Early life and political activities.

Activities before the Cape Town City Council.

He has been involved in political activities since high school, particularly in Cape Town's northern suburbs. He was a community organiser and played a significant role in rallying people against the apartheid regime. The Emergency Services Unit of the former Bellville Municipality (Tygerberg Administration) employed him in the 1980s. Plato became a member of the National Party in 1990. He later became the Cape Town Chairperson of the South African National Tuberculosis Association during the mid-1990s.

Cape Town City Councillor.

In 1996, Plato was elected as a Cape Metro councillor for the Belhar, Uitsig and Ravensmead region. He became a member of the council executive the following year. He served two terms as Chairperson of the City of Cape Town's Economic Development, Tourism and Property Management Portfolio Committee.  He managed the Housing portfolio in the Mayoral Committee from 2006 to 2009. During the same period, he was Deputy Chairperson of both the DA Metro Region and the DA Caucus in the City of Cape Town. He had also served as acting mayor at various intervals. Shortly before being elected mayor in May 2009, Plato had taken over as the Mayoral Committee Member responsible for Service Delivery and Economic Development.

Other activities.

In addition to his political activities, he has served on the boards of multiple organisations, including the Cape Film Commission, Cape Tourism, the University of the Western Cape and the Business Opportunities Network. He had also been a member of several community-based trusts. Plato was previously co-owner of National Pride Holdings Pty (Ltd).

Political career.

Mayor of Cape Town (2009–2011).

On 30 April 2009, Helen Zille resigned as Mayor of Cape Town. Plato declared his candidacy for the post and was ultimately selected as the party's preferred candidate.  Plato was elected Mayor of Cape Town on 12 May 2009. He won with 119 votes to the ANC candidate Belinda Landingwe's 69 votes, while six councillors abstained from the vote.  During his tenure as mayor, controversial open-air toilets were built in the Makhaza region of Khayelitsha. The Democratic Alliance defended its decision to build the toilets. The Western Cape High Court later ruled against it.  Cape Town hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He banned the old South African flag from being present at soccer matches at the Cape Town Stadium after he described the flag as being detrimental to the country's image.  The Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs rated Cape Town as the best-managed city in South Africa, while the Auditor-General awarded the city with a rating for good governance and accountability.  Plato introduced many job creation projects and made reducing unemployment one of the focus points of his mayoral agenda.  In 2010, Plato announced his candidacy for the post of Provincial Leader of the Democratic Alliance. He lost to incumbent Theuns Botha. He received 123 votes compared to Botha's 543 and Lennit Max's 317.  In 2011, Plato declared his intention to seek a full term as Mayor of Cape Town ahead of the upcoming 2011 municipal elections. His challengers for the post were Mayoral Committee Member for Social Development, Grant Pascoe, Mayoral Committee Member for Housing, Shehaam Sims, and Leader of the Independent Democrats, Patricia de Lille. De Lille defeated Plato in an internal party election. He left office on 1 June 2011.

Provincial Minister for Community Safety (2011–2018).

Western Cape Premier Helen Zille reshuffled her Provincial Cabinet in May 2011 and appointed Plato to the post of Provincial Minister for Community Safety, succeeding Albert Fritz. She said in a statement: "I am confident he will make a major contribution, not only to the community safety portfolio but to the provincial cabinet as a whole." He took office on 1 June 2011.  In October 2018, Zille announced that Provincial Minister of Economic Opportunities, Alan Winde, would succeed Plato. Plato effectively resigned from the provincial government on 31 October 2018. Winde subsequently took office the next day.

Return to the Cape Town mayoralty (2018–present).

In August 2018, Plato declared his candidacy to replace Patricia de Lille as Mayor of Cape Town after De Lille had announced her intention to resign on 31 October 2018.  On 18 September 2018, the Democratic Alliance announced that Plato would succeed De Lille. Plato defeated many prominent candidates for the nomination, including the Speaker of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament, Sharna Fernandez, and Deputy Mayor of Cape Town, Ian Neilson.  On 1 November 2018, Plato took office as a councillor. The day before the ceremony, Patricia de Lille resigned as Mayor of Cape Town. A former acquaintance of Patricia de Lille, Brett Herron, resigned as a councillor after the ceremony along with many other councillors, in protest against the removal of Patricia de Lille and the mayoralty of Dan Plato.  Plato was elected Mayor of Cape Town on 6 November 2018 during a special council sitting. He received 146 out of 202 valid votes. His main challengers were Xolani Sotashe of the African National Congress and Grant Haskin of the African Christian Democratic Party. Sotashe received 53 votes while Haskin got 3 votes. Six ballots were spoilt.

Daniel "Dan" Plato (born 5 October 1960) is a South African politician and current Mayor of Cape Town since 6 November 2018. He previously held the position from May 2009 until June 2011. He served as a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament and the Western Cape Provincial Minister of Community Safety from 2011 to 2018.

Daniel (Dan) Plato (né le 5 octobre 1960 au Cap) est un homme politique sud-africain, membre successivement du parti national, de son successeur le Nouveau Parti national (1998-2002) et de l'Alliance démocratique (depuis 2002). Conseiller municipal du Cap, il est maire de la municipalité du Cap du 12 mai 2009 au juin 2011, à la suite de la démission de Helen Zille, élu Premier ministre de la province du Cap-Occidental. Plato est de nouveau maire du Cap depuis le 6 novembre 2018.


Majorité sexuelle en Amérique du Nord et centrale

Overview.

The age of consent is the age at or above which a person is considered to have the legal capacity to consent to sexual activity. Both partners must be of legal age to give consent, although exceptions to the age of consent law exist in some jurisdictions when the minor and their partner are within a certain number of years in age or when a minor is married to his/her partner. Persons below the age of consent may not, by law, give consent, and sexual relations involving such persons may be punished by criminal sanctions similar to those for rape or sexual assault. Non-violent sexual contact with persons under the

Antigua and Barbuda.

In Antigua and Barbuda, the age of consent is 16. "The Sexual Offences Act of 1995" raised the age of consent from 14 to 16 years of age.  6. (1) Where a male person has sexual intercourse with a female person who is not his wife "with her consent" and who has attained the age of fourteen years but has not yet attained the age of sixteen years, he is guilty of an offence, and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for ten years.  (2) A male person is not guilty of an offence under subsection (1) –  (a) if he honestly believed that the female person was sixteen years of age or more; or  (b)

Anguilla (United Kingdom).

The age of consent in Anguilla is 16. It is determined in Part 14 of the

Aruba.

The age of consent in Aruba is 15, as specified in Article 251 of the Criminal Code of Aruba (which Aruba adapted after its secession from the Netherlands Antilles) which reads:

Bahamas.

In The Bahamas, the age of consent for opposite-sex activity is 16 and the age of consent for same-sex activity is 18. Homosexuality was legalized in 1991, but "public homosexuality" is an offense that carries a 20-year jail term without parole.  11. (1) Any person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with

Barbados.

In Barbados the age of consent is 16.  Section 5, part I "Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16" of the Sexual Offences Act 1992  (1) Where a person has

Belize.

In Belize, the age of consent is 16, regardless of sexual orientation or gender.  The legislation reads:  Criminal Code [CAP. 101]  "Every person who, with or without consent, has sexual intercourse with a person who is under the age of fourteen years commits the offence of unlawful sexual intercourse and

Bermuda and British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom).

Age of sexual consent is

Canada.

The Tackling Violent Crime Act took effect on 1 May 2008, raising the age of consent from 14 to 16.  There are two close-in-age exemptions, depending on the age of the younger partner. A youth of twelve or thirteen can consent to sexual activity with an individual less than two years older than them. A fourteen- or fifteen-year-old can consent to sexual activity with a partner who is less than five years older than them.  Criminal law (including the definition of the age of consent) is in the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government, so the age of consent is uniform throughout Canada. Section 151 of the Criminal Code of Canada makes it a crime to touch, for a sexual purpose, any person under the age of 16 years. Section 153 then goes on to prohibit the sexual touching of a person under 18 by a person in three circumstances: if he or she is in a "position of trust or authority" towards the youth, if the youth is in a "relationship of dependency" with him or her, or if the relationship is "exploitative". The term "position of trust or authority" is not defined in the Code but the courts have ruled that parents, teachers, and medical professionals hold a position of trust or authority towards youth they care for or teach. Section 153 (1.2) of the Code provides that a judge can infer whether or not a relationship is "exploitative" by considering its nature and circumstances including how old the youth is, the difference in ages between the partners, how the relationship evolved, and the degree of control or influence that the older partner has over the youth.  The "position of trust under 18" anti-exploitation rules were expanded in 2005 by Bill C-2 where a judge may choose to term a situation to be sexual exploitation based on the nature and circumstances of the relationship including the age of the younger party, age difference, evolution of the relationship (how it developed, e.g. quickly and secretly over the Internet), the control or influence over the young person (degree of control or influence the other person had over the young person). This passed before the 2008 amendments, and they were not repealed so they are still in effect and can apply towards adults in these situations with young persons over the age of consent and under 18 (16-17).  Where an accused is charged with an offence under s. 151 (Sexual Interference), s. 152 (Invitation to sexual touching), s. 153(1) (Sexual exploitation), s. 160(3) (Bestiality in presence of or by child), or s. 173(2) (Indecent acts), or is charged with an offence under s. 271 (Sexual assault), s. 272 (Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party, or causing bodily harm), or s. 273 (Aggravated sexual assault) in respect of a complainant under the age of sixteen years, it is not a defense that the complainant consented to the activity that forms the subject-matter of the charge.

Cayman Islands (United Kingdom).

The age of consent in Cayman Islands is 16.  Defilement of girls under sixteen years of age, etc.  134. (1) Whoever unlawfully and carnally -  (a) knows any girl under the age of twelve years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twenty years; or

Caribbean Netherlands.

The age of consent in the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius) is 16, as specified by the Criminal Code BES, Articles 251, which reads:  Art 251: "A person who,

Clipperton Island (France).

Clipperton Island is an uninhabited nine-square-kilometre (approx. 3.5-square-mile) coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean, a state private property

Costa Rica.

Costa Rica does not have an exact age of consent but has age difference limits between sexual partners, independent of gender.  Costa Rican law 9406 makes it illegal for a person 18

Cuba.

The age of

Curaçao (Netherlands).

The age of consent in Curaçao is 15, as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles (which Curaçao didn't change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles), Articles 251, which reads:  Art 251:

Dominica.

In Dominica the age of consent is 16.  "Defilement of girls between fourteen (14) and sixteen (16) years of age", Article 4 of the "Sexual Offences Act"  " (1) Subject to

Dominican Republic.

The age of consent

El Salvador.

In El Salvador, the age of consent appears to be 18 (although the laws are not clear cut in regard to sexual acts with persons aged between 15 and 18).  VIOLACIÓN EN MENOR O INCAPAZ  Art. 159.- El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con menor de quince años de edad o con otra persona aprovechándose de su enajenación mental, de su estado de inconsciencia o de su incapacidad de resistir, será sancionado con prisión de catorce a veinte años.  "Approximate translation": "Anyone who has vaginal or anal sexual intercourse with a minor younger than fifteen years of age or of another person by taking advantage of their insanity, their state of unconsciousness or inability to resist, shall be punished with imprisonment of fourteen to twenty years."  Several laws apply to sex with persons aged between 15 and 18.  Article 169 makes it illegal to "promote, facilitate, manage, finance, instigate or organize in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts individually or organized, publicly or privately".  Art. 169.- El que promoviere, facilitare, administrare, financiare, instigare u organizare de cualquier forma la utilización de personas menores de dieciocho años en actos sexuales o eróticos, de manera individual u organizada, de forma pública o privada, será sancionado con pena de tres a ocho años de prisión.  En igual responsabilidad incurrirá quien con conocimiento de causa autorizare el uso o arrendare el inmueble para realizar cualquiera de las actividades descritas en el inciso anterior.  "Approximate translation": Article 169.- Any person who promotes, facilitates, manages, finances, instigates or organizes in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts, individually or organized, publicly or privately, shall be punished with penalty of three to eight years in prison.  Similarly, anyone who knowingly authorizes the use or rents a

Greenland (Denmark).

The laws of Denmark, where

Grenada.

The age of consent in Grenada is 16. Penalties are 30 years' imprisonment if

Guatemala.

In Guatemala, the age of consent is 18, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender. The "Law against Sexual Violence, Exploitation,

Haiti.

The age of

Honduras.

Honduras, the age of consent is considered to be 14.  Article 142. The stupor of a person older than fourteen (14) and under eighteen (18) years taking advantage of trust, hierarchy or authority, is punishable by six (6) to eight (8) years of imprisonment. When rape is committed by deception is punishable by five (5) to seven (7) years of imprisonment.  Article 143. The sexual intercourse with parents or children, brothers, or relationship between adopter and adopted, with

Jamaica.

In Jamaica the age of consent is 16.  "Above twelve (12) and under sixteen (16)", Article 50, "Offences Against the Person"  " Whosoever shall unlawfully and carnally

Mexico.

Legislative framework.

In Mexico, criminal legislation is shared between the federal and state governments. The federal law establishes the age of 12 as the minimum age of consent, while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities is 18 (sex with someone 12-18 is not illegal "per se", but can

"Estupro".

is a crime existing across Mexico, as well as in other Latin American jurisdictions. Although the definitions vary by state, it is usually defined as sexual conduct with a child who has reached the minimum age of consent but is under 18 (16 or 17 in some states) when the consent of the child is obtained by seduction and/or deceit. For instance the law of Aguascalientes reads: ""El estupro consiste en realizar cópula con persona mayor de doce y menor de dieciséis años de edad, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de seducción o engaño"." (translation: Estupro consists in copulating with a person over twelve and under sixteen years old, obtaining his/her consent through seduction or deceit). Traditionally, estupro applied only to acts committed with a girl,

Federal Law.

Article 261 of the Federal Criminal Code (PDF) states that: ""Whoever, without the purpose of reaching copulation, performs a sexual act in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason cannot resist, or demands that the act is performed, will be punished with a term of 2 to 5 years in prison"". If the offender uses moral or physical violence, an extra half term is added to the initial time.  Article 266 refers to the previous article 265, which covers the rape of adults in general and establishes a term of 8 to 14 years in prison for sex obtained through physical or moral violence. Article 266 then states that: ""It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty: (1st Clause) – who without violence performs a copulation with a person under 12"". The 3rd Clause of this article punishes with the same penalties also "the vaginal or anal introduction of objects, without violence and

Local laws.

Updated : All Mexican states (as well as Mexico City) have corruption of minors statutes that can, upon complaint of the family (or minor), be used to punish sexual relations with persons under eighteen. Although actual prosecutions for violations of Corruption of Minors statutes (and age of consent statutes in general) tend to be sporadic, regional, and very situation dependent, many Mexican states nonetheless classify Corruption of Minors as a "Delito Grave" (Major Crime) in their penal codes.  Additionally, all the states have "Estupro" laws that can, upon complaint of the family (or minor), be used to prosecute adults who engage in sexual intercourse with minors by seduction or deceit (the exact definitions of this crime vary by state, see section estupro, above).  In some Mexican jurisdictions prosecutors have chosen to prosecute consensual sexual activity involving adults and underage minors only upon complaint by the minor, or a custodial complaint.

Mexico City.

The age of consent in Mexico City (former Federal District, DF) is 12, one of the lowest in the world, and the overall criminal legislation of Mexico's capital is close to that of the federal law regarding this subject, although tougher in some aspects – higher penalties and broader definitions.  According to the "Estatuto del Gobierno del Distrito Federal (PDF)(in Spanish)" (Government Statute of the Federal District), Article 42, Clause XII, the District's Legislative Assembly has powers to legislate in criminal law.  Article 175 of the Federal District Criminal Code refers to the previous Article 174, which stipulates a term of 6 to 17 years of prison for the rape of adults, while defining copulation as "the introduction of the penis in the human body through the vagina, anus or mouth". Article 175 ("violación") then states that: "It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty:" (first clause) – "who performs a copulation with a person under 12 years of age or with a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason cannot resist"; the second clause defines whosoever

Montserrat (United Kingdom).

The age of consent in Montserrat is 16.  Unlawful sexual intercourse with girl under age of sixteen  121.(1) Subject to the provisions of the section, a man who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl above the age of thirteen and under the age of sixteen shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for two years.

Nicaragua.

In Nicaragua, the age of consent is 18, although, in regard to young people 16-17, the law (Article 175) is not clear cut.  Article 170. Statutory rape  Anyone who is married or in a stable de facto union "or who is of age" and who, "without violence or intimidation", has or allows carnal access with a person aged between 14 and 16 shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of two to four years.  Article 175. Sexual exploitation, pornography and paid sexual acts with adolescents  Anyone who "induces, provides, promotes or uses persons aged under 16" or a disabled person "for sexual or erotic purposes", forcing them to witness

Panama.

In Panama, the age of consent is in general 18, although sexual conduct with children aged 14 to 18 is not always illegal.  "Translation": Article 176. Whoever, using a condition of advantage, achieves sexual intercourse with a person, even with consent, shall

Puerto Rico (United States).

The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16. There is a 4-year close-in-age exception subject to a minimum age of 14.  Article 130.- Sexual Assault.- Any person who performs sexual penetration, whether an orogenital act or vaginal or anal sex penetration, whether genital, digital, or instrumental... shall be punished...when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen (16)

Saint Kitts and Nevis.

The age of consent

Saint Lucia.

The age of consent

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

The age of consent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is 15. The penalty

Sint Maarten (Netherlands).

The age of consent in Sint Maarten is 15, as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles (which Sint Maarten did not change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles), Articles 251, which reads:  Art 251: 1. "A person who,

Trinidad and Tobago.

The age of consent in Trinidad and Tobago is 18, as per the "Children Act, 2012". It was raised from 16 to 18 in 2015.  The "Children Act, 2012" defines a "child" as "a person under the age of eighteen years".  18. Subject to section 20, a person who sexually penetrates a child commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life.  19. (1) Subject to section 20, where a person touches a child and– (a) the touching is sexual; and (b) the child is under sixteen years of age, the person commits an offence.  (2) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is liable– (a) on summary conviction, to a fine of fifty thousand dollars and to imprisonment for ten years; or (b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for twenty years. (3) Where a person commits an offence under subsection (1), and the touching involves the placing of any body part or of an object onto the penis or bodily orifice of a child, that person is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.  Three close-in-age exemptions exist, as per section 20:

United States.

In the United States, the age of consent laws are made at the state, territorial, and federal district levels. There exist several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators, but none of them imposes an age limit on sexual acts. On 26 June 2003, both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal in all U.S. states, territories, and the District of Columbia under the U.S. Supreme Court decision

Virgin Islands (United States).

The age of consent is 18. There is however a close-in-age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another, but not with anyone 16 or over.  Article § 1700. "Aggravated rape in the first degree" bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13. Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force, intimidation, or the perpetrator's position of authority, and by the fact that the minor, being under 16 and not the perpetrator's spouse, is residing in the same household as the perpetrator.(see Article § 1700, Article § 1702, Article § 1708).  Other relevant articles of the criminal code are:  (a) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree, an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age, and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim, is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years.  Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age, under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree, is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court  "Sexual contact", that is, non-penetrative sex, defined as "the intentional touching of a person's intimate parts, whether directly or through clothing, to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person" is not permitted with children under 16, but a close-in-age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18.  A person who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator's spouse— (..)(2) when the other person is under thirteen years of age;  A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year Paraphrasing Virgin Islands Code: V.I.C. § 1700-1709 Virgin Islands Code and appeals records Francis vs. VI "NOTE: "mistake of fact as to the victim's age is not a defense"."

In North America, the legal age of consent relating to sexual activity varies by jurisdiction. The age of consent in Canada is 16. As of August 2018, each U.S. state has set its age of consent at either age 16, age 17, or age 18.

L'âge de la majorité sexuelle diffère d'un pays à l'autre. Il est par exemple de 16 ans au Canada, varie entre 16 et 18 ans aux États-Unis en fonction de la législation propre à chaque État alors que certains États mexicains l'abaissent jusqu'à 12 ans. La loi peut également préciser le genre d'activité(s) sexuelle(s) autorisées ainsi que l'âge à partir duquel elles le sont en fonction du sexe et des habitudes des protagonistes. Compte tenu du volume important des données, nous avons scindé le continent américain en Amérique du Nord et Amériques centrale et du Sud. Celles-ci sont traitées séparément mais il est évident que cette scission est purement artificielle pour éviter une longueur excessive de l'article. Chaque pays est classé par ordre alphabétique.


Life.

Abraham Ángel was born in El Oro, State of México, being the youngest of five. His father was Lewis Edward Card Burke (originally Carthburke Beedgar), a Welsh miner and adventurer, who travelled continuously throughout the country in search of fortune in gold and silver mines. His mother, Francisca Valdez, was from Sinaloa, México. At just 14, she left home to follow Lewis to El Oro, and form a family with him. Lewis, a gambler and womanizer, left a few years later, rarely seeing the family again.  The older brother, Adolfo, became head of the family, which left in search of a better life to Puebla, Mexico, where Abraham Ángel spent his childhood. At age 11 he moved to Mexico City with his mother, his sister Amelia and his older brother Adolfo, who remained in charge. Abraham Ángel was raised in a strict Protestant environment, the religion professed by his father, which had been energetically adopted by his brother Adolfo.  At age 16, Abraham Ángel decided to attend art and painting studies at Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (also known as Academia de San Carlos), a decision met with absolute opposition from his brother Adolfo. Abraham Ángel refused to comply, so he ended up being expelled from his home, to the astonishment and sadness of his mother and sister. It was 1921, and Abraham Ángel had already met Manuel Rodríguez Lozano, his tutor, with whom he had an intense homosexual affair, and who gave lessons in drawing based on the methods of Adolfo Best Maugard. In that difficult moment Abraham Ángel decided to drop his surnames and moved to his lover's home.  A couple of years later, Lozano chose another young artist, Julio Castellanos, as his protégé, and abandoned Abraham Ángel. Humiliated and depressed, he was found dead from an accidental cocaine overdose on October 27, 1924.  His scarce works, numbering around 30 known paintings, are highly appreciated and valued by museums and art collectors.

Abraham Ángel Card Valdés (March 7, 1905 – October 27, 1924) was a Mexican artist known under his first names "Abraham Ángel"; he dropped his surnames after his brother Adolfo expelled him from his family home when Abraham Ángel was barely 16.

Abraham Ángel Card Valdés, né le et mort le, est un peintre mexicain qui a allié le style naïf français au nationalisme post-révolutionnaire de son époque.


History.

In the time of Suleiman the Magnificent Kâğıthane, which was called 'Sadabad', was a large forested land and frequented by the Ottoman court for hunting, riding and all other kind of equestrian activities. In the following centuries, Sadabad became a centre of recreation with its clean waters, tulip fields, promenades and festivities. There are a lot of engravings and paintings depicting gatherings in Sadabad, such as weddings or picnics. Later, in the 17th and 18th centuries, mansions and summer palaces were built in the area.  In the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the strategically and logistically well located area was turned into a zone of industry. Kâğıthane then became home to numerous factories including flour mills and the paper factories. The district was named after these paper factories and came to be called as "Kâğıt hane" (paper house). Although it is known that from time to time gypsies, nomadic people, trade or hadj caravans were hosted in the region, there was no settlement therein until the late 20th century.  The settlement in Kâğıthane started as illegal slums from the 1950s onwards, as the city received thousands of migrants from Anatolia, who came to work in the factories, building sites or services sector. With the passage of time, the illegal settlements were legalised and gradually replaced by residentially-zoned buildings.

Today.

Due to its central location, especially its connections with the new intra-city transport networks, and the entry into force of urban regeneration legislation, Kâğıthane is transforming. To the north, the district will serve as a hub after the completion of the construction of the third airport (new airport), third bridge and three-storey under water tunnel (that will join the European side at the Hasdal junction in the district). Real estate development includes a wide range of mixed-use, shopping mall, hotel, campus, office or residential projects.  The neighbourhoods of Kâğıthane include, among others, Seyrantepe, Hamidiye, Çağlayan, Merkez (centre) and Gültepe.

Kâğıthane () or Glykà Nerà (Γλυκά Νερά,'sweet waters') is an area of Istanbul, Turkey. Formerly a working class district, it has become one of the largest real estate development areas in the city. The district is located on the European side and extends over the shores of Cendere, the stream that discharges into the Golden Horn. The Cendere Valley is surrounded by the Sarıyer, Eyüp, Şişli, Beşiktaş, and Beyoğlu districts. The mayor is Fazlı Kılıç of Ak Parti. Kâğıthane was part of Beyoğlu until 1954 and part of Şişli between 1954 and 1987.

Kağıthane est un des 39 districts de la ville d'Istanbul, en Turquie. Le quartier est sur la rive européenne de la ville au nord de la Corne d'Or. Il est traversé par la rivière Kağıthane Deresi qui débouche au fond dans la Corne d'Or. Il tire son nom des fabriques à papier présentes dans le quartier dont la présence est attestée au.


Plot.

Wild Bill Hickok is haunted by his dreams of a giant white buffalo. So much that he travels the West to find the beast. Along the way, Hickok meets Crazy Horse, who is also searching the plains for the giant white buffalo, who has killed Crazy Horse's daughter. Hickok and Crazy Horse team up to kill the elusive buffalo.

Production.

The film was based on a novel by Richard Sale published in 1975. Reviewing the novel, Larry McMurtry said Sale "chose a topic with great possibilities, turned it into a sharpened stake and proceeded to impale himself on it."  Film rights were bought by Dino De Laurentiis, who signed Sale to adapt the novel. Sale said De Laurentiis was, along with Daryl Zanuck, one of the finest producers he ever worked with.  Bronson signed to make the film in July 1975.  "It's a "Moby Dick" of the west," said director J. Lee Thompson. "It's a film we hope will work on many levels. On the first it is a wonderful, sensitive story between Wild Bill Hickok and the great Indian chief Crazy Horse. On the second it talks of a man having to find himself, seek his destiny, rid himself of fears and become more human."  Much of the film was shot on a soundstage in Los Angeles, with location shots in Colorado and New Mexico. For the buffalo scenes, producer Laurentiis hired Carlo Rambaldi to design an animatronic full-size bison that would slide around on tracks. This was based on his larger-scale work on their previous collaboration "King Kong" (1976).  Actors Ed Lauter and David Roya were similarly involved in "King Kong", along with composer John Barry.

Reception.

The film had only a sporadic release in various "test engagements" and was not screened for critics.  On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 25 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and called it "a hunting story to be read in the broadest terms. Hickock, who hates Indians, and Crazy Horse, who hates white men, grow to respect each other through the film. Courage kills racism. It's a shame this theme isn't developed more. The script, based on a Richard Sale novel, instead takes side trips into a standard barroom shootout and a Charles Bronson reunion with an old lady friend (Kim Novak)." Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" wrote, "Withheld for months from reviewers, 'The White Buffalo' is a turkey... The trade has to wonder how a project like this gets off the ground, when the dialog is enough to invite jeers from an audience. The title beast looks like a hung-over carnival prize despite attempts at camouflage via hokey sound track noise, busy John Barry scoring, murky photography and fast editing." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" stated that the film "is destined for almost instant obscurity in domestic release, a consummation that can't come a minute too soon for director J. Lee Thompson, star Charles Bronson and everyone else in an exposed position on this fiasco." He thought the buffalo looked very fake and "[t]he producer under a white sheet chanting 'boogie-boogie-boogie' would have been more effective." Jonathan Rosenbaum of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote, "One would have to consult Richard Sale's novel to determine whether the freakish gaps, detours and red herrings are ascribable (in whole or in part) to the original source. As the movie version stands, the bewildering lack of motivation for Hickock's recurring white buffalo nightmare—from which he invariably wakes blasting away with pistols in each hand—suggests, along with a lot of other inponderables, that a great deal of background exposition has either been eliminated or drastically reduced, leaving a peculiarly disassembled narrative in its wake... Equally bizarre and inexact is the title beast itself—a clumsy mechanical contrivance resembling a giant shaggy toy whose roars bear an uncomfortable similarity to the sounds of a growling stomach."

Additional notes.

In the film, Wild Bill Hickok often wears dark glasses. There is a factual basis to this characterization. In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and "ophthalmia". Actually, he was probably afflicted with trachoma, a common vision disorder of the time.  The film screened on TV under the title Hunt to Kill.

The White Buffalo is a 1977 western film directed by J. Lee Thompson and starring Charles Bronson, Kim Novak, Jack Warden, Slim Pickens and Will Sampson.

Le Bison blanc (titre original : ""), est un western américain réalisé par J. Lee Thompson, sorti en 1977. Avec Charles Bronson, Jack Warden et Will Sampson dans les rôles principaux, le film a été un échec à sa sortie. Difficilement visible pendant des années, il est devenu culte.


History.

The manor of Petworth first came into the possession of the Percy family as a royal gift from Adeliza of Louvain, the widow of King Henry I (1100-1135), to her brother Joscelin of Louvain. He later married the Percy heiress and adopted the surname Percy. His descendants became the Earls of Northumberland, the most powerful family in northern England.  The Percy family, whose primary seat was at Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, bordering Scotland, intended Petworth to be for their occasional residence only. However, in the late 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I grew suspicious of the Percy family's allegiance to Mary, Queen of Scots, and confined them to Petworth.  In 1670 Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland (1644-1670) died without a male heir, and thus his considerable fortune and estates of Petworth House, Alnwick Castle, Syon House and Northumberland House were inherited by his 2-year-old daughter and sole-heiress, Lady Elizabeth Percy (1667-1722). In 1682, at the age of 16 and already twice widowed, she married the 20 year old Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset (1662-1748), whose family seat was Marlborough Castle in Wiltshire. They became one of the wealthiest couples in England.  The site was previously occupied by a fortified manor house built by Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy (1273–1314), the 13th-century chapel and undercroft of which still survive. Since 1750 the house and estate have been owned by the prominent Wyndham family, descended from Sir Charles Wyndham, 4th Baronet (1710-1763) of Orchard Wyndham in Somerset, a nephew and co-heir of Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset (1684-1750). As part of the inheritance and splitting-up of the great Percy inheritance, which had been a source of contention between the 7th Duke and his father the 6th Duke, in 1749 after the death of the 6th Duke, King George II granted the 7th Duke four extra titles in the peerage, including Baron Cockermouth and Earl of Egremont, which latter two were created with special remainder to Sir Charles Wyndham, the intended and actual recipient of Petworth, Cockermouth Castle and Egremont Castle. The 7th Duke's only daughter Lady Elizabeth Seymour and her husband Sir Hugh Smithson, 4th Baronet (d.1786), received the other Percy estates, including Alnwick Castle and Syon House, together with the titles Baron Warkworth of Warkworth Castle and Earl of Northumberland, created also in 1749 with special remainder to Smithson.  The 6th Duke had "conceived a violent dislike for Smithson", the husband of his granddaughter, and wrote to her stating ""You are descended by many generations from the most ancient families in England and it is you who doth add ancient blood to Sir Hugh Smithson’s family. He adds not so ancient blood to your family"". He was determined to prevent Smithson from inheriting any of the Percy lands and wished to make as his sole heir his grandson Sir Charles Wyndham, whose ancient family originated at Felbrigg Hall in Norfolk and had married into the nobility, for example his ancestor Sir John Wyndham (d.1503) had married Lady Margaret Howard, 4th daughter of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal (c.1425-1485). As part of his plan he petitioned the king to grant him the additional title of Earl of Northumberland, with special remainder to Wyndham. The plan was opposed by his son the future 7th Duke, who petitioned the king against, and succeeded at least in delaying the drawing up of the necessary letters patent. The 6th Duke died in 1748 before the letters patent were drawn up and the 7th Duke put into effect a similar scheme, which split the Percy inheritance between his own son-in-law Smithson and his late father's choice of heir, Sir Charles Wyndham.  In accordance with the wishes of his father-in-law the 7th Duke, in 1750 Smithson changed his surname by Act of Parliament to Percy, adopted the Percy arms, and in 1766 was created Duke of Northumberland and Earl Percy. It had been a stipulation before the marriage in 1682 of the 6th Duke to Elizabeth Percy that he and his descendants should adopt the surname Percy, but this was not binding on the couple who were minors, and in 1687 the Duchess having reached the age of 21, dispensed with the agreement. In 2015 Smithson's descendant Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland (born 1956) still owns the said Percy estates.  The Wyndham Earls of Egremont soon died out in the male line but before that event George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont (1751-1837) bequeathed Petworth and Cockermouth Castle to his illegitimate son and adopted heir Col. George Wyndham (1787-1869), created in 1859 by Queen Victoria Baron Leconfield, who adopted a differenced version of the Wyndham armorials. The 3rd Earl's heir male was his nephew George Wyndham, 4th Earl of Egremont (1786-1845), the last Earl, who under law inherited the earldom, but had been stripped of the Percy inheritance of Petworth, receiving instead the (not inconsiderable) entailed Wyndham estates including Orchard Wyndham, still owned today by the Wyndham family. He attempted to make up for the loss of Petworth by building his own stately home in Devon called Silverton Park, which was widely deemed hideous and was demolished in 1901. The future 6th Baron Leconfield was in 1963 created Baron Egremont, in a sense a regaining of the name of the Earldom denied to his great-grandfather Col. George Wyndham (1787-1869) due to his illegitimacy.  The house and deer park were handed over to the nation in 1947 by Edward Wyndham, 5th Baron Leconfield (1883-1967) and are now managed by the National Trust under the name Petworth House & Park.  The Leconfield Estates continue to own much of Petworth and the surrounding area. The contents of the house, in particular the paintings and sculptures, are now the property of the National Trust having been taken in lieu of accumulated death duties.  Lord Egremont and his family live in the south wing, allowing much of the remainder to be open to the public. Lady Egremont has restored the gardens.  Today's building houses an important collection of paintings and sculptures, including 19 oil paintings by J. M. W. Turner (some owned by the family, some by Tate Britain), who was a regular visitor to Petworth, paintings by Van Dyck, carvings by Grinling Gibbons and Ben Harms, classical and neoclassical sculptures (including ones by John Flaxman and John Edward Carew), and wall and ceiling paintings by Louis Laguerre. There is also a terrestrial globe by Emery Molyneux, believed to be the only one in the world in its original 1592 state.

Petworth Park.

The 283-hectare (700-acre) landscaped park, known as Petworth Park, has the largest herd of fallow deer in England. It is one of the more famous in England, largely on account of a number of pictures of it which were painted by Turner. There is also a woodland garden, known as the Pleasure Ground and some unusual Ha-ha's. The landscaped park and pleasure grounds of Petworth are Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.  Petworth House is home to the Petworth House Real Tennis Club (many such private estates held real tennis courts). Petworth Park is also a cricket venue, for the refounded Petworth Park Cricket Club.

Surrounding area.

As was usual for a mediaeval manor house, it was built in its original form next to the parish church (to provide the lord of the manor with enhanced spiritual benefits), around which developed a village, now grown to a sizeable town. Such position is unusual for a country mansion of its size and date, which were frequently later re-built on new more private sites away from the original manor house, or the church and village were on occasion demolished to provide the desired privacy. Petworth House and Park are thus today situated immediately adjacent to the town of Petworth, with its shops and restaurants.  As an insight into the lives of past estate workers the Petworth Cottage Museum has been established in High Street, Petworth, furnished as it would have been in about 1910.

Dāna (Devanagari: दान) is a Sanskrit and Pali word that connotes the virtue of generosity, charity or giving of alms in Indian philosophies. It is alternatively transliterated as "daana".

Dāna (Pali, Sanskrit: दान ) est un mot sanskrit et pali, jinpa, signifiant: "générosité", "don", ou "charité". Il est utilisé dans l'hindouisme, le bouddhisme et le jaïnisme.


History.

The airport was opened in 1951, replacing the Stamford Hill Aerodrome. The original name of the airport was Louis Botha International, named after the South African statesman. The airport maintained this name until 1994 when the political changes that came with that year in South Africa resulted in a change of name to Durban International Airport. While the airport served the domestic market well, the airport suffered from low international passenger numbers and a runway that was too short for a fully laden Boeing 747 to take off. Due to the short runway and the hub and spoke policy that was adopted in the 1990s (favouring OR Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg), Durban lost almost all of its international traffic.  Plans to move the airport to La Mercy, approximately north of Durban International Airport, were proposed and shelved numerous times between the 1970s and 2007, before construction of what was to become King Shaka International Airport began in September 2007. Construction of the new airport was completed in 2010, with Durban International Airport handling its final flight on 30 April 2010 and all flights transferring to King Shaka International Airport in a single, overnight move.

Plans.

The airport was used by the South African Air Force and the Police Air Wing during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, before being decommissioned.  Although it is currently unclear as to what the future usage of the airport site will be, it is widely expected that the site will be used for future industrial development. The site is located on a large parcel of flat land in the Durban South Industrial Basin, which is already home to much of the city's heavy industry; given Durban's generally very hilly terrain, such a large, flat parcel is ideal for future industrial development, port expansion, or both. Ownership of the airport was transferred from the Airports Company South Africa to Transnet in 2012, for the construction of a dig-out port. In 2017, it was reported that plans for the dig-out port had been placed on hold until "at least 2030".  No provision was made during the planning and construction of KSIA to accommodate the South African Air Force base at DIA, thus AFB Durban, 15 Squadron and related support units are still operating from this airport.

Durban International Airport (formerly Louis Botha Airport) was the international airport of Durban from 1951 until 2010, when it was replaced by King Shaka International Airport, to the north. The airport is co-located with AFB Durban.

L'Aéroport international de Durban (en anglais : "Durban International Airport"), précédemment nommé "Aéroport Louis Botha" est un aéroport qui desservait la ville de Durban, en Afrique du Sud.


Early life.

Tom Gorzelanny was born to Susan and Bob Gorzelanny in Evergreen Park, Illinois and grew up in Chicago and Oak Forest, Illinois. He graduated from Marist High School in 2000.

Professional career.

Pittsburgh Pirates.

Gorzelanny was drafted in the 38th round of the 2000 MLB Draft by the Chicago White Sox but chose to play college baseball rather than immediately pursuing a professional career. He redshirted in his first year at University of Kansas and posted 3–7 record with a 5.90 earned run average as a freshman with the Kansas Jayhawks. Gorzelanny was ruled academically ineligible prior to his sophomore season and transferred to Triton College, a community college in Illinois. He was drafted from Triton in the second round (45th overall) of the 2003 MLB Draft by the Pittsburgh Pirates.  Gorzelanny began his career in with the Double-A Altoona Curve. He made his Major League debut with the Pirates in September, starting against the Houston Astros and pitching 41⁄3 innings, receiving the loss. At the beginning of the season, he was optioned to Triple-A Indianapolis Indians. Gorzelanny was selected to play for the US team in the 2006 All-Star Futures Game, but was ineligible due to being called up by the Pirates. On June 29, 2006, the Pirates called Gorzelanny up to replace Oliver Pérez in the starting rotation. He made his season debut on July 1, 2006 against the Detroit Tigers. In 11 games, he was 2–5 with a 3.79 ERA.  Gorzelanny earned a regular spot in the rotation in the season. He was one of five players in the National League that would be chosen from a final fan vote for the last spot on the NL roster for the 2007 MLB All-Star Game. Gorzelanny went on to compile a 14–10 season for the Pirates, leading the Pirates in wins and finishing with over 200 innings and an ERA of 3.88.  In, Gorzelanny suffered from control problems with his pitches, walking 61 batters and giving up 99 hits in his first 872⁄3 innings of work. After a difficult start to the first half of the season, Gorzelanny was optioned to Triple-A Indianapolis in July. He was recalled to Pittsburgh several weeks later after a successful tenure in Indianapolis, but ultimately failed to regain his 2007 form. He finished the 2008 season 6–9 with a 6.66 ERA.  After Spring Training, Gorzelanny began the season at Triple-A Indianapolis. In May, he was recalled to pitch from the bullpen after injuries to the Pirates' roster. He was optioned back to Triple-A after several weeks with Pittsburgh. In nine appearances with Pittsburgh, he was 3–1 with a 5.19 ERA.

Chicago Cubs.

Gorzelanny was traded on July 30, 2009 to the Chicago Cubs along with John Grabow for Kevin Hart, José Ascanio, and minor league third baseman Josh Harrison, and assigned to the Chicago Cubs Triple-A affiliate, the Iowa Cubs. He was called up to start on August 4, 2009, and got his first win as a Cub. He went on to make seven starts for the Cubs, earning a record of 4–2 and ending the season in the bullpen. Between the Pirates and the Cubs, he was 7–3 with a 5.55 ERA in 2009.  In, Gorzelanny won a spot in the Cubs starting rotation. In late May, he was moved to the bullpen to accommodate the return of Carlos Zambrano to the Cubs rotation. On June 26, 2010, Cubs manager Lou Piniella announced that Zambrano would move back to the bullpen, and Gorzelanny would regain a spot in the Cubs rotation. Even after Zambrano made his second return to the rotation after undergoing anger management therapy, Gorzelanny kept his spot in the rotation. In 29 appearances, including 23 starts, in 2010, he was 7–9 with a 4.09 ERA.

Washington Nationals.

On January 17, 2011, the Washington Nationals acquired Gorzelanny from the Cubs for prospects Michael Burgess, A. J. Morris, and Graham Hicks. Gorzelanny became expendable to the Cubs after they traded for Matt Garza ten days earlier.  On May 28, 2011, Gorzelanny was placed on the 15-day disabled list with left elbow inflammation. After coming off the DL, he was less consistent and was removed from the rotation, and was used in long relief out of the bullpen. He started in 15 games for the Nationals and pitched in 15 more in 2011, compiling a 4–6 record and a 4.03 ERA.  In 2012, Gorzelanny pitched almost exclusively out of the Nationals bullpen; he started one game, the second to last game of the season, and received a no decision. In 45 appearances in 2012, 44 of them out of the bullpen, Gorzelanny was 4–2 with a 2.88 ERA over 72 innings.

Milwaukee Brewers.

On December 20, 2012, the Milwaukee Brewers and Gorzelanny agreed to a two-year contract. The deal became official on December 21, 2012. As of the 2013 All-Star Break, Gorzelanny was having the best season of his career, statistically speaking. He entered the break with a 1.88 ERA in 35 appearances, three of them starts.

Detroit Tigers.

On January 6, 2015, Gorzelanny signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Tigers. He was designated for assignment by the Tigers on July 3. Gorzelanny gave up 17 runs on 32 hits over 24 innings, walking 15 and striking out 19. Opponents batted.390 on balls put in play. On July 8, he was outrighted to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens.

Cleveland Indians.

Gorzelanny signed a minor league contract, that included an invitation to major league spring training, with the Cleveland Indians in December 2015. He opened the 2016 season with the Columbus Clippers, and was promoted to the major leagues on June 1. He was designated for assignment on July 4 and subsequently outrighted to Columbus on July 8. On July 9, Gorzelanny declined the outright assignment and became a free agent.

Baltimore Orioles.

On July 24, 2016, the Baltimore Orioles signed Gorzelanny to a minor league contract. He was released on August 13, 2016.

New York Mets.

On February 3, 2017 the New York Mets signed Gorzelanny to a minor league contract. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

Coaching career.

On January 28, 2019, Gorzelanny was named pitching coach of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes baseball team.

Pitching style.

Gorzelanny features five pitches: a four-seam fastball (89–92), a two-seam fastball (89–92), a changeup (84–86), a slider (79–82), and a curveball (78–81). Right-handed hitters see mostly a combination of the two-seamer and changeup, while left-handers see a mix of all of his pitches except the changeup.

Personal life.

Gorzelanny and his wife, Lindsey, welcomed their first child, a son named Gavin, on May 21, 2010.

Thomas Stephen Gorzelanny (born July 12, 1982) is a former American professional baseball pitcher who is currently the pitching coach for the University of Iowa. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Washington Nationals, Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians.

Thomas Stephen Gorzelanny (né le 12 juillet 1982 à Evergreen Park, Illinois, États-Unis) est un lanceur gaucher de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


History.

Founding.

The SSPV developed out of the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), the traditionalist organization founded by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. In 1983, Lefebvre expelled four priests (Fr. Clarence Kelly, Fr. Daniel Dolan, Fr. Anthony Cekada, and Fr. Eugene Berry) of the SSPX's Northeast USA District from the society, partly because they were opposed to his instructions that Mass be celebrated according to the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal issued by John XXIII. Other issues occasioning the split were Lefebvre's order that Society priests must accept the decrees of nullity handed down by diocesan marriage tribunals and the acceptance of new members into the group who had been ordained to the priesthood according to the revised sacramental rites of Pope Paul VI.  "The Nine" (the four expelled priests plus five who voluntarily left the SSPX) balked at Lefebvre's imposition of the 1962 missal which they believed included departures from the liturgical traditions of the Church (for example, adding the name of St. Joseph to the Canon of the Mass). A more basic reason was the belief amongst the Nine that the men who had reigned as pope since the death of Pope Pius XII (d. 1958) had not been legitimate popes (Canon 1325, no. 2, 1917), although Fr. Cekada later stated that "...[t]he 'pope question' was not raised at the time, and was not at issue." They held that these Popes had officially taught and/or accepted heretical doctrines and therefore had lost or never occupied the See of Rome (Canon 188, no. 4, 1917). Like the Society of St. Pius X, they believed that there had been novel interpretations of the traditional teachings of the Church on issues such as religious liberty. One of the Nine, Fr. Dolan, admitted that while a member of the SSPX, he had concluded that the See of Peter was vacant.  "The Nine" set up a new priestly society under the leadership of Fr. Clarence Kelly, their former District Superior. The eight priests were Frs. Thomas Zapp, Donald Sanborn, Anthony Cekada, Daniel Dolan, William Jenkins, Eugene Berry, Joseph Collins, and Martin Skierka. Additional priests joined shortly thereafter.  In keeping with their traditionalist position, in chapels operated by the society, women were required to wear head coverings; "slacks, short skirts, sleeveless or revealing clothing are forbidden."

Splits.

Within a few years, about half of the original nine SSPV priests separated from Fr. Kelly. Most of them formed an openly sedevacantist group, "Catholic Restoration", under the leadership of Frs. Dolan and Sanborn. Both were later consecrated as bishops in the episcopal lineage of the Vietnamese Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc Pierre Martin. The other priests founded independent ministries.  Fr. Cekada states that this resulted from the SSPV's intrinsic distrust of a centralized authority as existed in the SSPX, which makes the latter vulnerable to being "subverted with one stroke of a pen" to the Vatican. Rather than independent congregations being a weakness and something to be lamented, Cekada considers all such groups and priests taken together preferable to the SSPX, which has continued to hold negotiations with Rome and uses the 1962 Missal.

Episcopal orders.

On 19 October 1993, 86-year-old Bishop Alfredo Méndez-Gonzalez, who had served as Bishop of Arecibo, Puerto Rico, until his retirement in 1974, consecrated Fr. Kelly as a bishop at a ceremony in Carlsbad, California. Bishop Méndez had already publicly ordained two seminarians of the SSPV to the priesthood in 1990. Kelly's consecration was announced a few days after Bishop Méndez's death in 1995. The Roman Catholic Church considers Kelly's consecration illicit, i.e. not in conformity with canon law.  On Wednesday, 28 February 2007, Bishop Kelly consecrated Fr. Joseph Santay, CSPV, to the episcopacy at Oyster Bay Cove, New York.

Structures.

The SSPV currently has five permanent priories, and its priests serve a network of chapels, churches, and temporary worship locations in 12 states of the U.S. (as of 2013). It operates only in North America. The SSPV is not considered to have canonical status within the Catholic Church. SSPV opened Immaculate Heart Seminary, located on sixty-one acres of property in the Catskill Mountains of New York, in the fall of 1996. The Founder and Spiritual Father of the Congregation of St. Pius V is the Most Reverend Clarence Kelly. The first priest member of the Congregation, Father Joseph Santay, was ordained in 2001, and consecrated a Bishop in 2007.

Associated religious communities.

The "Daughters of Mary, Mother of Our Savior" are a congregation of Sisters founded by then-Fr. Kelly in 1984. Their congregation's motherhouse and novitiate are located in Round Top, New York, in the Catskill Mountains area. The Sisters have two additional houses in the United States (Melville, NY, and White Bear Lake, MN) where they run schools, and they are also involved in other types of charity work, such as visiting nursing homes. The current Mother General is Mother Mary Bosco.  The "Congregation of St. Pius V" (CSPV) is a Society of Common Life for priests and coadjutor brothers, founded by Bishop Kelly. CSPV was formed to provide a canonical structure for the incardination of priests and the affiliation of religious. The Congregation operates Immaculate Heart Seminary in Round Top, New York, for its candidates, under the direction of Bishop Joseph Santay, CSPV. The seminary's graduates are ordained by Bishops Kelly and/or Santay. As of 2018, the CSPV had 10 priest members including Bp. Santay and two Brothers.

The Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV; ), is a Traditionalist Catholic society of priests, formed in 1983 and based in Oyster Bay Cove, New York. The priests of SSPV broke away from the Society of St. Pius X over liturgical issues, and hold that many in the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church no longer adhere to the Catholic faith but instead profess a new, modernist, Conciliar religion. SSPV priests regard the questions of the legitimacy of the present hierarchy and the possibility that the Holy See is unoccupied (sedevacantism) to be unresolved. The SSPV is led by its founder, Bishop Clarence Kelly, and named after Pius V, who promulgated the Tridentine Mass.

La Société de Saint Pie V (abrégée en SSVP), aussi appelée la Fraternité Saint Pie V, est une organisation sédévacantiste qui a été fondée par d’anciens séminaristes et prêtres issus de la Fraternité sacerdotale Saint-Pie-X en 1983.


Concept.

The concept evolved in Ancient Greece, whereby a council of leading citizens was commonly empowered and contrasted with representative democracy, in which a council of citizens was appointed as the "senate" of a city state or other political unit. The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld. In the 1651 book "Leviathan", Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part only. It is a system in which only a small part of the population represents the government; "certain men distinguished from the rest". Modern depictions of aristocracy tend to regard it not as the ancient Greek concept of rule by the best, but more as an oligarchy or plutocracy—rule by the few or the wealthy.  The concept of aristocracy per Plato, has an ideal state ruled by the philosopher king. Plato describes these "philosopher kings" as "those who love the sight of truth" (Republic 475c) and supports the idea with the analogy of a captain and his ship or a doctor and his medicine. According to him, sailing and health are not things that everyone is qualified to practice by nature. A large part of the Republic then addresses how the educational system should be set up to produce these philosopher kings.

History.

Aristocracies dominated political and economic power for most of the medieval and modern periods almost everywhere in Europe, using their wealth, control of the best land, and control of their tenants to form a powerful political force. In the 19th century the rising middle class produced rich businessmen, many of whom use their money to buy into the aristocracy. However, after the 1830s, in country after country, the aristocracies tended to lose their historic dominance over wealth and political power. The French Revolution in the 1790s forced many aristocrats into exile, relieving them of their lands and power. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, however, the exiles returned but they never recovered all their lands and never wielded as much political power. Beginning with Britain, Belgium, and Germany, industrialization in the 19th century brought urbanization, with the wealth increasingly concentrated in the cities, which increasingly took political power. Before 1789, aristocracies were typically closely associated with the church, especially the Catholic Church, but in the 19th century wave after wave of attacks on the Catholics weakened that element of the aristocratic coalition. As late as 1900, aristocrats maintained political dominance in Britain, Germany, Austria and Russia, but it was more precarious. World War I had the effect of dramatically reducing the power of the aristocrats in all major countries. In Russia they were expelled by the Communists. After 1900, Liberal and socialist governments levied heavy taxes on landowners, spelling their loss of economic power.

Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία "aristokratía", from ἄριστος "" 'excellent', and κράτος, kratos 'rule') is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. The term derives from the Greek "aristokratia", meaning 'rule of the best'. In practice, aristocracy often leads to hereditary government, after which the hereditary monarch appoints officers as they see fit. However, the term was first used by ancient Greeks such as Aristotle and Plato, who used it to describe a system where only the best of the citizens, chosen through a careful process of selection, would become rulers, and hereditary rule would actually have been forbidden, unless the rulers' children performed best and were better endowed with the attributes that make a person fit to rule compared with every other citizen in the polity. Hereditary rule is more related to Oligarchy, a corrupted form of Aristocracy where there is rule by a few, but not by the best. Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Xenophon and the Spartans considered Aristocracy (the ideal form of rule by the few) to be inherently better than the ideal form of rule by the many (Democracy), but they also considered the corrupted form of Aristocracy (Oligarchy) to be worse than the corrupted form of Democracy (Mob Rule). This belief was rooted in the assumption that the masses could only produce average policy, while the best of men could produce the best policy, if they were indeed the best of men.

Une aristocratie est un régime politique dans lequel le pouvoir est officiellement détenu par une élite minoritaire mais dominante : caste, noblesse ou classe sociale, représentants élus ou cooptés, élite intellectuelle ou technocratique, voire philosophique. On désigne également par "aristocratie" les membres de cette élite, que ce soit des nobles ou des élus, des notables ou des riches, une "nomenklatura" ou un "establishment", ou tout autre forme d'élite visible ou cachée.


Publication.

Dr. Samuel Johnson, one of Goldsmith's closest friends, told how "The Vicar of Wakefield" came to be sold for publication:  The novel was "The Vicar of Wakefield", and Johnson had sold it to Francis Newbery, a nephew of John. Newbery "kept it by him for nearly two years unpublished".  It was later illustrated by English illustrator Arthur Rackham (1867–1939) for the 1929 edition.

Plot summary.

The Vicar – Dr. Charles Primrose – lives an idyllic life in a country parish with his wife Deborah, son George, daughters Olivia and Sophia, and three other children. He is wealthy due to investing an inheritance he received from a deceased relative, and he donates the £35 that his job pays annually to local orphans and war veterans. On the evening of George's wedding to wealthy Arabella Wilmot, the Vicar loses all his money through the bankruptcy of his merchant investor who has left town abruptly.  The wedding is called off by Arabella's father, who is known for his prudence with money. George, who was educated at Oxford and is old enough to be considered an adult, is sent away to town. The rest of the family move to a new and more humble parish on the land of Squire Thornhill, who is known to be a womanizer. On the way, they hear about the dubious reputation of their new landlord. Also, references are made to the squire's uncle Sir William Thornhill, who is known throughout the country for his worthiness and generosity.  A poor and eccentric friend, Mr. Burchell, whom they meet at an inn, rescues Sophia from drowning. She is instantly attracted to him, but her ambitious mother does not encourage her feelings.  Then follows a period of happy family life, interrupted only by regular visits of the dashing Squire Thornhill and Mr. Burchell. Olivia is captivated by Thornhill's hollow charm; but he also encourages the social ambitions of Mrs. Primrose and her daughters to a ludicrous degree.  Finally, Olivia is reported to have fled. First Burchell is suspected, but after a long pursuit Dr. Primrose finds his daughter, who was in fact deceived by Squire Thornhill. He planned to marry her in a mock ceremony and leave her then shortly after, as he had done with several women before.  When Olivia and her father return home, they find their house in flames. Although the family has lost almost all their belongings, the evil Squire Thornhill insists on the payment of the rent. As the vicar cannot pay, he is brought to prison.  A series of dreadful developments follows. The vicar's daughter, Olivia, is reported dead, Sophia is abducted, and George too is sent to prison in chains and covered with blood, as he had challenged Thornhill to a duel when he had heard about his wickedness.  Then Mr. Burchell arrives and solves all problems. He rescues Sophia, Olivia is not dead, and it emerges that Mr. Burchell is in reality the worthy Sir William Thornhill, who travels through the country in disguise. In the end, there is a double wedding: George marries Arabella, as he originally intended, and Sir William Thornhill marries Sophia. Squire Thornhill's servant turns out to have tricked him, and what the Squire thought to be a sham marriage of himself and Olivia is in fact valid. Finally, even the wealth of the vicar is restored, as the bankrupt merchant is reported found.

Structure and narrative technique.

The book consists of 32 chapters which fall into three parts:  Chapter 17, when Olivia is reported to be fled, can be regarded as the climax as well as an essential turning point of the novel. From chapter 17 onward it changes from a comical account of eighteenth-century country life into a pathetic melodrama with didactic traits.  There are quite a few interpolations of different literary genres, such as poems, histories or sermons, which widen the restricted view of the first person narrator and serve as didactic fables.  The novel can be regarded as a "fictitious memoir", as it is told by the vicar himself by retrospection.

Main characters.

Charles Primrose.

He is the vicar in the title, and the narrator of the story. He presents one of the most harmlessly simple and unsophisticated yet also ironically complex figures ever to appear in English fiction. He has a mild, forgiving temper, as seen when he forgives his daughter Olivia with open arms. He is a loving husband and a father of six healthy, blooming children. However, though he usually has a sweet, benevolent temper, he can sometimes be a bit silly, stubborn, or vain. For instance, he is obsessed with a particularly obscure, and not very important, matter of church doctrine. One of his "favourite topics", he declares, is matrimony, and explains that he is proud of being "a strict monogamist." He tactlessly adheres to his "principles" in the face of a violent disagreement with the neighbour who was soon to become his son's father-in-law: he "...was called out by one of my relations, who, with a face of concern, advised me to give up the dispute, at least till my son's wedding was over." However, he angrily cries that he will not "relinquish the cause of truth," and hotly says, "You might as well advise me to give up my fortune as my argument." This is ironic, as he immediately finds out that his fortune is actually almost nothing. This makes Mr. Wilmot break off the intended marriage with Mr. Primrose's son George and Miss Arabella Wilmot, and thus his son's happiness is almost shattered. He is sometimes proud of what he fancies is his ability at arguing, and often misjudges his family's supposed friends and neighbors. However, despite all his faults, he is affectionate, faithful, loving, patient, and essentially good-natured.

Deborah Primrose.

Dr Charles Primrose's wife. She is faithful, if still rather independent-minded. She has some vanity of her own, however: she has a "passion" for clothes, and is seen making a "wash" (a sort of lotion) for her girls. She is also eager to see her daughters splendidly married, and this ambition sometimes blinds her. Dr Charles Primrose refers to her wife as "a good-natured notable woman; and as for breeding, there were few country ladies who could shew (show) more. She could read any English book without much spelling, but for pickling, preserving, and cookery, none could excel her." She is even prouder of her children than her husband, especially her beautiful girls.

Olivia and Sophia Primrose.

Their father originally wished to name each after their aunt Grissel, but other considerations prevented him. They are affectionate, generally dutiful daughters. Of his daughters, the vicar claims, "Olivia...had that luxuriancy of beauty with which painters generally draw Hebe; open, sprightly, and commanding... Sophia's features were not so striking at first; but often did more certain execution; for they were soft, modest, and alluring. The one vanquished by a single blow, the other by efforts successfully repeated...Olivia wished for many lovers, Sophia to secure one. Olivia was often affected from too great a desire to please. Sophia even represt (repressed) excellence from her fears to offend." They both alike reflect their father's nature of being good-hearted, though prone to occasional fault; Olivia runs away with Mr. Thornhill in a rush of impetuous passion, and even the more sensible Sophia joins in with making "a wash" for herself and dressing up in fancy clothes.

Reception.

In literary history books, "The Vicar of Wakefield" is often described as a sentimental novel, which displays the belief in the innate goodness of human beings. But it can also be read as a satire on the sentimental novel and its values, as the vicar's values are apparently not compatible with the real "sinful" world. It is only with Sir William Thornhill's help that he can get out of his calamities. Moreover, an analogy can be drawn between Mr. Primrose's suffering and the Book of Job. This is particularly relevant to the question of why evil exists.  The novel is mentioned in George Eliot's "Middlemarch", Stendhal's "The Life of Henry Brulard", Arthur Schopenhauer's "The Art of Being Right", Jane Austen's "Emma", Charles Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities" and "David Copperfield", Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein", Sarah Grand's "The Heavenly Twins", Charlotte Brontë's "The Professor" and "Villette", Louisa May Alcott's "Little Women" and in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther", as well as his "Dichtung und Wahrheit". Goethe wrote: “Now Herder came, and together with his great knowledge brought many other aids and the later publications besides. Among these he announced to us the "Vicar of Wakefield" as an excellent work, with a German translation of which he would make us acquainted by reading it aloud to us himself.... A Protestant country clergyman is, perhaps the most beatific subject for a modern idyl; he appears, like Melchizedek, as priest and king in one person.” "The Autobiography of Johann Goethe", p. 368ff

Adaptations.

Silent film adaptations of the novel were produced in 1910, in 1913, and in 1916.  (plain text and HTML)

The Vicar of Wakefield – subtitled A Tale, Supposed to be written by Himself – is a novel by Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774). It was written from 1761 to 1762 and published in 1766. It was one of the most popular and widely read 18th-century novels among Victorians.

Le Vicaire de Wakefield (ou "Le Ministre de Wakefield") est un roman d'Oliver Goldsmith écrit en 1761 et 1762, puis publié en 1766.


Life.

He was born on 16 November 1819 at the King's Mews, Charing Cross, was only child of Stephen Pearce, clerk in the department of the master of horse, and Ann Whittington. He was trained at Sass's Academy in Charlotte Street, and at the Royal Academy schools, 1840, and in 1841 became a pupil of Sir Martin Archer Shee. From 1842 to 1846, he acted as amanuensis to Charles Lever, and he afterwards visited Italy. Paintings by him of favourite horses in the royal mews (transferred in 1825 to Buckingham Palace) were exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1839 and 1841, and from 1849, on his return from Italy, till 1885 he contributed numerous portraits and equestrian paintings to Burlington House. Early friendship with Sir John Barrow, keeper of the admiralty records, brought Pearce a commission to paint 'The Arctic Council discussing a plan of search for Sir John Franklin.' This work was completed in 1851 and depicted several noted explorers of the Royal Navy, all experienced in sailing Arctic waters, including Back. It was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1853, and was engraved by James Scott. Pearce's painting increased the public interest in Franklin's fate. Pearce also painted for Barrow half-length portraits of Sir Robert McClure, Sir Leopold McClintock, Sir George Nares, and Captain Penny in their Arctic dress, and a series of small portraits of other arctic explorers. Lady Franklin commissioned a similar series, which passed at her death to Miss Cracroft, her husband's niece. All these pictures are in the National Portrait Gallery, to which Barrow and Miss Cracroft respectively bequeathed them. Pearce's other sitters included Barrow himself (for the Royal Society), Sir Francis Beaufort, Sir James Clark Ross (for Greenwich Hospital), Sir Edward Sabine, Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Charles Lever, Sims Reeves, Sir Erasmus Wilson (Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, Westgate-on-Sea, copied for the Royal College of Surgeons), and the seventh Duke of Bedford. Pearce was also widely known as a painter of equestrian presentation portraits and groups, the most important of which is the large landscape 'Coursing at Ashdown Park,' completed in 1869, and presented by the coursers of the United Kingdom to the Earl of Craven. For this picture, which measures ten feet long and contains about sixty equestrian portraits, including the Earl and Countess of Craven and members of the family, the Earls of Bective and Sefton, Lord and Lady Grey de Wilton, the artist received 1000 guineas and 200 guineas for the copyright. Pearce painted equestrian portraits of many masters of foxhounds and harriers, as well as of the Earl of Coventry, Sir Richard and Lady Glyn, and of Mr. Burton on 'Kingsbridge' and Captain H. Coventry on 'Alcibiade,' winners of the Grand National. Pearce retired from general practice in and from active work in 1888. He contributed ninety-nine subjects to the Academy exhibitions, and about thirty of his pictures were engraved by J. Scott, C. Mottram, and others. His portraits, almost entirely of men, are accurate likenesses, and his horses and dogs are well drawn. The earlier paintings are somewhat tight in execution, with a tendency to over-emphasis of shadow, but the later pictures are freer in style. Pearce's somewhat naive 'Memories of the Past,' published by him in 1903, contains nineteen reproductions from his paintings, a list of subjects painted, biographical and some technical notes. He died on 31 January 1904 at Sussex Gardens, W. London, and was buried at the Old Town cemetery, Eastbourne. A portrait of himself he bequeathed to the National Portrait Gallery.

Family.

He married in 1858 Matilda Jane Cheswright, who survived him with five sons.

Stephen Pearce (16 November 1819 – 31 January 1904) was a portrait and equestrian painter. Forty-four portraits which he painted are in the National Portrait Gallery in London, which also contains two self-portraits.

Stephen Pearce, né à Londres en 1819 et mort en 1904, était un peintre britannique notable pour ses portraits et portraits équestres. Quarante-quatre d'entre eux se trouvent dans la National Portrait Gallery de Londres, qui contient également deux de ses autoportraits.


Playing career.

Kansas City Royals (2000–2006).

Bass, a graduate of Robert E. Lee High School in Montgomery, Alabama, was selected by the Kansas City Royals in the 6th round (164th overall) of the 2000 Major League Baseball draft.  After signing with the Royals, Bass played for the Rookie League Gulf Coast Royals in. He went 3–5 with a 3.89 ERA. Bass also made one start at the Single-A level for the Charleston Alley Cats.  In, Bass played for the Single-A Burlington Bees. Making 26 starts, he had a 4.65 ERA and went 3–10; his 10 losses are still an all-time high for him. Bass played the entire season for the Bees again, improving his performance on the previous season, making 20 starts and finishing 5–7 with a 3.83 ERA.  Bass had the best season of his minor league career in while playing for the Single-A Wilmington Blue Rocks. Making 26 starts, he went 9–8 with a 2.84 ERA. He was third on the team in wins (9), second in the team in games started (26) and innings pitched (152), and led the team in strikeouts with 119. On August 6, against the Winston-Salem Warthogs, Bass came within one out of a no-hitter. "Baseball America" named Bass as the Royals 8th best prospect.  Bass went winless in while playing for the Rookie League Arizona Royals and the Double-A Wichita Wranglers. Losing a combined 5 games, he had a 5.94 ERA in 14 starts. In, while playing for the Wranglers again, Bass had a 12–8 record and a 5.24 ERA.  In, Bass split the season between the Arizona Royals, the Wichita Wranglers, and the Triple-A Omaha Royals. Making a combined 15 starts in 16 games, Bass went 6–7 with a 5.70 ERA. Bass became a minor league free agent after the season.

Minnesota Twins (2007–2008).

Bass, after leaving the Royals organization, signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins for the season. Bass played the entire season for the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings. Bass made 10 starts and 27 relief appearances, finishing the season 7–3 with a 3.48 ERA. Included in his 10 starts was a complete game shutout, the second in his career and the first since 2001. Bass became a minor league free agent after the season; but, was re-signed by the Twins to a major league contract on November 29,.  Bass won a long relief role out of spring training with the Minnesota Twins. He made his major league debut on April 1 against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, pitching 1.2 innings in relief in a 9–1 loss. Bass appeared in 44 games as a reliever for the Twins, going 3–4 with an ERA of 4.87 with one save before being sent outright to the minors on August 20.

Baltimore Orioles (2008–2009).

He was traded to the Baltimore Orioles on September 5,, for a PTBNL or cash considerations.  On December 12, 2009, Bass was non-tendered by the Baltimore Orioles making him a free agent.

Pittsburgh Pirates (2010).

On January 12, 2010, Bass signed a minor-league contract with Pittsburgh which included an invitation to spring training. He appeared in four games and was designated for assignment on September 13.

Philadelphia Phillies (2011).

The Philadelphia Phillies signed Bass to a minor league contract after he had become a free agent following the 2010 season. On January 6, 2011, the Phillies invited Bass to major league camp at spring training.

Hanwha Eagles (2012).

Bass signed with the Hanwha Eagles of the Korea Baseball Organization for the 2012 season. However, he was sent to their minor leagues and released after just a few games.

Houston Astros (2012).

On May 27, 2012, Bass signed with the Houston Astros. He was assigned to the Oklahoma City RedHawks.

Camden Riversharks (2013).

In April 2013, Bass signed with the Camden Riversharks. Bass retired on July 6, 2013.

Coaching career.

On October 9, 2013, Bass accepted the pitching coach job at Stevenson University.

Brian Michael Bass (born January 6, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher and current pitching coach for the Stevenson University Mustangs in addition to offering private pitching instructions. He played for the Minnesota Twins, Baltimore Orioles, and Pittsburgh Pirates in Major League Baseball.

Brian Michael Bass (né le à Pinehurst, Caroline du Nord, États-Unis) est un lanceur droitier des Ligues majeures de baseball sous contrat avec les Astros de Houston.


Biography.

Crisanto Luque Sánchez was born in Tenjo to Heliodoro Luque and Natalia Sáchez. After studying in Tabio, he attended the Major Seminary of Bogotá, alongside his future successor as Archbishop of the same, Luis Concha Córdoba. Luque was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Bernardo Herrera Restrepo on October 28, 1916, and then did pastoral work in Bogotá until 1931. During that period, he served as a hospital chaplain, vicar, and pastor.  On January 16, 1931, Luque was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Tunja and Titular Bishop of "Croae". He received his episcopal consecration on the following May 3 from Archbishop Paolo Giobbe, with Bishops José Ignacio López Umana and Luis Adriano Díaz serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Bogotá. Luque served as Vicar General and Apostolic Administrator before becoming Bishop of Tunja on September 9, 1932. He was later named Archbishop of Bogotá on July 14, 1950. On that same date, he was also made the first Apostolic Vicar of the Colombian Military Ordinariate.  Pope Pius XII created him Cardinal Priest of "Santi Cosma e Damiano" in the consistory of January 12, 1953. Luque, the first Colombian cardinal, was papal legate to the third National Marian Congress in 1954, and attended the first general conference of the Latin American Episcopal Conference in 1955. In 1951, he formally asked the Ministry of Education to remove José Rodriguez's paintings, which contained nude subjects, from the National Museum. Luque also played a prominent role in the civil and political crisis that affected his country from 1949 to 1958, and participated in the 1958 papal conclave that selected Pope John XXIII.  An opponent of President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, the Colombian primate condemned Rojas' "Third Force" political movement, and denounced an oath of loyalty he demanded from his political party in June 1957 as "illicit" and his party "dangerous". To the military junta that replaced Rojas, he also threatened to withdraw the Church's support if it did not turn over power in free elections. Luque warned his flock of incurring excommunication for sending their children to Protestant-run high schools, which were considered to be of high quality.  The Cardinal died from a pulmonary hemorrhage in Bogotá, at age 70. He is buried in the metropolitan cathedral of that same city.

Crisanto Luque Sánchez (February 1, 1889 – May 7, 1959) was a Colombian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Bogotá from 1950 to 1959, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.

Crisanto Luque Sánchez (né le à Tenjo et mort le à Bogota) fut archevêque de Bogotá et premier cardinal colombien de l'Église catholique romaine.


Oxyde mixte de baryum, de cuivre et d'yttrium

History.

In April 1986, Georg Bednorz and Karl Müller, working at IBM in Zurich, discovered that certain semiconducting oxides became superconducting at relatively high temperature, in particular, a lanthanum barium copper oxide becomes superconducting at 35 K. This oxide was an oxygen-deficient perovskite-related material that proved promising and stimulated the search for related compounds with higher superconducting transition temperatures. In 1987, Bednorz and Müller were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.  Following Bednorz and Müller's work, in 1987 Maw-Kuen Wu (at the University of Alabama in Huntsville) and Chu Ching-wu (at the University of Houston) and their graduate students Ashburn and Torng, discovered that YBCO has a superconducting transition critical temperature ("T", which must not be confused with the Curie temperature) of 93 K. The first samples were YBaCuO; but this was an average composition for two phases, a black and a green one. To identify the phases, Chu turned to Dave Mao and Robert Hazen at the Geophysical Laboratory in the Carnegie Institution of Washington. They found that the black one (which turned out to be the superconductor) had the composition YBaCuO. The article reporting this material led to rapid discovery of several new high-temperature superconducting materials, ushering in a new era in material science and chemistry.  YBCO was the first material found to become superconducting above 77 K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. All materials developed before 1986 became superconducting only at temperatures near the boiling points of liquid helium ("T" = 4.2 K) or liquid hydrogen ("T" = 20.3 K) — the highest being NbGe at 23 K. The significance of the discovery of YBCO is the much lower cost of the refrigerant used to cool the material to below the critical temperature.

Synthesis.

Relatively pure YBCO was first synthesized by heating a mixture of the metal carbonates at temperatures between 1000 and 1300 K.  Modern syntheses of YBCO use the corresponding oxides and nitrates.  The superconducting properties of YBaCuO are sensitive to the value of "x", its oxygen content. Only those materials with 0 ≤ "x" ≤ 0.65 are superconducting below "T", and when "x" ~ 0.07, the material superconducts at the highest temperature of 95 K, or in highest magnetic fields: 120 T for B perpendicular and 250 T for B parallel to the CuO planes.  In addition to being sensitive to the stoichiometry of oxygen, the properties of YBCO are influenced by the crystallization methods used. Care must be taken to sinter YBCO. YBCO is a crystalline material, and the best superconductive properties are obtained when crystal grain boundaries are aligned by careful control of annealing and quenching temperature rates.  Numerous other methods to synthesize YBCO have developed since its discovery by Wu and his co-workers, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel, and aerosol methods. These alternative methods, however, still require careful sintering to produce a quality product.  However, new possibilities have been opened since the discovery that trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a source of fluorine, prevents the formation of the undesired barium carbonate (BaCO). Routes such as CSD (chemical solution deposition) have opened a wide range of possibilities, particularly in the preparation of long YBCO tapes. This route lowers the temperature necessary to get the correct phase to around 700 °C. This, and the lack of dependence on vacuum, makes this method a very promising way to get scalable YBCO tapes.

Structure.

YBCO crystallizes in a defect perovskite structure consisting of layers. The boundary of each layer is defined by planes of square planar CuO units sharing 4 vertices. The planes can sometimes be slightly puckered. Perpendicular to these CuO planes are CuO ribbons sharing 2 vertices. The yttrium atoms are found between the CuO planes, while the barium atoms are found between the CuO ribbons and the CuO planes. This structural feature is illustrated in the figure to the right. Although YBaCuO is a well-defined chemical compound with a specific structure and stoichiometry, materials with fewer than seven oxygen atoms per formula unit are non-stoichiometric compounds. The structure of these materials depends on the oxygen content. This non-stoichiometry is denoted by the x in the chemical formula YBaCuO. When "x" = 1, the O(1) sites in the Cu(1) layer are vacant and the structure is tetragonal. The tetragonal form of YBCO is insulating and does not superconduct. Increasing the oxygen content slightly causes more of the O(1) sites to become occupied. For "x" < 0.65, Cu-O chains along the "b" axis of the crystal are formed. Elongation of the "b" axis changes the structure to orthorhombic, with lattice parameters of "a" = 3.82, "b" = 3.89, and "c" = 11.68 Å. Optimum superconducting properties occur when "x" ~ 0.07, i.e., almost all of the O(1) sites are occupied, with few vacancies.  In experiments where other elements are substituted on the Cu and Ba sites, evidence has shown that conduction occurs in the Cu(2)O planes while the Cu(1)O(1) chains act as charge reservoirs, which provide carriers to the CuO planes. However, this model fails to address superconductivity in the homologue Pr123 (praseodymium instead of yttrium). This (conduction in the copper planes) confines conductivity to the "a"-"b" planes and a large anisotropy in transport properties is observed. Along the "c" axis, normal conductivity is 10 times smaller than in the "a"-"b" plane. For other cuprates in the same general class, the anisotropy is even greater and inter-plane transport is highly restricted.  Furthermore, the superconducting length scales show similar anisotropy, in both penetration depth (λ ≈ 150 nm, λ ≈ 800 nm) and coherence length, (ξ ≈ 2 nm, ξ ≈ 0.4 nm). Although the coherence length in the "a"-"b" plane is 5 times greater than that along the "c" axis it is quite small compared to classic superconductors such as niobium (where ξ ≈ 40 nm). This modest coherence length means that the superconducting state is more susceptible to local disruptions from interfaces or defects on the order of a single unit cell, such as the boundary between twinned crystal domains. This sensitivity to small defects complicates fabricating devices with YBCO, and the material is also sensitive to degradation from humidity.

Proposed applications.

Many possible applications of this and related high temperature superconducting materials have been discussed. For example, superconducting materials are finding use as magnets in magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic levitation, and Josephson junctions. (The most used material for power cables and magnets is BSCCO.)  YBCO has yet to be used in many applications involving superconductors for two primary reasons:  The most promising method developed to utilize this material involves deposition of YBCO on flexible metal tapes coated with buffering metal oxides. This is known as. Texture (crystal plane alignment) can be introduced into the metal tape (the RABiTS process) or a textured ceramic buffer layer can be deposited, with the aid of an ion beam, on an untextured alloy substrate (the IBAD process). Subsequent oxide layers prevent diffusion of the metal from the tape into the superconductor while transferring the template for texturing the superconducting layer. Novel variants on CVD, PVD, and solution deposition techniques are used to produce long lengths of the final YBCO layer at high rates. Companies pursuing these processes include American Superconductor, Superpower (a division of Furukawa Electric), Sumitomo, Fujikura, Nexans Superconductors, Commonwealth Fusion Systems, and European Advanced Superconductors. A much larger number of research institutes have also produced YBCO tape by these methods.  The superconducting tape may be the key to a tokamak fusion reactor design that can achieve breakeven energy production. YBCO is often categorized as a rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO).

Surface modification.

Surface modification of materials has often led to new and improved properties. Corrosion inhibition, polymer adhesion and nucleation, preparation of organic superconductor/insulator/high-"T" superconductor trilayer structures, and the fabrication of metal/insulator/superconductor tunnel junctions have been developed using surface-modified YBCO.  These molecular layered materials are synthesized using cyclic voltammetry. Thus far, YBCO layered with alkylamines, arylamines, and thiols have been produced with varying stability of the molecular layer. It has been proposed that amines act as Lewis bases and bind to Lewis acidic Cu surface sites in YBaCuO to form stable coordination bonds.

Hobbyist use.

Shortly after it was discovered, the U.K. Journal "New Scientist" published the "recipe" for synthesizing YBCO by Heidi Grant (daughter of author Paul Grant, and herself a high-school student at the time of publication) with tools and equipment available in a high-school science laboratory of the time in their 30 July 1987 edition. Thanks to this and other publications at the time, YBCO has become a popular high-temperature superconductor for use by hobbyists and in education, as the magnetic levitation effect can be easily demonstrated using liquid nitrogen as coolant.

Yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) is a family of crystalline chemical compounds, famous for displaying high-temperature superconductivity. It includes the first material ever discovered to become superconducting above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K) at about 92 K. Many YBCO compounds have the general formula YBaCuO (also known as Y123), although materials with other Y:Ba:Cu ratios exist, such as YBaCuO (Y124) or YBaCuO (Y247). At present, there is no singularly recognised theory for high-temperature superconductivity.

Les oxydes mixtes de baryum, de cuivre et d'yttrium ou YBaCuO ou YBCO sont des composés chimiques cristallins de formule. Ils sont particulièrement connus pour avoir été les premiers matériaux supraconducteurs à température supérieure à celle de l'azote liquide () et donc les premiers supraconducteurs dits « à haute température ». Ils ont été découverts en 1986 par Johannes Georg Bednorz et Karl Alexander Müller.