Name.

The regime that existed between 1368 and 1635 is known by various names, including the Northern Yuan (dynasty). The dynastic name of "Great Yuan" () was officially used between 1368 and 1388, as was the preceding Yuan dynasty. Following the death of Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür, the "Great Yuan" dynastic name along with other Chinese-style imperial titles were abandoned by his successor Jorightu Khan Yesüder, hence the name "Northern Yuan" is sometimes limited in its usage to referencing only the period between 1368 and 1388. The term "Northern Yuan" is derived from the corresponding term "北元" ("Běi Yuán") in Chinese, in which the prefix "Northern" is used to distinguish between the Yuan dynasty established in 1271 and the regime that existed after 1368. The "Great Yuan" dynastic title was briefly reintroduced during the reign of Dayan Khan whose regnal name "Dayan" came from the Chinese term "大元" ("Dà Yuán"; lit. "Great Yuan"). Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that Taisun Khan and Esen Taishi had also used the "Great Yuan" dynastic name and Chinese imperial titles during their rule.  In English, the term "Northern Yuan (dynasty)" is generally used to cover the entire period from 1368 to 1635 for historiographical purpose. Apart from "Great Yuan" (before 1388 and during the rule of Dayan Khan), the Mongols called their nation "Ikh Mongol Uls", meaning the "Great Mongol State". It is also referred to as "Post-Imperial Mongolia", the "Mongol(ian) Khaganate" or the "Mongol(ian) Khanate" in some modern sources, although most of these English terms can also refer to the Mongol Empire or the Yuan dynasty in the 13th and the 14th centuries.  In Mongolian chronicles, this period is also known as "The Forty and the Four", meaning forty tumen Eastern Mongols (Eastern Mongolia) and four tumen Western Mongols. Furthermore, Mongolian historiography also uses the term "Period of political disunion", "Period of small khagans", "Mongolia's period of political disruption" and "Mongolia's 14th–17th century", etc.

History.

Origin.

The Northern Yuan dynasty was the remnant of the Yuan dynasty founded by Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) in 1271. After eliminating the Song dynasty in 1276 and destroying the last Chinese resistance in 1279, the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled all of China for about a century. Even prior to the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols had dominated Northern China for more than 40 years, since the time they conquered the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1234.  Mongol rule in China began to collapse in 1344 when the Yellow River flooded and the Yellow River changed course, causing widespread droughts, flooding, and making the Grand Canal impassable. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion erupted in the Huai River valley, which saw the rise of Zhu Yuanzhang, a Han Chinese peasant, who eventually established the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) in South China. In 1368, a Ming army advanced on the Yuan capital Khanbaliq or Dadu (present-day Beijing).

Retreat to Mongolia (1368–1388).

Toghon Temür (r. 1333–1370), the last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to Shangdu (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) from Dadu upon the approach of Ming forces. He tried to regain Dadu but failed and died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death.  The Mongols retreated to Karakorum after the fall of Yingchang in 1370, where they carried on calling themselves the Great Yuan, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty or simply Northern Yuan. The Ming army pursued the Yuan remnants into Mongolia in 1372, but were defeated by Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (r. 1370–1378) and his general Köke Temür (d. 1375). In 1375, Naghachu, a Mongol official of Biligtu Khan in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with aims of restoring Mongol power in China. Although he continued to hold southern Manchuria, Naghachu eventually surrendered to the Ming dynasty in 1387–88. The Yuan loyalists under Kublaid prince Basalawarmi (the Prince of Liang) in Yunnan and Guizhou were also defeated and killed by the Ming earlier in 1381–82.  In 1380, the Ming invaded Northern Yuan and sacked Karakorum, although they were eventually forced to withdraw. Around 70,000 Mongol captives were taken. In 1387, the Ming defeated Uriankhai Mongols, and in the following year they achieved decisive victory around the Buir Lake against Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür. The defeat of Uskhal Khan effectively shattered Yuan power in the steppes and allowed the Western Oirat Mongols to rise and become kingmaker of the Northern Yuan realm.  The Genghisid rulers of the Northern Yuan also buttressed their claim on China, and held tenaciously to the title of Emperor (or Great Khan) of the Great Yuan (Dai Yuwan Khaan, or 大元可汗) to resist the Ming who had by this time become the real ruler of China. According to the traditional Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate dynasty whose rulers were blessed by Heaven to rule as Emperor of China (see Mandate of Heaven), so the Ming also denied the Yuan remnants' legitimacy as emperors of China, although the Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded to be a legitimate dynasty.

Oirat domination (1388–1478).

In 1388, the Northern Yuan throne was taken over by Jorightu Khan Yesüder, a descendant of Arik Böke (Tolui's son), with the support of the Oirats. In the following year, one of Uskhal Khan's subjects, Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, founded his own small state called Kara Del in Hami.  The following century saw a succession of Genghisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. From the end of the 14th century there appear designations such as "period of small kings" ("Бага хаадын үе"). On one side stood the Oirats (Western Mongols) and on the other, the KhorchinEastern Mongols. While the Oirats drew their khans from the descendants of Ariq Böke and other princes, Arugtai of the Asud supported the old Yuan khans of Kublaid descent. The House of Ogedei also briefly attempted to reunite the Mongols under their rule.  The Mongols split into three main groups: the Oirats in the west, the Uriankhai in northeast, and the Khorchin between the two. The Uriankhai surrendered to the Ming dynasty in the 1390s. The Ming divided them into Three Guards: Doyin, Tai'nin and Fuyu.  Yuan relations with the Ming dynasty consisted of sporadic bursts of conflict intermingled with periods of peaceful relations and border trade. In 1402, Örüg Temür Khan (Guilichi) abolished the dynastic name Great Yuan; he was however defeated by Öljei Temür Khan (Bunyashiri, r. 1403–1412), the protégé of Tamerlane (d. 1405), in 1403. Most of the Mongol noblemen under Arugtai chingsang sided with Öljei Temur. The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) issued Öljei Temür an ultimatum demanding his acceptance of the Ming dynasty as a suzerain state. Öljei Temur refused, resulting in the Ming dynasty conducting several campaigns against the Mongols. In 1409, a Ming army of 100,000 entered Mongolia but suffered a defeat against Öljei Temur and Arugtai at the Battle of Kherlen. In the following year, the Yongle Emperor personally led an expedition into Mongolia and defeated the Mongols. After the death of Öljei Temur, the Oirats under their leader Bahamu (Mahmud) (d. 1417) enthroned an Ariq Bökid Delbeg Khan in 1412. Originally the Ming had supported the Oirats in their power struggle with the eastern Mongols, but as the Oirats gained supremacy over them, the Ming withdrew their support. After 1417 Arugtai became dominant again, and Yongle campaigned against him in 1422 and 1423. Bahamu's successor Toghan pushed Arugtai east of the Greater Khingan range in 1433. The Oirats killed him in the west of Baotou the next year. Arugtai's ally Adai Khan (r. 1425–1438) made a last stand in Ejene before he was murdered too.  Toghan died in the very year of his victory over Adai. His son Esen Taishi (r. 1438–1454) brought the Oirats to the height of their power. Under his puppet khans, he drove back Moghulistan and crushed the Uriankhai Three Guards, Kara Del and the Jurchens. In 1449 he defeated a 500,000 strong Ming army with just 20,000 cavalry and captured the Zhengtong Emperor in what came to be known as the Tumu Crisis. However, after this astounding victory, Esen failed to take the Ming capital of Beijing. In the following year a peace was concluded between the two sides and the captive emperor was allowed to return home. After executing the rebellious Tayisung Khan (r. 1433–1453) and his brother Agbarjin in 1453, Esen took the title of not just khan, but also Yuan Emperor. This called widespread dissent among the Genghisids, and in 1455, a series of revolts resulted in Esen's death. His death started the decline of the Oirats, who would not recover until their rise as the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century.  From Esen's death to 1481 different warlords of the Kharchin, the Belguteids and Ordos Mongols fought over succession and had their Genghisid khans enthroned. The Mongolian chroniclers call some of them the Uyghurs and they might have had some ties with the Hami oasis. During his reign, Manduulun Khan (1475–1478) effectively won over most of the Mongol warlords before he died in 1478.

Restoration (1479–1600).

Second reunification.

Manduulun's young khatun Mandukhai proclaimed a seven-year-old boy named Batumongke of Genghisid descent as khan. Mandukhai made persistent efforts to bring the various Mongol tribes under control. The new khan took the title "Dayan" meaning the "Great Yuan". Mandukhai and Dayan Khan defeated the Oirats and the taishis who ruled the Yellow River Mongols. However, one of them killed Dayan Khan's son and revolted when Dayan Khan appointed his son, Ulusbold, as jinong (crown prince) over them. Dayan Khan finally defeated the southwestern Mongols in 1510 with the assistance of his allies, Unebolad wang and the Four Oirats. Making another of his sons jinong, he abolished old-Yuan court titles of taishi, chingsang, pingchan and chiyuan.  From 1495 onward, Dayan exerted pressure on the Ming dynasty, which closed border-trade and killed his envoys. Dayan invaded Ming territory and subjugated the Uriankhai Three Guards, who had previously submitted to the Ming. As a result, the Tümed Mongols ruled in the Ordos region and they gradually extended their domain into northeastern Qinghai. In 1517, Dayan even threatened Beijing itself. Mongol armies raided the Ming dynasty not only in the north but also in the hitherto quiet west. The Ming dynasty lost Kara Del as a protectorate to the Turpan Khanate at the same time. Dayan kept defeating the Ming in battle right up until his death in 1543. At the apogee of Dayan's reign, the Northern Yuan stretched from the Siberian tundra and Lake Baikal in the north, across the Gobi, to the edge of the Yellow River and south of it into the Ordos. The lands extended from the forests of Manchuria in the East past the Altai Mountains and out onto the steppes of Central Asia.  Dayan Khan's reorganization of the Mongols into six Eastern Mongol tümens (literally "ten thousand") and four Oirats tümens had far reaching effects on the development of Mongol society.  The six Eastern Mongol tümens were granted to his 11 sons while the four Oirat tümens were ruled by taishi nobles. His youngest son Gersenji Khongtaiji of the Jalayir became the ruler of the Khalkha Mongols, the largest of the six tümens. The tümens functioned both as military units and as tribal administrative bodies who hoped to receive taijis, descended from Dayan Khan. Northern Khalkha people and Uriyankhan were attached to the South Khalkha of eastern Inner Mongolia and Doyin Uriyangkhan of the Three Guards, respectively. After the rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were conquered in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. However, his decision to divide the six tumens to his sons, or taijis, and local tabunangs-sons in law of the taijis created a decentralized system of Borjigin rule that secured domestic peace and outward expansion for a century. Despite this decentralization there was a remarkable concord within the new Mongol order created by Dayan Khan.

Last reunification.

After Dayan Khan's death, the Northern Yuan began falling apart again under the two succeeding khans. By 1540 new regional circles of taijis and local tabunangs (imperial sons-in-law) of the taijis emerged in all the former Dayan Khan's domains. The khagan and the jinong had titular authority over the three right wing tumens. Darayisung Gödeng Khan (r. 1547–1557) had to grant titles of khans to his cousins Altan, ruling the Tumed, and Bayaskhul, ruling the Kharchin.  Under Tümen Jasagtu Khan (r. 1558–92), the realm was unified again with the aid of Altan Khan, Abtai Sain Khan, and Khutughtai Sechen Khongtaiji of Ordos. Jasagtu defeated the Uriankhai and Daghur Mongols and subjugated the Jurchens to the east. Abtai and Sechen brought many of the Oirat tribes under their domination. Altan conquered large parts of Qinghai and left one of his sons in charge there. Jasagtu also tried to unify the Mongols under a new code of law, written in the old Mongol script derived from the Uyghur script. A series of smallpox epidemics and lack of trade forced the Mongols to repeatedly plunder the districts of China. In 1571 the Ming opened trade with the three Right Wing Tumens.  By the end of the 16th century, the Uriankhai Three Guards had lost their existence as a distinct group. Their Fuyu was absorbed by the Khorchin after they had moved to the Nonni River. Two other, Doyin and Tai'nin, were absorbed by the Five Khalkhas.

Conversion to Buddhism.

Although Yuan emperors had previously adopted Buddhism, most Mongols ignored it and remained shamanist in their belief. From 1575, a large-scale conversion to Tibetan Buddhism in the Right Wing Tumens occurred. Jasagtu appointed a Tibetan Buddhist chaplain of the Karmapa order and agreed that Buddhism would henceforth become the state religion of Mongolia. In 1577, Altan and Sechen received the 3rd Dalai Lama, which started the conversion of Tumed and Ordos Mongols to Buddhism. Soon after the Oirats also adopted Buddhism. Numerous Tibetan lamas entered Mongolia to proselytize.

Fall (1600–1635).

By the reign of Ligdan Khan (r. 1604–34), the Northern Yuan tumens had ceased to function as a unified entity. Ligdan only controlled the Chahar tumen and the Khalkha and Oirat Mongols no longer obeyed his authority. Ligdan built a new capital in Chahar land known as Chaghan Baishin (White House) and promoted the building of Buddhist monasteries, translation of Tibetan literature, and trade with the Ming dynasty.  In 1616, the Jurchens rose to the forefront of East Asian powers under the reign of Nurhaci. Although sharing many similar characteristics with the Mongols, the Jurchens were not nomads, but a tribal people who had adopted Chinese agricultural practices. Nurhaci had ambitions to conquer the Ming dynasty and sought allies in the Khorchin Mongols, subjects of Ligdan. The princes of Khorchin, Jarud and southern Khalkha Mongols made a formal alliance with the Jurchens from 1612 to 1624.  In response, Ligdan waged war on the Mongol allies of the Jurchens in 1625. The Jurchen-Mongol army defeated Ligdan and forced him back. In the following year, Uuba Noyan of the Khorchin had his younger brother marry one of Nurhaci's daughters, cementing the alliance. Many of the Jurchens married Mongols. Ligdan appointed his own officials over the tumens and formed an elite military band to coerce opposition. In 1628, Ligdan defeated the Khorchins and Jurchen auxiliary at Zhaocheng but fled a large Jurchen punitive expedition. Only Tsogt Taiji (1581–1637) supported the Great Khan whilst other nobles of Khalkha remained neutral and inactive. In 1632, Ambaghai of the Khamag Mongols and his Jurchen Mongol allies defeated the Chahars and captured Ligdan's family. Ligdan lost any authority he had over the non-Chahar tumens. Ligdan died on his way to Qinghai to punish the Gelug order in 1634. His son, Ejei Khan, surrendered to the Qing dynasty and was said to give the Imperial Seal of the Mongols to Qing emperor Hong Taiji the next year (February 1635), ending the Northern Yuan.  After Ligdan Khan's death in 1634, the Mongols formed four Khanates, from west to east:

Aftermath.

Mongolia.

In 1636, Ambaghai declared himself khagan of all the Mongols but by then, all of Inner Mongolia had already been conquered by the Manchus, and Ambaghai too was under Manchu authority. The son of Ligdan, Ejei Khan, died under mysterious circumstances. His rank was given to his brother Abunai, who refused to attend court with the Manchus. Abunai's rank was then passed on to his son, Burni, who rebelled against the Manchus in 1675, but the uprising was defeated and Burni died in battle. The Qing Emperors then placed the Chahar Mongols under their direct rule.  In Outer Mongolia, the Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj retained his independence and suzerainty over the Sechen and Jasagtu khans. However another independent entity known as Altan Khan of the Khalkha emerged in Jasagtu territory. With the loss of Inner Mongolia and the Imperial Mongol Seal, the Mongols had to search for a new source of authority. As a result, in 1639, Gombodorj's brother became the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the spiritual head of the Gelug Buddhists in Mongolia. Gombodorj dis his best to maintain peaceful relations with the rising Manchus by sending tribute. He also stopped providing horses to the Ming dynasty. Diplomacy failed after the Manchus defeated the Ming in 1644 and seized Beijing. In 1646, a Mongol noyan rebelled against the Qing but was crushed under overwhelming odds. In 1647, Gombodorj met the Qing in battle with 50,000 cavalry and neither side were able to obtain a decisive victory. Although both sides suffered heavy losses, the Mongol army constituted a larger part of their overall forces than the Qing, signalling that the Mongols no longer had the numbers to directly confront the Qing in battle.  In the mid-17th century, Gombodorj died and was succeeded by his young and inexperienced song Chikhundorj. In 1655, the Qing began interfering in Tusheet affairs by appointing their own lamas in Tusheet territory. Thus Outer Mongolia also gradually fell under Qing control.

Dzungar Khanate.

Meanwhile, to the west, about 1600–1620 the Oirats united under Kharkhul. In 1635, the Oirats under Kharkhul's son Erdeni Batur formed the Dzungar Khanate. This unification was partly driven by their wars with the Altan Khans. When the Jasagtu Khan Shira lost part of his subjects to the Tüsheet Khan Chikhundorj, Galdan Boshugtu Khan of the Dzungars moved his orda near the Altai Mountains to prepare an attack. Chikhundorj attacked the right wing of the Khalkhas and killed Shira in 1687. In 1688, Galdan dispatched troops under his younger brother Dorji-jav against Chikhundorj but they were eventually defeated and Dorji-jav was killed in battle. Chikhundorj then murdered Degdeehei Mergen Ahai of the Jasagtu Khan who was on the way to Galdan. To avenge the death of his brother, Galdan established friendly relations with the Russians who were already at war with Chikhundorj over territories near Lake Baikal. Armed with Russian firearms, Galdan led 30,000 Dzungar troops into Outer Mongolia in 1688 and defeated Chikhundorj in three days. The Siberian Cossacks, meanwhile, attacked and defeated a Khalkha army of 10,000 near Lake Baikal. After two bloody battles with the Dzungars near Erdene Zuu Monastery and Tomor, Chakhundorji and his brother Jebtsundamba Khutuktu Zanabazar fled across the Gobi Desert to the Qing dynasty and submitted to the Kangxi Emperor.  By 1690, Galdan had control of Outer Mongolia as far as the edge of Manchuria, before turning his attention east towards Beijing. This expansion of the Dzungar state was viewed with worry by the Qing, which led the Kangxi Emperor (Enh-Amgalan khaan-in Mongolian) to block Galdan. Late in the summer of 1690, Galdan crossed the Kherlen River with a force of 20,000 and engaged a Qing army at Battle of Ulan Butung 350 kilometers north of Beijing near the western headwaters of the Liao River. Galdan was forced to retreat and escaped total destruction because the Qing army did not have the supplies or ability to pursue him. In 1696, the Kangxi Emperor led 100,000 troops into Mongolia. Galdan fled from the Kherlen only to be caught by another Qing army attacking from the west. He was defeated in the ensuing Battle of Jao Modo near the upper Tuul River. Galdan's wife, Anu, was killed and the Qing army captured 20,000 cattle and 40,000 sheep. Galdan fled with a small handful of followers. In 1697 he died in the Altai Mountains near Khovd on 4 April. Back in Dzungaria, his nephew Tsewang Rabtan, who had revolted in 1689, was already in control as of 1691. Outer Mongolia was thus incorporated into the Qing Empire, and the Khalkha leaders returned to Outer Mongolia as Qing vassals. A Qing garrison was installed at Ulaanbaatar. The Qing forces occupied Hami but did not advance into Dzungaria. The Dzungars later expanded into Tibet and Kazakhstan, but they too were conquered by the Qing dynasty in 1755, and all resistance was crushed by 1758.

The Northern Yuan () was a dynastic regime ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It operated as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty of China in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty in 1635. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the end of Yuan rule in China proper and the retreat of the Yuan remnants led by Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong of Yuan) to the Mongolian steppe. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan.

La dynastie Yuan du Nord (, en mongol cyrillique, ) est une dynastie qui a régné sur le khaganat mongol. Elle fut fondée en 1368 par le Khan Togoontomor, le dernier khan de la dynastie Yuan, et dura jusqu'en 1635, date à laquelle la Mongolie passa sous le contrôle direct des Mandchous, une décennie avant que ces derniers ne fondent la dynastie Qing.


Biography.

The First Doctor grew progressively weaker while battling the Cybermen during the events of "The Tenth Planet" (1966) and eventually collapsed, seemingly from old age. His body renewed itself and transformed into the Second Doctor.  Initially, the relationship between the Second Doctor and his predecessor was unclear. In his first story, the Second Doctor referred to his predecessor in the third person as if he were a completely different person. His companions Ben and Polly are at first unsure how to treat him and it is only when a Dalek recognises him that they accept that he is the Doctor.  In the second story, "The Highlanders" (1966–67), Jamie McCrimmon joined the TARDIS crew, and remained with the Second Doctor for the rest of his travels. Ben and Polly left together when the TARDIS landed at Gatwick Airport on the same day they originally left with the First Doctor, after they had stopped the mass kidnapping of tourists by shape shifting aliens. The Doctor and Jamie then became involved in a plot by the Daleks to gain both the "Human and Dalek Factors" when the TARDIS was stolen, which led to them meeting Victoria Waterfield in the 19th century. The Doctor used the situation to engineer a Dalek civil war that seemingly destroyed the Daleks forever. However, Victoria's father was among the casualties. Now an orphan, Victoria chose to accompany the Doctor and Jamie on their travels. Although she felt great affection for the Doctor and Jamie, she was never able to completely come to terms with life in the TARDIS and the constant danger that resulted. She eventually chose to leave after the events of "Fury from the Deep" (1968) and was adopted by someone in the 20th Century. The Doctor was then joined by Zoe Heriot, an extremely intelligent woman from the 21st century, who helped defeat the Cybermen attack on a space station known as the Wheel. She then stowed away in the TARDIS and, despite the Doctor's warnings about what she might encounter, chose to remain.  During his second incarnation, the Doctor confronted familiar foes such as the Daleks and the Cybermen, as well as new enemies such as the Great Intelligence and the Ice Warriors. It was during this time that he first met Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart, in the tunnels of the London Underground. Following the defeat of the Great Intelligence, Lethbridge-Stewart was promoted to Brigadier and became the leader of the British contingent of UNIT, a military organisation tasked to investigate and defend the world from extraterrestrial threats. The Doctor reteamed with him to defeat an invasion of Cybermen in league with industrialist Tobias Vaughan.  The Second Doctor's time came to an end when the TARDIS landed in the middle of a warzone, created by a race of alien warlords who, with the help of another renegade Time Lord the War Chief, progressively kidnapped and brainwashed humans into becoming soldiers for them, hoping to use the ones who survived to conquer the Galaxy. Although the Doctor was able to defeat their plan, he realised he would be unable to return the human subjects to their various original points in Earth's history. He therefore contacted the Time Lords, sacrificing his own freedom in the process, and despite an attempt to escape was forced to return to his home planet. He was then put on trial by the Time Lords, for breaking their laws of non-interference. Despite the Doctor's argument that the Time Lords should use their great powers to help others, he was sentenced to exile on 20th century Earth, the Time Lords forcing his regeneration into the Third Doctor in the process. Jamie and Zoe were returned to their own time, with their memories of all but their first encounter with the Doctor wiped and the secret of the TARDIS was also taken from the Doctor.

Season 6B.

Due to what would appear to be continuity errors in Troughton's later appearances (particularly in "The Two Doctors"), some fans have speculated that the Time Lords used the Second Doctor as an agent after the events of "The War Games" (1969), and that he did not in fact immediately regenerate and enter his exile on Earth. This theory of continuity is described as "Season 6B". Additionally, while "The War Games" never depicted the Doctor's regeneration itself, it was later depicted in "TV Comic", which treated the exiled Doctor's exploits on Earth, before, in a comic entitled "The Nightwalkers", showing the Doctor dragged in to the TARDIS by animated scarecrows, allowing his change of appearance to take place. The Second Doctor's regeneration was also depicted in "Devious", a fan-produced film starring Jon Pertwee in his last appearance as the Third Doctor.  According to script editor Robert Holmes, the Second Doctor's missions for the Time Lords took place prior to the events of "The War Games": "they 'framed' the Troughton Doctor and got him to do various things for them, and then hauled him up in front of them on trial – like the Americans persecuting McCarthy".

Personality.

The Second Doctor has been nicknamed the "Cosmic Hobo", as the impish Second Doctor appeared to be far more scruffy and childlike than his first incarnation.  Mercurial, clever, and always a few steps ahead of his enemies, at times he could be a calculating schemer who would not only manipulate people for the greater good but act like a bumbling fool to have others underestimate his true abilities. One example is in "The Tomb of the Cybermen" (1967), where, despite his admonitions not to open the titular tomb, he corrects evil logician Eric Klieg's calculations of the code to open the tomb behind Klieg's back. This allows the tomb to be opened, so that the Doctor can expose Klieg and the Cybermens' respective plans and defeat both.  Sometimes his manipulation of those around him can veer into dark territory. In "The Evil of the Daleks" (1967), he coldly manipulates Jamie into trying to rescue Victoria (thus setting in motion the Human Factor tests) and is unsympathetic when Edward Waterfield tries to apologise for his collaboration with the Daleks. Later in the story he appears to have been converted by the "Dalek factor" into a mental Dalek, although he eventually reveals this to be a pretence. In "The Enemy of the World" (1968) while impersonating villain Salamander who is his doppelganger, he interrogates Jamie and Victoria without their knowing that it is really himself, provoking them until they nearly physically attack him. In the following story "The Web of Fear" he apparently reconciles to the Great Intelligence's plan to drain his mind and resists rescue attempts - only afterwards does it emerge that he planned to reverse to mind-drain. Despite the bluster and tendency to panic when events got out of control, the Second Doctor always acted heroically and morally in his desire to help the oppressed.  This Doctor is associated with the catchphrases "When I say run, "run"!", and "Oh my giddy aunt!" (although the latter is only first heard in one of his last few stories, "The Krotons") and is noted for playing the recorder.

Appearance.

Troughton's costume was the result from discussion between the actor himself, producer Innes Lloyd, and script-editor Gerry Davis. He wore a black frock coat, several sizes too big, over a light-coloured shirt and very baggy trousers, which, like his bow-tie, were fixed with a safety pin. In his first two stories, the trousers were orange and black two-inch check. He also tended to wear a stovepipe hat and pixie boots. The actor denied suggestions that his distinctive mop of jet black hair was a wig.  In stories set in colder environments, Troughton wore a cloak ("The Highlanders", "The Tomb of the Cybermen") or a short fur coat ("The Abominable Snowmen", "The Five Doctors").

Story style.

With the arrival of a younger Doctor and changing tastes, the Second Doctor's tenure was characterised by a faster pace and a preference toward "monster of the week"-style horror stories, whilst the purely historical adventures that were a recurring feature of the Hartnell era ceased with "The Highlanders", the only Troughton-era entry in that genre. While Troughton's Doctor would still visit the Earth's past, he would always encounter an alien, such as the Daleks or the Ice Warriors. It was also during this era that "Doctor Who" began to come under fire for its purportedly violent and frightening content.  As with his predecessor, all the Second Doctor's original episodes were in black-and-white. Later guest appearances in "The Three Doctors" (1972–73), "The Five Doctors" (1983) and "The Two Doctors" (1985) were in colour. However, Troughton's reign as the Doctor was more notable for what does "not" exist than for what does, as many of the episodes featuring the Second Doctor were junked by the BBC; a full list of incomplete Doctor Who serials shows how many of these episodes are missing from the BBC Archives.  Only two stories in Troughton's first two seasons – "The Tomb of the Cybermen" (1967) and "The Enemy of the World" (1968) – still exist in their entirety; ten stories only exist partially (most with one or two episodes out of 4 or 6); and four are lost in their entirety: his first story, "The Power of the Daleks" (1966); Jamie's first adventure, "The Highlanders"; "The Macra Terror" (1967); and Victoria's last adventure, "Fury From the Deep".

Later appearances.

The Second Doctor would return to the series on three occasions: in 1973 for the 10th anniversary serial "The Three Doctors" (which also saw the return of William Hartnell as the First Doctor), in 1983 for the 20th anniversary special, "The Five Doctors", and once more in 1985 in "The Two Doctors".

Other mentions.

Images of the Second Doctor appear in "Day of the Daleks" (1972), "The Brain of Morbius" (1976), "Earthshock" (1982), "Mawdryn Undead" (1983), "Resurrection of the Daleks" (1984), "Human Nature" (2007), "The Next Doctor" (2008), "The Eleventh Hour" (2010), "Vincent and the Doctor" (2010), "The Lodger" (2010), "Nightmare in Silver" (2013), and "The Sarah Jane Adventures" story "Death of the Doctor" (2010), and "The Husbands of River Song" (2015).  A sculpture of his head, along with that of the First Doctor, appears in the 1993 special for "Children in Need" titled "Dimensions in Time" (1993). The Fourth Doctor calls him "the flautist."  He briefly appears in "The Name of the Doctor" (2013), where archive footage from "The Five Doctors" is used to show him running past Clara Oswald in an unseen adventure.  The Second Doctor appears, via archival images, in the series' 50th anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (2013). He is seen piloting the TARDIS and acting in unison with twelve other incarnations of the Doctor to save Gallifrey on the final day of the Time War.

Reception.

Troughton received a mixed reception from viewers at first; letters sent to Radio Times both praised "the superb character he has created" and complained that "a wonderful series" had been turned into "what looked like Coco the Clown."  Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Matt Smith, who played the Fifth Doctor, Sixth Doctor, Seventh Doctor and Eleventh Doctor respectively, have stated that the Second Doctor is their favourite. Smith has also stated that his Doctor costume, in particular the bow-tie, was also influenced by the Second Doctor's, after Smith cited the Troughton story "The Tomb of the Cybermen" as a favourite story.

The Second Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television series "Doctor Who". He was portrayed by character actor Patrick Troughton.

Le Deuxième Docteur est la deuxième réincarnation du Docteur, le personnage principal de la série télévisée britannique "Doctor Who". Il est incarné par Patrick Troughton à partir de la fin du deuxième arc de la saison 4,'(1966) et jusqu'au septième arc de la saison 6,'(1969).


Biography.

Early life.

Huang was a descendant of Huang Tingjian, a Chinese artist, scholar, government official, and poet of the Song dynasty. Huang Xing began his studies at the prestigious South Changsha Academy in 1893, and received his Jinshi degree when he was only 22 years old. In 1898 Huang was selected to complete further study at Wuchang Lianghu College, from which Huang graduated in 1901. In 1902 Huang was selected by Zhang Zhidong to study abroad in Japan, and was enrolled in the Tokyo Hongwen University.  While in Japan, Huang developed an appreciation for the study of military affairs, and studied modern warfare under a Japanese officer in his leisure time. While living in Japan Huang practiced horsemanship and shooting every morning. Huang's military training in Japan prepared him for his later role as a Chinese revolutionary.

Taking up the sword.

In 1903, Huang organized the Anti-Russia Volunteer Army () of over two hundred fellow students in Japan. The Army, quickly shut down by authorities in Japan, was intended to protest Russia's growing hegemony over Outer Mongolia and its occupation of northeast China after the Boxer Uprising. Later in 1903 Huang returned to China and organized a meeting with Chen Tianhua, Song Jiaoren, and more than 20 other people. The group founded the Huaxinghui, a secret revolutionary party dedicated to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. Huang Xing was elected president.  The Huaxinghui cooperated with other revolutionary parties, and in 1905 scheduled an armed uprising in Changsha during the Empress Dowager's seventieth birthday celebration. The Huaxinghui's plan was discovered, and its members (including Huang) were forced to escape to Japan. In Japan, Huang met Sun Yat-sen and helped Sun found the Tongmenghui, another revolutionary party dedicated to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. Huang held the post of General Affairs Officer, and became the Tongmenghui's second most important leader, after Sun. Following the founding of the Tongmenghui, Huang devoted his time and energy to the revolution.

Attempted uprisings.

In 1907 Huang secretly returned to China and traveled to Hanoi in French Indochina in order to participate in numerous revolts, including the Qinzhou Uprising, Fangcheng Uprising, and Zhen Nanguan Uprising. All of the revolts that Huang actively took part in failed due to lack of sufficient resources. In the autumn of 1909, Huang was commissioned by Sun Yat-sen to establish the South Branch of the Tongmenghui, and to prepare the Party for a planned military uprising from Guangzhou. In the spring of 1909, Huang led another uprising, but this revolt also failed. In October 1909, Huang presided over an assembly with Sun Yat-sen in the British colony of Penang (now part of Malaysia). The assembly decided to concentrate human and financial resources to stage further uprisings in Guangzhou.  In the spring of 1911, Huang established the Department of the Guangzhou Uprising in Hong Kong, and became the Department's minister. On April 27, Huang launched the Huanghuagang Uprising in Guangzhou, and led hundreds of people in an attempt to capture the viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi. Huang and his followers failed to capture the viceroy, who climbed over a wall in order to escape them. During the skirmish, Huang sustained serious injuries and sustained a gunshot wound to his hand, resulting in losing two of his fingers. The Huanghuagang Uprising turned out to be the last unsuccessful revolt before the Wuchang Uprising, that ultimately succeeded in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty by the end of 1911.  Following the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Huang Xing traveled from Shanghai to Wuchang and commanded the revolutionary forces in the Battle of Yangxia against Qing loyalist forces of Yuan Shikai.

Opposing Yuan Shikai.

On January 1, 1912, the Nanjing Interim Government was established, and Huang was selected to be one of its leaders. In August 1912, Huang became the director of the KMT. In March 1912, the provisional president of the newly formed Republic of China, Yuan Shikai, successfully assassinated the chairman of the KMT, Song Jiaoren, whose party had won China's first elections and who had shown indications of a desire to limit Yuan's powers within the new government.  In 1913, Yuan Shikai expelled KMT members from all government offices and moved the government to Beijing. Huang stayed in Nanjing and attempted to reorganize the South Army in order to oppose Yuan. Because of a shortage of money, Huang's army later mutinied, and Huang had to abandon Nanjing and retreat to the foreign concession areas of Shanghai. Sun Yat-sen again fled to Japan in November 1913.  In July 1913, Sun organized armed forces to suppress Yuan, and the Second Revolution broke out. On July 14, Huang went to Nanjing from Shanghai, convinced the military governor of Jiangsu to declare independence from Yuan, and pushed to be the military commander in charge suppressing Yuan's forces in Jiangsu. After Huang's rebellion in Jiangsu failed, Huang fled back to Japan.

Final years.

Huang went into exile in the United States in 1914, and Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor in 1915. While abroad, Huang raised funds in order to raise a Yunnan National Protection Army to suppress Yuan. After the death of Yuan, in June 1916, Huang returned to China. On October 1916, Huang died in Shanghai at the age of 42 because of cirrhosis On April 15, 1917, Huang was given a state funeral, and was buried in Changsha on Yuelu Mountain.

Family.

Children:

Remembrance.

In popular culture.

Huang Xing is portrayed by Jackie Chan in the film "1911", released in 2011 on the 100th anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising.

Huang Xing or Huang Hsing (; 25 October 1874 – 31 October 1916) was a Chinese revolutionary leader and politician, and the first commander-in-chief of the Republic of China. As one of the founders of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Republic of China, his position was second only to Sun Yat-sen. Together they were known as Sun-Huang during the Xinhai Revolution. He was also known as the "Eight Fingered General" because of wounds sustained during war. His tomb is on Mount Yuelu, in Changsha, Hunan, China.

Huang Xing (黄兴, – ), est un chef révolutionnaire chinois qui fut commandant-en-chef de la armée de la République de Chine. Membre fondateur du Kuomintang et de la République de Chine, il est second dans la hiérarchie juste après Sun Yat-sen. Ensemble, ils sont surnommés les « Sun-Huang » durant la révolution chinoise de 1911. Il est également connu sous le surnom du « général aux huit doigts » en raison de ses blessures subies durant la guerre. Sa tombe se trouve sur le mont Yuelu à Changsha dans la province du Hunan en Chine.


Biography.

His father was a U.S. foreign service officer and traveled extensively as a diplomat. Bolster moved with his parents and sister to Sydney, Australia in 1963 when his father was appointed US Consul General. He attended The Scots College. It was here that he learned to surfboard and skateboard for the first time, at South Bondi in 1965. He was notable for driving a pillarless Ford Galaxie piled with surfboards around the Sydney beaches looking for good waves. This car had consular plates which meant that the toll collectors on the Sydney Harbour Bridge were required to salute as he went through at no charge, to the delight of all the surfers piled inside.  Bolster had been interested in cameras and photography from an early age. This was especially nurtured by his parents' regular slide-shows of family holidays and the many hand-down cameras they gave to him.  In 1967, he moved to Cocoa Beach, Florida, attended Brevard Community College and earned a reputation as one of the state's top surfers. He also began photographing surfing while in Florida.  By 1970, Bolster had migrated to San Diego and made skateboards out of old water skis to ensure there was "a surfboard-like alternative for the few days lacking surf," he later recalled.  In 1972, he started to be published in and became associate editor at "Surfer Magazine", from 1976-77. During his time at "Surfer Magazine", he was given the task of resurrecting "Skateboarder Magazine" by Steve Pezman, at the time publisher and editor of "Surfer". "Skateboarder Magazine" had released only four quarterly issues in 1964-65, and then ceased publication. When the skateboard craze subsided, the magazine was dropped due to low sales.  In 1976, with the advent of the urethane wheel revolution in skateboarding, which provided greater traction and speed, Bolster had six months to get "Skateboarder Magazine" running again. As an associate editor, he teamed up with Kurt Ledterman, the other associate editor at "Surfer Magazine". Secretary Chris Maxwell (nicknamed Max Criswell by Kurt) made the final member of a trio that would become the re-creators of "Skateboarder Magazine".  Photographically, Bolster was among the first to use fish-eye lenses, motor-drive sequences and strobes while documenting California's skateboarding culture. For example, Ty Page's multi-faceted, rapid-fire technique and footwork were nothing short of incredible. After trying many times to photograph his footwork, Bolster was forced to purchase a new $3,000 high-speed camera to catch him on film to publish in the August and September 1977 issues of "Skateboarder Magazine". Superstar professional skateboarder Tony Hawk said the magazine was the only one worth reading at the time. "The pictures were always dreamy and left me full of disbelief.... If it weren't for SkateBoarder, I would have never realized what was really possible on my four-wheeled plank," Hawk said in the book "The Legacy of Warren Bolster: Master of Skateboard Photography".  Bolster remained a staff photographer for Surfer Magazine until 1992.  He moved to Hawaii in 1978, where he established himself as an accomplished and widely published freelance surf photographer. Bolster was constantly on the lookout for new angles, shooting from helicopters and often using a deck-mounted camera to get spectacular photos from behind the surfer, or photos from in front of the surfer’s board. However, for non-surfers, one of Bolster's best known images is the un-broken wave that formed the cover image of Ride's classic shoegazing album "Nowhere".  As a free-lance photographer, Bolster often struggled financially between assignments. He was known for putting himself dangerously close to the action he was photographing, often colliding with his subjects or their speeding platforms. He had endured at least a dozen surgeries and many broken bones participating in and documenting surfing activities. As a result, Bolster battled chronic pain and addiction to a painkiller.  "I almost destroyed myself to give a larger life to the sport," he wrote in "The Legacy of Warren Bolster: Master of Skateboard Photography", a 2004 book.  He also suffered from long bouts of depression. Nonetheless, despite his health issues, Bolster remained on the cutting edge of surf photography.  Nine days before his death, Bolster was injured when his car was rear-ended in a serious collision. He died at the age of 59 on September 6, 2006, of a self-inflicted gunshot wound.  Stacy Peralta, a filmmaker, featured Bolster's work in "Riding Giants" (2004) and "Dogtown and Z-Boys" (2001).  Bolster's sister, Janet Barnes Tramonte, was the administrative assistant to Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist for many years.

Warren Edward Bolster (June 11, 1947 in Arlington, Virginia – September 6, 2006 in Mokuleia, Hawaii) was an American skateboard photographer during the mid-1970s rebirth of skateboarding.

Warren Bolster, né le à Washington DC et mort le à Mokuleia (Hawaï), était un photographe de skateboard et de surf. Il a contribué à la renaissance du magazine "Skateboarder Magazine", et fut une figure prédominante du photojournalisme du skateboard dans les années 1970 et du surf jusqu'à sa mort.


Early career.

Leovac began his career in July 1997 in Austria with Sportunion Aschbach and signed in March 2001 with USV Oed/Zeillern. After only one year left USV Oed/Zeillern and signed in August 2002 a contract with FK Austria Wien.

Club career.

Austria Wien.

Leovac spent three seasons playing for the Austria Wien II, before making debut for the first team in 2009/10 season. He made his debut for Austria Wien in Europa League match against SV Werder Bremen, playing 90 minutes in eventual 2-0 loss. In his first season with Austria he made 8 Bundesliga appearances.  In 2013–2014 he helped Austria Wien reach UEFA Champions League group stage, when he netted the opening goal in 0-2 win over Croatian champions Dinamo Zagreb in Champions League Play-off match played in Zagreb. He made four appearances in 2013–2014 Champions League Group G.

Rijeka.

In January 2014 Leovac signed with Croatian Prva HNL team HNK Rijeka, for a reported fee of €250,000. In his first half season with Rijeka he made 11 appearances in Prva HNL and helped the team win Croatian Cup.

PAOK.

According to reports in Croatia PAOK are set to complete a deal for the Rijeka left back Marin Leovac. It is believed that the talks between the two parties are in an advanced stage and the clubs are due to agree a fee in the region of €1 million. PAOK manager Igor Tudor is a big admirer of the 26-year-old left back and the move, according to the Croatian reports, will be finalised soon. On 8 August 2015, according to reports in Croatia, HNK Rijeka left back Marin Leovac is heading to PAOK. Croatian reports believe that the 26-year-old left back has already agreed terms with PAOK and he is likely to complete the move imminently. Eventually, on 11 August 2015, PAOK have officially announced the transfer of Croatian left back Marin Leovac. The 27-year-old has signed a 4-year contract with the Greek club. On 13 September 2015, Leovac injured during a Super League game against Veria. PAOK have been expecting updates on Leovac's injury and Igor Tudor was hopeful that it would not be anything serious. However the scans revealed that the problem was bigger than expected and it will force Leovac out of action for at least a month.  Leovac, who is in his third season with PAOK, is ready to leave Thessaloniki. Unable to cope with Răzvan Lucescu's demands, Leovac wants to find a new club for himself, claiming that PAOK cannot meet his expectations. Lucescu has inserted Vieirinha in the left-back role in place of Leovac and Dorian Lévêque, but PAOK understand their need to strengthen this area of the pitch if they're to have any chance of claiming an historic league title.  On 6 February 2018, PAOK reached an agreement with Leovac's ex-club HNK Rijeka on a six months loan until the end of the season, with a €1.3 million purchase option. Leovac remaining season's annual fee will be paid from his former club, as the player gave €150,000 of his contract, to sign with Rijeka.

Dinamo Zagreb.

On 18 June he signed a contract with champions GNK Dinamo Zagreb for an estimated amount of €500,000. Leovac scored his first goal for Dinamo in a 3–0 win over Istra 1961, on 3 August 2018.

International career.

In November 2014, after a string of good performances for HNK Rijeka, Leovac was called up for the Croatia national team friendly match against Argentina. He played full 90 minutes in his debut for the national team on November 12, 2014, in a friendly game against Argentina. On 27 October 2016, Leovac was called up in his motherland's national squad, after more than 13 months, ahead of the upcoming World Cup qualifier against Iceland. On 15 November 2016, he was a starter in a friendly away match against Northern Ireland.

Personal life.

Leovac was born in the town of Jajce, in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was at the time part of SFR Yugoslavia. He holds dual citizenship of Austria and Croatia. He was eligible to represent all three countries in international football. He ultimately opted to play for Croatia national team, making his debut in 2014.

Marin Leovac (; born 7 August 1988) is a Croatian football player who plays as a left-back for Dinamo Zagreb.

Marin Leovac, né le à Jajce, à l'époque en Yougoslavie, aujourd'hui en Bosnie-Herzégovine, est un footballeur autrichien et international croate, évoluant au poste de défenseur au Dinamo Zagreb


Route to the final.

Liverpool.

Liverpool qualified for the UEFA Cup by finishing as runners-up in the 1974–75 Football League First Division. Their opponents in the first round were Scottish team Hibernian. Liverpool lost the first leg at Hibernian's home stadium Easter Road 1–0, but recovered in the second leg at their home ground, Anfield, winning 3–1 courtesy of a John Toshack hat-trick. They thus won the round 3–2 on aggregate. For the second round Liverpool were drawn against Spanish team Real Sociedad; they won the first game 3–1 in Spain. A 6–0 victory in the second leg meant Liverpool won the tie 9–1 on aggregate.  Liverpool's opponents in the third round were Śląsk Wrocław of Poland. The first leg at Wrocław's home ground the Stadion Oporowska was won 2–1 by Liverpool courtesy of goals from Ray Kennedy and Toshack. A Jimmy Case hat-trick in the second leg at Anfield secured a 3–0 victory for Liverpool, which meant they progressed to the quarter-finals with a 5–1 aggregate victory. Liverpool's next opponents were East German team Dynamo Dresden. The first leg in East Germany ended in a 0–0 draw, after Liverpool goalkeeper Ray Clemence saved a penalty from Peter Kotte. A 2–1 victory in the second leg courtesy of goals from Case and Kevin Keegan meant Liverpool progressed to the semi-finals courtesy of a 2–1 aggregate victory.  Spanish team Barcelona were the opposition in the semi-finals. The first leg was held at Barcelona's home ground the Camp Nou. Liverpool won the match 1–0, after Toshack scored in the 13th minute. The second leg at Anfield saw Liverpool go ahead in the 50th minute when Phil Thompson scored. Barcelona equalised a minute later but were unable to score again before the final whistle. The match ended 1–1; Liverpool progressed to their second UEFA Cup final courtesy of their 2–1 aggregate victory.

Club Brugge.

Club Brugge gained entry to the UEFA Cup by finishing fourth in the 1974–75 Belgian First Division. Lyon of France were the opposition in the first round. The first leg, at Lyon's home ground Stade de Gerland, ended in a 4–3 defeat for Brugge. They won the second leg at their home stadium, the Olympiastadion, 3–0 to secure their place in the next round courtesy of a 6–4 aggregate victory.  Their opponents in the second round were English team Ipswich Town. The first leg, at Ipswich's home ground Portman Road, was won 3–0 by the English team. Brugge needed to score at least three goals to have any chance of staying in the competition. They won the second leg 4–0, to win the tie 4–3 on aggregate and progress to the third round.  Roma were the opposition in the third round. Brugge won the first leg in Belgium 1–0 courtesy of a Julien Cools goal. Another 1–0 in the second leg at Roma's home ground, the Stadio Olimpico meant Brugge progressed to the quarter-finals courtesy of a 2–0 aggregate victory. Brugge were drawn against another Italian team, A.C. Milan in the quarter-finals. They won the first leg 2–0 in Belgium thanks to goals from Ulrik le Fevre and Eduard Krieger. Brugge lost the second leg 2–1, at Milan's home ground the San Siro, but still qualified for the semi-finals as a result of a 3–2 aggregate victory.  Brugge's opposition in the semi-finals were German team Hamburger SV. The first leg, at Hamburg's home ground the Volksparkstadion, ended in a 1–1 draw. This gave the advantage to Brugge, as they had an away goal. A 1–0 victory in the second leg in Belgium secured a 2–1 aggregate victory, which meant Brugge progressed to their first European final.

Background.

Liverpool were appearing in their second UEFA Cup final. They had previously won the competition in 1973 when they beat Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–2. Club Brugge were appearing in their first European final and were the first Belgian team to reach the final of a European competition. The furthest they had progressed in previous European competitions was the quarter-finals of the 1970–71 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they were beaten by eventual winners Chelsea of England.  Liverpool had won the 1975–76 Football League First Division between the first and second legs of the UEFA Cup Final; a 3–1 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers on the final day of the league season ensured they became champions. As a result of their league success, Liverpool qualified for the 1976–77 European Cup as English champions. Brugge had won the 1975–76 Belgian First Division; they won the competition by four points from second-place Anderlecht. Their success meant that they would also be competing in next season's European Cup as Belgian champions.

First leg.

Summary.

Brugge started the match the better of the two sides and took the lead in the 5th minute. A headed back-pass by Phil Neal fell short of Liverpool goalkeeper Ray Clemence allowing Brugge midfielder Raoul Lambert to take control of the ball and lob it over Clemence and into the Liverpool goal. Seven minutes later Brugge extended their lead when Julien Cools scored. The Belgians kept attacking, but the Liverpool defence of Emlyn Hughes and Tommy Smith were able to repel the Belgians until half-time.  Liverpool manager Bob Paisley decided that a change to his team had to be made during the interval. Paisley decided to replace striker John Toshack with midfielder Jimmy Case. The change made a difference as Case's runs down the right hand side of the pitch unsettled the Belgians. The full effect came in the 59th minute when Liverpool scored; Steve Heighway passed to Ray Kennedy who scored from. Liverpool leveled the score two minutes later; a shot from Kennedy rebounded off the post to Case who scored from close range.  Three minutes later Liverpool were ahead; Heighway was upended in the penalty area, and Kevin Keegan scored the subsequent penalty to give Liverpool a 3–2 lead. Liverpool had chances to increase their lead afterwards, but failed to do so; Brugge failed to score further as well. The final score when the referee blew for full-time was 3–2.

Second leg.

Summary.

Liverpool entered the second leg with a one-goal lead, although Brugge needed to score only one clear goal to win the competition by virtue of the away goals rule. The Belgians scored the goal they needed in the 11th minute. Liverpool defender Smith was adjudged to have handled the ball in the Liverpool penalty area and Brugge were awarded a penalty kick. Lambert converted the opportunity to give Brugge a 1–0 lead and level the aggregate tie at 3–3. Responding to the setback, Liverpool equalised four minutes later. They were awarded a free-kick outside the Brugge penalty area. Hughes rolled the ball to Keegan whose right-footed shot went into the Brugge goal to level the scores at 1–1 and give Liverpool a 4–3 aggregate lead. The goal incidentally was the first Brugge had conceded at home in the UEFA Cup all season.  Brugge needed to score again to keep the tie alive, and pushed their players forward in search of an equaliser. This forced Liverpool to pull all their players, except Keegan, into defensive positions to try to preserve their lead. Despite this Liverpool had a chance to take the lead in the 34th minute. Smith's volley from a Kennedy free-kick went wide of the Brugge goal. Brugge's pressure almost paid off five minutes into the second half. Ulrik le Fevre and Roger Van Gool combined to split the Liverpool defence, leaving Lambert with the ball. His subsequent shot beat Liverpool goalkeeper Clemence but hit the post. Brugge kept attacking in an effort to find the goal they needed; their best chance came four minutes from the end. Brugge breached the Liverpool defence, but Cools' shot was denied by a diving save from Clemence. No more goals were scored; the final score was 1–1.  The second-leg draw meant Liverpool won the tie, 4–3 on aggregate, to win their second UEFA Cup after their first victory in 1973. They also completed a League and UEFA Cup double for a second time. Liverpool manager Bob Paisley was delighted with players after their performance in the second leg: "The second half was the longest 45 minutes of my life. There was an awful lot of pride in this game because we came representing England. We did not let the country down and we are proud of our lads."

The 1976 UEFA Cup Final were association football matches played over two-legs between Liverpool of England and Club Brugge of Belgium on 28 April 1976 and 19 May 1976 at Anfield, Liverpool and the Olympiastadion, Brugge. It was the final of the 1975–76 season of Europe's secondary cup competition, the UEFA Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their second final; they had won the competition in 1973. Brugge were appearing in their first European final and were the first Belgian team to reach the final of a European competition.

La finale de la Coupe UEFA 1975-1976 est la de la Coupe de l'UEFA, organisée par l'UEFA. Elle prend la forme d'une double confrontation aller-retour prenant place le et le, respectivement au stade Anfield de Liverpool, en Angleterre, et au stade Jan-Breydel de Bruges, en Belgique.


Early life.

Rajkumar was born on 24 April 1929 in Gajanur, a hamlet in Talavady Taluk in the erstwhile Madras Presidency (in present-day Erode district, Tamil Nadu). His father, Puttaswami, and mother, Lakshmiamma were impoverished theatre artists from Singanallur. Puttaswami good at playing roles such as Kamsa, Ravana, and Hiranyakashipu. Rajkumar left school at eight and was later discovered by film producers, who cast him in bit roles that he played till he was 25. At birth, he was named "Muthuraju", after the "Muthaththi Raya" (a name for the Hindu deity Hanuman), which is a temple deity located in Muthathi, a settlement on the banks of river Kaveri in present-day Karnataka.  Before acting in what would become his first film as a lead; "Bedara Kannappa" in 1954, Rajkumar appeared in "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana" in 1952, as one of the Saptarishi (seven sages). It was an insignificant role, he remembered that the scene was over before he recognized himself in the scene.

Career.

As actor.

Rajkumar started his career with his father in a troupe led by Gubbi Veeranna. In 1953, he was spotted by film director H. L. N. Simha, who was on the lookout for well-built, pleasant-faced "Bedara Kannappa". Simha eventually signed him for the film and named him ""Rajkumar"".  He acted only in Kannada apart from "Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam" in Telugu, a remake of "Bedara Kannappa". He acted in 206 movies, excluding his guest appearances. He owned a production company called "Sri Vajreshwari Combines" under the banner "Dakshayani Combines". "Bhaagyada Baagilu" was his 100th film, "Devataa Manushya" was 200th film and "Shabdavedhi" was his last film.  His character depictions ranged from love to double and triple roles, from action and mythological characters to portrayals of contemporary social causes in the span over five decades. Rajkumar along with his contemporaries Udaya Kumar and Kalyan Kumar was referred as the "Kumara Thrayaru" of Kannada cinema. He acted in 36 films with Udaya Kumar and in 5 films with Kalyan Kumar. The films presented a populist version of Karnataka's history, focusing on the southern kingdoms from the Vijayanagara Empire and later to the intrigue and mystery of the Mysore royalty.  He made historical movies such as "Ranadheera Kanteerava" and "Kaviratna Kalidasa". He made movies from Kannada novels and made movies against perceived social evils such as "Jeevana Chaitra" on evils of drinking and "Shabdavedhi" on drug abuse. He acted with heroines of southern cinema such as Jayanti (36 films), Pandaribai (18 films), Leelavathi (28 films), Bharati (28 films), Kalpana (19 films), Aarathi (13 films), B. Saroja Devi (10 films), Harini (11 films), Krishna Kumari (8 films), Madhavi (7 films), Manjula (7 films), Jayamala (6 films), Lakshmi (5 films), Geetha (5 films), Saritha (5 films) and Jayaprada (4 films). Bollywood actress Rekha made her debut in "Operation Jackpotnalli CID 999" with him. He acted for south Indian directors from B.R. Pantulu and Puttanna Kanagal to Shankar Nag and T. S. Nagabharana. Chi. Udaya Shankar has written dialogues and songs for 85 of his movies.  Rajkumar was the first Indian artist to enact the role of James Bond in "Jedara Bale". Later, in "Operation Jackpotnalli CID 999", "Goadalli CID 999" and "Operation Diamond Racket" he played roles chronicling the adventures of "Prakash" aka Agent "CID 999", a James Bondesque superspy. Much of these films were made from the directing pair of Dorai and Bhagwan who began making spy flicks relatively late in their career, including "Operation Diamond Racket".  Rajkumar's famous 1971 hit Kasturi Nivasa was colorized and released in 2014. Even close to a decade after his death, the movie garnered a grand opening with the actor life size cutout being immersed in milk. The colorized release also performed well at the box office over taking other Kannada movies released at the time.  In his obituary, "Rediff.com" wrote, "It was his subtle acting, spontaneous style and his flair for giving reel characters real credibility that helped him survive the onslaught of time, age and changing demands of the celluloid world. Despite his box office success, Rajkumar, a strong advocate of Kannada, confined himself to the Kannada film world."  Alluding to his acting skills, famed Bollywood actor Anil Kapoor remarks "He was not just Dr Rajkumar. He is the emperor Dr Rajkumar — emperor of all actors."

As singer.

Rajkumar trained in classical music when he was with Gubbi Veeranna's theatre troupe. The track "Om Namaha Shivaya" from the 1956 film "Ohileshwara", that he also starred in, was his first for a film. He subsequently sang "Thumbithu Manava", a duet with S. Janaki, for the movie "Mahishasura Mardini" (1959). However, he became a full-fledged singer only in 1974 when he sang in place of P. B. Sreenivas for "Sampathige Savaal", who had till then sung for most songs picturised on Rajkumar, fell ill. Rajkumar sang the "energetic" "Yaare Koogadali" for the film which became widely popular during the time and is considered one of his best songs.  Rajkumar has been credited for having sung across various genres and each rendition according to the mood of the scene in the film. In "Yaaru Tiliyaru Ninna" for "Babruvahana" (1977), a prosodic form of Kannada poetry that required the tone to be a combination of sarcasm and anger, he blended the "twin skills of theatrics and music". For "Nee Nanna Gellalare" (1981), he sang two songs — "Jeeva Hoovagide" and "Anuraga Enaytu" — beginning both with the refrain "I love you", that is "full of Carnatic gamakas". After the same tone in the refrain, they "take on a life of their own", with the form according to "love and happiness" in the scene and the latter when there is "love, but a discord" in the scene. He is known widely for his rendition of "Nadamaya" for "Jeevana Chaitra" (1992), a song based on the raga of Todi and "with complex graces and strings other ragas as it progresses. He switches ragas with ease, and sings complex swara patterns like a professional classical artiste." For the rendition, he was awarded the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer. His frequent collaboration with the composer duo of Rajan–Nagendra gave musical hits such as "Bangarada Hoovu" (1967), "Nyayave Devaru" (1971), "Swayamvara" (1973), "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana" (1974), "Nanobba Kalla" (1979) and "Chalisuva Modagalu" (1982).  Rajkumar's duets mostly recorded with S. Janaki and Vani Jairam. Other female singers who sang with him are P. Susheela, Bangalore Latha, K. S. Chitra, Manjula Gururaj, B. R. Chaya, Kasturi Shankar, Rathnamala Prakash, Sulochana and others.  During his career, Rajkumar sang and performed for songs about Kannadigas, the Kannada language and culture, such as "Jenina Holeyo" from "Chalisuva Modagalu", "Maanavanagi Huttidmele" from "Jeevana Chaitra" and "Huttidare Kannada" from the film "Aakasmika". He sang a complete English song called "If You Come Today" ("Tick Tick Tick") in one of his Bond films – "Operation Diamond Racket" in 1978. This song became an internet meme in India following Rajkumar's demise in 2006.  In later years, he lent his voice to a few actors and sang background solos. For the song "Deepavali Deepavali", from "Muddina Maava", he provided playback to S. P. Balasubrahmanyam. This was a rare occasion. He sang Kalidasa shlokas such as "Maanikya Veena" and ghazal-based songs such as "Sadaa Kannale", "Kanneera Dhaare" and "Yaava Kaviyu".

Devotional songs.

Rajkumar recorded many devotional songs beginning in the 1970s for Columbia Recording Company starting with "Mantralayakke Hogona" in 1972. His widely popular LP record "Guruvara Bantamma" was also recorded during the time. In 1979, Sangeetha Cassettes became India's first licensed pre-recorded cassettes. Rajkumar sang for the record producers devotional songs glorifying the saint Raghavendra and the Hindu deity Hanuman.

Personal life.

Family.

At the age of 24, Rajkumar married his 14-year-old cousin, Parvathamma, on 25 June 1953 in Nanjangud. It went ahead in accordance to the agreement that their fathers made following the latter's birth. Together, they had five children; sons Shiva, Raghavendra and Puneeth, and daughters Lakshmi and Poornima. Having lived a "hand to mouth existence" after marriage in a joint family that included 24 children in Madras, the family moved to Bangalore in 1972, after Rajkumar began getting multiple film offers.

Abduction.

On 30th July 2000, Rajkumar, his son-in-law Govindaraju and two others were abducted by Veerappan from the actor's palatial house at Gajanur (Erode district of Tamil Nadu). Veerappan demanded the release of his gang members who were being held in jail under a defunct anti-terrorism law. The event prompted a massive manhunt and threw the Karnataka government into crisis. The Supreme Court of India opined that it was "unpardonable" on the part of the government of Tamil Nadu for not providing security to Rajkumar, although they had information a year earlier that he faced a threat of being kidnapped by Veerappan. A Special Task Force (STF) set up to capture Veerapan had earlier warned Rajkumar against visiting the farmhouse, but his son Raghavendra later acknowledged that his father had not taken the threat seriously.  After a total of 108 days in captivity, Rajkumar was released unharmed on 15 November 2000. His abduction and the manner in which his release was secured remains a mystery.

Death and memorial.

On 12 April 2006, Rajkumar returned to his Sadashivanagar residence after his regular 20-minute walk and had a general medical check-up by 11:30 a.m. (IST). At 1:50 pm (IST), as he sat on a sofa, he asked a member of his family to slow the fan down and immediately collapsed. His personal physician Ramana Rao was called for, who rushed within three minutes, and performed external cardiac massage and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Rajkumar was then taken to MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital and was administered intracardiac injections. Efforts to revive him failed and he was pronounced dead at 2:05 pm (IST).  Rajkumar's death triggered an outpouring of grief. There was major shutdown in the city of Bengaluru. An unofficial "bandh" (closure of all shops and other establishments) was observed. Several people attempted suicide after hearing the news; most of them were rescued. The funeral cortège the next day started from Sree Kanteerava Stadium to Kanteerava Studios a few minutes before 12:30 pm (IST), a distance of. Around two million people followed his remains. However, the entire procession was marked with violence with mourners attacking public property, and police, who resorted to lathi-charge and tear gas. Passing through Krishna Raja Circle, Palace Road, T. Chowdiah Road, Sadashivanagar, Yeswanthpur and Goraguntepalya localities, the cortège reached the Studios at 4:45 pm (IST). His body was buried with State honors at 5:45 p.m (IST) at the premises of the studios. The last rites were performed by his eldest son Shiva, guided by priests from the city's ISKCON and the Gayathri Temples. His eyes were donated to two visually impaired persons the same day.  On 19 April, the government of Karnataka announced that a memorial would be made in Rajkumar's honor at Kanteerava Studios in association with the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce at the cost 100 million. The blueprint of the memorial was cleared by a panel comprising members of Rajkumar's family, representatives of the Kannada film industry and the state government. After a delay over allocation of funds and land, it was finally opened in November 2014, after a sum of 70 million was used in developing it over an area of. It included "an open-air auditorium, mini-water body, landscaping and a bust" of Rajkumar. 40 photographs of selected films of Rajkumar were kept on display at the inauguration. A permanent exhibition on the history of Rajkumar's films that included his photographs, trophies and souvenirs, alongside a stock of dialogue, scripts, songs and other memorabilia associated with him were put on display. An annual calendar for 2012 was released containing photographs of Rajkumar and stills from his films.

Personality.

Rajkumar was best regarded by Kannada audiences and the Kannada film industry for being a highly disciplined man in both his personal and professional lives. He practised Carnatic music for an hour each day in the morning and in the evening. His punctuality is another noted aspect. Waking up every morning at 4 am, he performed Yoga and Pranayama, which is said to be the reason behind his physical and mental fitness. His Yoga performances can be seen in the first clips of his film "Kaamana Billu".  He shunned smoking and drinking both on screen and off. To avoid setting a precedent among his fans, he made sure that the roles he accepted did not require him to smoke or drink or utter swear words, and extended this decision to real life. His dress code always consisted of a simple white dhoti and shirt. He spent most of his vacations in his hometown, Gajanur, near the forest area where he was later abducted.  He would always refer to his movie-producers as "Anna Daataru" (food providers) and adored fans as "Abhimaani Devarugalu" (Fan Gods).  He was a devotee of Raghavendra Swami.  "The Hindu" had reported that Rajkumar could have swept any poll effortlessly but had decided that the affection and love of the people should not be used to attain power. It had also reported that Rajkumar declined to enter politics despite immense pressure as he didn't want to be used only as a weapon to defeat anyone and not for any positive contribution.  During the interview for promotions of "2.0", Rajinikanth had said that 10 MGRs were equal to 1 Rajkumar. He has also remarked that the only autograph he has ever taken in his life is of Rajkumar.  Rajinikanth had also said that Rajkumar was a combination of MGR and Sivaji Ganesan.  Political analyst MK Bhaskar Rao had revealed that the Janata Party's J. H. Patel and George Fernandes had approached Rajkumar to contest against Indira Gandhi in the 1978 Chikkamagaluru Lok Sabha byelection but he refused saying he wanted to remain apolitical.  When Rajkumar completed 200 movies in lead roles in Kannada films, P. Lankesh edited a special issue of "Lankesh Patrike" in 1988 titled "Innooru Chitragala Raja" dedicating to him.

Kannada language movement.

Although Rajkumar rejected numerous offers to don the political mantle, he was able to influence the State's political fortunes without ever being officially involved in politics. However, his apolitical outlook did not prevent him from protecting and espousing the cause of Kannada and Karnataka. He had time and again advocated the cause of seeking primacy to Kannada, and hence was asked to lead a movement about making Kannada a compulsory language for primary education based on the "Gokak report", popularly known as "Gokak varadhi." He became actively involved in the movement and soon became the force behind the Gokak movement. He took a rally from Belagavi to Bengaluru and gave speeches about the importance of Kannada Gokak agitation. Millions of people gathered only to have a glimpse of Rajkumar and listen to his speech. The movement became such a rage that the government relented and made Kannada a compulsory language of education in Karnataka.

Awards and honours.

Rajkumar was awarded numerous State, National and International awards. He was a recipient of the Padma Bhushan, a doctorate from Mysore University and the Karnataka Ratna, the highest civilian honour of the State of Karnataka, recognising him as a "Jewel of Karnataka State". In 1985, he was honored by a famous Kentucky colonel award by the then-governor of Kentucky, United States. By this, he became the only Indian actor to receive this prestige from the state of Kentucky, USA. In 1995, he received the prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke Award for his outstanding contributions to the Kannada film industry. In 2011, during the 83rd birth anniversary of Rajkumar, the Chief Minister of Karnataka announced that the state government is "recommending Rajkumar" for a Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the country for his outstanding contribution to the film industry.

Filmfare Awards South.

Rajkumar holds the record of winning Eight South Filmfare Awards in the Best Actor category in Kannada cinema.  Below is the films for which he received the Best Actor awards include:  Total of 8 Filmfare awards for best actor category.

Sarthaka Suvarna.

In July 2005, the government of Karnataka captioned by N. Dharam Singh, the Chief Minister of Karnataka conducted a felicitation ceremony for honoring Rajkumar for his (50 years of) service to Karnataka at Bangalore Palace named "Sarthaka Suvarna" (Significant Gold). This ceremony was attended by the entire Kannada film industry marking respect and tribute to the legend, and could be called an official celebration of Golden Jubilee of Rajkumar's works and services to the Kannada film industry. A Biography on Rajakumar, written by A.N.Prahlada Rao, was released on the occasion.

Singanalluru Puttaswamy Muthuraj (24 April 1929– 12 April 2006), known mononymously by his stage name Rajkumar, was an Indian film actor and playback singer in the Kannada cinema. Widely acclaimed as one of the finest actors in the history of Indian cinema, he is considered a cultural icon and holds a matinée idol status in the Kannada diaspora, among whom he is popularly adulated as "Nata Saarvabhouma" (emperor of actors), "Bangarada Manushya" (man of gold), "Vara Nata" (gifted actor) and "Rajanna" / "Annavru" (elder brother, Raj). He was honoured with the Padma Bhushan in 1983, several national and state awards. His films have been remade more than 50 times in various languages - 32 movies have been remade 54 times in 7 languages. On the "Centenary of Indian cinema" in April 2013, Forbes included Dr. Rajkumar's performance in the film Bangarada Manushya on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".

Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju, connu sous le nom de scène mononyme de Rajkumar, né à (Présidence de Madras, Indes britanniques) le et mort à Bangalore (État de Karnataka, Inde) le, est un chanteur et acteur indien, actif à Sandalwood, le cinéma en kannada.


Background.

This was the fifth time a continental final had been played by two teams from the same country and the third all-Italian final. The first also featured Juventus, who overcame Fiorentina by three goals to one over two legs in the 1990 UEFA Cup Final. It was Parma's first appearance in a UEFA Cup final, but represented the third consecutive year in which they had contested a European final, following European Cup Winners' Cup final appearances in 1993 (a win) and 1994 (a defeat). It was Juventus' fourth appearance in a UEFA Cup final; the previous finals were all two-legged affairs ending in victory for the Turin club, against Athletic Bilbao in 1977 on the away goals rule, Fiorentina in 1990 and Borussia Dortmund in 1993.  Parma's only previous experience in Europe against another Italian side was in the 1993 European Super Cup when they emerged victorious over A.C. Milan by two goals to one over two legs, having lost the first leg at home by a single goal. Juventus were meanwhile attempting to complete the third leg of a treble of titles: Serie A, Coppa Italia and the UEFA Cup.  While Parma played their home tie at their home ground, Stadio Ennio Tardini, Juventus chose to play their home leg away from Turin at the San Siro, home ground of Inter Milan and Milan, because they had difficulties with the landlord at their own stadium, Stadio delle Alpi, and had experienced poor attendances there, in contrast to the big crowds they attracted playing in other cities. They had already played the semi-final of the competition in Milan (and would later play the 1996 UEFA Super Cup even further from home, in Palermo).  The two sides would also meet the following month in the 1995 Coppa Italia Final, which Juventus won 3–0 on aggregate.

First leg.

Summary.

Parma, the home team, went into a fifth-minute lead through Dino Baggio, which they held and subsequently took to the return at Milan's San Siro.

Second leg.

Summary.

Gianluca Vialli restored parity in the tie overall before Dino Baggio struck again to give Parma a 2–1 aggregate victory. Thus provincial Parma added the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup they had won two years before.

The 1995 UEFA Cup Final was played over two legs between two Italian teams Juventus and Parma. The first leg at Parma's Stadio Ennio Tardini ended in a 1–0 victory for the home team. The second leg at the San Siro in Milan finished in a 1–1 draw, and a win on aggregate for Parma. It was their first UEFA Cup final victory, with Juventus having won three in the past.

La finale de la Coupe UEFA 1994-1995 est la de la Coupe de l'UEFA, organisée par l'UEFA. Elle prend la forme d'une double confrontation aller-retour prenant place le et, respectivement au stade Ennio-Tardini de Parme et au stade Giuseppe-Meazza de Milan, tous deux en Italie.


Founding: 17th century–1775.

Various Algonquian-speaking Abenaki tribes, largely divided between the Androscoggin and Pennacook nations, inhabited the area before European settlement. Despite the similar language, they had a very different culture and religion from other Algonquian peoples. English and French explorers visited New Hampshire in 1600–1605, and David Thompson settled at Odiorne's Point in present-day Rye in 1623. The first permanent settlement was at Hilton's Point (present-day Dover). By 1631, the Upper Plantation comprised modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham; in 1679, it became the "Royal Province". Father Rale's War was fought between the colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy throughout New Hampshire.  The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on the division in 1629 of a land grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Captain John Mason (former governor of Newfoundland) and Sir Ferdinando Gorges (who founded Maine). The colony was named New Hampshire by Mason after the English county of Hampshire, one of the first Saxon shires. Hampshire was itself named after the port of Southampton, which was known previously as simply "Hampton".  New Hampshire was first settled by Europeans at Odiorne's Point in Rye (near Portsmouth) by a group of fishermen from England under David Thompson in 1623, just three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Early historians believed the first native-born New Hampshirite, John Thompson, was born there.  Fisherman David Thompson had been sent by Mason, to be followed a few years later by Edward and William Hilton. They led an expedition to the vicinity of Dover, which they called Northam. Mason died in 1635 without ever seeing the colony he founded. Settlers from Pannaway, moving to the Portsmouth region later and combining with an expedition of the new Laconia Company (formed 1629) under Captain Neal, called their new settlement Strawbery Banke. In 1638 Exeter was founded by John Wheelwright.  In 1631, Captain Thomas Wiggin served as the first governor of the Upper Plantation (comprising modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham). All the towns agreed to unite in 1639, but meanwhile Massachusetts had claimed the territory. In 1641 an agreement was reached with Massachusetts to come under its jurisdiction. Home rule of the towns was allowed. In 1653 Strawbery Banke petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts to change its name to Portsmouth, which was granted. The relationship between Massachusetts and the independent New Hampshirites was controversial and tenuous, and complicated by land claims maintained by the heirs of John Mason. In 1679 King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts, issuing a charter for the royal Province of New Hampshire, with John Cutt as governor. New Hampshire was absorbed into the Dominion of New England in 1686, which collapsed in 1689. After a brief period without formal government (the settlements were "de facto" ruled by Massachusetts) William III and Mary II issued a new provincial charter in 1691. From 1699 to 1741 the governors of Massachusetts were also commissioned as governors of New Hampshire.  The province's geography placed it on the frontier between British and French colonies in North America, and it was for many years subjected to native claims, especially in the central and northern portions of its territory. Because of these factors it was on the front lines of many military conflicts, including King William's War, Queen Anne's War, Father Rale's War, and King George's War. By the 1740s most of the native population had either been killed or driven out of the province's territory.  Because New Hampshire's governorship was shared with that of Massachusetts, border issues between the two colonies were not properly adjudicated for many years. These issues principally revolved around territory west of the Merrimack River, which issuers of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire charters had incorrectly believed to flow primarily from west to east. In the 1730s New Hampshire political interest led by Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth were able to raise the profile of these issues to colonial officials and the crown in London, even while Governor and Massachusetts native Jonathan Belcher preferentially granted land to Massachusetts interests in the disputed area. In 1741 King George II ruled that the border with Massachusetts was approximately what it is today, and also separated the governorships of the two provinces. Benning Wentworth in 1741 became the first non-Massachusetts governor since Edward Cranfield succeeded John Cutt in the 1680s.  Wentworth promptly complicated New Hampshire's territorial claims by interpreting the provincial charter to include territory west of the Connecticut River, and began issuing land grants in this territory, which was also claimed by the Province of New York. The so-called New Hampshire Grants area became a subject of contention from the 1740s until the 1790s, when it was admitted to the United States as the state of Vermont.

Slavery in New Hampshire.

As in the other Thirteen Colonies and elsewhere in the colonial Americas, racially conditioned slavery was a firmly established institution in New Hampshire. The New Hampshire Assembly in 1714 passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night": Notices emphasizing and re-affirming the curfew were published in "The New Hampshire Gazette" in 1764 and 1771.  Following the Revolution, a powerfully-written sent by 20 slaves in Portsmouth unsuccessfully requested freedom for the enslaved. But the New Hampshire legislature would not officially eliminate slavery in the state until 1857, long after the death of many of the signatories. The 1840 United States Census was the last to enumerate any slaves in the households of the state.  While the number of slaves resident in New Hampshire itself dwindled during the course of the 19th century, the state's economy remained closely interlinked with, and dependent upon, the economies of the slave states. Slave-produced raw materials, such as cotton for textiles, and slave-manufactured goods were imported. The ship "Nightingale of Boston", built in Eliot, Maine in 1851 and outfitted in Portsmouth, would serve as a slave ship before its capture by the African Slave Trade Patrol in 1861, indicating the region's further economic connection to the ongoing Atlantic slave trade.

Revolution: 1775–1815.

New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule during the American Revolution. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army. In response, on May 22, 1775, the New Hampshire Provincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force to join the patriot army at Boston. In January 1776, it became the first colony to set up an independent government and the first to establish a constitution, but the latter explicitly stated "we never sought to throw off our dependence on Great Britain", meaning that it was not the first to actually declare its independence (that distinction instead belongs to Rhode Island). The historic attack on Fort William and Mary (now Fort Constitution) helped supply the cannon and ammunition for the Continental Army that was needed for the Battle of Bunker Hill that took place north of Boston a few months later. New Hampshire raised three regiments for the Continental Army, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New Hampshire regiments. New Hampshire Militia units were called up to fight at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Bennington, Saratoga Campaign and the Battle of Rhode Island. John Paul Jones' ship the Sloop-of-war USS "Ranger" and the frigate USS "Raleigh" were built in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, along with other naval ships for the Continental Navy and privateers to hunt down British merchant shipping.  Concord was named the state capital in 1808.

Industrialization, abolitionism and politics: 1815–1860.

In 1832, New Hampshire saw a major news story: the founding of the Republic of Indian Stream on its northern border with Canada over the unresolved post-revolutionary war border issue. In 1835 the republic was annexed by New Hampshire, with the dispute finally resolved in 1842 by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty.  Abolitionists from Dartmouth College founded the experimental, interracial Noyes Academy in Canaan, New Hampshire in 1835, at a point in history when slaves still appeared in the households of the state in the national census and decades before the abolition of slavery in the state. Rural opponents of the school eventually dragged the school away with oxen before lighting it ablaze to protest integrated education, within months of the school's founding.  Abolitionist sentiment was a strong undercurrent in the state, with significant support given the Free Soil Party of John P. Hale. However the conservative Jacksonian Democrats usually maintained control, under the leadership of editor Isaac Hill. In 1856 the new Republican Party headed by Amos Tuck produced a political revolution.

Civil War: 1861–1865.

After Abraham Lincoln gave speeches in March 1860, he was well regarded. However, the radical wing of the Republican Party increasingly took control. As early as January 1861, top officials were secretly meeting with Governor John A. Andrew of Massachusetts to coordinate plans in case the war came. Plans were made to rush militia units to Washington in an emergency.  New Hampshire fielded 31,650 enlisted men and 836 officers during the American Civil War; of these, 1,803 enlisted men and 131 officers were killed or wounded. The state provided eighteen volunteer infantry regiments (thirteen of which were raised in 1861 in response to Lincoln's call to arms), three rifle regiments (who served in the 1st United States Sharpshooters and 2nd United States Sharpshooters), one cavalry battalion (the 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Cavalry, which was attached to the 1st New England Volunteer Cavalry), and two artillery units (the 1st New Hampshire Light Battery and 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery), as well as additional men for the Navy and Marine Corps.  Among the most celebrated of New Hampshire's units was the 5th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Colonel Edward Ephraim Cross. Called the "Fighting Fifth" in newspaper accounts, the regiment was considered among the Union's best both during the war (Major General Winfield Scott called the regiment "refined gold" in 1863) and by historians afterward. The Civil War veteran and early Civil War historian William F. Fox determined that this regiment had the highest number of battle-related deaths of any Union regiment. The 20th-century historian Bruce Catton said that the Fifth New Hampshire was "one of the best combat units in the army" and that Cross was "an uncommonly talented regimental commander."  The critical post of state Adjutant General was held in 1861-64 by elderly politician Anthony C. Colby (1792-1873) and his son Daniel E. Colby (1816-1891). They were patriotic, but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties. The state had no track of men who enlisted after 1861; no personnel records or information on volunteers, substitutes, or draftees. There was no inventory of weaponry and supplies. Nathaniel Head (1828-1883) took over in 1864, obtained an adequate budget and office staff, and reconstructed the missing paperwork. As a result, widows, orphans, and disabled veterans received the postwar payments they had earned.

Prosperity, depression and war: 1865–1950.

Between 1884 and 1903, New Hampshire attracted many immigrants. French Canadian migration to the state was significant, and at the turn of the century, French Canadians represented 16 percent of the state's population, and one-fourth the population of Manchester. Polish immigration to the state was also significant; there were about 850 Polish Americans in Manchester in 1902.  The textile industry was hit hard by the depression and growing competition from southern mills. The closing of the Amoskeag Mills in 1935 was a major blow to Manchester, as was the closing of the former Nashua Manufacturing Company mill in Nashua in 1949 and the bankruptcy of the Brown Company paper mill in Berlin in the 1940s, which led to new ownership.

Modern New Hampshire: 1950–present.

The post-World War II decades have seen New Hampshire increase its economic and cultural links with the greater Boston, Massachusetts, region. This reflects a national trend, in which improved highway networks have helped metropolitan areas expand into formerly rural areas or small nearby cities.  The replacement of the Nashua textile mill with defense electronics contractor Sanders Associates in 1952 and the arrival of minicomputer giant Digital Equipment Corporation in the early 1970s helped lead the way toward southern New Hampshire's role as a high-tech adjunct of the Route 128 corridor.  The postwar years saw the rise of New Hampshire's political primary for President of the United States, which as the first primary in the quadrennial campaign season draws enormous attention.

New Hampshire is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution.

L'Histoire du New Hampshire se confond tout d'abord avec celle de la colonie de la baie du Massachusetts, basée à Boston, avant qu'une Province du New Hampshire spécifique soit fondée en 1660. Elle participe au siècle suivant à l'Histoire du Vermont, en distribuant des terres aux colons dans l'arrière-pays.


Early life.

Kelley was born in New Hampton, a small village in New Hampshire. At the age of 19, he went to Wheeling, Virginia, a center of the slave trade. He engaged in the merchandise business until 1851, when he became a freight agent for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad.

Civil War.

At outbreak of the Civil War he was living in Philadelphia and working for the B&O Railroad. He left his position there and moved to Wheeling to take command of the 1st Virginia Infantry, a Federal volunteer three-months regiment, and was appointed as its colonel. His first service was at Philippi, where he captured the Confederate camp equipage and was himself badly wounded. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on August 5, 1861, backdated to May, and was victorious at Romney and Blue's Gap (Hanging Rocks Pass). Afterward, Kelley commanded a division of 10,000 men in the Department of Harper's Ferry.  In 1862 he served under Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont, and the following year he was in command of the West Virginia department and pursued General Robert E. Lee during the Retreat from Gettysburg. In 1864, he checked the enemy at Folck's Mill, New Creek, and Moorefield, West Virginia. He was brevetted as a major general of volunteers on August 5, 1864.  Kelley, along with his immediate superior Maj. Gen. George Crook, was captured by a small raiding party of Confederate partisans on February 21, 1865. Kelley was sent to a prison in Richmond, Virginia, but he and Crook were released on March 20 by a special exchange. He resigned from the army on June 1, 1865.

Postbellum career.

After the war ended, Kelley was appointed an internal revenue collector in 1866. After serving in that role for ten years, he became the head of the Hot Springs, Arkansas, Military Reservation in 1876. In 1883, President Chester A. Arthur appointed him an examiner of pensions.

Death.

Kelley died in Oakland, Maryland, and was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. His grave was created by sculptor W.S. Davis and completed ca. 1861. The gravestone is made of granite (6 x 5 x 3 ft.) with a relief (2 x 2 x 6 ft.) of bronze inset on the front of the stone, just above two inscribed plaques. The relief is a bust of Kelley, who has a full goatee, mustache, and a military uniform.  One plaque on the gravestone is inscribed:  Another plaque on the gravestone is inscribed:  It was surveyed by the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1995 and was declared as needing treatment.

Benjamin Franklin Kelley (April 10, 1807 – July 16, 1891) was an American soldier who served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He played a prominent role in several military campaigns in West Virginia and Maryland.

Benjamin Franklin Kelley ( - ) est un soldat américain qui a servi en tant que brigadier général de l'armée de l'Union pendant la guerre de Sécession. Il a joué un rôle d'importance lors de plusieurs campagnes militaires en Virginie-Occidentale et au Maryland.


Playing career.

As a youth, Dauphin played in the 2007 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Lanaudière Ouest. He later played three seasons of major junior hockey with the Chicoutimi Saguenéens of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.  Dauphin made his NHL debut during the 2015–16 season, on December 29, 2015, and scored his first career NHL goal against the Vancouver Canucks on 4 January 2016. He was re-assigned to the American Hockey League the following day.  On June 23, 2017, Dauphin was traded by Arizona at the 2017 NHL Entry Draft, alongside Connor Murphy to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Niklas Hjalmarsson.  In the following 2017–18 season, after attending the Blackhawks training camp and pre-season, Dauphin was re-assigned to AHL affiliate, the Rockford IceHogs. Less than one year after being traded to Chicago, he was traded back to the Coyotes, alongside Richard Panik, in exchange for Anthony Duclair and Adam Clendening.  Dauphin began the 2018–19 season, serving as an Alternate captain for his third season with the Coyotes' affiliate the Tucson Roadrunners. He added 20 points in 34 games for the Roadrunners and made 1 appearance with the Coyotes on January 10, 2019, against the Vancouver Canucks, before he was traded away for a second time by the Coyotes, along with Adam Helewka, to the Nashville Predators in exchange for Emil Pettersson on February 8, 2019. While with AHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals, Dauphin was signed to a one-year, two-way contract extension with the Predators on February 27, 2019.  Continuing with the Milwaukee Admirals in the 2019–20 season, Dauphin added 7 goals and 16 points in 33 games before he was traded by the Predators to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Michael McCarron on January 7, 2020.

Laurent Dauphin (born March 27, 1995) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing as a prospect within the Montreal Canadiens organization of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 39th overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft.

<dfn>Laurent Dauphin</dfn> (né le à Repentigny, dans la province du Québec au Canada) est un joueur professionnel canadien de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant.