Tourism.

Tourism and fishing in Kilifi are major economic activities due to its proximity to the Indian Ocean. The county has some of the best beaches and popular resorts and hotels. Other attractions include historical sites such as the Mnarani ruins that date back to between the fourteenth and seventeenth century.

Trade and Commerce.

The county has a strong industrial sector with the Mabati Rolling Mill and the Athi River Cement Factory contributing heavily to the region’s economy both in employment provision and income generation.

Agriculture.

Opportunities exist in agriculture, particularly dairy and crop farming thanks to fertile soils and a good weather pattern. The Kilifi County Minister for Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries is Mwalimu Menza. The county had a successful cashew nut milling industry and opportunities exist in its revival.

Demographic.

Kilifi county has a total population of 1,453,787 of which 704,089 are males,749,673 females and 25 intersex persons. There are 298,472 household with an average household size of 4.4 persons per household and a population density 116 people per square kilometre.  Source

Administrative and Political Units.

Administrative Units.

There are seven sub counties, thirty five county assembly wards and fifty two locations.

Constituencies.

The county has seven constituencies: Bahari Constituency which was formed 1988 was disbanded in 2013 by creation of two new constituencies, Kilifi North Constituency and Kilifi South Constituency

Political Leadership.

Amason Jeffa Kingi is the Governor and serving his last term after being elected twice 2013, 2017 and his deputised by Gideon Edmund Saburi. Stewart Mwachiru Shadrack Madzayo is the senator since 2013. Gertrude Mbeyu Mwanyanje is the women representative and came into office in 2017. First women representative Aisha Jumwa decided to for member of parliament in 201.  For Kilif County, the County Executive Committee comprises of:-  Source

Education.

The are 1071 ECD centres 757 primary schools and 178 secondary schools, 13 Youth Polytechnics, 280 adult education centres.  Source

Health.

The are a total of 235 health facilities in the county with one county referral hospital.  Source

Transport and Communication.

The county is covered by 3,678.6 Km of road network. of this 2,230.9 km is covered by earth surface, 1,091.5 km is murram surface and 356.2 km is covered by bitumen.  There are 7 Post Offices with 6,800 installed letter boxes, 6,120 rented letter boxes and 680 vacant letter boxes.

Kilifi County is a county of Kenya. It was formed in 2010 as a result of a merger of Kilifi District and Malindi District. Its capital is Kilifi and its largest town is Malindi. The county has a population of 1,453,787. It covers an area of.

Le comté de Kilifi est un des 47 comtés du Kenya et un des six comtés issus de l'ancienne province de la côte. Situé sur la « côte Nord » du Kenya, son chef-lieu est Kilifi.


Plot.

Widower Jordan Blake (Bing Crosby) is a successful Broadway producer and songwriter, but he has been neglecting his teenaged children, Jerry (Robert Arthur) and Barbara (Natalie Wood).  In rehearsal with star and girlfriend Carolina Hill (Jane Wyman), he keeps Jerry waiting, then dismisses a song his son has written as trite. Jordan is also unaware that Jerry is hopelessly in love with Carolina, who has wedding plans of her own...but to Jordan.  Then when daughter Barbara ends up in night court with her governess, who has been arrested for a drunken disagreement with a police officer, Jordan realizes he needs to spend more time with his kids.  At the urging of Carolina, he takes both to a resort, not far from a finishing school that Barbara would love to attend. Without realizing that Alida De Bronkhart (Ethel Barrymore) is the headmistress there, Jordan tries to learn from Alida the best way to get a girl accepted at the exclusive school. He also performs an old vaudeville song for the trustees, causing his daughter great embarrassment.  Carolina has a heart-to-heart talk with young Jerry about being in love. He mistakenly believes Carolina means him when she mentions her intention to marry. Jerry is crushed when he learns on the radio that Carolina is engaged to his father. Heartbroken, he enlists in the Air Force and leaves home.  Time goes by. In wartime, Jordan does his part by performing on a USO tour of Alaska. He speaks from the heart about the highs and lows of raising children, unaware that his son is in the audience. They, along with Carolina, are eventually reunited.

Reception.

The film had its New York premiere at the Capitol Theater on October 8, 1952.  Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" was not impressed. "Bing Crosby's well-known reputation as an amiable father of boys may have no bearing whatsoever on his new picture, “Just for You,” but it is notable that, in this song-plugged fable, he plays a father who has trouble with his son...Put this one down as an endeavor in a generous cause that fails to come off entirely because it lacks sharp direction—and a script. Elliott Nugent's staging and pacing is as rigid and uninspired as the stiff and conventional plotting in Mr. Carson's script. And the songs and song numbers, while pleasant, are nothing to set the screen on fire."  "Variety" was much happier with it at the New York preview. ""Just for You", a Bing Crosby-Jane Wyman musical which Paramount has set for national release in September, should prove a stout factor in bringing back that “lost audience.” For this Technicolor film has a rousing, melodic score and a logical story well acted by a fine cast. With such basic ingredients, the picture will not only satisfy the “under 35” trade but will recapture some of the older public who have temporarily lost the film-going habit...With fine material to work with, Crosby socks across one of his best portrayals."

Soundtrack.

All the music was composed by Harry Warren with lyrics by Leo Robin.  In addition to the songs featured in the film, two others were written for it. They were "Spring Fever" and "A Flight of Fancy"; they were used on the soundtrack as part of the background music.  Bing Crosby recorded six of the songs for Decca Records and these were issued on a 10" LP titled Selections from the Paramount Picture "Just for You". “Zing a Little Zong” was in the Billboard charts for six weeks with a peak position of #18. Crosby's songs were also included in the Bing's Hollywood series.

Just for You is a 1952 American musical film starring Bing Crosby and Jane Wyman and the final motion picture to be directed by Elliott Nugent. It was nominated for two Academy Awards in 1953. The film was based on the book "Famous" by Stephen Vincent Benét. Filming took place between October 22 and December 20, 1951. It is said that Judy Garland had originally been sent a script as she was being considered for the female lead, but she apparently decided not to proceed with the project. Location scenes were filmed at Lake Arrowhead, near San Bernardino, California and at Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino National Forest.

Pour vous, mon amour (titre original : "Just for You") est un film musical américain réalisé par Elliott Nugent, sorti en 1952.


History.

Robert Hodgen, a Pennsylvania native who moved to Virginia, purchased of land in the vicinity. In 1789, after the Revolutionary War, when settlers started moving west into Kentucky, he built a mill at the site. After his death, the community that developed around it was called "Hodgenville" upon the petition of his widow and children. The United States post office at the site, however, was known as "Hodgensville" from 1826 to 1904.  The city was formally incorporated by the state assembly on February 18, 1836.  Abraham Lincoln was born in a small cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville on February 12, 1809. About two years later, the family moved to another farm in the Hodgenville area. Despite claims made later, the cabin Lincoln was born in was likely destroyed by the time of his assassination.  The Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park labels the replica cabin, which was built thirty years after his death, the "Traditional Lincoln Birthplace Cabin". The significance of the two Hodgenville sites (birthplace and boyhood home) are found in the setting. Preservation of these two national sites allows visitors to see the landscape of the earliest period of Abraham Lincoln's life. The Lincoln Museum is opened for visitors downtown, and two bronze Abraham Lincoln statues stand at the town square, one of Lincoln as a child, the other as an adult.

Geography.

Hodgenville is in central LaRue County, in the valley of the North Fork of the Nolin River, a west- and south-flowing tributary of the Green River. It is southeast of Elizabethtown via Kentucky Route 61. U.S. Route 31E passes through the center of Hodgenville, leading northeast to Bardstown and south to Glasgow.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Hodgenville has a total area of, of which, or 0.16%, are water.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hodgenville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,874 people, 1,235 households, and 781 families living in the city. The population density was 1,667.7 people per square mile (645.1/km2). There were 1,349 housing units at an average density of 782.8 per square mile (302.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.64% White, 11.27% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.35% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.  There were 1,235 households out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% were married couples living together, 18.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.76.  The age distribution was 22.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $25,132, and the median income for a family was $37,125. Males had a median income of $30,678 versus $18,095 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,794. About 16.9% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Hodgenville has a lending library, the LaRue County Public Library.

Notable people.

These are people who were born, raised, or lived in Hodgenville.

Hodgenville is a home rule-class city in LaRue County, Kentucky, United States. It is the seat of its county. Hodgenville sits along the North Fork of the Nolin River. The population was 3,206 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Elizabethtown metropolitan area.

Hodgenville est une ville de du comté de LaRue dans le Kentucky, aux États-Unis. Elle est le siège de son comté.


Main concepts.

The theory can be applied to many different situations, especially non-classical antisemitism, i.e., antisemitism that is more subtle and harder to recognize. This non-classical antisemitism takes the form of attacking Israel, the Jewish state. As Sharansky explains, "hiding behind the veneer of 'legitimate criticism of Israel', this new antisemitism is much more difficult to expose".  Professor Irwin Cotler has said that "we've got to set up certain boundaries of where [criticism of Israel] does cross the line, because I’m one of those who believes strongly, not only in free speech, but also in rigorous debate, and discussion, and dialectic, and the like. If you say too easily that everything is anti-Semitic, then nothing is anti-Semitic, and we no longer can make distinctions."  A person can analyze a news story, op-ed, interview or even a protest and see if the criticism being made in it crosses the border of at least one of the following "D"s:

Delegitimization.

The term "delegitimization of Israel" refers to the denial of the Jewish people's right to self-determination, for example, by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor. This claim discriminates against Jews by singling them out as ineligible for the basic right for self-determination as it was determined by the international law. Since any discrimination against a specific ethnic, religious, racial or national group is considered a type of racism, delegitimization of the Jewish people right for self-determination is labeled as racism against Jews, i.e., antisemitism.  Former Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden, Per Ahlmark, an advocate in the combating of antisemitism, wrote: "compared to most previous anti-Jewish outbreaks, this new anti-Semitism is often less directed against individual Jews. It attacks primarily the collective Jews, the state of Israel and then such attacks start a chain reaction of assaults on individual Jews and Jewish institutions. [...] in the past the most dangerous anti-Semites were those who wanted to make the world "judenrein", free of Jews. Today, the most dangerous anti-Semites might be those who want to make the world Judenstaatrein, free of a Jewish state." Prof. Irwin Cotler has defined delegitimization as one of the nine sets of what he calls "new antisemitism". Cotler uses the term "political anti-Semitism" to describe the denial of the Jewish people's right to self-determination and the de-legitimization of Israel as a state.

Demonization.

The second "D" refers to the portrayal of certain groups as evil, demonic, or satanic. The Working Definition of Antisemitism says that antisemitism "frequently charges Jews with conspiring to harm humanity, and it is often used to blame Jews for 'why things go wrong'. It is expressed in speech, writing, visual forms and actions, and employs sinister stereotypes and negative character traits". If the criticism uses metaphors, images or rhetoric that implies that the Israelis or Jews are evil, it is once again a projection of antisemitic blood libels and rhetoric. One example of it might be making mendacious, dehumanization, demonization, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective—such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about the world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.

Double standards.

The last "D" refers to the application of different sets of principles on similar situations. If a person criticizes Israel and only Israel on certain issues, but chooses to ignore similar situations conducted by other countries they are performing a double standard policy against Israel. One example is the tendency among media and policy-makers to treat the migration of civilian settlers from Israel into occupied Palestinian territories differently from settlers from Morocco in occupied Western Sahara, or settlers from Turkey in Northern Cyprus. The settler population in these latter two is now believed to outnumber the native population, while the settler population in the West Bank make up around one-fifth of the resident population. The Fourth Geneva Convention states that an occupying power may not transplant its own civilians onto land that it occupies.  The implementation of a different moral standard for Jews and Israel compared to the rest of the world, just like the delegitimization claim, discriminates against a specific group and is labeled as antisemitism. Similar arguments were made by Thomas Friedman, stating that Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movements that ignore the situation in Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iran are hypocritical and antisemitic. On the same matter, Friedman has also written that the "criticizing Israel is not anti-Semitic, and saying so is vile. But singling out Israel for opprobrium and international sanction—out of all proportion to any other party in the Middle East—is anti-Semitic, and not saying so is dishonest". Prof. Irwin Cotler has also included double standards as one of the nine sets of what he calls "new anti-Semitism". Cotler offers the denial to Israel of equality before the law in the international arena (i.e., "the singling out of Israel for differential and discriminatory treatment in the international arena") as a new antisemitic act.

Example of application.

Abraham Foxman gives the following example. During the Second Intifada, a cartoon of an Israeli soldier pointing a rifle at a Palestinian baby was published. This kind of scene is not anti-Semitism. However, the baby was a typical depiction of the baby Jesus, who was telling to the soldier (in the caption), "Oh, you’re doing it to me all over again." Therefore, this is an example of the second "D", demonization via the antisemitic canard of Jewish deicide.

Criticism.

Jonathan Judaken writes that "the criteria of demonization, delegitimization and double standards for demarcating when criticism of Israel becomes Judaeophobia are a useful beginning, but they are still tenuous and pose problems".  Kenneth L. Marcus writes that: "While Sharansky's 3D test is helpful in part for its mnemonic cleverness, I have argued in "Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America" that it lacks sufficient rigor to be used without modification for scholarly or governmental purposes."

The "three Ds" or the "3D test" of antisemitism is a set of criteria put forth by Israeli politician Natan Sharansky to distinguish legitimate criticism of Israel from antisemitism. The three Ds stand for:

Le Test 3 D d'identification de l'antisémitisme est un jeu de critères permettant de distinguer la critique légitime de l'État d'Israël de l'antisémitisme. Ce test a été développé par Natan Sharansky, un ancien refuznik, homme politique israélien, actuellement président de l'Agence juive. Ce test a été publié en 2004 dans "Jewish Political Studies Review".


Biography.

Early life.

Stephen Benton Elkins was born on September 26, 1841 near New Lexington, Ohio and moved with his family to Westport, Missouri (now part of Kansas City) in the mid-1840s to Philip Duncan Elkins and Sarah Pickett Withers. He attended the Masonic College in Lexington, Missouri in the 1850s, and graduated from the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1860. After graduation, he briefly taught school in Cass County, Missouri. Among his pupils was future James-Younger Gang member Cole Younger.

Civil War.

In the American Civil War Elkins' father and brother joined the Confederate Army under Sterling Price, but he joined the Union Army. Before he joined the Union Army he was to encounter Quantrill's Raiders twice and was spared from being killed because of his father and brother. He noted:  Elkins entered the Union Army as a captain of militia in the 77th Missouri Infantry. He served under Kersey Coates and only saw action once in the Battle of Lone Jack, which he said filled him with disgust for war. Elkins noted that his good fortune of being protected by Quantrill matched a fear of being butchered by Quantrill for becoming a Union soldier as Quantrill's Raiders were thought to be present at the battle.  Elkins and Foster from the Lone Jack Battle were to argue for a pardon for Younger following his conviction in the Northfield, Minnesota bank robbery (Younger had rescued Foster from execution by Quantrill's Raiders in the battle).

New Mexico.

Elkins entered the practice of law at Mesilla, New Mexico, and was elected to the territorial legislature in 1864 and 1865. He was appointed territorial district attorney for a term from 1866 to 1867. It was at this time, on June 10, 1866, that he married his first wife Sarah Simms Jacobs.  In 1867, Elkins served as attorney general of the territory and later as U.S. district attorney from 1867 to 1870. He was elected territorial delegate to the U.S. Congress in 1872, and reelected in 1874, serving from March 4, 1873 to March 4, 1877. In 1875, he met and married his second wife, Hallie Davis, and continued to practice law. He founded and was president of the Santa Fe National Bank, and pursued broad business interests in land, rail, mining, and finance including president of the massive Maxwell Land Grant Company. In attempting to evict "squattors" (legitimate land grant heirs) from the Land Grant he would be accused of being part of the Santa Fe Ring. Along with his brother in law, Thomas B. Catron, Elkins participated in what would become the largest land speculation conspiracy in U.S. history. Using his influence on politicians such as congressmen, territorial judges, and U.S. Surveyors General, Elkins was able to patent Spanish and Mexican land grants in his name, thereby illegally including himself as a legitimate heir to the grants. By collectively representing opposing parties in land disputes, Elkins and Catron effectively manipulated territorial government policy to illegally partition Spanish and Mexican land grants, a direct violation of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

West Virginia.

Elkins married Hallie Davis, daughter of Senator Henry G. Davis of West Virginia, in 1875. He became a citizen of West Virginia in 1878 and began developing oil, coal, and timber industries with his father-in-law. They partnered to form the Davis Coal and Coke Company.  Stephen and Hallie built their home, Halliehurst, in Randolph County, and the town of Elkins was established nearby. New York architect Charles T. Mott designed the house. It was given by his widow along with surrounding property to Davis and Elkins College and is now part of the college's campus. It is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and also is a contributing property in the Davis and Elkins Historic District.

Secretary of War.

Elkins served as Secretary of War in the Benjamin Harrison administration from December 17, 1891 to March 5, 1893. Amongst his goals were that the rank of lieutenant general be revived, and also that noncommissioned officers receive higher pay to improve the quality of the service. He also broadened the intelligence functions of the Division of Military Information.

U.S. Senator.

After his service as Secretary, Elkins was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1895, serving the state of West Virginia, and was re-elected twice. In the Senate, he held the positions of chairman of the Committee on the Geological Survey (Fifty-sixth and Fifty-ninth Congresses), and of member of the Committee on Interstate Commerce (Fifty-seventh through Sixty-first Congresses). Elkins served as Senator until his death in Washington, D.C. in 1911, and is interred in Maplewood Cemetery of Elkins, West Virginia.

Legacy.

Stephen Benton Elkins is the namesake of Elkins, West Virginia.

References.

Retrieved on 2008-10-19

Stephen Benton Elkins (September 26, 1841January 4, 1911) was an American industrialist and political figure. He served as the Secretary of War between 1891 and 1893. He served in the United States Congress as a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico and a Senator from West Virginia.

Stephen Benton Elkins, né le à New Lexington (Ohio) et mort le à Washington), est un homme politique américain. Membre du Parti républicain, il est représentant du territoire du Nouveau-Mexique entre 1873 et 1877, secrétaire à la Guerre entre 1891 et 1893 dans l'administration du président Benjamin Harrison puis sénateur de Virginie-Occidentale entre 1895 et 1911.


Club career.

Early career.

Born in Tegucigalpa, Distrito Central, Francisco Morazán, Alexander joined Olimpia's youth system at the age of 7. He remained in Olimpia's youth ranks until 2010, where he was finally able to make the breakthrough into the first team.

Olimpia.

2010–2011.

On 8 August 2010, López made his domestic league debut against Hispano coming in for Bani Lozano in the 70th minute, where he scored his second goal of the match to help seal a 2–0 victory, scoring his first goal for the club. On 17 August 2010, he made his debut in the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League coming in for Bani Lozano in the 64th minute against Puerto Rico Islanders in a 1–1 draw. He impressed heavily for Olimpia in his first season, aged 19, where he provided 7 league goals in 22 matches for the club, as well as providing 12 assists in the league. To add to this, the impressive López provided a further three assists in the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League, ending his debut season with a total of 8 goals and 15 assists.

2011–2012.

At the start of the 2011–12 season, López continued his good run of form with Olimpia, providing 2 goals and 3 assists in the opening 6 matches of the season, along with a goal and 2 assists in the 2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League, before a cruciate ligament injury effectively ended his season for Olimpia.

2012–2013.

Following the 2012 Summer Olympics, López was continuously linked with a move to Europe, with Rosenborg and Wigan Athletic being alleged suitors for the young playmaker. However, these transfer links came to nothing, and López remained at Olimpia for the following 2012–13 season. He continued the scintillating form that brought him to prominence in his inaugural season, netting 6 goals in the opening 12 matches of the season and providing 9 assists from the apex of Olimpia's midfield three. Speculation continued to surround López in the January transfer window, however this time not from Europe but America. López claimed to have received an offer from Houston Dynamo, an offer confirmed by his international teammate Oscar Boniek Garcia who claimed that Houston were tracking López as well as attracting interest from both Toronto FC and the San Jose Earthquakes, however, contrary to some reports in Honduran media, López did not make the move to the MLS, instead choosing to stay with Olimpia, where he finished his season with 12 goals and 21 assists in 26 matches.

Houston Dynamo.

2013.

Alexander López signed for Houston Dynamo on 6 August 2013, on a four-year deal worth $213,000 a year, and was unveiled with the iconic number 10 shirt. López made his debut against Montreal Impact on 24 August, playing 60 minutes of the match. Despite impressing fans with demonstrations of his individual skill – most notably his 30-yard rabona chip for Jason Johnson on his first start against the New York Red Bulls – López was unable to hold down a place in the Dynamo side for the remainder of the 2013 season, as issues with homesickness and fitness prevented Dominic Kinnear from giving the Honduran an extended run in the side. He finished the season with 2 appearances, and providing 1 assist, playing no part in Dynamo's performance in the 2013 Eastern Conference finals.

2014–2015.

López started pre-season for Dynamo by undertaking an intensive training programme – suggested by Dominic Kinnear – to build up his levels of fitness, and to strengthen his defensive capabilities. Kinnear was keen to emphasise the importance of Dynamo's so-called "two-way system" of attack and defence, and stressed that López needed to cultivate his defensive abilities in order to carve a place out in the starting XI. López made his first appearance of the 2014 season on 3 May 2014 as a substitute against Chivas USA, and made a further appearance against D.C. United on the 21 May, suggesting a steady emergence back into the side.

International career.

On 18 November 2008, he debuted for Honduras, playing the 2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship qualification match against Belize where he scored his first goal in the 53rd minute. In 2009, he was included by Emilio Umanzor in Honduras's 21-man squad for the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup.  López made his senior debut for Honduras in an October 2010 friendly match against Guatemala and has, as of January 2013, earned a total of 3 caps, scoring no goals. He has represented his country at the 2012 Summer Olympics and played at the 2011 UNCAF Nations Cup.

International goals.

Under–17.

"Scores and results list Honduras's goal tally first."

Alexander Agustín "Alex" López Rodríguez (born 5 June 1992 in Tegucigalpa, Honduras) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays as an attacking midfielder for Alajuelense and the Honduran national team.

Alexander López est un footballeur international hondurien né le à Tegucigalpa. Il évolue au poste de milieu offensif avec le CD Olimpia.


Resume.

License and Master of History (writing a thesis about « French Voyageurs in Rome in 18th and 19th Centuries)  License of French Literature and History of Art  1969: Journalist in political and economical famous French magazines (Entreprise (Enterprise), Le Nouvel Économiste (The New Economist)  1976: publishing his first book (Editions du Seuil) Le Patronat francais (The French Employers)  1977: expatriated in United States for 6 months, invited by The Eisenhower Foundation (main office in Philadelphia) to conduct a study about the American Employers. He comes back with another book (PUF Editions) Le Patronat américain.  Publishing several books about political, economical and social matters.  1979: Journalist for French TV channel TF1, in the economical serie called L'enjeu (The stake)  1979 Reporter at large for famous French daily newspaper Le Figaro  2005: Retiring from his journalist career.  2010 Visiting Professor at Shenyang University (Liaoning)  Bernard Brizay discovered China on his first visit in August 1979. Incredibly passionate for China and Chinese people since then, he returns frequently to China (20 travels up to July 2014)  October 2000: when visiting the ruins of Yuanming Yuan palace (ancient Summer Palace in Beijing) he immediately felt he should write an historical book about this unprecedented tragedy.

Publications.

2003: Le Sac du palais d'Été, seconde guerre de l'Opium (Editions du Rocher) – The Looting of Summer Palace, Second Opium War - translated and published in China in 2005 by The classical Editions of Zhejiang (Zhejiang Gu Ji Chu Ban She) and published between the France-China Cross-Cultural Years, thanks to the Translation Fu Lei program with the help of French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This book was rewarded in 2007 with the Wenjin Price (Bridge of Culture) granted by the National Library of China, selected among 40 books chosen by 120 million internet users. The book has been published several times, last publishing in 2011. Will be soon translated in English.  2007: Les Trois soeurs Soong. Une dynastie chinoise du XXe siècle (Editions du Rocher) – The Three Soong Sisters. A Chinese Dynasty in 20th Century.  2008: Le Roman de Pékin. (Editions du Rocher) – Beijing Novel.  2010: Shanghai, le Paris de l'Orient. (Editions Flammarion-Pygmalion). Rewarded with French Auguste Pavie Price, granted by the French Academy of Sciences of Overseas Territories. The book is also translated in Chinese.  2013: La France en Chine, du XVIIe siècle à nos jours (Editions Perrin), will be translated in Chinese at the occasion of the 50th anniversary of acknowledgment of People's Republic of China, under Mao Zedong leadership by general de Gaulle in 1964. The book will be presented at the Shanghai Book Fair in August 2014.

Notes and references.

In French

Bernard Brizay, born in Rouen (department of Seine Maritime in France) in August 1941, has studied History, teaching History of Art, before he became a journalist (reporter at large)

Bernard Brizay, né à Rouen en 1941, est un historien français, professeur d'histoire de l’art devenu journaliste (grand reporter), auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur l'histoire de la Chine.


Design and description.

The Type 1936B design retained the hull design of the preceding Type 1936A, but reverted to the lighter main armament of the Type 1936 to reduce topweight and improve seakeeping. They were also given a stronger anti-aircraft armament than the older ships.  The ships had an overall length of and were long at the waterline. They had a beam of, and a maximum draught of. They displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ship's hulls were divided into 16 watertight compartments and they were fitted with a double bottom that covered 47% of their length amidships. Their crew consisted of 11–15 officers and 305–20 sailors.  The Type 1936Bs were powered by two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving a single three-bladed propeller, using steam provided by six high-pressure Wagner water-tube boilers with superheaters that operated at a pressure of and a temperature of. The turbines were designed to produce for a speed of. The ships carried a maximum of of fuel oil which gave a range of at.

Armament and sensors.

The Type 1936B ships carried five 45-calibre SK C/34 guns in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft of the superstructure. The fifth mount was positioned on top of the rear superstructure. The guns were designated No. 1 to 5 from front to rear. The mounts had a range of elevation from -10° to +30°, which gave them a range of at maximum elevation. They fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of 15–18 rounds per minute. The ships carried a total of 600 shells for the guns.  Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of four 80-calibre SK C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the aft funnel. The power operated mounts had a maximum elevation of 85° which gave the guns a ceiling of ; horizontal range was at an elevation of 35.7°. The single-shot SK C/30 fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of 30 rounds per minute. The mounts were stabilized, but their gyroscopes were undersized and could not cope with sharp turns or heavy rolling. They were also fitted with fifteen fully automatic 65-calibre C/30 guns in three quadruple and three single mounts. The gun had an effective rate of fire of about 120 rounds per minute. Its projectiles were fired at a muzzle velocity of which gave it a ceiling of and a maximum horizontal range of.  The ships carried eight above-water torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. Two reloads were provided for each mount. The standard torpedo for the Type 36B destroyers was the G7a torpedo. It had a warhead and three speed/range settings: at ; at and at. They had four depth charge launchers and mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 74–76 mines. 'GHG' (Gruppenhorchgerät) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines and an "S-Gerät" sonar was also probably fitted. The ships were equipped with a "FuMO" 24/25 radar set above the bridge.

Service.

All three of the completed ships were assigned to the "6. Zerstörerflotille" (6th Destroyer Flotilla) in the Baltic in 1944 as they completed working up. The flotilla was tasked to support minelaying efforts in the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland in February 1944, but initially escorted convoys before laying its first minefield in mid-March. Its primary activity remained minelaying through July, including reinforcing the existing minefields in the Gulf of Finland in April. Reinforced by the arrival of "Z36" in late June, the flotilla began bombarding Soviet positions at the end of July, both by themselves and while escorting heavy cruisers on the same mission and intermittently continued to do so almost up until the end of the war. In September it covered the convoys evacuating German forces from Finland and then Estonia before "Z43" was assigned to the flotilla the following month.  In mid-December the flotilla was ordered to lay a new minefield between the Estonian coast and an existing minefield slightly further out to sea. In bad weather on the night of 11/12 December, "Z35" and "Z36" blundered into that minefield and struck one or more mines each around 02:00. "Z36" sank very quickly with the loss of all hands and "Z35" lasted a bit longer before sinking. The crew abandoned ship before she sank, but only about 70 men were rescued by the Soviets. The only operational ship of the class remaining, "Z43", escorted convoys at the beginning of 1945 before resuming her previous task of shore bombardment in mid-February. She continued to do so until early April when she struck a mine on 10 April that crippled her. After emergency repairs, "Z43" then steamed into Warnemünde harbour where she provided gunfire support for German troops ashore. The ship departed Warnemünde on 2 May for Kiel after exhausting all of her ammunition. "Z43" was scuttled the following day.  Construction of "Z44" and "Z45" was slowed by their lack of priority and only "Z44" was launched before the end of the war. Work on both ships was ordered halted for at least three months on 24 July 1944, although it was rendered moot five days later when "Z44" was sunk while fitting-out during an air raid by the Royal Air Force on Bremen. Both ships were already being cannibalized for parts to repair the destroyer by then and salvaging "Z44" became impractical when her stern broke off in early September. Her wreck was scrapped in place in 1948–1949. "Z45" was never finished and was broken up on the slipway in 1946.

The Type 1936B destroyers were a group of five destroyers built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" between 1941 and 1942, of which only three were completed and saw service. Eight ships to this design were ordered, but the orders for three ships were cancelled before construction began. was the first ship of the class to be completed and was commissioned in mid-1943. Her sister ships, and, followed in 1944. "Z44" was sunk during an air raid in 1944 before she was completed while "Z45" was never completed. Both ships were scrapped after the war.

La classe Type 1936B est une classe de cinq destroyers de la Kriegsmarine construite durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Tous les navires ont été construits au chantier naval "Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG" de Brême.


Life and work.

Alviani was born in Udine, where he showed talent for design and geometric drawing from his childhood. He enrolled in the Venice Art School, but soon showed little interest in his studies, spending afternoons in Venice's museums in contemplation of classical masterpieces. He also started doing small jobs for local architects, and helped local artists in inking projects such as etchings.  His first series was "The Wires", inspired by aerial electric wires. Fascinated by some polished aluminium surfaces found in a factory in which he was working: after further polishing and abrasion, he created his landmark "Superfici a testura vibratile" (vibrating texture surfaces), winning international acclaim. In 1961 he was invited to the Zagreb exhibition "Nove Tendencije", together with other artists working along similar lines and exploring the opportunities of a dynamic art which interacts with the viewer. He started exchanging ideas with artists like Julio Le Parc, François Morellet and Enrico Castellani, actively participating in the activities of the so-called G.R.A.V. (Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuelle) in Paris.  In 1962 he moved to Milan, where he became friends with Piero Manzoni and Lucio Fontana, who was very interested in his works and bought some of his "surfaces". He also worked with other famous artists like Max Bill, Bruno Munari and Josef Albers. In 1964 he was invited to show at the Venice Biennale, successfully sharing a room with Enrico Castellani.  In 1965 Alviani took part in "The Responsive Eye" at MoMA in New York, together with other artists associated with Kinetic and Programmed Art. His work was purchased by MoMA and used as a poster image for the museum's next exhibition, "The New Acquisitions". In 1968 he was invited at Kassel's Documenta 4.  Throughout the 1970s he travelled to South America, and accepted, upon request of Jesús Rafael Soto, the directorship of the Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art, Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. His work was again included in the Venice Biennale in 1984, 1986 and 1993. He also exhibited at the Milan Triennale, the Kunsthaus Graz, Palazzo delle Papesse in Siena, Academie de France in Rome, the Buenos Aires Biennale, the travelling exhibition "Light, Movement and Programming", and the Rome Quadriennale.  Alviani's works are actively traded in Italian and international modern art auctions, such as the "Italian sales" held in London by Christie's and Sotheby's. Among his works, the most appreciated by the market are the "Superfici a testura variabile" where the polished aluminium reflects the light in different hues according to the angle at which they are viewed. Other works by Alviani are the "chromodynamic surfaces", where primary colour interactions are studied, and his "mirrors" with their illusion of rings created on reflecting metal surfaces.  Alviani was the author of a book on Josef Albers (1988). He also edited with Giancarlo Pauletto a book on Michel Seuphor (1987), and contributed with his photographs to a book of Pauletto and Margaret A. Miller on Richard Anuszkiewicz (1988).

Getulio Alviani (5 September 1939 in Udine – 24 February 2018 in Milan) was an Italian painter based in Milan. He is considered to be an important International Optical - kinetic artist.

Getulio Alviani (né le à Udine et mort le à Milan) est un peintre italien contemporain. Il est considéré comme étant un artiste cinétique important.


Futurism.

After training at the Florence Accademia, Soffici moved to Paris in 1900; during this time, his circle of friends included Guillaume Apollinaire, André Derain and Picasso. After returning to Italy, he started to write art criticism for the Italian journal "La Voce". In 1911, he wrote a negative review of a Milanese Futurist exhibition, which led to him being assaulted by the Italian futurists Marinetti, Boccioni and Carrà at the Le Giubbe Rosse café in Florence.  Soffici made his peace with the group, and exhibited works in the travelling Futurist exhibition held between 1912 and 1913 in Paris, Brussels, London, Berlin and Florence. "BÏF§ZF+18" marks the highpoint of his involvement with the group; by 1916 he had begun to distance himself from the group, seeing 'Futurism as a once legitimate movement that had become a spent force '. After returning from active service in World War I, his work re-engaged with Tuscan traditionalism - in part due to his support for fascist ideology - and naturalistic landscapes became the mainstay of his art until his death in 1965.

The book.

The book is divided into two roughly equal halves; the first, "Simultaneita", contains 12'simultaneous' poems laid out in standard typography; the second section, "Chimismi Lirici", contains 10 poems that use multiple fonts, signs, adverts, brand names, repetition and onomatopoeiac devices that are contemporaneous to Marinetti's similar experiments in Zang Tumb Tumb, and prefigure Marinetti's later, more abstract "Les Mots En Liberte Futuristes", 1919. (see )

Taken from "Aeroplano".

I would squeeze the joystick with a fist of air. I hit the throttle with shoe to the sky; Frrrrrr frrrrrr frrrrrr, drowned in the deep turquoise. I eat violet blue, Slices of azure; I swallow tankards of cobalt blue, Heavens of lapis lazuli, Heavenly blue, light blue, celestial, Prussian blue, dark heavenly, heavenly lumière; I sink into a funnel of paradise. Christ the aviator! I was made for this ascension to glorious poetic-military-sport Rectangular angels of canvas and steel. The black cube is the thought of return, that gate with my language turned on with the look of joy As the white dial of the altimeter turns.  Translated from the Italian.

Later editions.

The book has been reprinted a number of times - although usually without the striking collaged cover designed by Soffici himself - firstly in 1919, and most recently by Vallecchi in 2002. The work has never been published in its entirety in translation.

BÏF§ZF+18 Simultaneità e Chimismi lirici ("BÏF§ZF+18. Simultaneity and Lyrical Chemistry") is a poetry book and artist's book published in 1915 by the Italian futurist Ardengo Soffici. Despite its rarity, the book has become famous as one of the finest examples of futurist 'words-in-freedom', and has been described as 'absolutely the most important book that came out of Florentine Futurism'.

BÏF§ZF+18 Simultaneità e Chimismi lirici ("BÏF§ZF+18, simultanéités et chimismes lyriques") est un recueil de poésie et livre d'artiste publié en 1915 par le peintre et écrivain futuriste Ardengo Soffici. Malgré sa rareté, il est devenu un des plus célèbres exemple de la technique des mots en liberté théorisée par Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Si l'édition originale ne comportait que 300 exemplaires, les inondations de Florence de 1966 en réduisirent encore le nombre.


Morphology and lifestyle.

Externally, rostroconchs look much like bivalves and rostroconchs probably had an extendable muscular foot, indicated by a prominent anterior gape in the rostroconch's shell. It seems, however, that the internal anatomy and morphology of the foot were closer to that of the scaphopods.  Rostroconchs began their life as a small, bilaterally symmetrical, univalved protoconch planktonic larva. The bilateral shell grew into two valves as the rostroconch entered adulthood. Adult rostroconchs differ from bivalves because they have no functional hinge. Unlike the shell of a bivalve, which was able to move or articulate, the shell layers of a rostroconch — the layers of rigid calcite— continue across the whole dorsal area of the rostroconch. The two valves would have been rigidly fixed in place, and would have to have been broken periodically to allow the rostroconch shell to grow.  The posterior of the shell contains a flattened tube that is called the rostrum. The rostroconch probably burrowed itself into sediment, anterior first, leaving the rostrum above the sediment to be used as a water filtration system.

Evolutionary history.

"Heraultipegma" is the earliest, very primitive, rostroconch genus dating from the Late Terreneuvian. True Rostroconchs appeared during the Ordovician, heavily competing with the bivalves until their decline in the end-early Ordovician turnover.  Early, primitive rostroconchs such as "Ribeiroia" had a hinge in which all shell layers covered the dorsal region resulting in a very rigid shell. In "Conocardium", a more advanced rostroconch, the outer shell layers do not cross the entire margin, suggesting independent steps towards the bivalve flexible hinge.  Some evidence suggests that the conocardoid rostroconchs were the predecessors to the Scaphopoda.

The Rostroconchia is a class of extinct molluscs dating from the early Cambrian to the Late Permian. They were initially thought to be bivalves, but were later given their own class. They have a single shell in their larval stage, and the adult typically has a single, pseudo-bivalved shell enclosing the mantle and muscular foot. The anterior part of the shell probably pointed downward and had a gap from which the foot could probably emerge. Rostroconchs probably lived a sedentary semi-infaunal lifestyle. There were probably more than 1,000 species of members of this class.

Les Rostroconchia forment une classe de mollusques aujourd'hui éteinte, et que l'on rencontrait du début du Cambrien à la fin du Permien. On pensait en premier lieu qu'il s'agissait de bivalves, mais on les a placés par la suite dans une classe à part.


Lucius Marcius Censorinus (consul 39 BC)

Lucius Marcius Censorinus (consul en -39)

Family.

The Marcii Censorini were a branch of the plebeian "gens Marcia", but Ronald Syme notes their "ancestral prestige, barely conceding precedence to the patriciate." They had been supporters of Gaius Marius and were consistent "populares" throughout the civil wars of the 80s and 40s–30s. Lucius's father, who had the same name, was one of Sulla's enemies in 88 BC.  Censorinus's daughter (or possibly his sister) married Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, suffect consul in 34 BC. His son Gaius Marcius Censorinus was consul in 8 BC.

Political and military career.

Censorinus was praetor in 43 BC, evidently "praetor urbanus" before he went to Mutina in support of Marcus Antonius, if a caustic remark by Cicero is to be trusted. Along with others who joined Antonius, he was declared a public enemy by the senate.  After the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, Antonius left Censorinus in charge of Macedonia and Achaea, where he remained as proconsul until he was relieved by Asinius Pollio in late 40 BC.  Censorinus celebrated a triumph over Macedonia on the first day of his consulship in 39 BC. It has been argued that the triumph was meant to display a new "concordia", the recently reaffirmed unity among the triumvirs and their power to honor their supporters, and marked Censorinus's achievements only secondarily. Like his consular colleague Calvisius Sabinus, Censorinus began as a partisan of Antonius, but successfully navigated the political shoals as Octavian acquired sole power.  Among his other rewards for loyalty, Censorinus was allowed to buy Cicero's house on the Palatine, which the orator had exerted such strenuous efforts to restore after its confiscation in connection to his exile. Its value was reckoned at 3,500,000 sesterces. Although the Palatine house, along with Cicero's other confiscated property following his death, was sold ostensibly at public auction, the symbolism of its possession can hardly have been left to chance. The house next passed to T. Statilius Taurus, whom Cicero notoriously associated with Calvisius.  As consuls, Censorinus and Calvisius brought a proposal to the senate on behalf of representatives from Aphrodisias, who complained of abuses during the civil wars. The city was accordingly granted status as an independent ally and received additional benefits and privileges.

Priesthood.

In the inscription that records the "quindecimviri sacris faciundis" who administered the Secular Games of 17 BC, Censorinus occupies the most senior position, second only to Marcus Agrippa. He would have been a member of this priestly college ("collegium") as early as 31 BC, and in 17 would have been of rather advanced age.  Because he is known to have been active during this time, he is sometimes thought to be the Marcius Censorinus to whom Horace addresses "Carmen" 8 of his fourth book of odes. This Censorinus is identified more often as Lucius's son Gaius, the lesser-known consul of 8 BC.

Selected bibliography.

Unless otherwise noted, dates, offices, and citations of ancient sources from T.R.S. Broughton, "The Magistrates of the Roman Republic" (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, pp. 338–339, 362, 374, 382, 386, 426–427; vol. 3 (1986), pp. 48–49.

Lucius Marcius Censorinus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 39 BC, during the Second Triumvirate. He and his colleague Gaius Calvisius Sabinus had been the only two senators who tried to defend Julius Caesar when he was assassinated on the Ides of March in 44 BC, and their consulship under the triumvirate was a recognition of their loyalty.

Lucius Marcius Censorinus est un sénateur romain du Il est consul de la République romaine en 39 sous le second triumvirat.


Early history.

Built by Germaniawerft in 1936 as the freighter "Cairo", she was operated by the Atlas Levant Line (ALL) until being requisitioned for Kriegsmarine services in November 1939. After merchant warfare operations in the Baltic Sea, she was converted into a mine layer and was planned to be used during Operation "Sea Lion". After this operation was canceled, the now renamed "Stier" was modified into an auxiliary cruiser in April 1941, first at the Wilton shipyard Rotterdam and later at Oderwerke, Stettin, and Kriegsmarinewerft, in Gotenhafen (Gdynia).

Raiding voyage.

On 10 May 1942 she left Germany for operations in the Atlantic. Moving by stages down the English Channel, and after an engagement with British coastal forces on the 13th which saw the loss of two torpedo boats (German) and one MTB (British), "Stier" reached Royan in occupied France on the 19th. From there she departed under the command of "Fregattenkapitän" (later "Kapitän zur See") Horst Gerlach for operations in the South Atlantic. After a cruise of 41⁄2 months, in which she engaged and sank three ships, on 27 September 1942 the ship was sunk during a battle with an American cargo ship, the, which was also lost.  During her operation the "Stier" sank four ships, totalling 29,409 tons (GRT).

Final engagement.

On 27 September 1942 "Stier" encountered the Liberty ship "Stephen Hopkins" en route from Cape Town to Paramaribo.  Closing in foggy conditions, the two ships sighted each other around 08:52 at a distance of 4,000 yards. Gerlach sent his men to action stations; the master of the "Stephen Hopkins" was suspicious of the unidentified vessel and did the same. The "Stephen Hopkins" had a small defensive armament (1 × 4 inch gun astern, 2 x 37mm guns of an unknown model forward and 6 x machine guns), but when firing commenced, around 08:55, she put up a spirited defence. She scored several hits on "Stier", damaging her engines and steering gear. However, overwhelmed by fire from "Stier", the "Hopkins" drifted away; by 10 am she had sunk. Forty-two of her crew were killed in the action, and three more died later; the fifteen survivors finally reached Brazil 31 days later. "Stephen Hopkins"'s commander, Captain Paul Buck, was posthumously awarded the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal for his actions. So was US Merchant Marine Academy cadet Edwin Joseph O'Hara, who single-handedly fired the last shots from the ship's 4-inch gun. Meanwhile, "Stier" had been fatally damaged; unable to make headway, and not responding to the helm, Gerlach made the decision to abandon ship. "Stier" exploded and sank at 11:40. All but two of her crew survived and were rescued by the German supply ship, which was accompanying "Stier" at the time of the action, and returned to France on the blockade runner.

Stier (HSK 6) was an auxiliary cruiser of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. Her "Kriegsmarine" designation was Schiff 23, to the Royal Navy she was Raider J.

Le Stier (HSK 6) (ou Schiff 23) était un croiseur auxiliaire de la Kriegsmarine. Son nom de "Stier" provient de la Constellation du Taureau. Il était aussi connu de la Royal Navy par le nom de Raider J.


Content.

In a 2002 performance on "VH1 Storytellers", Rzeznik explained that the song refers to a teenage girl in a strict Catholic environment who has become pregnant. She and her boyfriend are debating as to the possibility of abortion or marriage, which is presented in the song as the verse "do you want to get married or run away".

Chart performance.

Although not as successful as "Iris", "Slide" became another major hit for the Goo Goo Dolls. The song peaked atop three US "Billboard" charts: the Adult Top 40 chart, the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and the Mainstream Top 40 chart. On the all-genre "Billboard" Hot 100, the song peaked at number eight in February 1999 and became the United States' thirteenth best-selling song of 1999. In October 2012, "Slide" was ranked number nine on "Billboard"s "Top 100 Pop Songs 1992–2012" chart, which also featured two other Goo Goo Dolls hits: "Iris" (number one) and "Name" (number 24). The Goo Goo Dolls are the only musicians to have three songs chart on the list, two breaking the top 10 and all three falling within the top 25. They are also the only musicians that have back to back singles ("Iris" and "Slide") featured on the list.  In Canada, the song accomplished a rare feat by debuting at number one on the "RPM" Top Singles chart, on October 19, 1998. Not counting the number-one song on the magazine's first issue, it became only the third (and final) song to debut at number one on this chart, after Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" in 1985 and Tom Cochrane's "I Wish You Well" in 1995. After its debut, "Slide" spent a second week at number one, then dropped to number four on November 2. It spent a total of 26 weeks in the top 20 and remained in the top 100 until the end of 1999. The song also reached number 22 on the "RPM" Adult Contemporary chart and number five on the Alternative 30 chart. It was the eighteenth highest-selling single of Canada for 1999.  Outside North America, "Slide" underperformed in most countries. It debuted at number 45 on the Australian Singles Chart on January 17, 1999, then slowly climbed up the chart until reaching its peak of number 29 on March 7. Afterwards, it dropped out of the top 30 and left the chart five weeks after peaking. Despite its low peak, it managed to earn a Gold certification for sales exceeding 35,000 copies. In neighboring New Zealand, the single first appeared at number 41 on February 21 and peaked at number 36 the following week, then spent three more weeks in the top 50. On the UK Singles Chart, "Slide" debuted and peaked at number 43 on March 27, but spent only one more week on the chart before dropping out of the top 100. On the UK Indie Chart, which ranks songs released by independent record labels, it reached number eight. It found its highest European peak in Iceland, where it charted at number 14 for two weeks.

Music video.

The music video was directed by Nancy Bardawil and partially filmed at the El Dorado Hotel on South Spring Street, Los Angeles.

Track listing.

United Kingdom

"Slide" is a song recorded by American alternative rock group Goo Goo Dolls. It was released in September 1998 as the first commercial single release from their sixth studio album, "Dizzy Up the Girl".

Slide est une chanson du groupe de rock Goo Goo Dolls présente sur l'album "Dizzy Up the Girl" (1998). Le thème de la chanson est l'avortement.


Stauropegic monastery.

A stauropegic monastery, also rendered "stavropegic", "stauropegial" or "stavropegial", is an Eastern Orthodox or Eastern Catholic Christian monastery, subordinated directly to a primate or Synod, rather than to a local Bishop.  Stauropegic monasteries are distinguished from the greatest monasteries, called "lavras", and from the patriarchal "metochions", where the patriarch serves as a parish priest. The metochions of the Patriarch of Moscow are the Vysokopetrovsky Monastery and Nikolo-Perervinsky Monastery.

Some stauropegic monasteries.

Bulgarian Orthodox Church.

The Bulgarian Orthodox Church has three stauropegic monasteries:  The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and the Sofia Seminary are also directly subordinate to the Bulgarian Patriarch and Synod.

Serbian Orthodox Church.

Several major Serbian Orthodox monasteries had special status in Middle Ages. Today, the Serbian Orthodox Church has one stauropegic monastery: the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, ancient seat of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć (1346-1463 and 1557-1766). The principal title of Serbian Patriarchs still is Archbishop of Peć.

Russian Orthodox Church.

The first stauropegic monastery in the Russian Orthodox Church was Simonov Monastery (1383). It was subordinated directly to the Ecumenical Patriarch, because it was founded by Greeks and was home to the patriarch during his visits to Moscow.  In 1561 Ivan the Terrible decreed that the following seven monasteries should precede all the rest:  After the establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, there were no stauropegic monasteries subordinated directly to the Patriarch for some time. But Nikon founded the New Jerusalem Monastery, Valday Iversky Monastery, and Kiy Island Monastery, which he governed himself, instead of placing each under an hegumen (abbot).  The Greek custom, first introduced by Nikon, was continued by other Patriarchs and by the Holy Governing Synod. Stauropegic houses were not always the most important monasteries, the holiest, the richest, or the largest. They might have been dear to the ruling Patriarch for personal reasons. In the 19th century, apart from four lavras, seven monasteries were considered stauropegial: , the following monasteries were recognized as stauropegial by the Russian Orthodox Church:  Monasteries of Moscow:  Monasteries of Central Russia:  Monasteries of North-Western Russia:  Monasteries outside Russia:

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.

A stauropegial monastery ("monasterium stauropegiaceum") under patriarchal jurisdiction ("monasterium iuris patriarchalis") is a monastery that is subject directly to the patriarch (can. 434 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches).  Monasteries in Ukraine

A stauropegion, also stavropegion (from from σταυρός "stauros" "cross" and πήγνυμι "pegnumi" "to affirm"), is a monastery or a church which depends directly on the primate of the whole church and which is not under the jurisdiction of the local bishop. The name comes from the Byzantine tradition of summoning the Patriarch to place a cross at the foundation of stauropegic monasteries or churches.

Une stavropégie (« plantation de croix », du grec σταυρός, « croix », et πήγνυμι, « planter ») est, dans l'Église orthodoxe ainsi que dans certaines Églises catholiques orientales, un monastère ou une église qui dépend directement du patriarche et qui est affranchi de la juridiction de l'évêque local.


Interpretation.

In Mithraic images, Mithras either represents the sun, or is a close friend of the sun god Helios or Sol Invictus (Latin: "the invincible sun") with whom Mithras dines. So attendants Cautes and Cautopates are supposed to represent the stations of sunrise and sunset respectively, or perhaps the spring and autumn equinoxes, or equivalently the ascending (spring) and descending (autumnal) nodes of the Sun's apparent path on the celestial sphere. If eclipses of the sun and moon formed part of Mithraic symbolism, they could also represent the ascending and descending nodes where the Moon crosses the ecliptic.

Depictions.

Both are depicted as smaller than Mithras to emphasize his significance, and both wear Persian style garments, notably a Phrygian cap, to emphasize the supposed oriental origins of the cult.  Cautes holds a burning torch pointed up, whereas Cautopates holds a burning torch pointed down. Cautopates is usually depicted on the left, but not always. They are often shown standing with their legs crossed, but not always.  The two torch-bearers are often interpreted as symbols of light, one for the rising, the other for the setting sun. Cautopates could also represent death, while Cautes might represent new life.  An alternative interpretation advanced by David Ulansey is that Cautes represents the spring equinox and Cautopates the autumn equinox. Thus, represented on the left and right of the Tauroctony, they become a realistic cadre of the celestial equator and the constellations included between the two equinoxes during the Age of Taurus.  M.J. Vermasaren shows Mithras, the unconquerable sun, and his two torch-bearers, Cautes, sunrise, and Cautopates, sunset, equally sized in a 3-branch pine tree, visible at Dieburg, Germany. Vermasaren suggests they form a Mithraic "Trinity".

Cautes and Cautopates are torch-bearers depicted attending the god Mithras in the icons of the ancient Roman cult of Mithraism, known as Tauroctony. Cautes holds his torch raised up, and Cautopates holds his torch pointed downward.

Cautes et Cautopates sont deux porteurs de torches présents dans la tauroctonie, une représentation de l'ancien culte de Mithra de la Rome antique. Cautes porte sa torche orientée vers le haut, Cautopates vers le bas.


Profile.

In "Nosferatu", Count Orlok is a vampire from Transylvania, and is known as "The Bird of Death", who feasts upon the blood of living humans. He is believed to have been created by Belial, the lieutenant demon of Satan.  Orlok dwells alone in a vast castle hidden among the rugged peaks in a lost corner of the Carpathian Mountains. The castle is swathed in shadows, and is badly neglected with a highly sinister feel to it. He is in league with the housing agent Knock, and wants to purchase a house in the (fictional) city of Wisborg, Germany. Local peasants live in terror of Orlok and never venture out after dark. Thomas Hutter scorns their fears as mere superstition, and ventures to the decrepit castle; however, the coach-driver will not take him over the bridge leading to it. A black-swathed figure in a black coach (Orlok in disguise) drives him the rest of the way. He is greeted by Orlok, who claims that as it is past midnight all his servants have gone to bed, and the two dine together and discuss Orlok's purchasing of the aforementioned house. Hutter accidentally cuts his thumb when slicing bread and Orlok is barely able to control himself from drinking from Hutter's wound. After Hutter collapses in a chair, Orlok feeds off of him, but this is not shown on screen: Hutter discovers two bites on his neck the next day but attributes them to mosquitoes, unaware at this point that his host is in reality, a vampire.  Hutter only realises the horrific truth later in his chambers after further reading from "The Book of the Vampires", and he discovers that he is trapped in the castle with the Nosferatu. Orlok advances upon Hutter, and Hutter's beloved wife, Ellen, senses through telepathy that her husband's life is in mortal danger; she screams for him and somehow Orlok is powerless to touch him. The next morning Hutter searches the castle, and discovers to his revulsion that Orlok is "sleeping" in the basement in a filthy coffin filled with earth. Hutter then witnesses Orlok loading a cart with several coffins filled with soil, one of which he then hides in and they are driven off to be loaded onto a ship headed for Wisborg. This soil is later revealed to be unhallowed earth from Orlok's own grave; according to "The Book of the Vampires", Nosferatu must sleep by day in the unholy earth from their graves to sustain their power.  On board the ship, he kills every crew member until only the captain and his first mate remain. Later when the first mate goes to the cargo hold to investigate, Count Orlok rises from his coffin, terrifying the first mate who jumps overboard in fear. The captain ties himself to the wheel of the ship and then Count Orlok creeps up on him and kills the captain. His journey by sea spreads plague throughout Europe.  Upon his arrival in Wisborg, Orlok infests the city with rats that sleep in his coffins, and countless people fall victim to the plague, forcing the local authorities to declare a quarantine and provoking hysteria among the citizens. Rather than come back as vampires, however, his victims simply die. Ellen and Hutter know the causes of the plague but fear they are powerless to stop the vampire. Ellen watches sullenly as lines of coffins are carried through the empty streets, and she realises Orlok must be stopped. Ellen learns from "The Book of the Vampires" that – rather than a stake through the heart – the Nosferatu can only be vanquished if a woman pure in heart willingly allows him to feed off her long enough to prevent him from seeking shelter from sunrise. Ellen coaxes Orlok to her room and lies in bed whilst he drinks from her neck. The sun rises, and Orlok is burned away in a cloud of smoke. Knock is able to sense Orlok is dead. Ellen dies soon after.

Origin.

After Prana Film's negotiations with the Stoker story's rightsholders failed, the screenwriter Galeen had to disguise (but the maneuvre proved to be ineffective, as the company was sued for plagiarism) most references of the original novel, changing all the character's names, and the film's title to "Nosferatu". A suggested origin: an alteration of "ordog" (correctly "ördög", Hungarian for "devil") a recurring expression in Stoker's novel. Another influence could be Stéphen Orlac, the protagonist of the horror novel "Les Mains d'Orlac" ("The Hands of Orlac", 1920), by Maurice Renard.

Legacy.

Orlok is the main model for a style of fictional vampire that is often nicknamed "Nosferatu" after the movie. Although based upon Count Dracula, Orlok possesses none of his predecessor's aristocratic charm or seductiveness. He resembles historical folklore accounts of vampires, which were described as walking corpses inhabited by a demonic presence. He sleeps in "unhallowed" soil infected with the Black Death, and brings plague and disease with him. He is followed everywhere by rats, traditional carriers of the feared Black Death. Orlok is famous for being the first vampire in history to be destroyed by sunlight. In earlier folklore, vampires were disgusted by, but could survive sunlight.

Count Orlok () is the main antagonist and title character portrayed by German actor Max Schreck (1879–1936) in the silent film "Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens" (1922). He was based on Bram Stoker's character Count Dracula.

Le comte Orlock (également orthographié Orlok), est un personnage de fiction créé par Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau et Henrik Galeen en 1922 pour le film "Nosferatu le vampire" ("Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens", 1922) avec Max Schreck qui incarne le comte vampire. Il s'agit en fait du comte Dracula créé par Bram Stoker, dont Albin Grau, producteur du film, a fait changer le nom (et de tous les personnages du roman) pour éviter de payer des droits d'adaptation. Dans le remake de Werner Herzog, "Nosferatu, fantôme de la nuit" ("Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht", 1977), le personnage du vampire interprété par Klaus Kinski reprend le nom du comte Dracula.


Early life.

Born in Nijmegen, his military career began at the age of nine when he became a cadet in the Dutch army. He rose through the ranks and by 1793, at the start of the Revolutionary Wars, he held the rank of colonel, and was wounded in the campaign.

Batavian Republic.

The Dutch surrender in 1795 made way for the mostly peaceful establishment of the Batavian Republic, a satellite state under Napoleon's growing empire. From 1795 to 1802, Colonel Janssens served mostly as an administrator within the new Batavian Army. He was appointed governor of the Cape Colony upon its return to the Dutch by the British under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. Arriving in early 1803, he attempted to strengthen the defences of the colony, but found resources lacking, having few trained troops at his disposal and the political situation tenuous at best. During this time, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General.  The start of the War of the Third Coalition marked another British invasion of the Cape Colony. Janssens was under no impression that he had the ability to defeat the British force, led by Lieutenant-General Sir David Baird, yet he mobilized his forces and engaged the British on 8 January 1806, at the Battle of Blaauwberg, near Cape Town. His force was routed and the Cape Colony was surrendered to the British for the last time on January 18. Under the terms of the surrender, Janssens was transported back to the Netherlands, arriving at the Hague on 8 June 1806.  By the time Janssens surrendered to the British, the war in Europe had ended with the Treaty of Pressburg. When he returned to the Netherlands, Napoleon had already installed his brother Louis Bonaparte as the king of the newly formed Kingdom of Holland.

Kingdom of Holland and the French Empire.

Louis Bonaparte named Janssens Secretary-General of the Department of War upon his return. He held a series of high-ranking administrative posts within the kingdom until the abdication of Louis Napoleon and the annexation of the Netherlands by France in 1810. On 11 November 1810, he was appointed governor-general of the territory known, before the annexation, as the Dutch East Indies, replacing Herman Willem Daendels. He arrived in Batavia, Java on 15 May 1811 and immediately involved himself in efforts to strengthen the colony's defenses. Java benefited from a larger amount of both Dutch and French troops, as well as better defenses, compared to the Cape Colony. However, the British invasion fleet arrived shortly thereafter, on 30 July, led by Sir Samuel Auchmuty.  Janssens mounted a defense that centered around the existing fortifications, namely "Meester Cornelis". However, the French soldiers under his command lacked well-trained officers and as the British laid siege to the fortress, Janssens personally led a futile defense and was forced to retreat to Buitenzorg (later the place of residence of the British governor-general, Sir Stamford Raffles. A large number of French soldiers were captured during the retreat and ensuing pursuit and Janssens was forced to surrender on 18 September 1811. He was imprisoned in Britain until 12 November 1812, when he was repatriated to the Netherlands.  In mid-March 1814, Janssens collected 3,600 French soldiers from various garrisons and successfully marched through Allied-held territory to join Napoleon at Reims. At the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube his division was assigned to the corps commanded by Marshal Michel Ney. On 21 March 1814 his division was embroiled in a terrific struggle for the village of Grand-Torcy during which he was wounded.  He resigned his post in the French Army on 9 April 1814.

Post-Napoleonic War career.

Janssens was involved with the nascent Kingdom of the Netherlands as the provisional Commissary-General of War, but he resigned his post after his request to be posted once again as the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies was denied. He resigned from active duty on 22 May 1815.  He died as a highly decorated veteran in The Hague in 23 May 1838 at age of 75.

Jonkheer Jan Willem Janssens GCMWO (12 October 1762 – 23 May 1838) was a Dutch nobleman, soldier and statesman who served both as the governor of the Dutch Cape Colony and governor-general of the Dutch East Indies.

Jean Guillaume Janssens, né le à Nimègue (Pays-Bas), mort le à La Haye (Pays-Bas), est un général néerlandais au service de la Révolution et de l’Empire.


History.

Santa Rita do Sapucaí is a municipality in the southern region of Minas Gerais state (MG) in Brazil. Traditionally, the foundation date of Santa Rita, short name for the city, is considered to be 1825-05-22, when the first mass was held in the chapel built on orders of Dona Genoveva Maria Martins da Fonseca, honoring a promise made by her late husband Manoel José da Fonseca. The Fonseca family arrived in the region in the early 19th century and is considered the founding family of Santa Rita do Sapucaí.

Location.

Santa Rita is located in a privileged site, a few hundred kilometers away from the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, in one of Minas Gerais' richest regions. It dwells between mountains and has a pleasant weather, with mild and dry winters, warm and dry springs, warm and wet summers and mild and wet autumns as typical of historically Atlantic Forest-covered Southeastern Brazil, throughout the year. It is warmer than São Paulo, but colder than Rio de Janeiro, Volta Redonda, Juiz de Fora and Belo Horizonte (Brazilians call the climate of the town "tropical de altitude", which means it is kind of subtropical for such low latitude).  The municipality contains the Santa Rita Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit created in 1980.

Economy.

Although located in a rich coffee-growing region, Santa Rita is known for its high technology industries, being home to one of Brazil's foremost electronic, telecommunications and computer engineering colleges, INATEL - Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações, which was founded in 1965.  As to the Escola Técnica de Eletrônica "Francisco Moreira da Costa", the first electronic technical school of Latin América, it was founded in 1959 by lady Sinha Moreira. The city possesses today more than 110 companies of technological bases.  Santa Rita uses prisoners to power street lamps in a local plaza. Inmates are offered the opportunity to shorten their sentences by pedaling a bike that is connected to a car battery, which then are used to power the lighting grid.

Santa Rita do Sapucaí () is a municipality situated in the southernmost part of the State of Minas Gerais. The city is known as the "electronic valley", since it has plenty of electronic industries, and both a technical school (ETE - Escola Técnica de Eletrônica Francisco Moreira da Costa) and a University (Inatel - Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações) which hold courses in electronic knowledge. It also has another university – FAI, which has majors in administration and informatics.

Santa Rita do Sapucai est une municipalité brésilienne de l'État du Minas Gerais et la microrégion de Santa Rita do Sapucaí.


Development.

Origins.

During the Cold War, the Soviet Navy built up a large and varied fleet of submarines which at one point was in excess of 200 operational submarines. The US Navy countered this threat by the improvement and development of various anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities, which resulted in the development of the Sea King. During the late 1950s, the US Navy took advantage of advances in turboshaft engines by commissioning a sizable navalised helicopter. Sikorsky received a request from the US Navy to design a new turbine-powered helicopter capable of performing the ASW mission. The specification included a dipping sonar, mission endurance of four hours, and the ability to support a weapons load of 380 kg (840 lb).  In 1957 Sikorsky was awarded a contract to produce an all-weather amphibious helicopter for the US Navy. As per the earlier specification, this new helicopter was to excel at ASW. In particular, it would combine the roles of hunter and killer, as these duties had previously been carried out by two separate helicopters. It was also the first helicopter to be procured under the US Navy's new weapon system concept, under which Sikorsky was responsible not only for the design and production of the airframe, but all major onboard systems, such as the sonar, navigational equipment, electronic devices, and support equipment. As such, the navigation suite for the rotorcraft was developed jointly by Sikorsky and the US Navy. Key features of the emerging ASW helicopter would include its amphibious hull, enabling the rotorcraft to readily perform water landings, and the adoption of a twin-turboshaft engine arrangement that enabled a larger, heavier and better-equipped aircraft than was possible with prior helicopters. The designation "HSS-2" was applied to imply a level of commonality to the earlier "HSS-1", should political sentiment turn against the development of an entirely new rotorcraft. A total of ten prototypes were produced to support the development program. In March 1959, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight.  In early 1961, a pair of prototypes were stationed on board the aircraft carrier to fulfill a demand for carrier suitability trials. These trials, which involved testing the folding mechanism of the main rotor blades and a series of takeoffs performed during winds of up to 50 MPH, were completed successfully in mid-1961. Shortly after the competition of suitability trials, the US Navy formally accepted delivery of the first HSS-2 rotorcraft, which was subsequently re-designated as the SH-3A, in September 1961. Upon entering service, it was not only the largest amphibious helicopter in the world, but also held the distinction of being the first all-weather rotorcraft to reach production status for the US Navy.  In late 1961 and early 1962, a modified US Navy HSS-2 Sea King was used to break the FAI 3 km, 100 km, 500 km and 1000 km helicopter speed records. This series of flights culminated on 5 February 1962 with the HSS-2 setting an absolute helicopter speed record of 210.6 mph. This record was broken by a modified French Sud-Aviation Super Frelon helicopter on 23 July 1963 with a speed of 217.7 mph.

Further developments.

The base design of the Sea King had proved sound and several aspects were judged to be potentially useful for other operators, thus Sikorsky elected to pursue the further development of the Sea King for other markets beyond the US Navy. One of the major variants of the Sea King to be produced was a model for civil operators, which was designated as the Sikorsky S-61L. The first operator of the S-61L was Los Angeles Airways, who introduced the type to service on 11 March 1962. Another noteworthy Sea King variant, the significant change this time being the adoption of a conventional hull, the Sikorsky S-61R, was also concurrently developed for transport and search and rescue (SAR) duties, this type being extensively operated by the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Coast Guard.  In US Navy service, the initial SH-3A model of the Sea King would be progressively converted into the improved SH-3D and SH-3H variants; these featured more powerful engines and improved sensors that gave the type greater operational capabilities as an ASW platform. It was also common for Sea Kings to be converted for non-ASW activities, these roles included minesweeping, combat search and rescue, and as a cargo/passenger utility transport. The aircrew on ASW-tasked Sea Kings were routinely trained to carry out these secondary roles as aircraft could often be quickly adapted to perform different missions in the face of operational needs.  The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) became a major operator of the type (see Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King) following its introduction to service in 1963, and remained as Canada's dominant maritime helicopter for 50 years, until 2018. One notable innovation in Canadian operations, which was subsequently adopted by several other nations, was the use of a winch 'hauldown' landing and securing method, referred to as a 'Beartrap'. This device considerably increased the ability of Sea Kings to land in difficult conditions, such as on small flight decks or during poor weather conditions.  In addition to aircraft manufactured by Sikorsky, several license agreements were issued to other firms to produce the type, such as Mitsubishi in Japan and Agusta in Italy. Another licensee in the United Kingdom, Westland Helicopters, would substantially modify the Sea King, producing the Westland Sea King. Unlike US Navy Sea Kings, the Westland Sea King was intended for greater autonomous operation. In total, Westland produced 330 Sea Kings; beyond British operators, export customers of Westland's Sea King included the Indian Naval Air Arm, the German Navy, the Royal Australian Navy, and the Royal Norwegian Air Force.  In the early 21st century, following their drawdown in US service, there have been a number of initiatives to refurbish ex-military Sea Kings for continued operations; in addition to civil operators, nations such as Egypt and India acquired refurbished former US Sea Kings to supplement their own aging fleets. While Sikorsky had ended production of the type during the 1970s, it was reported that nearly 600 Sea Kings were in operational service in 2009.

Design.

The Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King is a twin-engine medium-sized amphibious rotorcraft. Many of the features on board the Sea King represented a considerable advancement over preceding helicopters. In addition to being fully amphibious and capable of operating under all weather conditions, it holds the distinction of being the first operational American helicopter to be able to simultaneously hunt and destroy submarines. Its twin-turboshaft powerplant layout gave the SH-3 a higher payload and greater reliability than previous anti-submarine helicopters. In the event of a single engine failing, the Sea King could continue flying on a single engine. The powerplant used on the Sea King was the General Electric T58-GE-8B, which was initially capable of generating up to 1,250 shp each.  In normal operations, the Sea King typically would have a four-man crew on board; these being a pilot and copilot in the cockpit, and two aircrew stationed within the main cabin area. When conducting anti-submarine missions, the rear aircrew operated the aircraft's sensors and interpreted the generated data. For search-and-rescue missions, the Sea King's cabin could accommodate up to 22 survivors. In a medical layout, a maximum of nine stretchers plus two medical officers could be carried. In the troop transport role, up to 28 soldiers can be accommodated.  The Sea King features many design elements to support naval-orientated operations. The main rotor blades and the tail section can be folded via fully automated systems for storage onboard ships. The adoption of an amphibious hull allowed a Sea King to conduct a water landing and, being completely watertight, would enable the rotorcraft to remaining floating for prolonged periods on the ocean's surface. Deployable airbags in the aircraft's sponsons added to the rotorcraft's stability and buoyancy, resisting pitching and rolling. The hull design was compatible with landing on challenging terrain, including ice, snow, swamp land, and tundra. Wheels are installed in the sponsons for land operations.  The armament fitted upon a Sea King could vary considerably. For anti-submarine missions, the aircraft could carry up to four torpedoes or four depth charges. For anti-ship duties, some models were outfitted to carry one or two missiles, typically Sea Eagles or Exocets. The Sea King could also be fitted to deploy the B57 nuclear bomb. ASW equipment used on Sea Kings has included the AQS-13A/B/E dipping sonar which included specialized computers for processing sonar and sonobuoy data, various models of sonobuoys, ARR-75 Sonobuoy Receivers, and the ASQ-81 Magnetic Anomaly Detector. The commonly fitted AKT-22 data link enabled the rapid dissemination of sonar information to other friendly elements. Some later Sea King models featured the TACNAV digital navigation system (first generation GPS) and overhauled cockpit instrumentation for night vision compatibility.

Operational history.

The Sea King became operational with the United States Navy in June 1961 as the HSS-2. When the unified aircraft designation system was introduced, the aircraft's designation changed to SH-3A. It was used primarily for anti-submarine warfare: detecting and tracking Soviet submarines; in the event of an outright military conflict, they would have been used to launch attacks upon them as well. Sea Kings could also operate from offshore platforms to extend their surveillance and strike range. Nighttime ASW operations were possible, albeit posing considerable difficulty for the flight crew.  The Sea King also performed various other roles and missions such as search-and-rescue, transport, anti-shipping and airborne early warning operations. Aircraft carriers would typically deploy Sea Kings to operate near the carrier as a plane guard, ready to rescue air crew who crashed during takeoff or landing. They routinely transferred personnel and mail between vessels.  The Sea King was exported in large numbers to Brazil, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom. Several operators have kept their Sea Kings in use for more than 50 years.  During the Vietnam War, SH-3s rescued the crews of downed aircraft at sea and over land, typically being equipped with self-sealing fuel tanks, multiple machine guns and heavy armor when performing such missions. Due to the type's greater range and the safety of having two engines, it was often used during rescue sorties into North Vietnam to retrieve downed aircrew. The Sea King was also used for medical evacuations and disaster relief efforts.  The SH-3 was the primary helicopter for retrieving manned space capsules starting with Mercury-Atlas 7 in May 1962. "Helicopter 66" was the primary recovery vehicle for Apollo missions 8 and 10 to 13. In February 1971, an SH-3A, operating from the amphibious assault ship USS "New Orleans", recovered Apollo 14. A specialist search and rescue variant of the SH-3, the HH-3, also performed in this capacity.  Several Sea Kings, operated by the United States Marine Corps's HMX-1 unit, are used as the official helicopters of the President of the United States; in this capacity, the call sign 'Marine One' is used by the helicopter currently occupied by the President. As of 2012, a replacement helicopter fleet for the Sea King is pending under the VXX program. In 1992, the US Justice Department sued Sikorsky over allegations of overcharged component pricing and deliberately misleading US Navy negotiators. In 1997, the Justice Department issued further accusations against Sikorsky of willful overcharging on a contract to upgrade the Navy's Sea Kings.  During the 1990s, the Sea King was replaced in the ASW and SAR roles by the U.S. Navy with the newer Sikorsky SH-60 Sea Hawk. However, the SH-3 continued to operate in reserve units in roles including logistical support, search and rescue, and transport. On 27 January 2006, the SH-3 was ceremonially retired at NAS Norfolk, Virginia, by Helicopter Combat Support Squadron 2 (HC-2). They have been replaced by increasingly advanced variants of the SH-60 Sea Hawk.

Variants.

Westland.

The Westland Sea King variant was manufactured under license by Westland Helicopters Ltd in the United Kingdom, who developed a specially modified version for the Royal Navy. It is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Gnome turbines (license-built T58s), and has British avionics and ASW equipment. This variant first flew in 1969, and entered service the next year. It is also used by the Royal Air Force in a search and rescue capacity, and has been sold to many countries around the world.

Aircraft on display.

Argentina  Denmark  United States

The Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King (company designation S-61) is an American twin-engined anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter designed and built by Sikorsky Aircraft. A landmark design, it was the world's first amphibious helicopter and one of the first ASW rotorcraft to use turboshaft engines.

Le Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King est la dénomination militaire du Sikorsky S-61. Il s'agit d'un hélicoptère bi-turbine de lutte anti-sous-marine et de sauvetage en mer.


Armor.

The mantlet, the turret sides and the hull noseplate of the AMX-32 are hollow, the outer layers are made of dual hardness steel plates which are particularly effective against kinetic energy projectiles.  The frontal armor of the AMX-32 was successfully tested against 75 mm tungsten-cored PCOT rounds fired from the AMX-13 light tank and 57 mm armor-piercing rounds of the ASU-57. The turret side armor can withstand impacts of 23 mm armor-piercing rounds. The turret roof has been thickened in order to be protected from autocannons shells fired by fighter-bombers at a steep angle of 30°.  In addition, the AMX-32 features six smoke grenade dischargers and a dense white smoke screen can be generated by injecting vaporized diesel fuel into the exhaust system.

Fire control and observation.

Turret traverse and main gun elevation are powered by an electro-hydraulic drive. The main gun can be stabilized through servo-control; using inputs sent by the stabilized mirror head of the commander's M527 panoramic sight.

Gunner.

The gunner uses a APX M581 telescopic sight with ×10 magnification with a built-in APX M550 laser rangefinder (a.k.a CILAS TCV 80). The possibility of misalignment are reduced as the sight is an integral part of the mantlet. A Thomson CSF DIVT-13 low light television camera (LLLTV) with a ×1 magnification allows night observation up to 1200 m. The image obtained is displayed on two TV monitors (gunner and commander). The gunner also has two episcopes for direct observation.

Commander.

The commander has the latest iteration of the TOP 7 cupola with eight episcopes. Each episcope has a button placed under it allowing to quickly bring his sight toward the observed area. A SFIM M527 gyrostabilized panoramic sight with three channels; two daylight (×2 and ×8) and one night (×1) with light intensification allowing night observation up to 300-400 m.

Loader.

The loader has at his disposal one left-facing episcope and two rotating periscopes.

Mobility.

The AMX-32 was powered by a Hispano-Suiza (then Renault) HS-110-2-SR diesel engine fitted with twin Holset turbochargers and intercooler. The engine is coupled to an automatic, power shifting, SESM Minerva ENC 200 transmission with five forwards and reverse gears.

The AMX-32 was a French prototype main battle tank developed by AMX and APX during the late 1970s as an export tank to fit in a specific market niche of nations with smaller defence budgets.

LAMX-32 est un projet de char de combat français, proposé pour l'exportation, il fut conçu par l'arsenal de Roanne (ARE) et les ateliers de construction d'Issy-les-Moulineaux (AMX-APX) à la fin des années 1970. En l'absence de commandes, seulement six prototypes de l'AMX-32 ont été réalisés.


Construction and commissioning.

The contract to build "Nevada" was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut, on 7 January 1981 and her keel was laid down there on 8 August 1983. She was launched on 14 September 1985 sponsored by Mrs. Carol Laxalt, the wife of United States Senator Paul Laxalt of Nevada, and commissioned on 16 August 1986, with Captain F.W. Rohm in command of the Blue Crew and Captain William Stone in command of the Gold Crew.

Service history.

During the night of 1–2 August 2006, "Nevada" was operating in the Strait of Juan de Fuca when she snagged and broke the 500-foot (150-metre) towline between the tug "Phyllis Dunlap" and one of two barges carrying empty containers that "Phyllis Dunlap" was towing from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Seattle, Washington. Fiberglass portions of "Nevada"s sail were damaged, and a second tug had to recover the drifting barge.  In both 2005 and 2006, "Nevada"s crew was awarded with the Battle Efficiency Award (Battle "E"). This award is given to the best submarine in its respective submarine squadron and is determined based on performance in inspections for tactical readiness and nuclear reactor safety, among other factors. In February 2008, "Nevada" entered Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility, Bremerton Site for a regularly scheduled Engineering Refueling Overhaul. The 'Green' crew worked for nearly 30 months on the refit and refuel until they were separated back to the 'Gold' and 'Blue' crews on 21 July 2010 in preparation for workups and sea trials.  "Nevada" was awarded the 2018 Omaha Trophy on August 21, 2019. The Blue and Gold crews received the trophy to recognize their high standards of performance in the command's mission areas.

USS "Nevada" (SSBN-733) is a United States Navy ballistic missile submarine that has been in commission since 1986. She is the fourth ship of the U.S. Navy to be named for Nevada, the 36th state.

L’USS "Nevada" (SSBN-732) est un sous-marin nucléaire lanceur d’engins de la classe Ohio de l’United States Navy. Il est en service depuis 1986. Il s’agit du quatrième navire de l’"US Navy" à être nommé "USS Nevada" en l'honneur de l'état du Nevada.