Liste des navires de l'United States Army

Overview.

This fleet and the Army's Ports of Embarkation operated throughout the war's massive logistics in support of the worldwide operations. After the war the Army's fleet began to resume its peacetime role and even regain the old colors of gray hulls, white deck houses and buff trimming, masts and booms with the red, white and blue stack rings. An example may be seen in the photos of USAT "Fred C. Ainsworth".  Some confusion may exist in the precise definition of "Army ship" as many ships saw Army service during the Second World War that were never or only briefly (a brief Army time or voyage charter) part of the Army's fleet. Army owned vessels of the core fleet are quite clear, even though some of those switched between Army and Navy during the war. Close to those were the ships that were bareboat chartered by the Army, meaning that only the hull itself was chartered and Army was responsible for crewing and all other operational aspects. Others were long term allocations to Army by the War Shipping Administration so that they operated as Army transports and cargo vessels for much of the war. The more confusing ships are those that were short-term or time or voyage chartered ships.  In the South West Pacific Area during the emergency of the Japanese advance throughout Southeast Asia the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines even the chartering arrangements were often vague as ships arriving in Australia were retained by United States Forces in Australia (USFIA) for operations in Australia. Some of these ships, acquired and operating under United States Army Services of Supply, Southwest Pacific Area (USASOS SWPA), achieved some notability in military history in daring voyages to resupply the forces cut off in the Philippines from either Australia or the already collapsing Dutch East Indies. That situation is captured by Masterson on page 324: On 28 April General MacArthur reported that his fleet consisted of twenty-eight vessels — the twenty-one KPM vessels (the majority of which had not been delivered); the "Dona Nati". The, the "Coast Farmer", and the, chartered by WSA; and the "Anhui", the "Yochow" and the "Hanyang", believed to be chartered by the British Ministry of War Transport (BMWT) for the U. S. Army, though no official information concerning their status had been received.  Three of those vessels, "Coast Farmer", "Dona Nati" and "Anhui". out of a number sent, managed to run the Japanese blockade of the Philippines and deliver supplies.  After the war came the reorganization that led to the U.S. Department of Defense rather than a separate United States Department of War and Department of the Navy with the decision on maritime logistics going in favor of it being administered by the Navy. As a result, the Army lost almost all of its big vessels. Many of the Army vessels were transferred to Navy with the transport types becoming components of the new Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS, now MSC) under the Navy. Some of the Army's specialized vessels became Navy commissioned ships (USS) or non-commissioned utility vessels. Digital photographs of a few of these vessels in Army service are provided at the Naval History and Heritage Command. Others were sold commercially or simply scrapped.  The Army heritage of civilian crewed transports and cargo ships continued in the operating model for MSTS and its “in service” non-commissioned ships designated as U.S. Naval Ship (prefix "USNS"). Some Army vessels, still crewed by Army civilians just transferred, were suddenly sailing before fully taking on the new service's administrative functions and colors.

Currently Active Ship Classes.

The Army has a fleet of approximately 300 watercraft, operated by units of the U.S. Army Transportation Corps. (The Army's watercraft program is managed by the United States Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command.) These craft are identified by the following hull code and type;  The US Army Corps of Engineers has a total of 11 Dredge Vessels, divided into hopper and non-hopper dredges. In total the Corps has approximately 2,300 floating plant assets, including barges, tow boats, floating cranes, survey boats, patrol boats and dredges.

Aircraft Repair Ship.

Aircraft Repair Unit.

Six Liberty ships were converted at Point Clear, Alabama into floating aircraft repair depots, operated by the Army Transport Service, starting in April 1944 to provide mobile depot support for B-29 Superfortress and P-51 Mustangs based on Guam, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa beginning in December 1944. They were also fitted with landing platforms to accommodate four R-4 helicopters, creating the first seagoing helicopter-equipped ships, and provided medical evacuation of combat casualties in both the Philippines and Okinawa.

Seacraft Repair Ship.

Six ships, allocated by the War Shipping Administration, were converted to repair and spare parts ships. Five, from to in length, were built on the Great Lakes from 1901 to 1913. The sixth, "James B. Houston" (1900) at was the Army owned "Kvichak" which had grounded off Canada, slipped into of water and was then salvaged in 1941. All were U.S. Coast Guard-crewed with the Army in administrative and operational control as well as providing the repair detachments from the Army Marine Ship Repair Company (AMSR CO.). All served in the Southwest Pacific Area. "Houston", which had first served in the Aleutians, was declared surplus while at Mariveles, Philippines and turned over to the Foreign Liquidation Commission in February 1946, reverted to U. S. Army Forces, Western Pacific (AFWESPAC) in April 1946, but was not used as a repair ship after being declared surplus.  Army Marine Ship Repair Company (T/O & E 55-47): <br>This is a mobile maintenance and repair unit capable of traveling from installation to installation in a theater to perform third and minor fourth echelon maintenance and repairs to small boats, harbor craft, floating equipment, and in some cases repairs to larger vessels. The company is equipped with an especially converted ship or barge, fully equipped with machine, electric, engine, wood-working, rigging and paint shops.  See "The Forgotten Voyage of the USARS "Duluth": Recalling a Coast Guard-Manned Vessel That Fell Through the Cracks of World War II History" for one of the few descriptions. The embarked Army repair units, where noted below, are from Masterson":

Depot Ship.

Seven cargo vessels were converted to spare parts depot ships to facilitate the maintenance of military equipment in oversea areas. The 20 dry cargo barges originally intended for bauxite were taken by the Army and 17 were used in the southwest Pacific for storehouses. Of the 24 steam cargo concrete vessels, 17 were converted by the Army into floating storehouses, 5 were used by the Army as training ships and 2 found an honorable end when sunk to form part of the breakwater protecting the American landing in Normandy at Omaha beach.
A. D. Kahn, "Concrete Ship and Barge Program, 1941-1944"
Ships for victory: a history of shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II

Small Ships.

The Army had its own program for small boat construction and directly procured vessels and water craft that were under 200 feet or under 1,000 gross tons.  Army F-ships (100-dwt) were little freighters built on the lines of a Dutch wooden shoe and had a capacity of about 100 tons with a maximum speed of 8 knots. During the war these little ships plied back and forth between Navy PT boat bases, Crash Rescue Boat bases, and Engineer Special Brigade bases in the pacific for the purpose of transporting personnel, hauling supplies and cargo, or occasionally for towing fuel barges and water craft, to bases along the coasts or to nearby islands.

Retrieving Vessel.

Eleven of these small ships were built for the U.S. Army Air Corps/Army Air Forces in late 1942 through mid 1943. The official designation was "Design No. 210, 150 Foot Steel Diesel Retrieving Vessel", sometimes termed "Aircraft Retrieving Vessel" in later references. Name format was "U.S. Army" over "H.A.# NAME" as indicated by a builder's model. Dimensions were 158' 3" LOA X 32' beam (moulded) at deck X 8' draft powered by two 300 hp diesels, and was equipped with a 30-ton jumbo lift boom along with regular cargo booms and had a cargo capacity of 500 measurement tons. These vessels were primarily used as supply ships, that could retrieve aircraft if needed.

Schooners.

SWPA CP Fleet, Army CS ships provided communications relays and acted as command posts (CP) for forward elements ashore. CSM (Maintenance) ships, in addition to acting as CS ships, were also equipped for radio repair operations to supply floating maintenance. CSQ (Quarters) ships acted as floating dormitories. CSN (News) ships were used by civilian reporters.

Cable laying ships.

The Army had a history of submarine cable work by the time of World War II operations, dating back to the 1899-1900 period. Much of this work had been in relation to communications with far flung Army forces in the Philippines and Alaska. The Army Signal Corps used a number of cable ships for that work including "Burnside", "Romulus", "Liscum", "Dellwood" and two vessels intimately associated with the Coast Artillery Corps controlled mine work at the coastal fortifications; "Cyrus W. Field" and "Joseph Henry". That cable laying capability had been allowed to deteriorate to the point that the Army had to charter the C.S. "Restorer" in 1941.  The Army entered the field of undersea cable work in connecting the military installations in the Philippine Islands. As with other cable work, some vessels were chartered. For example, the vessel "Orizaba" (not the later Army owned vessel of the same name) was under Army charter from the Pacific Coast Steamship Company before being lost in 1900. The first ship supplied by the Quartermaster Corps to the Signal Corps for cable work was the U. S. Army ransport "Burnside". That Spanish–American War prize was replaced by the larger "Dellwood" for work with Alaskan cables.  There is some confusion on ship designators within even official records. The conventional commercial and nautical term for such ships was “CS (name)” for “Cable Ship.” The mix of USAT, CS and even the simple “Steam Ship” (SS), as seen in postwar construction of the SS "William H. G. Bullard", later the USS/USNS "Neptune", can be somewhat confusing. All three terms are found in official usage. For example, Smithsonian Institution library records clearly show some of these Army ships as CS "Dellwood" and CS "Silverado". Army ship management lay in the Quartermaster Corps and later the Transportation Corps. Technical management of the cable ships was under Signal Corps and the entire enterprise of undersea cable work was the very specialized realm of several large communications corporations which operated their own cable vessels and provided experts in handling cable equipment and cable. Each appears to have used familiar terms when noting the ships in records as seen in the Quartermaster reference, and records elsewhere.  The nature of the work is such that specialized crews are required to operate the cable machinery and perform the actual cable splicing and technical work. The ex-Coast Artillery ships involved in mine planting were military crewed. CS "Restorer" was under charter and used civilians, many from its commercial crew, under Army contract. The remaining ships were probably mixed crews.  Eleven Transportation Corps ships under technical management of Signal Corps are known to have been active in WW II:

U.S. Army Engineer Port Repair Ship.

Ten ships, nine being Maritime Commission type N3-M-A1 cargo vessel hulls being built at Penn Jersey Shipbuilding for the U.S. Navy or Lend Lease, were transferred to the Army for operation as Engineer Port Repair Ships. The other ship, first obtained for the purpose, was a commercial ship allocated by the War Shipping Administration (WSA). All the ships were managed and crewed by Army Engineers organized into "Engineer Port Repair Ship Crew" units, named for Army Engineers killed in action during WW II and heavily modified from their original design.  N3-M-A1 types:

Corps of Engineers Dredge Vessels.

Some of these were substantial vessels, 300 feet long, with a 3,000-ton displacement and a crew complement of 60-plus men. They were seagoing diesel-electric hydraulic dredging vessels, normally functioning under the Army Corps of Engineers control, and used for maintaining and improving the coastal and harbor channels around the U.S. coasts.  During World War II, five seagoing hopper dredges already in civil service, were fitted with 3-inch deck guns and 20-millimeter antiaircraft guns. Four were sent to the ETO and last one, "Hains", was sent to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO), along with the cutter dredge 'Raymond', additionally four new "Hains"-class armed dredges were constructed for use in the PTO. "Hains"-class hopper dredge  Towed cutter dredge

Mine Planters.

The U.S. Army Mine Planter Service (AMPS), under the Coast Artillery Corps, operated ships designated as U.S. Army Mine Planter (USAMP) to 'plant' the controlled mines guarding approaches to coastal fortifications. Numerous smaller vessels, not designated as USAMP, worked with the planters in a mine flotilla.  Mine Planters & Associated Ships 1904-1909;  Mine Planters 1917-1919;  Mine Planters 1937;  Numbered Mine Planters 1942-1943;  Note

Junior Mine Planters.

Smaller vessels known as, "junior mine planters", or "pup planters", were occasionally employed as mine planters, but for the most part they served as freight and passenger boats for river and harbor duty. One source states the Army had 30 junior mine planters by 1919.  Junior Mine Planters 1904–1909  Junior Mine Planters 1919-1921  Junior Mine Planters 1930-1945

FS (freight and supply vessels).

Prior to World War II the Army operated a number of passenger and freight vessels for local transport between installations located on water. These were operated by the Quartermaster Corps. During World War I they were often used to transport troops from training camps to embarkation piers, particularly at the New York Port of Embarkation. For example, the 1918 registry, Merchant Vessels of the United States, under its Quartermaster vessels section lists some 33 small passenger and freight steamers, many former commercial vessels, ranging from the "Peterson" to the "El Aguila". Among those in the 1918 register were "Major L'Enfant", a steamer that served on the Potomac and burned in Baltimore on 3 December 1919 and "General Meigs", a Quartermaster Corps passenger and freight steamer built in 1892 by John H. Dialogue & Son, Camden New Jersey, and serving in the early 20th century with a name given to much larger ships later.  A class of small coastal and inter-island freighters during World War II were first designated "FP" for "freight and passenger" with early acquisitions being a variety of commercial hulls. Early in the war a number of designs were inaugurated. Some, such as "Design 277" (Vessel, Passenger-Cargo, Diesel, Wood, 114') were wooden hull while the "classic" "Design 381" (Vessel, Supply, Diesel, Steel, 177') was a miniature steel cargo vessel with two hatches and central booms. These, as with all the smaller Army ships, were simply designated "U.S. Army "name" (number)", and not designated U.S. Army Transport (USAT). They were operated by Transportation Corps with a variety of crewing schemes. A few were all military, many were civilian crewed and a large number were U.S. Coast Guard crewed. The USCG crewed vessels have more history preserved than most of these little ships.  A number of vessels were operated by the Army as small coastal freighters and passenger vessels without being formally given FP/FS numbers. These included:  Some vessels were acquired postwar, including:

Transport ships.

This is a partial list of ships in Army service under one of the following arrangements:  Ships known to fall in each of these categories appear in the list below. In general only ships owned, under long term bareboat charter or allocation to the Army, first through the Quartermaster Corps and later the Transportation Corps, were formally designated as a U.S. Army Transport (USAT). Those under other arrangements continued operating as SS "NAME". Essentially all maritime commercial cargo and passenger "type" vessels were under strict control of WSA under Executive Order No. 9054. Exempted from WSA control were combatants, vessels owned by Army or Navy and coastal and inland vessels.  The FS numbered vessels and Army tugs do not normally have "USAT" in their names. They and other smaller Army craft were simply designated as Army with "U.S. Army" over the number.

A.

Note: "Admiral' and "General" transports were P2 transport design variants, not an indicator of service affiliation. All the Navy's "Admiral" ships were transferred to the Army post war and were then renamed for generals. Those are found below under their Army names.

G.

Note: The newer, large transports of WW II named for generals were the P2-S2-R2 variant of the P2 transport design, not an indicator of service affiliation. All of the "Admiral" variants that were put into service were transferred to the Army after the war and renamed for generals. The Army did name a number of its non P2 type ships, many pre war, after generals.

Tugs.

Army tugs were seen as far back as the American Civil War with the 1862 screw tug "Terror". World War II era tugs came in two general classifications, though those were not rigid and variances may particularly be seen in commercial vessels taken in early during the war. Seagoing tugs, 92'-100' or greater were designated Large Tug (LT). Harbor tugs were Small Tugs (ST). The Transportation Corps determined that at war's end it was operating 746 tugs of the LT/ST types.  A large number of highly varied commercial tugs were taken into Army service above those constructed to Army designs and Army tugs of prewar design dating to the early 1900s. In addition to these there were a variety of small towing craft, numbering in thousands, termed motor towing launches (MTL), sometimes overlapping the STs in length, and marine tractors of 40'and less length, some with the colorful name of "Sea Mules" with dimensions of 40 x 13 x 8 and two Chrysler gasoline engines. All were simply "U.S. Army (LT/ST #)".  A construction program in Australia built a number of tugs for the Southwest Pacific Area in both LT and ST size. They were U.S. Army tugs, but not carried in the same central listing as the U.S. built tugs. A number of the tugs became Navy tugs after 1950.

Large Tug (LT).

Only the first eight World War II-era LT numbered tugs built by Jakobson Shipyard, Oyster Bay New York, were given names during construction. The Army acquired commercial vessels or had in its inventory tugs early during WWII, before standardized design construction met requirements, that were LT in size which retained commercial names and did not have LT numbers. WWII LT construction did not use numbers greater than 935 with postwar LTs having four digit numbers until numbers starting with LT-801 were reused with 1993 construction.

During World War II the U.S. Army operated approximately 127,800 watercraft of various types Those included large troop and cargo transport ships that were Army-owned hulls, vessels allocated by the War Shipping Administration, bareboat charters and time charters. In addition to the transports the Army fleet included specialized types. Those, included vessels not related to transport such as mine vessels and waterway or port maintenance ships and other service craft. The numbers below give an idea of the scope of that Army maritime operation:

La liste des navires de l'United States Army est une liste de tous les navires de l'United States Army à avoir été en service au cours de son histoire.


Biography.

Alshugairi was born in the city of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. After graduating from Manarat high school in Jeddah he moved to the United States where he received his B.A. in Management Systems, and an MBA at California State University-Long Beach.  In 1996, he returned to Saudi Arabia and started working in his father's business.  His father Mazen Alshugairi, his mother Affaf Ali. Ahmad Alshugairi married twice; upon divorcing his first wife Yasmine, he married his second, Rola Dashisha, who is also his costume designer in khawatir 5 & 6. The couple have two boys named Yousof and Ibrahim. Ibrahim is 15.

Career.

Starting his media career in 2002, in the TV program, "Yallab ya Shabab", If he were Among us and a second program, "A Travel with Sheikh" Hamza Yusuf on MBC. He is the host of Khawatir, an annual TV show that aired during Ramadan from 2005 to 2015. He currently hosts a new program called Qomrah which airs on MBC during Ramadan. He won the US$1 million Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Award in 2015.  He has many publications such as:

Critical reception.

Twenty Youth magazine (مجلة شباب 20) in Emirates placed him the first in its list as the most influential in the Arab world. He also won the Best youth media personality in the third youth media forum in Jordan, and he was placed 143 in a list of 500 of the most influential Arab figures in the Arab world according to a survey published by Arabian Business magazine.

Ahmad Mazin Alshugairi (Arabic: أحمد مازن الشقيري - born on 6 June 1973 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia), is a Saudi activist and media figure. He is best known for his program that spanned from 2005 to 2015, which was a critical and a commercial success within Saudi Arabia. He has notable social media exposure with 18.2 million followers (as of October 2019), ranked in the world top 100 as well as #1 in Saudi Arabia in 2015 on Twitter.

Ahmed Mazen Alshugairi (arabe: أحمد مازن الشقيري - né le à Djeddah, Arabie Saoudite), est un prédicateur saoudien d'origine palestinienne, présentateur et producteur d'émissions de télévision.


Early life and education.

She hails from Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria. As a growing up in Efon Alaaye in Ekiti State, Nigeria, Prof. Falusi was inspired to study science by an older girl (Grace Oladunni Olaniyan, now Prof. Taylor) who lived in their neighbourhood. She studied Chemistry at the University of Ibadan (UI). She proceeded to moved from Chemistry to Haematology (blood study) at the College of Medicine, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan where she got her M.Phil in 1981 and PhD in 1986.

Career.

Professor Falusi had visited many countries doing research on Genetics of Sickle Cell Disease before she became a Professor in 2001. She is a co-founder of Sickle Cell Association of Nigeria (SCAN), as the Founder, from 2013, she has been the President of the Sickle Cell Hope Alive Foundation. In 2001, she was appointed the Chairperson of the University of Ibadan and University College Hospital Institutional Review Committee where the first well-organised and functional Institutional Ethics Committee in Nigeria was established in the University of Ibadan under her leadership. It was this same year that she won the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science. She served in that capacity for 4 years and in 2005, she became the coordinator for Nigeria Networking for Ethics of Biomedical Research in Africa.  In 2005, she was bestowed with the National Productivity Order of Merit Fellowship and in 2009, she was elected as fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science, the apex scientific organization in Nigeria. In 2013, she received the Ekiti State Merit Award and was decorated by Kayode Fayemi, the governor of Ekiti State. Was given the Access to Basic Care (ABC) Distinguished Personality Award for promoting the welfare of sickle cell patients globally and beyond the call of duty in 2014. She has researched and published in the genetics of some non- communicable diseases such as breast cancers, asthma, malaria and specifically the haemoglobinopathies of sickle cell disease and the thalassaemias and other genetic modifiers.

Publications.

She has over 60 journal articles and book chapters, 50 abstracts and over 80 conference articles and proceedings. She is currently focused on awareness and education of the public on sickle cell disease (Ref. The National Health Initiative for Rural Dwellers (HIRD) in Oyo State Nigeria - www.schafng.org).

Family.

She is happily married to Professor Abiodun Falusi, a Professor of Agricultural Economics with five children.

Adeyinka Gladys Falusi, NPOM, is a Nigerian Professor of haematology and former Director of the Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan.

Adeyinka Gladys Falusi est une universitaire nigériane, professeure d'hématologie et ancienne directrice de l' à la faculté de médecine de l'université d'Ibadan.


Judicial and political career.

Harabin graduated from the Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice. He started his judicial career as a probationary judge at the Košice regional court in 1980. Three years later, he became a professional judge at the Poprad district court. Harabin was a member of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia until the Velvet Revolution of 1989. After the revolution, he continued to practice as a judge at the Košice regional court, until he was elected to the Supreme Court of Slovakia in 1991.  From 1998 to 2003, he was the chief justice of the Supreme Court and, in addition, president of the Judicial Council of Slovakia created in 2001. He served as minister of justice and deputy prime minister in Robert Fico's first cabinet from 4 July 2006 to 23 June 2009. He was nominated by the right-wing People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (ĽS-HZDS), but was not formally a member of that party. Subsequently, he returned to his post of chief justice, serving until June 2014.

2019 Slovak presidential campaign.

Harabin ran as a non-partisan candidate in the 2019 Slovak presidential election. While nominally independent, he was endorsed by the extraparliamentary "Christian Democracy – Life and Prosperity" party. He ran on a platform of "traditional Slovak culture based on Christianity and family, formed by a man–father and woman–mother" and rejecting "gender ideology".  During the campaign he accused Muslim migrants of "killing and raping European women in Germany and France" and claimed his opponents wanted to destroy Slovak culture. He also condemned NATO, European Union institutions as well as homosexuals. According to Globsec, Harabin was the most favoured candidate by "pro-Kremlin disinformation channels" on Facebook, receiving 174 positive and no negative posts.  Harabin finished third, winning 14.3% of votes.

Štefan Harabin (born 4 May 1957) is a former Slovak judge and politician. He served as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Slovakia for two terms (1998–2003 and 2009–2014) and Minister of Justice from 2006 to 2009. In 2019 he ran unsuccessfully for President of Slovakia.

Štefan Harabin, né le à Ľubica (district de Kežmarok) (Slovaquie orientale), est un juriste et homme politique slovaque. Il a notamment été président de la de 1998 à 2003 et de 2009 à 2014 et ministre de la justice de 2006 à 2009.


Career.

After graduating "magna cum laude" from Harvard University in 2000 in Social Studies, Leonard began his career as the Communications Director for John Cranley's campaign for the United States House of Representatives in Ohio's first district. He went on to work as a columnist for the "Trinidad Guardian", an analyst for McKinsey & Company, and an assistant for Creative Artists Agency.  Beginning in 2004, Leonard worked as a development executive for John Goldwyn Productions, Appian Way Productions, and Mirage Entertainment. While working at Appian Way in 2005, he came up with the concept behind "The Black List," forwarding a spreadsheet to seventy five fellow producers to collect the names of well-known but unproduced screenplays. After becoming an instant success, The Black List was adapted into a website and has provided over two hundred screenplays which later became feature films. The vast majority of The Black List scripts however were already purchased or commissioned by large studios, prior to being placed on The Black List.  Leonard went on to become one of the youngest executives at Universal Pictures, serving as Director of Development and Production. Two years later, he was Vice President of Creative Affairs at Will Smith's production company, Overbrook Entertainment. Leonard shared the title with Smith's brother-in-law Caleeb Pinkett, and later left the company after two years.  Besides his full-time work on The Black List, Leonard is currently an adviser to Plympton, a literary studio that specializes in serialized fiction, and BoomGen Studios, where he assisted in developing the transmedia graphic novel "1001". He is also a Judge on the Afrinolly Short Film Competition; Africa's most prestigious Short Film Competition with a $25,000 first place cash prize to winners. He currently serves on the board of directors for Young Storytellers, an arts education nonprofit organization.

Franklin Leonard is an American film executive best known for founding The Black List, a yearly publication featuring Hollywood's most popular unproduced screenplays. After working as a development executive for Overbrook Entertainment and Universal Pictures, Leonard is currently an adviser to BoomGen Studios and Plympton. Leonard serves on the board of directors for Young Storytellers.

Franklin Leonard est un cadre américain actif dans le cinéma. Il est connu pour avoir créé "The Black List", une publication annuelle constituée par sondage et recensant les scénarios de films non produits les plus populaires d'Hollywood.


Biography.

Early in his life he converted to Protestantism and his own Roman Catholic father, Richard Milton, subsequently disowned him. He moved to London around 1583 to work as an apprentice scrivener. His work largely pertained to business matters; often working as a moneylender or a financial broker. He registered with the Company of Scriveners on 27 February 1599. Soon after this he started a family, marrying Sara Jeffrey (c. 1572–1637) and living in Bread Street, London, with her parents. Records show the couple had six children, three of whom reached adulthood. The three surviving children were Anne, John Milton (the poet) and Christopher Milton (a judge who was later awarded a knighthood).  Similar to his first son of the same name, Milton wrote poetry. Two poems are known to have existed: a sonnet and a poem dedicated to John Lane—both unpublished. Milton's main creative outlet, however, was composing music. Twenty musical compositions are verified as belonging to Milton. All but one of his compositions contained a religious theme. Milton succeeded in publishing his works in Thomas Morley's "The Triumphs of Oriana" (1601), William Leighton's "The Tears or Lamentations of a Sorrowful Soul" (1612) and Thomas Ravenscroft's "The Whole Book of Psalms" (1621), amongst others. Other works survived as manuscripts under the care of John Browne, a Parliamentary clerk, and Thomas Myriell, a personal friend of the composer.  Milton's work made the family so prosperous that they could afford to employ private tutors of classical languages for their sons and later send them to school and university. This affluence also meant that his eldest son, John Milton, never had to work and thus spent his time focusing on writing. Milton also ensured that his eldest son was thoroughly educated in music.  In 1631 Milton and his family moved from Bread Street to Hammersmith where he resided until his retirement in 1636. Thereafter he moved with his wife to Horton, Buckinghamshire. However, Sara died shortly after on 3 April 1637 and she was buried in the aisle of the parish church. Milton moved to Reading, Berkshire in 1641 to live with his youngest son but after the Siege of Reading he moved back to London, living with his eldest son, John Milton. After his son reconciled with his wife the family moved to the Barbican. He remained there until his death and was buried on 15 March 1647 in St Giles Cripplegate.

John Milton (1562–1647) was an English composer and father of poet John Milton. His compositions were mostly religious in theme. A financial worker by trade, he also wrote poetry. He lived in London for most of his life.

John Milton (1562–1647) est un compositeur anglais, père du poète John Milton. Ses compositions sont pour la plupart de caractère religieux. Courtier en finances de profession, il a également écrit de la poésie. Il passe l'essentiel de sa vie à Londres.


Clôture de chœur de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres

Levels.

It is divided into four horizontal levels - base, clerestory, niches and pinnacles.

Base.

The lowest level consists of varied architectural decoration in Louis XII style, though the stylobates below classical-style medallions and the pointed squares draw on the Louis XI style.

Clerestory.

Since six bas-reliefs by Charles-Antoine Bridan were placed inside the choir at the end of the 18th century, this level has been obscured by plaster. The upper part made up of niches and pinnacles is still wholly in the Flamboyant Gothic style, but the level uses the very un-medieval features of arabesque pilasters instead of ogives.

Niches.

This consists of forty sculpted groups on the lives of the Virgin Mary and Jesus. Each group is numbered 1 to 40 below the niches. Some of the groups have a plaque mentioning the sculptor or a caption in Gothic script identifying the scene.  The forty groups are grouped into fifteen sections. The eight sections around the choir proper include a total of 29 scenes, including the double scene in the twelfth section ("Raising of the Cross") - each section usually has four scenes, except the third section with the astronomical clock. The apse has eleven scenes - six of its sections consist of two scenes each, whilst scene 21 in the ninth section is a double-scene ("Entry into Jerusalem"). No scenes appear on the 'axial' or 'roundabout' section.

Astronomical clock.

A 1528 astronomical clock by an unknown clockmaker is located on the south side after the Visitation scene, at the start of the third section, which thus only has two scenes ("Joseph's Dream" and "Nativity"). The original mechanism was replaced by an electrical system in 2009.

Statuary.

The columns between the spans hold statues, around 1.6m tall, all by Thomas Boudin, showing God the Father, Fulbert and other unidentified bishops of Chartres. There are also another 84 smaller statues at various levels, between 35 cm and 60 cm tall - the original plan seemed to be to show figures from society and envisaged 136 of these smaller statues.

Pinnacles.

This is made up of several architectural features such as stone baldachins, appearing like stone lace. It was built section by section with the corresponding groups and thus took more than 200 years to complete.

The choir wall of Chartres Cathedral (French - "clôture de chœur" or "tour du chœur") is a piece of stone architecture and sculpture in Chartres Cathedral, over 6 metres tall and around 100 metres long. It was commissioned right at the start of the 16th century by Jehan de Beauce to keep the laity out of the liturgical choir.

Commandée à Jehan de Beauce au tout début du, la clôture de chœur "dit "tour du chœur"" de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, est une œuvre réalisée en pierre se dressant à plus de de hauteur sur une longueur d'environ cent mètres, ayant pour objet d’isoler le chœur liturgique auquel les laïcs n’avaient pas accès.


Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016

Roumanie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2016

Background.

Prior to the 2016 Contest, Romania had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 17 times since its first entry in 1994. To this point, its highest placing in the contest has been third place, which the nation achieved on two occasions: in 2005 with the song "Let Me Try" performed by Luminița Anghel and Sistem, and in 2010 with the song "Playing with Fire" performed by Paula Seling and Ovi. To this point, Romania has qualified to the final on every occasion since the introduction of semi-finals to the format of the contest in 2004. In 2015, "De la capăt" by band Voltaj placed 15th in the final.  The Romanian national broadcaster, Televiziunea Română (TVR), broadcasts the event within Romania and organizes the selection process for the nation's entry. TVR has consistently selected the Romanian Eurovision entry through national finals that feature a competition among several artists and songs. The broadcaster confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest on 7 September 2015. TVR had set up national finals with several artists to choose both the song and performer to compete at Eurovision for Romania, a procedure which the broadcaster opted for once again to select their 2016 entry.

Before Eurovision.

"Selecția Națională 2016".

"Selecția Națională 2016" was the national final organised by TVR in order to select Romania's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The competition consisted of two shows: a semi-final featuring twelve songs and a final featuring six songs to be held on 4 and 6 March 2016, respectively. Both shows took place at the Sala Sporturilor in Baia Mare and were hosted by Cornel Ilie and Ioana Voicu with Ioana Anuța–Jo hosting segments from the green room. The producer of the competition was Iuliana Marciuc, who was also appointed as the head of the Romanian delegation at the Eurovision Song Contest, while the director of the shows was Dan Manoliu. The two shows were broadcast on TVR1, TVR HD, TVRi as well as online via the broadcaster's streaming service TVR+ and YouTube. The two shows were also broadcast in Moldova via the channel TVR Moldova. The official Eurovision Song Contest website "eurovision.tv" provided an online stream for the final of the competition.

Competing entries.

TVR opened a submission period for artists and composers to submit their entries between 18 January 2016 and 7 February 2016. An expert committee reviewed the received submissions between 8 and 10 February 2016. The broadcaster received 94 submissions after the submission deadline passed. Each juror on the committee rated each song between 1 (lowest) and 10 (highest) based on criteria such as the melodic harmony and structure of the song, the orchestral arrangement, originality and stylistic diversity of the composition and sound and voice quality. After the combination of the jury votes, the top twelve entries that scored the highest were selected for the national final. The competing entries were announced during a press conference on 11 February 2016 held in the Media Room at the National Theatre in Bucharest and hosted by Iuliana Marciuc with the mayor of Baia Mare, Cătălin Cherecheș, in attendance. The press conference was televised on TVR2. Among the competing artists was Mihai Trăistariu, who previously represented Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2006. TVR hosted a presentation evening at the Berăria H venue in Bucharest on 19 February where the running order for the semi-final was determined and the competing artists performed their songs live for the public.  On 17 February 2016, "Brand New Day", written by Martyn Baylay and Phil Bates and to have been performed by Hayley Evetts, was withdrawn from the competition and replaced with the song "Tu ești povestea" performed by Gașca de acasă. An additional back-up entry was selected in the event that another participant withdrew; the entry was "The Reason", written by Nora Deneș and performed by Nora Deneș and The Fridays.

Semi-final.

The semi-final took place on 4 March 2016. Twelve songs competed and six qualified to the final. A jury panel first selected four songs to advance: "Moment of Silence" performed by Ovidiu Anton, "Let It Shine" performed by Dream Walkers, "Behind the Shadows" performed by Florena and "Paradisio" performed by Mihai. The remaining eight entries then faced a public televote which determined an additional two qualifiers: "I'm Coming Home" performed by Vanotek featuring The Code and Georgian and "The Voice" performed by Doru Todoruț featuring Irina Baianț. The members of the jury panel that voted during the semi-final were: Alexandra Cepraga (music director), Horia Moculescu (composer, producer), Randi (singer, producer), Zoli Toth (musician, represented Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 as part of Sistem) and Cezar Ouatu (countertenor, represented Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013). In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the interval acts featured performances from the show hosts Cornel Ilie with his band Vunk, Ioana Voicu and Ioana Anuța–Jo.

Final.

The final took place on 6 March 2016. Six songs competed and the winner, "Moment of Silence" performed by Ovidiu Anton, was selected exclusively by public televoting. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the interval acts featured performances by 2010 and 2014 Romanian Eurovision entrant Paula Seling, 2016 Moldovan Eurovision entrant Lidia Isac performing her Eurovision song "Falling Stars", as well as performances by the members of the jury panel from the semi-final; among their performances, Zoli TOTH Project presented a performance titled "Cocoon", Horia Moculescu, Randi and Uddi performed the song "Vagabondul vieții mele" and Cezar Ouatu performed the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 winning song "Rise Like a Phoenix".

Promotion.

Ovidiu Anton made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "Moment of Silence" as the Romanian Eurovision entry. On 9 April, Ovidiu Anton performed during the "Eurovision in Concert" event which was held at the Melkweg venue in Amsterdam, Netherlands and hosted by Cornald Maas and Hera Björk. Between 11 and 13 April, Ovidiu Anton took part in promotional activities in Tel Aviv, Israel and performed during the "Israel Calling" event held at the Ha'teatron venue. On 17 April, Ovidiu Anton performed during the "London Eurovision Party", which was held at the Café de Paris venue in London, United Kingdom and hosted by Nicki French and Paddy O'Connell.

TVR disqualification from EBU services.

On 22 April 2016, the EBU announced that the Romanian national broadcaster TVR was withdrawn from all EBU member services following the repeated non-payment of debts. The withdrawal disqualified TVR from broadcasting the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 and therefore made the selected Romanian entry ineligible to compete. TVR had a deadline until 20 April to pay their debts totaling CHF 16 million to the EBU to avoid disqualification. EBU General Director Ingrid Deltenre stated: "It is regrettable that we are forced to take this action. We are disappointed that all our attempts to resolve this matter have received no response from the Romanian government. In recent weeks the EBU has taken note of the Ministry of Finance’s suggestion that TVR may be placed into insolvency proceedings which may in turn lead to a profound restructuring of the broadcaster. The EBU is a not-for-profit association which represents 73 Public Service Broadcasters in 56 countries. The continued indebtedness of TVR jeopardizes the financial stability of the EBU itself."  Romania, originally set to perform in position 12 in the second semi-final of the contest on 12 May 2016, was removed from the running order for the competition. The EBU confirmed that the Romanian entry, already released on the official compilation album for the contest, would continue to be made available for digital download and streaming as a courtesy to the artist and that all accredited press from Romania would retain their accreditation under the International Delegation of press and fans from non-participating countries. The Executive Supervisor for the Eurovision Song Contest, Jon Ola Sand, commented: "This is of course disappointing for the artist chosen to represent Romania, for our colleagues at TVR who have prepared their participation so well this year and, not least, for Romanian viewers and the many Eurovision fans in the country. As with all participants, SVT has been preparing for Romania's act thoroughly over the past weeks. To take an act out at such late stage is of course a little disruptive, but it will not negatively affect the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest in any other way."

Romania had originally applied and selected an entry to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden, however, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) withdrew the Romanian national broadcaster Televiziunea Română (TVR) from all EBU member services, including the contest, following repeated non-payment of debts on 22 April 2016. With TVR's inability to broadcast the contest, the Romanian entry became ineligible to compete and was removed from the contest.

La Roumanie a annoncé le sa participation au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2016 à Stockholm, en Suède. Cette année encore la finale "Selecția Națională" choisit le représentant roumain. Ovidiu Anton la remporte le avec sa chanson "Moment of Silence". Le pays est cependant disqualifié en raison des dettes trop importantes du diffuseur roumain.


Early career.

He was born to a well-to-do literary family of an army officer in Kvareli, eastern Georgia, then part of the Tiflis Governorate, Russian Empire. After acting and directing in his native country from 1893 to 1909, he went to Russia proper, Russifying his surname as Mardzhanov.  He worked for Russian provincial theaters as an actor, then as a director, until he established himself in the Moscow Nezlobin troupe in 1906 and later co-founded the Georgian Drama Studio with Alexander Yuzhin. He quickly gained a reputation as one of the most talented followers of the well-known Russian actor and theater director Konstantin Stanislavsky (1863-1938). As a director, Marjanishvili’s main technique was to guide the actor in finding an instinctive path to realizing "outer truth". In 1910, his versatility was recognized by Stanislavsky himself who invited him at the same time as Edward Gordon Craig to open up the repertoire and production techniques of the Moscow Art Theatre. There he staged works by Knut Hamsun and Henrik Ibsen and assistant-directed the Nemirovich-Danchenko "Brothers Karamazov" (1910) and the Craig "Hamlet" (1911). Fascinated by Craig’s stylized manner of using puppets, Marjanishvili temporarily returned to Georgia to stage Oedipus Rex in a similar spirit. In 1913, he broke with Stanislavsky due to his left-wing sympathies and his interest in decadence, and organized the eclectic "Free Theater", where he staged opera, operetta, drama and pantomime. The enterprise, notable for its ties with the composer Sergei Rachmaninoff and the singer Feodor Chaliapin, and for its Georgian-type choreography, was rendered abortive in a year due largely to financial problems. He then moved to Rostov-on-Don, where he directed the local theater from 1914 to 1915.

Post-revolution years.

Marjanishvili’s 1917 production of Oscar Wilde’s "Salomé" was a true triumph and continued to be staged during the tumultuous years of revolution and civil war in Kiev (Kiyv, Ukraine), Moscow, Petrograd (St. Petersburg, Russia), and Tiflis (Tbilisi, Georgia). Marjanishvili’s simultaneous experiments with festive staging in Rostov-on-Don (1914-15) and Petrograd (1916-17) led him to coordinate the mass spectacle "Toward a Worldwide Commune" (co-directed by Nikolai Petrov, Sergei Radlov, Vladimir Solovyov and Adrian Piotrovsky, 1920). For years, he also worked in films (1916-28).  Returning to the recently Sovietized Georgia in 1922, he led the Rustaveli Theater in Tbilisi. By that time, the energetic young director Sandro Akhmeteli had also returned to Tbilisi to lead the younger actors in a coup against the establishment. The two men collaborated with respect and unease, but Akhemeteli’s nearly despotic rule over his artistic corporation "Duruji" proved too violent for Marjanishvili whose production had become more restrained, motivated by his own conviction that "there’s enough suffering in life without showing it on the stage." In 1926, he and part of the company left to form a provincial touring theatre, centered on Kutaisi and Batumi, leaving Akhmeteli in sole control of the Rustaveli Theater. The new theater came to be known as The Second State Georgian Theater and would eventually be named the Marjanishvili Theater after its founder (1933). The theater is still functional in Tbilisi and continues Marjanishvili’s eclectic and somewhat conformist traditions.  In his later years, Marjanishvili worked at the Korsh Theater (Театр Корша) (1931-1932), the Maly Theater (Малый театр) and the Operetta Theater in Moscow (1933). Marjanishvili’s new repertoire was largely Russian and conformed to Bolshevik doctrine, which won him awards at the Moscow Drama Olympiad of 1930. Yet, menacing charges against Marjanishvili soon began to appear in the Soviet press. He died of illness in Moscow on 17 April 1933 before the worsening political climate led to Joseph Stalin's Great Purge which would take the life of Marjanishvili’s erstwhile collaborator and rival Sandro Akhemeteli in 1937.

Konstantine "Kote" Marjanishvili (), also known by the Russified name Konstantin Aleksandrovich Mardzhanov () (May 28, 1872 – April 17, 1933), was a Georgian theater director regarded as an important contributor to the pre- and post-revolutionary evolution of Georgian, Russian and Soviet stages. One of the most prestigious and professional of Georgia’s directors, he was particularly famous for his lavish and massive theater shows.

Koté Mardjanichvili (en ), parfois orthographié Kote Marjanishvili ou Constantin Mardjanov, né le à Kvareli (Géorgie, alors dans l’Empire russe) et mort le à Moscou (URSS), est un directeur de théâtre et un cinéaste d'origine géorgienne, de nationalité russe puis soviétique.


Description.

The Grant Memorial is in Union Square, which also encompasses the Capitol Reflecting Pool. The platform for the Monument, made of Vermont marble, is long and wide and is divided into three sections. The tall, middle section features a 10,700-pound, high equestrian statue depicting Grant astride his war horse Cincinnati on a 221⁄2-foot high marble pedestal.  A striking feature of the central statue is Grant's calm (almost disaffected) attitude amidst the raging fighting going on around him. This is not surprising because Grant was known for his calmness and coolheadedness during battle. In sharp contrast to Grant are the sculpture groups on either side, "Cavalry Charge" and "Artillery", which ... possess more dramatic interest and suspense than any sculpture in the city and, indeed, in the Nation.  Surrounding the main pedestal are four shorter pedestals, each supporting a bronze lion in repose guarding both the United States flag and the flags of the Army. The memorial was the largest bronze sculpture cast in the United States at that time.  The Artillery Group to the south shows a caisson carrying three artillerymen and pulled by three horses. Astride the horse on the left is the guidon (flag) carrier who is signaling a sharp right wheel. Despite the impending course change the horse on the right is able to continue lunging forward due to a broken strap on the right bridle bit. To the north the Cavalry Group depicts a color squad consisting of seven cavalrymen charging into battle. The horse on the right has fallen and the rider, modeled after Shrady himself, is moments from being trampled by the onrushing horses.

History.

The drive to erect a monument to Grant was begun in the 1890s by the Society of the Army of the Tennessee.  Work on the memorial was begun in 1902 as the largest ever commissioned by Congress at the time, was created by sculptor Henry Merwin Shrady and architect Edward Pearce Casey. Sculptor Edmond Amateis assisted Shrady as the monument neared completion in 1921. Shrady spent 20 years of his life working on the memorial and died, stressed and overworked, two weeks before its dedication in 1922.  The sculptures were cast in bronze at the Roman Bronze Works in New York. Construction on the site of the memorial began in 1909 when the marble superstructure and the four bronze lions were installed. The Artillery Group was installed in 1912, the Cavalry Group in 1916, and the bronze equestrian statue of Grant in 1920. The memorial was dedicated on the 100th anniversary of Grant's birth, April 27, 1922. Shrady having died, the infantry panels on the base of Grant's pedestal were completed by sculptor Sherry Fry based on Shrady's sketches and installed in 1924. The Grant Memorial composes the center of a three-part sculptural group including the James A. Garfield Monument to the south and the Peace Monument to the north.  During 2015 and 2016 a cleaning and restoration program was carried out on the memorial. This included the replacement of 150 elements of the work, such as swords and scabbards, that had gone missing or been stolen over the years. The layer of green corrosion on the memorial's bronze was removed to return it to its original brown color.  In 2020, a movement began to remove the statue owing to Grant's history of anti semitism.

The Ulysses S. Grant Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington, D.C., honoring American Civil War general and 18th United States President Ulysses S. Grant. It sits at the base of Capitol Hill (Union Square, the Mall, 1st Street, between Pennsylvania Avenue and Maryland Avenue), below the west front of the United States Capitol. Its central sculpture of Grant on horseback faces west, overlooking the Capitol Reflecting Pool and facing toward the Lincoln Memorial, which honors Grant's wartime president, Abraham Lincoln. Grant's statue is raised on a pedestal decorated with bronze reliefs of the infantry; flanking pedestals hold statues of protective lions and bronze representations of the Union cavalry and artillery. The whole is connected with marble covered platforms, balustrades, and stairs. The Grant and Lincoln memorials define the eastern and western ends, respectively, of the National Mall.

Le mémorial Ulysses S. Grant (en ) est un mémorial présidentiel situé à Washington, honorant le général de la guerre de Sécession et président des États-Unis Ulysses S. Grant. Il se trouve dans le quartier de Capitol Hill, à l'ouest du Capitole des États-Unis.


Background and release.

On December 25, 2015, The Weeknd released a collaborative song with Future, titled "Low Life", on SoundCloud. It was produced by Metro Boomin and Ben Billions and co-produced by The Weeknd. The song was later revealed to be included on "Evol". On March 1, 2016, "Low Life" was released as the album's first single. A music video for the track premiered on MTV on the same month.  On February 1, 2016, DJ Khaled announced that he would be premiering Future's fourth album on the debut show of "We The Best Radio" on Beats 1. Future then announced the album title, release date and artwork, as well as individually tweeting the track list.  The album cover artwork was created by the Polish creative production studio Ars Thanea. The album's title is love spelled backwards.

Critical reception.

"Evol" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 68, based on 17 reviews. The aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.8 out of 10, based on its assessment of the critical consensus. Album of the Year assessed the critical consensus as 70 out of 100, based on 18 reviews.  In his review, Craig Jenkins of "Billboard" states, "The spite of 2014 mixtape "Monster", the woe of 2015's "Beast Mode", and the devilish glee of his No. 1 album "DS2" have all chilled into a dull malaise here". He concluded with ""Evol" doesn't break any rules or set many new ones, but as the latest in a seemingly never-ending series of wonders Future and his team wield in their creation of druggy, downcast afterparty dispatches, it is a joy." Matthew Ramirez of "Pitchfork" found that while "Evol" "has slightly more misses than hits, the highs are high—arguably higher than "Purple Reign"s". Sheldon Pearce of "Consequence of Sound" said, "It's an extraordinary triumph of ambitious trap soundscapes and an excellent complement for a driven artist, a man no longer inhibited by loss. With every passing release, Future grows more confident, and more callous." Dean Van Nguyen of "Clash" said, "Again Future marshals the glittering soundscapes expertly, his tuneful flow reining in the beats while imbuing all the fragility, heartsickness and aggression that make it the most impressive instrument in rap right now." Israel Daramola of "Spin" said, ""EVOL", along with the "Purple Reign" mixtape, doesn't provide that instant hit that Future's world-class 2015 was so full of. Instead it crawls into your brain and makes itself at home; you'll find yourself going back to it over and over without even realizing."  Chris Gibbons of "XXL" said, ""EVOL" is only the latest building block on one of the most impressive runs from any rapper we've seen, and Future shows no signs of slowing down for anything." Grant Rindner of "The Line of Best Fit" said, "Odds are Future will drop another project or five between now and the end of the calendar year, so while "EVOL" is ultimately dispensable it's still a pretty good time." Shirley Ju of "HipHopDX" said, "As it stands, "EVOL" is nothing out of the ordinary from his past endeavors. With no measures in place preventing from Future releasing new full-length projects, this album could easily be surpassed in a month or two." Lanre Bakare of "The Guardian" said, "The formula is working, but for fans using his albums as a way in, they're missing a big part of what makes Future so intriguing." Brian Duricy of "PopMatters" said, ""EVOL" doesn't stand up to his critical peaks, but this could easily be seen as but a release to tide fans over before the next blockbuster." Andy Gill of "The Independent" said, "His raps here still stick fairly closely to the trap-music conventions that have dominated the hip-hop scene in Future's hometown Atlanta for the past decade or so."

Commercial performance.

"Evol" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 134,000 album-equivalent units; it sold 100,000 copies in its first week, and boasted over 25 million streams. "Evol" is the third project by Future to debut on the "Billboard" 200 at number one in seven months. As of March 2016, the album has sold 125,000 copies domestically. As of May 2018, the album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 1,000,000 units in the United States.

Track listing.

Sample credits

Evol (stylized in all caps) is the fourth studio album by American rapper Future. It was released on February 6, 2016, through A1 Recordings and Freebandz, and distributed by Epic Records. It premiered on DJ Khaled's "We The Best Radio" debut on Beats 1. "Evol" follows five months after the collaborative mixtape, "What a Time to Be Alive" (2015), and a month after "Purple Reign" (2016). Production was handled by frequent collaborators Metro Boomin, Southside, TM88 and DJ Spinz, among others.

EVOL est le studio du rappeur américain Future, réalisé le par A1 Recordings, Freebandz et Epic Records. L'album est sorti 7 mois après "DS2", son studio et quelques semaines seulement après sa mixtape "Purple Reign".


Biography.

Lee Minhyuk was born on November 29, 1990 in Seoul, South Korea. He graduated from Kwangsung High School and attended Dankook University, majored in Musical. He's been active as an underground music artist by the name Heota and was featured in Block B's Zico and Park Kyung's songs.

Personal life.

Lee enlisted as a conscripted police officer on February 7, 2019.

Career.

Pre-debut.

Lee, together with fellow members of BtoB, Seo Eunkwang, Lim Hyunsik, Jung Ilhoon, and former BtoB member Lee Minwoo (now ex C-Clown member T.K). acted in a JTBC sit-com as Invincible Chungdam No. 5 member before officially debuting as BtoB.

BtoB.

Lee made his debut as a member boy-group BtoB in 2012. The group made their official debut on March 21, 2012 on "M! Countdown".

Solo activities.

In 2012, Lee was cast in a variety show, tvN's "The Romantic & Idol 2". He also had multiple appearances since 2013 on "Let's Go! Dream Team Season 2".  In 2014, he received supporting roles in dramas, "A New Leaf" and the Idol Special of "Love & War 2". Following his acting career, he joined the casts of "Sweet, Savage Family" in 2015. He also starred as a lead in the web-drama "Nightmare Teacher".  Lee returned under the name Heota as he featured as a rapper in Postmen's "I'm OK" that was released on July 14, 2015.  Lee is also known as one of the best idol-athletes in the industry as his impressive skills when it comes to sports are acknowledged on Idol Star Athletics Championships in which idols compete in different fields of sport. He was crowned as the MVP of the 2014 Idol Star Athletics Championships in which their group, Team B won and Lee was awarded with three gold medals and one silver medal.  Lee released the self-produced "Purple Rain" featuring CHEEZE as part of BTOB's solo project series, "Piece of BTOB" on August 10, 2017. Later in the year on December 6, Childlike (유치해도) produced by Lee was released.  Lee is set to make his silver screen debut in the upcoming historical action film, "The Swordsman", as Gyeom Sa-bok.  Lee is set to make his solo debut in Japan with his first Japanese EP, "Summer Diary", that will be released on July 25 with a total of five tracks.  In January 2019, Lee's Korean debut was announced with all self-composed album 'Hutazone'. The album containing a total of eleven songs, including a Korean version of "All Day","It Must Have Been A Dream" and "You Too? Me Too!", featuring Yook Sungjae and Jeon So-yeon, respectively.  He will hold his first solo concert, "HUTAZONE: Two Night" on 2 and 3 February 2019 at the Yes24 Live Hall in Gwangjin District, Seoul.

Discography.

Albums.

Note: Bolded Tracks are the title song of the album(s).

Lee Min-hyuk (; born November 29, 1990), commonly known as Minhyuk or Huta, is a South Korean singer, rapper, songwriter and actor. He is a member of the South Korean boy group BtoB. He received multiple supporting roles in television series such as "A New Leaf" and "Sweet, Savage Family".

Lee Minhyuk, (coréen: 이민혁; né le ) communément appelé Minhyuk (coréen: 민혁) ou Huta est un chanteur, danseur, auteur-compositeur, rappeur et acteur sud-coréen. Il est membre du boys band sud-coréen BTOB.


Story of the novel's creation.

The novel was started in December 12, 2012 as a Facebook page, where author published 100 words - messages from parallel reality of a future - everyday. The project has been planned as multimedia one. The author recorded several music fragments in concrete music genre for it, using instead of musical instruments sounds of surrounding reality (such as knocks at the washing machine, fridge, radiator, pans, coffee mill electric motor, Serbian orthodox chorals fragments etc.) united in absurd collages to illustrate storyline.

Plot summary.

The plot unfolds in 2114 year or 100 after Euromaidan and Russian invasion in Ukraine. The local population in Ukraine is in the medieval state. The main character Olexander Sahaidachny recovers consciousness in a house at the edge of Kyiv. He feels almost full loss of his memory and remembers just one that he needs to find his wife Olena immediately. Sahaydachnyi hopes that his memory will turn back together with his wife.  In the same house, he meets Birgir Hansen, unknown person who knows something about his past and suggests finding his wife in a little town Kaharlyk (next to Kyiv), besides Birgir hints to the fact that the outside world is changed in a peculiar way and it is very difficult to survive there.  Out in the street, Olexander meets a Kaharlyk inhabitant old man Petro and he agreed to take him to his house and even shelter there. Sahaydachnyi unsuccessfully tries to find his wife, but found just some evidences of Russian occupation in old newspapers. Soon old man Petro dies. Sahaydachnyi finds on the road badly wounded orthodox fundamentalist Mikhail Kalashnikov. Dying Kalashnikov asks Olexander to back-up his mind in the special device “morphone” before his death and suggests to find Olena in Kyiv.  Kyiv is a devastated city with 2500 people. Sahaydachnyi meets priest Andryi there. Andryi professes a special kind of religion and believes that God is hiding on the Earth amongst beggars and refuses to rule this world. Together with Andryi they go in disturbed by war supermarket, where ancient morphones with long before died people are piled. The supermarket dweller major Hryhorenko together with priest Andryi try listening to old morphones establish what year is it now. Some people who want to seize with food remains constantly attack the dwelling of Hryhorenko. One of them kills major and the killer is immediately murdered by a mysterious creature – Russian military satellite armed with nuclear laser, which states that its mind was copied from Olexander Sahaydachnyi mind. Priest Anryi persuades Sahaydachnyi to stay in Kyiv, but he decides to come back in Kaharlyk to search Olena there.  Russian military satellite is in the opposition to the power in Moscow and doesn't execute its orders. It says that he is going to save Olexander Sahaydachnyi and convey him to the civilized world. It established a special foundation for the purpose and hired Birgir Hansen to go in Ukraine. But he refused to convey Sahaydachnyi at once and decided firstly to explore folklore traditions which emerged around Kaharlyk, where time has stopped forever owing to Russian military experiments. Leaving Kyiv Sahaydachnyi meets Birgir again. He says Olexander that is going to folklore expedition in Kaharlyk, so they are going there together.  The first village on the road was Lisnyky where space-time anomalies considerably influence life of its people. Birgir tells Olexander the story of his previous life: after going to Ukraine he was busy with terraforming of the Mars watching over a nuclear power plant which melted Mars polar cap. It was a dull work, so he went to Ukraine for adventures and exiting experience. The next village on the road to Kaharlyk is Hodosivka. Its people were tortured by a peculiar religious cult. Next village Romankiv was completely under the ground. Its people hid there from Russian occupation, but stayed there even after the war was finished. In Obuhiv village people exist dottedly periodically appearing from other times.  Russian military satellite “Yuri Gagarin” was in the near-earth geostationary orbit and its mind was copied from Olexander Sahaydachnyi mind too, but Gagarin was fully loyal to the power in Moscow. It made an attempt to eliminate real Sahaydachnyi on the road between Obuhiv and Kaharlyk, but missed the mark because of strong space-time anomalies. The shot led to elimination of Yuri Gagarin itself.  In Kaharlyk Olexander meets Olena, a 50-year-old woman. He thinks that she is his missed wife and her age is explained by time anomalies of the town. Olena tells that she was searching for her husband too, but says that Olexander is not like him. Though Olena agrees to consider Olexander as her husband, because she is not sure due to her weak memory.  Birgir suggests Sahaydachnyi to go abroad at least, but he refuses, because wants to put Ukraine in order. He is going to write a novel about his adventures. Suddenly on the edge of the town he notices inscription on the wall “Kontraktova Square 12 Olena”. It is a place in Kyiv so it gives him hope that real Olena could wait for him in Kyiv and Olexander sets out there again.

Reception.

Andrey Kurkov "Book discoveries-2014 of the famous book lovers" Chytomo  "Oleh Shynkarenko's novel "Kaharlyk" is assembled from many of one-hundred-words units and best of all suited to my understanding of the hologram-novel, a novel that consists of artfully carved puzzles which a reader has to collect in a complete picture of a fictional life invented by the author. However, that invented life has coincided largely with the new reality that came to Ukraine late last year. But real Ukrainian life approaching to the novel "Kagarlyk" is not decisive for me in evaluating this wonderful and talented work".  Mykhaylo Brynych "Just a little and there will be Kaharlyk" Litaccent  "The novel despite its small size is stuffed with many interesting ideas and their combination even pretends to absolute originality..."  "They grow potatoe at the Independence Square in Kyiv, ruins of "Achan" supermarket are bequeathed as a legacy like a patrimonial castle, several insane contenders to the Kyiv mayor position are trying to shoot down each others".  "in details, concerning Russian-Ukrainian war, to say the author makes an impression of well trained Baba Vanga is putting it mildly. One would like to spit long and exhausting over his left shoulder (as a token from hex) when he runs across predictions which during the last months became a part of our history".

English translation.

Steven Komarnitskyj plans to translate the novel till the August 2016 and publish it in Great Britain. A large excerpt from the novel was published by Index of Censorship in July 2016 issue.

Notes.

A novel written on Facebook during the Euromaidan protests will be published in English  War, in pieces: Ukrainian protest literature  Dystopian Ukraine novel, written on Facebook during protests, gets English translation  Oleg Shynkarenko: "It was a surprise for me that Babay from my novel is already in Ukraine" (interview with the author at "Lyuta Sprava" publishing house internet site)  Ukraine's executed renaissance and a kickstarter for one of its modern successors

Kaharlyk (The name of a little town Kaharlyk next to Kiev) is a Ukrainian satirical dystopia novel by Oleg Shynkarenko, first published in hardcover by Sergy Pantyuk Publishing House in 2014. The novel depicts life in Ukraine a hundred years after the present time. Ukraine returned to the Middle Ages because of consequences of Russian occupation. The main character Olexandr Sahaidachny, whose mind was used for creation of Russian military satellites's supercomputers, is trying to get back his lost memory and wife. For this, he embarks on a mysterious city Kaharlyk, where time stopped after testing the newest Russian weapons.

Kaharlyk () est un roman surréaliste d'Oleh Chynkarenko, écrivain, musicien et journaliste ukrainien. Rédigé en ukrainien (avec plusieurs paragraphes en russe), le livre est nommé auprès d'une petite municipalité de Kaharlyk située à la proximité de Kyiv. Il est publié en 2014 en Ukraine.


Hongrie aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016

Medalists.

Multiple medallists.

The following competitors won several medals at the 2016 Olympic Games.

Competitors.

The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. Note that reserves in fencing, field hockey, football, and handball are not counted as athletes:

Athletics.

Hungarian athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):

Badminton.

Hungary has qualified one badminton player for the women's singles into the Olympic tournament. Laura Sarosi picked up one of the spare athlete berths freed by the Tripartite Commission as the next highest-ranked eligible player in the BWF World Rankings as of 5 May 2016.

Boxing.

Hungary has entered two boxers to compete in each of the following weight classes into the Olympic boxing tournament. London 2012 Olympian Zoltán Harcsa had claimed his Olympic spot with a semifinal victory in the men's middleweight division at the 2016 European Qualification Tournament in Samsun, Turkey, while welterweight boxer Imre Bacskai secured an additional place on the Hungarian roster with his quarterfinal triumph at the 2016 AIBA World Qualifying Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan.

Canoeing.

Sprint.

Hungarian canoeists have qualified a total of eleven boats in each of the following distances for the Games through the 2015 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships. Meanwhile, three additional boats (men's K-1 200 m, men's K-1 1000 m, and men's K-2 1000 m) were awarded to the Hungarian squad by virtue of a top two national finish at the 2016 European Qualification Regatta in Duisburg, Germany.  A total of 15 canoeists (ten men and five women) were selected to the Hungarian roster for the Olympics, following their internal selection trials (June 10 to 12). Meanwhile, the women's K-4 500 m crew (Csipes, Fazekas, Kozák, and Szabó) rounded out the flatwater canoeing lineup at the European Championships in Moscow, Russia on June 26, 2016. Missing in the roster was Beijing 2008 kayak champion Attila Vajda and four-time medalist Zoltán Kammerer in the men's kayak four.

Cycling.

Mountain biking.

Hungary has qualified one mountain biker for the men's Olympic cross-country race, by picking up the spare berth from host Brazil, as the next highest-ranked eligible NOC, not yet qualified, in the UCI Olympic Ranking List of May 25, 2016.

Diving.

Hungary has received an invitation from FINA to send a diver competing in the women's individual platform to the Olympics, based on her results at the 2016 FINA World Cup series.

Fencing.

Hungarian fencers have qualified a full squad in the men's team épée by picking up the spare berth freed up by Africa for being the next highest ranking nation in the FIE Olympic Team Rankings.  Defending Olympic men's sabre champion Áron Szilágyi and foil fencer Aida Mohamed, who has been aiming to appear at four Olympics, secured their spots on the Hungarian team by finishing among the top 14 in the FIE Adjusted Official Rankings. Meanwhile, Tamás Decsi (men's sabre), Emese Szász (women's épée), two-time Olympian Edina Knapek (women's foil), and junior European women's sabre champion Anna Márton did the same feat as one of the two highest-ranked fencers coming from the Europe zone.

Gymnastics.

Artistic.

Hungary has entered one artistic gymnast into the Olympic competition. These Olympic berths had been awarded each to the Hungarian male and female gymnast, who both participated respectively in the apparatus and all-around events at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro. On June 8, 2016, the Hungarian Gymnastics Federation had selected London 2012 top 8 finalist Vid Hidvégi (pommel horse), and rookie Zsófia Kovács (women's all-around) for the Olympics.

Judo.

Hungary has qualified a total of eight judokas (five men and three women) for each of the following weight classes at the Games by virtue of their top 22 national finish for men and top 14 for women in the IJF World Ranking List of May 30, 2016.

Modern pentathlon.

Hungarian athletes have qualified for the following spots to compete in modern pentathlon. Sarolta Kovács accepted an unused quota place in the women's event through her sixth-place finish at the 2015 World Championships, while her teammate Zsófia Földházi had claimed an Olympic spot as one of the three highest-ranked modern pentathletes, not yet qualified, at the 2016 World Championships. Bence Demeter and London 2012 bronze medalist Ádám Marosi were ranked among the top 10 modern pentathletes, not yet qualified, in the men's event based on the UIPM World Rankings as of June 1, 2016.

Rowing.

Hungary has qualified two boats for each of the following rowing classes into the Olympic regatta. The men's single sculls and men's pair rowers had confirmed their Olympic boats by virtue of a top two national finish at the 2016 European & Final Qualification Regatta in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Sailing.

Hungarian sailors have qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2014 ISAF Sailing World Championships, the individual fleet Worlds, and European qualifying regattas.

Shooting.

Hungarian shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2014 and 2015 ISSF World Championships, the 2015 ISSF World Cup series, and European Championships or Games, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by March 31, 2016. The shooting squad was announced on March 30, 2016 with the rifle specialist Péter Sidi remarkably going to his fifth Olympics, and pistol shooter Zsófia Csonka to her fourth.

Swimming.

Hungarian swimmers have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the Olympic Qualifying Time (OQT), and potentially 1 at the Olympic Selection Time (OST)):  A total of 35 swimmers (24 men and 11 women) were named to the Hungarian roster for the Olympics at the end of the qualifying period, the largest ever in history, with London 2012 breaststroke champion Dániel Gyurta, five-time medalist László Cseh, and multiple-time World champion Katinka Hosszú racing in the pool at their fourth straight Games.

Table tennis.

Hungary has entered three athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. Remarkably going to her third Olympics, Georgina Póta was automatically selected among the top 22 eligible players in the women's singles based on the ITTF Olympic Rankings. Meanwhile, Póta's teammate Petra Lovas and London 2012 Olympian Ádám Pattantyús granted their invitations from ITTF to compete in their respective singles events, as one of the next seven highest-ranked eligible players, not yet qualified, on the Olympic Ranking List.

Tennis.

Hungary has entered two tennis player into the Olympic tournament. London 2012 Olympian Tímea Babos (world no. 39) qualified directly for the women's singles as one of the top 56 eligible players in the WTA World Rankings as of June 6, 2016. Having been directly entered to the singles, Babos also opted to play with her rookie partner Réka Luca Jani in the women's doubles.

Triathlon.

Hungary has qualified a total of four triathletes for the following events at the Games. Gabon Faldum, Tamás Tóth, Margit Vanek, and London 2012 Olympian Zsófia Kovács were ranked among the top 40 eligible triathletes in the men's and women's event, respectively, based on the ITU Olympic Qualification List as of May 15, 2016.

Water polo.

Men's tournament.

Hungary men's water polo team qualified for the Olympics by virtue of a top four finish at the Olympic Qualification Tournament in Trieste.  ----

Women's tournament.

Hungary women's water polo team qualified for the Olympics by attaining a top finish and securing a lone outright berth at the 2016 European Championships in Belgrade, Serbia.  ----

Weightlifting.

Hungary has qualified one male weightlifter for the Rio Olympics by virtue of a top seven national finish at the 2016 European Championships.

Wrestling.

Hungary has qualified a total of ten wrestlers for each the following weight classes into the Olympic competition. One of them finished among the top six to book an Olympic spot in the men's Greco-Roman 85 kg at the 2015 World Championships, while four additional licenses were awarded to Hungarian wrestlers, who progressed to the top two finals at the 2016 European Qualification Tournament. Three further wrestlers had claimed the remaining Olympic slots to round out the Hungarian roster at the initial meet of the World Qualification Tournament.  The wrestling team was named to the Olympic roster on June 24, 2016, with London 2012 silver medalist Tamás Lőrincz and Péter Bácsi competing in the ring at their third straight Games.

Hungary competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Hungarian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions. Hungary was not invited to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, because of its role in the first World War, and it was also part of the Soviet boycott, when Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics.

La Hongrie participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016 à Rio de Janeiro au Brésil du 5 août au 21 août. Il s'agit de sa à des Jeux d'été.


Early life.

Sehun was born in Jungnang-gu, Seoul, South Korea, on April 12, 1994. He graduated from the School of Performing Arts Seoul in February 2013. He has an older brother.

Career.

Sehun was first scouted by an SM Entertainment casting agent at 12 years old while he was out having lunch with friends. While at first running away from the agent for 30 minutes and being chased down the streets, he was eventually cast into SM Entertainment in 2008. He went through four auditions in two years. On January 10, 2012, Sehun became the fifth Exo member to be officially introduced to the public. The group made their debut with the extended play "Mama" in April 2012.  In February 2016, Sehun received a Weibo Star Award as voted by users of the Chinese social networking site Sina Weibo at the 5th Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards. In March 2016, Sehun was cast as the male lead in the upcoming Korean-Chinese film "Catman", which was released in 2018. In July 2016, Sehun was announced to be starring as the male lead in the upcoming Korean-Chinese web drama "Dear Archimedes", which began airing in 2019.  In September 2017, Sehun became a fixed cast member in a new Netflix original variety show "Busted!".  In February 2018, Sehun was cast in the action web drama "Dokgo Rewind" as the male lead. In May 2018, it was announced that Sehun will be starring in the web drama "Secret Queen Makers" which is produced by Lotte Duty Free.  On September 14, 2018, Sehun with fellow Exo member Chanyeol released a collaborative single, "We Young", for SM Station X 0. On September 19, Italian men's clothing brand "Ermenegildo Zegna" announced that Sehun, alongside Chinese singer and actor William Chan, would be the ambassadors for the brand's clothing line XXX.  On June 28, 2019, it was confirmed that Sehun and Chanyeol were preparing to debut as the group's second sub-unit Exo-SC. They released their first EP, "What a Life", on July 22, 2019.

Songwriting.

All credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association (KOMCA), unless stated otherwise.

Oh Se-hun (born April 12, 1994), better known mononymously as Sehun, is a South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter, dancer, model and actor. He is a member of the South Korean-Chinese boy group Exo, its sub-group Exo-K and sub-unit Exo-SC. Apart from his group's activities, Sehun has also starred in various television dramas and films such as "Secret Queen Makers" (2018) and "Dokgo Rewind" (2018). He has been a cast member of "Busted!" since 2018.

Oh Se-hun ( ; en hanja: 吴世勋), communément appelé Sehun (), est un rappeur, danseur, chanteur et acteur sud-coréen né le à Jungnang-gu (Séoul).


Life.

Janina Hescheles' father, Henryk Hescheles, was a journalist in Lwów and publisher of the Polish-language Zionist periodical "Chwila". Her mother was registrar at a hospital on Józef-Dwernicki Street, and after the outbreak of World War II also served as a nurse.  The family lived with her grandparents in the Jewish Quarter of Lwów, a city which at the time was about one-fourth Jewish. When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Hescheles' uncle, Marian Hemar, a brother of her father, was able to flee from Warsaw to Great Britain. In 1939, under terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Lwów was annexed to the Soviet Union, becoming part of Soviet Ukraine.  The day after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and conquered Lwów, Hescheles' father was murdered in a pogrom perpetrated by the Ukrainian population of Lwów. However, another uncle, Stanisław Lem, managed to conceal his Jewish heritage and survived. Janina Hescheles and her mother survived the pogrom. Then they and Hescheles' grandparents and other relatives were imprisoned by the Nazis and forced to work in the German armaments factories. However, with help from the writer Michał Borwicz and the Polish resistance organization Żegota, she was able to escape from the Janowska concentration camp in October 1943.  Janina was hidden by various families from Kraków (Cracow) in an orphanage in Poronin, in southern Poland. Three weeks after her escape, with encouragement from Borwicz, Janina Hescheles began writing a memoir of their persecution in Lwów. In 1946, soon after the war ended, it was published in Polish as "Oczyma dwunastoletniej dziewczyny" (""Through the Eyes of a 12-year-old girl"") by the Organization of Polish Jews in Kraków. Later on, a German translation, "Mit den Augen eines zwölfjährigen Mädchens", was published in East Germany (1958) and in West Germany (1963). SInce 2011 it was published in ten different languages.  In 1950, Hescheles emigrated to Israel, where she eventually earned a doctorate in chemistry at Technion (the Israeli Institute of Technology). She married the physicist Kalman Altman, and they had two sons. Hescheles (now Janina Altman) continued to work at Technion and the Weizmann Institute of Science, and also at the Technical University of Munich, Germany. Her research has been published in several English and German scientific journals. Since the First Intifada (1987-1991), she has supported the pacifist group Women in Black.  Theatre and shows on Janina:  Films on Janina:  Other references: On the poem To Belzec of Janina Hescheles

References.

[[Category:Polish emigrants to Israel] [[Category:Jewish concentration camp survivors]] [[Category:Janowska concentration camp survivors]]

Janina Altman (née Hescheles), born 2 January 1931 in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), is a Polish-Israeli chemist, author and a Holocaust survivor.

Janina Altman née Hescheles le à Lwów, (aujourd’hui Lviv en Ukraine) est une chimiste israélienne et écrivaine polonaise et israélienne.


Early Career at Middlesbrough.

Roberts began his career at Middlesbrough F.C. on the Youth Training Scheme in 1991, aged 16, and quickly graduated through the ranks, making his first team debut aged 19 in the Anglo Italia Cup in Ancona. Loan spells at Hartlepool United in 1994, Wycombe Wanderers during the 1994/1995 season and Bradford City in 1996 preceded his Premier League debut against Sheffield Wednesday in February 1997.  Also in 1997, Roberts made one appearance for England at under-21 level.  After an injury to Mark Schwarzer, Roberts finished the ill-fated 1996/97 season as Middlesbrough's first-choice goalkeeper, notably playing in the 1997 FA Cup Final, League Cup final replay and the club's remaining Premier League games (Schwarzer was cup-tied for the FA Cup run anyway). He is remembered among Middlesbrough supporters for conceding a goal after only 43 seconds by Roberto Di Matteo of Chelsea in the FA Cup Final.  Roberts' remaining time with Middlesbrough saw him struggle with fitness and injuries, and between back operations he spent time on loan at Millwall and Luton Town in 1999 and 2000. He helped Millwall reach the 1999 Football League Trophy Final, where they lost to Wigan Athletic.

Later career.

Roberts transferred to Charlton Athletic in the summer of 2000. While with Charlton, he had further loan spells at Reading, Luton and Brighton & Hove Albion, before making a permanent move to Brighton in 2003. His only appearance for Charlton had come on the last day of the 2002/2003 season, Roberts playing as a substitute against Fulham after Dean Kiely was sent off.  Roberts contributed to Brighton's promotion-winning season in 2003/2004, making 35 appearances as first-choice goalkeeper, the season culminating in victory in the 2004 League One play-off final at the Millennium Stadium against Bristol City.  However, in 2005, a recurrent back injury forced him to retire from playing at the age of 29.

After retirement.

After retiring, Roberts went to university, graduating from Roehampton University with a first class honours degree in sports science and coaching, and won the Adidas 'Pursuit of Excellence' award for his dissertation, which was entitled 'A Biomechanical Analysis of a Football Goalkeeper's Jumping Technique'.

Coaching career.

In June 2009, having briefly come out of retirement to join Derry City in 2007, Roberts was appointed the goalkeeper coach and chief scout at Yeovil Town. During the two seasons he spent at Yeovil Town, he assisted in the development of goalkeepers Alex McCarthy and Stephen Henderson, making a substitute appearance himself in a 3–3 draw with Swindon Town in October 2010, his first league match in six years.  On 29 December 2010, he left Yeovil Town to return to their League One rivals Charlton Athletic. During his tenure at Charlton, Roberts oversaw the early careers of Rob Elliot, Ben Hamer, Neil Etheridge, Marko Dmitrovic, Dillon Phillips, David Button and Nick Pope.  On 23 June 2015, Roberts returned to Brighton & Hove Albion as goalkeeping coach, replacing Antti Niemi, who had left for Finland that summer. During the last four seasons he has played a pivotal role in the careers of the Goalkeepers at the Sussex club. Amongst those that Roberts has coached and developed during this period are Mat Ryan, David Stockdale, Christian Walton and Robert Sanchez.

Outside football.

After retiring from football in 2005, Roberts took a year out before university to backpack around the world, which included a 6-month spell living in Brazil where he closely studied Brazilian training methods.  He is also a keen runner, taking part in the London Marathon and Great North Run for the Asthma UK charity.

Ben James Roberts (born 22 June 1975 in Bishop Auckland) is an English former professional footballer who played as a Goalkeeper. Since being forced into early retirement in 2005 at the age of 29 through injury, he has become a goalkeeping coach; he is currently employed in this capacity at Brighton & Hove Albion, whom he represented as a player between 2003 and 2005.

Benjamin James Roberts, couramment appelé Ben Roberts, est un footballeur puis entraîneur anglais, né le à Bishop Auckland (Angleterre). Évoluant au poste de gardien de but, il est principalement connu pour avoir joué pour Middlesbrough, Wycombe Wanderers, Millwall, Luton Town et Brighton & Hove Albion ainsi que pour avoir été international espoir anglais.


Background.

Protests against Morsi.

Beginning on June 30, 2013, anti-government protests in Egypt were organized nationwide against President Mohamed Morsi, demanding his resignation and consequent early presidential elections. Key participants were the Tamarod movement, April 6 Youth Movement and the Al-Wafd party, in addition to numerous unaffiliated protesters, who were mostly secularists. One of the main causes of the protests, and of the earlier 2012 Egyptian protests, was Morsi granting himself executive powers over courts, which protesters alleged would make him increasingly authoritarian over time. Morsi, being to this date in power for almost one year, refused to resign, insisting that his presidency is "legitimate," having won the Egyptian presidential election of 2012, which was considered to be free and fair. Days before opposition protests, pro-Morsi protesters organized counter-demonstrations to celebrate his one-year anniversary in office, wanting him to remain in office until his term had finished.  On July 1, a 48-hour deadline was issued to Morsi, demanding that he respond to the protesters' demands. Morsi refused to do so. On July 3, which was when the deadline ended, Morsi was removed from offices. Sit-ins originally to celebrate the one-year anniversary of his inauguration became anti-government, anti-protests, and anti-military as supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi held two main sit-ins opposing the protests and subsequent overthrow. The sit-ins comprised individuals supportive of the Muslim Brotherhood, who were demanding the reinstatement of Morsi.

Sit-in dispersal.

On August 14, the Egyptian National Police dispersed the sit-in in Rabaa and a smaller one in Nahda. Initially, the Interior Ministry had intended to peacefully evacuate the protesters with little to no force. However, the dispersal resulted in violent clashes, which led to deaths among both sides.  Al-Masry Al-Youm alleged that the protesters at Rabaa owned dangerous weapons.  On the other hand, Human Rights Watch claimed that only firearms were observed, rather rarely, and that the protesters were ′′overwhelmingly peaceful to be attacked in such a disproportionate and premeditated lethal way."  The official death toll, according to the Egyptian Health Ministry, was 638 deaths, of which 595 were protesters, and 3,994 injured, in addition to 43 police officers dead. However, the Muslim Brotherhood, along with affiliated organizations, such as the Anti-Coup Alliance and the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy claimed that 2,600 protesters were killed. In the wake of the dispersal, violence occurred across Egypt, as retaliation against the security forces who dispersed the sit-ins. Furthermore, many corpses remained unidentified as they bore gunshot wounds and were charred beyond recognition.  In the 2014 report, Human Rights Watch said at least 1,150 demonstrators were killed in the dispersal, which, the organization said, probably amounts to "crimes against humanity."

Appearance of the sign.

After the sit-ins dispersal, the Rabaa sign emerged widely in social media and protest marches in Egypt. Various reports place its origin in Turkey, not Egypt, and later performed by the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan But the sign stemmed from the "Rabaa Al-Adawiya" Mosque, located in Cairo, Nasr City. Rabaa(رابعة) is the Arabic word for "the 4th" which is believed to have influenced the 4 fingered raising gesture. The Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque and its surrounding streets, is where the Muslim Brotherhood members were protesting against the removal of the then Egyptian President Morsi, before they were violently removed by the Egyptian military.

Meaning.

The sign is used as part of the protests against the government.  The colors used in the graphical sign, the yellow and black, respectively resemble the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Kiswah of the Kaaba.

Name.

The namesake of the sign is the Rabaa al-Adawiya Square in Nasr City, Cairo Governorate, where Brotherhood affiliates held a sit-in. The square is named after the Muslim saint Rabia Al-Adawiyya. The name "Rabia" in Arabic means has two meanings; 'fourth' (singular feminine), hence the four-fingered hand gesture and also 'Queen' and 'Royalty'.

Gesture.

The gesture is identical to a gesture for the number four, and is made by raising four fingers of either hand (preferably the right hand) and folding the thumb.

Influence.

Politics.

The Rabia sign and gesture has influenced certain political and social levels among, both in Egypt and in particular, Turkey. The President of Turkey, Erdoğan, and his supporters, has been seen in several conferences and speeches making Rabia gestures. The Mayor of Istanbul, Kadir Topbaş, announced days after the dispersals in August 2013 at an opening ceremony of the Dörtyol Square in the district of Esenler, that he wanted to rename it to ‘Rabia Square.’  Egyptian kung fu champion Mohamed Youssef was wearing a T-shirt with the Rabia sign on it after winning the gold medal at the 2013 Kung Fu World Championship in Russia; this led to harsh criticism in anti-Brotherhood media and a subsequent one-year ban by the national kung fu federation.  Egyptian soccer player Ahmed Abd El-Zaher also celebrated one of his goals by making the Rabia gesture, which led to his subsequent suspension from the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup.  On 25 December 2013, the Muslim Brotherhood was designated a terrorist organization in Egypt.  German journalist Thorsten Gerald Schneiders claimed that "[t]he [Rabia sign] is already out of the Islamist spectrum, and has no relation with Islamic radicalism. Its meaning has extended to protesting against dictatorship and tyranny in general."

Rabaa or Rabbi'ah sign (; ; sometimes stylized as R4BIA) or, less commonly, Rab3a, is a hand gesture and a sign that first appeared in late August 2013, thought to have originated from Turkey and used in social media and protest marches in Egypt. It is used by the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters in Egypt in the wake of the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi, which occurred after anti-government protests calling for his removal. On July 9, 2014, a Brotherhood-affiliated organization declared August 14, the day when the sit-ins were dispersed, "World Rabia Day," in an attempt to garner support across numerous countries.

Le signe de Rabia ( / r ɑː b i ə, r æ - / ; stylisé comme R4BIA), Rabaa ( / r ɑː b ɑː, r æ - / ) ou, plus rarement, Rab3A, aussi appelé la « Main du Tamkine » ou simplement « R4BIA » (يد رابعة), est un geste de la main, signe de ralliement des Frères musulmans. Ce signe est apparu la première fois à la fin sur les réseaux sociaux et dans les manifestations en Égypte. Il est utilisé par les manifestants, les activistes et les politiciens qui s'opposent au récent coup d'État en Égypte, lequel était dirigé par l'ex-général Abdel Fattah al-Sisi provoquant ainsi la chute du président Mohamed Morsi.