Project description.

The development is an open-pit mining operation, which will be developed in three stages. At the first stage it will produce approximately, with later expansions to more than. It uses a froth treatment technology producing blended bitumen which will be transported to the Edmonton area by Enbridge's pipeline system. Diluent would be provided from Edmonton through the Inter Pipeline owned long diameter pipeline supplying the Athabasca Oil Sands Project. The Kearl oil sands facilities would be connected with this pipeline by a long new branch.  At the first stage the development would involve capital spending of about C$8 billion, with the final estimate being highly dependent on the final upgrading option selected. An engineering, procurement, and construction management contract for the first phase was awarded to AMEC while Fluor Corp. is responsible for the development of infrastructure and facilities.  When ExxonMobil proposed the Kearl project in 1997, estimated recoverable bitumen resources were 1.2 to. Later revisions place the actual established reserves at over (Energy Resources Conservation Board 2010).  The development is located on the following oil-sands leases:

Ownership.

Imperial Oil Resources owns 70% of the project and ExxonMobil Canada Ltd. owns 30%.

Criticism.

Sierra Legal launched legal action in Canadian federal courts to overturn the Department of Fisheries and Oceans regulatory approval (Ecojustice Canada 2007-03-30). They said that the joint federal-Alberta regulatory panel "failed to do its job" when it gave conditional approval to the $7 billion Kearl open-pit mine. They argued that a full environmental review must take place before the federal government decides whether the project should proceed.  After a joint federal-provincial panel reviewed and upheld the original decision, a key water permit was reinstated, pending approval from Imperial's board of directors. Delayed again in response to the 2008 fall in oil prices, Imperial Oil decided in May 2009 to proceed with the project, taking advantage of the soft local economy to cut costs.  The Alberta Federation of Labour criticised the plan's lack of an upgrader, as "that's where the real jobs are", referring to the intent to pipe diluted bitumen south for upgrading.  Residents of Idaho and Montana have criticized the plan to transport oversized loads of prefabricated parts of oil extraction "modules" over U.S. Route 12 along the narrow curving byways of the Clearwater and Lochsa River of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, over Lolo Pass, through Missoula, Montana, and into Alberta.

Coronavirus outbreak.

On April 15, 2020, an outbreak of COVID-19 was linked to Kearl by the provincial government; by April 20, at least twenty cases have been attributed to the site by Alberta Health Services. On April 18, BC's Interior Health and the Saskatchewan Health Authority (in particular, residents of northwest Saskatchewan) issued advisories of self-isolation for staff returning from interprovincial travel to the region and their close contacts.

Kearl Module Transportation Project.

Mammoet, a developer and user of Self Propelled Modular Transporters is using SPMTs (14 Line 16' Wide Goldhofer Hydraulic Platform Trailer) in conjunction with Class 8 Tractors to transport modules (deemed "oversized loads") of oil extraction parts on the "Kearl Module Transportation Project" from the port of Lewiston, Idaho, through the U.S. states of Idaho and Montana to the Kearl Oil Sands Project.

The Kearl Oil Sands Project is an oil sands mine in the Athabasca Oil Sands region at the Kearl Lake area, about north of Fort McMurray in Alberta, Canada. The project is being developed in three phases with the first phase completed mid-2013.

Le Projet Kearl est un projet de mine à ciel ouvert dans les sables bitumineux de l'Athabasca dans la région du lac Kearl à environ 70 km au nord de Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. Le projet, effectué en trois phases et mené conjointement par Imperial Oil et ExxonMobil Canada Ltd., devrait coûter environ 8 milliards $ CA. La première phase, approuvée par Imperial le, devrait être complétée en 2012 et permettre la production d'environ par jour.


History.

Argentina was chosen as the host 1978 World Cup of the nation by FIFA in London, England on 6 July 1966, and Mar del Plata, as one of the most touristic cities in the country, was selected as a venue. The stadium has the distinction of being the southernmost stadium to host a World Cup match. The organizing committee, under supervision of the military dictatorship that ruled Argentina since 1976, decided to build a new stadium on the same spot as 40 years earlier it had been the Mar del Plata hippodrome. The construction began in 1976 and the stadium was opened on May 21, 1978 with a friendly match between a team formed by players from Mar del Plata and another one with players from Tandil.  The sports journalist Mario Trucco proposed the name to honour José María Minella, a renowned former midfielder from Mar del Plata, who played during the 1930s and 1940s for the Club Atlético River Plate and the Argentina national football team, and later manager of the River Plate team from 1945 to 1959 in what became one of the team's most successful eras. During the 1978 World Cup Mar del Plata hosted six Fifa World Cup matches, three Group 1 and three Group 3 matches.  As the city of Mar del Plata is a very important tourist destination and the biggest seaside beach resort in Argentina, since its construction this stadium has been the main host of the many annual Summer Tournaments.  On February 24, 1993, the stadium played host to the second, and final, Intercontinental Cup for Nations (known as the Artemio Franchi Trophy) match between the then-defending South American football champions, Argentina, and reigning European champions, Denmark. The match ended 1–1 after extra time, but Argentina went on to win 5 – 4 on penalties.  From March 12 to March 26, 1995 Mar del Plata hosted the 12th Pan American Games, and the José María Minella was venue for the opening and closing ceremonies, and the football tournament.  Since 2015 Aldosivi plays on first division and uses this stadium for its home matches, while Club Atlético Alvarado, currently playing on third division, uses it.

Facilities.

The José María Minella offers parking lots for 250 cars, a 590 m2 lounge and 245 m2 VIP area, conference room and two 550 m2 gyms. It is part of the "Teodoro Bronzini" Municipal Sports Park, a 35 hectares area with several sport venues, including the Polideportivo Islas Malvinas, the Julio Polet Municipal Velodrome, the Pan American Field Hockey Stadium, the "Alberto Zorrilla" Natatorium, the "Justo Roman" Athletic stadium and the Patinódromo Municipal.

Sporting Events.

The stadium was built for the 1978 FIFA World Cup and during June 1978 it hosted six matches, three Group 1 matches and three Group 3 matches.  Beside the 1978 FIFA World Cup the José María Minella stadium has hosted:

Shows.

Some of the artists that have played at this stadium are Almendra (1980), Charly García (1984), Queen (1981), Rod Stewart (1989), Soda Stereo (1992), Luis Miguel (1994), La Renga (2006), Duran Duran (2007), Callejeros (2010), Joaquín Sabina (2010) and Ricardo Arjona (2015).

The Estadio José María Minella is a stadium in Mar del Plata, Argentina. It is owned and administrated by the Municipality of General Pueyrredón.

Le stade José Maria Minella ou Estadio José María Minella est un stade argentin se situant à Mar del Plata.


Early life and education.

Kim was born on June 6, 1986 in Seoul. He described himself as a studious child, but he dropped out of high school to pursue a career in music. He later passed his high school exams and enrolled in Kyonggi University. After dropping out of university to focus on work, Kim enrolled in Chungwoon University in 2011 to study stage production management.

Career.

2005–2008: Debut with SS501 and "We Got Married".

Kim made his debut as a member of SS501 on June 23, 2005, with the group's first EP, "Warning", released by DSP Media. Their second EP, "Snow Prince" was released in late 2005, five months after their debut. The group quickly gained popularity, winning multiple new artist awards in 2005 and 2006. The following year, in 2007, SS501 debuted in Japan with the single "Kokoro," which reached number five on the Oricon charts. In January 2008, the group received a Newcomer Award at the Japan Gold Disc Award ceremony, making them one of only a few South Korean artists to win this award.  In 2008, Kim joined the cast of the reality variety show "We Got Married," where he was paired with singer Hwangbo. Dubbed the "Lettuce Couple," the pair was popular among viewers and won the Best Couple Award at the 2008 MBC Entertainment Awards. They left the show at the end of 2008 to focus on other projects.

2008–2010: "Boys Over Flowers", cosmetic spokesman and "Playful Kiss".

In 2008, Kim was cast in his first lead-acting role in the Korean drama "Boys Over Flowers." The show was extremely popular in South Korea and other Asian countries, and Kim won the Most Popular Actor Award at the 2009 "Seoul International Drama Awards" and the Most Popular Actor for Television Award at the 2009 "Baeksang Arts Awards".  Kim and his "Boys Over Flowers" costars also sparked a trend among South Korean men who copied their "flower boy" style. Tony Moly, a cosmetics brand for which Kim had been a spokesmodel since 2006, saw a 30 percent sales increase in 2009, which the company attributed to the popularity of the show. Kim's contract with Tony Moly ended in 2010, and he became the spokesmodel for another cosmetics brand, The Face Shop, later that year.  Following the success of "Boys Over Flowers," Kim played his second lead role in a drama, in 2010's "Playful Kiss", a Korean adaptation of the Japanese shōjo manga, "Itazura na Kiss". The show flopped on South Korean television, but was an international hit on foreign television and on online streaming platforms, helping solidify Kim's popularity as a Hallyu star.  At the end of 2010, Kim was chosen to represent South Korea at the opening of the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, where he performed the anthem "Sunshine Again" with singers from Chinese-speaking countries.

2011: Solo debut, chart success and first Japanese tour.

Kim released his solo debut, the EP "Break Down," on June 7, 2011. More than 70,000 pre-ordered copies of the album were sold in just 10 days. The EP was the ninth best-selling album of 2011 on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart, and was certified platinum in Taiwan. Later that year, Kim released his second album "Lucky". The EP debuted at number five on "Billboard's" World Chart, and was the 10th best-selling album of the year in South Korea with over 100,000 copies sold.  Following up on the success of a concert he performed in Japan in June, Kim signed a deal with Universal Music Japan in November. Shortly after that, he went on a tour of Japan, performing in seven cities.  At the end of the year, Kim won the award for Best Male Artist at the 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards held in Singapore. On December 15, Kim released a digital single titled "Marry Me".

2012: Japanese debut and overseas promotions.

On January 25, 2012, Kim released his first Japanese single album, "Kiss Kiss / Lucky Guy," which was certified gold in Japan. In May, his "First Impact" concert DVD sold 16,000 copies in its first week of release, taking the number one spot on the Oricon DVD Chart. This was the first time a South Korean artist had taken the number one spot, and a second time a foreign artist had taken the number one spot on the chart. Kim later held his "Kim Hyun-joong Fan Meeting Tour 2012" for his album promotions, making stops in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China and Thailand.  In March 2012, Kim was appointed the honorary ambassador for United Nation's Korean Campaign on Contributions to Social Welfare.  Kim released his second Japanese single album "Heat" on July 4. The album was Japan's third best-selling album in July, selling 196,850 copies, which earned Kim his second consecutive gold certification. The following month, in August, Kim won Best Asian Artist at the 2012 Asia Song Festival.  On December 12, Kim released "Unlimited," his first full-length Japanese album, which included Japanese versions of "Break Down" and "Lucky Guy". It topped the Oricon Daily Chart and reached number 3 on the Weekly Chart.  Madame Tussauds unveiled a wax figure of Kim in December.

2013–2014: "Barefooted Friends", Japanese concerts and "Inspiring Generation".

On January 6, 2013, Kim kicked off a Japanese tour called "Unlimited" at the World Memorial Hall in Kobe, where he performed with a live band. Later that month, he performed alongside other K-pop artists in Brazil for the "2013 FEEL KOREA" event, marking his first performance in South America.  On March 2, Kim performed at the "U-Express Live 2013" at the Makuhari Messe in Japan with artists including Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band, Far East Movement, Naoto Inti Raymi and Kara. That same month, Kim received the Creator's Factory Best Actor Award for the music video, "Lucky Guy," at the 5th Okinawa Music Festival.  On April 21, he began appearing on the South Korean variety show "Barefooted Friends". Despite the show, Kim released his third Japanese single "Tonight" on June 5. Once again, his single topped the Oricon Daily Chart, and took the number two spot by the end of the week. The album received gold certification for selling more than one million copies. He released his third Korean EP, "Round 3", on July 22.  On October 20 and 21, Kim held two concerts at the Makuhari International Exhibition Hall in Japan, attended by 20,000 fans. At the end of the month, Kim left "Barefooted Friends" to film a new drama. After playing pretty boys in his first two dramas, Kim played a tougher role in the drama "Inspiring Generation," which began airing in January 2014"."  That July, he released his fourth Japanese single, "Hot Sun", which topped the Oricon weekly charts, making him the first foreign male solo artist to top the chart twice. At the end of June, he began a world tour that included stops in Taiwan, China, Japan, Thailand, Mexico, and Peru. The following month, in July, Kim released his fourth Korean EP, "Timing".

2015–2016: Japanese activities and military enlistment.

Kim released his second Japanese studio album, "Imademo", on February 11, 2015. The album entered the Oricon daily charts at number two and remained at that spot for 10 days.  Kim enlisted in the army for South Korea's mandatory military service in May 2015. After completing five weeks of basic training at Gyeonggi-do 30th Recruit Training Squadron he was stationed as a border patrol in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. While he was in the military, "The Best of Kim Hyun Joong", a Japanese greatest hits album celebrating his 10 years in music industry, was released. It entered the Oricon daily charts at number one. Kim was discharged from military service in February 2017 after serving for 21 months.

2017–present: Tours and Korean-Japanese album.

In July 2017, Kim released his first album since leaving the military, the Japanese single album, "re:wind". The album reached the number one spot on the Oricon album chart. Following its release, Kim went on Innercore 16-city Japanese tour. In November, he released the EP "Haze", his first Korean album in three years.  Kim Hyun Joong's 2018 World Tour 'HAZE' commenced on December 2, 2017. He performed in Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, South America, Japan, Thailand and Macau and the tour concluded in 2018. On June 6, he released "Take My Hand", the first Album released from his own record Label Henecia Music. On September 26, he then released an album entitled Wait For Me. From September 27 to November 5, Kim held his Take My Hand Japan Tour. Later in the year, it was confirmed he would be making his small-screen comeback in the fantasy drama "When Time Stopped". The drama ran from October 24 to November 29, 2018. He released a single, "Just for My Love", as the sixth part of the original Soundtrack for the drama.  On February 4, 2019 he released a new album entitled "New Way" with the lead single "Why". On August 21, he released a Korean EP entitled SALT and on September 11, he released a Japanese EP entitled THIS IS LOVE which debuted at number one on the Oricon Weekly Rock Singles Chart and number two on Oricon year-end Indie Chart. On August 21, he embarked on a World Tour titled BIO-RHYTHM which ended on January 25, 2020. The tour took place in Japan, South Korea, Macau, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru and the Philippines.  On February 5, 2020, he released a full-length Japanese album titled The Moon, The Sun and Your Song which debuted at number three on the Oricon Daily Albums Chart and Number 4 on the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart. He also embarked on a two-month (February and March) Japan tour of the same name. On February 21, he appeared in the cover of the Korean Wave Japanese Magazine Hanryu Pia for the fourth time.  On April 14, 2020, it was announced that Kim Hyun-Joong has decided not to renew his contract with KeyEast. A representative from KeyEast Stated “Recently, Kim Hyun Joong’s exclusive contract expired. Rather than renew, we mutually decided to support each other’s futures.” They continued, “Kim Hyun Joong’s album activities will continue through his personal label, which he established last year.”

Lawsuits.

Assault charges.

In August 2014, Kim's girlfriend, identified only by her surname Choi, filed assault charges against Kim, claiming that he repeatedly beat her, causing bruises and broken ribs. Kim denied the charges, saying he had injured Choi only once and that it was an accident that occurred while he was practicing martial arts. Choi dropped some of the charges against Kim in September after he apologized to her. However, Kim was later fined 5 million KRW for injuring Choi, with prosecutors in the case saying, "While Kim claimed that he had no intention of hurting her, the damage from the attack was clear." This was later rescinded in 2016 when the Republic of Korea's army and civil courts acquitted Kim of these charges due to evidence that came to light, text messages between Choi, her mother and friends, statements by the director of Dispatch (the tabloid to which Choi provided her evidence) and the statements given by the hospitals visited by Choi.

Paternity case.

In February 2015, a magazine reported that Kim and Choi had reunited, and that Choi was pregnant. Kim stated via a press release that he had not seen Choi since she told him that she was pregnant in January, and could not confirm if he was the father.  In May, Choi filed a lawsuit against Kim for 1.48 million USD for mental distress caused by her relationship with him, and claimed that his abuse had caused her to miscarry a previous pregnancy in 2014. Kim later filed and won a 100 million KRW counter-suit against Choi for defamation, with the court ruling that there was circumstantial evidence that she was not pregnant in 2014. Her lawsuit was dismissed, and she appealed the decision.  In December 2015, a paternity test revealed that Kim was the father of a baby that Choi had given birth to in September of that year.

Criminal case.

Prosecutors filed criminal charges against Kim's ex girlfriend, Choi for attempted fraud and defamation in January 2017. In February 2018, Choi was fined 5 million KRW for attempted fraud.

Drunk driving.

In March 2017, Kim was charged with drunk driving after police found him passed out in his car at a traffic light in Seoul. His driver's license was revoked and he was eventually fined 2 million KRW.

Philanthropy.

Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, Kim donated 100 million KRW to earthquake relief efforts in Japan. Later that year, he donated an addition 50 million KRW to earthquake relief efforts, as well as 50 million KRW to the Korean Red Cross, and 50 million KRW to a South Korean organization that gives coal briquettes to people in need. In 2012, he donated proceeds from his debut solo concert to an orphanage in Fukushima Prefecture.  Kim has also donated tens of millions of "won" to the Kim Hyun-joong Scholarship, which was established by a 15 million KRW donation from his fan club in 2010.  In 2013, Kim donated 100 million KRW to the One Foundation for the victims of the Lushan earthquake in China.  In 2019, during his BIO-RHYTHM World Tour in Thailand, he donated 9.7 million KRW to support the tuition fees for the students from Sumakee Learning Center, Mae Sot District, Tak Province.

Discography.

Korean EPs  Japanese albums

Kim Hyun-joong (; born June 6, 1986) is a South Korean actor, singer and songwriter. He is a member of the boy band SS501 and played roles in the Korean dramas "Boys Over Flowers", and "Playful Kiss".

Kim Hyun-joong (coréen : 김현중) né le à Séoul, est un chanteur, musicien, danseur et mannequin sud-coréen, occasionnellement acteur. Il était le leader du boys band "SS501".


Plot.

Four agitators from Moscow return from a successful mission in China and are congratulated for their efforts by a central committee (called The Control Chorus.) The four agitators, however, inform the committee that during their mission they were forced to kill a young comrade for their mission to succeed. They ask for judgment from the committee on their actions. The committee withholds its verdict until after the four agitators re-enact the events that led to the young comrade's death.  The four agitators tell of how they were sent on a mission to educate and help organize the workers in China. At a party house (the last before they reach the frontiers of China) they meet an enthusiastic young comrade, who offers to join them as their guide. The agitators must hide their identities because educating and organizing the workers in China is illegal. The director of the party house (the last before the frontier) helps the four agitators and the young comrade in the obliteration of their true identities. They all put on masks in order to appear as Chinese. They are told to keep concealed that they are communist. Their mission must remain a secret. Should they be discovered, the authorities will attack the organization and the entire movement; not merely the lives of the four agitators and the young comrade will be put in danger. The agitators and the young comrade all agree to these conditions.  However, once in China, the sights of injustice and oppression enrages the young comrade and he is not able to contain his passion, immediately acting to correct the wrongs he sees around him. He shows no discretion in teaching the oppressed how to help themselves and has no tact when dealing with small-time oppressors to help the greater good of the revolution. As a result, he eventually exposes himself and the four agitators by ripping off his mask and proclaiming the teachings of the party. When he does this, he puts the entire mission and movement in danger. He is identified, unmasked, just as riots break out and a revolutionary uprising among the workers is beginning. The authorities are now in pursuit of the young comrade and his friends. Still shouting out against the party, the young comrade is struck in the head by one of the agitators and they carry him as far away as they could, to the nearby lime pits. There, the agitators debate on what to do with him.  If they help him to escape they will be unable to help the uprising, and escape is near impossible from their current position anyway. If he is left behind and caught, his mere identity will unwittingly betray the movement. The four agitators realize that "he must vanish, and vanish completely/ For we can neither take him with us nor leave him." To save the movement, they conclude that their only solution is for the young comrade to die and be thrown in the lime pits where he will be burned and become unrecognizable. They ask him for his consent to this. The young comrade agrees to his fate in the interest of revolutionizing the world and in the interest of communism. He asks the four agitators to help him with his death. They shoot him and throw his body into the lime pit.  The central committee (The Control Chorus), to whom the four agitators have been telling their story, agree with their actions and reassures them that they have made the correct decision. "You've helped to disseminate / Marxism's teachings and the / ABC of Communism," they assure the four agitators. They also mark the sacrifice and cost that the wider success entailed: "At the same time your report shows how much / Is needed if our world is to be altered."  "Note: The "ABC of Communism" is a reference to the popular book by Nikolai Bukharin."

Translations.

The most common translation for the title, "", in English is "The Measures Taken." The only translation titled "The Decision" is by John Willett.  The first known published English-language translation of "" is the inaccurate and libelous version of the cantata, titled "The Rule [or Doctrine]". This version of the text was made specifically for the House Un-American Activities Committee for use when interrogating both Bertolt Brecht and Hanns Eisler. The text is derived from the Eisler score published by Universal Edition and was made by Elizabeth Hanunian on September 18, 1947. The full translation is available in the Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books book: "Thirty Years of Treason" (New York, 2002) edited by Eric Bentley. [Note: First published by The Viking Press, Inc. in 1971.]  Eric Bentley himself made two published translations of ', both as "The Measures Taken". The two different translations corresponded to two different German versions of the text. The first appeared in the Bentley edited collection of plays "The Modern Theatre" volume 6 (New York, 1960.) The second was published in a Grove Press collection of Brecht plays "The Jewish Wife and Other Short Plays" (New York, 1967.) Bentley also made verse translations to be sung for selected pieces from'as sheet music to directly correspond to the Eisler score in "The Brecht-Eisler Songbook", published by Oak Publications (New York, 1967.)  Carl R. Mueller translated "" as "The Measures Taken" in the Brecht collection "The Measures Taken and Other Lehrstücke" edited by John Willett and Ralph Manheim, first published by Methuen (London, 1977) and later by Arcade Publishing (New York, 2001.)  John Willett translated "" as "The Decision" specifically to fit the Eisler score. This translation was published by Methuen Drama in Brecht's "Collected Plays: Three" (London, 1998.)

Score.

Hanns Eisler's score for'calls for a tenor soloist, three speakers/actors, a mixed choir (SATB) and a small orchestra. The score involves choral pieces, speaking choir, recitatives and songs.

Production history.

The cantata, "", was scheduled to be performed at the Neue Musik Festival in Berlin in the summer of 1930. The festival directorate (consisting of Paul Hindemith, Heinrich Burkard and Gerhard Schuenemann) asked Brecht to submit the text for inspection, concerned with its radically political subject matter. Brecht refused and suggested that Hindemith resign, protesting the implication of censorship. The piece was rejected by the festival directors citing the "artistic mediocrity of the text."  Brecht and Eisler wrote an open letter to the festival directors. In it they propose an alternative venue for their new work. "We render these important activities wholly independent, and let them be managed by those for whom they are intended and who alone have use for them: the workers' choirs, amateur theater groups, school choirs and school orchestras – in short, the people who do not want to pay for art, who do not want to be paid for art, but who want to create art."  "Die Maßnahme", thus, received its first theatrical production at the Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin on the 10 December 1930. The performers who appeared as The Four Agitators in the premier were: A. M. Topitz (as the tenor soloist), Ernst Busch, Alexander Granach, and Helene Weigel (who took on the role of The Young Comrade.) Karl Rankl conducted and the (Worker's choir of Greater Berlin) served as The Control Chorus. The performance was directed by the Bulgarian filmmaker, Slatan Dudow.  The play was also produced in Moscow around 1934.  The opera was given its first post-war performance by a chamber orchestra – the Phoenix Ensemble and the Pro Musica Chorus, conducted by Robert Ziegler in the Union Chapel, Islington, London, on election night 1987. 39 critics attended the performance and wrote it up and the BBC requested that the entire opera be recorded and subsequently broadcast on Radio 3.  Heiner Müller, a postmodern dramatist from the former East Germany who ran Brecht's Berliner Ensemble for a short time, used the'style and storytelling of "The Decision" as a model when writing his plays'(1970) and "The Mission: Memory of a Revolution" (1979).  "The Decision"/"The Measures Taken" influenced South African playwright, Maishe Maponya, when writing his play, "The Hungry Earth", about labor and apartheid in 1978.

Brecht and his critics.

Brecht wrote the play in 1930. Since then, some critics have seen the play as an apologia for totalitarianism and mass murder while others have pointed out that it is a play about the tactics and techniques of clandestine agitation.  They have also pointed out that it is thematically similar to his 1926 poem, "Verwisch die Spuren", ("Cover Your Tracks"), that his friend Walter Benjamin saw as "an instruction for the illegal agent." Elisabeth Hauptmann told controversial Brecht biographer John Fuegi that "she had written a substantial portion of it," but had forgotten to list herself as co-author. Ruth Fischer, the sister of Hanns Eisler, denounced Brecht, as "The minstrel of the G.P.U.". She also viewed the play as a foreshadowing of the Stalinist purges and was among its harshest critics. Katerina Clark wrote that the play "is a contender for being more Stalinist in this respect than Stalinist literature itself where writers deftly avoided explicit mention of the brutality of a purge."  In his journals, Brecht, however, relates how he had rejected explicitly that interpretation, referring the accusers to a closer scrutiny of the actual text; "[I] reject the interpretation that the subject is disciplinary murder by pointing out that it is a question of self-extinction", he writes, continuing: "I admit that the basis of my plays is Marxist and state that plays, especially with an historical content, cannot be written intelligently in any other framework."  The play was praised as inspirational by Ulrike Meinhof, one of the leaders of German left-wing terrorist organization Red Army Faction. She frequently quoted one of the passages, that in her opinion served as justification for the acts of violence:  <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">It is a terrible thing to kill. But not only others would we kill, but ourselves too if need be Since only force can alter this Murderous world, as Every living creature knows.</poem>

Banning the play.

Brecht and his family banned the play from public performance, but, in fact, the Soviet government did not like the play and other governments banned it as well. Performances resumed in 1997 with Klaus Emmerich's historically rigorous staging at the Berliner Ensemble.

"The Decision" and the F.B.I..

The F.B.I. translated the play in the 1940s, and titled it "The Disciplinary Measure". The report described it as promoting "Communist World Revolution by violent means."

"The Decision" and the House Committee on Un-American Activities.

Brecht appeared before the Committee on October 30, 1947. Only three members of the Committee and Robert E. Stripling, the committee's chief investigator were present. Brecht wanted no attorney, and unlike the previous ten witnesses, was charming, friendly and seemingly cooperative.  The committee tried to trick him by reading some of his more revolutionary plays and poems, but he was able to dismiss those questions by saying they were bad translations. Some of his answers were cleverly evasive, such as when he was asked about Comintern agent Grigory Kheifets. At one point, he stated that he had never joined the Communist party. Despite Brecht's extensive support for Communism, most authors agree that he really had not officially joined the party.  Brecht was asked specific questions about "The Decision". He said it was an adaption of an old Japanese religious play. When asked if the play was about the murder of a Communist party member by his comrades "because it was in the best interest of the Communist party", he said that that was "not quite" right, pointing out that the member's death is voluntary, so it is basically an assisted suicide rather than a murder. He compared that to the tradition of hara-kiri in the Japanese play.  The interrogators suggested that the title of the play (German "") could be translated as "The Disciplinary Measure". During his testimony, Brecht objected to this title, and argued that a more correct translation of the title would have been "Steps to Be Taken".  The committee went lightly on him despite frequently interrupting his answers. At the end, Committee chairman J. Parnell Thomas said, "Thank you very much. You are a good example..." The next day, Brecht left the United States for good and returned to Europe, eventually taking up residence in East Germany.  Brecht was embarrassed by Parnell's compliment but said the committee was not as bad as the Nazis. The committee let him smoke. The Nazis would never have let him do this. Brecht smoked a cigar during the hearings. He told Eric Bentley that this let him "manufacture pauses" between their questions and his answers.

Examples of Brecht's testimony about "The Decision".

<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">Brecht: This play is the adaptation of an old religious Japanese play and is called Nō Play, and follows quite closely this old story which shows the devotion for an ideal until death. Stripling: What was that ideal, Mr Brecht? Brecht: The idea in the old play was a religious idea. This young people – Stripling: Did it have to do with the Communist Party? Brecht: Yes. Stripling: And discipline within the Communist Party? Brecht: Yes, yes, it is a new play, an adaptation. —"From the Testimony of Bertolt Brecht"</poem>  The interrogators ask explicitly about the death of the young comrade: <poem style="margin-left: 1em;">Stripling: Now, Mr Brecht, will you tell the committee whether or not one of the characters in this play was murdered by his comrade because it was in the best interest of the party, of the Communist Party; is that true? Brecht: No, it is not quite according to the story. Stripling: Because he would not bow to discipline he was murdered by his comrades, isn't that true? Brecht: No; it is not really in it. You will find when you read it carefully, like in the old Japanese play where other ideas were at stake, this young man who died was convinced that he had done damage to the mission he believed in and he agreed to that and he was about ready to die in order not to make greater such damage. So, he asks his comrades to help him, and all of them together help him to die. He jumps into an abyss and they lead him tenderly to that abyss, and that is the story. Chairman: I gather from your remarks, from your answer, that he was just killed, he was not murdered? Brecht: He wanted to die. Chairman: So they killed him? Brecht: No; they did not kill him – not in this story. He killed himself. They supported him, but of course they had told him it were better when he disappeared for him and them and the cause he also believed in. —"From the Testimony of Bertolt Brecht"</poem

The Decision (""), frequently translated as The Measures Taken, is a "Lehrstück" and agitprop cantata by the twentieth-century German dramatist Bertolt Brecht. Created in collaboration with composer Hanns Eisler and director Slatan Dudow, it consists of eight sections in prose and unrhymed, free verse, with six major songs. A note to the text by all three collaborators describes it as an "attempt to use a didactic piece to make familiar an attitude of positive intervention."

La Décision ("Die Massnahme") est une pièce de théâtre didactique du dramaturge allemand Bertolt Brecht écrite en 1929 et 1930, et mise en musique par Hanns Eisler ("La Mesure").


Physical description.

Brown spider monkeys have long and thin limbs with their forelimbs being longer than their hind limbs. They also have a distinctive long flexible, thin and prehensile tail which at times acts like a fifth limb. The tail has a highly flexible, hairless tip with skin grooves which improves grip. Their hands look slightly curvy and they have small thumbs. All these features make it possible for them to climb trees at high elevations, hang and swing from one tree to another without often having to lower themselves to the ground. Adult males weigh between and adult females weigh between. Their average adult body length is about. Their coloration ranges from light brown to dark on upper parts including the head. Their most distinctive characteristic is a whitish triangular forehead patch, although not all spider monkeys have one. Some few individuals have pale blue eyes.

Range.

Brown spider monkeys are found in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. In Colombia, they are found from the right bank of the Magdalena River in the Magdalena and Cesar Departments, the south western portions of Guajira in the northernmost parts of the Serrania de Perija, and in the middle Magdalena River Valley at least to the Caldas and Cundinamarca Departments. In Venezuela, brown spider monkeys are normally found at altitudes between.  Two subspecies are often recognized: "A. h. hybridus" (in both Colombia and Venezuela) and "A. h. brunneus" (between Cauca and Magdalena River in Colombia), but these are sometimes considered synonymous.

Habitat and ecology.

Even though brown spider monkeys spend most of their time high in trees, they occasionally descend to eat soil and drink water. Since they like to forage in high canopies, they prefer undisturbed primary forests. This is because primary forests offer lifestyle they are comfortable in, for example endless canopies, tall trees, and many fruiting trees that disturbed forests do not offer. Brown spider monkeys always travel in small groups, and instead of walking or running on all fours, they travel mostly by swinging and climbing between trees.  Brown spider monkeys mainly forage in the canopies of forests and rely mostly on their senses of sight, smell, taste, and touch to find food. Brown spider monkeys are mainly herbivores and frugivores. A main component of the brown spider monkey’s diet is ripe fruit. 83% of their diet is lipid rich fruits. However, in drier seasons where fruit is less abundant, brown spider monkeys feed on leaves, seeds, flowers, bark, honey, decaying wood, and occasionally insects such as termites and caterpillars. Brown spider monkeys feed on different species of figs year around. Scientists have observed spider monkeys eating soil and clay, and hypothesized that the reasons for this behavior could be to obtain minerals from the soil, for phosphorus, or in order to maintain a pH-balance in their digestive system. Brown spider monkeys find water to drink on the forest floor at “salado sites.” Competition for food occurs between spider monkeys and other frugivorous primates.  Average lifespan of a spider monkey is 27 years, however, in captivity that can be increased by 10 or more years.  Natural enemies include jaguars ("Panthera onca"), mountain lions ("Puma concolor"), harpy eagles ("Harpia harpyja"), and crested eagles ("Morphnus guianensis"). Brown spider monkeys are known to shake branches in order to ward off potential predators.

Status.

The brown spider monkey is among "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates", and is one of only two Neotropical primates (the other being the yellow-tailed woolly monkey) to have been included in this list in both 2006–2008 and 2008–2010.  The population is estimated to have decreased by at least 80% and some populations have already been extirpated. Few remaining populations are of adequate size to be viable long-term. Almost 60 brown spider monkeys were recorded at various zoo (mostly European) that participated in the International Species Information System in 2010, but breeding is slow. Habitat loss is ongoing within its wild range, and an estimated 98% of its habitat already is gone. Habitat loss is driven both by logging, and land clearance for agriculture and cattle ranches. It is also threatened by hunting (in some regions it is the favorite game) and the wild animals trade. One study did not show a significant difference between population densities inside versus outside forest areas disturbed by loggers. It has been hypothesized that this anomaly is due to the sample being taken from El Paujil reserve, which is a protected area and may serve as refuge from other human activities, namely poaching.  A small population of fewer than 30 individuals of the subspecies "A. h. brunneus" has been discovered in a protected area of Colombia, the Selva de Florencia National Park. This is the southernmost population of the brown spider monkey. Brown spider monkeys are also known from other reserves in both Colombia and Venezuela.

The brown spider monkey or variegated spider monkey ("Ateles hybridus") is a critically endangered species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from forests in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.

Le Singe araignée varié ou Atèle varié (Ateles hybridus) est une espèce du genre Atèle, un groupe de "singes ou des singes", originaire de Colombie et du Venezuela.


Uses.

The latex is extracted in the same manner in which sap is extracted from the rubber tree. It is then dried to form an inelastic rubber-like material. It is almost identical to gutta-percha (produced from a closely related southeast Asian tree), and is sometimes called "gutta-balatá".  Balatá was often used in the production of high-quality golf balls, to use as the outer layer of the ball. Balatá-covered balls have a high spin rate, but do not travel as far as most balls with a Surlyn cover. Due to the nondurable nature of the material the golf club strikes, balatá-covered balls do not last long before needing to be replaced. While once favored by professional and low-handicap players, they are now obsolete, replaced by newer Surlyn and urethane technology.  Today, Brazil is the largest producer of Massaranduba wood, where it is cut in the Amazon rainforest.  The tree is a hardwood with a red heart, which is used for furniture and as a construction material where it grows. Locals often refer to it as bulletwood for its extremely hard wood, which is so dense that it does not float in water. Drilling is necessary to drive nailed connections. In trade, it is occasionally (and incorrectly) called "brazilwood".  The fruit, like that of the related sapodilla ("M. zapota"), is edible.  Though its heartwood may present in a shade of purple, "Manilkara bidentata" should not be confused with another tropical tree widely known as "purpleheart", "Peltogyne pubescens".  This timber is being used to produce outdoor furniture and is being marketed as "Pacific Jarrah" in Australia.

Manilkara bidentata is a species of "Manilkara" native to a large area of northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Common names include bulletwood, balatá, ausubo, massaranduba, and (ambiguously) "cow-tree".

"Le balata ou balata franc" ("Manilkara bidentata") est un arbre de la famille des "Sapotaceae" originaire des forêts tropicales d'Amérique, en particulier du Plateau des Guyanes. Il peut atteindre jusqu'à 45 mètres de hauteur. Les feuilles mesurent de 10 à 20 cm de long.D'après les inventaires réalisée jusqu'à présent en Guyane,le volume brut des arbres de plus de 40 cm de diamètre se situe aux environs de 3 m3; à l'hectare,ce qui permet la constitution de lots importants.


Route.

The Brown Line begins on the northwest side of Chicago, at the Kimball terminal in Albany Park, where there is a storage yard and servicing shop for the trains to the east of the passenger station. From there, trains operate over street level tracks between Leland and Eastwood Avenues to, then ramp up to the elevated structure for the rest of the trip.  The trains on the street-level section are powered by third rail rather than overhead catenary (the technology used by most other U.S. electric-powered at-grade rail systems), a decision that exposes wayward pedestrians to the risk of electrocution. A fatal accident in 1977 involving a severely intoxicated Korean immigrant who attempted to urinate on the third rail at the station eventually resulted in a famous Illinois Supreme Court decision in 1992 affirming a verdict of $1.5 million against CTA.  After the station, the route turns south, about one-half block parallel and west of Metra's Union Pacific North railroad line and Ravenswood Avenue to a point south of the station. Here the route turns east again and runs parallel to Roscoe Street past Sheffield Avenue where it once again turns south at Clark Junction to join the four-track North Side elevated line in Lakeview. From just north of Belmont station south to, Brown and Red Line trains operate side-by-side, with Purple Line Express trains sharing the tracks with the Brown Line during weekday rush hours. Brown and Purple Line trains run on the outermost tracks serving five stops, while Red Line trains run on the innermost tracks making only two stops.  South of the Armitage station, Brown and Purple Line trains continue southward towards the Chicago Loop on elevated tracks which zigzags its way through the neighborhoods of Lincoln Park and Near North Side stopping at Sedgwick and. Running over Franklin, then Wells Street, a stop is made at the before crossing the Chicago River on the upper level of the Wells Street Bridge before joining the Loop Elevated at Lake Street. Operating counter-clockwise, Brown Line trains operate around the Loop on the Outer track via Wells-Van Buren-Wabash-Lake, serving all Loop stations, before the return trip back north to the Kimball terminal.  There are three sections of the Brown Line which includes the Ravenswood Branch that connects from Kimball Avenue station to Belmont Avenue station; merging from the Purple Line Express. Another is the North Side Main Line which connects from Belmont Avenue station to the Merchandise Mart before entering the Loop. The Brown Line enters the loop going counter-clockwise from to and then exits the loop, heading towards the Kimball Avenue station.

Operating hours and headways.

The Brown Line operates between Kimball and the Loop weekdays and Saturdays from 4 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. and on Sundays from 5 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. The Brown Line Shuttle service runs only between Kimball and Belmont between 1:30 a.m. and 2:25 a.m. At Belmont, southbound riders can transfer to the 24-hour Red Line. On weekdays, service runs between three and eight minutes during rush hour, seven to eight minutes during midday, then six to twelve minutes during nighttime. On weekends, early morning service operates every fifteen minutes, then increases to seven to eight minutes on Saturdays during the day and ten minutes on Sundays during the day, then at nighttime every ten to twelve minutes. Late night service operates every fifteen minutes until the end of service, although late night trips from Kimball to Belmont stations operate every half hour Monday thru Saturday nights.  During morning rush hour, several Brown Line trains bound for the Loop continue toward the Orange Line after stopping at the Harold Washington Library station; whereas several Orange Line trains bound for Kimball continue as the Brown Line after stopping at Adams/Wabash station.

Rolling stock.

The Brown Line is operated with the 2600-series and 3200-series railcars. The Brown Line operate using four cars at other times on weekdays and all day on weekends and eight cars during weekday rush hours. The Brown Line's 3200-series cars are to remain in service on the line until at least the late 2020s, where they will be replaced by the new 7000-series cars if all options are picked up, otherwise the Brown Line's 3200-series cars will remain in service on the line until the 2030s if the options are not picked up. In the meantime, CTA is currently in the process of overhauling the 3200-series cars with color LED destination signs (similar to the 5000-series cars), new air conditioning systems, and rebuilt propulsion systems, passenger door motors, and wheel/axle assemblies. The 3200-series rehabilitation began in 2015 and was completed in 2018. Later that year, some of the Brown Line's 3200-series cars will be transferred to the Blue Line, with some of the Orange Line's 2600-series cars being transferred to the Brown Line.  Beginning March 30, 2008, the Brown Line began running eight cars during rush hours, since all of the reopened or renovated stations have been rebuilt to accommodate eight cars. Prior to this, although ridership certainly warranted eight cars on the Brown Line during weekday rush hours, most stations on the line couldn't berth longer than six cars. Six cars are standard on the Brown Line during midday. Early morning, late evening, and weekend service is generally provided by four cars, although this may be extended to eight cars due to special events and holidays.

History.

The Northwestern Elevated Railroad opened the Ravenswood branch between the existing main line and Western Avenue in Lincoln Square on May 18, 1907. The route was completed to the Kimball terminal on December 14, 1907.  The Kimball terminal was completely renovated and a new bridge over the North Branch of the Chicago River was completed in the 1970s. The Western and Merchandise Mart stations were rebuilt in the 1980s. Prior to the start of the Brown Line Capacity Expansion Project, these two stations, along with the Kimball terminal were the only ADA accessible stations on the Brown Line outside of the Loop.

Brown Line Capacity Expansion Project.

The Brown Line Capacity Expansion Project—which ran from 2006 to 2009—was undertaken to repair ageing infrastructure and increase passenger capacity at Brown Line stations. On February 20, 2006, the CTA broke ground on the project. All but one of the Brown Line stations were reconstructed to be ADA compliant and to accommodate eight-car trains. The right-of-way between Kimball and Rockwell Avenue was modernized. Traction power equipment and train control systems were upgraded and a new fiber optic communication network installed. Merchandise Mart was the only station not to receive any work as it had previously been reconstructed from 1987 to 1988, and was already ADA compliant and able to accommodate 8-car trains. Another two stations—Kimball and Western—received small platform extensions but little other work, and the other 16 stations were completely rebuilt.  The first two stations to be completed—Kedzie and Rockwell—reopened on August 16, 2006, and all of the stations had reopened by July 30, 2009 when the new Wellington station entered service. The project was completed on December 31, 2009.

Red-Purple Bypass.

The Red & Purple Modernization Project will involve a redesign of a diamond junction north of Belmont Station into a flyover allowing Brown Line trains going north to circumnavigate crossings with Red and Purple Line trains. This project will decrease train backups and increase the number of trains that can cross the junction per hour. The project was criticized by 2015 mayoral candidate Chuy García and local residents in the Lakeview neighborhood who organized a referendum to stop it. The Federal Transit Administration passed the CTA's environmental review on the bypass in January 2016 and received a $1.1 billion federal grant the following year. 16 properties affected by the bypass were demolished. Construction on the bypass began on October 2, 2019 and will be completed by the end of 2021.

The Brown Line (or the Ravenswood Line) of the Chicago "L" system, is an route with 27 stations between Chicago's Albany Park neighborhood and downtown Chicago. It runs completely above ground and is almost entirely grade-separated. It is the third-busiest 'L' route, with an average of 63,481 passengers boarding each weekday in 2017.

La ligne brune du métro de Chicago (autrefois appelée Ravenswood Line) est la troisième ligne la plus fréquentée du réseau (après les lignes rouge et bleue). Elle s'étend sur, de la station Kimball dans le secteur de Albany Park (dans le nord ouest de la ville) jusqu'au secteur du Loop (dans le centre de Chicago). La ligne brune compte 27 stations (18 hors Loop).


History and status.

Prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and Israel's establishment and sovereignty over the Kafr Qasim, Jaljulia and Kafr Bara area, it was referred to as the "Little Triangle" to differentiate it from the larger "Triangle" region between Jenin, Tulkarm, and Nablus.  The region was originally designated to fall under Jordanian jurisdiction, but while negotiating the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Israel insisted on having it within its side of the Green Line, due to military and strategic reasons. To achieve this, a territorial swap was negotiated, ceding the Israeli territory in the southern hills of Hebron in exchange for the Triangle villages in Wadi Ara. The term was later expanded to include the entire area around Wadi Ara (the Northern Triangle of today) and the "Little" appendage quickly fell out of common use.

Involuntary loss of citizenship.

The concept of stripping the citizens of the area of their citizenship of Israel has been mooted. Several Israeli politicians have suggested the Triangle should be transferred to a future Palestinian state in exchange for Israel retaining control over settlements in the West Bank. The idea is a major part of the Lieberman Plan put forward by Yisrael Beiteinu leader Avigdor Lieberman but is largely opposed by Israeli Arabs.. It is also a key feature of the Trump peace plan.  In a July 2000 survey conducted by "Kul al-Arab" among 1,000 residents of Umm al-Fahm, 83 percent of respondents opposed the idea of transferring their city to Palestinian jurisdiction.

The Triangle (, "HaMeshulash";, "al-Muthallath"), formerly referred to as the Little Triangle, is a concentration of israeli Arab towns and villages adjacent to the Green Line, located in the eastern Sharon plain among the Samarian foothills; this area is located within the easternmost boundaries of both the Central District and Haifa District.

Le Triangle (hébreu : המשולש, "HaMeshulash"; arabe : المـُثـَلـَّث, "al-Muthalath") autrefois appelé Le Petit triangle, est une concentration de villes et villages arabes israéliennes proches de la Ligne verte, dans la plaine orientale de la région de Sharon.


Geography.

The city is on the north shore of Long Island, on Long Island Sound. The hills that stretch along the shore are terminal moraines left by glaciers of the last ice age.  Glen Cove is located at (40.867326, −73.627738).  The city of Glen Cove is bordered on three sides by the Town of Oyster Bay, and on the fourth by the Sound.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has, including of land and of (65.51%) water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 census, Glen Cove was 74.2% White (59.4% non-Hispanic white), 7.2% African American, 4.6% Asian, 10.1% some other race, 3.2% two or more races, 0.4% Native American, and 0.1% Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 27.9% of the population.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 26,622 people, 9,461 households, and 6,651 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,006.0 people per square mile (1,545.7/km). There were 9,734 housing units at an average density of 1,464.7 per square mile (565.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 60.28% White, 26.40% African American, 0.29% Native American, 4.11% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 5.72% from other races, and 23.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 20.0% of the population.  There were 9,461 households, out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.22.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $89,000 and the median income for a family was $108,000. Males had a median income of $61,900 versus $40,581 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,627.

Government.

The Mayor is Tim Tenke; this position is elected at-large. He succeeded Reginald Spinello Twice. The eight-member city council is elected from single-member districts.  The town of Oyster Bay had jurisdiction over the area from the 1680s until 1917, when Glen Cove became an independent city. It has its own police, fire protection, and emergency medical services. The fire department and emergency medical services are volunteer agencies. The Office of Emergency Management is responsible for the planning, coordination and response to natural and man-made emergencies that occur within the city of Glen Cove.

History.

Succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples had lived in the area for thousands of years. At the time of European contact, bands of the Lenape (Delaware) nation inhabited western Long Island, the areas of New York and New Jersey around the harbor, and along the coast through present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware, as well as along the Delaware River. They spoke an Algonquian language. By 1600 the band inhabiting this local area was called the Matinecock after their location.  Glen Cove was used as a port by English migrants from New England and named "Moscheto" before 1668. On May 24, 1668 Joseph Carpenter of Warwick, Rhode Island purchased about of land to the northwest of the Town of Oyster Bay from the Matinecock. Later in that year he admitted four residents of Oyster Bay as co-partners in the project: brothers Nathaniel, Daniel, and Robert Coles; and Nicholas Simkins. The five young men named the settlement Musketa Cove Plantation, "musketa" meaning "place of rushes" in the Lenape language.

19th century.

In the 1830s, steamboats started regular service on Long Island Sound between New York City and Musketa Cove, arriving at a point still called "The Landing." As "Musketa" was negatively associated with mosquito, in 1834 village residents changed the name to Glen Cove; this was said to be taken from the misheard suggestion of "Glencoe," meaning Glencoe, Scotland. The village added population as workers arrived for jobs at the Duryea Corn Starch factory, which operated until 1900. The name "Duryea" was once suggested as a village name to replace Mosquito Cove but rejected.  By 1850 the village of Glen Cove had become a popular summer resort community for New York City residents. The Long Island Rail Road was extended to Glen Cove in 1867, providing quicker, more frequent service to New York City. The availability of the train and the town's location on Long Island Sound made it attractive to year-round residents, and the population increased.  The vistas afforded of Long Island Sound from the town's rolling hills attracted late 19th-century wealthy industrial barons, including Charles Pratt and his sons, as well as J. P. Morgan, and F. W. Woolworth. They built large private estates along the island's North Shore. This expanse of settled wealth was part of what would become known in the 1920s as the Gold Coast of Nassau County. Part of the Morgan property was donated to the city and is now operated as Morgan Park and Beach.

20th century.

On June 8, 1917, Glen Cove became an independent city, separating from the Town of Oyster Bay after 250 years. Before the mid-20th century, most of the mansions were adapted to other than residential purposes. Winfield Hall, the former home of F.W. Woolworth, is privately owned.  Altogether, five Pratt families owned a total of about in the area. John Teele Pratt's estate ("The Manor," designed by Charles A. Platt) is now operated as the Glen Cove Mansion Hotel and Conference Center.  The Braes, the country estate of Herbert L. Pratt, was purchased by the Webb Institute in 1945. After renovation, it opened the facility in 1947 as an established specialty college for naval architecture and engineering.  George DuPont Pratt's estate, Killenworth, was purchased by the Soviet Union government in 1951 for use by its United Nations delegation. The Russians have used it for decades to house visitors and as a weekend retreat for its UN staff. When in the United States for meetings at the United Nations, Nikita Khrushchev in 1960, then premier of the Soviet Union, and Fidel Castro, then president of Cuba, separately stayed at Killenworth.  Like many other suburbs, Glen Cove grew rapidly in population after World War II, when new residential developments were completed on former pastureland and farms. Many new residents were second and third-generation descendants of eastern and southern European immigrants, and had moved out from childhood homes in Queens or Brooklyn. Some African Americans were descendants of slaves from the colonial period, as colonists had used slaves for domestic help and farm labor; others were descendants of migrants from the South who came to New York City and the area during the Great Migration of the first half of the 20th century.  Since the late 20th century, immigrants to the city have been generally from Latin America and eastern Asia. A Sikh gurdwara established in Glen Cove draws members from the ethnic Indian population in the area.

Historic properties.

The U.S. Post Office at Glen Cove, built in 1932 during the Great Depression, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The Justice Court Building, the former city court and later city hall and police headquarters, was added to the NRHP in 1990. It has been renovated and adapted for use as the North Shore Historical Museum. The Old Glen Cove Post Office on Glen Street was listed on the NRHP in 2010; it is now used as an architect's office.

Industry.

Glen Cove Creek was channelized in the early 20th century by the US Army Corps of Engineers.  Li Tungsten produced tungsten powder and tungsten carbide powder, along with other specialty products. The company was first known as Wah Chang Smelting and Refining Company, and later as Teledyne Wah Chang.  Columbia Ribbon and Carbon Manufacturing Company opened a Glen Cove research lab in 1932 and produced blue printing inks, carbon paper and typing ribbon until 1980.  Powers Chemco, which made photographic equipment and supplies, was renamed Chemco Technologies in 1987. It was later purchased and renamed Konica Imaging U.S.A., and is today known as Konica Minolta Holding USA Inc. The company closed its Glen Cove factory in 2006 and moved to Michigan.  In 1953 and 1958, Pall Corporation established factories to make filtration products. One site was occupied until 1999, the other until 1971, when the building was sold to August Thomsen Corp.  Photocircuits Corporation began manufacturing circuit boards in 1951, and employed 740 workers when it closed in 2007.  Another company, Slater Electric, began making electrical wiring devices in 1956.  In 1988, Pass and Seymour manufactured electric components using an injection molding process.  Former Gladsky Marine operated a marina and marine repair facility along Glen Cove Creek from the early 1970s until 1999. The site was listed by the EPA as a cleanup site. The remediation of semi-volatile organic compounds and metals from the facility was completed in 2010.

Economy.

Acclaim Entertainment had its headquarters in One Acclaim Plaza, located in Glen Cove. Acclaim bought the three-story,, Class A office building in 1994 for $4 million.

Education.

Public schools.

The city of Glen Cove and its residents are served by the Glen Cove City School District. Children who live in the City attend the Eugene J. Gribbin/ Katherine A. Deasy Elementary schools for grades K-2 (pre-k offered at Deasy), Landing/ Margaret. A. Connolly schools for grades 3–5, Robert M. Finley Middle School for grades 6–8, and Glen Cove High School for grades 9–12. Finley Middle School was one of ten NASSP Breakthrough Schools. The Glen Cove City School District's "Paired Plan" for elementary schools has the Gribbin and Connolly schools paired, as well as the Deasy and Landing schools. All students from across the city attend joint classes in the central Middle and High schools.

Private schools.

There are several private educational institutions inside the city boundaries:

Transportation.

The city of Glen Cove is served by the following mass transit services:

Culture.

Nearby are such attractions as the Hillwood Art Museum at C.W. Post Center of Long Island University, Nassau County Museum of Art; Old Westbury Gardens and Mansion, which holds regular concerts; Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, Theodore Roosevelt's summer White House; the Planting Fields Arboretum and Coe Mansion, which also holds concerts; and other live music venues.  Its sister city is Sturno, Italy, from where many immigrants came in the 20th century and settled in Glen Cove.

Waterfront.

The city of Glen Cove has an extensive waterfront area on Hempstead Harbor and Long Island Sound. There are three public beaches: Crescent Beach, Morgan Beach (at Morgan Park), and Prybil Beach. Hempstead Harbor Yacht Club, Glen Cove City Yacht Club, and the Garvies Point Boating Association are the three major sailing clubs in the City. Brewer's Boardyard is the only boating storage yard left in the city. The city has a boat launch ramp at the end of Garvies Point Road. The city has no facilities for kayaks.  Sailboat racing in the Glen Cove area can be watched from a cliff-top park in the neighboring village of Sea Cliff and from various points on the hills of Garvies Point Preserve. Races are Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday evenings, and Saturdays during the afternoon. The annual "Around Long Island Sailboat Race" finishes at the end of the breakwater at Morgan Park.  On the waterfront the saying goes, "If you can hear the train, it is going to rain." If you hear that train whistle blow, that means the wind is coming from the east and a storm is on the way.

Glen Cove is a city in Nassau County, New York, United States, on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2010 Census, the city population was 26,964.

Glen Cove est une ville des États-Unis, située sur la côte nord de Long Island dans l'État de New York (comté de Nassau).


Scientific activity.

Gudkov studied journalism, sociology and philology at the Lomonosov Moscow State University and graduated in 1971. He continued his post-graduate studies at the Institute for philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences until 1977. His dissertation concerned the Max Weber's concept of the methodology of social sciences and the German tradition of the understanding sociology. In 1995 Gudkov did his doctor in philosophy.  From 1970 to 1973 he worked for the department of methodology of researching social processes at the Russian Academy of Sciences.  In the following four years until 1977, Gudkov was an employee of the department of philosophy and sociology at the Institute for scientific Information on social studies which belongs to the Russian Academy of Sciences.  From 1977 to 1984 he was a senior researcher of the Sociology Department at the Russian State Library.  Between 1984 and 1986 he worked as one of the leading scientific employees at the Sociology Department of the Design Research Institute (VNIIITE).  In the following two years until 1988, Gudkov was the senior scientific employee of the All-Union book chamber.  In 1988 Gudkov started working for VCIOM, and became one of the leading scientists of the research center after a short while. Three years later in 1991, Gudkov was made the head of the theory- and later the sociopolitical department of researches at VCIOM.  Gudkov participated in all research projects at VCIOM during the period when the centre was administrated by Yuri Levada, such as

Work at the Levada Center.

When in 2003 internal problems appeared at VCIOM, Gudkov left the organization together with Yuri Levada and the majority of employees to work for Yuri Levada's newly founded Analytical centre (Levada Center).  After the death of Yuri Levada in 2006, Gudkov was assigned to the post of the director of the Levada Center. He was selected for this position by a unanimous decision of the board of the centre. Since December 2006 Gudkov also works as the editor-in-chief of the magazine "The Russian Public Opinion Herald" which is regularly published by the Levada Center.  Besides his work at the different institutions, Gudkov also works as a professor. In 1994 he lectured sociology at the Jewish University of Moscow. From 1996 to 2004 and in 2006, he was a lecturer in sociology at the Russian State University for the Humanities. Additionally from 2005–2007 he gave lecture and seminars on the topic “Russia – a transitional society? - Cultural and institutional factors of socio-political conservatism in post-Soviet Russia” at the department of Political Science at the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences.

Publications.

Gudkov is the author of several books and articles considering the theory and methodology of sociology, sociology of literature, ethnonational relations and social problems of the Post-Soviet society, including:

Lev Dmitrievich Gudkov (; 6 December 1946 in Moscow) is a Russian sociologist, director of the analytical Levada Center and editor-in-chief of the journal "The Russian Public Opinion Herald".

Lev Dmitrievitch Goudkov (en ; né le à Moscou) est un sociologue russe, directeur du Centre analytique Levada (Centre Levada) et rédacteur en chef de la revue "Le Bulletin de l'opinion publique russe".


Club career.

Port Vale.

Chamberlain was born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, to Banny and Anastasia, who emigrated to England from Jamaica in the 1960s. Chamberlain started his career with local side Port Vale, making his debut under Dennis Butler as a substitute in a 2–2 home draw with Scunthorpe United on 19 August 1978, aged 16. His full debut came on 14 April 1979 in a 3–2 win over Barnsley at Vale Park, and his first goal came two days later in a 3–2 defeat at Huddersfield Town. Chamberlain said: ""It was a bonus too, to find the net. Neil Griffiths encouraged me to ‘hit it’, after I had nipped in before the full back, and the ball flew in"." He turned professional the following month, having made eight appearances in 1978–79. Chamberlain then made eleven goalless appearances in 1979–80, whilst his brother was the club's top-scorer in what was Vale's worst season in the Fourth Division. He became a first team regular from October 1980 under John McGrath and scored 10 goals in 36 games in the 1980–81 campaign. He was an ever-present in the 55 game 1981–82 season, also being selected in the PFA Fourth Division team and chosen as "The Star"'s best player of the division. He scored eight goals during the campaign, most memorably when he stood off the pitch at Field Mill to avoid being caught offside, then returned to tackle a startled Rod Arnold and tap the ball into an empty net.

Stoke City.

He was sold to local rivals Stoke City in August 1982, along with Mark Harrison for a combined fee of £180,000. His brother also made the switch later in the season. Asked if this move caused him to receive any "stick" from his friends, he replied: "No not really. Mind you I wouldn't, I didn't really have any mates." He proved to be a good signing for manager Richie Barker, and got the better of Arsenal's left-back Kenny Sansom. He replaced Paul Maguire on the left-wing and scored six goals in 39 appearances in 1982–83 as the "Potters" finished 13th in the First Division. Chamberlain scored seven goals in 46 games in 1983–84, helping the club to avoid relegation by two places and two points. However, he scored just twice in 32 appearances in 1984–85, as Stoke finished bottom of the division with a mere 17 points; they won just three of their 42 games and were 23 points short of safety. Barker had abandoned Chamberlain and the midfield in favour of desperate long ball tactics. New manager Mick Mills stabilised the club in the Second Division in 1985–86, but let Chamberlain go as he wished to build his own team.

Sheffield Wednesday.

In September 1985 he moved on to Sheffield Wednesday, who went on to finish fifth in the top-flight under Howard Wilkinson in 1985–86, missing out on European football due to the ban imposed on English clubs following the Heysel Stadium disaster. The "Owls" finished 13th in 1986–87 and 11th in 1987–88, with Chamberlain playing 66 league games before transferring to Alan Ball's Second Division side Portsmouth in 1988.

Portsmouth.

"Pompey" finished two places above the drop in 1988–89, before 12th and 17th finishes in 1989–90 and 1990–91. He then helped Jim Smith's side to the FA Cup semi-finals in 1991–92, and featured in the 1–1 draw with Liverpool at Highbury, but not in the replay at Villa Park. The club finished in third-place in 1992–93, missing out on automatic promotion by goal difference, and were beaten by Leicester City at the play-off semi-final stage. They then finished a disappointing 17th in 1993–94, and Chamberlain moved on to Liam Brady's Brighton & Hove Albion in August 1994, having played 167 games in his six years at Fratton Park.

Later career.

The "Seagulls" finished 14th in the Second Division (the old Third Division) in 1993–94, and Chamberlain moved on to Exeter City in the Third Division (the old Fourth Division). Peter Fox's "Grecians" finished bottom of the Football League in 1994–95, albeit level on goal difference with Scarborough, and only avoided dropping into the Conference because Macclesfield Town's Moss Rose did not meet the Football League's capacity standards. Chamberlain was converted to the right-back position. Exeter rallied to a 14th-place finish in 1995–96, though Chamberlain left St James Park after the club finished third-from-bottom in 1996–97, ahead of rock bottom Hereford United by just the one point.

International career.

An England under-21 international, Chamberlain broke into the England senior squad under Bobby Robson during his first season at Stoke City, scoring on his debut against Luxembourg at Wembley on 15 December 1982, at age 21. During the match, teammate Luther Blissett became the first black player to score for England, having bagged two of his three goals before Chamberlain found the net. He also made a substitute appearance in the 1–0 home defeat to Denmark on 21 September 1983; this crucial result eventually led the Danes to win qualification to Euro 1984 ahead of England. He picked up a total of eight caps, though some believed he could have gone on to pick up many more, and Port Vale coach Graham Barnett in particular said that he was "like a bloody gazelle... a black jewel... he's got the bloody lot... he's class... so much better than John Barnes."

Style of play.

Chamberlain was a pacey winger with excellent ball control and decision making. Stoke City fan and author Simon Lowe wrote that “His slim, athletic build made him seem taller than his modest 5ft 9in height. But his dribbling style was upright, chest puffed out, with the ball in front being almost toe-ended on by his right foot, while his arms worked like pistons. A favourite trick saw Chamberlain wave his left foot over the ball and wiggle his hips before jagging it past the defender with the outside of the right foot." Former Port Vale teammate Robbie Earle wrote that "He could do it all: Run, pass, shoot, make goals and score them. Chambo was the perfect wide man who could play on either flank and delighted in making chances for his teammates".

Coaching career.

Chamberlain became player-manager of non-league Fareham Town after leaving the Football League in 1997. In 2008, he joined the coaching staff at Portsmouth to coach the U13s.

Personal life.

Chamberlain lives with his family in Port Solent. His son, Alex, plays for Liverpool and England. His older brother Neville was also a professional footballer. When the pair played together for Port Vale they used to swap shirts at half-time so as to confuse opposition players attempting to mark him. After making his England debut he guest starred on "The Sooty Show".

Career statistics.

Club statistics.

Source:

Mark Valentine Chamberlain (born 19 November 1961) is an English former international footballer. He is the younger brother of Neville Chamberlain, and the father of Liverpool and England international player Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and Notts County's Christian Oxlade-Chamberlain.

Mark Chamberlain, né le à Stoke-on-Trent (Angleterre), est un footballeur anglais, qui évoluait au poste d'ailier à Stoke City et en équipe d'Angleterre. Il est le père du joueur de Liverpool FC Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain Chamberlain a marqué un but lors de ses huit sélections avec l'équipe d'Angleterre entre 1982 et 1984.


Synopsis.

The film intercuts documentary footage and clips from other films — notably the Stalinist propaganda film "The Vow" (1946) — with an imaginative and satirical narrative about a highly political Yugoslav woman who seduces a visiting Soviet celebrity ice skater. Despite different settings, characters and time periods, the different elements produce a single story of human sexuality and revolution through a montage effect.  The woman, Milena, violates her proletarian convictions (and rejects the sexual advances of a worker) by pursuing a Joseph Stalin-like celebrity ice skater — Vladimir Ilyich (Lenin's first and middle names) — who represents both class oppression and corruption from the West into communist beliefs. She succeeds, with difficulty, in sexual consummation, but V.I. is unable to reconcile his inner conflicts and ends the encounter by decapitating her. Distraught, V.I. sings a Russian song after the murder: "François Villon's Prayer" by Bulat Okudzhava.

Sequences.

Tuli Kupferberg
 Poet and performance artist Tuli Kupferberg of the band The Fugs, dressed as a soldier, parodies war and the sexual nature of man's fascination with guns by stalking affluent New Yorkers on the street and masturbating his toy rifle. The scene is set to The Fugs' 1965 song “Kill for Peace”. As part of the film's climax, the gun masturbation imagery is intercut with other orgasmic sequences. This segment highlights Reich's ideas that sexual frustration and violence are connected.  Artists
 Artist Betty Dodson discusses her experiences in drawing acts of masturbation, as well as her discussions within consciousness raising groups about female sexual response. The Dodson sequences are relatively straight forward documentary interviews; Dodson's large scale drawing of a man masturbating dominates the background of the shots. This segment illustrates a more free attitude toward sexuality.  New York artist Nancy Godfrey was among a loose group of practitioners called Plaster Casters. In a meeting with Jim Buckley, co-founder-editor of the porn magazine "Screw", Godfrey makes a plaster cast of Buckley's erect penis as a documentary part of the film. The soundtrack features another song by The Fugs, “I'm Gonna Kill Myself Over Your Dead Body”, with Tuli Kupferberg satirically mimicking John Wayne in his "a cappella" vocals.  This scene was a point of contention for the censors. On UK video prints Buckley's penis is covered with psychedelic colors added in editing (the cinema version was unusually passed fully uncut).  Jackie Curtis
 Jackie Curtis, one of Andy Warhol's entourage and occasional film star, is shown on the streets of New York enjoying an ice cream cone with a partner. Curtis' appearance highlighted Reich's theories of gender and sexuality.  Screw
 "Screw" was an underground magazine that pioneered in bringing hardcore pornography into the American mainstream during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The film shows a behind-the-scenes look at the publication, in which editor Jim Buckley casually consorts with his nude models. "Screw"'s notorious co-founder-editor Al Goldstein is neither seen nor referred to in this sequence.  Alexander Lowen
 The film also features a rare on-screen interview with neo-Reichian therapist Alexander Lowen, the founder of bioenergetic analysis, during a therapy session, including scream treatment.  Others
 Reich's daughter Eva (1924–2008) appears on camera, speaking about the high accuracy of her father's work and the sickness of contemporary life.  The Orgonon, Reich's last home and lab near Rangeley, Maine, USA, is seen with brief shots of the interior and exterior, including a cloudbuster.  A couple of scenes in the film are re-stagings of scenes from Sergei Eisenstein films, to allude to a moment of more pure (truthful) film making in the Soviet Union.  Shots of the incinerator in which Reich's books were burned in New York City are included.

Reception.

"W.R." won acclaim from critics at the Cannes Film Festival in 1971, but due to the state ban was shown only in a few selected audiences in Yugoslavia for the next several years.

W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism () is a 1971 film by Serbian director Dušan Makavejev that explores the relationship between communist politics and sexuality, as well as presenting the controversial life and work of Austrian-American psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957). The film's narrative structure is unconventional, intermixing fictional and documentary elements.

Wilhelm Reich : Les Mystères de l'organisme ("W.R. - Misterije organizma") est un film yougoslave réalisé par Dušan Makavejev, sorti en 1971.


Description.

"Austromegabalanus psittacus" is a large sessile barnacle that lives in groups on hard substrates. It has a tall cone-shaped carapace composed of twelve large plates made of calcite microcrystals which are cemented together. The basal disc is firmly cemented to a hard surface. It grows to a height of. There is an opening at the top with a hinged operculum through which the thoracic limbs known as "cirri" protrude. The general colour is dull white with purple and brown markings.

Biology.

"Austromegabalanus psittacus" is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Individual barnacles are fertilised by sperm passed through a slender tube extended by a neighbouring barnacle. The eggs are retained inside the carapace where they are incubated for about three or four weeks. They then hatch into free swimming nauplius larvae which form part of the plankton. These pass through six stages over the course of about 45 days, the last being a cyprid stage. These larvae are about long and settle on the seabed, usually in the proximity of other barnacles. Often the larvae settle so close together that hummocks are formed as the juvenile barnacles grow. Under these circumstances the calcareous base becomes modified into a more porous, cylindrical form above which the carapaces tower, the central individuals being about twice as tall as the outside ones. The density of the barnacles in the hummocks can be more than 1000 individuals per square metre (11 sq ft). This ability to form hummocks give this species an advantage when they are competing for space with other species of barnacle. It is an omnivorous filter feeder.

Distribution.

"Austromegabalanus psittacus" is a coastal species found in southern Peru, along the entire length of Chile (including offshore Juan Fernández Islands) and southern Argentina in the intertidal and littoral zone. It is recorded at depths of, but is mostly found at. It is most common in the Los Lagos area in Chile and is harvested for human consumption, mainly in the towns of Calbuco, Carelmapu and Puerto Montt.

Use by humans and oceanic organisms.

This barnacle forms part of Chilean cuisine. Its meat is highly prized and is one of the ingredients of the Chilean dish curanto. This is traditionally made from various seafood ingredients cooked in a large pit preheated with red-hot stones. Modern cooking methods use a large pot, conventionally heated.  Overfishing has reduced the quantities of "Austromegabalanus psittacus" available for commercial harvesting. There are plans to cultivate it along the coast of Chile and there are possibilities of exporting it to Japan.  In addition to humans, it is sometimes eaten by the sea star "Heliaster helianthus" and the clingfish "Sicyases sanguineus", although the latter only can prey on small animals (large "Austromegabalanus psittacus" are apparently safe).

Austromegabalanus psittacus, the giant barnacle or as it is known in Spanish, is a species of large barnacle native to the coasts of southern Peru, all of Chile and southern Argentina. It inhabits the littoral and intertidal zones of rocky shores and normally grows up to tall with a mineralized shell composed of calcite. The "picoroco barnacle" is used in Chilean cuisine and is one of the ingredients in curanto.

, appelé picoroco en espagnol, est un crustacé cirripède marin comestible. C'est une espèce de balane géant qui vit fixé aux rochers. Son aire de répartition se limite à la zone intertidale le long de la côte de l'Argentine, du Chili et du sud du Pérou. Il peut atteindre la de hauteur et possède une coquille minéralisée composée de calcite. C'est un mets particulièrement apprécié dans la cuisine chilienne.


Biography.

1960s.

Barger features prominently in Hunter S. Thompson's book, "" (1966). Barger and the Hells Angels are also depicted in Tom Wolfe's "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test" (1968), during Ken Kesey's La Honda encampment. Barger was one of the Hells Angels present at the Rolling Stones' Altamont Free Concert in 1969, and appears in the documentary film about the concert: "Gimme Shelter" (1970).

1980s.

In 1983, Barger was diagnosed with throat cancer, after years of heavy smoking. His diagnosis and treatment was at Ft. Miley VA Hospital in San Francisco. Having Stage III Laryngeal Cancer, a Total Laryngectomy with Bilateral Functional Neck Dissections was performed by Michael Tralla MD FACS. Consequently since his vocal cords were removed, he learned to vocalize using the muscles in his esophagus.  In 1988, Barger was found guilty of conspiring to blow up the clubhouse of a rival motorcycle club, The Outlaws in Louisville, Kentucky, and spent four years in federal prison in Arizona.

2000s.

Sonny Barger remains an active member of the Hells Angels in the Phoenix, Arizona Chapter, having moved there from Oakland in 1998.  In recent years, Barger has worked to promote motorcycle safety; he co-authored a book on the subject with Darwin Holmstrom (the author of "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Motorcycles" (1998)) titled "Let's Ride: Sonny Barger's Guide to Motorcycling" (2010).  On November 30, 2010, Barger made a guest appearance as Lenny "The Pimp" Janowitz on the Season 3 finale of the FX television series "Sons of Anarchy", about a fictional outlaw motorcycle club, allegedly based on the Hells Angels. Show creator Kurt Sutter spent time with Barger and other members of Hells Angels researching for the show, and acted opposite Barger in his scene. Barger returned again on the "Sons of Anarchy" as Lenny "The Pimp" Janowitz November 29, 2011, in the Season 4 finale, part one. Barger's third guest appearance on "Sons of Anarchy" as Lenny "The Pimp" Janowitz was during Season 5, Episode 10, which aired on November 13, 2012.

Ralph Hubert "Sonny" Barger (born October 8, 1938) is an American author, actor, outlaw biker and convicted felon, who is a founding member (1957) of the Oakland, California chapter of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club. He is the author of five books – "Hell's Angel: The Life and Times of Sonny Barger and the Hell's Angels Motorcycle Club" (2000), "Dead in 5 Heartbeats" (2004), "Freedom: Credos from the Road" (2005), "6 Chambers, 1 Bullet" (2006), and "Let's Ride: Sonny Barger's Guide to Motorcycling" (2010) – and editor of the book "Ridin' High, Livin' Free: Hell-Raising Stories" (2003). Onscreen, Barger was identified but did not speak in "Hells Angels on Wheels" (1967) and was one of several members of the Angels who had speaking parts playing themselves in "Hell's Angels '69" (1969); he has appeared in several additional films. He also appeared in the "Sons of Anarchy" television show as Lenny "The Pimp" Janowitz.

Ralph Hubert « Sonny » Barger, né le à Modesto en Californie, est le membre fondateur du chapitre des Hells Angels d'Oakland, Californie.


Early years.

Dick Hamer was born in Melbourne to Elizabeth Anne McLuckie and Hubert Hamer, a solicitor. His three siblings all achieved success in their fields: his sister was Alison Patrick (1921–2009), an internationally known historian of the French Revolution; his brothers were David Hamer (1923–2002), a federal Liberal politician, and Alan, a Rhodes Scholar, chemist and Managing Director of ICI Australia.  Dick Hamer was educated at Melbourne Grammar School and Geelong Grammar School and graduated in law from the University of Melbourne, where he was resident at Trinity College from 1936. He was a member, with his brother Alan, of the College First XVIII Australian Rules football team, and was Secretary of the Student Club. He joined the Melbourne University Regiment of the Australian Army in 1935 and served with them until 1939. He was commissioned as an officer in August 1940 in 2nd/43rd Battalion AIF and served at Tobruk, Syria, El Alamein, New Guinea and in Normandy. After the war he became a partner in his family's law firm and was active in the Liberal Party. In 1944 he married April Mackintosh, with whom he had five children. He continued his military service and remained active in the Citizens Military Force joining the Victorian Scottish Regiment in 1948, of which he was Commanding Officer from 1954 to 1958.

Parliamentary career.

Hamer was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for East Yarra Province in 1958. He was appointed to the cabinet of the long-serving Premier, Henry Bolte, in 1962, becoming Assistant Chief Secretary. He was Minister for Local Government from 1964 to 1971.  After Deputy Premier Arthur Rylah was forced to retire due to a stroke, Hamer was elected in a by-election for Rylah's Legislative Assembly seat of Kew in East Melbourne. He immediately assumed Rylah's portfolios of Deputy Premier and Chief Secretary. Although he was loyal to Bolte, he had a reputation for being much more liberal than his rough-edged conservative leader.

Premier of Victoria.

By the 1970s, the Liberal government was losing its appeal to younger, urban voters in Melbourne. Realizing that the Liberals had a year at most to retool their image before a statutory general election, Bolte retired in 1972 and endorsed Hamer as his successor. Despite opposition from the conservative wing of the party, Bolte's support was enough for Hamer to prevail in the ensuing leadership ballot, and he was sworn in as premier on 23 August.  Hamer represented such a sharp change from the Bolte era that he was able to campaign in the 1973 election as a new, reformist leader, despite the fact that the Liberals had been in power for 18 years. Employing the slogan ""Hamer Makes It Happen"", he won a landslide against the Labor opposition under Clyde Holding, increasing his party's already large majority. He won an even larger victory in 1976, also defeating Holding.  Hamer, assisted by key allies such as Planning Minister Alan Hunt, Conservation Minister Bill Borthwick, Attorney-General Haddon Storey, Social Welfare Minister Vasey Houghton, Housing and Youth Sport and Recreation Minister Brian Dixon and Community Welfare Services Minister Walter Jona moved to modernise and liberalise government in Victoria. Environmental protection laws were greatly strengthened, the death penalty was abolished, Aboriginal communities were given ownership of their lands, abortion and homosexuality were decriminalised and anti-discrimination laws were introduced.  Hamer began the modernisation of Melbourne's moribund tramway system (now the world's biggest by route length), ordering 100 new trams immediately with further orders following, and approving the extension of the Burwood tram line from Warrigal Road to Middleborough Road. These were the first new trams and first new tram line since 1956, when Bolte stopped further expansion of the system and cancelled an order for 30 extra W7 class trams.  Restrictions on shop trading hours, and on public entertainment on Sundays, were eased. A major new centre for the performing arts was built in the centre of Melbourne. These measures won the support of middle-class voters, and the Melbourne daily "The Age", which had been critical of Bolte during his later years in power, strongly supported Hamer's government.  Hamer was instrumental in the introduction of the Historic Buildings Act 1974 and made significant moves in 1977 which guaranteed the protection of several significant buildings including the Windsor Hotel and Regent Theatre in Melbourne and Shamrock Hotel in Bendigo.  By 1979, however, the gloss was wearing off the Hamer image, as Victoria was beset by increasing economic difficulties, rising unemployment, industrial unrest and a decline in Victoria's traditional manufacturing industrial base. At the same time, the Labor Party was mounting a stronger challenge to the Liberals than it had in some time. Frank Wilkes had taken over as ALP leader from Holding in 1977, and took Labor into the 1979 election with a realistic chance of winning government for the first time since 1955. Ultimately, the Liberals suffered an 11-seat swing, losing many seats in eastern Melbourne. Their majority was reduced to only one seat, although they could also count on the support of the rural-based National Country Party.  In spite of the setback, Hamer continued in office. He promoted some new younger ministers such as Lou Lieberman (Planning), Norman Lacy (Educational Services and The Arts) and Jeff Kennett (Housing) who continued to pursue a reformist liberal agenda particularly in human services, education, environment protection, planning and the arts. It reformed the administration of the highly centralised Department of Education in Victoria into a regionalised organisation with devolution of greater control to local schools. It established a "Special Assistance Program" to address illiteracy and innumeracy in primary schools. It introduced a "Health and Human Relations Education" curriculum and compulsory "Physical Education" in government schools. Also, it completed the construction of the "Victorian Arts Centre", established the "Australian Children's Television Foundation", established the "Meat Market Craft Centre", acquired and established the "Heide Museum of Modern Art", created "Film Victoria" and reconstituted the "Victorian College of the Arts".  However, during this period the conservative wing of the Liberal Party, which had always disliked Hamer's social liberalism, began to undermine his position. The leading conservative, Economic Development Minister Ian Smith, was sacked from Cabinet for disloyalty in March 1981. He was reinstated after pledging loyalty to Hamer, but resigned again in May. It was apparent by this stage that Hamer had lost the support of his party. He resigned in June, and was succeeded by Deputy Premier Lindsay Thompson. The following month he resigned from Parliament, and was knighted, becoming Sir Rupert Hamer. At the ensuing by-election, Prue Sibree retained his seat for the Liberals. At the election the following year the Liberals were defeated after 27 years in power.  Hamer is the last non-elected Victorian Premier to have subsequently been elected in his own right.

Later career.

Hamer remained active in public and community affairs after his retirement. He was chairman of the Victorian State Opera from 1982 to 1995, president of the Victorian College of the Arts from 1982 to 1996 and a patron of the Public Transport Users Association from 1989. He died of heart failure in his sleep on 23 March 2004, and his family accepted the offer of a state funeral from the Labor Premier, Steve Bracks. Hamer was praised by Victorians of all political views. The former Labor federal president, Barry Jones, called him "the finest flower in the Victorian Deakinite tradition.".  Despite being a knight, Hamer was a staunch republican and a member of the Australian Republican Movement's advisory committee.

Hamer Hall.

Shortly after his death in 2004, the main concert hall of the Melbourne Arts Centre, of which Hamer had played a significant role in its development and the arts in Victoria generally, known as the Melbourne Concert Hall, was renamed the Hamer Hall.

Sir Rupert James Hamer, AC, KCMG, ED (29 July 1916 – 23 March 2004), generally known until he was knighted in 1982 as Dick Hamer, was an Australian Liberal Party politician who served as the 39th Premier of Victoria from 1972 to 1981.

Rupert James Hamer ( - ), généralement connu jusqu'à son anoblissement en 1982 sous le nom de Dick Hamer est un homme politique libéral australien qui fut le Premier ministre du Victoria de 1972 à 1981.