Biography.

Vasyl Barvinsky was born in Ternopil, on 20 February 1888. Barvinsky descended from an older aristocratic family. Barvinsky's father, Oleksander Barvinsky, was famous Ukrainian pedagogue, politician, and public figure. In 1917 he was appointed a member of the Austrian upper chamber. Vasyl's mother, singer and pianist, became his first music teacher.

Education.

Barvinsky gained professional music education in Lviv conservatory. Barvinsky continued his music education in Prague. Among his teachers were Vilém Kurz (piano), and Vítězslav Novák (composition). When he began to teach, one of his first students was Stefania Turkewich.

Works.

Barvinsky has written about 30 works. Barvinsky's compositions are said to be impressive by their “... matureness’, thoughtfulness and delicacy”. Barvinsky composed in various genres except ballet and opera. His style, late romantic with impressionistic features, was also strongly influenced by Ukrainian folklore. Although many of Barvinsky's works were lost, most of his creative inheritance remained and is performed worldwide.

Compositions.

"Ukrainian Rhapsody" ("Ukrayinska Rapsodiya" - Українська рапсодія) Piano cycle "Love" ("Liubov" - Любов) Piano Sonata in C sharp minor Piano Trio in A minor Piano Preludes Piano Concerto in F minor Five miniatures on Ukrainian folk themes Cycle for piano ""Koliadky i Shchedrivky"" (Колядки і щедрівки) Piano collection for children: "Our Sun is Playing Piano" ("Nashe Sonechko Hraye na Fortepiano" - Наше сонечко грає на фортепіано) "Ukrainian Suite" ("Ukrayinska syuyita" - Українська сюїта) "Lemkiv's Suite" (Lemkivshchyna) ("Lemkivska syuyita" - Лемківська сюїта) "Lemkiv's Dances" ("Lemkivski tantsi" - Лемківські танці) Choir miniature: "The Sun is Already Down" ("Uzhe sonechko zakotylosia" - Уже Сонечко Закотилося)  Children Choirs: "On the Christmas Tree" ("Na yalynku" - На ялинку) "Summer" - ("Lito" - Літо) "The song of pupils" ("Pisnia Shkoliariv" - Пісня школярів) Folk-song Arrangements: "There on the Hill are Two Oaklets" ("Tam na hori dva dubky" - Там на горі два дубки) "Two Lemkiv's folk songs" (Dvi lemkivski narodni pisni - Дві Лемківські народні пісні)  Six Solo Arrangements of Folk Songs, composed in 1912: "Yanhil-yahilochka" (Ягіл-ягілочка) "Oi, khodyla divchyna berizhkom" (Ой, ходила дівчина беріжком) "Chy ty virno mene liubysh" (Чи ти вірно мене любиш) "Vyishly v pole kosari" (Вийшли в поле косарі) "Oi, ziydy, ziydy, yasen misiatsiu" (Ой, зійди, зійди, ясен місяцю) Lullaby "Oi Khodyt Son" (Ой ходиь сон)  Chamber music: Sonata for Cello and Piano Nocturne for Cello (1910) Variations on folk-song theme for Cello (1918) ("Variatsiyi na temu narodnoyi pisni "Oi, pyla, pyla ta Lymerykha na medu"" - Варіації на тему народної пісні "Ой, пила, пила та Лимериха на меду") ""Dumka"" for Viola (1920) (Думка) Sonata and Suite for Viola and Piano Suite for Viola (1927) Sextet for piano and five string instruments String Quartet ""Molodijniy"" (published in 1941) String Quartet in B flat major For Violin: ""Humoreska"", ""Sumna Pisnia"", ""Kozachok"", ""Metelytsia"", ""Pisnia bez sliv"" also known as ""Harodna Melodiya""

Music related literary works.

"Bela Bartok in Lviv" ("Bela Bartok U Lvovi" - Бела Барток у Львові) "An overview of Ukrainian Music History" ("Ohliad istoriyi ukrayinskoyi muzyky" - Огляд історії української музики) "Ukrainian Music" ("Ukrayinska muzyka" -Українська музика) "The New Age of Ukrainian Music" (co-authored by Steshko and Liudkevych)("Nova doba ukrainskoyi muzyky" -Нова доба української музики) "My Memories about Mykola Lysenko" (1937) ("Moyi spohady pro Mykolu Lysenka" - Мої спогади про Миколу Лисенка) "Viktor Kosenko" (1939) "Creative Work of V. Novak" ("Tvorchist V. Novaka" - Творчість В. Новака) "Ukrainian Folk Song and Ukrainian Composers" (Prague 1914) ("Ukrayinska narodna pisnia i ukrayinski kompozytory" -Українська народна пісня і українські композитори) "Characteristics of Ukrainian folk song and its Research" ("Kharakterystyka ukrayinskoyi narodnoyi pisni ta yiyi doslidzhennia - Характеристика української народної пісні та її дослідження)

Vasyl Oleksandrovych Barvinsky () (20 February 1888 – 9 June 1963) was a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor, teacher, musicologist, and music related social figure.

Vasyl Oleksandrovytch Barvinsky (en, – ) a été un compositeur ukrainien, pianiste, chef d'orchestre, professeur, musicologue et figure sociale liée à la musique.


Early life.

He was born in Slutsk, Russia, to Rabbi Aharon Kotler and his wife, Rivka Chana Perel, the daughter of Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer, Rav of that town. Of his parents' children, only he and his sister, Sarah, survived infancy. He was named after his father's father, Shneur Zalman Pines.  Shneur was educated in his youth by his father. He later learned in the Kaminetz yeshiva in Poland and became one of the leading students of Rabbi Baruch Ber Leibowitz.  In 1940, when most yeshivas in Lithuania fled to Vilna—including the yeshiva in Kletzk (to where Rabbi Aharon Kotler had moved the Slutsk yeshiva)—Shneur also came to Vilna. There he became engaged to Rischel, the daughter of Malkiel Friedman. He was able to escape Europe and get to Mandatory Palestine in 1940. While his fiance made refuge in Shanghai with the Mirrer bnei torah. Which was where she lived, until their reunion, and marriage in America after the war. (His father escaped to Japan and from there to America in 1941.) Throughout the war years, he studied in the Eitz Chaim Yeshiva led by his grandfather, Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer, who had also emigrated to Palestine, and attended "shiurim" given by Rabbi Yechezkel Sarna, rosh yeshiva of the Hevron yeshiva in Jerusalem, and Rabbi Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik, the Brisker Rav.  In 1946 Rabbi Kotler was able to rejoin his father in America, where he enrolled in the kollel division of the Lakewood Yeshiva which his father had founded. Although he was the son of the rosh yeshiva, he eschewed any honor or special position, but acted like any other kollel member. Sixteen years later, he accepted the mantle of leadership with his father's death in 1962.

Rosh yeshiva.

Whereas his father had actively restricted enrollment to a select group of students, Rabbi Kotler opened the yeshiva doors to a broader range of students and post-graduate fellows. Enrollment grew from less than 200 students in 1962 to over 1,000 by the time of his death in 1982, transforming the Lakewood Yeshiva from a small, elite institution into a world-class Torah center. As more students enrolled, the scope of study broadened to the point where a student could join any number of groups studying all the tractates of the Talmud.  Rabbi Kotler continued his father's dream of establishing "branches" of the Lakewood Yeshiva in other cities, supervising the opening of 30 Lakewood-style kollels in 30 cities, including Detroit, Toronto, Montreal, Boston, Long Beach, New York, Scranton, Pennsylvania, Miami Beach, Denver, Pittsburgh, Deal, New Jersey, Mexico, and Melbourne.  He also pioneered the establishment of community kollels in the United States and other countries. Unlike a kollel, which is a full-time learning program, a community kollel is a part-time learning program, part-time outreach program. Its Torah scholars learn together in the morning and afternoon and then interact with lay members of the community by offering evening lectures and one-on-one learning. Serving as a hub of Torah activity, community kollels make a significant impact on the growth of Torah awareness in remote Jewish areas. His able assistant in this endeavor was Rabbi Nosson Meir Wachtfogel (1910–1998), the Lakewood "mashgiach" (spiritual supervisor), who had been one of the original students of Rabbi Aharon Kotler when Beth Medrash Govoha first opened in 1943 and who subsequently served as "mashgiach" under three generations of "roshei yeshiva". Rabbis Kotler and Wachtfogel paved the way for the opening of community kollels in many cities, including Passaic, New Jersey (this kollel developed into the Yeshiva Gedola of Passaic), Chicago, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Melbourne, Australia.  Rabbi Kotler was a prominent leader of American Orthodox Jewry as well, serving on the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah of Agudath Israel of America and the rabbinical boards of the Torah Umesorah National Society for Hebrew Day Schools and Chinuch Atzmai. He was also active in the effort to help Jewish refugees from Russia and Iran.

Death.

He died on 24 June 1982 (3 Tammuz 5742) in Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, at the age of 64. He was survived by his wife, Rischel, eight children, fifteen grandchildren, and his sister, Sarah Schwartzman. His funeral processions in Lakewood and Jerusalem were attended by tens of thousands, with an additional stop in Borough Park, Brooklyn attended by 30,000. He was buried near his father, Rabbi Aharon Kotler, and his grandfather, Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer, on Har HaMenuchot.  His widow, Rischel, died at her home in Lakewood on July 17, 2015. Her funeral took place on July 19 in Lakewood. Estimated attendance was about 15,000.  Kotler served as rosh yeshiva for nineteen years, seven months, and one day, exactly the same amount of time as did his father. This extraordinary coincidence was noted throughout the Torah world and seen as a sign that he had been a worthy son and successor who carried on his father's mission.  He was succeeded as rosh yeshiva by his son, Rabbi Malkiel Kotler along with another three gedolei torah Rabbi Dovid Schustal, son-in-law, and Rabbi Yerucham Olshin and Rabbi Yisroel Neuman who are married to other grandchildren of Rabbi Aharon Kotler.

Yosef Chaim Shneur Kotler (1918 – 24 June 1982) was an Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva of Beth Medrash Govoha (also known as the Lakewood Yeshiva) in Lakewood, New Jersey from 1962 to 1982. During his tenure, he developed the Lithuanian-style, Haredi but non-Hasidic yeshiva into the largest post-graduate Torah institution in the world. He also established Lakewood-style kollels in 30 cities, and pioneered the establishment of community kollels in which Torah scholars study during the morning and afternoon hours and engage in community outreach during the evenings. Upon his death, he had served as the Lakewood rosh yeshiva for exactly the same amount of time as had his father, Rabbi Aharon Kotler, the founding rosh yeshiva of Beth Medrash Govoha: nineteen years, seven months, and one day.

Yosef Chaim Shneur Kotler, connu comme Shneur Kotler (1918, Sloutsk, Empire russe, aujourd'hui, Biélorussie -, Boston, Massachusetts) est un rabbin américain, Rosh yeshiva du "Beth Medrash Govoha (BMG)" de Lakewood, New Jersey, de 1962 à 1982. Il est le fils du rabbin Aharon Kotler, le fondateur de la yechiva et le père du rabbin Malkiel Kotler, actuel Rosh yeshiva.


Plot.

On a raining stormy night while traveling through rural Ireland on his way to Dublin, Porky Pig is caught in a storm and asks for lodgings at a nearby castle for the night, but the caretaker, Seamus O'Toole, tells him that no one inhabits the place but himself and the leprechauns. Porky dismisses the remark, tells the caretaker to "cut out this nonsense and take my bags to a room", and slams the front door, causing a mace above to fall. It strikes Porky on the head and knocks him unconscious. At that point, "O'Toole" is revealed to be a pair of leprechauns disguised as a human being. O'Pat, the first one, is very calm while O'Mike, the second one, quickly becomes frantic with fear that Porky is after their pot of gold. O'Pat, being the "Chief Leprechaun" in their area, convinces his partner that he knows how to deal with the pig.  When Porky wakes up, he is helped to a room by the "reunited" caretaker who, during the short trip to the room, gets accidentally divided in two again when O'Pat walks along the stone railing of the stairs and goes off to the left as Porky and O'Mike go right. Porky, quite tired out by "all this excitement" doesn't notice the problem with his host, even handing him his coat, which O'Mike takes, and Porky tells him to just put the bags anywhere. Moving toward the bed, he meets "O'Toole" who asks him if he has seen his other half. Without thinking, he tells him it's by the door, O'Pat moves out of frame, and then it registers with Porky that he is in the presence of two leprechauns. Terrified, he hides in the bed, which is a trap door. The bed closes into the wall and Porky is dropped down a winding shaft until he lands in a witness chair in a leprechaun courtroom. There the leprechauns charge and convict him of trying to steal the pot of gold; they sentence him to the wearing of the Green Shoes.  At first Porky appreciates them as nice shoes, but soon he realizes that they are cursed, as his feet begin a frantic Irish jig which makes O’Pat and O’Mike laugh at him. The shoes will not stop dancing; even when he removes them, they chase him and return themselves to his feet. He is "danced" through a nightmarish Salvador Dali-esque landscape filled with Irish icons until he falls in a boiling pot of gold. At this point, he wakes up, in a puddle of water, on the spot where he fell after being hit by the mace. "O'Toole" is standing over him with an empty bucket, implying he has dumped water over Porky to revive him. Porky screams, remembering that "O'Toole" is actually the two leprechauns, and leaps up to one of the posts that had been holding the mace. The caretaker tries to convince Porky that nothing has been amiss; Porky, frightened and disoriented, grabs his bags and runs away from the castle and into the distance stating he's late for an appointment with his psychologist. "O'Toole" watches him run, smoking his upsidedown pipe, and sporting a mischievous smile, shakes hands with himself (a hand that emerges from his trousers, clearly O'Mike) over a shamrock-shaped iris out.

Production notes.

"The Wearing of the Grin" was the final cartoon featuring Porky Pig as the only major recurring character. Porky had been Warner Bros. animation’s first major star until had been supplanted first by Daffy Duck (a phenomenon that was foreshadowed in film form in Friz Freleng’s "You Ought to Be in Pictures"), and later by Bugs Bunny. As this had progressed, Porky starred in fewer solo cartoons. All of Porky's subsequent appearances in the classic era would be with other characters such as Daffy or the non-speaking, house cat version of Sylvester.  The title refers to "The Wearing of the Green", an old Irish ballad, while the green shoes themselves are borrowed from the 1845 Hans Christian Andersen fable "The Red Shoes" (and the 1948 film based on it) about a pair of ballet shoes that never let their wearer stop dancing. The title was parodied, also as "The Wearing of the Grin", in the Bugs Bunny cartoon "What's Up, Doc?", where Bugs reveals that being in the play's chorus was his first gig as an "actor."

Availability.

"The Wearing of the Grin" is available on the "" DVD box-set, supplemented with an audio commentary by animation historian Michael Barrier.

The Wearing of the Grin is a 1951 Warner Bros. "Looney Tunes" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. The short was released on July 14, 1951, and stars Porky Pig.

Le Château hanté ("The Wearing of the Grin") est un court métrage d'animation de la série américaine "Looney Tunes" réalisé par Chuck Jones, produit par les Leon Schlesinger Productions et sorti en 1951.


Early career.

A native of Cleveland, Ohio, Frey (a lifelong friend of Don Zimmer — they were teammates at Western Hills High School in Cincinnati, Ohio) never reached the major leagues as a player. A left-handed batting-and-throwing outfielder, Frey spent much of his career in the farm systems of the Boston/Milwaukee Braves and St. Louis Cardinals. A recurring arm injury prevented him from his best shot at the big leagues, in.  Following the end of Frey's playing career in, he joined the Baltimore Orioles as a scout and MiLB manager. Frey was promoted to the MLB Orioles' coaching staff under Earl Weaver, in 1970, and coached on three AL pennant winners and one World Series champion through 1979.

Kansas City Royals.

A week after the end of the 1979 World Series on October 24, Frey was named to succeed Whitey Herzog as manager of the Kansas City Royals. He led the Royals to a 97–65 mark and the American League West Division title in 1980; then, in the 1980 American League Championship Series, the Royals swept their long-time postseason nemesis, the New York Yankees, in three straight games to capture the AL title. (The Yanks had defeated Herzog's Royals for three consecutive seasons (1976–78) in the ALCS.) But Frey's Royals dropped the World Series to the Philadelphia Phillies, in six games.  During the strike-marred 1981 season, in which the Royals finished the first half with a 20–30 record, Frey was criticized widely for not taking full advantage of a team built for speed and for failing to motivate his players by Kansas City vice president/general manager Joe Burke. Frey was relieved of his duties on August 31, despite the 10–10 ballclub leading the second-half American League West standings. His replacement was Dick Howser, who had lost his managerial job with the Yankees after the previous year's ALCS. Frey's record in just less than two seasons as Royals manager was 127–105.

Chicago Cubs.

Frey then returned to the coaching ranks with the New York Mets for 1982–83. He was hired by the Chicago Cubs for the 1984 season, and again struck paydirt as the Cubs won the division title, earning their first post-season appearance since 1945. During the clubhouse celebration following the division-clinching in Pittsburgh, Frey declared, "The monkey's off our back!"  The Cubs won the first two games against the San Diego Padres in the National League Championship Series at Wrigley Field, before they went to San Diego needing to win just one of the next three games. The Cubs lost the next three games, and many critics blamed Frey for mishandling the pitching staff. Still, the 1984 Cubs are revered among Cubs fans.  After a trying 1985 season in which the entire five-man starting rotation simultaneously spent time on the disabled list, the Cubs sputtered in 1986. Frey was fired two months into the season and replaced by John Vukovich. The next year, Frey surfaced as a color commentator on the Cubs' WGN Radio broadcasts.  In December 1987, the Tribune Co. hired Frey to replace his old boss, general manager Dallas Green, who had resigned two months earlier. Frey hired his lifelong friend, Zimmer, to manage the team, and immediately made his presence felt. Within weeks of his hiring, Frey dealt relief pitcher Lee Smith to Boston for journeyman pitchers Al Nipper and Calvin Schiraldi, the latter of whom was best known for playing a part in the Red Sox' 1986 World Series collapse. Frey also traded the popular Keith Moreland to San Diego for closer Goose Gossage, who had played a big part on the Padres team that eliminated the Cubs, four years earlier. Neither move worked, and the Cubs were without a closer.  So Frey made a bold move in the winter of 1988, trading budding star Rafael Palmeiro and young pitcher Jamie Moyer to the Texas Rangers for a number of players, including Mitch Williams. The trade appeared to pay off for the Cubs with respect to the 1989 season as Williams saved 36 games, the Cubs won a division title and Moyer and Palmeiro struggled in Texas. But Williams had just one more forgettable year for the Cubs before being traded to Philadelphia in 1991, and Palmeiro and Moyer went on to have productive careers. Following the 1989 campaign, Frey was named co-Executive of the Year by United Press International (UPI).  After a disappointing 1990 season, Frey was active on the free agent market, acquiring former Toronto Blue Jay and American League MVP George Bell, former Cincinnati Reds starting pitcher Danny Jackson, and former Houston Astros closer Dave Smith. Jackson and Smith flopped in their roles in 1991, and Zimmer was fired – apparently on orders from Tribune Co. CEO Donald Grenesko, in May 1991. Jim Essian, a former journeyman catcher and Iowa Cubs manager, replaced Zimmer for the remainder of the season. Frey was reassigned within the organization after the 1991 season, replaced by former Chicago White Sox general manager Larry Himes.

Retirement and death.

Later on, Frey became Vice Chairman of the Independent Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He died in Ponte Vedra, Florida, on April 12, 2020, at the age of 88 from complications associated with coronavirus.

James Gottfried Frey (May 26, 1931 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional baseball manager, coach, general manager, and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) outfielder. In, Frey led the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB) to their first American League (AL) championship, in his first year with the team. In the World Series, they lost to the Philadelphia Phillies, who won their first World Series championship.

James Gottfried Frey, dit Jim Frey (né le à Cleveland (Ohio) et mort le à Ponte Vedra Beach (Floride)), est un dirigeant américain de baseball.


History.

The oldest known application of a chain drive appears in the Polybolos, described by the Greek engineer Philon of Byzantium (3rd century BC). Two flat-linked chains were connected to a windlass, which by winding back and forth would automatically fire the machine's arrows until its magazine was empty. Although the device did not transmit power continuously since the chains "did not transmit power from shaft to shaft, and hence they were not in the direct line of ancestry of the chain-drive proper", the Greek design marks the beginning of the history of the chain drive since "no earlier instance of such a cam is known, and none as complex is known until the 16th century." It is here that the flat-link chain, often attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, actually made its first appearance."  The first continuous and endless power-transmitting chain drive was depicted in the written horological treatise of the Song Dynasty by the medieval Chinese polymath mathematician and astronomer Su Song (1020-1101 AD), who used it to operate the armillary sphere of his astronomical clock tower as well as the clock jack figurines presenting the time of day by mechanically banging gongs and drums. The chain drive itself converted rotary to reclinear motion and was given power via the hydraulic works of Su's water clock tank and waterwheel, the latter which acted as a large gear.

Chains versus belts.

Roller chain and sprockets is a very efficient method of power transmission compared to (friction-drive) belts, with far less frictional loss.  Although chains can be made stronger than belts, their greater mass increases drive train inertia.  Drive chains are most often made of metal, while belts are often rubber, plastic, urethane, or other substances.  Drive belts can slip unless they have teeth, which means that the output side may not rotate at a precise speed, and some work gets lost to the friction of the belt as it bends around the pulleys. Wear on rubber or plastic belts and their teeth is often easier to observe, and chains wear out faster than belts if not properly lubricated.  One problem with roller chains is the variation in speed, or surging, caused by the acceleration and deceleration of the chain as it goes around the sprocket link by link. It starts as soon as the pitch line of the chain contacts the first tooth of the sprocket. This contact occurs at a point below the pitch circle of the sprocket. As the sprocket rotates, the chain is raised up to the pitch circle and is then dropped down again as sprocket rotation continues. Because of the fixed pitch length, the pitch line of the link cuts across the chord between two pitch points on the sprocket, remaining in this position relative to the sprocket until the link exits the sprocket. This rising and falling of the pitch line is what causes chordal effect or speed variation.  In other words, conventional roller chain drives suffer the potential for vibration, as the effective radius of action in a chain and sprocket combination constantly changes during revolution ("Chordal action"). If the chain moves at constant speed, then the shafts must accelerate and decelerate constantly. If one sprocket rotates at a constant speed, then the chain (and probably all other sprockets that it drives) must accelerate and decelerate constantly. This is usually not an issue with many drive systems; however, most motorcycles are fitted with a rubber bushed rear wheel hub to virtually eliminate this vibration issue. Toothed belt drives are designed to limit this issue by operating at a constant pitch radius).  Chains are often narrower than belts, and this can make it easier to shift them to larger or smaller gears in order to vary the gear ratio. Multi-speed bicycles with derailleurs make use of this. Also, the more positive meshing of a chain can make it easier to build gears that can increase or shrink in diameter, again altering the gear ratio. However, some newer synchronous belts claim to have "equivalent capacity to roller chain drives in the same width".  Both can be used to move objects by attaching pockets, buckets, or frames to them; chains are often used to move things vertically by holding them in frames, as in industrial toasters, while belts are good at moving things horizontally in the form of conveyor belts. It is not unusual for the systems to be used in combination; for example the rollers that drive conveyor belts are themselves often driven by drive chains.  Drive shafts are another common method used to move mechanical power around that is sometimes evaluated in comparison to chain drive; in particular belt drive vs chain drive vs shaft drive is a key design decision for most motorcycles. Drive shafts tend to be tougher and more reliable than chain drive, but the bevel gears have far more friction than a chain. For this reason virtually all high-performance motorcycles use chain drive, with shaft-driven arrangements generally used for non-sporting machines. Toothed-belt drives are used for some (non-sporting) models.

Use in vehicles.

Bicycles.

Chain drive was the main feature which differentiated the safety bicycle introduced in 1885, with its two equal-sized wheels, from the direct-drive penny-farthing or "high wheeler" type of bicycle. The popularity of the chain-driven safety bicycle brought about the demise of the penny-farthing, and is still a basic feature of bicycle design today.

Automobiles.

Transmitting power to the wheels.

Chain drive was a popular power transmission system from the earliest days of the automobile. It gained prominence as an alternative to the "Système Panhard" with its rigid "Hotchkiss" driveshaft and universal joints.  A chain-drive system uses one or more roller chains to transmit power from a differential to the rear axle. This system allowed for a great deal of vertical axle movement (for example, over bumps), and was simpler to design and build than a rigid driveshaft in a workable suspension. Also, it had less unsprung weight at the rear wheels than the Hotchkiss drive, which would have had half the weight of the driveshaft, and differential to carry as well. This meant that the vehicle would have a smoother ride. The lighter unsprung mass would allow the suspension to react to bumps more effectively.  Frazer Nash were strong proponents of this system using one chain per gear selected by dog clutches. The Frazer Nash chain drive system, (designed for the GN Cyclecar Company by Archibald Frazer-Nash and Henry Ronald Godfrey) was very effective, allowing extremely fast gear selections. The Frazer Nash (or GN) transmission system provided the basis for many "special" racing cars of the 1920s and 1930s, the most famous being Basil Davenport's Spider which held the outright record at the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb in the 1920s.  The last popular chain drive automobile was the Honda S600 of the 1960s.

In engines.

Internal combustion engines often use a timing chain to drive the camshaft(s). This is an area in which chain drives frequently compete directly with timing belt drive systems, particularly when the engine has one or more overhead camshafts, and provides an excellent example of some of the differences and similarities between the two approaches. For this application, chains last longer, but are often harder to replace, as they must be enclosed in a space into which lubricating oil can be introduced. Being heavier, the chain robs more power, but is also less likely to fail. The camshaft of a four stroke engine rotates at half crankshaft speed, so the camshaft sprocket has twice as many teeth as the crankshaft sprocket. Less common alternatives to timing chain drives include spur gears or bevel gears combined with a shaft.

Transfer cases.

Today, inverted tooth drive chains are commonly used in passenger car and light truck transfer cases.

Motorcycles.

Chain drive versus belt drive or use of a driveshaft is a fundamental design decision in motorcycle design; nearly all motorcycles use one of these three designs. See for more details.

External links.

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles.

L'entraînement par chaîne est une manière de transmettre la puissance mécanique d'un endroit à un autre. Il est souvent utilisé pour transmettre la puissance aux roues d'un véhicule, en particulier les vélos et les motos. Il est également utilisé dans une grande variété de machines en plus de véhicules.


Career and life.

Castro began his musical studies at age seven at the National Conservatory of Music of the University of Chile, where he majored in Music Performance with a minor in pianos in 1959. He participated in the Symphony Orchestra of Chile in 1954, and was awarded the Orrego Carvallo award in 1957. In parallel, he studied composition with Alfonso Letelier (1954-1958) and Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt (1960-1961). In the early 1960s, thanks to a grant from the Italian government, he traveled to Rome to study conducting at the Santa Cecilia Conservatory with Professor Franco Ferrara. Later, he continued his training with Professor Pierre Dervaux in Paris. Between 1964 and 1969, he took private lessons in musical composition with Professor Max Deutsch and analysis with composer Olivier Messiaen.

Composing.

Vila compositions were mixed. In popular music, this included transcriptions of songs by Víctor Jara and songs composed for the group Quilapayún. In the area of scholarly or experimental music, he has composed countless works premiered at major festivals of contemporary music in the country. He has written for national renowned artists such as the guitarist Luis Orlandini, the hornist Edward Brown, tenor José Quilapi and pianist Cecilia Plaza, among others. In addition, he has composed music for theatrical releases and works for musical performances. In over 50 years of activity he wrote works for different genres ranging from orchestra, chorus, chamber ensembles, to soloists. Among his last works include "De sueños y evanescencia" (2003) for ensemble, premiered by the Contemporary Music Workshop of PUC, led by Pablo Aranda, "Del diario de viaje de Johann Sebastián" (2001) for cello and piano, and "Bodandina con ecos de plata" (2001) for two horns. He also composed a symphonic work entitled Germinal which premiered in 1989 by the Philharmonic Orchestra of Santiago in the Municipal Theater of Santiago.

Teaching.

The teaching of the master Vila began in 1970 at the Faculty of Arts, University of Chile. There he was responsible for the formation of an important generation of Chilean musicians of the 1970s and 1980s, many of which now play a vital role in the countries music scene.

Death.

Cirilo Vila died of a heart attack on 23 July 2015 at the age of 77.

Cirilo Vila Castro (7 October 1937 – 23 July 2015) was a Chilean composer, pianist, and academic, and the winner of the National Prize for Musical Arts in 2004.

Cirilo Vila, né le à Santiago et mort dans la même ville le, est un compositeur et pianiste chilien.


History.

Observations of the (then unidentified) Delta Aquariids (δ Aquariids) were recorded by G. L. Tupman in 1870, who plotted 65 meteors observed between July 27 and August 6. He plotted the radiant's apparent beginning and ending points (RA=340°, DEC=−14°; RA=333°, DEC=−16°). This was corrected later. Ronald A. McIntosh re-plotted the path, based on a greater number of observations made from 1926 to 1933. He determined it to begin at RA=334.9°, DEC=−19.2° and end RA=352.4°, DEC=−11.8°. Cuno Hoffmeister and a team of German observers were the first to record the characteristics of a Northern Aquariid radiant within the stream around 1938. And Canadian D. W. R. McKinley observed both branches in 1949, but did not associate the two radiants. That was accomplished by astronomer Mary Almond, in 1952, who determined both accurate velocity and orbit of the δ Aquariids. She used a "more selective beamed aerial" (echo radio) to identify probable member meteors and plotted an accurate orbital plane. Her paper reported it as a broad "system of orbits" that are probably "connected and produced by one extended stream." This was confirmed in the 1952–1954 Harvard Meteor Project, via photographic observation of orbits. The Project also produced the first evidence that the stream's evolution was influenced by Jupiter.

Viewing.

The Delta Aquariids are best viewed in the pre-dawn hours, away from the glow of city lights. Southern Hemisphere viewers usually get a better show because the radiant is higher in the sky during the peak season. Since the radiant is above the southern horizon for Northern Hemisphere viewers, meteors will primarily fan out in all compass points, east, north and west. Few meteors will be seen heading southward, unless they are fairly short and near the radiant.

The Southern Delta Aquariids are a meteor shower visible from mid July to mid August each year with peak activity on 28 or 29 July. The shower originated from the breakup of what are now the Marsden and Kracht Sungrazing comets.

Les Delta aquarides du Sud sont un essaim météoritique que l'on peut voir chaque année de mi-juillet à mi-août, avec un pic le 28 juillet ou 29 juillet.


Classic record attempts.

In the 1920s it became clear that roads and race tracks were no longer adequate venues for attempts on the world land speed record. As record-breaking speeds approached 150 mph (240 km/h), the requirements for acceleration to top speed before the measured mile and safe braking distance afterwards meant that a smooth, flat, straight surface of at least in length was needed.  The first person to use Pendine Sands for a world land speed record attempt was Malcolm Campbell. On 25 September 1924 he set a world land speed record of 146.16 mph (235.22 km/h) on Pendine Sands in his Sunbeam 350HP car "Blue Bird". Four other record-breaking runs were made on Pendine Sands between 1924 and 1927; two more by Campbell, and two by Welshman J. G. Parry-Thomas in his car "Babs". Firstly the barrier was broken by Campbell. In April 1926, Parry-Thomas added approximately 20 mph to break the land speed record at 171.02 mph (273.6 km/h). Campbell raised the record to 174.22 mph (280.38 km/h) in February 1927 with his second "Blue Bird". On 3 March 1927 Parry-Thomas attempted to beat Campbell's record. On his final run while travelling at about the car crashed. There is an untrue urban myth that the exposed drive chain broke and partially decapitated him; "Babs" went out of control and rolled over. Parry-Thomas was the first driver to be killed in a world land speed record attempt. One further attempt at the Land Speed Record was planned by Giulio Foresti in the "Djelmo", but Foresti crashed during a test run on 26 November 1927, totally destroying the car.  In 1933 Amy Johnson and her husband, Jim Mollison, took off from Pendine Sands in a de Havilland Dragon Rapide, "G-ACCV" "Seafarer", to fly non-stop to New York. Their aircraft ran out of fuel and was forced to crash-land at Bridgeport, Connecticut, just short of New York; both were seriously injured in the crash.  In June 2000 Don Wales, grandson of Malcolm Campbell and nephew of Donald Campbell, set the United Kingdom electric land speed record at Pendine Sands in "Bluebird Electric 2", achieving a speed of 137 mph (220 km/h).

Present day.

The Ministry of Defence (MOD) acquired Pendine Sands during the Second World War and used it as a firing range. The beach is still owned by the Ministry of Defence; prominent signs warn of the dangers of unexploded munitions and public access is restricted. From Monday to Friday part of the beach is closed off because of MOD operations. Between 9 July 2004 and May 2010 all vehicles were banned from using Pendine because of safety concerns, but since May 2010 cars have again been allowed access. Parry-Thomas's car was buried in the sand dunes near the village of Pendine after his accident. In 1969 Owen Wyn Owen, an engineering lecturer from Bangor Technical College, received permission to excavate "Babs", which he spent the next 16 years restoring. The car can usually be seen on display at the Museum of Speed in Pendine village during the summer months.  On 21 and 22 June 2013, Pendine Land Speed Racing Club initiated land speed racing events again on the sands.  The Vintage Hot Rod Association hosted their inaugural Amateur Hot Rod Races on Pendine Sands on 7 September 2013. Racing was open to members of the VHRA and their pre-1949 hot rods and saw 80 vehicles being timed flat out on the sands. The event culminated in the VHRA winning the Motoring Event of the Year at the International Historic Motoring Awards. This is an annual event, with hot rodders from around the world taking part.  In September 2013, Guy Martin broke the UK speed record for a bicycle ridden in the slipstream of another vehicle. He hit a top speed of 112.9 mph while riding behind a modified truck driven by former British Truck Racing Championship winner, Dave Jenkins. The preparations for the record attempt were documented in Episode 1 of a Channel 4 series called "Speed with Guy Martin", first broadcast in the UK in December 2013.  On 7 May 2015, Idris Elba broke the historic 'flying mile' UK land speed record, originally set by Malcolm Campbell, in a Bentley Continental GT Speed. The recorded speed was 180.361 mph.  On 21 July 2015 at Pendine beach the 90th anniversary of Sir Malcolm Campbell's first world land speed record in ‘Bluebird’ was recreated by his grandson, Don Wales, also a land speed record holder, in the fully restored car. Commenting on the restoration appeal Wales said: "This beautiful car has been lovingly restored and looked after by Doug Hill and the team and it's only right that such an iconic car deserves to have the final pieces in place to complete her!"' The new gearbox will be part of a long term project to restore the car to its 1925 specifications. This would also require the fabrication of two full-length exhaust pipes, a new seat and upholstery, and the re-manufacture of a slightly dropped nose cone and rear wheel spats.  On 12 May 2018, a home-built 'wooden shed' (using an Audi RS4 twin turbo engine, installed in a metal frame with wooden shed cladding) set a new speed record, achieving, breaking its own previous record of. The following day, 45-year-old Guernsey businessman Zef Eisenberg set a new land speed'sand' record of on his 350-horsepower supercharged Suzuki Hayabusa motorcycle, the first time a speed in excess of 200 miles per hour had been achieved at Pendine. This was the fastest speed achieved by a wheel powered vehicle ever at Pendine.  In 2019 Zef Eisenberg set a new record of in a modified Porsche 911. He broke the records for flying mile and flying quarter on the same day.

References.

Notes Bibliography

Pendine Sands is of beach on the shores of Carmarthen Bay on the south coast of Wales. It stretches west to east from Gilman Point to Laugharne Sands. The village of Pendine is close to the western end of Pendine Sands.

Pendine Sands est une plage de 11 km de longueur sur les rives de la baie de Carmarthen, à la côte sud du pays de Galles. Elle s'étend de Gilman Point à l'ouest et Laugharne Sands à l'est. Le village de Pendine est proche de l'extrémité ouest de Pendine Sands.


Publication history.

Origins.

Many reference sources state that "Mary Worth" was a continuation of Publishers Syndicate's Depression-era strip "Apple Mary", created by Martha Orr in 1932, centering on an old woman who sold apples on the street and offered humble common sense. Though usually called "Apple Mary", the character's full name is given as Mary Worth in at least one 1935 strip. "Apple Mary" ran through 1938, at which point, writes comics historian Don Markstein, "It's generally thought that under a new writer (Allen Saunders, whose credits include "Kerry Drake" and "Steve Roper") and artist (Dale Connor, formerly Orr's assistant), it gradually metamorphosed into "Mary Worth". As late as February 1940, the strip appeared as "Apple Mary", subtitled "Mary Worth's Family". (See example below.)  King Features, which began syndicating "Mary Worth" in 1987, gives the debut year of "Mary Worth" as 1938, denies any connection between the strips, saying, "Contrary to popular belief, "Mary Worth" is not a continuation of the Depression-era favorite "Apple Mary". The strip was created as a replacement feature offered to newspapers when Martha Orr, who created the dowdy apple peddler, retired. The only thing the new title character had in common with her predecessor was a first name."  There is, however, significant evidence that the two comic strips share an unbroken narrative featuring identical characters. Besides the character of Mary Worth herself, Mary's grandson Dennie is featured in both comic strips, regularly appearing from 1934 to 1944, and reappearing as an adult in stories published from 1955-1957, 1959, 1961, and 1963. Mary's son, "Slim" Worth, is featured in stories appearing in 1936–37, 1940–41, 1961–62, and 1963. Mary's friend, Bill Biff, is featured in stories appearing between 1935 and 1944.  Saunders himself recalled that "Apple Mary" became "Mary Worth": By 1976, "Mary Worth" was being distributed by the Field Newspaper Syndicate to more than 300 newspapers worldwide.

Later history.

Saunders retired in 1979 (and died in 1986), and Ernst died in 1985. Bill Ziegler, who did backgrounds on the strip for many years, took over the strip after Ernst's death, continuing from 1986 to 1990. In 1987, King Features Syndicate began syndicating "Mary Worth".  Other artists and writers who worked on the strip include Saunders' son, John Saunders (1974–2003), and Ernst's son-in-law, Jim Armstrong (1991). Former DC Comics artist Joe Giella took over the art in 1991 with Karen Moy writing the strip as of the death of John Saunders in 2003.  Giella said in 2010: Giella retired from drawing the strip in 2016, with his last strip appearing July 23. June and Roy Brigman, who had begun drawing the Sunday strips in May 2016, took over full-time artistic duties upon Giella's retirement.  Under Allen Saunders, the daily strips usually had four panels with multiple exchanges among the characters and several stories per year. Under his son, the norm became two panels, with less dialog and stories stretching as long as 18 months. Moy has sought to reverse that "glacial" pace and to show Worth as not only a "figure of common sense and compassion" but also as "human" in her own flaws and experiencing "jealousy, self-doubt, fear, and anger".  Moy's handling of the strip during a 2006 plot line in which Mary was stalked by Aldo Kelrast (an anagram of "stalker"), a man rumored to have killed his late wife, drew media attention because of perceived unintentional humor due to the character's resemblance to Captain Kangaroo. An intervention staged by Mary and her friends drove Aldo to returning to finding comfort in alcohol, which led to his death in a drunk driving accident, in which he drove off a cliff. A subsequent plot development was the arrival of Ella Byrd, another elderly dispenser of advice, who not only aroused feelings of jealousy and inadequacy in Mary, but also, as a psychic, alerted her to Dr. Jeff being in danger.  Later story lines introduced an additional foil, the alcoholic hospital administrator Jill whose anti-marriage diatribes (caused by her being jilted at the altar by her fiancé) put her into Mary's orbit when she offers to help Jeff's daughter plan her wedding. Others include plot lines regarding Internet addiction, Mary's refusal to trade in her beloved PC for an iPad, and a lengthy story line where Mary must confront an old flame, whose meddling with his daughter's love life led to her ex-boyfriend dying months later, alone and unloved.

Characters and story.

As scripted by Saunders, each story (and its cast) was largely independent, though some popular characters would reappear. The most popular early reoccurring characters were former showgirl, Leona Stockpool (1939, 1942, 1948), spoiled actress Angel Varden (1941, 1942, 1949, 1969), and tough-talking show business writer, "Brick" Bricker (multiple stories between 1946 and 1953). Mary's cousins, Hildy Worth Brant (multiple stories between 1955 and 1964) and Constance Moneta Hansen (multiple stories between 1958 and 1970) were also featured. Mary would visit her friends, Frank and Anne Crawford in Jennings, Ohio roughly once a year between 1965 and 1979. Mary generally made only brief appearances to react and give her matronly advice, though had occasional unsuccessful romances: Colonel Everett Canfield (1942), "Drum" Greenwood (1949, 1950), and Admiral "Reef" Hansen (1959).  When Allen Saunders' son John fully took over the narrative, he had his largely nomadic heroine put down roots, becoming the in-house manager of the Charterstone Condominium Complex in 1979 in fictional Santa Royale, California. Mary serves as an observer of and adviser to her fellow residents, tackling issues such as drug and alcohol abuse, infidelity and teen pregnancy. After Saunders retired, the strip centered more on the title character, along with a regular cast of her closest friends, most of whom were introduced to the strip after 1980: Professor Ian Cameron and his younger wife Toby (1980), advice columnist Wilbur Weston and his college-student daughter Dawn (1993), and Dr. Jeff Cory, Mary's perennial beau, and his two physician children, Drew and Adrian Cory (1996).  When Karen Moy took over the strip in 2003, she provided an updated background for Mary, establishing that the character is a former teacher, used to live in New York, and is the widow of Wall Street tycoon Jack Worth.

Comic books.

The "Apple Mary" comic strip was among those reprinted in some of the earliest American comic books, Eastern Color Printing's "Famous Funnies", in 1936, and continuing in Dell Comics' "Popular Comics" and Western's "Mammoth Comics" at least sporadically through 1938. "Mary Worth" would in turn be reprinted in comic books by Pines Publications, Magazine Enterprises, and Harvey Comics—initially as a backup feature in issues "Green Hornet Comics" and "Black Cat", and later in "Love Stories of Mary Worth" #1-5 (Sept. 1949 - May 1950). More reprints followed in Argo Publications' single-issue "Mary Worth" (March 1956), and in the late 1990s in American Publishing's "Storyline Strips".

Parodies.

In a run of "Li'l Abner" Sunday strips in 1957, Al Capp lampooned "Mary Worth" as "Mary Wart". The title character was depicted as a nosy, interfering busybody, with a caricature of Allen Saunders portraying her put-upon, long-suffering son-in-law. Saunders returned Capp's fire with the introduction of the character "Hal Rapp," a foul-tempered, ill-mannered, and (ironically) inebriated cartoonist (Capp was a teetotaler). Later, the feud was revealed to be a collaborative hoax that Capp and his longtime pal Saunders had cooked up together. The Capp-Saunders "feud" fooled both editors and readers, generating plenty of free publicity for both strips—and Capp and Saunders had a good laugh when all was revealed.  A 1988 storyline of "The Amazing Spider-Man" comic strip had a boy character trying to sell comic strips to J. Jonah Jameson; one strip was called "Mary Worse".  An episode of "The Simpsons", "Bart Sells His Soul", features Comic Book Guy displaying "a very rare Mary Worth in which she has advised a friend to commit suicide". In another episode, "Lady Bouvier's Lover", he trades a Mary Worth telephone to Bart Simpson for an Itchy and Scratchy animation cel. In the episode "Guess Who's Coming to Criticize Dinner?", the tour of the Springfield Shopper leads them to the comic department which is headed by the author of Mary Worth. The guide asks: "Who reads "Mary Worth"?", to which the group remains silent, and the guide says: "Let's move on."  In the "Futurama" episode "The Why of Fry", Fry remarks: "There are guys in the background of "Mary Worth" comics that are more important than me," upon finding out that Leela, his love interest, is about to go on a date with an important mayor's aide.  The "Family Guy" episode "Family Guy Viewer Mail 1" features Chris making a print of a "Mary Worth" strip on Peter's belly fat and stretching it out, Silly Putty-style, saying: "Look what I can do to Mary Worth's smug sense of self-satisfaction." To which Peter responds: "That's right son, take her down a peg."  In a "FoxTrot" strip, the characters are discussing how many comic strips that day have jokes based on golf. Jason comments: "I loved Mary Worth's line about sand traps." In another "FoxTrot" strip, after being bombarded by Jason's suggestions, the newspapers give Mary Worth vampire fangs. In a "Pearls Before Swine" strip, Rat, on steroids, decides he "will kick Mary Worth's &#$*%!"  In a "Far Side" strip, two characters, both of whom are styled after "Mary Worth" characters, are seen at the door of a typical Far Side character (with a pet cow and snake), who remarks that they must be looking for ""Apartment 3-G" or "Mary Worth" or one of those other serious cartoons". In an "Over the Hedge" Sunday strip, Verne ends with "Maybe Mary Worth needs a pet turtle" (signifying his frustration with his co-characters' disconnection from reality) after RJ and Hammy discusses rather surrealistically around the life of missing socks, as if the socks were individual life forms on their own.  An issue of "The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers" features a "Mary Worth" strip with a comatose Mary. Fat Freddy's Cat comments that she hasn't been the same since her stroke.  In response to readers of "The Times" newspaper in Shreveport, Louisiana, voting to drop "Mary Worth", the comic strip "The New Adventures of Queen Victoria" devoted its September 25–29, 2007 strips to Victoria planning Mary's funeral.  The strip was spoofed as "Mary Worthless" on a 1975 episode of "The Carol Burnett Show".

Mary Worth is an American newspaper comic strip that has had an eight-decade run from 1938. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, this pioneering soap opera-style strip influenced several that followed. It was created by writer Allen Saunders and artist Dale Connor, initially appeared under the pseudonym "Dale Allen". Ken Ernst succeeded Connor as artist in 1942.

Mary Worth est une série de bande dessinée des Américains Allen Saunders et Dale Conner Ulrey diffusée sous forme de comic strip depuis 1939 par King Features Syndicate. De 1942 à 1985, la série est dessinée par Ken Ernst.


Galls.

Young galls exhibit a tuft of long hairs protruding from the centre of the 'artichoke', the remainder being overlapping scales. The hairs are attached to the more solid gall which is released and drops to the ground from August onwards. After August the 'gall' is still visible, but it is really just the distorted leaf bud after the gall has fallen. A well grown specimen can be 2.0 cm long, dark green or russet, generally developing in June and reaching its full size before autumn.  The hairy catkin galls are oval, pointed, unilocular and unilarval structures, 0.3 cm long, changing colour from pale green to brown. The hairs are whitish in appearance. The wasps of the sexual generation are sometimes known by the synonym "Andricus fecundator" forma "pilosus" (DvL 1982).  The gall wasp which emerges from the gall chamber in spring will always be an asexual female. But she will proceed to lay eggs on oak catkins, with a preference for "Q. robur" over "Q. petraea", which develop into 'hairy catkin galls'. The oak artichoke gall is more common on bush or scrub than tree oaks.

Life cycle.

The wasps emerging from the oak artichoke galls will be female; and these females will go on to lay a solitary egg in the male flowers of the oaks, which will cause the formation of the 'hairy catkin galls.' The flies that arise form these galls are of both sexes and the cycle then starts again after they have mated and eggs are laid in the oak buds.  Once the oak artichoke gall has fallen to the ground the imago may leave the gall in the following spring, or may delay the emergence for 2–3 years. Galls may persist and exhibit opened scales curving outwards.

Gall-forming insects.

Some herbivorous insects therefore create their own micro-habitats by forming usually highly distinctive plant structures called galls, made of plant tissue but controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat, and food sources for the progeny of the gall wasp. The artichoke gall is formed entirely from the bud and is composed of nutritious starch and other tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts. Galls may also provide the insect with physical protection from predators.

Predators, inquilines and parasitoids.

Mature galls are sometimes broken open by vertebrate predators to recover the larva or pupa.  A number of insect inquilines live harmlessly within the oak artichoke gall and some of these, as well as "Andricus " itself, are parasitised by insects referred to as parasitoids. Some fungi may infect and kill the "A. fecundator" larvae.  "Andricus curvator", the causative agent of the 'collared-bud gall' shows a marked preference for depositing its eggs on buds already colonised by "A. fecundator". This may represent an early phase in the development of the inquiline mode of life.

Infestations.

Removing and destroying oak artichoke galls before they dry and the wasps emerge may help to reduce the infestation. While fairly large, and sometimes present in quite large numbers on scrub specimens, they cause no measurable harm.

Andricus foecundatrix (formerly "Andricus fecundator") is a parthenogenetic gall wasp which lays a single egg within a leaf bud, using its ovipositor, to produce a gall known as an oak artichoke gall, oak hop gall, larch-cone gall or hop strobile The gall develops as a chemically induced distortion of leaf axillary or terminal buds on pedunculate oak ("Quercus robur") or sessile oak ("Quercus petraea") trees. The larva lives inside a smaller hard casing inside the artichoke and this is released in autumn. The asexual wasp emerges in spring and lays her eggs in the oak catkins. These develop into small oval galls which produce the sexual generation of wasps. A yew artichoke gall caused by the fly "Taxomyia taxi" also exists, but is unrelated to the oak-borne species. Previous names or synonyms for the species "A. fecundator" are "A. fecundatrix", "A. pilosus", "A. foecundatrix" (see below), "A. gemmarum", "A. gemmae", "A. gemmaequercus", "A. gemmaecinaraeformis" and "A. quercusgemmae".

Andricus fecundatrix (ou "A. foecundatrix") est une espèce d'insectes appartenant à l'ordre des hyménoptères, à la famille des cynipidés. Cette espèce est responsable de la formation de la galle en forme d'artichaut du chêne.


High school career.

Dwayne Bacon attended the McKeel Academy in his native Lakeland, Florida until transferring to the IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida for his junior season. At Mckeel Academy, Bacon averaged 23 points, 7 rebounds, and 3 steals as a sophomore in 2012-2013. He led Mckeel to a 17-8 overall record and to the FHSAA championship tournament regional semifinals in 2013. In his junior season of 2013-2014 at IMG Academy Bacon was IMG's leading scorer. In his only season at IMG he averaged 19.3 ppg and led in assist with 4.0 apg while shooting 42% from the field and 70% from the free throw line in 12 games played. Bacon transferred to the Oak Hill Academy for his senior season. On September 5, 2014. Dwayne Bacon committed to Florida State over offers from Oklahoma State, Georgia Tech, and Auburn. In his senior year at Oak Hill, Dwayne Bacon led Oak Hill to an undefeated regular season with a record of 45-0 and averaged 24.4 points per game, 4.4 rebounds per game, 3.4 assists per game, and 2.2 steals per game. He was ranked 14th on ESPN 100. Bacon played for the Showtime Ballers AAU program based in Orlando for three seasons.

College career.

Dwayne Bacon signed with Florida State on September 5, 2015. As a freshman at Florida State Bacon received the National Freshman of the week honors from CBS Sports on November 21. He was a three time ACC rookie of the week (Nov 16, Dec 21 and 28). In his first career game Bacon had 23 points, 8 rebounds, 2 steals and 1 assist. Bacon achieved his first career win over Charleston Southern with 20 points and 10 rebounds. He appeared in every game during the 2015-16 season for the Seminoles and averaged 15.8 points and 5.8 rebounds over 28.8 minutes per game. On March 23, Bacon announced via Twitter that he would test his draft status for the 2016 NBA Draft. He did not hire an agent and retained his amateur status and the ability to return to Florida State for the 2016-17 season. However, on March 28 he announced he will return to college.  During his sophomore season, Bacon was named a member of the All-ACC second team for his work with Florida State that season. After his team was eliminated from the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Bacon declared for the 2017 NBA Draft (with a commitment that he'd sign with an agent soon afterward) on March 22, 2017.

Professional career.

Charlotte Hornets (2017–present).

On June 22, 2017, Bacon was selected by the New Orleans Pelicans with the 40th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft. He was later traded to the Charlotte Hornets on draft night. On July 6, 2017, he signed with the Hornets. Dwayne Bacon made his debut in the NBA on October 18, 2017 with a loss against the Detroit Pistons, scoring 8 points with 2 rebounds and 2 assists. Bacon scored a career high 18 points against the San Antonio Spurs on November 3, 2017 with 7 rebounds, 1 assist and 1 steal. On December 26, 2017, Bacon and Malik Monk got assigned from the Hornets to the Greensboro Swarm. Later, Julyan Stone got assigned from the Hornets to the Swarm. On that same day, Bacon got assigned back to the Charlotte Hornets from the Swarm.

Dwayne Lee Bacon Jr. (born August 30, 1995) is an American professional basketball player for the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for Florida State.

Dwayne Lee Bacon, Jr., né le à Lakeland en Floride, est un joueur de basket-ball américain évoluant aux postes d'arrière et d'ailier.


Background.

Connell was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the only son of Evan S. Connell, Sr. (1890–1974), a physician, and Ruth Elton Connell. He had a sister Barbara (Mrs. Matthew Zimmermann) to whom he dedicated his novel "Mrs. Bridge" (1959). He graduated from Southwest High School in Kansas City in 1941. He started undergraduate work at Dartmouth College but joined the Navy in 1943 and became a pilot. After the end of World War II, he graduated from the University of Kansas in 1947, with a B.A. in English. He studied creative writing at Columbia University in New York and Stanford University in California. He never married, and lived and worked in Sausalito, California for decades.  Connell was found dead on January 10, 2013, at an assisted-living facility in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Career.

Connell's novels "Mrs. Bridge" (1959) and "Mr. Bridge" (1969) are bittersweet, gently satirical portraits of a conventional, unimaginative upper middle-class couple living in Kansas City from the 1920s to the 1940s. The couple tries to live up to societal expectations and to be good parents, but they are sadly incapable of bridging the emotional distance between themselves and their children, and between each other.  The pair of novels was adapted as a 1990 Merchant-Ivory motion picture, "Mr. and Mrs. Bridge", starring Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward. Critics gave the film mixed reviews. Hal Hinson wrote in "The Washington Post" that "the film comes with a built-in problem. Its subject is emotional repression, and the challenge is to make a film about a soul-deep conservatism that doesn't itself suffer from the excess caution and lack of dynamism that its characters do. However, it's not a challenge that is met."  Connell's 1960 novel, "The Patriot", is the story of Melvin Isaacs, aged 17, and his experiences in naval aviation school during the Second World War. Melvin faces the terrifying reality of training and the likelihood of his "washing out" (failing). Melvin's attempts to communicate the realities of his experience to his father are rebuffed. The characters of Melvin and his father Jacob are similar in many respects to those of Douglas and Mr. Bridge.  Connell's 1984 biography of George Armstrong Custer, "Son of the Morning Star", earned critical acclaim, was a bestseller, and was adapted as a television film/miniseries in 1991. The film won four Emmy Awards.  Dorothy Parker described Connell as "a writer of fine style and amazing variety".

Evan Shelby Connell Jr. (August 17, 1924 – January 10, 2013) was a U.S. novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He also published under the name Evan S. Connell Jr. His writing covered a variety of genres, although he published most frequently in fiction.

Evan Shelby Connell Jr., connu sous la signature Evan S. Connell, né le à Kansas City, au Missouri, et mort le à Santa Fe, au Nouveau-Mexique, est un écrivain américain, auteur du diptyque romanesque "Mrs. Bridge" (1959) et "Mr. Bridge" (1969).


History.

Tradition says the Tonga came from the north, perhaps from the Maravi people or the Tumbuka. Until the coming of the Ngoni in 1855, they had been a matrilineal people and had never possessed a centralized government.  Defeated by the Ngoni, older inhabitants remained on the land while the young were incorporated into the Ngoni fighting regiments. In 1876, the Tonga revolted against the Ngoni and lost. Survivors lived in villages on piles in Lake Nyasa or stockades on the lakeshore. As of 1993, about a quarter of a million people were Tongas.

Lifestyle.

The Tonga were primarily a fishing people with cassava as their staple food. Through mission education, they were able to earn higher wages during colonial times and worked primarily as porters, skilled or semi-skilled workers, and armed auxiliaries.  The Tonga people pay lobola (bride price) in the form of money, with kin liable for further payments if a child or wife falls ill. Males could not divorce their wives without a hearing of public repudiation, while she and her family, however, could dismiss him without formality, unless he had a wealthy or otherwise powerful family. The kin of a woman dying away from home could also demand burial permission and heavy payment from the husband.  The Tonga in Chintheche are known by the surname Chirwa; some other names in Tonga are Kaunda, Ngema, Longwe, Ng'oma, Manda, Mzumala and Mhone.

Religion.

The Tonga believed in a supreme God who remained vague and almost forgotten, for the Bantu had primarily a religion of the dead. They worshipped ancestral spirits, believed in consulting diviners, spirit-possession, and sought out those who predicted the future and were supposed to receive messages from ancestors. Spirits of the dead were recognized, honored, and propitiated. The Batonga of Lake Nyasa say that by taking certain medicines, a person can ensure his changing after death into whichever animal he wishes.

Language.

There are more than 170,000 speakers of the Malawi Tonga language.  The language is called "chiTonga". The 'chi' means 'the language of the', like 'ki' in kiSwahili or'se' in seTswana.

The Tonga (also called "Batonga, Lake Shore Tonga" or "Nyasa Tonga") are an ethnic group living in northern Malawi on the shores of Lake Malawi in Nkhata Bay and northern part of Nkhotakota. They are to be distinguished from the Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe, whose language belongs to a different branch of the Bantu family.

Les Tonga ou Batonga sont un peuple (ou un groupe ethnique) du Malawi septentrional. Pour les distinguer du peuple homonyme présent en Zambie et au Zimbabwe, ils sont parfois appelés "Tonga du Malawi" ou "Nyassa Tonga", « Nyassa » étant l'un des noms du lac Malawi. Les deux peuples sont proches et parlent des langues similaires quoique distinctes, appartenant au groupe des langues bantoues.


Data structure.

A range tree on a set of 1-dimensional points is a balanced binary search tree on those points. The points stored in the tree are stored in the leaves of the tree; each internal node stores the largest value contained in its left subtree. A range tree on a set of points in "d"-dimensions is a recursively defined multi-level binary search tree. Each level of the data structure is a binary search tree on one of the "d"-dimensions. The first level is a binary search tree on the first of the "d"-coordinates. Each vertex "v" of this tree contains an associated structure that is a ("d"−1)-dimensional range tree on the last ("d"−1)-coordinates of the points stored in the subtree of "v".

Operations.

Construction.

A 1-dimensional range tree on a set of "n" points is a binary search tree, which can be constructed in formula_5 time. Range trees in higher dimensions are constructed recursively by constructing a balanced binary search tree on the first coordinate of the points, and then, for each vertex "v" in this tree, constructing a ("d"−1)-dimensional range tree on the points contained in the subtree of "v". Constructing a range tree this way would require formula_6 time.  This construction time can be improved for 2-dimensional range trees to formula_5. Let "S" be a set of "n" 2-dimensional points. If "S" contains only one point, return a leaf containing that point. Otherwise, construct the associated structure of "S", a 1-dimensional range tree on the "y"-coordinates of the points in "S". Let "x" be the median "x"-coordinate of the points. Let "S" be the set of points with "x"-coordinate less than or equal to "x" and let "S" be the set of points with "x"-coordinate greater than "x". Recursively construct "v", a 2-dimensional range tree on "S", and "v", a 2-dimensional range tree on "S". Create a vertex "v" with left-child "v" and right-child "v". If we sort the points by their "y"-coordinates at the start of the algorithm, and maintain this ordering when splitting the points by their "x"-coordinate, we can construct the associated structures of each subtree in linear time. This reduces the time to construct a 2-dimensional range tree to formula_5, and also reduces the time to construct a "d"-dimensional range tree to formula_9.

Range queries.

A range query on a range tree reports the set of points that lie inside a given interval. To report the points that lie in the interval ["x", "x"], we start by searching for "x" and "x". At some vertex in the tree, the search paths to "x" and "x" will diverge. Let "v" be the last vertex that these two search paths have in common. For every vertex "v" in the search path from "v" to "x", if the value stored at "v" is greater than "x", report every point in the right-subtree of "v". If "v" is a leaf, report the value stored at "v" if it is inside the query interval. Similarly, reporting all of the points stored in the left-subtrees of the vertices with values less than "x" along the search path from "v" to "x", and report the leaf of this path if it lies within the query interval.  Since the range tree is a balanced binary tree, the search paths to "x" and "x" have length formula_10. Reporting all of the points stored in the subtree of a vertex can be done in linear time using any tree traversal algorithm. It follows that the time to perform a range query is formula_11, where "k" is the number of points in the query interval.  Range queries in "d"-dimensions are similar. Instead of reporting all of the points stored in the subtrees of the search paths, perform a ("d"−1)-dimensional range query on the associated structure of each subtree. Eventually, a 1-dimensional range query will be performed and the correct points will be reported. Since a "d"-dimensional query consists of formula_10 ("d"−1)-dimensional range queries, it follows that the time required to perform a "d"-dimensional range query is formula_13, where "k" is the number of points in the query interval. This can be reduced to formula_14 using a variant of fractional cascading.

In computer science, a range tree is an ordered tree data structure to hold a list of points. It allows all points within a given range to be reported efficiently, and is typically used in two or higher dimensions. Range trees were introduced by Jon Louis Bentley in 1979. Similar data structures were discovered independently by Lueker, Lee and Wong, and Willard. The range tree is an alternative to the "k"-d tree. Compared to "k"-d trees, range trees offer faster query times of (in Big O notation) formula_1 but worse storage of formula_2, where "n" is the number of points stored in the tree, "d" is the dimension of each point and "k" is the number of points reported by a given query.

En informatique, un arbre de portée, en anglais, est un arbre enraciné qui sert de structure de données pour stocker une liste de points. Il permet de trouver efficacement tous les points à une certaine distance d'un autre point, et typiquement utilisé pour deux dimensions ou plus. Les arbres de portée ont été introduits par Jon Louis Bentley en 1979. Des structures de données similaires ont été indépendamment découvertes par Lueker, Lee and Wong, et Willard. L'arbre de portée est une alternative à l'arbre kd. Par rapport aux arbres kd, l'arbre de portée offre des requêtes plus rapides en formula_1 mais un stockage pire en formula_2, où "n" est le nombre de points stockés dans l'arbre, "d" la dimension de chaque point et "k" le nombre de points signalé par une certaine requête.


History.

The town was founded thousands of years ago probably on account of its hot springs. Some pre-historic remains have been found in what is now the town centre. Later, it became a Thracian city and, when Thrace fell to the Romans and became a Roman province, Hisarya became a Roman town — one of the three most important towns in the province. At times it was called Augusta, Diocletianopolis (after emperor Diocletian), and a couple of other names. It was a famous resort even in those times, which is proved by the fact that emperor Septimius Severus visited the city.  Many Roman ruins are visible everywhere — public buildings, a small amphitheatre, the barracks of the Roman garrison, the foundations of a couple of the oldest churches in Bulgaria, as well as the best-preserved Roman city walls in Bulgaria. The southern gate is known as "The Camels", because it had broken in the middle and looked like two camels facing each other, before it was partially restored in the early 20th century.  After the fall of the Roman Empire, the prosperous city declined. When it was included within the borders of Bulgaria, it was just a minor fortified town. During the Turkish rule it further declined and, at some point, the once-prosperous city was just a couple of small houses in the midst of many Roman ruins, which peasants from the nearby villages used for a stone quarry, destroying most of them in the process.  After the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, Hisarya was included in the province of Eastern Rumelia; after the Unification of Bulgaria in 1885 it became a part of Bulgaria.  It prospered once again when the mineral springs were re-discovered and the place became a popular recreation spot.  After Bulgaria joined EU in 2007 various financing programs were used to recover the ancient ruins and renovate the park and street infrastructure, which recreates the town intensively and constantly and turns it again into a real gem of the Bulgarian spa, nature and historic heritage. The century-old trees in the parks, which are habitat of numerous bird species, the renovated new modern large spa hotel centres with sport, spa and recreation areas and the brand new cosy luxurious smaller hotels and affordable guest houses turn Hisarya again into a preferred resort for relaxation, health recovery, illness treatment and loved place for business seminars and events for foreign and Bulgarian visitors.

Honour.

Hisarya Cove in Smith Island, South Shetland Islands is named after Hisarya.

Hisarya (Bulgarian: Хисаря, also known as "Hisar", "Hissar" or "Hissarya", formerly: Toplitsa, ) is a small resort town in Bulgaria, in Plovdiv Province.

Hisarya (en ), également connue sous les noms de Hisar, Hissar ou Hissarya, anciennement Toplitsa, en latin : Diocletianopolis ou Augusta, est une ville balnéaire de Bulgarie située dans la province (oblast) de Plovdiv et qui fait partie de l'obchtina de Khisarya.


Early life.

Bebb was born in Oxford. She was the third of seven children of Llewellyn John Montford Bebb, a fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Her mother, Louisa Marion (née Traer), was the daughter of the obstetrician James Reeves Traer. She moved to Wales with her family after her father was appointed principal of St David's College, Lampeter in 1898.  She was educated at St Mary's School in Paddington, London (which later became St Mary's College, Lancaster Gate, before moving to Gerrards Cross) and then studied jurisprudence at St Hugh's College, Oxford from 1908. She was the sixth woman to study law at Oxford: her predecessors included Cornelia Sorabji and Ivy Williams. She graduated with first-class marks in 1911, but at that time women were not awarded degrees or allowed to graduate.  She became an investigating officer for the Board of Trade.

"Bebb v. The Law Society".

In 1913 she and three other women started an unsuccessful legal action, known as "Bebb vs. the Law Society", claiming that the Law Society should be compelled to admit them to its preliminary examinations. The three other women were Maud Crofts, Karin Costelloe, who became a psychoanalyst after marrying Adrian Stephen (brother of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell), and Lucy Nettlefold.  Bebb became the first named party for the reported case, "Bebb v. The Law Society". She was represented by Stanley Buckmaster KC and R. A. Wright, instructed by Withers, Bensons, Birkett & Davies when her test case was heard in the Chancery Division on 2 and 3 July 1913, before Mr Justice Joyce, seeking a declaration that she was a "person" within the meaning of the Solicitors Act 1843 as amended, and was therefore entitled to be admitted to the preliminary examination of the Law Society. The judge ruled that women were incapable of carrying out a public function in common law, a disability that must remain "unless and until" Parliament changed the law; in other words, that women could not be solicitors because no woman had ever been a solicitor.  She was represented by Lord Robert Cecil KC and R. A. Wright when the decision was upheld in the Court of Appeal in December 1913, heard by the Master of the Rolls Lord Cozens-Hardy, Lord Justice Swinfen Eady and Lord Justice Phillimore (included in the law reports in 1914).  She continued with political and feminist activism. The publicity from her case – the press was mostly in her favour – helped the campaign for women's admission to the legal profession in Britain, and the passage of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 allowed women to be lawyers.

Later life.

In the meantime, Bebb married a solicitor, Thomas Weldon Thomson, at St Mary Abbots church in Kensington, London, in April 1917. Her husband was born in 1872, the second son of Captain William Thomson of the 78th Highlanders. Her husband had several brothers, including Henry Broughton Thomson, and William Montgomery Thomson of the Seaforth Highlanders.  In August 1917, Mrs Thomson was appointed assistant commissioner for enforcement for the Ministry of Food in its Midland Division, with work that included prosecuting black-marketeers. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1921.  She applied to join Lincoln's Inn as a student barrister in 1918, but she was refused. She gave birth to a daughter, Diana, on 23 December 1919. The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 was passed into law on 24 December. She applied again to join Lincoln's Inn in December 1919, and was admitted as a student on 27 January 1920. She attended a banquet at the House of Commons on 8 March 1920 to celebrate the passing of the Act, where she proposed a toast. In August 1920 she gave up her work at the Ministry of Food in order to study for the bar examinations, and help her husband in his legal practice in Tewkesbury.  A second daughter, Marion, was born on 10 August 1921, but the pregnancy was affected by placenta praevia. The premature baby died on 12 August, and the mother died at a nursing home in Edgbaston on 9 October 1921, shortly before her 32nd birthday. Her funeral took place at Tewkesbury Abbey.

Gwyneth Marjorie Bebb (27 October 1889 – 9 October 1921) (later Mrs Thomson) was an English lawyer. She was the plaintiff in "Bebb v. The Law Society", a test case in the opening of the legal profession to women in Britain. She was expected to be the first woman to be called to the bar in England; in the event, her early death prevented that, and Ivy Williams was the first woman to qualify as a barrister in England, in May 1922.

Gwyneth Marjory Bebb, née le à Oxford et morte le à Edgbaston, est une militante britannique en faveur de l'accès des femmes à la profession de juriste.


Early life.

Beane was born in St. Petersburg, Florida. At ten years old she moved to Austin, Texas where she grew up, and which she considers her hometown. After moving to Austin, Beane fell in love with performing and studied drama throughout middle and high school. Though Beane always felt like she was meant to perform, it was not until her senior year of high school that she focused on acting professionally, and found an agent in Austin.  Beane was raised by her parents as a Quaker as she mentioned in an interview on ONTVtoday: "I was raised Quaker, and I went to meetings every Sunday for most of my childhood".

Career.

In 2015, Beane landed a recurring role in season 2 of HBO series, "The Leftovers". Beane played Taylor Truitt, a local girl in Jarden, Texas, who went missing along with two other girls.  Following "The Leftovers", Beane was cast in The CW's hit superhero drama "The Flash" as Jesse Wells (nicknamed "Jesse Quick"), the daughter of Earth-2 Harrison Wells (Tom Cavanagh). Jesse is a bright college student who gets caught in the battle between The Flash (Barry Allen) and Zoom. In the Flash comics, Jesse Quick is a speedster who becomes the partner of Wally West (currently played on "The Flash" by Keiynan Lonsdale). Beane returned as Jesse in season 3 of the show.  Beane recurred in the Fox medical drama series "The Resident" as Lily, a cancer patient under the care of Dr. Conrad Hawkins (Matt Czuchry) and Dr. Devon Pravesh (Manish Dayal). Abandoned by her fiancé and far from home, Lily inspires the hospital staff to be protective and emotionally involved in her outcome. The course of her treatment was determined by famous oncologist, Dr. Lane Hunter (Melina Kanakaredes).  Beane's film credits include the indie horror film "Flay", "Slash", and the documentary "Tower", which focuses on the University of Texas at Austin shooting in 1966, which was the first mass school shooting in the United States. In "Tower", Beane portrays Claire Wilson, who was eight months pregnant during the shooting and lost her unborn baby and boyfriend that day.  In May 2017, Beane was cast as Markie Cameron in the Blumhouse supernatural thriller film "Truth or Dare", which was released in theaters on April 13, 2018. From 2018 to 2020, Beane starred in the CBS television series "God Friended Me" opposite Brandon Micheal Hall.

Personal life.

Beane is vegan and posed nude for PETA in support of that lifestyle. As of 2020, Beane resides in New York City to film her series "God Friended Me".

Violett Beane (born May 18, 1996) is an American actress. She played Jesse Wells/Jesse Quick in The CW's "The Flash", as well as Markie Cameron in the 2018 horror film "Truth or Dare". From 2018 to 2020, she starred as Cara Bloom in the CBS television series "God Friended Me".

Violett Beane, née le à St. Petersburg en Floride, est une actrice américaine. Elle est surtout connue pour jouer dans la série télévisée "Flash".


Statement.

An isomorphism between formal languages "L" and "L" is a bijective map "f" from strings in the alphabet of "L" to strings in the alphabet of "L", with the property that a string "x" belongs to "L" if and only if "f"("x") belongs to "L". It is a polynomial time isomorphism (or "p"-isomorphism for short) if both "f" and its inverse function can be computed in an amount of time polynomial in the lengths of their arguments.  Based on these results, Berman and Hartmanis conjectured that all NP-complete languages are "p"-isomorphic.  Since "p"-isomorphism preserves paddability, and there exist paddable NP-complete languages, an equivalent way of stating the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is that all NP-complete languages are paddable. Polynomial time isomorphism is an equivalence relation, and it can be used to partition the formal languages into equivalence classes, so another way of stating the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is that the NP-complete languages form a single equivalence class for this relation.

Implications.

If the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is true, an immediate consequence would be the nonexistence of sparse NP-complete languages, namely languages in which the number of yes-instances of length "n" grows only polynomially as a function of "n". The known NP-complete languages have a number of yes-instances that grows exponentially, and if "L" is a language with exponentially many yes-instances then it cannot be "p"-isomorphic to a sparse language, because its yes-instances would have to be mapped to strings that are more than polynomially long in order for the mapping to be one-to-one.  The nonexistence of sparse NP-complete languages in turn implies that P ≠ NP, because if P = NP then every nontrivial language in P (including some sparse ones, such as the language of binary strings all of whose bits are zero) would be NP-complete. In 1982, Steve Mahaney published his proof that the nonexistence of sparse NP-complete languages (with NP-completeness defined in the standard way using many-one reductions) is in fact equivalent to the statement that P ≠ NP; this is Mahaney's theorem. Even for a relaxed definition of NP-completeness using Turing reductions, the existence of a sparse NP-complete language would imply an unexpected collapse of the polynomial hierarchy.

Evidence.

As evidence towards the conjecture, showed that an analogous conjecture with a restricted type of reduction is true: every two languages that are complete for NP under AC many-one reductions have an AC isomorphism. And found an oracle machine model in which the analogue to the isomorphism conjecture is true.  Evidence against the conjecture was provided by and. Joseph and Young introduced a class of NP-complete problems, the "k"-creative sets, for which no "p"-isomorphism to the standard NP-complete problems is known. Kurtz et al. showed that in oracle machine models given access to a random oracle, the analogue of the conjecture is not true: if "A" is a random oracle, then not all sets complete for NP have isomorphisms in P. Random oracles are commonly used in the theory of cryptography to model cryptographic hash functions that are computationally indistinguishable from random, and the construction of Kurtz et al. can be carried out with such a function in place of the oracle. For this reason, among others, the Berman–Hartmanis isomorphism conjecture is believed false by many complexity theorists.

In structural complexity theory, the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is an unsolved conjecture named after Leonard C. Berman and Juris Hartmanis that states that all NP-complete languages look alike, in the sense that they can be related to each other by polynomial time isomorphisms.

En théorie de la complexité, la conjecture de Berman-Hartmanis est une conjecture non résolue qui prétend que tous les langages NP-complets se ressemblent. Plus précisément, la conjecture prétend qu'il existe un isomorphisme calculable en temps polynomial entre tous langages NP-complets.


Description and paleobiology.

"Helveticosaurus" is known from a nearly complete holotype which includes the premaxilla, maxilla, prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, squamosal, dentary and a postcranial skeleton. Several disarticulated elements are also known including teeth, portions of the snout and poscranial elements. "Helveticosaurus" is about 2 meters long from snout to tail. It possessed many features that were adaptations to a marine lifestyle in the shallow-sea environment that existed in Europe at the time when much of the continent was part of the Tethys Ocean. The long, flexible tail is similar to what can be seen in other extinct marine reptiles such as thalattosaurs, and it probably propelled itself through the water by means of lateral undulation. However, "Helveticosaurus" also possessed a robust pectoral girdle and forelimbs that were well adapted for paddle like propulsion as a supplementary method of locomotion, as seen in secondarily aquatic tetrapods. This unique combination of undulation and paddling is highly unusual for an aquatic reptile.  The caniniform teeth suggest a predatory lifestyle for "Helveticosaurus". Unlike most other marine reptiles which exhibited a lengthening and narrowing of the skull, the head of "Helveticosaurus" was more robust and boxlike. It is unknown what purpose the shortness of the skull would have had in feeding.

Relationship with other sauropsids.

Upon its naming and description in 1955, "Helveticosaurus" was classified as a member of the order Placodontia, a group of robust, barrel-bodied marine reptiles similar in lifestyle to the extant marine iguana. It was seen as a basal member of the clade, being assigned to the new family Helveticosauridae of the Helveticosauroidea superfamily.  Despite the dorsal vertebrae, which are very similar to those of placodonts, the genus lacks many of the autapomorphies characteristic of sauropterygians and thus evolved from a different ancestor, independently adapting a marine lifestyle. Its affinities with other diapsids are unclear, as it differs greatly from any other known types of marine reptiles, with no apparent close relatives. It shares some characteristics with archosauromorphs, and may be related to that group. One 2013 analysis of fossil reptile relationships found "Helveticosaurus", together with "Eusaurosphargis" and "Saurosphargis", to be most closely related to either the ichthyopterygians or sauropterygians in a large clade of marine reptiles within archosauromorpha. Most recent phylogenetic analyses recover a sister taxon relationship between "Helveticosaurus" and "Eusaurosphargis", with one analysis recovering them at successive positions instead. The following cladogram is simplified after the phylogenetic analysis of Li "et al." (2014), which includes "Eusaurosphargis", "Helveticosaurus" and all known saurosphargid species. The removal / inclusion of Ichthyopterygia was found to affect the topology the most - switching the positions of the "Eusaurosphargis"+"Helveticosaurus" and Thalattosauriformes clades, and altering the positions of several taxa within Eosauropterygia, which are not shown.

Possible relatives.

Pelvic material from SVT 203, found from older Early Triassic strata in Spitsbergen, may share similarities with the pelvic material known from "Helveticosaurus". However, this is only if the anterior element of the pelvic girdle in "Helveticosaurus" is interpreted as the pubis. The pubis of SVT 203 also shares similarities with placodonts, although the ischium differs in lacking constriction. SVT 203 was once referred to the ichthyosaur "Grippia longirostris", but the pubis, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges suggest that it is not from an ichthyopterygian, therefore making it more probable that it belongs to a taxon related, and possibly ancestral, to "Helveticosaurus", although more material is needed to give a definitive confirmation. The small size of material comprising SVT 203 in relation to "Helveticosaurus", along with the compression seen on both ends of the femur, may indicate that it is a juvenile form of the species to which it belongs, but both temporal and geographical separation of SVT 203 with "Helveticosaurus" makes size comparison as a means of determining immaturity unnecessary, as it is possible that "Helveticosaurus" evolved from an ancestor that was smaller in overall size.

Helveticosaurus is an extinct genus of diapsid marine reptile known from the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian boundary) of southern Switzerland. It contains a single species, Helveticosaurus zollingeri, known from the nearly complete holotype T 4352 collected at Cava Tre Fontane of Monte San Giorgio, an area well known for its rich record of marine life during the Middle Triassic.

Helveticosaurus est un genre éteint de diapsides marins du Trias moyen (Anisien-Ladinien) du sud de la Suisse. Il contient une seule espèce, "Helveticosaurus zollingeri", connue à partir de l'holotype presque complet T 4352, recueilli à Cava Tre Fontane, sur le site fossilifère du Monte San Giorgio, une zone bien connue pour son riche témoignage sur la vie marine au Trias moyen.


Gameplay.

The player character travels through a set of precarious tunnels in a high-tech hovercraft. The tunnels are filled with enemy vehicles, choppers and sentry guns which the player has to take out or avoid. Many sections require the player to clear them in a given time limit. The player can upgrade their weaponry.  A complete map of each level can be accessed at any time.

Development.

NEON Software began by working on a game which alternated between segments in a hovercraft and segments in a helicopter, both running on the same game engine. Publisher Ocean Software felt the two play styles did not work well together and suggested that they split them into two separate games. The helicopter segments became "Viper", while the hovercraft segments became "Tunnel B1".  A demonstration at the April 1996 European Computer Trade Show impressed crowds, and Sony Computer Entertainment subsequently purchased the rights to publish "Tunnel B1" and "Viper" for the PlayStation in North America. Ocean later sold the North American publishing rights for all versions of the game to Acclaim Entertainment, stating that they wanted to focus more on development.

Reception.

Most reviews for "Tunnel B1" highly praised the game's visuals, especially the lighting effects. However, most also remarked that the gameplay, while fast-paced and competently designed, is too simplistic and lacking in variety to maintain the player's interest. Some also criticized the low-to-the-ground perspective. A reviewer for "Next Generation" felt the game could still be worthwhile so long as the buyer didn't expect much from the gameplay, while Scary Larry and Dr. Zombie of "GamePro" both contended that "a weekend rental" would be sufficient to exhaust what enjoyment the game has to offer, and "GameSpot"s Jeff Kitts found it too relentlessly boring to merit attention. The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" instead contended that "Tunnel B1" does manage to combine its impressive visuals with flawed but overall fun gameplay. Shawn Smith and Crispin Boyer elaborated that while it does seem repetitious in the early levels, those who persevere will find the game has a satisfying amount of variety. Rich Leadbetter of "Sega Saturn Magazine" was pleased that, apart from the replacement of the transparencies with meshes, the Saturn conversion is nearly identical to the PlayStation original, and includes some exclusive content to somewhat make up for the loss of transparencies. He summarized the game as "Not the classic it should have been, but pretty solid (if a tad samey) entertainment."

Tunnel B1 is a sci-fi first-person shooter developed by NEON Software and published by Ocean Software in 1996. It features a soundtrack by Chris Huelsbeck of "Turrican" fame.

Tunnel B1 est un jeu vidéo de tir à la première personne développé par NEON Software et édité par Ocean Software, sorti en 1996 sur DOS, Saturn et PlayStation.


Synopsis.

The cartoon takes place one winter night, in a grocery store whose owner has just closed the shop. The mascots on the labels of the food products come to life and perform various song and dance numbers.  First, a cow for "Contented Milk" sings to a "Fulla Bull Tobacco" bull "If I Could Be with You," while two other cows on cans reading "Discontented Milk" ogle and whistle at the bull. Meanwhile, a crab imitating Ned Sparks states "This love stuff makes me sick!", after which a rabbit named Jack Bunny (a parody of Jack Benny and also a same name from "I Love to Singa") tells the music maestro (a dish mop caricaturing Leopold Stokowski) to start up, and a label for "Big Top Popcorn" comes to life while a dog barker for "Barker's Dog Food" addresses the crowd and introduces each of the circus's attractions including "Little Egypt Wiggly Gum," "Billy Posie's Aquackade" swimmers (a parody of Footlight Parade's "By a Waterfall"), and the "Tomato Can Can Dancers". Meanwhile, an "Animal Crackers" gorilla (intended to parody King Kong) hears the noise and starts growling, at one point stating to the audience, "Gosh, ain't I repulsive?" This gorilla stares at the female performers and smiles, he then begins his attack attempting to abduct one of the "Can Can Dancers"; Jack Bunny sees this and rides a bottle of "Horse Radish" while an army of "Navy Beans" and "Turtle Soup Turtles" shoots at the gorilla, who defends himself with a Roman candle while at one point destroying the bottle of Horse Radish that Jack is riding. Jack sees a box of "Chocolate-Covered A1 Cherries" and snatches the axe on the label amid cheering from an army of chicks, at which point the gorilla shoots the axe with the candle causing it to shrink. As Jack Bunny dons a sheepish grin and backs into a corner, the image of Superman on a box of "Superguy Soap Chips" comes to life at the sight of the gorilla lighting a stick of dynamite with Bunny's cigar. Superman flies up to the gorilla and shouts at him, "Hey, you big ape!" and the gorilla replies "Yeah?" which scares Superman so much that he turns into a helpless, whining baby. Then, as the gorilla is about to destroy Jack Bunny with the dynamite in his hand, a voice calls out "Henry!" (in reference to the opening of "The Aldrich Family"), causing him to pause and run towards the direction of the voice, saying in a frightened voice "Coming mother!" (another reference to the opening) while his apparent "mother" drags him away by his ear, chastising him for his naughty behaviors. Jack Bunny breathes a sigh of relief only to realize he's still holding the dynamite, which explodes leaving him in blackface. After being exploded on, he then concludes the cartoon with an Eddie Rochester impression: "My oh my, tattletale grey!"

Availability.

The cartoon is available restored, uncut, and uncensored on Disc 2 of the 2005 DVD "". It was also released on The Golden Age Of Looney Tunes Volume 2 laserdisc.

Goofy Groceries is a 1941 Warner Bros. "Merrie Melodies" animated short film directed by Bob Clampett. The short was released on March 29, 1941.

L'Epicerie en folie ("Goofy Groceries") est un dessin animé américain de la série "Merrie Melodies", réalisé par Bob Clampett sur un scénario de Melvin Millar, et sorti en 1941.