Plot summary.

Hercule Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac, a cadet (nobleman serving as a soldier) in the French Army, is a brash, strong-willed man of many talents. In addition to being a remarkable duelist, he is a gifted, joyful poet and is also a musical artist. However, he has an obnoxiously large nose, which causes him to doubt himself. This doubt prevents him from expressing his love for his distant cousin, the beautiful and intellectual Roxane, as he believes that his ugliness would prevent him the "dream of being loved by even an ugly woman."

Act I – A Performance at the Hôtel Burgundy.

The play opens in Paris, 1640, in the theatre of the Hôtel Burgundy. Members of the audience slowly arrive, representing a cross-section of Parisian society from pickpockets to nobility. Christian de Neuvillette, a handsome new cadet, arrives with Lignière, a drunkard whom he hopes will identify the young woman with whom he has fallen in love. Lignière recognizes her as Roxane, and tells Christian about her and the Count de Guiche's scheme to marry her off to the compliant Viscount Valvert. Meanwhile, Ragueneau and Le Bret are expecting Cyrano de Bergerac, who has banished the actor Montfleury from the stage for a month. After Lignière leaves, Christian intercepts a pickpocket and, in return for his freedom, the pickpocket tells Christian of a plot against Lignière. Christian departs to try to warn him.  The play "Clorise" begins with Montfleury's entrance. Cyrano disrupts the play, forces Montfleury off stage, and compensates the manager for the loss of admission fees. The crowd is going to disperse when Cyrano lashes out at a pesky busybody, then is confronted by Valvert and duels with him while composing a ballade, wounding (and possibly killing) him as he ends the refrain (as promised, he ends each refrain with "Qu'à la fin de l'envoi, je touche!": "Then, as I end the refrain, thrust home!") When the crowd has cleared the theater, Cyrano and Le Bret remain behind, and Cyrano confesses his love for Roxane. Roxane's duenna then arrives, and asks where Roxane may meet Cyrano privately. Lignière is then brought to Cyrano, having learned that one hundred hired thugs are waiting to ambush him on his way home. Cyrano, now emboldened, vows to take on the entire mob single-handed, and he leads a procession of officers, actors and musicians to the Porte de Nesle.

Act II – The Poets' Cookshop.

The next morning, at Ragueneau's bake shop, Ragueneau supervises various apprentice cooks in their preparations. Cyrano arrives, anxious about his meeting with Roxane. He is followed by a musketeer, a paramour of Ragueneau's domineering wife Lise, then the regular gathering of impoverished poets who take advantage of Ragueneau's hospitality. Cyrano composes a letter to Roxane expressing his deep and unconditional love for her, warns Lise about her indiscretion with the musketeer, and when Roxane arrives he signals Ragueneau to leave them alone.  Roxane and Cyrano talk privately as she bandages his hand (injured from the fracas at the Port de Nesle); she thanks him for defeating Valvert at the theater, and talks about a man with whom she has fallen in love. Cyrano thinks that she is talking about him at first, and is ecstatic, but Roxane describes her beloved as "handsome," and tells him that she is in love with Christian de Neuvillette. Roxane fears for Christian's safety in the predominantly Gascon company of Cadets, so she asks Cyrano to befriend and protect him. This he agrees to do.  After she leaves, Cyrano's captain arrives with the cadets to congratulate him on his victory from the night before. They are followed by a huge crowd, including de Guiche and his entourage, but Cyrano soon drives them away. Le Bret takes him aside and chastises him for his behavior, but Cyrano responds haughtily. The Cadets press him to tell the story of the fight, teasing the newcomer Christian de Neuvillette. When Cyrano recounts the tale, Christian displays his own form of courage by interjecting several times with references to Cyrano's nose. Cyrano is angry, but remembering his promise to Roxane, he holds in his temper.  Eventually Cyrano explodes, the shop is evacuated, and Cyrano reveals his identity as Roxane's cousin. Christian confesses his love for Roxane but his inability to woo because of his lack of intellect and wit. When Cyrano tells Christian that Roxane expects a letter from him, Christian is despondent, having no eloquence in such matters. Cyrano then offers his services, including his own unsigned letter to Roxane. The Cadets and others return to find the two men embracing, and are flabbergasted. The musketeer from before, thinking it was safe to do so, teases Cyrano about his huge nose and receives a slap in the face, and there was much rejoicing.

Act III – Roxane's Kiss.

Outside Roxane's house Ragueneau is conversing with Roxane's duenna. When Cyrano arrives, Roxane comes down and they talk about Christian: Roxane says that Christian's letters have been breathtaking—he is more intellectual than even Cyrano, she declares. She also says that she loves Christian.  When de Guiche arrives, Cyrano hides inside Roxane's house. De Guiche tells Roxane that he has come to say farewell. He has been made a colonel of an army regiment that is leaving that night to fight in the war with Spain. He mentions that the regiment includes Cyrano's guards, and he grimly predicts that he and Cyrano will have a reckoning. Afraid for Christian's safety if he should go to the front, Roxane quickly suggests that the best way for de Guiche to seek revenge on Cyrano would be for him to leave Cyrano and his cadets behind while the rest of the regiment goes on to military glory. After much flirtation from Roxane, de Guiche believes he should stay close by, concealed in a local monastery. When Roxane implies that she would feel more for de Guiche if he went to war, he agrees to march on steadfastly, leaving Cyrano and his cadets behind. He leaves, and Roxane makes the duenna promise she will not tell Cyrano that Roxane has robbed him of a chance to go to war.  Roxane expects Christian to come visit her, and she tells the duenna to make him wait if he does. Cyrano presses Roxane to disclose that instead of questioning Christian on any particular subject, she plans to make Christian improvise about love. Although he tells Christian the details of her plot, when Roxane and her duenna leave, he calls for Christian who has been waiting nearby. Cyrano tries to prepare Christian for his meeting with Roxane, urging him to remember lines Cyrano has written. Christian however refuses saying he wants to speak to Roxane in his own words. Cyrano bows to this saying, "Speak for yourself, sir."  During their meeting Christian makes a fool of himself trying to speak seductively to Roxane. Roxane storms into her house, confused and angry. Thinking quickly, Cyrano makes Christian stand in front of Roxane's balcony and speak to her while Cyrano stands under the balcony whispering to Christian what to say. Eventually, Cyrano shoves Christian aside and, under cover of darkness, pretends to be Christian, wooing Roxane himself. In the process, he wins a kiss for Christian.  Roxane and Christian are secretly married by a Capuchin. Outside, Cyrano meets deGuiche. Cyrano, his face concealed, impersonates a madman, with a tale of a trip to the Moon. De Guice is fascinated, and delays his journey to hear more. When Cyrano finally reveals his face, de Guiche suggests Cyrano should write a book.  The newly wed couple's happiness is short-lived: de Guiche, angry to have lost Roxane, declares that he is sending the Cadets of Gascony to the front lines of the war with Spain. De Guiche triumphantly tells Cyrano that the wedding night will have to wait. Under his breath, Cyrano remarks that the news fails to upset him.  Roxane, afraid for Christian, urges Cyrano to promise to keep him safe, to keep him out of dangerous situations, to keep him dry and warm, and to keep him faithful. Cyrano says that he will do what he can but that he cannot promise anything. Roxane begs Cyrano to promise to make Christian write to her every day. Brightening, Cyrano announces confidently that he can promise that.

Act IV – The Gascon Cadets.

The Siege of Arras. The Gascon Cadets are among many French forces now cut off by the Spanish, and they are starving. Cyrano, meanwhile, has been writing in Christian's name twice a day, smuggling letters across enemy lines. De Guiche, whom the Cadets despise, arrives and chastises them; Cyrano responds with his usual bravura, and de Guiche then signals a spy to tell the Spanish to attack the Cadets, informing them that they must hold the line until relief arrives. Then a coach arrives, and Roxane emerges from it. She tells how she was able to flirt her way through the Spanish lines. Cyrano tells Christian about the letters, and provides him a farewell letter to give to Roxane if he dies. After de Guiche departs, Roxane provides plenty of food and drink with the assistance of the coach's driver, Ragueneau. De Guiche attempts to convince Roxane to leave the battlefield for a second time. When she refuses, de Guiche says he will not leave a lady behind. This impresses the cadets who offer him their leftovers, which de Guiche declines but ends up catching the cadets' accent which makes him even more popular with the cadets. Roxane also tells Christian that, because of the letters, she has grown to love him for his soul alone, and would still love him even if he were ugly.  Christian tells this to Cyrano, and then persuades Cyrano to tell Roxane the truth about the letters, saying he has to be loved for "the fool that he is" to be truly loved at all. Cyrano disbelieves what Christian claims Roxane has said, until she tells him so as well. But, before Cyrano can tell her the truth, Christian is brought back to the camp, having been fatally shot. Cyrano realizes that, in order to preserve Roxane's image of an eloquent Christian, he cannot tell her the truth. The battle ensues, a distraught Roxane collapses and is carried off by de Guiche and Ragueneau, and Cyrano rallies the Cadets to hold back the Spanish until relief arrives.

Act V – Cyrano's Gazette.

Fifteen years later, at a convent outside Paris. Roxane now resides here, eternally mourning her beloved Christian. She is visited by de Guiche, who is now a good friend and now sees Cyrano as an equal (and has been promoted to duke), Le Bret, and Ragueneau (who has lost his wife and bakery, and is now a candlelighter for Molière), and she expects Cyrano to come by as he always has with news of the outside world. On this day, however, he has been mortally wounded by someone who dropped a huge log on his head from a tall building. Upon arriving to deliver his "gazette" to Roxane, knowing it will be his last, he asks Roxane if he can read "Christian's" farewell letter. She gives it to him, and he reads it aloud as it grows dark. Listening to his voice, she realizes that it is Cyrano who was the author of all the letters, but Cyrano denies this to his death. Ragueneau and Le Bret return, telling Roxane of Cyrano's injury. While Cyrano grows delirious, his friends weep and Roxane tells him that she loves him. He combats various foes, half imaginary and half symbolic, conceding that he has lost all but one important thing – his "panache" – as he dies in Le Bret and Ragueneau's arms.

Stage history.

On 27 December 1897, the curtain rose at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, and the audience was pleasantly surprised. A full hour after the curtain fell, the audience was still applauding. The original Cyrano was Constant Coquelin, who played it over 410 times at said theatre and later toured North America in the role. The original production had sets designed by Marcel Jambon and his associates Brard and Alexandre Bailly (Acts I, III and V), Eugène Carpezat (Act II), and Alfred Lemeunier (Act IV). The earliest touring production of "Cyrano" was set up by Charles Moncharmont and Maurice Luguet. It was premiered in Monte Carlo on 29 March 1898, and subsequently presented in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Serbia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Algeria, Tunisia and Spain. Special, transportable sets emulating the Parisian production were created for this tour by Albert Dubosq:"La troupe qui interprétera" Cyrano de Bergerac "se composera de quarante personnes. Les costumes et les décors seront identiques à ceux de la Porte Saint-Martin ; les costumes, au nombre de deux cent cinquante, faits sur mesure, les armes, cartonnages, tout le matériel seront exécutés par les fournisseurs de ce théâtre ; les décors seront brossés par Dubosq qui est allé, ces jours derniers, s’entendre à Paris avec les entrepreneurs de la tournée.... la troupe voyage avec tout un matériel de décors à appliques, charnières, pièces démontables qui, pouvant se planter sur n’importe quelle scène et se divisant en tous petits fragments, s’installe aisément dans des caisses, sans peser relativement trop lourd et dépasser les dimensions admises par les chemins de fer."Richard Mansfield was the first actor to play Cyrano in the United States in an English translation. The longest-running Broadway production ran 232 performances in 1923 and starred Walter Hampden, who returned to the role on the Great White Way in 1926, 1928, 1932, and 1936. Hampden used the 1923 Brian Hooker translation prepared especially for him, which became such a classic in itself that it was used by virtually every English-speaking Cyrano until the mid-1980s. In 1946 Hampden passed the torch to José Ferrer, who won a Tony Award for playing Cyrano in a much-praised Broadway staging, the highlight of which was a special benefit performance in which Ferrer played the title role for the first four acts and Hampden (then in his mid-sixties) assumed it for the fifth. Ferrer reprised the role on live television in 1949 and 1955, and in a 1950 film version for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. It became Ferrer's most famous role.  Other notable English-speaking Cyranos were Ralph Richardson, DeVeren Bookwalter, Derek Jacobi, Michael Kanarek, Richard Chamberlain, and Christopher Plummer, who played the part in Rostand's original play and won a Tony Award for the 1973 musical adaptation. Kevin Kline played the role in a Broadway production in 2007, with Jennifer Garner playing Roxane and Daniel Sunjata as Christian. A taped version of the production was broadcast on PBS's "Great Performances" in 2009. In 2018, David Serero is the first French actor to play Cyrano in America in the English language.

Adaptations.

Films.

See List of film adaptations of "Cyrano de Bergerac"

Radio.

Kenneth Branagh starred as Cyrano, Jodhi May as Roxanne, and Tom Hiddleston as Christian, in a 2008 BBC Radio 3 production using the Anthony Burgess translation and directed by David Timson. This production first aired on BBC Radio 3 on 23 March 2008 and was re-broadcast on 4 April 2010.  Len Cariou and Roberta Maxwell starred in a 1980 CBC Television version directed by Peabody-winner Yuri Rasovsky.  Tom Burke and Emily Pithon starred in a 2015 BBC Radio 4 version for "15 Minute Drama", spanning five 15-minute episodes. It was adapted by Glyn Maxwell, and directed by Susan Roberts.

Opera.

An opera in French, "Cyrano de Bergerac", whose libretto by Henri Cain is based on Rostand's words, was composed by the Italian Franco Alfano and was first presented in an Italian translation in 1936. In recent years, the original French version has been revived in productions including the Opéra national de Montpellier with Roberto Alagna in 2003, and a 2005 Metropolitan Opera production with Plácido Domingo in the title role; both are available in DVD recordings.  Victor Herbert's unsuccessful 1899 operetta "Cyrano de Bergerac", with a libretto by Harry B. Smith based on the play, was one of Herbert's few failures.  Walter Damrosch's "Cyrano", another operatic adaptation of "Cyrano de Bergerac", premiered in 1913 at the Metropolitan Opera.  Eino Tamberg composed another opera titled "Cyrano de Bergerac" in 1974, to a libretto in Estonian by Jaan Kross, based on Rostand's play. The opera "Cyrano" by David DiChiera to a libretto by Bernard Uzan premiered at the Michigan Opera Theatre on 13 October 2007.

Scientific studies: "Cyranoids".

Inspired by the balcony scene in which Cyrano provides Christian with words to speak to Roxane, Stanley Milgram developed an experimental technique that used covert speech shadowing to construct hybrid personae in social psychological experiments, wherein subjects would interact with a "Cyranoid" whose words emanated from a remote, unseen "source".

External links.

, translated by Gladys Thomas and Mary F. Guillemard.

Cyrano de Bergerac is a play written in 1897 by Edmond Rostand. There was a real Cyrano de Bergerac, and the play is a fictionalisation following the broad outlines of his life.

Cyrano de Bergerac est l'une des pièces les plus populaires du théâtre français, et la plus célèbre de son auteur, Edmond Rostand. Librement inspirée de la vie et de l'œuvre de l'écrivain libertin Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac (1619-1655), elle est représentée pour la première fois le 28 décembre 1897, au Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, à Paris.


Plot summary.

Katie (Alison Pill) is an 18-year-old girl who lives in a small Amish community in the Pennsylvania farm country. When a newborn baby is found dead, police suspect foul play, and Katie is accused of having given birth to the child, then taking its life due to her shame about the baby's illegitimacy. Katie protests her innocence on both charges, and Ellie Harrison (Mariska Hargitay), a tough and well-respected attorney, is brought in to defend her in court. Eventually it is revealed that Katie had conceived the child by a young male academic student whom she had befriended while attending college to visit her excommunicated brother and wearing regular civilian clothes, and that the child had been born extremely sickly due to Katie's lifetime practice of drinking unpasteurized milk. It is assumed by the jury and the townspeople in general, therefore, that the baby merely died naturally of its weakened condition shortly after birth, and so Katie is declared innocent of all wrongdoing. At the very end of the story, however, Katie's mother Sarah privately reveals to Ellie that she had known that Katie was pregnant and that she followed her to the pond the night that Katie went there and gave birth. Sarah shows Ellie the scissors that had been missing from her husband's barn since that night. The implication is that she used the scissors to cut the umbilical cord, that she suffocated the baby and disposed of the body in the pond. Though shocked and horrified at the gaunt older woman's admission, Ellie chooses not to reveal her knowledge to the police. The classic Picoult twist is that after all Ellie had been through trying to get the truth out of Katie, it seems as though Katie had been covering for her mother's murder of the baby all along.

Plain Truth is a 2004 TV drama directed by Paul Shapiro, starring Mariska Hargitay, Alison Pill and Jan Niklas. The film is based on Jodi Picoult's book "Plain Truth", where an Amish teen hides a pregnancy, gives birth in secret, and then flatly denies it all when the baby's body is found, urban defense attorney Ellie Harrison decides to defend her.

La Voix de l'innocence ("", littéralement "Simple Vérité") est un téléfilm dramatique canado-américain réalisé par Paul Shapiro, et diffusé aux États-Unis le sur.


Teams.

At the route's announcement on 21 March, the organizers announced twelve teams of ten would participate; however, one more team (Peugeot) was later invited. Each team sent a squad of ten riders so the Giro began with a peloton of 130 cyclists. Out of the 130 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 98 riders made it to the finish in Naples where eight riders were subsequently disqualified for testing positive for drugs leaving the general classification tally at 90 riders. The starting peloton consisted of 70 Italians, 16 Belgians, 15 Frenchmen, 11 Spanish, 7 Swiss, four Germans, three Dutch, two Danes, one English, and one Luxembourgian rider. The presentation of the teams – where each team's roster and manager were introduced in front the media and local dignitaries – took place on 20 May, in the Campione d'Italia at 9:30 AM local time.  The teams entering the race were:

Pre-race favorites.

The starting peloton did include the previous year's winner Felice Gimondi. Eddy Merckx was confirmed to participate with his Faema team. Eight-time Grand Tour winner Jacques Anquetil did not participate in the race because of a dispute over pay.

Route and stages.

The race route was revealed to the public on 21 March 1968 by race director Vincenzo Torriani. The starting date of the event was moved from the 18th or 19 May to the 20th because of the general election taking place within Italy that ended on 19 May. The race was broadcast by RAI throughout Italy. "l'Unita" writer Gino Sala's felt the route was geared towards climbers, referencing the inclusion of Tre Cime di Lavaredo which had been the previous year and eliminated several riders. Former racer Cino Cinelli felt the Tre Cime di Lavaredo would be the decisive stage, while three time champion Gino Bartali felt the Spanish would benefit from the route. The average length of the stages was. The second individual time trial, in San Marino, was seen as an important stage as it featured inclines of 5-6%. Gianni Motta commented that "I've never seen so many mountains in a row one after another." Four mountains approached or exceeded : Monte Grappa, Tre Cime di Lavadero, Rocca di Cambio, and Blockhaus. Following the route's unveil, "El Mundo Deportivo" author Juan Plans Bosch wrote that the Giro would always be second to the Tour de France as it was the first premier bike race, while he felt the Giro had better "historical and geographical illustrations."  To begin race festivities there was a parade through the streets of Campione d'Italia before the prologue started during the night. The race started with a prologue, which consisted of a circuit being crossed twice. The times from this stage were not included in the final times for the general classification, but were just done to determine the first person to wear the race leader's "maglia rosa" (). This was the first Giro d'Italia to have a prologue to open the race. The 130 starting riders were divided into thirteen groups of ten, with each group of ten contesting the course at the same time. The times of the fastest riders from each group were put together and the fastest of those times was the rider that would wear the first pink jersey. The route finished for the first time in Naples near Mount Vesuvius along the Mediterranean Ocean.

Race overview.

The race's twelfth stage saw heavy rain from the start of the stage in Gorizia, which turned to snow as the race began to elevate into the Dolomites. Police lined the sides of the roads of the Tre Cime di Lavaredo as the riders passed through due to incidents that occurred on the slopes the previous year. The leading group on the road had a ten-minute advantage on Eddy Merckx. Merckx was able to traverse the ten-minute gap, win the stage, and take the lead of the race.

Doping.

At a presentation in Campione d'Italia, Torriani announced the measures for doping controls. This was the first Giro d'Italia to administer tests in attempt to catch riders doping, To determine whether a not tests would be administered, a set of twenty-two envelopes were made with each envelope having a slip of paper inside that read either "Yes" or "No". Following the finish of each stage one envelope was opened, if it read "No," then all riders could leave immediately. If it read "Yes," then riders with high placings on the stage and in the overall classification were tested. The results from these tests, however, would be available fifteen days after the conclusion of the race. On 15 June, the Italian Cycling Federation announced that nine riders had tested positive during the race. The riders were Gimondi, Motta, Franco Balmamion, Franco Bodrero, Raymond Delise, Peter Abt, Victor van Schil, Mariano Diaz, Joaquin Galera. Balmamion was cleared of the charges as the substance found in his urine had not been officially banned. Gimondi's ban was overturned on 13 July as he persuaded the authorities he had used Reactivan. Years later, author John foot wrote "Doubts remain about how much the influence of Gimondi's fame and his ability to employ expensive lawyers and experts had on his case," casting further doubt on the legitimacy of Gimondi's claims of innocence. The Tour de France organizers adopted the Giro's doping control scheme for their 1968 race.

Classification Leadership.

Two different jerseys were worn during the 1969 Giro d'Italia. The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider – wore a pink jersey. This classification is the most important of the race, and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro.  For the points classification, which awarded a red jersey to its leader, cyclists were given points for finishing a stage in the top 15. The mountains classification leader. The climbs were ranked in first and second categories. In this ranking, points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists. There were a total of nineteen categorized climbs, of which the highest one, the "Cima Coppi", was the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. Although no jersey was awarded, there was also one classification for the teams, in which the stage finish times of the best three cyclists per team were added; the leading team was the one with the lowest total time.

Final standings.

Minor classifications.

Franco Bitossi (Filotex) won the "traguardi tricolori" classification and Merckx won the "Trofeo dei Circuiti".

The 1968 Giro d'Italia was the 51st running of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tour races. The Giro started in Campione d'Italia, on 20 May, with a stage and concluded in Naples, on 11 June, with a mass-start stage. A total of 130 riders from 13 teams entered the 22-stage race, which was won by Belgian Eddy Merckx of the Faema team. The second and third places were taken by Italians Vittorio Adorni and Felice Gimondi, respectively.

La du Tour d'Italie s'est élancée de Campione d'Italia le et est arrivée à Naples le 12 juin. Long de, ce "Giro" a été remporté par le Belge Eddy Merckx, qui s'impose également aux classement de la montagne et par points.


Taxonomy.

The specific name, "inunguis" is Latin for "nailless." The genus name "Trichechus", comes from Latin meaning "hair", referencing the whiskers around the manatee's mouth.

Physical characteristics.

Ranges of body weight and size observed are 7.5–346.5 kg and 76.0 –255.5 cm for captive males, 8.1–379.5 kg and 71.0–266.5 cm for captive females, and 120.0–270.0 kg and 162.0 –230.0 cm for free-ranging manatees, respectively. The maximum actual Amazonian manatee weight reported is 379.5 kg. Calves of the species are born weighing 10–15 kg and 85 –105 cm long. The Amazonian Manatees increase in length approximately 1.6-2.0 mm per day. This length is measured along the curvature of the body so absolute length can differ between individuals. As calves, they gain an average of 1 kilogram per week.  Amazonian manatees are large, cylindrically shaped mammals, with forelimbs modified into flippers, no free hind-limbs, and the rear of the body in the form of a flat, rounded, horizontal paddle. The flexible flippers are used for aiding motion over the bottom, scratching, touching and even embracing other manatees, and moving food into and cleaning the mouth. The manatee's upper lip is modified into a large bristly surface, which is deeply divided. It can move each side of the lips independently while feeding. The general coloration is grey, and most Amazonian manatees have a distinct white or bright pink patch on the breast.  Amazonian manatees, similar to all living manatee species in the family Trichechidae, have polyphyodont teeth. Their teeth are continuously replaced horizontally from the caudal portion of the jaw to the rostral portion throughout the manatee's life, a unique trait among mammals. Only the closest living relative of order Sirenia, elephants, show a similar characteristic of teeth replacement, but elephants have a limited set of these replacement teeth. As the teeth migrate rostrally in the manatee, the roots will be resorbed and the thin enamel will wear down until the tooth is eventually shed. Referred to as cheek teeth, differentiation of manatee teeth into molars and premolars has not occurred, and manatees additionally do not have incisors or canine teeth. These teeth migrate at a rate of about 1-2 mm/month, based on wear and chewing rates.  The Amazonian manatee lacks nails on its flippers, setting it apart from other manatees. Additionally, Amazonian manatees have a very small degree of rostral deflection (30.4°), which can be used as an indication of where in the water column the animal feeds. A small degree of deflection means that the end of the snout is straighter with regards to the caudal portion of the jaw. Animals with a greater degree of deflection, such as "D. dugong" at about 70° of deflection, are more of a benthic species, feed on the seafloor, and have snouts that point almost completely ventrally. Only "T. senegalensis" has a smaller rostral deflection of about 25.8°. This is believed to maximize the efficiency of feeding. A small degree of rostral deflection allows Amazonian manatees to feed more effectively at the surface of the water, where much of their food is found.

Behavior and biology.

The Amazonian manatee is the only sirenian that lives exclusively in freshwater habitat. The species relies on changes in the peripheral circulation for its primary mechanism for thermoregulation by using sphincters to deflect blood flow from areas of the body in close contact with water. They also rely on subcutaneous fat to reduce heat loss.  Manatees have nostrils, not blowholes like other aquatic mammals, which close when under water to keep water out and open when above water to breathe. Although manatees can remain under water for extended periods, surfacing for air about every five minutes is common. The longest documented submergence of an Amazonian manatee in captivity is 14 minutes.  Manatees make seasonal movements synchronized with the flood regime of the Amazon Basin. They are found in flooded forests and meadows during the flood season, when food is abundant. The Amazonian manatee has the smallest degree of rostral deflection (25° to 41°) among sirenians, an adaptation to feed closer to the water surface. It is both nocturnal and diurnal and lives its life almost entirely underwater. Only its nostrils protrude from the surface of the water while it searches river and lake bottoms for vegetation.  The Amazonian and Florida manatees are the only manatees known to vocalize. They have been observed vocalizing alone and with others, particularly between cows and their calves.

Diet.

The manatees themselves feed on a variety of aquatic macrophytes, including aroids (especially "Pistia", aka "water lettuce"), grasses, bladderworts, hornworts, water lilies, and particularly, water hyacinths. They are also known to eat palm fruits that fall into the water. Maintaining a herbivorous diet, the manatee has a similar post-gastric digestive process to that of the horse. The manatee consumes approximately 8% of its body weight in food per day.  During the July–August dry season when water levels begin to fall, some populations become restricted to the deep parts of large lakes, where they often remain until the end of the dry season in March. They are thought to fast during this period, their large fat reserves and low metabolic rates – only 36% of the usual placental mammal metabolic rate – allowing them to survive for up to seven months with little or no food.

Reproduction and lifecycle.

The Amazonian manatee is a seasonal breeder with a gestational period of 12–14 months and a prolonged calving period. Most births take place between December and July, with about 63% between February and May, during a time of rising river levels in their native region. After the calf is born, it will begin to eat while staying with its mother for 12 – 18 months.  Two individuals lived 12.5 years in captivity. Wild individuals have a lifespan of about 30 years.

Population and distribution.

As of 1977 the population count of the Amazonian manatee was estimated to be around 10,000. As of now the total population count is undetermined, however the population trend seems to be decreasing. They are mainly distributed throughout the Amazon River Basin in northern South America, ranging from the Marajó Islands in Brazil through Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. They are occasionally found overlapping with the West Indian manatee along the coasts of Brazil.  Amazonian manatees occur through most of the Amazon River drainage, from the headwaters, in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru to the mouth of the Amazon (close to the Marajó Island) in Brazil over an estimated seven million square kilometers. However, their distribution is patchy, concentrating in areas of nutrient-rich flooded forest, which covers around 300,000 km2 They also inhabit environments in lowland tropical areas below 300 m asl, where there is large production of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants; they are also found in calm, shallow waters, away from human settlements  The Amazonian manatee is completely aquatic and never leaves the water. It is the only manatee to occur exclusively in freshwater environments. The Amazonian manatee favors backwater lakes, oxbows, and lagoons with deep connections to large rivers and abundant aquatic vegetation They are mainly solitary but sometimes they will gather in small groups consisting of up to eight individuals. They engage in long seasonal movements, moving from flooded areas during the wet season to deep water-bodies during the dry season  Natural predators include jaguars, sharks, and crocodiles.

Illegal Hunting.

The main threat to the Amazonian manatee is illegal hunting. They are hunted for subsistent and local use, not commercially. The hunting has led to the large decline in the population and low population numbers. Between 1935 and 1954, over 140,000 manatees are estimated to have been killed. Despite the laws in place against hunting, hunting continues to occur even in protected areas. Traditional harpoons are most common weapon used against the manatees but in Ecuador they are also known to be caught in Arapaima fish traps.  They are mainly hunted for their high value meat but the fat and skin are also used for cooking and in medicines. The meat is sold locally to neighbors or at produce markets. It can be illegally sold as sausage or mixira in public markets in Brazil and Ecuador. Mixira is a meat preserved in its own fat and is expensive which drives the hunters.  Between 2011 and 2015, 195 manatees were killed for meat in a single region of Brazil. In another region, 460 were killed in a protected area between 2004 and 2014.

Conservation.

The IUCN red list ranks the Amazonian manatee as vulnerable. Population declines are primarily a result of hunting, as well as calf mortality, climate change, and habitat loss. However, due to their murky water habitat it is difficult to gain accurate population estimates.  There are no national management plans for the Amazonian Manatee, except in Colombia. As of 2008, the INPA takes care of 34 captive manatees and the CPPMA is caring for 31 manatees. The manatee has been protected by Peruvian law since 1973, via Supreme Decree 934-73-AG, prohibiting hunting and commercial use of the manatee.  Hunting remains the largest problem and continues in much of its range, even within reserves. In 1986, it was estimated that the hunting levels in Ecuador were unsustainable and it would be gone from this country within 10–15 years. While hunting still occurs, an increasing risk to its continued survival in Ecuador is now believed to be the risk of oil spills. The oil exploration also means an increase in boat traffic on the rivers.  The Amazonian manatees of Peru have experienced much of their decline due to hunting by human populations for meat, blubber, skin and other materials that can be collected from the manatee. Such hunting is carried out with harpoons, gillnets, and set traps. Much of this hunting occurs in the lakes and streams near the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve in northeastern Peru. The species is slow-moving, docile, and is often found feeding at the surface of the lakes and rivers it inhabits. Manatees are also at risk from pollution, accidental drowning in commercial fishing nets, and the degradation of vegetation by soil erosion resulting from deforestation. Additionally, the indiscriminate release of mercury in mining activities threatens the entire aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon Basin.

References.

The Amazonian manatee ("Trichechus inunguis") is a species of manatee that lives in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. It has thin, wrinkled brownish or gray colored skin, with fine hairs scattered over its body and a white chest patch. It is the smallest of the three extant species of manatee.

Le lamantin d’Amazonie ("Trichechus inunguis") ou lamantin du Brésil est un mammifère herbivore, la plus petite espèce de l'ordre des siréniens et la seule à vivre exclusivement en eaux douces.


Background.

In October 1994, the Yes line-up of lead vocalist Jon Anderson, bassist Chris Squire, keyboardist Tony Kaye, drummer Alan White and guitarist and vocalist Trevor Rabin wrapped their 1994 tour in support of the band's fourteenth studio album, "Talk" (1994). The tour was met with crowds smaller than previous tours, and the album was a commercial disappointment among the ever changing music scene, with grunge and rock groups Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Pearl Jam, and Nirvana taking mainstream interest, leaving Yes in what band biographer Chris Welch wrote, "In danger of slipping back into an obscurity more dark and profound than at any time in their history". They suffered a setback when, in 1995, Rabin felt he had done all he could artistically within the group and decided to leave after 13 years to become a film composer, with Kaye following suit to pursue other projects. Squire convinced Rabin to hang on for several more months, but escalating arguments between Anderson and himself convinced the guitarist that it was time.  With Yes reduced to a trio of Anderson, Squire, and White, the band replaced manager Tony Dimitriades, who had been with them since the early 1980s, with Jon Brewer. Soon after the change, Brewer was approached by Castle Communications, a British independent label with an interest in releasing a Yes album on its subsidiary label, Essential Records. Brewer and Castle agreed to the idea on the condition that the album featured the band's original or the "classic" line-up from the 1970s, which also included guitarist Steve Howe and keyboardist Rick Wakeman. The pair had left in 1992 after the band's Union Tour and continued with their solo projects, but were interested to return and met with Anderson in Los Angeles for several days to discuss the situation. They agreed after Yes invited them to return and make the album, Howe for his third stint and Wakeman his fourth. This marked the first time this line-up had played together since their unsuccessful attempt to record a new album in early 1980. Squire later revealed the initial plan of having both "Keys to Ascension" albums feature just live recordings, but Castle wished for them to contain new tracks recorded in the studio. The group agreed to release the album with the aim of letting the public know that the five had reunited, and Anderson wished to explore the music that the line-up had recorded in the 1970s and take Yes "into the 21st century".

Production.

Studio tracks.

In October 1995, the group started writing and rehearsing in the city of San Luis Obispo, California without Wakeman, who joined soon after. They chose the location after Anderson had moved there in August that year and suggested that they work there. Wakeman particularly enjoyed his time working in a small and remote location as it gave the band the chance to focus without "the glare of everything and it gave everybody a chance to spend a bit of time together and just quietly almost reprogram ourselves". To record the new material, the band leased a building that was once a bank and set up a recording studio inside that was later dubbed Yesworld Studio on the album's sleeve notes. Working with them was co-producer Tom Fletcher, with Kevin Dickey, Zang Angelfire, and Bill Smith assisting with engineering and mixing duties. Dickey also edited the album using the Sonic Solutions audio software.  "Keys to Ascension" contains two new studio tracks from the band. When it came to pooling ideas, Squire, Anderson, and Howe contributed pieces that they had been holding on to which were then developed further. "Be the One" is a three-part song credited to Anderson, Squire, and Howe. The former revealed the song covers the idea of commitment, and how the band made a commitment to working together once again after a considerable length of time apart.

Live tracks.

In addition to the new studio-produced songs, the band agreed to hold two shows at the city's Fremont Theater on 5 and 6 March 1996 and have them recorded and released with the new tracks. The concerts were advertised online through their website YesWorld, leading fans from around the world to book tickets. To cater for the high demand for tickets, a third show was organised on 4 March. The shows sold out, with approximately 650 people in attendance at each one.  The setlist for the three shows was formed of thirteen songs originally released between 1970 and 1978. This marked the first live performance of "Onward" from "Tormato" (1978) in the band's history and "The Revealing Science of God (Dance of the Dawn)" from "Tales from Topographic Oceans" (1973) since 1974. The encores were "Roundabout" and "Starship Trooper". During the selection process, the band rehearsed Howe's suggestion of "A Venture" from "The Yes Album" (1971). Wakeman, who is known for his overall distaste for "Tales from Topographic Oceans", was happy to play "The Revealing Science of God (Dance of the Dawn)" as it was the track out of the album's four that he was most interested to perform. According to Howe, most of the second night's recordings were used on the live portion of the album. The shows were also filmed for release on a same-titled home video in 1996.

Post-production.

Towards the end of the album's mixing stage, Fletcher had to end his involvement due to touring commitments with Steve Lukather. He had completed mixing the live tracks but the studio songs were incomplete, leading Squire to suggest Billy Sherwood, who had performed additional guitars on the "Talk" tour, to complete it with Smith.  After recording, Howe had planned to remain in the studio and update his vocal tracks over the course of four days, yet his time there was extended to five weeks. He oversaw the mixing process as he and the producers wished for an end product that he was happy with, as he was unable to attend the sessions for the previous two Yes-related albums he had played on. Anderson visited the studio each day during this time. He later recalled this time in a negative light, pointing out the lack of support from the whole band, working to get the album sounding right without pay, and the lack of appreciation for his efforts. He concluded: "I thought, 'Wow, never again. Don't call me with a project like that". When it came to producing "Keys to Ascension 2", the band agreed to have Sherwood produce the studio tracks on "Keys to Ascension 2" (1997). Wakeman was particularly happy with Sherwood's involvement with the project, complementing his way of working and getting the best performance out of each member.  The album's artwork was designed by Roger Dean, and includes one titled "Arches Mist". The front cover features the band's logo used through the 1970s and the square shaped one he designed for their thirteenth studio album, "Union" (1991).

Release.

"Keys to Ascension" was released in October 1996 and reached number 48 on the UK Albums Chart and number 99 on the "Billboard" 200 during its two-week presence on the chart. Anderson thought the album was not promoted effectively due to the lack of funds at Essential.  The studio tracks from both "Keys to Ascension" albums were compiled on "Keystudio" (2001), and both albums were packaged in their entirety in 1998 and 2010, the latter with the concert video as a bonus disc.

Personnel.

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.  Yes  Production

References.

Books

Keys to Ascension is the fourth live and fifteenth studio album by English progressive rock band Yes, released as a double album in October 1996 on Essential Records. In 1995, guitarist Trevor Rabin and keyboardist Tony Kaye left the group which marked the return of former members Steve Howe and Rick Wakeman, thus reuniting them with vocalist Jon Anderson, bassist Chris Squire, and drummer Alan White, a line-up that had last performed in 1979. The group relocated to Anderson's hometown of San Luis Obispo, California to make a new album and to promote their reunion with three shows at the city's Fremont Theater in March 1996. "Keys to Ascension" features half of the live set from the 1996 shows and two studio new tracks which marked a return to Yes writing longform pieces.

Il s'agit d'un album hybride. En effet, sept des neuf titres de l'album ont été enregistrés lors d'une série de concerts donnés au Fremont Theatre de San Luis Obispo, Californie, les 4, 5 et, dans des conditions proches de celles d'un album studio. Ces performances ont également été filmées et publiées dans une vidéo "live" éponyme. Les deux dernières pièces, "Be the One" et "That, That Is", sont de nouvelles chansons enregistrées en studio en novembre 1995 puis finalisées au printemps 1996.


Usage.

In "Garner's Modern American Usage", Garner says writers sometimes use "a fortiori" as an adjective as in "a usage to be resisted". He provides this example: "Clearly, if laws depend so heavily on public acquiescence, the case of conventions is an "a fortiori" [read "even more compelling"] one."  "A fortiori" arguments are regularly used in Jewish law under the name kal va-chomer, literally "mild and severe", the mild case being the one we know about, while trying to infer about the more severe case.  In ancient Indian logic (nyaya), an inference derived from an "a fortiori" postulation is known as "kaimutika" or "kaimutya nyaya", from the words "kim uta" meaning "even more so".  In Islamic jurisprudence, "a fortiori" arguments are proved utilising the methods used in "qiyas" (reasoning by analogy).

Types.

"A maiore ad minus".

In logic, a maiore ad minus describes a simple and obvious inference from a claim about a stronger entity, greater quantity, or general class to one about a weaker entity, smaller quantity, or specific member of that class:

"A minore ad maius".

The reverse, less known and less frequently applicable argument is a minore ad maius, which denotes an inference from smaller to bigger.

In law.

“Argumentum a maiori ad minus” (from the greater to the smaller) – works in two ways:  An "a fortiori" argument is sometimes considered in terms of analogical reasoning – especially in its legal applications. Reasoning "a fortiori" posits not merely that a case regulated by precedential or statutory law and an unregulated case should be treated alike since these cases sufficiently resemble each other, but that the unregulated case deserves to be treated in the same way as the regulated case in a higher degree. The unregulated case is here more similar (analogues) to the regulated case than this case is similar (analogues) to itself.

Argumentum a fortiori (literally "argument from the stronger") (, ) is a form of argumentation that draws upon existing confidence in a proposition to argue in favor of a second proposition that is held to be implicit in, and even more certain than, the first.

"" ou "" est une locution latine adverbiale signifiant. L'argument "" est un argument qui est souvent présenté en même temps que les arguments "" et "", notamment dans plusieurs manuels de théorie du droit. Ces arguments sont expliqués comme trois types de positions que l'on peut prendre en égard à l'application ou non d'une catégorie à un cas donné.


Oldest surviving house in Chicago.

Clarke House may have been modeled on the home of William B. Ogden. The Clarke house is often described as the oldest surviving house in Chicago, although part of the Noble-Seymour-Crippen House in the Norwood Park neighborhood was built in 1833. (However, Norwood Park was not annexed to Chicago until 1893.) The Clarke House was designated a Chicago Landmark on October 14, 1970. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1971.  Originally built on of land near Michigan Avenue between 16th and 17th Streets, it is currently located at 1827 S. Indiana, near its original location. Clarke's decision to build south of the River made him the first wealthy Chicagoan to build there. Clarke suffered severe financial setbacks during the Panic of 1837 and used the surrounding land for farming and hunting. This setback resulted in a delay in the completion of the south rooms of his house.

Widow Clarke's House.

Clarke died in 1849 after being stricken with cholera. Caroline Palmer Clarke lived until 1860 and it was during this time that the house was known as the "Widow Clarke's House". After her husband's death, Caroline Clarke established "Clarke's addition to Chicago" by selling all but of the original land that went with the house. She used this money to support her family and renovate her house, adding an elaborate back portico with Doric columns, much like the original portico facing the lake. The new porch faced the newly gaslit Michigan Avenue. At the same time, she added an Italianate cupola and decorated her dining room and front parlor, which remained unfinished from the time of the family's financial setbacks.  In 1871 John Chrimes, a prominent Chicago tailor, purchased the house and moved it farther south to 45th Street and Wabash Avenue into what was then the township of Hyde Park. When the house was being moved, a packet of papers was discovered that Clarke had apparently buried when building the house. The packet contained a memorial to President Martin van Buren recommending Henry Clarke for a job, tax receipts, newspapers of the day, and a statement in Henry Clarke's handwriting, stating, "I, Henry B. Clarke, am an ardent Democrat." While on the new site, the building housed the St. Paul Church of God in Christ for more than thirty years. As the parsonage and community hall of this church, the Clarke House was the working home of Bishop Louis Henry Ford, the man for whom the Bishop Ford Expressway would later be named.

Another move.

In 1977, the City of Chicago purchased the house and moved it to its current location, a project that included lifting the entire building over the L tracks on the Englewood-Jackson Park line. It was a cold December night and the hydraulic equipment responsible for supporting the house froze. For two weeks, the house sat adjacent to the El tracks until it could be moved to its current home at 1827 S. Indiana.

Clarke House Museum.

The Clarke House Museum is operated as a historic house museum by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. Guided tours are available by arrangement with the neighboring Glessner House Museum. The Clarke House Museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.

The Henry B. Clarke House is a Greek Revival style house in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Henry Brown Clarke was a native of New York State who had come to Chicago in 1833 with his wife, Caroline Palmer Clarke, and his family. He entered into the hardware business with William Jones and Byram King, establishing King, Jones and Company, and provided building materials to the growing Chicago populace. The house was built in circa 1836 by a local contractor, probably John Rye, who later married the Clarkes' housemaid, Betsy.

La Henry B. Clarke House est une demeure de style Greek Revival située dans le secteur de Near South Side à Chicago. La maison fut construite vers 1836 par un entrepreneur, vraisemblablement John Rye, qui épousa plus tard la bonne des Clarkes, Betsy. Il est possible que la Clarke House ait été bâtie sur le modèle de la maison du maire de Chicago William Butler Ogden. Construite à l'origine près de Michigan Avenue, elle fut déplacée, sur plus de 4 "miles", en 1977, jusqu'au 1827 South Indiana Avenue dans le Prairie Avenue District. La Clarke house est actuellement la plus ancienne maison de Chicago. Elle fut inscrite au ""Chicago Landmark"" le, puis au ""Registre national des lieux historiques"", le. Elle est aujourd'hui transformée en musée.


Plot.

Thirteen-year-old Maria Merryweather attends her father's funeral. She notices a strange boy watching, but he disappears before she looks again. Maria's father has left her a book: "The Ancient Chronicles of Moonacre Valley". Maria reads of the first Moon Princess receiving magical pearls from the moon. At her wedding with a Merryweather, her father, a de Noir, presents the couple with a black lion, while the groom gifts the princess a white unicorn. When the princess reveals the pearls and their power, the two families fight over them, possessed by greed. Maria stops reading.  Forced to leave her London home, Maria and her governess, Miss Heliotrope, go to stay with an uncle she has never met: Sir Benjamin Merryweather, at Moonacre Manor. After a long ride, their carriage is attacked by bandits at the manor gate. Maria and Miss Heliotrope fend off their assailants, who are prevented from following by the gate's closing. Sir Benjamin greets them and instructs Maria to stay away from the forest and the de Noirs, the rival family in Moonacre Valley. She is shown to her room and is taken by its whimsical nature, especially the stars on the ceiling. That night Maria sees a star shoot across the ceiling to a window, where it then crosses the actual sky.  The next morning, Sir Benjamin notices her carrying the book and confiscates it. He takes her out riding, and on returning, Maria sneaks into the forest. She finds a hare in a cage: stooping to release it, she finds herself surrounded by bandits, including Robin de Noir. Robin tells her she must come with them, but Wrolf, Sir Benjamin's intimidating black dog, frightens the bandits away. She runs back to the manor with the hare. The next day Maria finds the kitchen. The chef, Marmaduke, tells her where to find her book. In it, she reads that Moonacre Valley will be plunged into eternal darkness at the rising of the 5000th moon, unless the families hear a "pure heart". The chef tells her she is a Moon Princess, and only such a one can undo the curse. Maria figures out that the very next moon will be the 5000th. Frightened, she runs away: she finds a cave, and a strange woman named Loveday who lives in it. Loveday tells her that she herself was a Moon Princess, but failed to unite the families and break the curse. Maria realizes that although the de Noirs stole the chest containing the pearls, the Merryweathers have the key. She pulls the key from her father's book. Loveday takes her to the de Noir fortress and leaves her.  Maria sneaks into the fortress and is spotted by Coeur de Noir, the leader. She gives him the key, but he reveals that the chest is empty. He claims the Merryweathers stole the pearls and says he is waiting for the curse to consume them. Maria is locked in a dungeon, but she tricks the guard into letting her escape. The de Noirs chase her, but she escapes the fortress and runs into the woods, where Wrolf leads her back to the manor. There, she is severely scolded by her uncle and retreats to her room. Loveday enters through a secret door, and Maria takes her to the piano room. Watching Loveday's reflection in a magic mirror, she learns that Loveday and Sir Benjamin were once engaged, until Loveday revealed she was a de Noir: Sir Benjamin, furious, broke off the engagement, and Loveday ran away. Maria then notices a painting of the first Moon Princess, which shows her that the pearls are hidden inside a tree in the woods. Marmaduke tells her that only Robin can help her find it. Maria sends forged letters to Sir Benjamin and to Loveday, each telling the other that they want to meet. She takes the hare and enters the forest. Using it as bait, she traps Robin. She makes him promise to listen, then frees him and tries to persuade him to help her end the curse.  Meanwhile, Loveday and Sir Benjamin meet and discover Maria's deception. Together with Miss Heliotrope, the servant Digweed, and Marmaduke, they set out in search of her. Miss Heliotrope becomes separated from the others, while Loveday decides to search away from the group. Back in the forest, Wrolf falls into a trap, while Robin is captured by his father's men, leaving Maria to find the tree by herself. A white horse appears and guides her to the tree; just as she reaches it, Coeur de Noir appears, demanding to know where the pearls are. Wrolf escapes from his trap and helps Robin escape from the men guarding him, but is shot in the leg. Hearing Maria's screams, Robin finds her and forces his father to let her go. Maria and Robin find the tree and enter an opening in the roots, closely followed by Coeur's men. Maria finds the pearls and the pair exit through a secret tunnel.  Coeur reaches the cliff where the valley was cursed; the moon is about to rise from the sea below. Sir Benjamin then arrives with Digweed and Marmaduke, followed, moments later, by Maria and Robin with the pearls. Loveday, revealed to be Coeur's daughter, also arrives. Maria pleads to Sir Benjamin and Coeur to put aside their hatred and so break the curse, but fails and realizes she must do it herself. She throws the pearls toward the sea, but they return and stick fast to her dress. Maria then jumps into the sea herself; the pearls sink to the ocean floor just as the moon rises. A huge wave surges towards the group. It crashes against the cliff, and Maria appears, on the back of a white unicorn. Wrolf appears, having resumed his true form: a black lion. Sir Benjamin and Loveday reconcile, and Miss Heliotrope finally arrives. They all watch the moon rise: the Merryweathers and the de Noirs are reconciled and the curse has been lifted.

Cast.

In order of appearance:

Production.

In pre-production it was decided the film needed a different title from the book. An internet poll was run, giving fans of the book a chance to vote for their preferred title: "The Moon Princess" or "The Secret of Moonacre". "The Secret of Moonacre" won.  Filming began in September 2007. While a few scenes were filmed in London, England, most of the film was shot in Hungary. Locations included Dobogókő, Alcsútdoboz, Csesznek and Budapest. The Csesznek Castle was one of main outdoor locations, while the director Gábor Csupó chose to "embody" the Moonacre mansion.

Reception.

"The Secret of Moonacre" premiered on 6 September 2008 at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, and featured at the New York International Children's Film Festival in February and March 2009. The film was released in cinemas in the United Kingdom on 6 February 2009. It recouped less than its budget of $27 million, grossing $1,437,637 in the United Kingdom and a worldwide total of $7,070,330.

Critical response.

"The Secret of Moonacre" has a 23% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews with an average rating of 4.13/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite impressive production values, this is staid, plodding and unimpressive fantasy-fare, with poor performances struggling with an underdeveloped script."  "The Secret of Moonacre" was met with a mixed to negative reception from critics. Many criticized the film's script and acting. Phillip French of "The Observer" called it "A film about magic that remains obdurately unmagical." Rating the film one out of five stars, "The Independent"'s Anthony Quinn wrote that it had a "sluggish narrative" and accused it of "trying to hitch a lift on the Potter gravy train." Simon Reynolds of "Digital Spy" wrote that the film was "let down by a script with tin-eared dialogue" and "laboured direction", but found the cast's "hilarious acting misjudgements" enjoyable nonetheless. Kevin Maher of "The National" referred to the film as "bargain-basement fantasy", complaining that its plot was too predictable.  Other critics were more positive. Rating the film four out of five stars, Fleur Cogle of "The Timaru Herald" praised "The Secret of Moonacre" as a "fun family movie" with "fast-paced storytelling and beautiful effects" and noted that it "has a subtle message about nature and our relationship with the natural world". Helen O'hara of "Empire" rated the film three stars out of five, and wrote that it gave the "somewhat sedate book"'s story "a dose of action and adventure, giving it appeal for the "Harry Potter" generation". Also giving the film three stars, Siân Scott of "The Telegraph" found that it had "plenty to charm". "Newshub"'s Kim Choe praised the film's "lush colours and elaborate costumes" and wrote that "the larger-than-life characters should be lovable and adventurous enough to keep a young audience entertained". Francesca Rudkin of "The New Zealand Herald" wrote that "The story may be set in Victorian England, but its interpretation of the period is wonderfully wacky, with the sets a mix of minimalistic, medieval and dream-like. The production design is both a blessing and a curse; it does add much-needed elements of magic and whimsy to the story, it's just that no one seems quite sure how to act within this strange environment."

The Secret of Moonacre is a 2008 fantasy film based on the novel "The Little White Horse" by Elizabeth Goudge. The film was directed by Gábor Csupó and starred Dakota Blue Richards in the leading role. The film premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the United Kingdom on 6 February 2009 by Warner Bros.

Le Secret de Moonacre ("") est un film de fantasy, réalisé par Gábor Csupó, sorti en 2008. Il est adapté du roman "Le Cheval d'argent" d'Elizabeth Goudge, sorti en 1946.


History.

John Flinders Petrie (1907–1972) was the only son of Egyptologist Flinders Petrie. He was born in 1907 and as a schoolboy showed remarkable promise of mathematical ability. In periods of intense concentration he could answer questions about complicated four-dimensional objects by "visualizing" them.  He first noted the importance of the regular skew polygons which appear on the surface of regular polyhedra and higher polytopes. Coxeter explained in 1937 how he and Petrie began to expand the classical subject of regular polyhedra: In 1938 Petrie collaborated with Coxeter, Patrick du Val, and H.T. Flather to produce "The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra" for publication. Realizing the geometric facility of the skew polygons used by Petrie, Coxeter named them after his friend when he wrote "Regular Polytopes".  The idea of Petrie polygons was later extended to semiregular polytopes.

The Petrie polygons of the regular polyhedra.

The regular duals, {"p","q"} and {"q","p"}, are contained within the same projected Petrie polygon. In the images of dual compounds on the right it can be seen that their Petrie polygons have rectangular intersections in the points where the edges touch the common midsphere.  The Petrie polygons of the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra are hexagons {6} and decagrams {10/3}.  Infinite regular skew polygons (apeirogon) can also be defined as being the Petrie polygons of the regular tilings, having angles of 90, 120, and 60 degrees of their square, hexagon and triangular faces respectively.  Infinite regular skew polygons also exist as Petrie polygons of the regular hyperbolic tilings, like the order-7 triangular tiling, {3,7}:

The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes).

The Petrie polygon for the regular polychora {"p", "q","r"} can also be determined.

The Petrie polygon projections of regular and uniform polytopes.

The Petrie polygon projections are useful for the visualization of polytopes of dimension four and higher.

Hypercubes.

A hypercube of dimension "n" has a Petrie polygon of size 2"n", which is also the number of its facets.<br> So each of the ("n"−1)-cubes forming its surface has "n"−1 sides of the Petrie polygon among its edges.

Irreducible polytope families.

This table represents Petrie polygon projections of 3 regular families (simplex, hypercube, orthoplex), and the exceptional Lie group E which generate semiregular and uniform polytopes for dimensions 4 to 8.

In geometry, a Petrie polygon for a regular polytope of "n" dimensions is a skew polygon in which every ("n" – 1) consecutive sides (but no "n") belongs to one of the facets. The Petrie polygon of a regular polygon is the regular polygon itself; that of a regular polyhedron is a skew polygon such that every two consecutive side (but no three) belongs to one of the faces. Petrie polygons are named for mathematician John Flinders Petrie.

En géométrie, un polygone de Petrie est donné par la projection orthogonale d'un polyèdre (ou même d'un polytope au sens général) sur un plan, de sorte à former un polygone régulier, avec tout le reste de la projection à l’intérieur. Ces polygones et graphes projetés sont utiles pour visualiser la structure et les symétries de polytopes aux nombreuses dimensions.


Band history.

Formation (2004–2005).

Frost* was formed in September 2004, by songwriter, producer and musician Jem Godfrey - better known to the wider world for his work creating chart-topping pop hits for bands including Atomic Kitten - when he made a conscious decision to return to his own musical past writing and playing progressive music, in the band Freefall.  After writing and recording material on his own for several months, and listening to a broad selection of contemporary progressive music, Godfrey first approached John Mitchell of Arena, The Urbane and Kino, (and currently lead guitarist and singer for It Bites). Mitchell then introduced Godfrey to John Jowitt (also of Arena, and additionally IQ and Jadis), subsequently leading to meeting Andy Edwards (ex Robert Plant and IQ). John Boyes, Godfrey's former band-mate in Freefall in the 1990s, and from the band Rook, had already performed significant rhythm guitar work on the early recordings. With the lineup in place, recording of the first album was completed during winter 2005.  When asked in an interview why there is an asterisk next to the band name, Godfrey replied "That is a serving suggestion; if you get to put it on it means'serve chilled'! or'may contain nuts'!"

"Milliontown" (2006).

Frost*'s first album was named after the 26 minute long final track, "Milliontown," inspired by the book "The Apprentice" by Gordon Houghton. The album was released in the United States on 18 July 2006 and in Europe on 24 July. The band went on a brief tour to play a selection from the album, supporting Pallas on a four date tour of the Netherlands and Germany in October 2006.

Dissolution, rebirth, "Experiments In Mass Appeal" (2006–2009).

Shortly after returning from the tour, Godfrey announced - by way of an article on the band's blog on MySpace on the 29th of the month (since removed), and reiterated by InsideOut in a bulletin on the same site two days later (expired) - that due to his increasing professional and personal commitments elsewhere, Frost* would be dissolved after fulfilling four remaining concert dates. It later emerged that an appearance at the RoSfest in 2007, in America - which was the final scheduled date - had been cancelled. The final appearance of Frost* for the time being, in support of their album "Milliontown", was back-up for The Flower Kings at The Scala in Kings Cross, London, on 10 December 2006.  However, in early 2007, Godfrey revived the band name and wrote in his blog about writing material for a second Frost* album. Following the band's reformation, Godfrey recruited Declan Burke of Darwin's Radio to contribute vocals and guitars on the follow-up album, "Experiments in Mass Appeal" which was released worldwide on 17 November 2008. Throughout 2008 Godfrey posted several videos on YouTube called "Frost* Reports," under the user name Planetfrost. In between the recording in early 2008, Frost* supported Spock's Beard for a small tour.  In November 2008, Andy Edwards announced that due to his new job as a college lecturer he would no longer play live with the band, although he might be involved in future recording work. In January 2009, Nick D'Virgilio of Spock's Beard was announced as guest drummer for Frost*'s performance in May at RoSfest 2009.  In May 2009, John Jowitt announced his departure from the band. With gigs scheduled in support of Dream Theater, Jem announced bass duties would be handled by Level 42 guitarist Nathan King, with Andy Edwards briefly rejoining the band for these dates.  On 29 May 2009, Jem announced via AudioBoo that a live Frost* album, recorded at RoSfest 2009, would be titled "The Philadelphia Experiment". Excerpts from that performance were released as a limited edition EP, titled "FrostFest Live CD", including a new song called "The Forget You Song", recorded at Godfrey's home studio The Cube in East Sussex.  Subsequent to RoSfest, Dec Burke left the band. Jem Godfrey, John Mitchell and Nathan King performed some low key gigs as a drummerless trio before recruiting new drummer Craig Blundell.

"The Dividing Line", "Indefinite" Hiatus (2010–2011).

On 2 February 2010, Jem announced via his blog that he had been invited to participate in the 10th anniversary party of The Dividing Line Broadcast Network, Vancouver, British Columbia's internet-based progressive rock radio station. Godfrey accepted, and, to thank them for their support of Frost*, tasked himself to write and record a new Frost* song, aptly titled, "The Dividing Line," to be completed within the eight weeks then remaining until the party.  Godfrey gathered not only fellow Frost* mates John Mitchell (It Bites), Andy Edwards, Dec Burke and Nathan King, but also enlisted the talents of Tara Busch, Mark "madfiddler" Knight, Lyndon Connah and original Frost* guitarist, John Boyes, for the one-off project. A special Frost* Report, Dividing Line edition, was posted on Godfrey's blog, as well as PlanetFrost*, the band's YouTube channel, providing a video chronicle of the song's status.  Jem announced on 31 March on the Frost* forum that the track was completed and would be included as a bonus track on the 2-disc live album, "The Philadelphia Experiment". "The Dividing Line" premiered during The Dividing Line's 10th anniversary broadcast on Saturday, 3 April 2010.  Frost* played a small number of shows in the U.K. in December 2010. On 1 March 2011, Godfrey announced that he had put the band on indefinite hiatus. He stated that the main reasons for his decision were that he felt uncomfortable as the band leader, and that the increased workload from running the band was having a negative impact on his health.

Return of Frost*, third studio album "Falling Satellites" (2011–2018).

On 16 September 2011, Godfrey announced via his blog that Frost* would once again be returning for a third album, stating "As yet I have no idea of the form, shape, personnel or sound of this new album, but it will definitely be Frost* shaped. I'll once again be making Frost* reports available online during the process and it'll no doubt be a bloody madhouse throughout, but that's Frost*". The band performed a sold-out Christmas show at the House of Progression, Kingston upon Thames on 16 December 2011.  On 12 May 2013, Frost* played at Celebr8.2 Prog Festival at the Hippodrome. In December 2013 Frost* released "The Rockfield Files", a CD/DVD package documenting "live in studio" performances of older material plus then-new piece "Heartstrings", recorded at Rockfield Studios (Monmouth, Wales UK) in early January 2013.  In May 2015, Godfrey announced on Facebook that a new Frost* album was in progress – “New album underway. JM, CB and NK all in. Release scheduled for ’16. Writing nearly complete. Recording in Autumn”. Writing was completed in late October 2015; recording began in December and was completed on February 17, 2016.  On 17 January 2016, Godfrey announced the new album would be called ‘Falling Satellites’, and later announced a U.K. tour for June/July 2016 to promote the new album. The tour included an appearance on the Prog Stage at the 2016 Ramblin Man Fair, Mote Park, Maidstone, Kent, UK on Saturday 23 July 2016, playing a cut-down set of four songs.  "Falling Satellites" was released on 27 May 2016. The band's first ever official music video (for the track 'Numbers') debuted shortly after on 31 May 2016. Additional dates were performed in 2017, including that year's "Cruise To The Edge" and an appearance at Dingwalls in London that was recorded for future video release (tentatively titled "Failing Satellite").

Departure of Craig Blundell, "Others" EP and fourth studio album (2019–present).

Frost* once again performed on the 2019 Cruise To The Edge (with Nick D'Virgilio filling in for Craig Blundell), along with a small number of dates in Canada in March.  On May 15, 2019, it was announced that drummer Craig Blundell had left the band due to scheduling conflicts caused by being entirely too successful.  In July 2019, Godfrey announced that Frost* will release an EP titled "Others", comprising six older, previously unfinished tracks recorded with either Andy Edwards or Craig Blundell on drums. In September 2019, the band shared three tracks from this forthcoming EP on Soundcloud, 'Exhibit A', 'Fathom' and'Postcard'. The Others EP was released through InsideOut Music on June 5 2020.  Starting 16 September 2019, Godfrey and John Mitchell spent a week in Cornwall working on material for the band's fourth studio album. "Podcasts" of the two conversing were recorded each evening at area pubs and uploaded on Soundcloud.

Frost* is an English neo progressive rock supergroup, formed in 2004 by Jem Godfrey and members of Arena, Kino, and IQ. Frost* released their first studio album, "Milliontown", in 2006, before splitting up. In 2008, Godfrey reformed Frost*, adding Darwin's Radio vocalist and guitarist, Declan Burke, to the lineup, and released their second album, "Experiments in Mass Appeal". The band disbanded again in 2011, to reunite later in September, after a brief hiatus.

Frost* est un supergroupe de rock progressif britannique. Il est formé en 2004 par Jem Godfrey et des membres des groupes Arena, Kino, et IQ.


Early life.

Vera Mindy Chokalingam was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to father Avu Chokalingam, an architect, and mother Swati Chokalingam (née Roysircar), an obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN). Kaling's parents are from India and met while working at the same hospital in Nigeria. Her father, a Tamil raised in Chennai (Madras), was overseeing the building of a wing of the hospital, and her mother, a Bengali raised in Mumbai, was working as an OB/GYN. The family immigrated to the United States in 1979, the same year Kaling was born. Kaling's mother died of pancreatic cancer in 2012. Kaling has one sibling, a brother, Vijay Jojo Chokalingam, who works in education.  Kaling has said she has never been called Vera, her first name, but has been referred to as Mindy since her mother was pregnant with her while her parents were living in Nigeria. They were already planning to move to the United States and wanted, Kaling said, a "cute American name" for their daughter, and liked the name Mindy from the TV show "Mork & Mindy". The name Vera is, according to Kaling, the name of the "incarnation of a Hindu goddess." Kaling graduated from Buckingham Browne & Nichols, a private school in Cambridge, in 1997. The following year, she entered Dartmouth College, where she was a member of the improvisational comedy troupe The Dog Day Players and the a cappella group The Rockapellas, was the creator of the comic strip "Badly Drawn Girl" in "The Dartmouth" (the college's daily newspaper), and was a writer for the "Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern" (the college's humor magazine).  Kaling graduated from Dartmouth in 2001 with a bachelor's degree in playwriting. She was a classics major for much of college and studied Latin, a subject she had been learning since the seventh grade. Kaling lists the comedy series "Dr. Katz", "Saturday Night Live", "Frasier" and "Cheers" as early influences on her comedy.

Career.

While a 19-year-old sophomore at Dartmouth, Kaling was an intern on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". Kaling has said that she never saw a family like hers on TV, which gave her a dual perspective she uses in her writing. She thinks the "everyone against me mentality" is what she learned as a child of immigrants. She named her "Mindy Project" character Mindy Lahiri after author Jhumpa Lahiri.  After college, Kaling moved to Brooklyn, New York. Kaling said one of her worst job experiences was as a production assistant for three months on the "Crossing Over With John Edward" psychic show. She described it as "depressing." During this same time, Kaling performed stand-up comedy.  Kaling devised her stage name after discovering while doing stand-up comedy that emcees would have trouble pronouncing her last name, Chokalingam, and sometimes made jokes about it. She toured solo as well as with Craig Robinson before he was on "The Office."  In August 2002, Kaling portrayed Ben Affleck in an off-Broadway play called "Matt & Ben", which she co-wrote with her best friend from college, Brenda Withers—who played Matt Damon. The play was named one of "Time" magazine's "Top Ten Theatrical Events of The Year" and was "a surprise hit" at the 2002 New York International Fringe Festival. Initially, Withers and Kaling had, "for their own entertainment, mockingly pretended to be the best friends Matt Damon and Ben Affleck; that pretending spawned "Matt & Ben", the goofy play that reimagined how Damon and Affleck came to write the movie "Good Will Hunting"."  Kaling wrote a blog, "Things I've Bought That I Love", which reemerged on her website on September 29, 2011. The blog was written under the name Mindy Ephron, "a name Kaling chose because she was amused by the idea of her 20-something Indian-American self as a long-lost Ephron sister."

"The Office".

In 2004, when "The Office" producer Greg Daniels was working to adapt "The Office" from the BBC TV series of the same name, he hired Kaling as a writer-performer after reading a spec script she wrote. He said, "She's very original... If anything feels phony or lazy or passé, she’ll pounce on it."  When Kaling joined "The Office", she was 24 years old and was the only woman on a staff of eight. She took on the role of character Kelly Kapoor, debuting in the series's second episode, "Diversity Day."  In a 2007 interview with "The A.V. Club", she stated that Kelly is "an exaggerated version of what I think the upper-level writers believe my personality is."  Kaling directed "The Office" webisode "The 3rd Floor". She directed the Season 6 episode titled "Body Language," which marked her television directorial debut.  Her contract was set to expire at the end of Season 7. On September 15, 2011, she signed a new contract to stay with the show for Season 8 and was promoted to full executive producer. Her Universal Television contract included a development deal for a new show (eventually titled "The Mindy Project"), in which she appears as an actress and contributes as a writer.  Kaling left "The Office" after the ninth-season episode "New Guys". However, she returned to guest-star in the final episode of the series.  Kaling and her fellow writers and producers of "The Office" were nominated five consecutive times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. In 2010, she received a nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series with Daniels for the episode "Niagara."

"The Mindy Project".

In 2012, Kaling pitched a single-camera comedy to Fox called "The Mindy Project", which Kaling wrote and produced. Fox began airing the series in 2012.  Kaling notes that she is sometimes described as a pioneer, as there are not yet very many Indian-American women on television. Fox canceled the series in May 2015 but it was later picked up by Hulu for a 26-episode fourth season and a 16-episode fifth season. In March 2017, Kaling announced that the show's sixth season, which would air starting September 2017, would be the last. The series concluded on November 14, 2017.

Other work.

Acting.

Kaling's TV appearances include a 2005 episode of "Curb Your Enthusiasm", playing Richard Lewis's assistant. She is featured on the CD "Comedy Death-Ray" and guest-wrote parts of an episode of "Saturday Night Live" in April 2006.  After her film debut in "The 40-Year-Old Virgin" with Steve Carell, Kaling appeared in the film "Unaccompanied Minors" as a waitress. In 2007, she had a small part in "License to Wed" alongside fellow "The Office" actors John Krasinski, Angela Kinsey, and Brian Baumgartner. Kaling starred in the 2009 film "" as a Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum tour guide and voiced Taffyta Muttonfudge in Disney's animated comedy film "Wreck-It Ralph" and Disgust in Pixar's 2015 film "Inside Out". In 2011, she played the role of Shira, a doctor who is a roommate and colleague of the main character Emma (played by Natalie Portman) in "No Strings Attached". Kaling also made an appearance as Vanetha in "The Five-Year Engagement" in 2012.  In 2017, NBC ordered "Champions," where Kaling is a co-creator, writer, and producer. She had a recurring guest role on the show, which premiered Thursday, March 8, 2018 on NBC. It was cancelled after one season.  In 2018, she played Mrs. Who in "A Wrinkle in Time", the live-action Disney adaptation of the novel, and starred alongside Helena Bonham Carter, Sandra Bullock, Cate Blanchett, Anne Hathaway, Awkwafina and Rihanna in "Ocean's 8", the all-female version of "Ocean's Eleven".

Writing.

In 2011, Kaling published a memoir, "Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? (And Other Concerns)", which appeared on the "New York Times" best-seller list. Her second book, "Why Not Me?", covers the many events that have happened in her life since 2011, and was published on September 15, 2015. "Why Not Me?" launched at No. 1 on the "New York Times" best-seller list. Kaling is set to co-write the third installment in the Legally Blonde series with Dan Goor.

Producing.

In 2020, Kaling created Never Have I Ever with Lang Fisher, a comedy partially based on Kaling's real childhood story, growing up in the Boston area.It premiered on Netflix on April 27, 2020, and is about an Indian American high school student, played by Maitreyi Ramakrishnan, dealing with the death of her father. The series received positive reviews. The series has been described as a watershed moment for South Asian representation in Hollywood and has been praised for breaking Asian stereotypes.

Personal life.

Kaling has a close friendship with B. J. Novak, whom she met through writing for "The Office". The two dated on and off while writing and acting on the show, sometimes mirroring the on-again, off-again nature of the relationship between their respective characters Ryan Howard and Kelly Kapoor.  Kaling's mother died in January 2012, on the same day “The Mindy Project” was picked up by Fox. In 2012, Kaling was included in the "Time" 100 list of influential people. In 2014, she was named one of "Glamour" magazine's Women of the Year.  Kaling is a 1% owner of the Welsh football team Swansea City A.F.C. based in Swansea, Wales in the UK.  In December 2017, Kaling gave birth to a daughter, Katherine Swati, whose godfather is B. J. Novak. Kaling has chosen not to reveal the identity of the baby's father, even to close friends.  On June 10, 2018, she received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.

Awards and nominations.

In 2013, "Entertainment Weekly" identified Kaling as one of the "50 Coolest and Most Creative Entertainers" in Hollywood. In the same year, Kaling was recognized by "Time" as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.

Vera Mindy Chokalingam (born June 24, 1979), known professionally as Mindy Kaling, is an American actress, comedian, and writer. She initially gained recognition for the NBC sitcom "The Office" (2005–2013), where she played the character Kelly Kapoor and served as a writer, executive producer, and director. For her work on the series, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and four times for Outstanding Comedy Series. Kaling gained wider attention for creating, writing, producing and starring in the Fox/Hulu comedy series "The Mindy Project" (2012–2017). She also created the NBC sitcom "Champions" (2018), the Hulu miniseries "Four Weddings and a Funeral" (2019), and the Netflix series "Never Have I Ever" (2020).

Mindy Kaling (de son vrai nom Vera Mindy Chokalingam) est une actrice, scénariste et productrice américaine, d'origine indienne, née le à Cambridge (Massachusetts).