History.

The origin of the current practice of stretching raw dough into paper-thin sheets is highly debated, unclear and unknown. Many credit the origins of Filo as far back as antiquity. Ancient Greeks would bake thin breads sweetened with walnuts and honey, arguably the ancestor to Baklava. The first documented such food may have been written in Homer's Odyssey written around 800 B.C. In the fifth century B.C. Philoxenos states in his poem "Dinner" that, in the final drinking course of a meal, hosts would prepare and serve cheesecake made with milk and honey that was baked into a pie.  The 11th century "Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk" by Mahmud Kashgari records the meaning of "yurgha", an archaic term for "yufka", as "pleated or folded bread". ("Yufka" is the Turkish language term for filo, as well as for a kind of thin unleavened bread.) The mention of filo is documented in the Topkapı Palace during the time of the Ottoman Empire.  Ultimately many historians will cite that the origin is not definitive but rather the dough has been an evolution over the various ages between many cultures and peoples.

Preparation.

Filo dough is made with flour, water and a small amount of oil. Homemade filo takes time and skill, requiring progressive rolling and stretching to a single thin and very large sheet. A very big table is used, preferably with a marble top. If the dough is stretched by hand a long, thin rolling pin is used, with continual flouring between layers to prevent the sheets from sticking to one another. In modern times, mechanical rollers are also used. Prior to World War I, households in Istanbul typically had two filo makers to prepare razor thin sheets for baklava, and the relatively thicker sheets used for börek. Fresh and frozen versions are prepared for commercial markets.

Use.

When using filo to make pastries, the thin layers are made by first rolling out the sheets of dough to the final thickness, then brushing them with oil, or melted butter for some desserts, and stacking them. This contrasts with puff pastry and croissant doughs, where the layers are stacked into a thick layer of dough, then folded and rolled out multiple times to produce a laminated dough containing thin layers of dough and fat.  Filo can be used in many ways: layered, folded, rolled, or ruffled, with various fillings.

Name.

The English term comes from the which means "leaf".  A popular Albanian dish called flia, or fli, may have been an early form of filo. In Albanian, fije/fli translates as both "sheet" and "leaf" (pl. flete/gjethe) just like φύλλο in Greek.  The Turkish name "yufka" means both the thin dough used for baklava and börek, and a kind of flatbread, also called sac ekmeği, cooked on a sac, a domed metal plate. In Arabic countries filo is called "reqaqot".

Filo or phyllo is a very thin unleavened dough used for making pastries such as baklava and börek in Middle Eastern and Balkan cuisines. Filo-based pastries are made by layering many sheets of filo brushed with oil or butter; the pastry is then baked.

La pâte phyllo ( / "phýllo") aussi orthographiée filo, "yufka" en turc, est une mince pâte feuilletée, utilisée dans la cuisine méditerranéenne et orientale. Son nom vient du grec ancien / "phýllon", qui signifie.


History.

Formation and early years (1984–1989).

The central figure of Iced Earth is, and has been, guitarist Jon Schaffer, who formed the band on January 20, 1985, in Tampa, Florida. Schaffer's original vision for the band started under the moniker "The Rose" in 1984. The group was very short-lived, after which Schaffer formed a band called Purgatory, which would eventually change its name to Iced Earth. Line-up changes were common within the band, with Jon Schaffer staying as the only constant member. The group recorded a demo in 1985, titled "Psychotic Dreams". In 1988, Purgatory changed its name to Iced Earth. According to Schaffer, a friend of his, who died in a motorcycle accident prior to Schaffer moving to Florida was responsible for the name. In 1989, Iced Earth recorded another demo called "Enter the Realm", with the line-up of Gene Adam on vocals, Randall Shawver on lead guitar, Dave Abell on bass, Greg Seymour on drums and Jon Schaffer on rhythm guitar and vocals. All of the songs on "Enter the Realm" would later appear on the band's debut album, with the exception of "Nightmares" and the title track.

Self-titled debut album and "Night of the Stormrider" (1990–1993).

After getting signed to Century Media Records, the band, now with Mike McGill on drums, started work on their debut album. Recorded at Morrisound Recording, with Tom Morris and Jon Schaffer as producers, "Iced Earth" was released in November, 1990 in Europe and on February 25, 1991 in the US. Following the album's release, Iced Earth toured across Europe with Blind Guardian.  Following their self-titled debut, Iced Earth quickly began work on their second album. Prior to the recording process, singer Gene Adam was let go from the band after he refused to take singing lessons. Adam was subsequently replaced by John Greely, as was drummer Mike McGill by Richey Secchiari. The album, entitled "Night of the Stormrider", was again recorded at Morrisound Recording, with Schaffer and Tom Morris as producers. The album was released on November 11, 1991, in Europe, but in the US, the album's release was delayed until April 1992, so it wouldn't compete with the group's debut album. Following "Night of the Stormrider's" release, Iced Earth again toured Europe with Blind Guardian.

"Burnt Offerings" and "The Dark Saga" (1994–1997).

Following the supporting tour for "Night of the Stormrider", Iced Earth entered a two-year hiatus from 1992 to 1994. During this downtime, the band was faced with issues that almost resulted in them breaking-up, but eventually Iced Earth resurfaced with "Burnt Offerings". Heralded as Iced Earth's heaviest album, "Burnt Offerings" was released on April 14, 1995, and was the band's first album to feature drummer Rodney Beasley and vocalist Matthew Barlow.  In January, 1996, Iced Earth began recording their fourth studio album, this time with Tom Morris' brother Jim Morris acting as co-producer, along with Jon Schaffer. The album was also the first to feature drummer Mark Prator, and the last to feature longtime bassist Dave Abell, who left the group after finishing recording. Although Abell was credited for playing on the album, bassist Keith Menser appears on the back cover, because Century Media demanded the touring line-up to appear on the cover. Incidentally, Keith Menser was fired after he didn't learn any of the band's songs for the tour, so he was soon replaced by James MacDonough. Mark Prator was also let go from the band, and was subsequently replaced by Brent Smedley. Released on May 23, 1996, "The Dark Saga" was a concept album based on the comic book character Spawn. Musically the album was much more melodic and simplified compared to previous Iced Earth albums. For the supporting tour, Iced Earth was joined by Nevermore.  On April 21, 1997, Iced Earth released their first compilation album: "Days of Purgatory". The album featured songs from their first two albums, as well as the "Enter the Realm" demo, resung by Matt Barlow, with new drums and bass on some tracks as well. The album also featured a few songs from "Burnt Offerings", remixed and remastered.

"Something Wicked This Way Comes" and "Alive in Athens" (1998–1999).

In March, 1998, work began on the band's fifth studio album, with Jim Morris returning as the producer. Prior to the recording process, long-time guitarist Randall Shawver left the group. Guitarist Larry Tarnowski handled lead guitar duties on the album, but wasn't credited as a full-time member of the band, but as a session musician. Brent Smedley was also unable to play on the album, due to personal reasons, and was temporarily replaced by Mark Prator, whom Smedley had originally replaced in 1996. Released on June 17, 1998, "Something Wicked This Way Comes" was notable for featuring the debut of Jon Schaffer's Something Wicked Saga, which he would expand upon on future albums. While on the supporting tour for "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (with Brent Smedley back on drums), the band recorded their first live album in Athens, Greece on January 23 and January 24, 1999. Entitled "Alive in Athens", the three CD set was recorded in front of a sold-out audience (both nights) at the Rodon Club. The album was released on July 19, 1999.  Also in 1999, the band released "The Melancholy E.P.". Originally conceived as a radio-only single, the EP contained three previously released songs ("Melancholy (Holy Martyr)", "Watching Over Me" and "I Died for You"), as well as two new ones (cover versions of Bad Company's "Shooting Star" and Black Sabbath's "Electric Funeral"). However, Century Media Records did not end-up releasing the EP, so it was made available for fans as a limited 1500-copy special release.

"Horror Show" and "The Glorious Burden" (2000–2004).

In 2000, work began on Iced Earth's sixth studio album. Entitled "Horror Show", the album contained songs based on horror films and literature, such as "Dracula", "The Phantom of the Opera" and the "Wolf Man". Released on June 26, 2001, the album was the band's first to feature drummer Richard Christy, and the third with guitarist Larry Tarnowski (now a full-time member). Originally Steve Di Giorgio played bass on the album, but left the group after the recording process. According to Jon Schaffer, Di Giorgio was required and agreed to go on tour, but left due to "prior commitments." He was replaced by James MacDonough. "Horror Show" was also the first Iced Earth album to be partially recorded at Jon Schaffer's home studio "Schaffer Sound."  On November 26, 2001 (March 5, 2002 in America) the band released the boxset "Dark Genesis", which featured the band's first three albums plus the "Enter the Realm" -demo, remastered and remixed with new cover art. The set also featured a new album, entitled "Tribute to the Gods". It was Iced Earth's seventh studio album, featuring songs from such bands as Iron Maiden, Kiss and Blue Öyster Cult.  After the events of 9/11, Matt Barlow came to the conclusion that he wanted to start contributing to the "real world." Barlow approached Schaffer with this in late 2002, but Schaffer convinced Barlow to stay with the band. When Iced Earth began recording their next studio album, Schaffer realized that Barlow's vocals were not what he desired; he felt that they lacked passion and quality, so he decided to let Barlow go after all. Barlow became a police officer in the Georgetown Police Dept. in Georgetown, Delaware.  After Barlow's departure, Iced Earth continued work on their next album, and eventually Jon Schaffer got Tim "Ripper" Owens, from Judas Priest, to sing on the record as a favor. Owens, who was still in Judas Priest at the time, was originally supposed to be credited as a guest musician, but after singer Rob Halford rejoined Judas Priest, Owens joined Iced Earth full-time. Prior to the recording process, Larry Tarnowski was let go from the band, so the lead guitar parts on the album were played by producer Jim Morris and session guitarist Ralph Santolla.  Prior to the album's release, Iced Earth released "The Reckoning". The single contained four songs off the new album, that the band felt were most likely to get radio airplay. "The Glorious Burden" was released on January 12, 2004, in Europe and on January 13, in the United States. Much like how "Horror Show" was based on horror films and literature, "The Glorious Burden" was inspired by historical events. It was also the band's first album with their new record company SPV. Following the supporting tour, James MacDonough left Iced Earth to join Megadeth.

"Framing Armageddon" and "The Crucible of Man" (2005–2010).

After "The Glorious Burden", work began on the group's next album, which would be an expanded concept album on the "Something Wicked" storyline from "Something Wicked This Way Comes". Before starting work on the album, Iced Earth was faced with multiple line-up changes. In July, 2006, Ernie Carletti was chosen as the group's new lead guitar player, but after being faced with rape and kidnapping charges, he was replaced by Tim Mills. Incidentally, Tim Mills was also forced to leave Iced Earth in order to concentrate on his own business, "Bare Knuckle Pickups". In October 2006, Brent Smedley rejoined Iced Earth again, replacing Richard Christy on the drums. Because the band were left without a bassist and lead guitar player, Jon Schaffer ended up performing most of the lead guitar and bass parts on the album (although some tracks featured playing from producer Jim Morris, guitarist Troy Seele and bassist Dennis Hayes). In May, 2007, Seele was announced as a permanent member of the band, as was Dennis Hayes two months earlier.  Before releasing the full-length album, Iced Earth released the EP "Overture of the Wicked", which featured re-recorded versions of the original "Something Wicked Trilogy" as well as a brand new track, entitled "Ten Thousand Strong". "" was released on September 7, 2007, in Germany, September 10, in the rest of Europe, and on September 11, in the United States. In December, 2007, it was announced that Matt Barlow would be rejoining Iced Earth after five years. Following his return, work continued on Iced Earth's next album, originally titled "Revelation Abomination: Something Wicked Part 2". Majority of the album's music had been recorded at the same time as "Framing Armageddon", and originally Jon Schaffer had planned to finish the album after the end of 2007. However work on the album had to be pushed back, due to Barlow's prior commitments to his other band, Pyramaze. In early 2008, it was announced that Dennis Hayes had been replaced by bassist Freddie Vidales.  Before releasing their next full-length album, Iced Earth released the single "I Walk Among You", which contained a new song from the forthcoming album, as well as two song from "Framing Armageddon", resung by Matt Barlow. After being retitled "," Iced Earth's tenth studio album was released in September, 2008. After "The Crucible of Man", the band released "Box of the Wicked", in early 2010. The boxset contained "Framing Armageddon: Something Wicked Part 1", "The Crucible Of Man: Something Wicked Part 2", the "Overture of the Wicked" EP and the "I Walk Among You" single, as well as a bonus CD, containing one song from "Framing Armageddon", now with Matt Barlow on lead vocals, as well as three previously unreleased live tracks from the Graspop Metal Meeting festival in 2008. The boxset also included a poster and a booklet. Also in early 2010, Iced Earth signed a new contract with their former record company, Century Media Records.

"Dystopia" (2011–2012).

In March, 2011, Matt Barlow issued a statement on Iced Earth's official website, stating that he was retiring from the band due to family commitments, among other things. Barlow still took part in the band's 2011 summer tour, and played his final show with Iced Earth on August 6, 2011, at the Wacken Open Air festival in Germany. Shortly after announcing Barlow's departure, Iced Earth revealed that Into Eternity frontman Stu Block had been chosen as the band's new lead vocalist. With Stu Block now on board, Iced Earth began recording their next studio album in May, 2011.  On June 27, 2011, the band released the DVD "Festivals of the Wicked", which featured shows from Metal Camp Open Air (2008), the Rock Hard Festival (2008) and Wacken Open Air (2007). On September 7, 2011, Iced Earth released a re-recorded version of the song "Dante's Inferno", from the album "Burnt Offerings". The band's new album "Dystopia" was released on October 17, 2011 in Europe and October 18 in the United States. While not a concept album, many of the album's songs were inspired by dystopian themes and films such as "V for Vendetta", "Dark City" and "Equilibrium". Two songs ("Dystopia" and "Tragedy and Triumph") also featured the return of the "Something Wicked" storyline. After the "Dystopia"'s release, Iced Earth kicked off the Dystopia World Tour, which was heralded as "the most extensive world tour Iced Earth has ever undertaken" and that it would take the band "to countries it has never previously played."  On April 10, 2012, it was announced that Freddie Vidales had left Iced Earth. He was subsequently replaced by Luke Appleton from Fury UK. On August 19, 2012, Iced Earth recorded a new live CD/DVD in Cyprus, entitled "Live in Ancient Kourion".

"Plagues of Babylon" and "Incorruptible" (2013–2019).

Iced Earth began writing new material for their twelfth studio album in early 2013. Drummer Brent Smedley left the band in May 2013 due to personal reasons. Raphael Saini therefore played drums on the album, titled "Plagues of Babylon", as well as filling in on tour until Jon Dette took over on drums in November 2013. The album was released in January 2014, reaching position #5 on the German Media Control Charts, which is band’s highest chart position in their entire career.  On April 7, 2015, following a period of inactivity as a result of Schaffer requiring cervical fusion surgery, the band announced that Iced Earth would begin writing for their 13th studio album. The announcement also revealed that drummer Brent Smedley had rejoined the band, replacing Dette, and that the new album was to be tentatively titled "The Judas Goat", with an expected release date and subsequent touring cycle in early 2016. In August 2016 lead guitarist Troy Seele announced his departure from the band citing family reasons. He was replaced on September 25, 2016 by Jake Dreyer.  On December 6, 2016, Schaffer spoke in an interview with Fernando Bonenfant from Metal Wani and announced that the new album would be called "Incorruptible", originally due for release in May 2017. On March 13, 2017, the band confirmed that they had completed work on the album for a mid-June release. On April 6, the artwork was revealed with the album being set for a June 16 release. The release of the album also full-filled the band's second deal with Century Media Records.  On October 26, 2018, it was revealed that Jon Schaffer had recruited previous Iced Earth members Gene Adam (vocals) and Bill Owen (lead guitar); along with guests Jim Morris (lead guitar), Ruben Drake (bass guitar), and Mark Prator (drums); to form "Jon Schaffer's Purgatory", taking the name from the precursor to Iced Earth. The band had re-recorded old pre-Iced Earth demos, including (in their original form) tracks that were later re-recorded for Iced Earth releases. This EP, titled "Purgatory", was released in December 2018.  Iced Earth's 1989 demo "Enter the Realm" was released on CD and vinyl for the first time on April 12, 2019, exactly 30 years after its original release.

Upcoming thirteenth studio album (2020–present).

In a Facebook Live chat that took place on April 14, 2020, Schaffer confirmed that, after "a little bit of time off", Iced Earth would start working on their thirteenth studio album for a spring 2021 release. He stated: "Everything is a little bit up in the air right now. Even working on a new Iced Earth album is gonna be challenging until we see how all this plays out, because it's an international band. Stu's in Canada and Luke is in the U.K., so that makes it even more difficult for travel...the biggest issue now is logistics of actually getting together to do it, because we're an international band. If we lived in the same town or even in the same country, it would make things a lot easier. But we will [get around to making a new album], and there will be a time for that, no doubt. To say when that's gonna be, my plan was to focus on it in the back half of this year and have a release in spring of 2021. But the world's flipped upside down and has gotten pretty weird lately."

Musical style and lyrical themes.

Iced Earth has commonly been described as heavy metal, thrash metal, power metal and speed metal. When asked about the band's musical style, Jon Schaffer, Iced Earth's chief songwriter, said: "We're a metal band. That's what we are. We have every dynamic from Pink Floyd to Slayer and everything in between."  Iced Earth's music has evolved and shifted several times during the band's history. On the group's 1990 self-titled debut album, the band's sound was characterized by time changes, acoustic passages and Iron Maiden-type galloping rhythms. Many of these elements carried over to the follow-up album "Night of the Stormrider", which added keyboards and piano, as well as some choral arrangements. 1995's "Burnt Offerings" has been heralded as Iced Earth's heaviest album, and included the band's longest song to date, "Dante's Inferno." As a counter measure to "Burnt Offerings", 1996's "The Dark Saga" featured a much more subdued sound compared to previous releases. The focus was less on technical musicianship, but on emotion and melody. "Something Wicked This Way Comes" combined elements found on previous albums with brand new ideas. The "Something Wicked Trilogy," which closes the album, took many cues from the "Night of the Stormrider" album. Iced Earth continued to expand their sound throughout the 2000s, like adding a full-piece orchestra to the song "Gettysburg" from 2004's "The Glorious Burden".  Common lyrical themes in Iced Earth's music have been religion, history, fantasy, literature, and films. The band has also released several concept albums, the first being 1991's "Night of the Stormrider". The second, 1996's "The Dark Saga", was based on the Todd McFarlane comic book character Spawn. 1998's "Something Wicked This Way Comes" introduced the Something Wicked Saga, which was later expanded upon on 2007's "", and 2008's "". Iced Earth have also released several albums written around a theme. 2001's "Horror Show" was largely based on horror literature and films, 2004's "The Glorious Burden" was inspired by history and war, while 2011's "Dystopia" centered around dystopian themes in literature and film.

Iced Earth is an American heavy metal band from Tampa, Florida. It was formed in 1984 under the name the Rose, then Purgatory by guitarist and main songwriter Jon Schaffer and original drummer Greg Seymour. Iced Earth released their debut album in 1990 and have since released thirteen studio albums, four EPs, three compilations, three box sets, three live albums and eleven music videos. After releasing the demo EP "Enter the Realm" (1989) and signing to Century Media Records, the band released two full-length studio albums – "Iced Earth" (1990) and "Night of the Stormrider" (1991) – before taking a two-year hiatus from 1992 to 1994, after which the band returned with new lead vocalist Matt Barlow. Iced Earth went on to release four studio albums with him in over half a decade: "Burnt Offerings" (1995), "The Dark Saga" (1996), "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (1998) and "Horror Show" (2001).

Iced Earth est un groupe de heavy metal américain, originaire de Tampa, en Floride. Il est formé en 1985 sous le nom de Purgatory par le guitariste et auteur-interprète Jon Schaffer, et le batteur Greg Seymour. Iced Earth publie son premier album éponyme en 1990, et dénombre depuis onze albums studio, quatre EPs, trois compilations, trois coffrets, trois albums live et un album de reprises. Après deux albums en 1990 et 1991, respectivement, Iced Earth prend une pause entre 1992 et 1995, et revient aux côtés d'un nouveau chanteur, Matt Barlow. Iced Earth publiera quatre albums avec Barlow entre 1995 et 2001 ;'en 1995,'en 1996,'en 1998,'en 2001.


History.

Close to modern Balıkesir was the Roman town of "Hadrianutherae", founded, as its name commemorates, by the emperor Hadrian. Hadrian came to the region in A.D. 124, as a result of a successful bear hunting he had established a city called his name here. It is estimated that the city consisted of the castle, the homestead, the stud and a few homes. It is thought that the small town was where the current stadium is present.  Members of the Roman and Pre-Byzantine dynasty had used this castle as a vacation area and for hunting. During the Byzantine period, the small town which had become increasingly neglected was known as "Palaeokastron" () meaning Old Castle.  Also, when the Turkmens came from Middle Asia to Mysia, they called it Balukiser because of the remains of the castle, as "Hisar" is the Turkish word for castle.  In 1345, Balıkesir city was annexed by the Ottomans. In 1897 an earthquake destroyed much of the city. In 1914, Turkish students marched through the streets of the city singing a song of hatred against the Greeks. In April 1916, the Christian refugees of the villages in the vicinity of Balikesser underwent persecution from the Turks. They were refused bread on payment. The women were told that they should become Muslim so as not to die of hunger.  At the beginning of June, many young Greek girls were forced by the authorities to convert to Islam at Government headquarters. On 30 June 1920 Balıkesir city was conquered by the invading Greeks but on 6 September 1922, the Turkish army took back the city. During the Turkish War of Independence, Balıkesir was the main centre of the militias in Western Anatolia against Greeks.  Balıkesir's former name was Karasi because Balıkesir city was founded by Karasi Beg in the 13th century as using the remains of the small town. 1297 is considered as the date of establishment of the city which was one of the few to be founded by the Turks in Anatolia. The Karasids was a Turkic principality in Mysia. Until the 13th century, Balıkesir city had been the administrative centre of the Mysia region.

Economy.

The economic base of the city is both agricultural and industrial. The biggest industrial enterprises are Arı-Turyağ, Limak-Set Çimento, BEST, Mar-Tük, İşbir, Kula, Tellioğlu, Bu Piliç and Yarış Kabin which are among the first thousand factories in Turkey as of 2008. Balıkesir city is also important for stock breeding. Surrounding the city, are numerous dairies. The city is also an agricultural centre. Wheat, sunflowers, sugar beets, and other vegetables in a front tomato and bean plantations have dense products. Traditional crops are melon and grapes. Balıkesir with its districts is the 12th largest economy in the Turkish economy. Also, it is called "the" "Anatolian Tigers."

Agriculture.

Other main exports are olive-based products. It is also a popular destination for both domestic and foreign tourists, who use it as a base to explore the near countryside which is renowned for its beauty, especially nearby Mount Ida (Kaz Dağı).

Mining.

The city is well known with borax deposit. The largest global borax deposits known, many still untapped, are in Central and Western Turkey, including the provinces of Eskişehir, Kütahya and Balıkesir. Besides, Turkey and the United States are the largest producers of boron products. Turkey produces about half of the global yearly demand with the known deposits which possesses 72% of the world.

Cityscape.

The central of Balıkesir province with 300,000 population is the fourth crowded city in the Marmara Region. Balıkesir has an aggregate settlement network. Until the 1950s, the city has grown by depending on the core being first settlements that it resembles break-up of the oil stains. The city has been carrying more Aegean character than Marmara.  Aygören, Karaoğlan, Dumlupınar, Kasaplar, Hisariçi, Karesi, Kızpınar, Hacıilbey are the first settlements of the city. The eldest settlements are acclivity, lane and also have adjoint buildings. Many historical places are in these quarters. A summary of new settlements are Bahcelievler, Atatürk, Paşaalanı and Adnan Menderes quarters.  The squares of the city: "Ali Hikmet Pasha", "Republica", "Wrestler Kurtdereli Mehmet" and "Karesi".  Trade and economic life are concentrated on three streets. "Anafartalar Street", "Milli Kuvvetler Street", "Vasıf Çınar Street", "Kızılay Street", "Atalar Street" are important streets in the city. Commercial life focuses on these streets and the small streets which are intersecting these streets and avenues.  As a part of the city skyline, "New Bazaar Area" is the oldest shopping place for the city. "Vasıf Çınar Street" and "Gazi Boulevard" are other busy areas. The face of the government, there is "Balıkesir Park", the rest area, is one of Turkey's most beautiful parks. By the establishment of Balıkesir University in the city, social life is gradually developing. Commercial life in Balıkesir is growing with modern shopping centres such as Yay/ada, 10 Burda, Avlu Balıkesir  "Salih Tozan Cultural Center" is important for cultural activities in the city. Public transport area where is the point of transport networks is near the Salih Tozan.  Also, Turkey's first jet base, "9th Main Air Base" is also located in Balıkesir.

Main sights.

The capital of Balıkesir province contains many historical buildings;

Culture.

Many theatre players, actor, actress, singer and painter were born in Balıkesir. Most known are;

Memorial days.

The major memorial days of Balıkesir are "Hıdrellez, The Liberation Day" and also "The Remembrance Day of Local Combat."  "Hıdrellez" is by tradition celebrated in the first week of May for those who live in Balıkesir. Today, it is the fulfillment of a religious ritual that is celebrated as a day of goodness. The night on the streets there is a fire, and one of the traditions is to jump over the fire seven times. That night going to such green and restful areas as "Değirmenboğazı" and "Balıkesir Park" or near the religious area like tombs is also a ritual of Hıdrellez. People wish midnight and meet there. Accordingly, Hıdrellez day people have offerings. Drawing a picture of something that is desired to land or stone is determined. Individuals seeking goods put money into a red purse and hang it on a tree. On the other hand, those wishing for a baby type the name or draws baby figure on the ground. These rituals are traditions of Hıdrellez. One of the superstitions is that if someone takes a shower that night, he or she is protected from all diseases. Hıdrellez is a kind of Newroz or Spring New Years.  "The Liberation Day" from the enemy occupation of Balıkesir is 6 September in 1922. Every year, 6 September is celebrating the day as a local holiday. There are a celebration parade and a celebratory ceremony. The ceremony takes place on Stadium Street. In the past, the previous night of 6 September, the main streets of Balıkesir were washed with cologne with lilies, because lilies are a symbol of Balıkesir. This festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm. For two or three days, the people would come from the nearby villages and districts to celebrating. On 6 September morning, people in Balıkesir would picnic in advance of the festival, at Balıkesir Park. The festival evening, a great torchlight procession is organized. "Tülü Tabaklar" which had designed similarly the cannibals in order to frighten the enemies is a special event of the festival.  "The Remembrance Day of Local Combat" is called "Kuvayi Milliye Haftası" in Turkish which is organized between 16–23 May. The great success with 41 Balıkesirer people met at Alaca Mescit and they have managed the region such as a state and gained a military victory in 1922. 15 May 1919, after the capture of İzmir by the Greeks, Balıkesir is the first place in Turkey that the reaction of Balıkesir had shown by declared Redd-i Ilhak (Disclamation of Annexation). In 1919, the city of "Balikesir Congress" was met five times. Greek soldiers on 30 June 1920 was occupied Balıkesir. By had opened Ayvalik-İvrindi-Soma-Balikesir-front, Balıkesir had its liberation.

Cuisine.

Balıkesir's local cheese, called "Kelle Peyniri", is known in European countries and exported France, Germany and Britain. It is a granular type of cheese. "Hoşmerim" which is made from cheese and egg is the popular dessert of this city. Many old Turkmen dishes (like "keşkek, güveç, tirit, mantı, kaymaklı") are composed of Balıkesir cuisine.

Souvenirs.

Balıkesir's Turkmen carpets (called "Yağcıbedir") are another popular local good. The main souvenir of the city is lily cologne.

Traditional folk dances.

Balıkesir is a historical folkloric dance source. Balıkesir's historical folkloric dance is most popular in Turkey and academical searching. "Bengi, Guvende and Balikesir Zeybeği" are a typical dance of this city. These dances' figures spread throughout Balıkesir plainness. Also, Balikesir's ballads are popular in Turkey. "Akpınar, Mendili Oyaladım, Karyolamın Demiri" are some ballads sing by women surround Balikesir city. Like these woman ballads, on the other hand, have dance figures in terms of traditional dancing. Although Balıkesir is an industrial region, traditional village culture is superb and deeply. So, for folk culture, Balıkesir is an important area in Turkey. Balıkesir's local dance came to first in Nice folk festival joined 21 countries at 1958 be of value by European academical folklore authorities. Also, Balıkesir's local zeibek dance was "the first zeibek participation" from Turkey which had seen European folk authorities. Nowadays, Balıkesir folklore is chosen ""intangible cultural heritage"" of Turkey by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

Education.

The foundation of Balıkesir University trace back to Karesi Teacher School established in 1910. This school has been carried to the building which is used as Necatibey Faculty of Education with particular interests of the Minister of Education, Mustafa Necati. Till 1982, the number of higher education institutes reached 4: Necati Institution of Education, Architecture and Engineering State Academy, Balıkesir School of Industry and Tourism, Balıkesir Vocational School. These foundations changed status with Delegated Legislation No 41 and were connected to Uludağ University. Necatibey Teacher’s Training School continued to train teachers between the years 1932 and 1982 under the name of Necati Institution of Education, left its 3-year status, received 4-year-Higher Teacher Training School status. In 1982, having been connected to Uludağ University, this foundation has been called Necatibey Faculty of Education.  In the same way, the name of Balıkesir School of Industry and Tourism has been changed as Balıkesir School of Tourism and Hotel Management, but the name of 2-year-Balıkesir Vocational School has remained the same. Having stayed under the roof of Uludağ University for 10 years, these foundations have formed a powerful background for Balıkesir University with healthy and consistent development.  Balıkesir University has more than 37.000 students.  Also, some of the scientists were born in Balıkesir. One of the most known is Selman Akbulut the Turkish mathematician, specializing in research in topology, and geometry and which is a student of Robion Kirby.

Sports.

Many sportspeople were born in Balıkesir. Some of them are;  Most known sports club in Balıkesir is Balıkesirspor which is established in 1966. Balıkesirspor is the football team played in the Süper Lig after achieving promotion having finished as runners-up of the TFF First League in 2013–14. The team's previous promotion was 40 years before that. Their stadium, the all-seater Balıkesir Atatürk Stadium, has a capacity of 13,732.

Tourism.

Balıkesir and its districts, besides the wealth of thermal resources, have healing waters with high quality of physical and chemical compositions.  Many spas with health-promoting features surround the city, including "Pamukçu and Ilıca". The center of the city also contains the historical Turkish "Pasha Hamami" bath, which is still in use. Some of these thermal resources located in;  Pamukçu, Kiraz, Edremit-Güre, Edremit-Bostancı, Edremit-Derman, Gönen, Gönen-Ekşidere, Manyas-Kızık Köy, Susurluk-Kepekler, Balya-Dağ, Bigadiç-Hisarköy, Sındırgı-Hisaralan, Sındırgı-Emendere and Dursunbey-Aşağımusalar Village.

Transportation and accommodation.

Balıkesir is a city that has shores on the Aegean and Marmara Seas. It is easy to reach from Ankara, İstanbul, Bursa and İzmir by motorway or railway. There are regular coaches from İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir.  Balıkesir has many small coastal towns. To make transportation comfortable, railway transport is done between Ankara-Balıkesir and İzmir-Balikesir at specific hours.  Balıkesir is joined to Bursa and İzmir by a quality motorway. Also, there is the Körfez Airport. On account of the Körfez Airport, Balıkesir Coach Terminal is out of the city so that there is servicing by the municipality to the city centre.  On the other hand, the Railway Station is at Republica Square. Directly, from Ankara to Balıkesir, there are three flights per week.  In Balıkesir city, there are ten hotels with one five-star hotel.

Climate.

Balıkesir has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under both the Köppen and Trewartha classification. Winters are cool and wet with frequent frosts and occasional snowfall, and summers are hot and dry.  The continental climate is effective as it moves from west to east and north to south. Therefore, winters are cold and snowy in the inner parts. On the Marmara coast, the effect of the Black Sea climate is seen. Therefore, the summers are warm here.  Because of Turkey's geographical conditions, one can not speak about a general overall climate. In Istanbul and around the sea of Marmara (Marmara region) the climate is moderate (winter 4 deg.C and summer 27 deg.C); in winter the temperature can drop below zero. In Western Anatolia (Aegean region) there is a mild Mediterranean climate with average temperatures of 9 deg.C in winter and 29 deg.C in summer.

Politics.

"See also:" "List of municipalities in Balıkesir Province"  According to official documents, the first head of Balıkesir Municipality is Deratam Efendi. However, in the book entitled ""Balıkesir City and Municipal History"" written by Kerim Kâni Akpınarlı, it is stated that there were four other municipal heads before Deratam Efendi.  Balıkesir Municipality, in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, with the law numbered 6360, published on 6 December 2012, Balıkesir Municipality has qualified as a"Metropolitan".

International relations.

Twin towns.

Balıkesir is twinned with;

Balıkesir () is a city in Turkey and is the capital city of Balıkesir Province. Balıkesir is located in the Marmara region of Turkey and has a population of 338,936. Between 1341–1922, it was the capital of Karasi.

Balıkesir (du, littéralement "vieux fort") est une ville de Turquie, préfecture de la province du même nom. Elle a été la capitale de la principauté (beylicat) des Karesioğulları, annexée par l'Empire ottoman vers 1341, puis du sandjak de Karesi, (turc : Karesi Sancağı), unité administrative qui devient en 1922 la Province de Balıkesir.


Construction.

The vans were constructed of wood, usually vertically matchboard panelled, on a wooden chassis. Traditionally they were painted dark green outside, white inside for lightness. The roof was curved, of canvas over a wooden frame. This would be tarred or treated as oilcloth for weatherproofing. Shepherd's wagons were often of corrugated iron, although this does not seem to have been used for wagons that were regularly towed on roads. Some small windows were provided, for light and ventilation and often too high for a view out. They had a four-wheel chassis, the front axle having simple single-pivot platform steering. Steering followed the drawbar from the engine, rather than being steered. Distinctively from earlier horse-drawn wagons, no driver's position was needed at their front. There were no brakes fitted, although wheel chocks were always carried.  Wheels were of cast iron, sometimes wooden artillery or cart wheels for early examples. Fowler, builders of ploughing engines, built riveted steel-spoked wheels, as for the engines themselves. Their large vans differed distinctively from other makers in numerous details: side doors rather than rear, horizontal panelling and also common use of a clerestory window above. Later vans, from around 1900, carried solid rubber tyres. Modern examples have sometimes been refitted with pneumatic tyres. Living vans for steam roller gangs on road construction began using pneumatic tyres in the 1930s, to avoid damage to newly-laid asphalt.  Living vans often included a coal stove for heating and cooking, depending on the seasonal nature of their work. Otherwise a paraffin stove would be used for cooking. Unlike railway locomotives, the engine's own firebox was rarely used for cooking 'on the shovel' as it was too cramped and also provided no way to make a first cup of tea in the morning, before lighting up.

Showman's wagons.

Agricultural living vans were plain, even when occupied by owner drivers. In contrast, showmen became known for their opulent and beautifully decorated wagons. These were distinguished by cut glass windows, lace curtains and even more engraved glass inside fronting display cabinets for china, ideally Royal Crown Derby.  Showman's wagons are sought after today and are still used by new circus families.

A living van is a portable caravan, used by the itinerant crew of a traction engine. Living vans developed from the earlier shepherd's wagons, used to provide portable accommodation following a flock as they were moved between pastures.

Une roulotte est un habitat nomade clos sur roues pouvant abriter une famille et un métier, utilisée en général par des itinérants tels que les tsiganes, forains, circaciens, cylindreurs, bergers, voire des touristes dans le cadre de locations de vacances. Il s'agissait traditionnellement d'un outil de voyage autant que de vie, à l'origine tracté par des chevaux ou aujourd'hui par des automobiles.


History.

The airline was founded by Cédric Pastour in August 1995 as Société de Transport Aérien Régional and was trading under Star Europe. In October 1997 it changed its trading name to Star Airlines. On 23 November 2006 the airline changed its name to "XL Airways France". On 12 September 2008, parent XL Leisure was about to declare bankruptcy. The airline was then bought by Straumur Investment Bank.  On 19 September 2019, XL Airways was placed under legal receivership due to financial difficulties. Ticket sales ceased immediately, and flights were suspended from 23 September. Negotiations with potential buyers had been under way for over a year, and the search for a new buyer continued under the auspices of the commercial court. Only one formal bid was received by the deadline of 4 Octoberfrom Gérard Houa, former minority shareholder of Aigle Azur, who proposed to take over two of XL Airways' four planes and 48% of its 570 staffbut the court deemed that the guarantees were insufficient and ordered the liquidation of the company. In January 2020, the airline's remaining assets were auctioned off; the company's brand names and domain names were sold to an unnamed bidder for €686,400, leaving open the possibility of the name being revived.

Corporate affairs.

XL Airways's head office is in the Bâtiment Mars in Continental Square II on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport and in the commune of Tremblay-en-France. The airline's head office was originally in the Immeuble Horizon facility in Noisy-le-Grand, in the Marne-la-Vallée development. Cédric Pastour, the founder of the airline, said that the company chose the Noisy site because the airline did not yet know which airport, Charles de Gaulle Airport or Orly Airport, would serve as the airline's base, and that the Noisy site was equidistant to both airports. Pastour added that the Noisy site had access to the A4 and the A86 autoroutes and was close to the Francilienne, and that the costs in the Noisy area were lower than the costs in the airport area.

Fleet.

Fleet at airline's closing.

At the time of closure, the XL Airways France fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

Formerly operated.

XL Airways France previously operated the following aircraft types:

Cabin and service.

XL Airways France's Airbus A330 aircraft were configured entirely with Economy class seating mostly in a 3-3-3 layout, with some rows toward the rear of the aircraft configured in a 2-3-2 layout. A complimentary hot meal was served on all long-haul flights, with an additional breakfast or light meal served depending on flight length. Additional snacks and beverages were available for purchase. Comfort kits consisting of various amenities including a blanket and inflatable neck pillow were also available for purchase.  Inflight entertainment was available both through overhead screens on a running schedule, and on-demand streaming to personal electronic devices via XL Cloud, the airline's wireless streaming entertainment portal. Through XL Cloud, a selection of movies, TV shows, documentaries, and other digital media were available for free, as well as a live inflight map and instant messaging between passengers, however Internet access was not provided through the portal. An extended, premium selection of high definition movies and digital media was available for an all-inclusive fee. In addition, paid rental of virtual reality headsets equipped with noise-cancelling headphones and a selection of movies in 2D and 3D was also available for the duration of the flight.

XL Airways France, formerly Star Airlines, was a French airline with its head offices on the grounds of Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. It operated scheduled flights mainly to long-haul destinations in Africa, the Middle East, the United States and the Caribbean as well as charter flights to medium-haul destinations in the Mediterranean, mostly out of Charles de Gaulle Airport. On 19 September 2019, XL Airways announced the suspension of all flights as of 23 September; ticket sales ceased immediately and the company was placed under legal receivership and subsequently wound up.

XL Airways France (Code AITA : SE ; code OACI : XLF) était une compagnie aérienne à bas prix française spécialisée dans les vols touristiques entre la France métropolitaine et les Caraïbes, La Réunion, les États-Unis et le bassin méditerranéen. Sa base principale est l'aéroport Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle. Fondée en 1994 sous le nom de Star Europe puis Star Airlines, elle fut renommée XL Airways en.


History.

A settlement was founded on the slopes of Mount Kahveci in the valley of Kızılırmak (the ancient Halys) by the Hittites. The town along with the region came under the rule of the Assyrian Empire around the 8th century BC; it was subsequently ruled by the Medes and then by the Persians in the reign of emperor Cyrus the Great in 546 BC. In 333 BC, Alexander the Great defeated the Persians. After his death, Cappadocia came under the rule of the dynasty of Ariarathes with Mazaka (present-day Kayseri) as capital. The Cappadocian kingdom became part -as province- of the Roman empire in the reign of Emperor Tiberius. It was a probable seat of the bishopric of Nyssa (Cappadocia), but that may rather be Harmandalı, Ortaköy.  The underground shelters around Nevşehir and Göreme were originally built to escape persecution by the pagan Roman authorities. Many of the churches, hewn in the rocks, date from these early years of Christianity. Even when Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion of the empire, the caves offered protection for the local people during raids by the Sassanid Persians circa AD 604 and by the Islamic Caliphate from AD 647 onwards. When Iconoclasm became state policy in the Byzantine empire, again the caves of Nevşehir became shelters for those escaping persecution.  The castle on the hill dates from the Byzantine period, when the region was on the frontline in the (holy) wars against the Islamic Caliphate.  At the Battle of Manzikert (present-day Malazgirt) in AD 1071, the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV was defeated by the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan. This led to the occupation of Anatolia by the Seljuks by 1074 and Nevşehir along with the rest of the region became part of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, then under the rule of the Karamanid dynasty in 1328 and finally under rule of the Ottoman Empire around 1487 AD and was renamed "Muşkara". It remained a relatively insignificant settlement until the early 18th century.  The present-day city owes its foundation to the grand vizier and son-in-law of the Sultan Ahmed III, Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha who was born in Muşkara and therefore took a great interest in its construction as a city. The small village with only 18 houses, formerly under the administration of the kaza of Ürgüp, was rapidly transformed with the building of mosques (the Kurṣunlu Mosque), fountains, schools, soup kitchens, inns and bath houses, and its name was changed from Muşkara to "Nevşehir" (meaning "New City" in Persian and Ottoman Turkish).  According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Nevşehir had a total population of 39.822, consisting of 30.370 Muslims, 8.918 Greeks, 477 Armenians, 36 Catholics and 21 Protestants.

Nevşehir today.

The city is located at a distance of from the capital Ankara, and is within the historical region of Cappadocia.  The traditional main sources of income of the city, carpet weaving and viticulture, have been overtaken by tourism, because of its proximity to the underground shelters, the fairy chimneys, monasteries, caravanserais and the famous rock-hewn churches of Göreme.

Sports.

A multiday track running ultramarathon of desert concept, called Runfire Cappadocia Ultramarathon, is held since 2012 annually in July. The race tours in six days through several historic places across Cappadocia reaching out to Lake Tuz.

Climate.

Nevşehir has a warm dry-summer continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dsb"), with cold and snowy winters and warm and dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during late spring.

Nevşehir (from the Persian compound نو شهر "Naw-shahr" meaning "new city"), formerly Neapolis and Muşkara, is a city and the capital district of Nevşehir Province in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. According to the 2010 census, the population of the district is 117,890 of which 85,634 live in the city of Nevşehir. The district covers an area of, and the town lies at an elevation of.

Nevşehir est une ville de Turquie, préfecture de la province du même nom. Située en Cappadoce, la ville conserve de nombreux habitats troglodytiques. La ville souterraine de Kaymaklı est la plus remarquable (avec Derinkuyu) des cinq cités souterraines ouvertes au public en Cappadoce. Creusée dans le tuf friable d'une colline par les Hittites vers, elle a grandi au fil des siècles, comptant désormais des kilomètres de galeries. Huit mille chrétiens, fuyant les persécutions romaines, y auraient trouvé refuge, logés sur huit étages en sous-sol.


History.

It was first mentioned on a map of Sturzelbronn in 1313 under the name Ludenschiedt. The name was derived from two shepherds Leudo and Scheide. The town has shifted hands many times from France to Germany and also been the scene of many battles particularly during World War II. The main importance was that the town was on a hill that was very difficult to climb making the road through Liederschiedt vital to transporting weaponry such as jeeps and tanks. Today the route has been designated D86 B and has the name Rue Principale (Main Street).  This has resulted in massive population shifts. In 1817 the village was home to 459 residents and by 1852 had reached a peak of 650. The population decreased to 132 people by 1999. The shift is mostly a result of World War II and the movement of people from Liederschiedt to the nearby town of Roppeviller. The population is also aging steadily and the majority of the town is over the age of fifty most likely the culprit for the decline over the past forty years.  Many families still remain in Liederschiedt though even after many generations the largest and possibly oldest are Hener and Megel. Other families include Mauss, Schwartz, Schaefer, Schunk, Wagner, Hauck, and Muller.

Demographics.

The following graph shows the historical population:

The town is virtually all Caucasian. The main difference is the heritage of the residents. The solid majority are French, but a significant portion of the town are German due to the closeness to the border. Like most rural areas in France there are not many Arabs like the cities however the town does have a number of residents from other countries not in the European Union such as New Caledonia

Natural resources.

The area surrounding the town is very rich. The soil has been used for farming for many generations and today produces many crops especially cereals that can be used to make flour. Grasses and hay are grown to feed livestock such as cows, chickens, goats, and geese. Even more is produced today thanks to modern farming techniques and equipment. Indeed, without farming the town may have never existed since it is the main source of jobs.  Cows are probably the most important and prevalent animal since they produce milk and to a lesser extent are used for meat. In fact at one point there was even a laiterie (building used for the production of milk). Troughs were even constructed along a couple of roads from which the cows could drink. However, today the laiterie is now a private residence and the troths are rarely used. Today milk production is currently conducted in several large buildings on the outskirts of the village along Rue des Gardiens.  Another resource that is important to the inhabitants is wood. The surrounding forests provide a plentiful supply of wood that is used to provide heat in the winter using stoves usually in basements, which heat water used in radiators and bathrooms.

Buildings.

The town is home to a number of buildings such as the homes of a number of farmers whose farms surround the town. The church is probably the most noticeable as its spire shoots up into the air over the village. The church was built following World War II on top of the ruins of what was once the town's first church. The graveyard however even after much fighting still has several graves dating back before the war.  The second most significant building would probably be the town hall, which was at first an elementary school, but was closed after it became to costly to keep running. Today, a preschool is located on the opposite end of town next to the water tower another significant structure.

Religion.

Nearly all residents of the village are Christian and the solid majority practice Roman Catholicism. However, the number of attendees at the church in town has dwindled over the years and now the village only has mass once a month due to a shortage of priests in the area.  The church is dedicated to Saint-Wendelin also called Wendelin of Trier the patron saint of country people and herdsmen. The structure was built in 1821 and was built to replace a chapel constructed in 1755. The church was destroyed during World War II, but the residents were able to salvage the door. However, as the church was rebuilt the key was changed to the door to symbolize a new era.  The graveyard unfortunately suffered the same fate as the church for the most part. Today only two graves are left that date prior to World War II and World War I. One grave has lost its inscription and is gradually becoming overgrown. The other belongs to a young man named Cliln Miiller (6 April 1863 – 13 March 1876) and still bears an inscription, but a clear translation is unavailable since it is old German.  Indeed, the number of churchgoers has slid, but Christianity has for a long time been deep rooted in the village as shown through their monuments to God. Like much of Europe there are crosses that have been built over the years. In Liederschiedt there are actually five around the village. The oldest cross dates back to 1709 and is still standing despite some minor damage. Most were constructed thanks to generous families such as one built in 1927 by the Lang family. Another by the Hener-Wagner family and one from the Mauss-Megel family in 1964. There is also one last cross located in the center of town along the Rue Principale but no date nor sponsor is present.

Government and politics.

The current mayor is Joseph Schaefer, who has been in office since the 1990s.  The town has usually sided with the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) during the Fifth Republic. This was evident in the 2002 election where Jacques Chirac received an overwhelming 78.11% of the vote in the second round against opponent Jean-Marie Le Pen of the Front National who trailed with 21.89%. However, in the first round Mr. Le Pen received the most votes with 23.67% versus Mr. Chirac who had only 18.99% and Socialist Party candidate Lionel Jospin with just 14.49%. This was once again apparent in 2007 where Nicolas Sarkozy received 30.57% in the first round while Segolene Royal took 22.08%. The second round wasn't much different with Sarkozy bringing in 56.56% and Royal with 43.44% in the Moselle region where Liederschiedt is located.

World War I and World War II.

The town lost a number of residents in both wars. World War I proved to be the worst with eleven dead, World War II however was also costly with the loss of nine lives. A memorial was constructed in 1920 for the fallen in World War I. The names are as follows: Nicolas Goettman (1883–1914), Jacques Schwartz (1882–1914), Jean Lang (1884–1915),Joseph Becker (1889–1915), Jacques Megel (1894–1915), Jeannic Cassiwn (1888–1916), Jean AD Lang (1879–1916), Guillaume Pung (1896–1916), Nicolas Schaefer (1888–1918), Auguste Goettmann (1883–1918), and Joseph Mathy (1893–1918). Not long after World War II more names were added to the memorial those lost were Charles Hener (1922–1943), Nicolas Geyer (1924–1943), Marcel Zuck (1919–1944), Edouard Muller(1915–1944), Pierre Kubler (1915–1944), and Gaston Mauss (1923–1945) all soldiers and two civilians: Jacques Mauss (1880–1940) and Andre Schunk (1939–1945) after playing with munitions.

Liederschiedt (, Lorraine Franconian: "Lirerschidt") is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.

Liederschiedt est une commune française située dans le département de la Moselle, en Lorraine et en région Grand Est. Le village fait partie du pays de Bitche, du parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord et du bassin de vie de la Moselle-Est. En, la population légale est de habitants, appelés les "Liederschiedois" et surnommés plaisamment les "Liederschiedter Fleheseck" (« sacs pleins de puces de Liederschiedt ») en dialecte.


Formation.

Water vapour will condense into droplets depending on the temperature. The temperature at which droplets form is called the dew point. When surface temperature drops, eventually reaching the dew point, atmospheric water vapour condenses to form small droplets on the surface. This process distinguishes dew from those hydrometeors (meteorological occurrences of water), which form directly in air that has cooled to its dew point (typically around condensation nuclei), such as fog or clouds. The thermodynamic principles of formation, however, are the same. Dew is usually formed at night.

Occurrence.

Adequate cooling of the surface typically takes place when it loses more energy by infrared radiation than it receives as solar radiation from the sun, which is especially the case on clear nights. Poor thermal conductivity restricts the replacement of such losses from deeper ground layers, which are typically warmer at night. Preferred objects of dew formation are thus poor conducting or well isolated from the ground, and non-metallic, while shiny metal coated surfaces are poor infrared radiators. Preferred weather conditions include the absence of clouds and little water vapor in the higher atmosphere to minimize greenhouse effects and sufficient humidity of the air near the ground. Typical dew nights are classically considered calm, because the wind transports (nocturnally) warmer air from higher levels to the cold surface. However, if the atmosphere is the major source of moisture (this type is called dewfall), a certain amount of ventilation is needed to replace the vapor that is already condensed. The highest optimum wind speeds could be found on arid islands. If the wet soil beneath is the major source of vapor, however (this type of dew formation is called distillation), wind always seems adverse.  The processes of dew formation do not restrict its occurrence to the night and the outdoors. They are also working when eyeglasses get steamy in a warm, wet room or in industrial processes. However, the term condensation is preferred in these cases.

Measurement.

A classical device for dew measurement is the drosometer. A small, (artificial) condenser surface is suspended from an arm attached to a pointer or a pen that records the weight changes of the condenser on a drum. Besides being very wind sensitive, however, this, like all artificial surface devices, only provides a measure of the meteorological potential for dew formation. The actual amount of dew in a specific place is strongly dependent on surface properties. For its measurement, plants, leaves, or whole soil columns are placed on a balance with their surface at the same height and in the same surroundings as would occur naturally, thus providing a small lysimeter. Further methods include estimation by means of comparing the droplets to standardized photographs, or volumetric measurement of the amount of water wiped from the surface. Some of these methods include guttation, while others only measure dewfall and/or distillation.

Significance.

Due to its dependence on radiation balance, dew amounts can reach a theoretical maximum of about 0.8 mm per night; measured values, however, rarely exceed 0.5 mm. In most climates of the world, the annual average is too small to compete with rain. In regions with considerable dry seasons, adapted plants like lichen or pine seedlings benefit from dew. Large-scale, natural irrigation without rainfall, such as in the Atacama Desert and Namib desert, however, is mostly attributed to fog water. In the Negev Desert in Israel, dew has been found to account for almost half of the water found in three dominant desert species, "Salsola inermis, Artemisia sieberi and Haloxylon scoparium".  Another effect of dew is its hydration of fungal substrates and the mycelia of species such as Pleated Inkcaps on lawns and "Phytophthora infestans" which causes blight on potato plants.

Historic.

The book De Mundo (composed before 250 BC or between 350 and 200 BC) described: "Dew is moisture minute in composition falling from a clear sky; ice is water congealed in a condensed form from a clear sky; hoar-frost is congealed dew, and 'dew-frost' is dew which is half congealed".  In Greek mythology, Ersa is the goddess and personification of dew. Also, according to the myth, the dew in the morning was created when Eos (Ersa's aunt), goddess of the dawn, cried for her son's death, although lately he received immortality.  Dew, known in Hebrew as טל ("tal"), is significant in the Jewish religion for agricultural and theological purposes. On the first day of Passover, the "Chazan", dressed in a white "kittel", leads a service in which he prays for dew between that point and Sukkot. During the rainy season between December and Passover there are also additions in the Amidah for blessed dew to come together with rain. There are many midrashim that refer to dew as being the tool for ultimate resurrection.  In the Biblical Torah or Old Testament, dew is used symbolically in : "My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distill as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass."

Artificial harvesting.

Several man-made devices such as antique, big stone piles in Ukraine, medieval "dew ponds" in southern England, or volcanic stone covers on the fields of Lanzarote have been thought to be dew-catching devices, but could be shown to work on other principles. At present, the International Organisation for Dew Utilization (OPUR) is working on effective, foil-based condensers for regions where rain or fog cannot cover water needs throughout the year.  Large-scale dew harvesting systems have been made by the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA) with the participation of OPUR in the coastal, semiarid region of Kutch. These condensers can harvest more than 200 litres (on average) of dew water per night for about 90 nights in the October-to-May dew season. The IIMA research laboratory has shown that dew can serve as a supplementary source of water in coastal arid areas.  A scheme for large-scale harvesting of dew has been proposed. The scheme envisages circulating cold sea water in EPDM collectors near the seashore. These condense dew and fog to supply clean drinking water.

Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation.

La rosée est un type de précipitations d'eau résultant de la liquéfaction de la vapeur d'eau de l'air. Elle apparaît sous forme de gouttelettes qui se déposent généralement le soir (et parfois le matin) sur les végétaux et autres corps exposés à l'air libre, quand leur température baisse jusqu'au point de rosée de l'air ambiant, ce qui provoque la liquéfaction de la vapeur d'eau contenue dans la couche d'air voisine. De façon plus générale ce phénomène peut également se produire n'importe quand, lorsqu'un corps froid est placé dans un air ambiant contenant de la vapeur d'eau, par exemple lorsqu'une bouteille fraîche est sortie d'un réfrigérateur.


History.

João Pessoa was founded on August 5, 1585, by the Portuguese settlers. Called "Royal City of Our Lady of the Snows", in honor of the saint of the day he was founded, its first editions were on the banks of the Sanhauá River, a tributary of the Paraíba River, now known as Porto do Varadouro, in the neighborhood of the same name.  In 1588, the city was renamed "Philipeia of Our Lady of the Snows", in honor of King Philip II, who, at the time, accumulated the thrones of Spain and Portugal.  In 1634, The Dutch, attracted the sugar wealth of the then capital of the Paraíba, invaded and named it Fredrikstad (Frederick City), in honor of the prince of Orange, Frederick of Orange.  After the decline of New Holland and with the departure of the Dutch, the city was again dominated by the Portuguese and acquired the name "Parahyba do Norte" in 1654.  João Pessoa is the third oldest city in Brazil.

Geography.

Environment.

João Pessoa has a beachfront.  João Pessoa has many green areas distributed among its avenues, parks, and residential neighborhoods, which support its claim as "the second greenest city in the world" with more than of forested land, second only to Paris. but that's a common misbelief originated from a publicity stunt carried out during Earth Summit by the city's mayor.

Climate.

João Pessoa has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen "Am") with very warm temperatures all year long and strong rainfall in most of the months; however, October to December have a rather low rainfall.

Demographics.

According to the IBGE of 2009, there were 801,718 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 45.72% White, 38.72% Pardo (two or more races), 2.77% Black, and 0.25% Asian or Amerindian.

Religion.

"Source: IBGE 2000. "

Transportation.

International airport.

Joao Pessoa is served by Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport.

Rail system.

The João Pessoa Urban Trains System is operated by diesel components in only one railway line with a 30 km extension spanning 4 municipalities, João Pessoa, Cabedelo, Bayeux and Santa Rita, constituted by the Cabedelo / stretch, with 10 stations in operation, carrying around 10.1 thousand passengers per day. Composed of three locomotives and 17 passenger cars, forming two compositions that carry out 28 daily trips.

Economy.

The GDP for the city was R$ 14,841,805 (2010).  The per capita income for the city was R$ 19,284 (2010).

Museums.

Source:

Sports.

Soccer.

João Pessoa provides visitors and residents with various sport activities.

Kayaking.

Very Realized on Bessa beach, To reach the 4 km of coral in the blue sea of the "Caribessa", tourists and practitioners can admire the beauties around it.

Windsurfing.

The practice of windsurfing is common on the beaches of the city of João Pessoa.

Sailing.

Realized in the Natural Pools of Seixas beach, on the most extreme eastern beach of the americas, where the sun rises first, the tourist contemplates the harmony between the blue of the sky and the green of the sea in the capital of Paraíba, and reveals fascinating scenarios.

Surfing.

Cradle of great surfers with national prominence, the Paraíba has winning athletes in the most important disputes of the sport.

Diving.

The coastline of João Pessoa, home to three of the most visited shipwrecks in the Northeast, are mainly sought after by nautical tourism enthusiasts and divers adventurers: "Queimado", "Alice" and "Alvarenga" are considered of rare beauty and still maintain intact areas taken by algae and living beings from the bottom of the sea.  Today it is 3.5 miles from the tip of Bessa beach and is 12 meters deep. The bow is its most entire part, 7.5 meters from the surface.

João Pessoa () is a port city in northeastern Brazil, and is the capital of the state of Paraíba. It is located on the right bank of the Paraiba do Norte river.

João Pessoa est une ville brésilienne, capitale de l'État de Paraíba. Située sur le littoral de l'État. Aussi connue comme "la ville où le soleil se lève en premier" car elle abrite la Pointe du Seixas, le point le plus oriental des Amériques. Fondée en 1585 sous le nom de "Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves", la troisième ville la plus ancienne du pays et aussi la dernière à avoir été créée au.


Development.

Air masses are large bodies of air with similar properties of temperature and humidity that form over source regions. The warm air mass behind a warm front is not only warmer, but often (but not always) also higher in humidity than the colder air preceding it. Because of a warm air mass’s higher temperature and thus lesser density, mixing between the two air masses is unlikely. Being light, the warm air mass is unable to displace the cooler air mass and instead is forced upward along the upper boundary of the colder air in a process known as overrunning. The boundary between the two air masses has a gradual slope of 1:200 and lifting is slow but persistent.  As the air mass rises into regions of lower pressure, it expands and cools. As it cools, any water vapor that is present will condense and form extensive cloud cover. The first clouds that indicate an approaching warm front tend to be mostly high cirrus at first, changing to cirrostratus as the front approaches. However, if cirrocumulus also appears, there is greater airmass instability approaching ahead of the front. When these high clouds progressively invade the sky and the barometric pressure begins to fall, precipitation associated with the disturbance is likely about 6 to 8 hours away. A thickening and lowering of these high clouds into middle-stage altostratus or altocumulus is a good sign the warm front or low has moved closer and precipitation may begin within less than six hours. Once the clouds have thickened to from the earth’s surface, precipitation can begin to fall from heavy nimbostratus. If unstable altocumulus castellanus accompanies or takes the place of the main altostratus layer, cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus producing showers or thunderstorms may follow. Low stratus and stratocumulus commonly form underneath the main precipitating clouds.  A warm front is also defined as the transition zone where a warmer air mass is replacing a cooler air mass. Warm fronts generally move from southwest to northeast. If the warmer air originates over the ocean, it is not only warmer but also more moist than the air ahead of it.

Characteristics.

If the air mass is relatively stable, rainfall will increase until the front reaches the location, at which time the clouds can extend all the way to the earth’s surface as fog. Once the front passes, the location experiences some warming and clearing. If the air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may precede and follow the front and temperature changes will be larger.  In the northern hemisphere, a warm front causes a shift of wind blowing from southeast to southwest, and in the southern hemisphere a shift from winds blowing from northeast to northwest. Common characteristics associated with warm fronts include:

Warm sector.

The warm sector is the area of warmer air behind a warm front, usually between the warm and cold fronts in a depression. Temperatures are often warmer than they are before the warm front or after the cold front. Cloud types can be mixed, but usually consist of stratocumulus, which can range to being broken to covering the entire sky depending on distance from the centre of low pressure. Temperature rises and the dew point remains steady. Wind direction and speed remains steady.

Depiction.

On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of half circles pointing in the direction of the front. On colored weather maps, warm fronts are illustrated with a solid red line.

A warm front is a density discontinuity located at the leading edge of a homogeneous warm air mass, and is typically located on the equator-facing edge of an isotherm gradient. Warm fronts lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts, and move more slowly than the cold fronts which usually follow because cold air is denser and less easy to remove from the Earth's surface. This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale. Clouds ahead of the warm front are mostly stratiform, and rainfall gradually increases as the front approaches. Fog can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage. Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage. If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may continue. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction of travel.

Un front chaud est une limite entre deux masses d'air, de façon telle que l'air chaud étant situé à l'arrière de la limite, remplace l'air froid. Contrairement au front froid, le passage entre les deux masses d'air s'effectue sur une longue distance et il est parfois difficile de noter avec précision le moment de son passage.


Early life.

Novak was born in Chicago, Illinois on February 13, 1933. She is the daughter of Joseph and Blanche (née Kral) Novak. Both her parents were of Czech descent. Her father was a history teacher who took a job as a freight dispatcher on the Chicago, Milwaukee

Acting career.

Early work and success (1953–1958).

While stopping by Los Angeles, Novak was crowned "Miss Deepfreeze" by the refrigerator company. While there, she and two other models stood in line to be extras in two RKO films: "The French Line" (1954), starring Jane Russell and "Son of Sinbad" (filmed in 1953, not released until 1955). There she was discovered by an agent, who signed her to a long-term contract with Columbia Pictures. From the beginning of her career, she wanted to be an original and not another stereotype. Therefore, she fought with Columbia's chief, Harry Cohn, over the changing of her name. He suggested the name "Kit Marlowe", arguing, "Nobody's gonna go see a girl with

"Vertigo".

Director Alfred Hitchcock was working on his next film, "Vertigo" (1958), when his leading actress, Vera Miles, became pregnant and had to withdraw from the complex role of Judy Barton. Hitchcock approached Harry Cohn to offer Novak the female lead without even requesting a screen test. Though Cohn hated the script, he allowed Novak to read it because he considered Hitchcock to be a great director. Novak loved it, as she could identify with the character and agreed to take part in the film without meeting Hitchcock. At the same time, she was striking for more money from Columbia, and refused to show up for work on the "Vertigo" set to protest her salary of $1,250 a week. Novak hired new agents to represent her and demanded an adjustment in her contract. Cohn, who was paid $250,000 for Novak to do "Vertigo", suspended her, but after a few weeks of negotiations, he relented and offered her a new contract worthy of a major star. She was now receiving $3,000 a week and explained to the press, "I don't like to have anyone take advantage of me." Novak

Career slowdown and other early ventures (1958–1965).

Novak again worked with Stewart in Richard Quine's "Bell, Book and Candle" (also 1958), a comedy tale of modern-day witchcraft, that proved to be a box-office success. She starred opposite Fredric March in the acclaimed "Middle of the Night" (1959), which she has described as not only her favorite of her films, but also cites her performance in "Middle of the Night" as her best.  Novak starred opposite Kirk Douglas in the romantic drama "Strangers When We Meet" (1960), which drew mixed reviews but was a success financially. Richard Quine was the director, as well as her fiancé at the time. The studio planned to give them the house that was built as part of the story line during the filming as a wedding gift, but their wedding never occurred. Instead, during the last film that Quine and she made together, the British mystery/comedy "The Notorious Landlady" (1962) with Jack Lemmon, she discovered and purchased her future home by the sea near Big Sur in central California. It became her retreat and emotional salvation after leaving Hollywood.  She made an independent five-picture deal, with producer Martin Ransohoff and Filmways Pictures to co-produce, but it proved

Acting sporadically (1966–1991).

By the end of 1966, she was emotionally drained and no longer wanted to live the life of a Hollywood movie star, in the glare of the spotlight with the press criticizing her every move. When the mudslide took her Bel Air home and cost her entire life's savings in bulldozer fees, she moved away from Hollywood to discover herself anew. From then on, acting became a job and was no longer a career of choice. Novak preferred to concentrate on her first love, the visual arts, often writing poetry to accompany her paintings, and even writing some song lyrics. Harry Belafonte and The Kingston Trio recorded some of her folk songs in the 1960s.  Novak returned to the screen for "The Legend of Lylah Clare" (1968), starring Peter Finch and Ernest Borgnine, and directed by Robert Aldrich. She played a dual role, portraying a person who becomes possessed by a look-alike film actress who gets made over by her obsessive-compulsive director lover. Robert Aldrich asked Novak to do a German accent for that role, but she felt it was unbelievable and over the top, so she did not want to do it, and he never insisted. At the premiere, Novak was shocked to hear her voice had been dubbed by a German actress in many scenes. Aldrich had

Retirement (since 1992).

After her retirement from acting, Novak has made only rare public appearances and turned down most offers she received. In 1996, "Vertigo" was given a restoration by Robert A. Harris and James C. Katz and re-released to theaters. Novak loved their work so much, she agreed to make appearances at screenings of the film, something she originally refused when Universal asked her in 1984. She also took part in "Obsessed with Vertigo," a documentary retracing the making and restoration of the film. In 1997, Novak received an Honorary Golden Bear Award for lifetime achievement at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival.  In 2003, Novak was presented with the Eastman Kodak Archives Award for her major contribution to film. Prior honorees include Greta Garbo, Audrey Hepburn, James Stewart, Martin Scorsese, and Meryl Streep. During that time, Novak received several offers

Honors.

In 1955, Novak won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female. Two years later she won another Golden Globe for World Favorite Female Actress. On February 8, 1960, Novak was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6332 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1995, Novak was ranked 92nd by "Empire Magazine" on a list of the 100 sexiest stars in film history. Novak was honored with a Golden Bear for Lifetime Achievement at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 and was presented with the Eastman Kodak Archives Award for her major contribution to film in 2003. In 2012, Novak was honored in a handprint and footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. That same year, she received the "S.F. Cinematic Icon Award" from the San Francisco Museum and Historical Society for her screen contributions in San Francisco with "Pal

Personal life.

Novak's first marriage was to English actor Richard Johnson. It lasted 13 months, from March 15, 1965, to April 23, 1966. The two remained friends afterwards.  After her engagement to director Richard Quine, much was made of her relationships with Sammy Davis, Jr., and Ramfis Trujillo, the adopted son of the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. A BBC documentary claimed that to end her relationship with a black man Columbia Pictures chief Harry Cohn had mobsters threaten Sammy Davis, Jr., with blinding or having his legs broken if he did not marry a black woman within 48 hours. Novak also dated Michael Brandon, Wilt Chamberlain, David Hemmings and Porfirio Rubirosa. In the 1960s, Novak left Hollywood for Big Sur, where she raised horses and painted, making an occasional film. In 1974, she met her husband, equine veterinarian Robert Malloy, when he made a house call after one of her Arabian mares suffered colic. They have been together ever since, and married on March 12, 1976. As a result of her marriage, she has two adult stepchildren. The couple built a log home along the Williamson River near Chiloquin, Oregon.  In 1997, Novak bought a 43-acre ranch in Sams Valley, Oregon, which they made into their home. Novak took classes in painting with pastels from artists Harley Brown and Richard McKinley. In July 2000, their home burned to the ground, and she lost all her art and the only draft of the autobiography she had been working on for 10 years.  In 2006, Novak was injured in a horse-riding accident. She suffered a punctured lung, broken ribs, and nerve damage, but made a full recovery within a year.  In October 2010, her manager, Sue Cameron, reported that Novak had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Cameron also noted that Novak is "undergoing treatment" and "her doctors say she is in fantastic physical shape and should recover very well." Upon completion of treatment, Novak was declared cancer-free.  In 2014, after Novak's rare public appearance at the 86th Academy Awards, the media and social commentary indicated she was hardly recognizable, which resulted in speculation that she had undertaken substantial cosmetic surgery. Novak was devastated by the criticism — "It really did throw me into a tailspin and it hit me hard," and wrote an open letter in which she stood up to all of her Oscar-night "bullies." Novak admitted that she "had fat injections in my face" as she felt "they seemed far less invasive than a face-lift," but later regretted it, "So why did I do it? I trusted somebody doing what I thought they knew how to do best. I should have known better, but what do you do? We do some stupid things in our lives."  Novak continued her creative endeavors as a photographer, poet, and visual artist painting in watercolor, oil, and pastel. Her paintings are impressionistic and surrealistic. The Butler Institute of American Art in Youngstown, Ohio hosted a retrospective of her work from June till October, 2019. Novak was present at the opening on June 16.

Marilyn Pauline "Kim" Novak (born February 13, 1933) is a retired American film and television actress. Novak began her film career in 1954 after signing with Columbia Pictures, starring in numerous movies, including "Picnic" (1955). She later starred in "The Man with the Golden Arm" (1955) and "Pal Joey" (1957). She is widely known for her performance as Madeline Elster/Judy Barton in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller "Vertigo" (1958) with James Stewart.

Marilyn Pauline Novak, dite Kim Novak, née le à Chicago, dans l'Illinois, est une actrice américaine. D'abord mannequin, elle est engagée par le studio Columbia Pictures qui souhaite faire d'elle la rivale de Marilyn Monroe. Le film "Picnic" (1955) lui permet d'accéder au rang de vedette internationale. Elle rencontre de nombreux succès et devient, en 1957, grâce à notamment "L'Homme au bras d'or" et "La Blonde ou la Rousse", l'actrice numéro un au box-office. En 1958, elle tient le rôle principal dans "Sueurs froides" ("Vertigo" d'Alfred Hitchcock avec James Stewart comme partenaire) considéré comme l'un des grands films de l'histoire du cinéma.


Biography.

Enderlin was born in Paris in 1945, and grew up in Metz with his divorced mother, his sister and his grandparents, a family of Austrian Jews who moved to France after the "Anschluss". He studied medicine in Nancy, before leaving for Israel in December 1968 at the age of 22 to live on a kibbutz.  In 1971, he became a journalist with an Israeli radio station. Two years later, he became correspondent of RMC, and the next year, senior editor at the news department of "Kol Israel". At the beginning of the 1970s, he acquired Israeli citizenship.  In 1981, he became a correspondent with the French television channel "Antenne 2", acquiring the title of "grand reporter" in 1988 (""grand reporter"" is a senior title in the French media). Three years later, he became chief of the Israel bureau of "France 2", the new name of "Antenne 2". As of 2005, he was also vice-president of the Association of Foreign Press Correspondents in Jerusalem.  He has studied and written extensively on the political and diplomatic process of normalisation between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, and wrote an overview of the negotiations in 1997, published as "Paix ou guerre, les secrets des négociations israélo-arabes 1917–1997" ("Peace or War, the Secrets of Israeli–Palestinian Negotiations, 1917–1997").  He was awarded the "Chevalier de l'Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur" on August 12, 2009  In August 2015, he retired from his post in the Jerusalem office where he was replaced by Franck Genauzeau.

Muhammad al-Durrah reportage and lawsuits.

In September 2000, footage of the reported shooting in the Gaza Strip of a Palestinian boy, Muhammad al-Durrah, was broadcast by France 2. Narrating the footage, Enderlin stated that al-Durrah had been targeted and killed by shots fired from Israeli positions. Over time, he came under criticism from a number of commentators, who asserted first that the bullets that killed the boy were not fired by the Israeli army, and that Enderlin participated to the making of the staged scene.

Charles Enderlin is a Franco-Israeli journalist, specialising in the Middle East and Israel. He is the author of a number of books on the subject, including "Shamir, une biographie" (1991), "Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East, 1995–2002" (2002), and "The Lost Years: Radical Islam, Intifada and Wars in the Middle East 2001–2006" (2007). He was awarded France's highest decoration, the Légion d'honneur, in August 2009.

Charles Enderlin, né le à Paris, est un journaliste, reporter et auteur franco-israélien. Il est, de 1981 jusqu'à, le correspondant à Jérusalem de la chaîne de télévision française France 2.