Early life.

Ruth Virginia Bayton, was originally born February 3, 1907 (or 1903) in Tappahannock, Virginia as the sixth child of Virginia and Hansford C. Bayton, a well known river boat captain who operated an excursion steamer in the Tidewater section along the Virginian coast. However, after 1910, Ruth was sent to Philadelphia to live with her uncle, George Bayton, a wealthy and well respected physician. Occasionally, she also stayed in Baltimore with her eldest sister, Julia Bayton-Banks, who ran a restaurant with her husband Carter Banks and their six children.

Career.

Early career (1922–1925).

In the summer 1922, after finishing school and finding work as an stenographer, she was introduced to Will Vodrey, director of the Plantation Orchestra, who helped her into the chorus of the Florence Mills "Plantation Revue". The following summer, director Lew Leslie took the revue to London as "From Dixie to Dover Street". The show did extremely well, and returned to the US to play on Broadway in 1924 as "Dixie to Broadway". In 1925, she appeared in "Tan Town Topics", with Ethel Waters as the leading star and Josephine Baker in the chorus.

Arrival in Europe (1926).

In 1926, the show arrived at Paris's Restaurant des Ambassadeurs as "Blackbirds of 1926". The show opened on May 28, it was a sensation. Some of France's top stars attended, including Maurice Chevalier, Sacha Guitry, Yvonne Vallée, the Dolly Sisters and even Josephine Baker, who drifted in an hour late. The show moved over in July to the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, where Josephine Baker made her debut months earlier. One night, she was approached by Henri Lartigue, who worked for the William Morris Booking Agency and organized for the show to come to France, who offered her a lucrative contract in Berlin with a weekly salary of $200. Ruth signed the contract right then and there, agreeing to come work at the theatre in the following month, and afterward kept her own counsel. Several weeks later, Ruth departed immediately to appear at the Admiralspalast all-black revue "An Und Aus" in-between rehearsals for a much larger show at the Theatre des Westens. On August 4, "Der Zug Nach dem Westen" opened and Ruth made her appeared in a girdle of a dozen bananas. Her dancing was a large success to the German press with her extravagant jungle interpretation surrounded by a cast of 200. The revue was taken to the Apollotheater in Vienna for the winter before being rearranged into a new version with skimpier costumes and more American performers such as Ben Tyber and Louis Douglas under the name, "Wissen Sie Schon" opening in March 1927 and running for another three months. She appeared in the tableau 'Der Gott und Die Bajadere', dancing completely nude except for a silver loincloth in front of a large statue of Buddha; This time with a larger salary of $600. It's hard to say how much is truth, if any, there is in the many stories in Berlin, which state that a handsome Spanish Marquis would appear with Ruth late at night in the streets of the Friedrichstrasse and under the shadows of the Unter den Linden. Later it was claimed that this Don Juan was none other than King Alfonso XIII of Spain. Undoubtedly, much of this gossip was generated by her onstage image as the personification of unbridled sexuality, just as her counterpart, Josephine Baker. That summer, Ruth appeared in Hamburg at the Argentinean-themed Trocadero Kabarett where she was showered with flowers and the German press billed her as the 'Most Beautiful Creole on the Continent.'

Spain (1927).

Ruth soon decided it was time to move on, and after an appearance in the French resort town Biarritz to perform for a charity event at the Chateau-Basque, accompanied the Spanish actor, Valeriano Ruiz Paris, into Barcelona to open his revue, "Not-Yet" at the Teatro Cómico where she introduced her new dance, the Chotiston, which was a mixture of the Charleston and the Chotis. While in Barcelona, she was followed by an old friend, Robert Wiene, a German film director, who wanted Ruth to star on in his latest film based on the love affair of one of the most gallant European Sovereigns and the most beautiful colored dancer in Europe at the moment. Filming wrapped up by the end of September and the German crew returned to Berlin. Ruth also moved on, in October, to Valencia to appear in the El Folies-Bergere cabaret, where a painting of herself (and Josephine Baker) hung above the stage. The following month, she travelled to Madrid to star in, "Noche Loca" at the Teatro Maravillas with a white American orchestra with a salary of $800 and musical scores composed by the famous Francisco Alonso. After hours, she performed at the exclusive Maipu-Pigall's nightclub, where King Alfonso and the Primo de Rivera was noted to frequent. That winter, before she could accept Louis Douglas's offer to appear in his Black Follies revue at the Teatro Comedia, Paul Derval, director of the Folies Bergère, invited her to return to Paris for the new season, as Josephine was leaving for a world tour.

France (1928–1930).

Rehearsals for "La Grande Folie" began in February in-between her appearances at the Casanova nightclub. Meanwhile, however, she was approached by the director of the Folies-Wagram, a new musichall to be inaugurated the following month with "Revue Wagram", but Ruth turned him down. But early March, after two weeks at the Folies-Bergere, moved on to the Folies-Wagram. Avoiding Paul Derval for the next three months, she appeared with Marie Dubas dancing in the finale of the first act with tall and graceful, slim ankles, shapely well molded thighs, willowy but well developed body covered in the right proportion of blue ostrich feathers. But the rumors of her affair with the Spanish monarch began to resurface, when her German film was released in on April 12. The Spanish government offered the German producers $187,000 to destroy the film, or at least prevent it from appearing in France and Spain. She was making conquests in high society and on her string was Germany's wealthiest bankers. She lived at the Hotel Ambassador with a fine $10,000 Hispano-Suiza driven by a chauffeur and two maids. Something she would have never accomplished in America. "Absolutely impossible," she later remarked to a visiting journalist, "I would have never been given the opportunity. I love Paris, the German people have been very kind, and so have the folks in Spain." After working at Floresco Bonbonniere, she spent the summer in Deauville, dancing at the seaside casinos and appearing at the racetracks with a new admirer Armand Rochefoucauld, 'Marquis de Deauville'. At the Concert Mayol cabaret in late November Ruth was back dancing beside Marie Dubas in, "Cochon Qui Sommeille" (The Slumbering Pig) before returning for a quick appearance in Berlin's Barberina Kabarett, where she complained that the audience would try to grab her she danced. But the constant gloomy presence of the strongly emerging right-wing movement which was bent on purging the decadence of Weimar Germany. This was, of course, the infant Nazi movement and to them Ruth represented the both decadence and racial impurity in Germany.  In January, Ada 'Bricktop' Smith, left behind her old establishment of the Grand Duc, and opened Chez Bricktop's on the Place Pigalle. Besides Edith Wilson and Zaidee Jackson, Ruth returned from the German capital to appear. During this time, she purchased an apartment at 77 Champs-Élysées, once briefly occupied by Jo Baker herself. Soon she ran into Leon Abbey and his orchestra, and joined him on his Spanish tour to play in Seville which was hosting the Exposición Ibero-Americana. There was lots of money to be made as American tourists filled the nightclubs and theatres of the Andalucian city. There was also Barcelona's Exposició Internacional where they made an appearance on the Expo grounds. On her own however, Ruth also returned to Madrid and danced through the winter at the Maipu-Pigall's cabaret, which was known to be frequented by the Spanish monarch. On March 8, she rejoined Abbey's band in London to appear at the Deauville Restaurant. After two weeks, Leon was deported back to Paris for not obtaining his work permits before arriving in Britain. That summer, after an invitation while appearing in London, returned to Paris for the Theatre Apollo where she appeared with the dramatic singer, Damia and the American dancer Jack Forester in the new 'oriental-themed' revue "Revue Milliardaire". Once again, Ruth was chosen for the Oriental-style finale of the first act as Scheherazade in the 'Slave Merchant' sketch. After hours, she would dance the tango and mingle amongst her Spanish friends at the El Garron cabaret. After the triumphal revue closed in August, she joined Sam Wooding's band in "La Jungle Enchanté" at the Theatre Olympia before moving over to the Theatre Marigny on September 7. In December 1930, as France prepared itself for the upcoming Exposition Coloniale, Ruth returned to New York to try her luck back in America to showcase her talents that were so well publicized in Europe.

Return to United States (1931–1932).

Upon arriving, she bought a spacious apartment in the elite Sugar Hill district near Harlem, but was immediately offered to return to France to accompany Noble Sissle's Orchestra at the Restaurant des Ambassadeurs. However, the French authorities were making determined efforts to reduce the number foreign workers, including overseas musicians, in their country. Ruth got wind of a rumor that suggested that Sissle's band would only be able permitted to fulfill the second half of its booking if 50 percent of its personnel were replaced was replaced with French artists. This proved to be the truth, and Ruth immediately declined the offer, remaining in New York to open a small boutique selling precious perfumes and fur wraps, until she got bored with the idea of being a businesswoman. The idea of being away from the stage brought her back into the nightlife, appearing in some of Harlem's popular establishments like Savoy Ballroom and the Smalls Paradise in "Ethel Baird's Revue". However, her large fortune she accumulated abroad quickly faded away as she was unable to work under the same standards as she had in Europe. Early 1932, Ruth was offered a role in a floorshow at a ritzy Broadway cabaret and struck it rich again when she foiled a holdup and was awarded handsomely. By November, she was appearing in Newark, New Jersey and renting rooms from the mother of an old friend, Crackshot Hackley. It was there she got into an argument with one the tenants, John Burtt, white director of the Lafayette Theatre. This ended in Ruth beating him with a dog chain from one her numerous pets. The fight later involved Crackshot and his mother. After this scandal, Ruth packed her bags and informed her family she was moving to Spain (under a new stage name).

Spain (1933–1937).

In February 1933, French press announced her return to France on the. They were most enthusiastic about the return of their 'Belle Creole', but the depression arrived in Europe that winter, causing the economy to fall apart and public demonstrations all across France. Despite business in Montmartre to becoming rather slow, she was found performing at the Rio-Rita Cabaret. Ruth's appearances began to become sparse and she was later departed for Deauville, entertaining at the Bar du Soleil and Casino de Deauville. 79-year old Cora E. Rollins of Chicago, who spent the weekend visiting her son-in-law, Alex Carpenter, orchestra director of the Casino, ran into Ruth, whom she had met as a child in Philadelphia. Mrs. Rollins: "Miss Bayton tried to persuade me to try my luck at the tables, but as I'm admittedly a bad loser, declined." Josephine Baker, who was also appearing at the Bar Soleil was enamored with Ruth's German banker lover, who was visiting and tried to become close with her old buddy in order to receive an introduction. But Ruth was no longer interested in reconnecting with her old cohort and wasn't naive about Jo's motives and snubbed her old friend. Soon afterwards, she departs to Spain and takes up residence in Madrid, where she continues working under another alias until Francisco Franco staged a military coup in Spanish Morocco on 17 July 1936, which made its way to south-western Spain quickly capturing southern and northwestern Spain. The country began to split into numerous factions, which quickly turned this small coup into a civil war. Back home, her family was worried sick about her whereabouts. They hadn't heard anything from her, since her return in 1933, when she stopped writing home. During the spring of 1937, they were still unable to contact Ruth when her Uncle George died. Soon however, there were strange rumors that she escaped into South America. This was confirmed by the summer, when she wrote home finally, her letters listed having arrived from Buenos Aires. Like many Spanish artists, she had escaped to Argentina, achieving huge success, both theatrically and romantically.

Argentina and later life (1938–1950).

During the summer of 1938, she even (for some unknown reason) stood trial at the Palacio de Justicia: "By order of Mr. Investigating Judge for Criminal Matters in the capital of Argentina, Dr. Antonio L. Beiuti, is quoted calls and summons Ruth "Virginia" Bayton, so that within thirty days, computed from the first publication of this, appear to be right in the cause for false testimony that followed, failing to declare rebellious if not done." She remained in Argentina until the Spanish Civil War ended in 1939, however found it difficult to work under Franco's strict regime, and sometime after the outbreak of the German invasion of Poland, returned home to Buenos Aires, despite its pro-German attitude. Shortly after the military coup during July 1943, Ruth returned to the United States for a brief visit.  After WWII ended and shortly after Juan Perón's rise to power, Ruth left to tour war-torn Europe early 1946. That spring, she left Europe from London aboard the back to New York, entertaining American troops and refugees along the way. She maintained a residence in New York until late 1947, afterwards relocating to Los Angeles, where she eventually passed away, at some unknown date, believed to be sometime during the late-1950s.

Ruth Virginia Bayton (5 February 1907 – 195?) was an American-born entertainer and actress, well known in France, Germany, Spain and Argentina.

Ruth Virginie Bayton (5 février 1907 - 195?) est une artiste afro-américaine, connue en France, en Allemagne, en Espagne et en Argentine. Elle est surnommée parce qu'elle apparaît dans la revue "Der Zug nach dem Westen" en 1926 à Berlin, avec une ceinture de bananes, comme Joséphine Baker dans la "Revue nègre".


Model history.

The 1970 model was designated the XS-1. Subsequent Yamaha Xs650 models were XS-1B (1971), XS-2 (1972), then TX650/XS2B (1973), TX650-A (1974), XS650B (1975), XS650C (1976), XS-D (1977), XS-E (1978), XS-F (1979). 1979 was the last year of the so-called "Standards" (an unofficial term commonly used to differentiate it from the "Special," which has pullback bars, a teardrop tank, and other differences in appearance). The Es and Fs also came in Special form: XS-SE (S for Special) and XS-SF. From then on they were Specials only to XS-SG, XS-SH, XS-SJ, XS-SK. There was a Special II (Two) model designation in 1978 (unknown) in 1979 (XS-SF-II), 1980 (XS-G), 1981 (XS-H) which were models with fewer chrome parts decals instead of plated plastic on the side covers as well as drum rear brake and wire wheels versus disc rear brake or cast wheels. The Special II was offered until 1985, the last year for the XS 650.  The first two model years (XS-1 and XS-1B) were kick start only, with an electric starter added from the 1972 model year on. This had a compression release added to the front left exhaust tappet cover resulting in a square versus triangular cover found on the other exhaust and intake covers. Upon removal of the compression release mechanism in 1974 due to updated starter, the square cover at the left exhaust valve was continued.  Brake modification notes:  Handling differences on swapping rear wheels:-  Prior to the XS-B model, the bike had a reputation for speed wobbles but adjustments to the 1975 setup overcame these.  1976 models had the front brake caliper moved to the right fork leg, behind the fork as opposed to in front of the fork. This placed the brake caliper nearer the steering pivot center-line, requiring slightly less effort to steer.  Mid-'77 the front forks had a major redesign: fork tube diameter increased from 34 to and internals were changed (although this also holds true for various years of the same tube size). The entire fork assembly (with triple tree) will swap either way but fork parts are not equivalent. Also the brake caliper changed from a dual piston cast iron design for the fork to a aluminum single piston floating caliper for the forks. The brake caliper mounting lugs on the fork sliders are of different spacing for the and forks so the calipers can't be swapped.

End of production.

The XS 650 was produced until 1985. The last model year was 1983 in the United States, with Canada, Europe and other markets continuing into 1984 and 1985. However, many US models remained unsold for some years due to overproduction and an economic recession and brand new 1982 and 1983 models could still be purchased in 1987 at some dealerships.

Design.

Engine.

Like the contemporaries in its class the XS 650 has a 360° crank angle. This provides an even firing interval between the two cylinders, but also generates some vibration caused by the two pistons rising and falling together. This vibration is particularly noticeable at idle. Because of a long-acknowledged vibration issue, starting with the 1974 models, vibration damping modifications were made to the engine and handlebar mountings.  The XS 650s valves are operated by a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) whereas almost all contemporaries in its class have pushrod valvegear.  The 360 degrees crankshaft uses three roller bearings and a ball bearing. The camshaft uses four ball bearings, and rolling bearings are used throughout the rest of the engine. Connecting rods turn on needle bearings. Since the engine is SOHC, there are no pushrods to operate the valves. The camshaft gets its drive from a single-row chain running from the center of the crankshaft. Chain tension is maintained by a spring-loaded guide, which also takes up unnecessary slack. The initial intake valve timing was changed in 1973 (EPA mandated) from a longer duration to a milder duration, this and other changes stifled the later models somewhat, the compression ratio also became lower over the years to match the milder cam timing, the flywheel is lighter than British contemporaries, this has the effect that the engine tends to pick up revs more rapidly when the throttle is opened quickly.  During the later developments of the engine compression ratios were lowered, then raised. Pistons were lightened 20 percent along with connecting rods to reduce the reciprocating mass inside the engine. Aluminum pistons are slightly domed with valve pockets. Pistons have three rings installed, two compression and one oil control ring.  Horizontal split of the crankcases offers the advantages of oil tightness through the elimination of vertical joints and one-step access to both the lower end and the gearbox. Oil pressure is provided by the trochoidal pump, driven by a steel spur gear off the crankshaft. The main bearings, transmission main shaft, clutch bushing, shifter fork guide bar, and rocker arms are lubricated by pressurized oil, whereas the rest of the engine is lubricated by “oil splash, this includes the big ends.”

Carburation.

Pre-1980 models use the twin constant velocity Mikuni carburetors that can be tuned by moving the needle clip position, or by replacing jets. In the carburetors the velocity of the fuel mixture through the venturi, regulated by the opening of the butterfly valves and engine speed, causes a pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the carburetor pistons. This pressure difference raises and lowers the carburetor slides, increasing or decreasing engine output accordingly.  Post-1979 models use smaller Mikuni CV carbs with needles that seem to be listed in parts menus as being 'fixed' position,(in other words a needle that may only have one clip position). The pilot and main jets can be changed for different sizes. If the CV carb needles only have one fixed clip position.

Ignition.

The models up to 1979 use points ignition. Two sets of points are located on the upper left of the cylinder head. On the right side cylinder head, an advance mechanism is located. An advance mechanism is used to retard the timing for easy starting and smooth idle. Post-1979 models use electronic ignition systems.

Performance.

"Cycle World" tested the XS650 in March 1979. It ran the standing-start quarter mile 13.86 seconds with a terminal speed of. The motorcycle's average fuel economy was

The Yamaha XS650 is a mid-size motorcycle made by Yamaha Motor Company. The standard model was introduced in October 1969,and produced through 1979. The "Special" cruiser model was introduced in 1978 and produced through 1985. The XS650 began with the 1955 Hosk SOHC 500 twin. After about 10 years of producing 500 twin, Hosk engineers designed a 650 cc twin. Later the Hosk company was acquired by Showa Corporation, and in 1960 Yamaha had bought Showa with Hosk's early design of 650 cc twin.

La Yamaha XS 650 est une moto de taille moyenne construite par Yamaha. Le modèle fut présenté en et produit jusqu'en 1979. Le modèle « Spécial » fut présenté en 1978 et produit jusqu'en 1985. La XS 650 a d’abord reçu le moteur twin Hosk SACT de en 1955. Après environ dix ans de production en, les ingénieurs Hosk conçurent un twin. Plus tard, la société Hosk fut acquise par Showa Corporation, et en 1960, Yamaha avait racheté Showa, incluant Hosk, le concepteur initial du twin.


Design and development.

André Starck had built the Starck AS-20, a biplane with heavy stagger and small gap, in 1942, guided by the pre-World War II studies of Miroslav Nenadovitch. Conventional biplanes have interplane gaps significantly greater than their wing chord to minimise the usually deleterious inter-wing interactions; Nenadovitch sought to take advantage of the interaction to produce a wing pair that acted rather like a single, monoplane wing with slotted flaps. The AS-27 followed the same plan but introduced wing tip end-plates or "curtains" bearing the ailerons, used again in the later AS-37.  The AS-27 was an all-wood aircraft with Finnish ply covering. The upper wings were attached to the fuselage at shoulder wing position and the lower ones to the lower fuselage, leaving a gap of about 400 mm (16 in). The stagger placed the trailing edge of the upper wing above the lower wing's leading edge. The upper plane had a longer span and wider chord than the lower one. There were no traditional interplane struts; instead, the wing tips were joined by "curtains", approximately parallelogram-shaped airfoil structures the width of the lower wing. Because of the span difference, these leaned outwards at 45°, allowing them to carry ailerons on their trailing edges. In addition, it was claimed, these provided the lateral stability more usually secured with dihedral as well as producing additional lift.  The fuselage and empennage of the AS-27 were conventional, with its cockpit over the lower wing. Its fixed conventional undercarriage had arched leaf spring cantilever main legs with cable bracing, together with a steerable tailwheel. It had a 78 kW (105 hp) Potez 4E flat four engine in its long nose, closely cowled with prominent bulges enclosing the cylinder heads. There were two fuel tanks, one ahead and one aft of the cockpit.  The AS-27 was built by Claude Chevassut and his son. It made its first flight in the summer of 1975, piloted by Robert Buisson at Chavenay.

The Starck AS-27 Starcky was a racing single seat biplane of unusual wing layout with full stagger and a small gap. It was designed and built in France in the 1970s; only one was made.

Le Starck AS-27 Starcky est un avion de course conçu en France en 1975 par l'ingénieur aéronautique français André Starck.


Career.

Hazard started his career with Cliftonville before joining Celtic, his boyhood club, in July 2014. At the beginning of the 2017–18 season, Brendan Rodgers promoted Hazard to the Celtic first-team squad as third choice goalkeeper behind Craig Gordon and Dorus de Vries. On 8 September 2017, Hazard signed a new four-year contract with the Scottish champions.  In January 2018, Hazard moved on loan to Scottish Championship club Falkirk. He made his professional debut in a 3–1 victory over Brechin City on 6 February 2018.  Hazard moved on loan to another Scottish Championship club, Partick Thistle, in January 2019.  Hazard joined Dundee on an emergency loan in October 2019, replacing regular starter Jack Hamilton who was out after having his appendix removed. Hazard played 5 games with Dundee before returning to Celtic in November following Hamilton's return. After impressing Dundee manager James McPake during his short stint with the club, Hazard was brought back to the Dark Blues on loan for the rest of the season in January. Hazard again took the starting spot in February, and only conceded one goal in his next 6 games, grabbing 5 consecutive clean sheets in the process. However, both Hazard's and Dundee's great run was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic, causing the season to be ended early in April 2020.

International career.

Hazard made his debut for the Northern Ireland under-19 team on 26 March 2016 at Sportpark Parkzicht in a 1–0 defeat to the Netherlands. He made his first appearance at full international level for Northern Ireland on 3 June 2018, in a 3–0 defeat against Costa Rica.

Conor Hazard (born 5 March 1998) is a Northern Irish professional footballer from Downpatrick who plays as a goalkeeper for Celtic. He has previously spent time out on loan at Falkirk and Partick Thistle.

Conor Hazard, né le à Downpatrick, est un footballeur international nord-irlandais, qui évolue au poste de gardien de but au sein du club du Celtic.


Background.

Although "Oh Well" was a hit in the UK, the song was not the group's first single released in the United States. Instead, Clifford Davis, who was Fleetwood Mac's manager at the time, selected "Rattlesnake Shake" to be released in the US since he thought it would become a big hit, but it did not chart anywhere. After the commercial failure of "Rattlesnake Shake", "Oh Well" was released as the second single, and subsequently became a hit on both sides of the Atlantic. Mick Fleetwood ranked the song in his top 11 favorite Fleetwood Mac songs of all-time list since he was able to participate in bringing out the character of the song.  According to Mick Fleetwood, the double-time shuffle near the end of the song was spun out of an improvised jam. "It incorporated the freedom to go off on a tangent, to jam – the classic ‘Do you jam, dude?’ We learned that as players. You hear that alive and well in the double-time structure that I put in at the end, which on stage could last half an hour. It was our way of being in The Grateful Dead."  In a Q&A, Peter Green admitted that "Rattlesnake Shake" was about masturbation, reckoning that the lyrical content was inspired by Fleetwood. Fleetwood would later back up this claim in his 2014 autobiography "Play On", stating that "Rattlesnake Shake" is an ode to masturbation as a cure for the blues. "I'm named in it, as a guy who does the rattlesnake shake to jerk away my sadness whenever I don't have a chick. That was an appropriate immortalisation of my younger self..." To achieve the rustling noises heard at the end of each chorus, Green found it appropriate to insert the sounds of an actual rattlesnake found on an audio tape.

Critical reception.

The song has been well-received; the magazine "Rolling Stone" hailed the track as Peter Green's best song along with "Albatross. "Ultimate Classic Rock" placed it at #7 on their Top 10 'Peter Green Fleetwood Mac Songs' list. Paste Magazine also ranked the song number #19 on the "20 Best Fleetwood Mac Songs Of All Time", and was just one of two Peter Green songs to appear on the list, the other being "Oh Well".

Cover versions.

A different recording of "Rattlesnake Shake" also appears on Mick Fleetwood's solo album, "The Visitor". Released in 1981, this recording featured Peter Green, the track's composer, on guitar and vocals. During this time, Peter Green was beginning to reemerge professionally and had released a series of solo albums. Unlike the 1969 original, the rerecorded 1981 version did manage to chart, peaking at #30 on the Mainstream Rock chart.  Also in 1981, Bob Welch recorded a live version of the track on his album Live at The Roxy, with contributions from Stevie Nicks (tambourine), Christine McVie (maracas), Mick Fleetwood (drums), Robbie Patton (cowbell), Alvin Taylor (guitar), Robin Sylvester (bass), Joey Brasler (guitar), and David Adelstein (keyboards). The album was released in 2004.  A 1973 live version of "Rattlesnake Shake" appeared on Aerosmith box set "Pandora's Box" in 1991.  In 2005, former Fleetwood Mac guitarist Rick Vito covered "Rattlesnake Shake" on an album of the same name.  In 2008, the Mick Fleetwood Blues Band recorded a live version of "Rattlesnake Shake" for their album ""Blue Again!"". This version featured Rick Vito on guitar and vocals.  Five years later, the song was rehearsed for a Mick Fleetwood Blues Band concert. Christine McVie had given Mick Fleetwood a call and asked him if she could play at an upcoming gig in Hawaii, which Fleetwood agreed to. The same day, Fleetwood and Rick Vito brought a piano to her hotel suite and rehearsed "Don't Stop" and "Rattlesnake Shake. On the night of the gig, Mick Fleetwood alluded to a special guest, without announcing the special guest was Christine McVie. In addition to the aforementioned songs, they also played "Get Like You Used to Be" and "World Turning".  Personnel (Mick Fleetwood version)

"Rattlesnake Shake" is a song by British rock group Fleetwood Mac, written by guitarist Peter Green, which first appeared on the band's 1969 album "Then Play On". The track was considered the high point of its parent album, and was one of the band's crowd-favorites in the late 1960s.

Rattlesnake Shake est une chanson du groupe britannique Fleetwood Mac, composée par Peter Green et sortie en 1969 sur l'album Then Play On. Le morceau est considéré comme étant le point culminant de l'album.


Biography.

Early work.

Born in Ibdes, province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Ezquerra started his career drawing westerns and war stories for Spanish publishers. In 1973 he got work in the UK market through agent Barry Coker, drawing for girls' romance titles like "Valentine" and "Mirabelle", as well as westerns for "Pocket Western Library", and a variety of adventure strips for D. C. Thomson & Co.'s "The Wizard". The UK was a popular market for Spanish artists as the exchange rate meant the work paid well, but Ezquerra moved to London to be near the work, settling in Croydon with his wife.

"Battle" and "2000 AD".

In 1974, on the strength of his uncredited work for "The Wizard", Pat Mills and John Wagner headhunted him, through Coker, to work for the new IPC title "Battle Picture Weekly". He drew "Rat Pack": inspired by the film "The Dirty Dozen", the strip, written by Gerry Finley-Day, featured a gang of criminals recruited to carry out suicide missions. But his commitments elsewhere meant he couldn't draw it full-time, and other artists were also used. In 1976 "Battle" editor Dave Hunt convinced him to commit himself to the title, offering him the laid-back anti-hero "Major Eazy", written by Alan Hebden. Ezquerra drew nearly 100 episodes in the next two and a half years, basing the character's appearance on the actor James Coburn. He was asked to visualise a new character, future lawman Judge Dredd, for the science fiction weekly "2000 AD", prior to its launch in 1977. His elaborate designs displeased the strip's writer, John Wagner, but impressed editor Pat Mills, and his cityscapes persuaded Mills to set the strip further into the future than initially intended. But Wagner (temporarily) quit over ownership issues, and Ezquerra followed him when the first published appearance of the character was drawn by another artist, Mike McMahon. He returned to "Battle", where he once again teamed up with Alan Hebden to create "El Mestizo", a black gun-for-hire who played both sides against the middle during the American Civil War. In 1978 he and Wagner created "Strontium Dog", a sci-fi western about a bounty hunter in a future where mutants are an oppressed minority forced into doing such dirty work, for "Starlord", a short-lived sister title to "2000 AD" with higher production values. "Starlord" was later merged into "2000 AD", bringing "Strontium Dog" with it. Ezquerra was almost the only artist to draw the character, until 1988, when writer Alan Grant decided to kill him off in a storyline called "The Final Solution". Ezquerra disagreed with the decision, and refused to draw the story, which was instead illustrated by Simon Harrison and Colin MacNeil. In 2000 Wagner and Ezquerra revived "Strontium Dog" based on a treatment Wagner had written for an abortive TV pilot. Initially, stories were set before the character's death in a revised continuity, but 2010's "The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha" brought Johnny back from the dead.  Other "2000 AD" strips he drew included "Fiends of the Eastern Front" (1980), a vampire story set in World War II, written by Gerry Finley-Day, and adaptations of Harry Harrison's "Stainless Steel Rat" novels, with the title character once again resembling James Coburn. In 1982 he returned to "Judge Dredd" to draw "The Apocalypse War", a seven-month epic which he drew in its entirety. He has continued to draw the character semi-regularly, handling the whole of "Necropolis" in 1990, "Origins" in 2006–07, and many others.  His son Hector inked and coloured in his pencil work for "Strontium Dog" between 2008 and 2012.  The character of Stogie from the long running 2000 AD strip "Robo-Hunter" was given the full name Carlos Sanchez Robo-Stogie in tribute to Ezquerra.

Other work.

Ezquerra also collaborated numerous times with writer Garth Ennis on "Bloody Mary", "Adventures in the Rifle Brigade", "War Stories", a "Hitman" annual with artist Steve Pugh, and two "Preacher" specials ("The Good Old Boys" and "The Saint of Killers" miniseries) for DC Comics, and "Just a Pilgrim" for Black Bull Entertainment.  Ezquerra occasionally used the nom de plume ""L John Silver"" for work such as 2000AD's ""The Riddle of the Astral Assassin!"" prog 118, and "ABC Warriors", progs 134–136.

Death.

In later life Ezquerra moved to Andorra. He died of lung cancer on 1 October 2018, at the age of 70. He never retired, and his uncompleted final work, "Spector," was published posthumously in June 2019 by "2000 AD".

Bibliography.

Comics.

Comics work includes:

Collected editions.

Some of Ezquerra's more recent Judge Dredd and Cursed Earth Koburn work has been collected into one volume:

Toys.

He drew the artwork on the header cards for Corgi model's range of X-Ploratron die-cast models. ("Diecast Collector Magazine", September 2006 issue, page 38)  The four X-Ploratron models were;

Carlos Sanchez Ezquerra (12 November 1947 – 1 October 2018) was a Spanish comics artist who worked mainly in British comics. He is best known as the co-creator of "Judge Dredd".

Carlos Sanchez Ezquerra ( à Ibdes – ) est un dessinateur espagnol de bande dessinée. Il est principalement connu pour avoir co-créé "Judge Dredd".


Équipe de République d'Irlande féminine de hockey sur gazon

History.

Early years.

The Irish Ladies Hockey Union was established in 1894. On 2 March 1896 they organised and hosted the first ever women's international field hockey match when Ireland defeated England 2–0 at Alexandra College.

Tournament record.

Olympics.

Ireland have qualified for the 2020 summer olympics Olympic Games. They were invited to enter the inaugural 1980 tournament but did not participate because of the boycott. Between 1991 and 2012 Ireland competed in Olympic qualifiers. In 2012 they reached the final of a qualifying tournament but lost 4–1 to Belgium. Ireland attempted to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics via the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League. However they failed to qualify after losing out to China in a penalty shoot-out during a tournament in Valencia.  Ireland have played in four Women's Hockey World Cups, making their debut in 1986. Ireland qualified for their first tournament after winning the 1983 Women's Intercontinental Cup. Ireland hosted the 1994 Women's Hockey World Cup and made their third appearance in 2002 after finishing fifth in the 2001 Women's Intercontinental Cup.  Ireland were finalists and silver medallists at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup. Deirdre Duke scored twice against the United States as Ireland won their opening pool stage game 3–1. Shirley McCay was also on target for Ireland. In their second pool game against India, Anna O'Flanagan's goal secured a 1–0 win for Ireland and a place in the quarter-finals. Ireland lost their third pool game against England. However, after winning their first two games, they had already qualified for the knockout stages. The quarter-final against India finished 0–0 but Roisin Upton, Alison Meeke and Chloe Watkins were all on target as Ireland won the penalty shoot-out 3–1. Ireland coach Graham Shaw hailed Ayeisha McFerran's performance in the penalty shoot-out after she saved three out of the four India penalty strokes. In the semi-final against Spain, O'Flanagan scored her second goal before Spain equalised and the game finished 1–1. In the subsequent penalty shoot-out, Ireland won 3–2, with Gillian Pinder scoring twice and McFerran again saving three penalty strokes. Despite losing the final 6–0 to the Netherlands, Ireland were acclaimed for their overall performance in the tournament. They had begun the tournament as underdogs, the second lowest seed. They were ranked 15th out of sixteen teams taking part. Their team was made up of part-timers and amateurs while in the final they played a team of full-time professionals. It was reported in "The Irish Times" that the players had to pay €550 to compete. Although this claim was subsequently denied by both Sport Ireland and the Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, Shane Ross. Following their appearance in the World Cup final, Ireland moved up to a best ever eighth position in the FIH World Rankings. Their previous highest ranking position was 14th.

EuroHockey Championships.

Ireland competed in every Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship between 1984 and 2013. However, after finishing 7th in 2013, they were relegated to the second level, Women's EuroHockey Championship II. Ireland subsequently returned to the top level after winning the 2015 Women's EuroHockey Championship II, defeating the Czech Republic 5–0 in the final.

Women's Intercontinental Cup.

Between 1983 and 2006 Ireland played regularly in the Women's Intercontinental Cup. Ireland qualified for the 1986 Women's Hockey World Cup after winning the 1983 Women's Intercontinental Cup. The team was captained by Margaret Gleghorne and also included Mary Geaney. Ireland qualified for the 2002 Women's Hockey World Cup after finishing 5th in the 2001 Women's Intercontinental Cup in controversial circumstances. Ireland played Lithuania in a fifth to eighth place classification match. The match finished 2–2 and Lithuania won the subsequent penalty shoot-out 6–5. However Ireland captain, Rachel Kohler, spotted that the penalty strokes were being taken in the wrong order. She was initially ignored by the match officials, but Ireland appealed and the tournament director ruled the shoot-out should be replayed the next day. However Lithuania refused to take part and withdrew from the tournament. Ireland went on to defeat Scotland 2–1 in the fifth place play-off and were initially confirmed as the final qualifier from the tournament. Before the match the Lithuania team staged a sit down protest on the pitch. Lithuania lodged a further appeal to the FIH who then ordered that Ireland, Lithuania, India and the United States take part in a second qualification tournament. Lithuania were due to play India in a seventh and eighth place play-off before they withdrew. The United States had been unable to participate in the original tournament due to the disruption of airline schedules after the September 11 attacks. However Ireland in turn appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport who overruled the FIH decision and finally confirmed Ireland's place in the 2002 Women's Hockey World Cup.

Women's Hockey Champions Challenge.

Between 2009 and 2014 Ireland enter teams in Women's Hockey Champions Challenge tournaments.

Women's FIH Hockey World League.

Between 2012 and 2017 Ireland competed in the Women's FIH Hockey World League. In March 2015 they won a Round 2 tournament hosted in Dublin, defeating Canada in the final after a penalty shoot-out. Ireland attempted to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics via the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League. However they failed to qualify after losing out to China in a penalty shoot-out during the Semifinals tournament in Valencia. In January 2017 they won a Round 2 tournament in Kuala Lumpur, defeating Malaysia 3–0 in the final with goals from Anna O'Flanagan, Katie Mullan and Zoe Wilson. Ireland's seventh-place finish at the 2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals eventually saw them qualify for the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup.

Women's FIH Hockey Series.

During 2019, Ireland played in the Women's FIH Series.

Players.

Current squad.

Squad for the 2019 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship.  Head coach: Sean Dancer

Olympians.

The following Ireland internationals have also represented Great Britain at the Summer Olympics.  Ireland field hockey internationals, Thelma Hopkins and Maeve Kyle, have also represented Great Britain and Ireland, respectively, at the Olympics. Both competed as track and field athletes.

The Ireland women's national field hockey team is organised by Hockey Ireland and represents both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in international women's field hockey competitions, including the Women's Hockey World Cup and the Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship. They have previously competed in the Women's Intercontinental Cup, the Women's Hockey Champions Challenge, Women's FIH Hockey World League and the Women's FIH Hockey Series. On 2 March 1896, Ireland played England in the first ever women's international field hockey match. Ireland were finalists and silver medallists at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup and will compete at the 2020 Olympic tournament.

L'équipe de République d'Irlande de hockey sur gazon féminin est l'équipe représentative de l'Irlande dans les compétitions internationales féminines de hockey sur gazon.


Racing career milestones.

Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated.  Started Racing: 1982 at the age of five years. A friend got him into it.  Sanctioning Body:  First race result:  First win (local):  First sponsor:  First national win:  Turned Professional: January 1999 at the age of 21 years. During 1999 and prior de Wilde was one of only three total pros Europe ever had (Dylan Clayton and Wilco Groenendaal were the other two) due to the nature of racing rules with the European sanctioning bodies at the time, which did not permit a full pro class in which an unlimited amount of money can be earned by the racer at a race.  First Professional race result (Netherlands/Europe):  First Professional race result (US):  First Professional win (Netherlands/Europe):  First Professional win (US):  First Junior Pro* win (Netherlands/Europe):  First Junior Pro* win (US):  First Senior Pro** race result (Netherlands/Europe):  First Senior Pro** race result (US):  First Senior Pro win (Netherlands/Europe):  First Senior Pro win (US):  Retired: Still active.  Height & weight at height of his career (1999–2006): Ht:6'2" Wt:215 lbs.

Career factory and major bike shop sponsors.

Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given.

Career bicycle motocross titles.

Note: Listed are District, State/Provincial/Department, Regional, National, and International titles in "italics". "Defunct" refers to the fact of that sanctioning body in question no longer existing at the start of the racer's career or at that stage of his/her career. Depending on point totals of individual racers, winners of Grand Nationals do not necessarily win National titles. Series and one off Championships are also listed in block.

Amateur/Junior Men.

Professional/Elite Men.

Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie (KNWU)  Nederlandse Fietscross Federatie (NFF)  National Bicycle League (NBL)  American Bicycle Association (ABA)  United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA) International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF)* Fédération Internationale Amateur de Cyclisme (FIAC)* Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)*  International Olympic Committee (IOC)<br>  Independent Invitationals and Pro Series Championships

BMX magazine covers.

Note: Only magazines that were in publication at the time of the racer's career(s) are listed unless specifically noted.  Minicycle/BMX Action & Super BMX: Bicycle Motocross Action & Go: BMX Plus!:  Total BMX: Bicycles and Dirt: Snap BMX Magazine & Transworld BMX:  Moto Mag: BMX World: Bicycles Today & BMX Today (The official NBL publication under two names):  ABA Action, American BMXer, BMXer (The official ABA publication under three names):

Robert de Wilde (born April 30, 1977 in Kampen) is a Dutch professional "Mid/Current School" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1990–2003. His nicknames are "The Flying Dutchman" in reference to his speed and his nationality and "Afro-Bob" because of his long wild, uncombed hair. He was chosen for the Dutch BMX Olympic team to participate in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China where he reached the Quarter Finals.

Robert de Wilde (né le à Kampen) est un pilote de BMX néerlandais. Il a notamment été champion du monde de BMX en 1999 et vainqueur de la coupe du monde en 2003, 2005 et 2007.


Tectonic setting.

Haiti lies at the boundary between the Caribbean Plate and North American Plate. Movement across this boundary is partitioned across several major structures. The major left-lateral strike slip fault zones of the Septentrional-Oriente fault zone and the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone together accommodate the lateral component of this movement. North of Haiti, the overall deformation is transpressional in nature and an additional structure, the North Hispaniola Fault, a major thrust zone, takes up the component of convergence at a rate of 5 mm per year.

Damage.

The earthquake caused part of a school to collapse in Gros-Morne, damaged the façade of the Paroisse St. Michel A De Plaisance church in Plaisance, caused a cultural center to collapse in Gros-Morne, damaged a holding cell at the Police Nationale d'Haiti Commissariat de Port-de-Paix in Port-de-Paix, allowing several detainees to escape, caused an auditorium to collapse in Gros-Morne, damaged several classrooms at San Gabriel National School in Gros-Morne, and destroyed houses in the communes of Chansolme, Gros-Morne, Plaisance, and Port-de-Paix as well as on the island of Tortuga.  Overall, at total of 2,102 houses were destroyed and a further 15,932 were damaged.

Casualties.

The earthquake killed 18 people and 548 people were injured. Nine of the deaths occurred in Port-de-Paix, seven in Gros-Morne and one in Saint-Louis du Nord.

Response.

President Jovenel Moïse instructed residents to stay calm and stated that authorities would be responding to those who need help.  Prime Minister Jean-Henry Céant said that a cabinet had been created to help organize the emergency response.  The day after the earthquake, President Moïse visited Port-de-Paix de oversee the recovery efforts.

Aftershocks.

There have been two aftershocks since the initial earthquake struck. A magnitude 5.2 event occurred nearly 20 hours after the mainshock, with another magnitude 4.2 event happening about 5 hours later.  In the first 8 months of 2018, there were 26 earthquakes between the magnitudes of 2.9 and 4.6 recorded.

On October 6, 2018, at approximately 8:11 p.m, a magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck 19 kilometers northwest of Port-de-Paix, Haiti. The earthquake damaged structures and killed 18 people.

Le, un séisme de magnitude 5,9 se produit à Haïti, à proximité de Port-de-Paix dans le département du Nord-Ouest.


History.

Roman Illyrians and early Christianity.

The western part of the Balkan Peninsula was conquered by the Roman Empire by 168 BC after a long drawn out process known as the Illyrian Wars.  Following their conquests, the Romans organised the area into the province of Illyricum, which was eventually split up into Dalmatia and Pannonia. Through being part of the Roman Empire, various religious cults were brought into the region. This included the Levantine-originated religion of Christianity.  Indeed, Salona, a Greek-founded city close to modern Split, was one of the earliest places in the region connected with Christianity. It was able to gain influence first among some of the Dalmatian Jews living in the city. St. Titus, a disciple of St. Paul the Apostle and the subject of the "Epistle to Titus" in the New Testament, was active in Dalmatia. Indeed, in the "Epistle to the Romans", Paul himself speaks of visiting "Illyricum", but he may have meant Illyria Graeca.

Conversion of the Croats.

The Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They came in touch with the Christian natives and started to slowly accept Christianity. Byzantine and Frankish missionaries and Benedictines who were bringing Western cultural influences had a significant role in the christening of Croats.  Croats had their first contact with the Holy See in year 641 when the papal envoy Abbot Martin came to them in order to redeem Christian captives and the bones of the martyrs that Croats were keeping. There is little information about the "Baptism of the Croats", but it is known that it was peacefully and freely accepted, and that it took place between the 7th and the 9th century.  Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote in his book De Administrando Imperio that the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, during whose reign Croats came to the land between Drava river and the Adriatic Sea (present-day Croatia), "brought priests from Rome who he made into archbishop, bishop, priests and deacons, which then baptized Croats."  Historical sources mention the christening of Croatian rulers Porga, Vojnomir, Višeslava, Borna, Ljudevit Posavski and others.  By the 9th century, Croats have already been fully included in a large European Christian community. Croatian rulers Mislav (around 839), Trpimir I (852) and many others were building churches and monasteries. In 879, Croatian duke Branimir wrote a letter to Pope John VIII in which he promised him loyalty and obedience. Pope John VIII replied with a letter on 7 June 879, in which he wrote that he celebrated a Mass at the tomb of St Peter on which he invoked God's blessing on Branimir and his people.  In 925, Croatian King Tomislav was corresponding with Pope John X on the occasion of the first Church Council of Split. The pope's letter to the King Tomislav is the first international document in which a Croatian ruler was called "rex" (King); that is why Tomislav is considered to be the first Croatian king.  King Demetrius Zvonimir was crowned on 8 October 1076 at Solin in the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses (known today as the Hollow Church) by Gebizon, a representative of Pope Gregory VII.  Zvonimir took an oath of allegiance to Pope, by which he promised his support in the implementations of the Church reforms in Croatia. After the Papal legate crowned him, Zvonimir in 1076 gave the Benedictine monastery of Saint Gregory in Vrana to the Pope as a sign of loyalty and as an accommodation for papal legates coming to Croatia.

Middle Ages.

When Croatia lost its own dynasty and entered into a personal union with Hungary in 1102, the Benedictines were slowly dying out, while the mendicant orders, especially Franciscans and Dominicans were becoming more important. Religious and cultural formation of Croats was also strongly influenced by Jesuits. Church writers from northern Croatia and Dubrovnik, which was a free center of the Croatian culture, have done a lot for standardization and expansion of the Croatian literary language.  Since the 9th century there is in Croatia a unique phenomenon in the entire world of Catholicism, liturgy that was held in Church Slavonic language with special Glagolitic script (Pope was allowing serving liturgy only in Latin). Despite the various disputes, Pope Innocent IV approved use of Church Slavonic language and the Glagolitic script to Filip, bishop of Senj, thus making Croats the only Latin Catholics in the world allowed to use a language other than Latin in their liturgy prior to the Second Vatican Council in 1962.  During the Croatian–Ottoman Wars that lasted from 15th to 19th century Croats strongly fought against the Turks which resulted in the fact that the westernmost border of the Ottoman Empire and Europe became entrenched on the soil of the Croatian Kingdom. In 1519, Croatia was called the "Antemurale Christianitatis" by Pope Leo X.

Austrian Empire/Austria-Hungary.

The Austrian Empire signed a concordat with the Holy See in 1855 which regulated the Catholic Church within the empire.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

In Yugoslavia, the Croatian bishops were part of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia.

The Church in the Independent State of Croatia.

In 1941, a Nazi puppet state, so-called Independent State of Croatia (NDH), was established by the fascist dictator Ante Pavelić and his Ustaše movement. The Ustaša regime pursued a genocidal policy against the Serbs (who were Eastern Orthodox Christians), Jews and Romani.  Historian Michael Phayer wrote that the creation of the NDH was initially welcomed by the hierarchy of the Catholic Church and by many Catholic priests. Ante Pavelić was anti-Serb and pro-Catholic, viewing Catholicism as an integral part of Croat culture.  British writer Peter Hebblethwaite wrote that Pavelić was anxious to get diplomatic relations and a Vatican blessing for the new 'Catholic state' but that "neither was forthcoming".  The Archbishop of Zagreb, Aloysius Stepinac, wanted Croatia's independence from the Serb dominated Yugoslav state which he considered to be ""the jail of the Croatian nation"", so he arranged the audience with Pius XII for Pavelić.  Vatican under Secretary of State Giovanni Montini (later Pope Paul VI)'s minutes before the meeting noted that no recognition of the new state could come before a peace treaty and that "The Holy See must be impartial; it must think of all; there are Catholics on all sides to whom the [Holy See] must be respectful."  The Vatican refused formal recognition of NDH but Pius XII sent a Benedictine abbot Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone as his apostolic visitor. Pius was criticized for his reception of Pavelić but he still hoped that Pavelić would defeat communist Partisans and reconvert many of the 200,000 who had left the Catholic Church for the Serbian Orthodox Church since World War I.  Many Croatian nationalist clergy supported the Pavelić's regime push to drive out Serbs, Gypsies and Jews, or force their conversion to Catholicism. Despite that, Pavelić told Nazi Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop that while the lower clergy supported the Ustaše, the bishops, and particularly Archbishop Stepinac, were opposed to the movement because of "Vatican international policy".  Phayer wrote that Stepinac came to be known as "judenfreundlich" ("Jew friendly") to the Nazi-linked Ustaše regime, and suspended a number of priest collaborators in his diocese.  Archbishop Stepinac made many public statements criticizing developments in the NDH. On Sunday, 24 May 1942, to the irritation of Ustaša officials, he used the pulpit and a diocesan letter to condemn genocide in specific terms, although not mentioning Serbs:  He also wrote a letter directly to Pavelić on 24 February 1943, stating:  Thirty-one priests were arrested following Stepinac's July and October 1943 explicit condemnations of race murders being read from pulpits across Croatia. Martin Gilbert wrote that Stepinac, ""who in 1941 had welcomed Croat independence, subsequently condemned Croat atrocities against both Serbs and Jews, and himself saved a group of Jews"".  The Yugoslav Partisans executed two priests, Petar Perica and Marijan Blažić, as collaborationists on the island of Daksa on 25 October 1944. The Partisans killed Fra Maksimilijan Jurčić near Vrgorac in late January 1945.

The Church in communist Yugoslavia.

The National Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH) originally foresaw a greater degree of religious freedom in the country. In 1944 ZAVNOH still left open the possibility of religious education in schools.  This idea was scuttled after Yugoslav leader Josip Broz removed secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia Andrija Hebrang and replaced him with hardliner Vladimir Bakarić.  In 1945, the retired bishop of Dubrovnik, Josip Marija Carević, was murdered by Yugoslav authorities. Bishop Josip Srebrnić was sent to jail for two months. After the war, the number of Catholic publications in Yugoslavia decreased from one hundred to only three.  In 1946, the Communist regime introduced the "Law on State Registry Books" which allowed the confiscation of church registries and other documents. On 31 January 1952, the communist regime officially banned all religious education in public schools.  That year the regime also expelled the Catholic Faculty of Theology from the University of Zagreb, to which it was not restored until democratic changes in 1991.  In 1984, the Catholic Church held a National Eucharistic Congress in Marija Bistrica.  The central mass held on September 9 was attended by 400,000 people, including 1100 priests, 35 bishops and archbishops, as well as five cardinals. The mass was led by cardinal Franz König, a friend of Aloysius Stepinac from their early studies. In 1987 the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia issued a statement calling on the government to respect the right of parents to obtain a religious education for their children.

The Church in the Republic of Croatia.

After Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia, the Catholic Church regained its full freedom and influence.  During the Croatian War of Independence Catholicism and Orthodoxy were often cited as a basic division between Croats and Serbs, which led to a massive destruction of churches (some 1,426 were destroyed or damaged).  In the Republic of Croatia, the Catholic Church has defined its legal position as autonomous in some areas, thus making it able to: provide religious education in state primary and secondary schools to those students who choose it, establish Catholic schools and conduct pastoral care among the Catholics in the armed forces and police.  Through the ratification of treaties between the Holy See and Croatia on 9 April 1997, treaties that regulate legal issues, cooperation in education and culture, conducting pastoral care among the Catholics in the armed forces and police and financing Church from the state budget came into force. As regards to financing, the Church has received the following amounts of money over the last decade: 2001; 461.3 bln kunas, 2004-2007; 532 bln kunas, 2008-2011;475.5 bln kunas, 2012-2013; 523.5 bln kunas, plus around 200 million kunas per each year for teachers of religious studies in schools, around 60 million kunas for maintenance churches which are considered to be a cultural heritage etc.  Catholic Church in Croatia is very active in social and political life. The church has implemented a number of actions in conservative spirit in order to promote its values such as: non-working Sunday, punishment of the crimes of the communist era, introducing religious education in schools, protection of marriage as the union of a man and a woman (2013 referendum), opposition to abortion (campaign: "Protecting human life from conception to natural death"), opposition to euthanasia, opposition to natural methods of family planning and the treatment of infertility, and opposition to artificial birth control methods.  With Croatian independence, the Croatian Bishops' Conference was formed. The Croatian Bishops' Conference established Croatian Catholic Radio in 1997.

Demographics.

The published data from the 2011 Croatian census included a crosstab of ethnicity and religion which showed that a total of 3,697,143 Catholic believers (86.28% of the total population) was divided between the following ethnic groups:

Organisation.

Hierarchy.

Within Croatia the hierarchy consists of:  The bishops are organized into the Croatian Conference of Bishops, which is presided by the Archbishop of Zadar Mons. Želimir Puljić.  There are also historical bishoprics, including:  As of 2009, there were 1570 Catholic parishes in Croatia.

Franciscans.

There are three Franciscan provinces in the country:

Attitudes.

Although the vast majority of Croatians declare themselves as Catholics, many of them do not follow the Church's teaching on moral and social issues. According to a Pew Research poll from 2017, only 27% of respondents attend mass regularly, 25% support the Church's stance on contraception, 43% support the Church's stance on ordination of women and 38% think abortion should be illegal in most cases. On the other hand, 66% support the Church's stance on same-sex marriage.

Controversies.

The Catholic Church in Croatia is criticised by some for promoting and tolerating neo-fascism among its ranks:  Each year in December, the Catholic church in Croatia holds the annual memorial mass dedicated to Ustasha fascist dictator Ante Pavelić in Zagreb and Split. These mass are known to attract groups of Pavelić's supporters dressed in clothes with ustasha insignia.  During the funeral of convicted ustasha WWII concentration camp commander Dinko Šakić, priest Vjekoslav Lasić said that "every honest Croat should be proud of Šakić's name" and that "court which convicted Šakić, also convicted Croatia its people". These statements were strongly condemned by Simon Wiesenthal Center and Croatian Helsinki Committee.  Croatian president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović was criticised live on TV, by Croatian friar Luka Prcela for saying that the Independent State of Croatia was a criminal state and wasn't independent. Prcela said that the Independent State of Croatia "never killed anyone outside its own borders" and that former two left-wing presidents of Croatia were "anti-Croatian".  Bishop of city of Sisak, Vlado Košić was one of the signatories of a petition for the introduction of the fascist ustasha movement salute Za dom spremni to the official use in the Croatian Armed Forces.  On July 1, 2017, don Anđelko Kaćunko held a memorial mass for Ustasha Black Legion commander Jure Francetić on which he described Francetić as "a patriot who was willing to give his life for the homeland".  On July 2, 2017, media published a picture of a Croatian Catholic priest posing for a picture with a group of young boys on a children’s football tournament in Široki Brijeg, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their team was named "The Black Legion" and boys were all wearing black T-shirts, thus alluding to notorious ustasha militia of the same name.  On September 2, 2017, while holding a mass near the town of Sinj, friar Božo Norac Kljajo equalized "Za dom spremni" and "Praised be Jesus" by saying that these are "both good intentioned, human and ancient Christian salutes which don't hold a single drop of hate or vengeance."  Upon the death of Slavko Goldstein, a prominent Croatian writer and publisher of Jewish origin, Mili Plenković, pastor of Hvar, published a Facebook post in which he expressed that he was "happy upon hearing the news that Goldstein died" because according to him: "yet another hater of Croatia vanished from this world".

The Catholic Church in Croatia () is part of the worldwide Catholic Church that is under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, Roman Curia and the Croatian Bishops' Conference. Its administration is centered in Zagreb, and it comprises five archdioceses, 13 dioceses and one military ordinariate. Cardinal Josip Bozanić is the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Zagreb.

L'Église catholique en Croatie (en croate : « Katoličanstvo u Hrvatskoj »), désigne l'organisme institutionnel et sa communauté locale ayant pour religion le catholicisme en Croatie.


His death.

According to Suetonius, Nero murdered Atticus because he wanted to marry Messalina; after his death, Nero made Messalina his third wife. However, Tacitus provides a more detailed account of how Nero brought about Atticus' downfall: he had been a friend of Nero, but the emperor grew to hate him because Atticus saw through him and despised "the emperor's cowardice, while Nero feared the high spirits of his friend, who often bantered him with that rough humor which, when it draws largely on facts, leaves a bitter memory behind it." Nero had hoped Atticus was party to the disastrous Pisonian conspiracy, but Tacitus reports "many thought" Gaius Calpurnius Piso had not invited Atticus to take part because of his "enterprising spirit" that would replace Piso with another candidate as emperor, or even restore the Republic. When none of the conspirators named him as involved, Nero abused the Law of majestas and dispatched the tribune Gerellanus with a cohort of soldiers to Atticus' house, which towered over the Forum.  The soldiers found Atticus at his house entertaining guests, and delivered the tribune's summons. Understanding the purpose of the summons, Atticus immediately retired to his bed chambers where he killed himself. Meanwhile, the soldiers detained his guests for hours, only allowing them to leave "at a late hour of the night". Tacitus notes that Nero had "laughed over their terror at the expectation of a fatal end to their banquet" before saying "that they had suffered enough punishment for the consul's entertainment" and giving the order to release them.

Marcus Julius Vestinus Atticus (died April 65) was a Roman senator, who flourished under the reign of Nero. He was consul in the year 65 as the colleague of Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus; after his suicide he was replaced by Publius Pasidienus Firmus.

Marcus Julius Vestinus Atticus (mort en avril 65) était un sénateur romain qui a prospéré sous le règne de Néron. Il est consul en l'an 65 associé à son collègue Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus. Après son suicide, il est remplacé par.


Early life.

Wooldridge was born in Yokohama, Japan, and was educated at St Paul's School, London. A talented music composer and academic, he studied music under Sibelius and was a friend and contemporary of William Walton.

Second World War.

Wooldridge joined the Royal Air Force as a sergeant pilot in 1938. During the Second World War, he was a member of RAF Bomber Command, flying a total of 97 operational bombing sorties. He was affectionately known as "Dim".  He served with No. 207 Squadron based at RAF Bottesford flying Avro Manchesters. He then served with No. 106 Squadron as one of Wing Commander Guy Gibson's flight commanders, before being appointed commanding officer of No. 105 Squadron in March 1943, which specialised in low level precision daylight bombing using de Havilland Mosquito aircraft.  Wooldridge wrote a book, "Low Attack", about these operations in 1944. In May 1944, while in America, Wooldridge volunteered to ferry one of the first Canadian-built Mosquitoes across the Atlantic to Britain and, accompanied by Flying Officer C. J. Brown as navigator, set a new record for the Atlantic crossing from Goose Bay, Labrador to the United Kingdom, of 5 hours, 46 minutes. The previous record for the Labrador-Britain route had been held by a BOAC Liberator at 7 hours 56 minutes.  Wooldridge was aeronautical adviser to the Petroleum Warfare Department during the development of the Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation (FIDO) fog dispersal system.

Film composer.

Wooldridge put this wartime experience to good use when he contributed the score and co-wrote the screenplay to the 1953 Dirk Bogarde film "Appointment in London".  Wooldridge's first marriage was in 1942 to Mary Latham, with whom he had a son, Morris Latham, who also became a pilot. The union ended in divorce. He subsequently married the actress Margaretta Scott in 1948, with whom he had a daughter, Susan Wooldridge, who also became an actress; and a son, Hugh Wooldridge.  Wooldridge was killed in a car accident in England aged 39 and is buried at St Lawrence's Church Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire, with his second wife, Margaretta.

John De Lacy Wooldridge, (18 July 1919 – 27 October 1958) was a Royal Air Force officer and bomber pilot, and a British film composer.

John (De Lacy) Wooldridge, né le à Yokohama (Japon) et mort le dans le Hertfordshire (Angleterre), est un compositeur et dramaturge britannique.


History.

Trịnh Tùng was the second son of Trịnh Kiểm. In 1572, upon the death of his father, Trịnh Tùng's elder brother, Trịnh Cối, took command. Immediately challenged by Trịnh Tùng, Trịnh Cối lost a battle to the Mạc, and thus Trịnh Tùng took control of the situation. He proved to be a very capable leader and in 1571, the Lê Loyalist Army captured the Eastern capital Hanoi from emperor Mạc Mậu Hợp. However, a counteroffensive the next year drove them out. In the midst of this reversal, the nominal Lê emperor, Lê Anh Tông, fled to Nghệ An Province. Trịnh Tùng appointed a new emperor (Lê Thế Tông), and had the previous king assassinated. The war against the Mạc continued for the next twenty years until 1592, when the Eastern Capital(Dong kinh) was reconquered. Mạc Mậu Hợp was captured during the retreat and subsequently executed.  Further military actions took place against the army of the Mạc in the years 1593 and 1594. The Royal (Trịnh) army was lent assistance in this battle by Tung's uncle Nguyễn army.  In formal recognition for his defeat of the Mạc, Trịnh Tùng was given the title "Pacifying Prince" (Bình An Vương) in 1599.  In 1619, Emperor Lê Kinh Tông, and Tùng's own son, Trịnh Xuân schemed against Trịnh Tùng so the emperor could reclaim actual Imperial power but the plot was discovered, the emperor was forced to garrotte himself and a new emperor was put in his place (Lê Thần Tông). This led Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên to a formal ending of his relations with the court which, after seven more years, led to the Trịnh–Nguyễn War.  By 1623, Trịnh Tùng was growing old. He tried to secure his succession by dividing rule between his two sons in order to avoid conflict. His attempt was not successful.

Trịnh Tùng (1550–1623), also known as Trịnh Tòng and later given the title "Bình An Vương", was the de facto ruler of Dai Viet from 1572 to 1623. Trịnh Tùng is the first official Trịnh Lord, although his father – Trịnh Kiểm – was de facto ruler of Dai Viet before him, Trịnh Kiểm never claimed himself as Trịnh Lord. Therefore Trịnh Kiểm is not considered as the first Trịnh Lord.

Trịnh Tùng (1550 - 1623), connu également sous le nom du prince Binh An (), est le maire du palais du Đại Việt (ancêtre du Viêt Nam) de la dynastie Lê et chef de la famille des Trịnh. Il règne de 1570 à 1623.


Life and education.

Mark trained as a photographer, working first in the field of fashion photography at Burda Photo Studios in Offenburg. As a guest student, he attended seminars in Visual Culture at the Berlin University of the Arts by Katharina Sieverding, known for her large format photographs.  Mark is the father of two sons and currently lives in Berlin.

Work.

In the 1990s, Mark began photographing celebrities. He became known for his portraits of Anthony Hopkins and Jerry Lewis, but also of other public figures including Angela Merkel, Pope Benedict XVI, and Joachim Gauck, and actors like Ben Kingsley, Cate Blanchett and Tom Hanks. His personal interest lies in contemporary artists and their creative world. He has close contacts with well-established and emerging artists, who he portrays in their working environment.  He works with both a single-lens reflex camera and an old, 680 Polaroid. The instant photos produced by the Polaroid reveal Mark's familiarity and closeness to the subjects he portrays.  He has worked for magazines such as "Architectural Digest," "Rolling Stone," "Der Spiegel," "Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin," "Stern," "Time," "Vanity Fair," "Vogue" and "Die Zeit."  In 2013, one of his photographs was honored by a National Portrait Gallery (London) award. In 2014, Mark published his own magazine entitled "Oliver – Nutte Künstler Fotograf. Die ganze Wahrheit über Oliver Mark" [Oliver – hooker artist photographer. The whole truth about Oliver Mark].

Collaborations.

Mark began working with the artist Christian Hoischen in 2017 under the name "Hoischen / Mark".

Collections.

Mark's works can be found in the collections of the Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz, the Würth Collection and the Bukovina Museum in Suceava, Romania.

Exhibitions.

Mark's exhibition "Natura Morta", which was presented in two parts at the Paintings Gallery of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and the Natural History Museum Vienna in 2017, addresses how humans deal with nature and the environment, in particular the animal world, but also the aesthetics and beauty death. Mark's still life photographs were taken in the Asservat Chamber of the Federal Office for Nature Conservation in Bonn in 2015. His idea was to photograph items seized by customs, such as leopard skulls, ivory carvings, crocodile and turtle products, protected animal and plant parts, etc. He photographed these using specific backgrounds and a method of lighting (Old Master-like daylight, lit only through a crack) in order to generate in the viewer a desire to observe. In the Vienna Natural History Museum, these items are sorted into three categories and exhibited in context with different animal specimens, in order to address the topic of species protection. The photographs were presented in historical picture frames. This created a dialog in the Paintings Gallery of the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts between the different genres of painting and photography as well as the painted or photographed still lifes.

See also.

Portrait photography

Oliver Mark (born 20 February 1963) is a German photographer and artist known primarily for his portraits of international celebrities.

Oliver Mark () est un photographe et artiste allemand, né le à Gelsenkirchen. Il est surtout connu pour ses portraits de personnalités internationales.


Early history.

Porter, Barton and Company.

In 1805, "Porter, Barton & Company," which comprised Augustus Porter, Peter Porter, Benjamin Barton, and Joseph Anim, purchased the Niagara River and the American Falls from New York at a public auction. The purchase also included the water rights from above the upper rapids to below the Falls. The company portaged goods by land from Lake Erie to Lewiston on the Niagara River, then shipped them east on Lake Ontario. When the Erie Canal opened in 1825, it made the portage obsolete and plans to develop Niagara Falls suffered. Augustus proposed a hydraulic mill canal in 1847 and offered the right of way for the canal to any person ready to build it, but the Porter brothers died before interest in the project led to construction.

Company history.

Niagara Falls Hydraulic Company.

In 1852, Caleb Smith Woodhull and his associates purchased the land and the water rights from the heirs of the Porter brothers with the intention to build a canal, and in 1853 formed the "Niagara Falls Hydraulic Company." A grant was obtained from the owners of a strip of land 100 ft. wide extending from a point above the upper rapids to the high bank below the Falls. The company started with the construction of the canal in 1853 but stopped after sixteen months because construction costs of the canal significantly exceeded estimates and the company went bankrupt.

Niagara Falls Water Power Company.

In 1856, Stephen N. Allen bought the company, which was renamed the "Niagara Falls Water Power Company." The company completed the entrance and river portion of the canal by 1857, with the exception of a narrow extension at the south end of the basin which was completed in 1881.

Niagara Falls Canal Company.

In 1860, Horace H. Day purchased the company and renamed it the "Niagara Falls Canal Company." At an investment of $1.5 million, () the canal was finally completed in 1861, but could not be used because of the American Civil War. After completing the canal project, it was idle until 1875 when the canal's first customer, Charles B. Gaskill's "Cataract City Milling Company", was using the water of the canal to power the milling company's flour grist mill.

Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company.

In 1877, as the company had only attracted one client, it declared bankruptcy and was auctioned off. The company interests were bought for $71,000 () by Jacob F. Schoellkopf, who in 1878 formed the "Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company" to use the canal. After the transfer of the property, Schoellkopf finished the excavating, but the canal remained idle for a few years. The work on the power plant began and the canal was enlarged in 1892. By 1896, power plant number two had been completed and was supplying power to different factories about Niagara Falls. Many additions and extensions were made to the original plant, and company began to work on a new plant, called plant number three, that when completed, was separate from the original plant around six or eight hundred feet to the north. The workings of the Hydraulic company were entirely below the first Upper Steel Arch Bridge.  Plant number two, which was one 100 ft. by 176 ft. in dimensions, generated an average of 34,000 continuous horsepower. The entire fall of the water in the canal from the forebay to the tailrace is 210 ft. The power canal, which taps the river at a point above Port Day, and runs throughout the city to a point below the Upper Steel Arch Bridge, furnished a steady supply of water year round. Just below Port Day is the beginning of the rapids, with a fall of more than 50 ft. in three-quarters of a mile. By cutting across a bend in the river the canal comes out at the cliff below the bridge the entire distance being about 4,400 ft. Built before the era of industrial production of alternating current, the electrical plant generated direct-current electricity, and only provided it within a range of two miles from the plant.  In 1898 the company built the Niagara Junction Railway to encourage industrial expansion in the area.

Hydraulic Power Company of Niagara Falls.

In 1907, the New York Public Service Commission law was passed which regulated the rights of non-electrical corporations from engaging in the development of electric energy and distribution of it. Therefore, the hydraulic business of "Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company" became the "Hydraulic Power Company of Niagara Falls" and "Cliff Electrical Distributing Company" was formed to distribute the power. The "Hydraulic Power Company" owned the building itself, the land, the penstocks, the turbines, and the water wheels.  The company furnished power to many of the largest factories and industrial companies in Niagara Falls, New York. Among the company's larger contracts for power is that for the Niagara Gorge Railroad, the Aluminum Company of America, The National Electrolytic Company, and many other large manufacturing interests in Niagara Falls.  As of 1908, officers of the company were George B. Mathews (president), William D. Olmsted (vice president) Arthur Schoellkopf (secretary and treasurer), Paul A. Schoellkopf (assistant secretary and treasurer), John L. Harper (chief engineer). The board of directors was composed of George B. Mathews, William D. Olmstead, Arthur Schoellkopf, Jacob F. Schoellkopf Jr., and J. L. Romer.

Cliff Electrical Distributing Company.

The "Cliff Electrical Distributing Company," was an electrical corporation organized for the sole purpose of enabling the "Hydraulic Power Company" lawfully to distribute electric power. As of 1914, the main consumers of power from the "Hydraulic Power Company" were: Both the Aluminum Company of America and "Cliff Electrical Distributing Company" owned their electrical generators and electrical apparatus and the transmission machinery (the transmission lines which carry the power from the generators to the place where they use it) and the "Hydraulic Power Company" owned everything else.  In 1914, the directors of "Cliff Electrical Distributing Company" were: Peter P. Pfohl, Paul A. Schoellkopf, John Olmstead,, and Jacob F. Schoellkopf Jr. The officers were: Peter P. Pfohl, president; Paul A. Schoellkopf, secretary and treasurer; and, vice president.

Competitors.

Niagara River Hydraulic Tunnel, Power, and Sewer Company.

Schoellkopf's success in developing millsites led Charles B. Gaskill, of "Cataract City Milling Company", the canal's first customer in 1875, to believe that there would be a growing demand for power. Therefore, in 1886, Gaskill formed the "Niagara River Hydraulic Tunnel, Power, and Sewer Company" to meet the demand. His company hired engineer, Thomas Evershed, to create a plan to develop power.  Evershed planned to use the mechanical power of waterwheels and turbines rather than generating electricity. He proposed twelve canals to direct water from the upper Niagara River to remove power production from the River bank. The canals would feed 238 waterwheel pits with water plunging into the pit, rotating the turbine, and redirected through a huge tunnel into the gorge below the Falls. It was determined that Evershed's plan was too expensive, so Edward Dean Adams and others decided to develop hydro-electric power. New plans called for a central generating station and a shortened version of Evershed's tunnel.

Niagara Falls Power Company.

In 1889, developers organized the "Niagara Falls Power Company" and the "Cataract Construction Company" (incorporated June 12, 1889) to carry out the new plan. Edward Dean Adams, as president of the "Cataract Construction Company," directed plans to construct a central generating plant and to solve the problem of transmitting electricity over long distances. Adams and the "Cataract Construction Company" began constructing a central power station immediately, however, the problem of how to transmit electricity long distance was not yet solved. On December 20, 1892, the Evershed tunnel and the Edward Dean Adam's power house inlet canal are completed.  Therefore, the "Cataract Construction Company" sponsored the "International Niagara Commission", which met in London in June 1890 and was headed by Lord Kelvin. The commissioners offered a $100,000 () prize for a solution to the problem. The commission received seventeen submissions from experts around the world only to reject them all. The schemes ranged from a system using pneumatic pressure to one requiring ropes, springs and pulleys. Some proposed transmitting direct current electricity, including one endorsed by Thomas Edison.  On May 6, 1893, after the commission failed to award a winner, Lord Kelvin and the commission asked George Westinghouse to use alternating current to develop electricity at Niagara Falls. The construction lasted for several years and was funded by an interest composed of notable businessman including: J. P. Morgan, John Jacob Astor IV, Lord Rothschild, and W. K. Vanderbilt. The Edward Dean Adams Power Plant, designed by McKim, Mead, and White, first produced power on August 26, 1895, and in November 1896, power generated from Niagara Falls reached Buffalo. The first 1,000 horsepower of electricity transmitted to Buffalo was claimed by the street railway company, with the local power company putting in orders for 5,000 more.  Similar to the "Hydraulic Power Company of Niagara Falls" arrangement with the "Cliff Electrical Distributing Company," the "Niagara Falls Power Company" sold power to the International Railway Company which obtained the right to install its rotary converters in the Niagara Power Company's generating station, but paid nothing additional (i.e. rent) for the installation.

Consolidation.

In 1918, the "Cliff Electrical Distributing Company," the "Hydraulic Power Company of Niagara Falls," and the "Niagara Falls Power Company" merged due to government pressure for more efficient use of the Niagara River's water provided by the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1910. The consolidated company retained the name "Niagara Falls Power Company" and issued $26,000,000 () capital stock, common and preferred. The $26 million in capital stock was consisted of The $11,515,400 in preferred stock was distributed to the shareholders of "Niagara Falls Power Company." Of the $14,484,600 in common capital stock:  On March 2, 1921, the combined "Niagara Falls Power Company," secured a federal license from the Federal Power Commission, issued under the Federal Water Power Act of 1920 for a term of 50 years, that authorized the diversion of water for power purposes from the Niagara River, above Niagara Falls, and the return of it below the Falls, all in New York.  The "Niagara Falls Power Company" later became "Niagara Mohawk Power Corp." which was acquired by National Grid plc in 2002 for $3 billion ().

Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Company was an American company, based in Niagara Falls, New York that was the first company to generate hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls in 1882. The company built upon several predecessor companies efforts to construct a canal used for hydraulic mill power. In 1918, the company merged with Niagara Falls Power Company, which later became Niagara Mohawk and in 2002 was acquired by National Grid plc.

Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Company était une société américaine basée à Niagara Falls, dans l’État de New York, qui a été la première société à produire de l’énergie hydroélectrique à partir des chutes du Niagara en 1882. La société s’est appuyée sur les efforts de plusieurs sociétés précédentes pour construire un canal servant à la production d’énergie hydraulique. En 1918, la société fusionna avec la Niagara Falls Power Company qui devint plus tard Niagara Mohawk, acquise en 2002 par National Grid plc.


Biography.

Background and early career.

Albin's family and origin are unclear. It has been suggested that he may have been a son of Henry de Brechin (died 1244 or 1245), the bastard son of David of Huntingdon ("Earl David") and the younger brother of King William the Lion; Henry bore the title Lord of Brechin, and was given lands there by his father. The strongest evidence of Albin's relationship with Henry is that his episcopal seal bore the arms of Earl David.  Albin's family certainly had strong connections in the church of Brechin. A known kinsman ("nepos") of Albin's, Adam, held the position of Archdeacon of Brechin, probably by 1242, but certainly by 1264. It has been suggested that this Adam was Adam de Brechin, probable son of Henry de Brechin's successor William de Brechin (died between 1286 and 1294), who held benefices in the see of Brechin in 1274.  Albin became precentor of Brechin Cathedral, the first known person to hold that office; he was not, however, recorded in that position until the summer of 1246, when he was confirmed as Bishop of Brechin. Because Albin was born illegitimately, he needed papal dispensation to hold that office, which he obtained from the papal legate Otto of Tonengo, Bishop of Porto, in the autumn or early winter of 1239, when that legate visited Scotland.  By 1246, Albin was styled "Master", indicating that he had completed many years of university study; what he studied, and at which university, is unknown.

Accession to Brechin bishopric.

Albin became Bishop of Brechin following an election and then a successful appeal for confirmation to the papacy. Pope Innocent IV's mandate for confirmation gave the details of the election. Following the death of Gregory, Bishop of Brechin, the cathedral chapter selected three of their members to elect the next bishop, and they unanimously forwarded their precentor, Albin. Because of Albin's "defect of birth" (i.e. his illegitimacy), they supplicated the papacy to repeat the earlier dispensation.  The Pope followed legate Otto's earlier dispensation, and on 19 July 1246 issued the mandate for confirmation and consecration to the Kingdom of Scotland's three senior bishops: David de Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews; William de Bondington, Bishop of Glasgow; and Geoffrey de Liberatione, Bishop of Dunkeld. The consecration took place some time before 13 May 1247, the date Albin was given his first recorded task as a consecrated bishop, when he, Clement, Bishop of Dunblane, and David de Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews, were authorised to perform the episcopal consecration of Peter de Ramsay as Bishop of Aberdeen.

Early episcopate, 1240s.

Albin witnessed a royal charter at Forfar on 4 July 1246. In the following year, on 11 July and 8 August 1248, the Pope wrote to Albin commanding him to ensure that a settlement between Inchaffray Abbey in Strathearn, diocese of Dunblane, and Bishop Clement of Dunblane be peacefully kept, with Inchaffray being portrayed as the side in more need of protection.  In the same period, he ordained vicarages for Arbroath Abbey in Angus, and on 22 September 1248 settled a long-standing property dispute between the church of Brechin and Arbroath Abbey. However, he had left Scotland by the following month, and was in England, at Finchale Priory near Durham, where he granted many indulgences.  Following the death of Alexander II of Scotland on 6 July 1249, the accession of the boy king, Alexander III of Scotland, meant minority administration, and as a result, factional politics. The government during this minority was divided between a faction centred on Walter Comyn, husband of the countess of Menteith, and Alan Durward; the Comyn faction held the ascendancy between 1249 and 1252, and again between 1255 and 1257; the Durward faction held the ascendancy between 1252 and 1255, and again between 1257 and 1258.  The available sources give no clue as to Albin's pattern of allegiance in these factional politics, and neither do his recorded activities. Professor Donald Watt has suggested that Albin was probably aligned with the Durward faction, in contrast, for instance, to the allegedly Comyn aligned Clement of Dunblane. Watt even argued that Albin's postulation was probably due to the influence of Alan Durward, who at the time was a close advisor of King Alexander II.

Middle episcopate, 1250s.

Despite Albin's suggested Durwardite allegiance, Bishop Albin, Bishop David de Bernham of St Andrews and Abel de Gullane, Archdeacon of St Andrews, issued a letter of protest against the behaviour of the Durward dominated government; they criticised Durward's onslaught on the "liberties of the church", probably in the aftermath of the translation of the relics of St Margaret to Dunfermline Abbey on 19 June 1250.  In either 1253 or 1254, Albin was an assessor at a court held by the Justiciar of Scotia, Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan. In April 1253, he summoned Bishop David de Bernham to appear before the papal curia, in order to resolve a dispute he and the culdees of St Mary's were having with St Andrews Cathedral Priory.  Albin performed various tasks in this period on behalf of the papacy. On 15 May 1253, Bishop Albin and Richard de Inverkeithing, Bishop of Dunkeld, were appointed to be papal mandatories, and instructed by the papacy to protect Bishop William de Bondington from being summoned to lay courts on account of matters concerning his bishopric.  Bishop Albin, with the Archdeacon of Brechin, was named as a papal mandatory again on 4 January 1254 and authorised to put Nicholas de Hedon in possession of the deanery of Elgin Cathedral. Along with Clement of Dunblane, Albin was named by the pope as a conservator of the privileges given to Abel de Gullane, newly provided Bishop of St Andrews, on 23 March.  On 22 June, Bishop Albin assisted the justiciar Alexander Comyn in conducting a perambulation in eastern Angus. Albin appears to have left Scotland again some time after this, as he appears active around Durham again in either 1254 or 1255. Back in Scotland, at Arbroath on 21 September 1256, he and Bishop Clement of Dunblane passed judgment on William de Mydford, vicar of the parish church of Dundee, after Mydford had been withholding the revenues due to the church's rector, Lindores Abbey.  During this period, Albin was involved in a political controversy regarding succession to an earldom. An alleged papal bull, dated 13 December 1255, had named Bishop Albin as a papal mandatory, along with Robert de Stuteville, with instructions to investigate Alan Durward's claim to the earldom of Mar; however, the bull was denounced as a forgery on 28 March 1257, after Durward's rivals had seized power. During the months preceding this denunciation, Albin was once again out of Scotland; on 4 March 1257 his presence was once again recorded at Durham.

Later episcopate, 1260s.

For three years, Albin's activities are unreported until, on 30 April 1260, he was recorded as being at Montrose, again as a papal mandatory. He gave judgment on a dispute between Archibald, Bishop of Moray, and the latter's cathedral chapter, concerning the bishop's rights of visitation. On 13 June 1263, Albin, Robert, Bishop of Ross, and Richard de Inverkeithing, Bishop of Dunkeld, were selected by the papacy to judge the fitness and, if appropriate, consecrate Walter de Baltrodin as Bishop of Caithness.  In the following year, Albin was involved in a controversy regarding the archdeaconry of Brechin. On 23 January 1364, papal judge-delegates were appointed to investigate allegations of nepotism which had been made against him. The allegations centred on Bishop Albin's handling of a vacancy to the Brechin archdeaconry; Albin had given collation of the archdeaconry to the Abbot of Arbroath, who then appointed Adam, one of Albin's relatives. The outcome of the case is not known, and it is therefore unclear whether or not Adam was deposed as archdeacon. All that can be confirmed is that no other archdeacon is attested by name until 1284.  The stay of Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi (later Pope Adrian V) in England from 29 October 1265, until July 1268, led to a great deal of diplomatic activity in the Scottish church, in which Albin was perhaps involved. Cardinal Ottobono imposed a general tax on the English church, which he extended to Scotland. King Alexander III forbade the payment of this money, and appealed to the papacy; but in 1267 the Scottish clergy persuaded Alexander to abandon his appeal, while they made their own reduced payments. Meanwhile, Cardinal Ottobono's legatine council, to which the Scottish church had sent four delegates, promulgated canons for the English church which he expected the Scottish church to incorporate; the Scottish church does not appear to have done so, however.  Bishop Albin witnessed William de Brechin's foundation charter of Maison Dieu chapel, Brechin, sometime between March and July 1267, the last known recorded reference to him until 1269. His death in that year was reported in the "Chronicle of Melrose", but without any details of the cause, or location, or Albin's age.

General notes about Albin's episcopate.

During Albin's episcopate, the incorporation of the "Céli Dé" ("vassal of God") into the cathedral chapter was probably brought near to completion. The "Céli Dé" were the Scottish monks who formed the base of the pre-Reform, pre-13th century monastery of Brechin before it was organised into a bishopric in the 12th century. A bull of Pope Innocent IV of 18 February 1250 stated that: These "Céli Dé" had been proclaimed as part of the secular cathedral by an act of Bishop Gregory, Albin's predecessor.  During his episcopate, Albin is said to have attracted Egbert, an English Arabic scholar and Carmelite friar, to teach in Brechin. A later tradition held that a now obscure local martyr named Stolbrand, "martyr of Brechin", had been translated to Brechin Cathedral during Albin's episcopate; the date given is 2 January but the year is not recorded.

Albin (or Albinus) (died 1269) was a 13th-century prelate of the Kingdom of Scotland. A university graduate, Albin is known for his ecclesiastical career in the diocese of Brechin, centred on Angus in east-central Scotland.

Albin ou Albinus est un prélat écossais mort en 1269. Il est évêque de Brechin de 1246 à sa mort.