorial on the grounds of the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex on Merritt Island, Florida. It is maintained by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation (AMF), whose offices are located in the NASA Center for Space Education next door to the Visitor Complex. The memorial was designed in 1987 by Holt Hinshaw Pfau Jones, and dedicated on May 9, 1991, to remember the lives of the men and women who have died in the various space programs of the United States, particularly those of NASA. The Astronauts Memorial has been designated by the U.S. Congress "as the national memorial to astronauts who die in the line of duty" (Joint Resolution 214, 1991).

Le Space Mirror Memorial, aussi connu comme l’Astronaut Memorial, est un mémorial national du Centre spatial Kennedy de Merritt Island en Floride. Il est dédié aux astronautes morts dans les divers programmes spatiaux américains, notamment ceux de la National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) mais également ceux de l'United States Air Force.


Synopsis.

Act 1.

Prince Dimitri arrives to say goodbye to his aunt, Sophia Ivanovna, before leaving for the war. His old playmate Katiusha, a young peasant girl, is now Sophia Ivanovna’s companion. Dimitri is overjoyed to meet her again and that night becomes her lover. The next day he leaves for the war.

Act 2.

The station of a small town. Katiusha, now pregnant, has been driven out of the house. She anxiously waits for Prince Dimitri who is due to pass through the station. But when she sees him arrive in the company of a prostitute, her courage fails her and she remains hidden until she goes away, pierced to her soul.

Act 3.

Prison in St Petersburg. Katiusha, broken by Dimitri’s neglect of her and the death of her child, ends up in a place of debauchery. She is involved in a crime and, although innocent, is condemned for murder during a difficult trial, and is to be deported to Siberia. Before she leaves, Dimitri, now overcome with remorse, comes to see her in jail and offers to marry her. But she is in such a state of abject despair that she refuses all consolation.

Act 4.

On the road to Siberia. Katiusha has become herself again, the good sweet girl of former times. She has found the will to live by comforting her fellow deportees. Dimitri, who has followed her, now wants to marry her at any price. He obtains a pardon for her and her freedom. But Katiusha, although she still loves him with all her soul, refuses. She feels that only if they both renounce marriage can they be redeemed.

Orchestration.

3 Flutes (1 piccolo) / 3 oboes (1 English horn) / 3 clarinets (1 bass clarinet) / 2 bassoons / 1 contrabassoon  4 Horns / 3 trumpets / 3 trombones / 1 tuba  Timpani / percussion (cymbals / triangle / bass drum) / tubular bells / xylophone / celesta / 2 harps / piano  Violins / violas / violoncellos / double basses

References.

Sources

Risurrezione (in English, "Resurrection"), is an opera or "dramma" in four acts by Franco Alfano. The libretto was written by Cesare Hanau based on the 1899 novel "Resurrection" () by Leo Tolstoy. The first performance was given on 30 November 1904, in the Teatro Vittorio Emanuele, Turin, Italy.

Le compositeur, qui séjournait à Paris pour travailler à la musique de deux ballets pour les Folies Bergère, eut l'idée d'écrire cette œuvre après avoir assisté à la pièce inspirée par le roman éponyme de Léon Tolstoï à l'Odéon en 1902.


History.

The first bridge on the site was built in 1853 for the original Melbourne and Hobson's Bay Railway Company line to Sandridge from Flinders Street to Port Melbourne at Hobsons Bay on Port Phillip, the first passenger railway line in Australia. In 1857 the St Kilda railway line had opened parallel to part of the line to Sandridge, and the original bridge was replaced in 1858 by a timber trestle bridge carrying two lines of rail traffic, with the tight curve of the original railway removed by rebuilding the bridge on a more oblique angle as seen today.  The current bridge was designed by the Victorian Railways and the contract let to David Munro & Co in 1886, the four track bridge opening for traffic in 1888. The actual junction of the Port Melbourne and St Kilda lines was at Flinders Street, with the two pairs of tracks running parallel until Clarendon Street, where the St Kilda line diverged south. Constructed at a 33-degree angle to the river bank, it was one of the first railway structures in Melbourne to use steel girders rather than iron, and the workforce included a young engineering student, John Monash. On either side of the river the steel girders were supported by bluestone and brick buttresses, and on the south side the structure continued as a brickwork viaduct. In the 1920 overhead electrical masts were added as part of the electrification of the line, and the original timber deck was replaced with rail and concrete slabs.  The bridge was last used in 1987 with the conversion of the St Kilda and Port Melbourne railway lines to light rail. Some proposals were made for the light rail to continue over the Sandridge Bridge into Flinders Street station, but instead they were diverted from the railway reserve at Clarendon Street and sent into the city via Spencer Street. The light rail operates today as the route 96 tram to St Kilda, and route 109 tram to Port Melbourne.  The viaduct over Queensbridge Street and the embankment across the South Bank were listed by the National Trust and were noted as being historically significant, but were still removed. Only the segment over the river itself was retained, with a number of different redevelopment plans proposed during the 1990s.

Redevelopment.

In 2001 the State Government held an expressions of interest process for refurbishment of the bridge, seeking commercial ventures, but the process was not successful and in 2003 Melbourne City Council and the Department of Sustainability and Environment took over. They committed $15.5 million to restore the bridge, create a plaza on the Southbank side and make connections to walkways on the Yarra north bank. In 2005 it was announced that artist Nadim Karam had been commissioned to create ten abstract sculptures in a piece titled "The Travellers", which represents the different types of immigrants who traditionally arrived by train over the bridge from Station Pier. Nine of the sculptures move across the bridge in a 15-minute sequence, moving on bogies running between the two bridge spans.  The bridge was unveiled three days before the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, at a final cost of $18.5 million. It included a new pedestrian and cycle path and public space, connecting a new Queensbridge Square at Southbank to Flinders Walk on the north bank. However, only the eastern half of the bridge was reopened, the western half being stabilised and fenced off from public access.  On 11 June 2007, the bridge was vandalised when persons unknown used a sledgehammer to smash 46 of the 128 glass panels of the "Travellers" exhibit. Each glass panel offers information about Australian indigenous peoples or the countries of immigrants to Australia, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. It was expected to cost between A$200,000 and A$300,000 to repair and city councillors are considering using more durable materials to replace the glass.

Specifications.

The bridge is 178.4 metres (585 ft) long and is made up of five spans, measuring in length, from the south bank to the north bank: 36.9 metres (121.1 ft), 36.6 metres (120.1 ft), 36.3 metres (119.1 ft), 36.9 metres (121.1 ft) and 31.7 metres (104 ft). The bridge is 17 metres (55.8 ft) wide and the girders are 2.74 metres (8.98 ft) high from the top to the bottom of the flange.

The Sandridge Bridge is a historic former railway bridge over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bridge which runs diagonally to the river's banks was redeveloped in 2006 as a new pedestrian and cycle path featuring public art. It is the third bridge on the site and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.

Le Pont de Sandridge est un ancien pont ferroviaire franchissant la Yarra à Melbourne, Victoria, Australie, qui a été réaménagé en 2006 en zone pour piéton et piste cyclable.


Early life.

Rex Hunt was born in Redcar in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He received his formal education at Redcar's Coatham School, and at St Peter's College, Oxford, where he read Law.  During World War 2 he joined the Royal Air Force as a cadet in 1941, and was enlisted as an airman in 1944, receiving a commission as a pilot in 1945. He was promoted to flying officer ("war substantive") in June 1946, with the permanent promotion to that rank in December the same year. In August 1946, he was transferred to No 5 Squadron in India, where he flew Spitfires, before transferring to West Germany with No 26 Squadron in August 1947. He left active service in September 1948, and held the rank of flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force reserves in September 1950, relinquishing his commission in December 1953.

Diplomatic career.

In 1952 he joined the Colonial and Diplomatic Service of the British Government's Foreign Office. and received his first foreign posting as District Commissioner in Uganda in 1962. He then served as First Secretary in Kuching, Sarawak, 1964–65, and Jesselton, Sabah 1965-67, both in the newly independent Malaysia, and then in Brunei 1967. In 1968 he was transferred to Ankara in Turkey, but was back in Asia with the appointment as Head of Chancery in Jakarta, Indonesia, 1970-72. After a brief spell back in England, he was appointed Consul-General at the British Embassy in Saigon in January 1974, and was there at the time of the fall of South Vietnam in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War. He was transferred to Kuala Lumpur in 1976, and served as Deputy High Commissioner to Malaysia 1977-79.

Falklands Governorship.

On 14 January 1980, as a final career posting, he was appointed as the Governor of the Falkland Islands and High Commissioner of the British Antarctic Territory. The national status of the Falkland Islands was a troublesome British Empire legacy issue to the British Government, which was under diplomatic pressure at this time from the Government of Argentina to hand over the Islands to its national control, having asserted a sovereign right over the territory for centuries, based on contested historical claims. With a military dictatorship in place in Buenos Aires, this claim was being asserted with more intent than ever before, and - unbeknown to the British Government - plans were underway to seize the Islands by force of arms, without a prior declaration of hostilities. In the meantime, Hunt had been dispatched to the Islands as their new Governor, with instructions from the Foreign Office to try, during his tenure administrating them, to persuade the recalcitrant islanders that the Islands being moved into an Argentinian governmental sphere of influence, given its geographical proximity compared to that of the United Kingdom, was perhaps in their best long-term interest. Hunt soon discovered that the Falkland Islanders were adamantly opposed to any ceding of their sovereignty in this direction, and he relayed this information back to London; on consideration of the matter arguing that he personally agreed with their views. Hunt's seniors in London did not receive the news well, and concluded that Hunt had "gone native". When government minister Nicholas Ridley attempted in 1980-1981 to negotiate a diplomatic solution to the contested sovereignty of the Falkland Islands, local islands politician Adrian Monk made a broadcast on 2 January 1981 outlining the local population's opposition that Hunt described as "Churchillian"

Falklands War.

On 2 April 1982, under cover of a night approach across the Southern Atlantic Ocean, the Argentine Navy and Argentine Army carried out a seaborne invasion of the Falkland Islands. Hunt made his official residence, Government House in Port Stanley, the operational headquarters for the small Royal Marines garrison on the islands, sending his family and domestic staff away to safer houses. His housekeeper took with her a portrait photograph of the Queen and a bottle of gin. Government House quickly became the scene of a brief battle between the Royal Marines garrison and Argentine commandos. With the British forces facing overwhelming military and logistical odds, Hunt, after an extended exchange of small arms fire, with a handful of casualties, reluctantly gave the order to the Royal Marines lay down their arms. He then went to Stanley Town Hall, wearing his full dress uniform, complete with medals, gold braid, neck ribbons, sword, sash and plumed cocked hat to face the Argentine invasion force's Commandant, Vice-Admiral Carlos Büsser, addressing him with: "You have landed unlawfully on British territory, and I order you to remove yourself and your troops forthwith". In response he was met with laughter, roughed up, and placed under confinement by the Argentines. Four hours later, under armed escort, he was flown out of the Falklands on a aeroplane to Montevideo, in Uruguay. He remained in this forced exile during the Occupation of the Falkland Islands, until they were militarily liberated on 14 June 1982 by a British seaborne taskforce dispatched by the British Government, after which he returned again in full dress uniform and re-established its self-governance. Victorious British forces paraded past in review while he was clad in full dress uniform. He continued to serve in the post of its Governor until 1985.

Later life.

In retirement he wrote his memoir "My Falkland Days", which was published in 1992. He was chairman of the Falkland Islands Association for several years. He retired as Chairman in 2004 and moved to Elton, County Durham, near to his childhood home of Redcar.

Death.

Hunt died in his 87th year at Stockton-on-Tees on 11 November 2012. His funeral, with a pallbearer party from the Royal Air Force, was held at All Saint's Church in Hutton Rudby on 23 November 2012, with a burial in the church's graveyard. The gravestone makes no reference to his career civic titles or awards, but bears an engraved image of a map outline of the Falkland Islands. A memorial service was simultaneously held to his memory at Port Stanley.  On the announcement of his death by the British Government, Prime Minister David Cameron stated that Hunt "should be a hero to everyone in Britain for his actions during the Falkland War."

Honours.

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1980, and knighted on 11 October 1982, in recognition of services during the Falklands War. He was a Freeman of the City of London 1981, and a Freeman of Stanley, Falkland Islands 1985. In 1987 Hunt was appointed as the Honorary Air Commodore of No. 2729 (City of Lincoln) Squadron (Royal Auxiliary Air Force Regiment).  <br>

Cultural references.

Hunt was portrayed by Ian Richardson in the 1992 BBC television drama "An Ungentlemanly Act", a dramatization of the Argentinian invasion of the Falklands in 1982.

Sir Rex Masterman Hunt, (29 June 192611 November 2012) was an English British Government diplomat and colonial administrator. He was Governor, Commander-in-Chief, and Vice Admiral of the Falkland Islands (and concurrently High Commissioner of the British Antarctic Territory) between 1980 and September 1985. He became a household name in the United Kingdom during the Falklands War, after the Argentine invasion of the islands in 1982, when he was taken prisoner and temporarily removed from his position.

Rex Hunt Masterman, né le à Redcar et mort le à Stockton-on-Tees, est un diplomate britannique et administrateur colonial. Il est gouverneur, commandant en chef et vice-amiral des Îles Malouines (et également haut commissaire du Territoire antarctique britannique) entre 1980 et 1982 et commissaire civil de ces mêmes territoires de 1982 à 1985.


Early life and education.

Clarence Wilfred Jenks was born 7 March 1909 in Bootle, Lancashire. His father, a merchant navy officer, drowned when Jenks was eleven and he assumed responsibility with his mother for the family.  Jenks was educated in state schools in Liverpool and, in 1926, he won an open scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and, in 1930, was president of the Cambridge Union. He was treasurer, British Universities League of Nations Society and chair, Cambridge University League of Nations Union. He twice won a scholarship to the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. He took a double first in history (1929) and law (1931) winning the Cecil Peace Prize in 1928 for a study on international arbitration.

ILO.

Upon finishing his studies at Cambridge, Jenks joined the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in Geneva as a legal adviser in the Legal Division. He would become Assistant Director-General, Deputy Director-General, principal Deputy Director-General and Director-General. As Director-General, he was preceded by David A. Morse and succeeded by Francis Blanchard.  In 1936, he was called to the English bar by Gray's Inn.  In 1944, with acting Director Edward J. Phelan, he drafted the Declaration of Philadelphia which restated the ILO's aims and purposes, envisioning the ILO as the master economic agency among the specialised international bodies. He was part of the ILO delegation at a number of international conferences including:  Jenks carried for many years the main responsibility for the ILO's work in international labour standards and human rights.

International legal scholar.

Jenks was "one of the most prominent and prolific writers on international law of his time. His... "Some constitutional problems of international organization"... was for long the unrivalled source of instruction on that subject for professionals and academics alike."  Jenks was Professor, Hague Academy of International Law in 1950, 1955 and 1966. He was Storrs Lecturer in Jurisprudence, Yale University, 1965.

Personal and family life.

In 1949, Jenks married Jane Louise Broverman of New York. They had two sons.  On 9 October 1973 Jenks was attending a session of the Institut de Droit International in Rome when he had a fatal heart attack. He was buried in Geneva.

Awards and honours.

C. Wilfred Jenks was awarded the following honours: 1928 Cecil Peace Prize 1959 American Society of International Law award 1967 Hon LLD, University of Edinburgh 1971 Hon LLD, University of Delhi 1971 Hon LLD, Seoul National University 1971 Hon LLD, University of La Plata 1972 Hon LLD, University of Costa Rica  Jenks was an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge and an honorary professor of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos de Lima and University of Lima.

Publications.

Contributor to British Year Book of International Law and to legal journals.

C. Wilfred Jenks (7 March 1909 – 9 October 1973) was an international lawyer and director-general of the International Labour Organization (1970–1973).

Wilfred Jenks (né le à Liverpool et mort le à Rome) a été le directeur général de l'Organisation internationale du travail de 1970 à la fin de ses jours en 1973.


Staff.

The Hardball Times maintains a large and ever-changing stable of writers; many of its writers have gone on to work for larger media organizations (former writers Aaron Gleeman and Craig Calcaterra both work for NBC) or major league baseball teams (including Carlos Gomez, who is a scout for the Arizona Diamondbacks; Dan Fox, who is the Director of Baseball Systems Development for the Pittsburgh Pirates; Adam Guttridge, who is a Baseball Operations Analyst for the Milwaukee Brewers; and Josh Kalk, who is a Baseball Operations Analyst with the Tampa Bay Rays). Its current staff as of 2010 includes Richard Barbieri, John Barten, Brian Borawski, Kevin Dame, Joshua Fisher, Brandon Isleib, Chris Jaffe, Brad Johnson, Max Marchi, Bruce Markusen, Dan Novick, Harry Pavlidis, Alex Pedicini, Jeff Sackmann, Mike Silver, Nick Steiner, Steve Treder, Geoff Young, Ricky Zanker, and a cartoonist who goes by “Tuck!” One of THT’s best-known and most controversial writers, John Brattain, died on March 24, 2009.  The site is edited by Joe Distelheim, Travis Conrads, Jeremiah Oshan and Bryan Tsao. THT also features a blog, THT Live, which is run by Novick.

THT Fantasy.

The Hardball Times includes a dedicated fantasy section, running multiple articles a day five days a week. Its writers include Derek Carty, who has been there from the start, as well as Derek Ambrosino, Jeffrey Gross, Matt Hagen, Jonathan Halket, Jeremiah Oshan, Josh Shepardson, and Jonathan Sher. THT Fantasy is edited by Travis Conrads, Ben Jacobs, and Jeremiah Oshan.  THT Fantasy runs a weekly "Roster Doctor" column in which writers dissect a reader's roster and features a daily updated "Closer Watch" feature, which allows readers to keep up tabs on the closer situation for all 30 Major League teams. THT Fantasy also features weekly waiver wire articles that dissect undervalued fantasy players in the AL and NL.

THT Forecasts.

Launched in March 2010, THT Forecasts begins its third season as a subscription-only section featuring Brian Cartwright's Oliver Projections. Subscribers can access six years worth of projections, including minor league players, which are updated weekly during the season.

Books.

Since its inception in 2004, The Hardball Times has released an annual book, “The Hardball Times Baseball Annual.” The latest edition, “The Hardball Times Annual 2012,” features reviews of the 2011 season as well as articles by the likes of Rob Neyer, Craig Calcaterra, Adam Dorhauer, Matt Swartz, Max Marchi, John Dewan, Michael Humphreys and Brian Cartwright.  From 2007-2009, The Hardball Times also released a pre-season book, “The Hardball Times Season Preview.” The book consisted of 30 team essays, over 1,000 player comments, and projections for each player. It also featured projected standings, career projections, and multiple essays in the back of the book, mostly concerning fantasy baseball. In the 2010, the book was replaced by THT Forecasts.  In 2004, Steve Treder and Dave Studeman also released “The Hardball Times Bullpen Book,” which chronicled the history of major league relievers and reviewed, in detail, the best and worst performers of each major league bullpen from 2002 through 2004.

The Hardball Times (abbreviated as THT) is a website which publishes news, original comments and statistical analysis of baseball each week Monday through Friday, in addition to the Hardball Times Annual book which features essays by leading sabermetric personalities. The website features the slogan "Baseball. Insight. Daily." Run by current owner Dave Studeman and David Gassko, it was founded by Aaron Gleeman and Bill James assistant Matthew Namee in 2004.

The Hardball Times (ou THT) est un site Internet consacré au baseball et actif depuis 2004. Fondé par un groupe de dix personnes menées par Aaron Gleeman, journaliste sportif, et Matthew Namee, ancien assistant de l'historien et auteur Bill James, le site publie articles et statistiques sur le baseball, notamment les activités de la Ligue majeure de baseball.