Editions.

The complete Menaion is published in twelve volumes, one for each month; the first volume is for September which commences the Byzantine liturgical year.  The Festal Menaion is an abridged version containing texts for those great feasts falling on the fixed cycle, some editions also containing feasts of the major saints.  The General Menaion contains services for each type of celebration (apostles, martyrs, etc.) with blank spaces for the name of the saint(s) commemorated. Originating before the invention of printing when the enormous volume of the complete Menaion could not be copied for every church, this is still used for saints that do not have complete services, "e.g.", for the patron feast of a church named after a minor saint; it is also used by missions and parishes unable to afford a complete Menaion.  Supplementary volumes to the Menaion exist for local saints, "e.g.", one for all the Saints of the Kiev Caves Monastery, or for newly canonized saints or icons which have their own locally observed feasts.

Calendar.

Since 1921, there have been two calendars in use within the Orthodox Church: the Julian Calendar and the Revised Julian Calendar. As of this century there is a thirteen-day difference between the two calendars, so where the former is used, any given fixed date occurs thirteen days later than where the latter is used, "e.g.", Christmas is fixed on December 25, but where the Julian calendar is used, that date falls on what is commonly known as January 7. The date of Pascha, however, is everywhere reckoned using the Julian Calendar, resulting in differing interactions between the Paschal cycle and the fixed cycle, "e.g." the Annunciation may fall as late as Bright Wednesday where the Julian Calendar is used but only as late as the Thursday before Palm Sunday where the revised calendar is used.

Icons.

The term "Menaion" is also applied to icons of all the saints whose feast days fall within a particular month. A particular church may have 12 such icons, one for each month of the year, or it may have one large icon depicting all 12 months on one panel.

The Menaion (; Slavonic: Минїѧ, "Miniya", "of the month") is the liturgical book used by the Eastern Orthodox Church containing the propers for fixed dates of the calendar year, "i.e." entities not dependent of the date of Pascha.

Le Menaion du, slavon d'église : Минеѧ, "Minéya", « mensuel ») est le rituel, ou ouvrage liturgique, utilisé par les Églises d'Orient pour les célébrations fixes du calendrier, c'est-à-dire celles qui ne dépendant pas de la date de Pâques,.


Plot.

Wheelchair-bound drug baron Peter Loomis (Patrick Stewart) has his $400 million drug fortune stolen in South America by his errand boy Carlos, who stashed the fortune on an undisclosed boat in an undisclosed harbor. Loomis sends ruthless killer Armor O'Malley (Denis Leary) to find the boat and recover the money—he and sidekick Marie (Brenda Bakke) kill Carlos before they can get the name and location of the boat, but they learn that Carlos's brother Dani (Christopher Lambert) knows where it is, and set out to find him.  Dani is sprung from a South American prison by Cole Parker (Mario Van Peebles), a bounty hunter working for the DEA who is bent on taking down Loomis—Cole knows the name of the boat, Dani knows the location, and both men want the money for their own reasons. Complicating matters is a mole in the DEA who feeds intel to O'Malley about the heroes' movements. Alone and outnumbered, Cole and Dani are forced into a reluctant alliance as they quest for the 400 million dollar boat, with O'Malley and his men chasing them every step of the way.  Loomis quickly realizes that O'Malley wants the fortune for himself and tries to have him and his men assassinated, but the attempt fails. O'Malley returns to Loomis's estate and makes it clear that he now wears the pants in their relationship: without the $400 million, Loomis can't pay his soldiers, and O'Malley will get his hands on the money before the stay-at-home cripple does. Loomis is killed and O'Malley renews the chase with a small army at his disposal.  After numerous betrayals on both sides of the conflict, the chase ends at a Puerto Vallarta harbor, and a yacht called the "Matador" according to Cole. Dani and Cole shoot it out with O'Malley's soldiers and leave the boat a flaming wreck (and Dani beside himself at the loss of the money). But Cole reveals he lied about the boat name to mislead and eliminate O'Malley: the fortune was actually stashed on a rickety old fishing boat called the "Gunmen." The heroes agree to split the money and sail into the sunset.

Production.

Movie was filmed in nine weeks between April 20 and June 18 of 1992, but it wasn't released until February 4 of 1994, more than a year and a half after it was finished. Besides releasing all the later DVD versions of the movie in cropped 1.33:1 pan and scan format instead of 2.35:1 widescreen one in which the movie was originally filmed, Miramax and Dimension Films also went and cut it down by around five minutes before it was released theatrically only in 800 screens. The film was originally much harder, and featured greater violence and language, and most of the cuts were made on those scenes because studios wanted to make it safer and more appealing to the general movie going audience. Uncut version of the film was never released.

Widescreen availability.

The original widescreen 2.35:1 aspect ratio cut is available for purchase on Apple's US iTunes Store. There are two known DVD versions of "Gunmen" which present the film in its original 2.35:1 aspect ratio: The Japanese release from Columbia Tristar and a Hungarian version released as "Fenegyerekek". All other versions of the DVD are only presented in a cropped 1.33:1 format.

Soundtrack.

The official soundtrack to "Gunmen" was released on December 21, 1993. It was released and distributed through MCA Records. The soundtrack consists of hip hop, reggae, rock, and R&B music.

Reception.

"Gunmen" holds a 15% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews; the average rating is 3.3/10. Emanuel Levy of "Variety" wrote, "Mindlessly cartoonish, "Gunmen" lacks the expected frills and spiteful tension of a serviceable actioner."

Gunmen is a 1994 action-comedy film directed by Deran Sarafian. It stars Mario Van Peebles, Christopher Lambert, Denis Leary, Kadeem Hardison, and Patrick Stewart. Robert Harper and Brenda Bakke are co-stars of the film. It was released to home video by Lionsgate Home Entertainment and on the US iTunes Store.

Deux doigts sur la gâchette ("Gunmen") est un film policier américain réalisé par Deran Sarafian, sortie le aux États-Unis et le 27 avril 1994 en France.


History.

The Kawaiisu people (also Nuwu ("people" in Kawaiisu), or Nuooah) are the Native American tribe whose homeland was the Tehachapi Valley, and seasonally the southern Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, for thousands of years.  One possibility for the origin of the name Tehachapi comes from the Kawaiisu language. It may be derived from the word for "hard climb" or "tihachipia", according to the Tomi-Kahni Resource Center. The settlement has been formerly known and spelled as: Tehachapai; Tehachapa; Tehachepi; Tehachipi; and Summit Station.  Previously known as 'Old Town', Tehachapi was established in the 1860s. It is now registered as California Historical Landmark #643 for being the oldest settlement in the Tehachapi Valley.  Construction of the original Southern Pacific-SP railroad depot was the beginning of the downtown core. It is now on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)—and was the oldest building in downtown Tehachapi until it burned in June 2008. The building had been in the final stages of becoming a museum. It has since been rebuilt using the original plans with only minor modifications to meet modern building codes. The new depot was dedicated on June 5, 2010.

1952 Kern County earthquake.

Tehachapi experienced the 7.3 magnitude 1952 Kern County earthquake on the White Wolf Fault. At the time, the earthquake was the largest in Southern California in the twentieth century and the largest since the 1872 Lone Pine earthquake. It was felt as far away as Reno, Nevada. Twelve people died in the quake and severe damage was done to buildings and rail lines in the area.

Geography.

Faults.

Downtown Tehachapi is approximately from the White Wolf Fault, from the Garlock Fault and from the San Andreas Fault. The 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake on the San Andreas Fault had an estimated magnitude of 7.9 but there is no record of the local effects of this quake. The Garlock Fault last ruptured approximately 500 years ago.

Climate.

Tehachapi has a subtropical mediterranean climate (Köppen "Csa").  Tehachapi is known for its four-season climate. The wet season is generally November through May, although thunderstorms are common during the summer. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. The area typically collects of snow each winter. There are an average of 31.1 days with highs of or higher and an average of 94.8 days with lows of or lower annually.  The highest recorded temperature was on July 27, 1934. The lowest recorded temperature was on January 14, 1932, and December 21, 1967. Annual precipitation averages and there is measurable precipitation on average of 42 days annually. The wettest year was 1983 with and the driest year was 1989 with. The most precipitation in one month was in March 1983. The most precipitation in 24 hours was on March 1, 1983. The snowiest year was 1967 when fell. The most snow in one month was in January 1933.

Demographics.

The population was 14,414 at the 2010 census, up from 10,957 at the 2000 census.

2010.

The 2010 United States Census reported that Tehachapi had a population of 14,414. The population density was 1,445.7 people per square mile (558.2/km2).  The racial makeup of Tehachapi was 9,426 (65.4%) White, 1,297 (9.0%) African American, 206 (1.4%) Native American, 238 (1.7%) Asian, 21 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 2,725 (18.9%) from other races, and 501 (3.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5,466 persons (37.9%).  The Census reported that 8,487 people (58.9% of the population) lived in households, 6 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 5,921 (41.1%) were institutionalized.  There were 3,121 households, out of which 1,199 (38.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,504 (48.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 418 (13.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 181 (5.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 194 (6.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 18 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 879 households (28.2%) were made up of individuals and 428 (13.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72. There were 2,103 families (67.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.34.  The population was spread out with 2,599 people (18.0%) under the age of 18, 1,542 people (10.7%) aged 18 to 24, 5,891 people (40.9%) aged 25 to 44, 3,115 people (21.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,267 people (8.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 234.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 283.0 males.  There were 3,539 housing units at an average density of 354.9 per square mile (137.0/km2), of which 1,841 (59.0%) were owner-occupied, and 1,280 (41.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 12.2%. 4,913 people (34.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 3,574 people (24.8%) lived in rental housing units.

2000.

As of the census of 2000, there were 10,957 people, 2,533 households, and 1,709 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,144.0 people per square mile (441.6/km2). There were 2,914 housing units at an average density of 304.2 per square mile (117.4/km2).  The racial makeup of the city was 57.17% White, 13.80% Black or African American, 1.35% Native American, 0.74% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 23.82% from other races, and 2.97% from two or more races. 32.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 2,533 households out of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.5% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.19.  In the city, the population was spread out with 18.5% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 42.7% from 25 to 44, 16.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 224.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 270.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $29,208, and the median income for a family was $40,030. Males had a median income of $50,446 versus $26,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,220. 20.4% of the population and 17.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 24.5% of those under the age of 18 and 15.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Economy.

Tehachapi has historically been agrarian, with apples, peaches, grain, vegetables and hay grown year-round.  Wine grapes were grown in the area from the 19th century up until prohibition. A 2007 application to the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) for the "Tehachapi/Cummings Valley AVA" was declined due to insufficient planted acreage.  Roughly half of Tehachapi's water supply originates as groundwater that is replenished by local precipitation; the other half comes from the California Aqueduct.  The California Correctional Institution, a maximum security prison also known as Tehachapi State Prison, is in the area. Edwards Air Force Base lies to the east.  The Tehachapi area has been a center for renewable wind energy, containing 4,531 turbines that produce 3,200 megawatts of electricity as of 2019. In the same year, Amazon announced it would begin sourcing wind energy from Tehachapi as part of its goal to become carbon-neutral by 2040. The Tehachapi Energy Storage Project, commissioned in 2014, is located at Monolith Substation.  In 2019, a Walmart store opened in Tehachapi, which would provide up to 200 full and part-time jobs.

Community and culture.

Cycling.

Tehachapi has a thriving and growing cycling community for both mountain biking and road cycling. The Tehachapi Gran Fondo, a mass cycling event in September, was named Best Century by Cycle CA magazine two years in a row. The event offers several distance choices, the longest being around and of climbing through wind farms, vegetable farms, orchards and mountains.  Tehachapi Mountain Trails Association (TMTA) is a local group of riders and trail builders. The trails are often used for singletrack mountain biking. TMTA members are walkers, hikers, road bicyclists, mountain bikers, horseback riders, and outdoor enthusiasts interested in developing and preserving multi-use non motorized trails throughout the greater Tehachapi area. The group meets monthly and communicates via their Facebook page regularly.

Community orchestra and theater.

Tehachapi boasts two local orchestras. The Tehachapi Community Orchestra, now called the Tehachapi Symphony Orchestra, was founded in 1997 by Joan Samara and Deborah Hand as an outgrowth of the Da Camera Players String Ensemble, and incorporated in 1998 by Gayel Pitchford. It performs 5 free-to-the public concerts each year, with familiar selections from the classical canon. This orchestra and its founders' vision were profiled in the Sept/Oct 2005 issue of Symphony Magazine. (See also The Tehachapi News October 12, 1997)  The Tehachapi Pops Orchestra (T-Pops), founded in 2006 by Deborah Hand, plays an eclectic blend of popular and jazz music, as well as original compositions. T-Pops performs 5 to 6 concerts each year. All are free to the public except for the Halloween concert held at the Beekay Theater with the local theater group, the Tehachapi Community Theater. , a local theater group, the Tehachapi Community Theater, performs in the restored downtown BeeKay Theater.

Media.

Newspapers.

The city has several local news publications, including the "Tehachapi News" (since 1899) and "The Loop".

FM radio stations.

Two FM radio stations broadcast from Tehachapi, however they originate in neighboring towns and feature no local Tehachapi programming:

In popular culture.

Film productions.

Tehachapi has been host to productions by both Hollywood and independent filmmakers, as well as being frequently mentioned, particularly during the noir era.  Perhaps the first movie to be filmed in Tehachapi was "The Lady of the Dugout" (1918), which starred former outlaws Al and Frank Jennings playing themselves. The brother outlaws were well known to Americans of the time.  Referencing the local women's prison was a common manner in which Tehachapi received mentioned in noir film, including "Double Indemnity" in which Fred MacMurray's character tells of one woman who killed her husband: "All she collected was a three-to-ten stretch in Tehachapi."  In "The Maltese Falcon", Sam Spade (played by Humphrey Bogart) tells a female criminal and love interest, "Well, if you get a good break, you'll be out of Tehachapi in twenty years and you can come back to me then." In the book, the reference was not to Tehachapi but to San Quentin.  "Nocturne" (1946) featured a housemaid mysteriously referred to as the "Tehachapi Debutante," and 1948's "The Hunted" has a heroine fresh out of Tehachapi after four years for jewelry theft.  In "The Story of Molly X" (1949), Molly X is the leader of a San Francisco gang sent to Tehachapi for her role in a burglary attempt instead of San Quentin for execution. Most of the film then takes place at the prison, as Molly goes from being trouble to a model prisoner.  In "1001 Rabbit Tales", Bugs Bunny tells the sultan's son that Hansel and Gretel's witch was sent to Tehachapi.  In "Star Trek Generations" (1994), actors Patrick Stewart and William Shatner appear in a scene filmed in the Tehachapi mountains.  The Christina Applegate vehicle originally titled "Tehachapi" sends her character to Tehachapi because her lover is in prison here. The movie was eventually released under the title "Across the Moon" (1995).  The fourth season of the teen-geared television series, "" produced by the Discovery Kids Network was filmed in Tehachapi and aired from 2005–2006.  In "Mac and Me" (1988), after the characters state they have to "drive to Woolworth's in Palmdale" the next shot shows them driving up a dirt road through a Tehachapi wind farm. Similarly, "Terminal Velocity" (1994) has a fight sequence filmed on top of a hill in one of the farms.  "" (2005) shot a sequence at a wind farm and on Oak Creek Road, which winds through several farms.  Other movies filmed in Tehachapi include "Face to Face" (2001), "Fault" (2002), (2003), "The Gentleman Don La Mancha" (2004), "I.F.O. (Identified Flying Object)" (1985), "Motor Mansions" (2005), "The Legend of Mary Worth" (2006), "The Grapes of Wrath (film)" (1940), featuring the scene at Keene Ranch, and "The Hangover Part III" (2013).

Music.

Lowell George, of the band Little Feat, references "Tehachapi to Tonopah" in their hit song, "Willin'". The song covered by Linda Ronstadt on her album, "Heart Like a Wheel".

Tehachapi is a city in Kern County, California, in the Tehachapi Mountains, at an elevation of between the San Joaquin Valley and the Mojave Desert.

La ville de (en anglais ) est située dans le comté de Kern, dans l’État de Californie, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Robot novels and stories.

Overview of short stories.

Most of Asimov's robot short stories, which he began to write in 1939, are set in the first age of positronic robotics and space exploration. The unique feature of Asimov's robots is the Three Laws of Robotics, hardwired in a robot's positronic brain, with which all robots in his fiction must comply, and which ensure that the robot does not turn against its creators.  The stories were not initially conceived as a set, but rather all feature his positronic robots—indeed, there are some inconsistencies among them, especially between the short stories and the novels. They all share a theme of the interaction of humans, robots, and morality. Some of the short stories found in "The Complete Robot" (1982) and other anthologies appear not to be set in the same universe as the Foundation Universe. "Victory Unintentional" has positronic robots obeying the Three Laws, but also a non-human civilization on Jupiter. "Let's Get Together" features humanoid robots, but from a different future (where the Cold War is still in progress), and with no mention of the Three Laws. The multiple series offers a sense of completeness, because all of its works are interconnected in some way.  "The Complete Robot" contains most of Asimov's robot short stories. Missing ones were either written after its publication, or formed the text connecting the stories in "I, Robot".  The six Asimov robot short stories not included in this book are:

Overview of the Robot novels.

The first book (not a true novel) is "I, Robot" (1950), a collection of nine previously published short stories woven together as a 21st-century interview with "robopsychologist" Dr. Susan Calvin. The next four robot novels "The Caves of Steel" (1953), "The Naked Sun" (1955), "The Robots of Dawn" (1983), and "Robots and Empire" (1985) make up the Elijah Baley (sometimes "Lije Baley") series, and are mysteries starring the Terran Elijah Baley and his humaniform robot partner, R. Daneel Olivaw. They are set thousands of years after the short stories and focus on the conflicts between Spacers — descendants of human settlers from other planets — and the people from an overcrowded Earth. "Mirror Image", one of the short stories from "The Complete Robot" anthology, is also set in this time period (between "The Naked Sun" and "The Robots of Dawn") and features both Baley and Olivaw. Another short story (found in "The Early Asimov" anthology), "Mother Earth", is set about a thousand years before the robot novels, when the Spacer worlds chose to become separated from Earth.  "The Caves of Steel" and "The Naked Sun" are both considered classics of the genre, but the later novels were also well received, with "The Robots of Dawn" nominated for both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1984, and "Robots and Empire" shortlisted for the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel in 1986.

Inspiration.

One source of inspiration for Asimov's robots was the Zoromes, a race of mechanical men that featured in a 1931 short story called "The Jameson Satellite", by Neil R. Jones. Asimov read this story at the age of 11, and acknowledged it as a source of inspiration in "Before the Golden Age" (1975), an anthology of 1930s science fiction in which Asimov told the story of the science fiction he read during his formative years. In Asimov's own words: It is from the Zoromes, beginning with their first appearance in "The Jameson Satellite," that I got my own feeling for benevolent robots who could serve man with decency, as these had served Professor Jameson. It was the Zoromes, then, who were the spiritual ancestors of my own "positronic robots," all of them, from Robbie to R. Daneel.

Other authors of robot novels set in Asimov's universe.

The 1989 anthology "Foundation's Friends" included the positronic robot stories "Balance" by Mike Resnick, "Blot" by Hal Clement, "PAPPI" by Sheila Finch, "Plato's Cave" by Poul Anderson, "The Fourth Law of Robotics" by Harry Harrison and "Carhunters of the Concrete Prairie" by Robert Sheckley. Not all of these stories are entirely consistent with the Asimov stories. The anthology also included "Strip-Runner" by Pamela Sargent, set in the era of the Elijah Baley novels.  Shortly before his death in 1992, Asimov approved an outline for three novels ("Caliban", "Inferno", "Utopia") by Roger MacBride Allen, set between "Robots and Empire" and the "Empire" series, telling the story of the terraforming of the Spacer world Inferno, and about the robot revolution started by creating a "No Law" Robot, and then New Law Robots.  There is also another set of novels by various authors (Isaac Asimov's "Robot City", "Robots and Aliens" and "Robots in Time" series), loosely connected to the Robots series, but containing many inconsistencies with Asimov's books, which are not generally considered canon.  The Asimov estate authorized publication of another trilogy of robot mysteries by Mark W. Tiedemann. These novels, which take place several years before Asimov's "Robots and Empire", are "Mirage" (2000), "Chimera" (2001), and "Aurora" (2002). These were followed by yet another robot mystery, Alexander C. Irvine's "Have Robot, Will Travel" (2004), set five years after the Tiedemann trilogy.  In November 2009, the Asimov estate announced the upcoming publication of "Robots and Chaos", the first volume in a trilogy featuring Susan Calvin by fantasy author Mickey Zucker Reichert. The book was published in November 2011 under the title "I, Robot: To Protect", and was later followed by two sequels: "I, Robot: To Obey" (2013) and the upcoming "I, Robot: To Preserve" (2016).

Asimov's robots on screen.

The first screen adaptation of an Asimov robot story was the third episode of the British television series "Out of This World" based on "Little Lost Robot", first broadcast in 1962. Dramatised by Leo Lehman and starring Maxine Audley as Susan Calvin, this is the only episode of the series known to have survived.  This was followed by a 1964 dramatision of "The Caves of Steel" for the BBC series "Story Parade" and then four episodes of the BBC television series "Out of the Unknown", based on "Satisfaction Guaranteed" (1966), "Reason (in an episode titled "The Prophet", 1967), "Liar!" (1969), and "The Naked Sun" (1969). In these adaptations, Elijah Baley was portrayed by Peter Cushing ("The Caves of Steel") and Paul Maxwell ("The Naked Sun"), R. Daneel Olivaw by John Carson ("The Caves of Steel") and David Collings ("The Naked Sun"), and Susan Calvin by Beatrix Lehmann ("The Prophet") and Wendy Gifford ("Liar!"). In "Satisfaction Guaranteed", the character of Susan Calvin was renamed Dr Inge Jensen and portrayed by Ann Firbank.  In the late 1970s, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay based on Asimov's book "I, Robot" for Warner Bros.. This film project was ultimately abandoned, but Ellison's script was later published in book form as "I, Robot: The Illustrated Screenplay" (1994).  "Robots", a 1988 television film based on Asimov's Robot Series, starred Stephen Rowe as Elijah Baley and Brent Barrett as R. Daneel Olivaw.  "Bicentennial Man" (1999) was the first theatrical movie adaptation of any Asimov story or novel and was based on both Asimov's original short story of the same name (1976) and its novel expansion, "The Positronic Man" (1993). The film starred Robin Williams as robot Andrew Martin.  The Twentieth Century Fox motion picture "I, Robot" (2004) presented an original story set in Asimov's Robot universe featuring Dr Susan Calvin and other characters from Asimov's "I, Robot" collection. The film originated from a spec screenplay entitled 'Hardwired' written in 1995 by Jeff Vintar. While this earlier script had no direct connections with Asimov, it was considered suitably 'Asimovian' in nature (being a locked room mystery with robot suspects) to provide the basis for an "I, Robot" movie. Elements from several Asimov robot stories were woven into the overall storyline, including "Little Lost Robot", "The Evitable Conflict" and "Robot Dreams". The movie starred Will Smith as Del Spooner and Bridget Moynahan as Susan Calvin.

Merging the Robot series with Asimov's other series.

Asimov later integrated the Robot Series into his all-encompassing "Foundation" series, making R. Daneel Olivaw appear again twenty thousand years later in the age of the Galactic Empire, in sequels and prequels to the original "Foundation" trilogy; and in the final book of the Robots series—"Robots and Empire"—we learn how the worlds that later formed the Empire were settled, and how Earth became radioactive (which was first mentioned in "Pebble in the Sky").  "The Stars, Like Dust" states explicitly that the Earth is radioactive because of a nuclear war. Asimov later explained that the in-universe reason for this perception was that it was formulated by Earthmen many centuries after the event, and which had become distorted, due to the loss of much of their planetary history. This work is generally regarded as part of the "Empire" series, but does not directly mention either Trantor or the Spacer worlds. One character is seen with a visi-sonor, the same musical instrument that is played by the clown Magnifico in Foundation and Empire. Based on details from the novel, such as Earth still being mostly habitable and the absence of a unified galactic government, it probably would fall during the early formation of the Empire (before it expanded to encompass the galaxy).

Asimov's novels set in the greater "Robot"/"Empire"/"Foundation" universe.

The foreword to "Prelude to Foundation" contains the chronological ordering of Asimov's science fiction books. Asimov stated that the books of his "Robot", "Empire", and "Foundation" series "offer a kind of history of the future, which is, perhaps, not completely consistent, since I did not plan consistency to begin with." Asimov also noted that the books in his list "were not written in the order in which (perhaps) they should be read".  The following novels are listed in chronological order by narrative:

The "Robot" series is a series of 37 science fiction short stories and six novels by American writer Isaac Asimov, featuring positronic robots.

Le cycle des robots (""), qui a inspiré le film I, Robot (d'après "Le Robot qui rêvait...)" et qui pourrait avoir d'autres adaptations au cinéma, regroupe plusieurs romans et recueils de nouvelles d'Isaac Asimov, dont voici l'ordre chronologique :


History and description.

The Acheiropoietos has been dated from its bricks and mosaics to ca. 450–470, making it perhaps the earliest of the city's surviving churches. It was modified in the 7th and again in the 14th–15th centuries. Known as the Panagia Theotokos in Byzantine times, it is dedicated to Mary. Its current name is first attested in 1320, presumably after a miraculous "acheiropoietos" ("not made by hands") icon of Panagia Hodegetria that was housed there. Byzantine sources also indicate that the cult of the city's patron saint, Saint Demetrius, was also practised there.  The building is a three-aisled basilica, some 28 m wide and 36.5 m long, with a wooden roof. Its eastern end is a semicircular vault, while on the western side a narthex, flanked by towers, and traces of an exonarthex survive. The three aisles are separated by columns, while the two side aisles have galleries above them. At the eastern end of the northern side aisle, a middle Byzantine chapel dedicated to St. Irene is attached. On the northwestern corner of the basilica, the stairway leading to the galleries survives. The current entrance is through a triple-arched opening ("tribelon") that connects the narthex with the main nave, while on the southern side there is a monumental entranceway, which probably connected the church with the city's Byzantine-era thoroughfare. Another small adjoining building on the south side has been identified as the church's baptistery. The modern roof is lower than the original, where the section above the central nave was elevated to allow light in.  The surviving parts of the church's rich original interior decoration include particularly fine 5th-century Ionian capitals from a Constantinopolitan workshop, the green Thessalian marble columns of the "tribelon", the original Proconnesian marble pavement of the central nave, and fragments of 5th-century decorative mosaics. Fine but damaged early 13th-century frescoes depicting the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste adorn the southern side. Underneath the north aisle's current pavement, three layers of floor mosaics from an earlier Roman-era bath have been uncovered.  After Ottoman conquest of the city in 1430, the Acheiropoietos was the first church to be converted into a mosque, by Sultan Murad II himself. Throughout the Ottoman period, it remained the city's principal mosque under the name Eski Camii ("Old Mosque"). An inscription by Murad survives in the northern colonnade, on the eighth column from the east.

The Church of the Acheiropoietos () is a 5th-century Byzantine church in the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki. It is located in the city's centre, at Agias Sofias street opposite Makedonomachon square.

L’église de l'Acheiropoiètos (en ) est une église byzantine du, située à Thessalonique. Elle est située sur la rue Agia Sophia, près de l'intersection de la rue Egnatia. C'est l'exemple le plus important des modèles de basiliques paléochrétiennes. Elle donne un aperçu du type d'architecture digne de la civilisation byzantine. L'église est inscrite depuis 1988 sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO au sein du bien intitulé « Monuments paléochrétiens et byzantins de Thessalonique ». À cette liste, se rajoute Saint Démétrios, la Rotonde ainsi que le Monastère de Latomou.


Personal life.

Schwartzman is Jewish, and is the son of Ricardo and Silvana Schwartzman. He was born and resides in Buenos Aires, Argentina. During the Holocaust his Polish maternal great-grandfather was put on a train to a Nazi concentration camp. The coupling that connected two of the train’s cars broke, allowing his great-grandfather and others inside one car to escape. His great-grandfather brought his family by boat from Germany to Argentina. When they arrived, they spoke Yiddish, but no Spanish. His father’s family emigrated from Russia to Argentina by boat.  Schwartzman has two brothers (one a computer programmer, the other a travel agent), and a sister, who is a lawyer. He and his siblings all attended Hebrew school and celebrated their bar and bat mitzvahs.  Schwartzman's nickname is "El peque" (an abbreviation of the word "pequeño", meaning "Shorty" in Spanish). As a youth, he played tennis at Club Náutico Hacoaj, a Jewish sport club in Buenos Aires that was established by and for Jews who were not allowed to join other sports clubs in the city in the early 20th century.

Career.

2010–13.

In 2010, at the age of 17, he won the Bolivia F3 Futures (CL), and in 2011 he won the Chile F14 Futures (CL). In 2012, Schwartzman won titles at the Peru F2 Futures (CL), Argentina F11 Futures (CL), Argentina F14 Futures (CL), Argentina F20 Futures (CL), Argentina F21 Futures (CL), Argentina F22 Futures (CL), and Buenos Aires Challenger (CL). At the 2013 Australian Open, he lost in the final round of qualifying.

2014: Four Challenger titles & ATP Challenger Tour Finals champion.

Schwartzman made his first appearance in the main draw of a Grand Slam event at the 2014 French Open; he came through qualifying before making it to the second round, where he lost to Roger Federer. He lost in the first round of the 2014 US Open to Novak Djokovic.  In the ATP Challenger Tour, he won four titles at Aix-en-Provence, Prague, Campinas, and San Juan. In the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour Finals, he won over João Souza, Simone Bolelli, and Guilherme Clezar to claim the title. At the end of 2014 he was ranked # 61 in the world.

2015: Davis Cup semifinals.

Schwartzman's best result of the season came at the 2015 Istanbul Open, where he reached the semifinals, beating former top-ten player Jürgen Melzer along the way. In the semis he faced tennis legend Roger Federer. Schwartzman won the first set decisively, before ultimately falling 7–5 in the final set. He was also part of the Argentine Davis Cup Team, which reached the semifinals in 2015.

2016: First ATP title.

Schwartzman won his first-ever singles title at the 2016 Istanbul Open—an outdoor 250 clay court event. He impressively defeated established top player Grigor Dimitrov in the final, coming back to win 6–0 in the final set after losing the first set in a tie-break. Later, Dimitrov apologized for his behavior during the match, after he smashed three rackets, which ultimately led to a warning, a point penalty, and then another point penalty. The second and final point penalty came with Dimitrov down 5–0 and gave the game, set, and match to Schwartzman.  In October, Schwartzman reached his second final at the 250 level, in Antwerp. He lost to Richard Gasquet 6–7, 1–6 in the final. In 2016, he led all ATP players in percentage of break points converted, at 46.6%.

2017: US Open quarterfinals.

Schwartzman reached the third round at the 2017 French Open, where he faced Novak Djokovic. He had a 2–1 set lead, but eventually Djokovic won in five sets.  In the 2017 Canadian Open the 25-year-old saved four match points to pull off a remarkable 4-6, 7–6(7), 7–5 upset of No. 3 seed Dominic Thiem (No. 7 in the world), his first-ever win over a top-10 player. As of mid-August 2017, he was leading the ATP tour in winning percentage in return games at 36 per cent (192/532), with Nadal in second place and Djokovic in fourth place.  On September 1, he defeated world No. 7, and 5th seed, Marin Cilic in the third round at the 2017 US Open to equal the biggest win of his career. On September 3, he beat world No. 20, and 16th seed, Lucas Pouille in the fourth round to reach his first career major quarterfinal. At 5' 7" (170 cm), Schwartzman was the shortest Grand Slam quarterfinalist since Jaime Yzaga (5' 7" at the 1994 US Open). Schwartzman said: "It’s not just for the big guys here." Schwartzman's 2017 season proved to be the best of his career to that point. He finished the year ranked world No. 25, in addition to making his first major quarterfinal; he also made two quarterfinals at the Masters 1000 level. He won 39 singles matches and earned $1,536,000 over the course of the season, easily besting his previous records of 17 match wins and $441,000 in the 2016 season. In 2017 he led all ATP players in percentage of second serve return points won (56.1%) and percentage of return games won (34.8%), while coming in third behind Andy Murray and Rafael Nadal in percentage of first serve return points won (34.3%). Finally, he scored his first win over a top-10 player, and then just two weeks later he racked up a second top-10 win.

2018: Second ATP title, top-15 ranking & second Grand Slam quarterfinal.

In his first 17 Grand Slam tournaments, Schwartzman had only reached the 3rd round one time. However, at the 2018 Australian Open, he advanced to the 4th round, where he played world No. 1 Rafael Nadal. For the first time in his career, Schwartzman made the second week at a major for the second consecutive time, following his quarterfinal showing at the 2017 US Open. Despite going into the match with an 0-3 head-to-head record, 0-7 in sets, Schwartzman took the second-set tiebreak 7-4 before eventually going down in 4 sets. By virtue of his performance, he reached a new career-high singles ranking of No. 24 on 29 January 2018.  He then went on to capture the title at the 2018 Rio Open, a clay ATP 500 level tournament, defeating Fernando Verdasco 6–2, 6–3. The Rio Open marked the biggest title of Schwartzman's career thus far. He reached a new career-high singles ranking of No. 15 on April 2, 2018, and was the first Jewish male player to break into the singles top 20 since Brad Gilbert was fourth in 1990. At the 2018 French Open, Schwartzman made it into his second Grand Slam quarterfinal. He didn't drop a set on his run to the 4th round where he faced 6th seed world #7 Kevin Anderson and managed to win in just under four hours, after coming back from two sets to love down for the first time in his career. In the quarterfinals he took the first set from Rafael Nadal, but it started raining and the next day Rafa won the next three sets. His quarterfinal showing marked his 3rd consecutive grand slam where he made it to the second week of competition.  Schwartzman participated in only two grass court events in 2018; they included the Eastbourne International and Wimbledon. Although Schwartzman was the #1 seed at Eastbourne, he fell in the first round to Mirza Bašić in three sets. At Wimbledon, Schwartzman scored his first career grass win by defeating Mirza Bašić in straight sets, before falling in the 2nd round to Jiří Veselý.  Schwartzman reached the quarter-finals of the 2018 German Open, but fell to eventual finalist Leonardo Mayer in three sets. In 2018 he was second to Nadal among all ATP players in percentage of second serve return points won (55.8%) and percentage of return games won (30.7%).

2019: Third ATP title, first Masters doubles final & French Open doubles semifinal.

At the 2019 Australian Open Schwartzman defeated Rudolf Molleker in four sets and American Denis Kudla in a five-set thriller. He was knocked out in the third round by former Wimbledon finalist, Tomáš Berdych.  Schwartzman then competed in the 2019 Cordoba Open, making the quarterfinals. Schwartzman went on to make the finals at the 2019 Argentina Open, a clay ATP 250 level tournament. Along his way to the finals Schwartzman defeated world #8 Dominic Thiem, 2-6, 6-4, 7-6. Schwartzman lost in straight sets to Italian Marco Cecchinato in the finals. Schwartzman was unable to defend his title at the 2019 Rio Open, retiring in the second set with a right leg injury in the first round. Schwartzman defeated world #6 Kei Nishikori 6–4, 6–2 in the quarterfinals of the 2019 Italian Open, before being defeated by Djokovic in three sets.  Schwartzman then captured the title at the 2019 Los Cabos Open, defeating Taylor Fritz in the final, 7–6, 6–3. It marked his first-ever title at a hard court tournament, and third ATP title.  At the 2019 US Open, in the fourth round he upset world #6 Alexander Zverev in four sets, for his sixth career victory against a top-10 opponent.  In 2019, as he had done in 2017, he led all ATP players in percentage of second serve return points won (56.05%). Career-wise, he was fourth among active players in return games won (31.1%), behind only Nadal (33.5%), Djokovic (32%), and Andy Murray (31.7%).

Playing style.

Schwartzman is a baseline player, with solid groundstrokes on both wings and the ability to both counterpunch and go on the offensive. He is known for the clean hitting off both his forehand and backhand, and is capable of taking the ball on the rise and hitting them with depth and pace. He plays well on the defensive due to his speed and ability to hit winners from defensive positions far out of the court. His speed also allows him to retrieve drop shots and hit passing shots with ease.  Schwartzman has a consistent, though not outstanding, serve and arguably plays better on the return than on serve. In 2017, he led the ATP statistically on return games won and second serve points won. He also possesses solid volleys and prefers the drop volley, though they are not a major weapon in his game.  Schwartzman's speed and powerful baseline game have resulted in most of his success coming on clay rather than hard courts or grass. However, in the past few years he has attempted to add more variety in his game, resulting in breakthroughs particularly on grass, scoring his first ever win on grass only in 2018.

Performance timelines.

Singles.

"Current through the 2020 Australian Open."

Diego Sebastián Schwartzman (, ; born 16 August 1992) is an Argentine professional tennis player competing on the ATP Tour. He has won three ATP singles titles, and reached his career-high singles ranking of world No. 11 in June 2018. Although known as a clay court specialist, he actually prefers hard courts; additionally, he is noted for his high-quality return game. When he reached the quarterfinals of the 2017 US Open, the 5' 7" (170 cm) Schwartzman was the shortest Grand Slam quarterfinalist since Jaime Yzaga (5' 7" at the 1994 US Open). Schwartzman said: "It’s not just for the big guys here."

Diego Sebastián Schwartzman, né le à Buenos Aires, est un joueur de tennis argentin, professionnel depuis 2010. D'une taille de, atypique pour un joueur de tennis, il est l'un des plus petits joueurs ayant atteint un quart de finale d'un tournoi du Grand Chelem. Il a remporté trois titres ATP, atteint la mondiale et atteint les quarts de finale des tournois du Grand Chelem de Roland-Garros et de l'US Open.


Gameplay.

The game features combat in a variety of formats, such as kicking and using fireballs to repel monsters in scrolling stages, a system during one-on-one duels against Tusk Soldiers or a pair of martial arts tournaments where the player must attack a mark that appears on their opponent's body, or defend the area when it appears on them (this system is similar to Culture Brain's original "" for the NES), and RPG-style command battles against monster bosses. When confronted by a Tusk Soldier or other otherworldly villain, Rick can change into a costumed superhero form or switch with one of his teammates. The player must switch to Flying Warrior form to use the characters' magic powers and defend themselves from the Tusk Soldiers' magic spells.

Plot.

A long time ago, Demonyx of the Dark Dimension attempted to invade the Light Dimension. After a long battle, the hero of the Light Dimension, Dragonlord, sealed Demonyx up by the power of the Mandara Talisman, at which time Demonyx prophesied that he would be back upon the appearance of the Red Evil Star.  Years later, an ominous red star appeared in the sky. Just then, five shooting lights came down toward the ground.  Rick Stalker was brought up by Kung Fu master Gen Lao-Tsu, and is alone in the mountains as usual brushing up on his Kung Fu skills when he comes upon a weeping angel missing her robe. He explores the mountain's caves and ends up encountering a gargoyle who is really a Tusk Soldier in disguise guarding the robe, which is embedded in a rock. Upon the return of her robe, the angel shows Rick a secret passage down the ravine, where he finds a mysterious orb.  Rick goes back to tell Gen the whole story. Gen apprises him that this orb is the Orb of Courage, and that Rick should cross the ocean to Gen's mother land China, where his fate is waiting for him.  Rick goes to China and enters the Shorin temple, the head temple of Kung-Fu, where he spars with Fusetsu, Ensetsu, and Rakan in three separate chambers. When Ensetsu is defeated by Rick, he gives him the Mirror of Mercury, stating that Rick may be the fighter for whom they have been waiting. In the final chamber, Rakan tells Rick that the Orb of Courage is part of the Mandara Talisman, which was used to seal up Demonyx a long time ago, and that Rick will have to locate all the broken pieces of the Talisman to seal him up again. While sparring with Rick, Rakan teaches him how to awaken his true power and transform into a Flying Warrior capable of utilizing sacred mirrors to block mystic spells and arcane swords to cast them. Upon defeating Rakan, Rick obtains the Sword of Vijaya.  The line to GTG's biological weapon research laboratory in Peru was disconnected when the office was covered with a mysterious black fog, which Rakan believes must have something to do with the Dark Dimension. Rakan exhorts Rick to enter in the tournament in Hong Kong that the president of GTG has decided to hold with the intent of deciding on the investigation party.  Wandering around in Hong Kong, Rick learns that there is a phantom blocking the entrance to the coliseum who can only be banished with the help of a bracelet that can be bought at Shunran's store for coin that can be obtained by fighting Jiangshi and fire-raining ghouls. But after Rick pays Shunran, she admits to not having it and instead tells him the password that will convince a certain dragon statue to grant it to an honest man. Rick ventures beyond the waterfall in search of the stone dragon, and finds it in a cave inhabited by a gargoyle who is really a Tusk Soldier in disguise guarding the Sword of Kirik. The dragon grants Rick the bracelet, and tells him that he will obtain the Orb of Wisdom from the phantom when he defeats him. Rick goes back and ventures through another cave guarded by a gargoyle who turns is really a Tusk Soldier in disguise and finds and defeats the phantom, gets the Orb, and enters the tournament. He fights Litron the martial artist, Thornram the kickboxer, Shiro the karate fighter, The Mad Ape the wrestler, and Slugger Sam the boxer. Shiro and Slugger Sam are in fact Tusk soldiers, each guarding a dragma. Rick, Mary Lynn, and Hayato Go are declared the winners of the tournament, and thus the members of the investigation party.  Once the triad is in airspace over Peru, one of Rick's orbs begins to flash, informing him that his traveling companions are Flying Warriors too. He places the Sword of Vijaya on their foreheads, then the three transform and jump out the plane. They fight their way to the jungle village, where they stumble upon the sole survivor of the first investigation party, Greg Cummings, who tells them that the demon Narga has been revived in the ruins at the entrance to the laboratory and joins their party, turning out to be a flying warrior himself. Pepe, who lives in a hut, tells them that they need to find a stone tablet in the ruins and place it in the statue of Narga so that the entrance to the laboratory can open behind the waterfall. The other villagers inform them that Narga cannot be defeated without the Sword of Kan and the Mirror of Venus, and that Maradora, a thief, is trapped in the ruins.  The party fights through more jungle, where they pass a bird who claims to be perched on the Tree of Spirits. Within the ruins, the party finds a talking jar upstairs that turns out to be Maradora, upon whom the spirits cast a spell for stealing their treasures. After bringing him back to the Tree, Rick reminds him of the spell that he needs to cast to turn back into a human. In this way, Rick obtains the Sword of Kan.  The party finds the stone tablet deep within the ruins and brings it to the statue of Narga upstairs, which slides over, revealing the Mirror of Venus. They go back to the waterfall, and fight Narga himself at the entrance to the laboratory. Only Rick's Fire Tornado, which the Sword of Kan affords him, is capable of bringing Narga back from hiding in the Dark Field. Defeating Narga, they go on into the laboratory, where they encounter several Tusk Soldiers and the dead body of the director of GTG. Dargon appears and forces Rick to participate in a second martial arts tournament, with more Tusk Soldiers participating, and Dargon himself defending the title.  After the tournament, the Moonlight Warriors invite the Flying Warriors to battle them in the Dark Dimension, where they have revived Demonyx. At Peking Restaurant in New York's Chinatown, the Flying Warriors meet the Shadow Cult, who are determined to access and root out the Moonlight Warriors, and pick up its young leader, Jimmy Cutler Jr., who turns out to be the fifth Flying Warrior. Jimmy informs the rest of the party that they will need to go deep within a decaying subway station in order to find the portal to the Dark Dimension.  They find the relief key deep within the abandoned subway, and use it to open up the portal to the dark dimension. They fight the Moonlight Warriors, Selenos, Lunatos, Seiros, and Zakros, for deeper access. Because they have through fighting obtained the orbs of Courage, Wisdom, Justice, and Love, as well as the five dragma of the Mandara Talisman, along the way, they are able to fight Demonyx; Jimmy Cutler Jr.'s Meteor Shower is able to force Demonyx to reveal himself; the five Flying Warriors combine to become Dragonlord, and seal Demonyx away until next time; then they head to New York.

Development.

Regional differences.

In the English game, Ryuhi was named Rick Stalker, and Fuzi Fu was named Dargon.

Reception and legacy.

Some major characters later appeared in the North American versions of "Hiryū no Ken Gaiden" and "Hiryū no Ken S: Golden Fighter", known as "" and "Ultimate Fighter". Rick Stalker and his mentor Gen also appeared as cameos in several titles in the "Super Chinese" series, also by Culture Brain. A manga adaptation based on the game was translated and published in the early issues of GamePro magazine.

Flying Warriors is a 1991 action/fighting video game developed by Culture Brain and published by Culture Brain USA exclusively for the NES in North America in February 1991. It is a mixture of two Family Computer video games in the "Hiryū no Ken" franchise: "" and "". It implements ideas and elements from both games.

Flying Warriors est un jeu d'action et de combat en 2D développé et édité par Culture Brain en 1991 sur NES, sorti uniquement en Amérique du Nord en février 1991. Il s'agit de la suite de "Flying Dragon (NES)" dans la série "Hiryu no Ken".


History.

This station was opened on May 28, 1917 by the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, an affiliate of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, replacing Cypress Hills as the line's terminus.  The station was temporarily closed on January 14, 2019 for six months of structural repairs. As part of the work, the trackside girders and the platforms were replaced. Unlike the repairs done at 121st Street and 104th Street, which were done one platform at a time, both platforms were closed simultaneously to cut the work from 12 months to 6 months; as a result, the station reopened on June 11, 2019.

Station layout.

This elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track dead ends at bumper blocks on both sides of the station and has connections to both local tracks. It is only used for train storage. It was formerly used to turn trains for the BMT Lexington Avenue Elevated trains from 1917 until 1950. The track was also used to store trains while the Jamaica Line was being torn down north of 121st Street and the Archer Avenue Line was being built.  Both platforms have beige windscreens for their entire lengths and brown canopies with green frames and support columns except for a small section at the west (railroad south) end. Station signs are in the standard black with white lettering.  The 1990 artwork here is called "Five Points of Observation" by Kathleen McCarthy. It resembles a human face when viewed from the street and is also featured on four other stations on the BMT Jamaica Line.

Exits.

The station's only entrance/exit is an elevated station house beneath the tracks. Inside fare control, there is a single staircase to each platform at their south ends and a waiting area that allows a free transfer between directions. Outside fare control, there is a turnstile bank, token booth, and two staircases going down to either eastern corners of Jamaica Avenue and 111th Street.  This station formerly had another entrance/exit at the east (railroad north) end. The staircase to 113th Street was removed, but the elevated station house beneath the tracks and single staircase to each platform remain boarded up and intact. The station house is now used for storage and offices.

111th Street is a skip-stop station on the BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 111th Street and Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill, Queens, it is served at all times by the J train. The Z train skips this station when it operates.

111th Street est une station de la BMT Jamaica Line du métro de New York. Située à l'intersection de la et de la Jamaica Avenue dans le quartier de Richmond Hill dans le Queens, elle est desservie par le train J. Lorsqu'il est en service le train Z traverse la station sans s'arrêter.


Club career.

All Boys.

On 14 August 2013, Calleri debuted for All Boys against Estudiantes in the quarterfinals of 2012–13 Copa Argentina. He made his league debut on 7 September, against Argentinos Juniors, and played his first full game in his team's defeat against Godoy Cruz on 7 October.

Boca Juniors.

In July 2014, Calleri signed for Boca Juniors, with coach Carlos Bianchi deciding to take-up the right that the club had with the player, a holding of 30% of the player' rights.  On 27 July 2014, Calleri made his Boca debut in a 2–0 loss to Huracan. In the league, his debut came on 18 August as a substitute in a 1–0 win over Belgrano, and a week later coach Rodolfo Arruabarrena started Calleri for the first time in a 3–0 loss to Atlético Rafaela.  On 1 November 2015, Boca Juniors were crowned champions of the Argentine Primera División, in which Calleri scored 10 goals in 26 matches and achieved his first title as a professional player. Three days later, Boca Juniors won the 2014–15 Copa Argentina.

Deportivo Maldonado.

In January 2016, Calleri joined Uruguayan club Deportivo Maldonado. In an arrangement similar to a number of other players that have been registered to the club, he was loaned to the Brasileirão side São Paulo FC in the same month.

São Paulo (loan).

On 3 February 2016, Calleri made his debut and scored his first goal for São Paulo as they drew 1–1 with Universidad César Vallejo in the 2016 edition of Copa Libertadores.  On 13 July 2016, Calleri played his last match for São Paulo in a game they lost 1–2 against Atlético Nacional, in the Libertadores semifinals. He scored the only goal for São Paulo, in the 9th minute. Calleri said that it was his last game for the club and that he had "spent very beautiful six months" playing for Brazilian side. He ended the tournament as the top goalscorer, with 9 goals in 12 matches.

West Ham United (loan).

In August, West Ham United signed Calleri on a season-long loan. He made his Premier League debut coming off the bench in the match against Bournemouth on 21 August 2016. His only goal for the club came in the 94th minute in a 3–1 win against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium on 21 January 2017. His full Premier League debut finally came on 22 April 2017 in a 0–0 draw with Everton at the London Stadium. He played 61 minutes before being replaced by Diafra Sakho. After 19 appearances with one goal scored, Calleri's loan ended.

Las Palmas (loan).

On 11 July 2017, Calleri joined La Liga side UD Las Palmas on a one-year loan deal. He made his debut for the club on 18 August, starting in a 0–1 away loss against Valencia CF, and scored his first goal seven days later but in a 1–5 home loss against Atlético Madrid.

Alavés (loan).

On 22 August 2018, Calleri was loaned to fellow La Liga side Deportivo Alavés for one year.

Espanyol (loan).

On 26 August 2019, joined RCD Espanyol on a season-long loan deal.  Calleri scored a hat-trick for Espanyol in a Europa League match against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 27 February 2020; Espanyol won the match 3–2 but lost the two-legged tie by a score of 6–3.

International career.

Due to some impressive performances with Boca Juniors and São Paulo, Calleri earned a call-up to the Argentina Olympic squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics. On 29 July 2016, Calleri made his Argentina Olympic debut in a friendly against Mexico, which resulted in a 0–0 draw.

Personal life.

Calleri is the nephew of Argentine former footballer Néstor Fabbri.

Honours.

Boca Juniors

Jonathan Calleri (; ; born 23 September 1993) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club RCD Espanyol on loan from Deportivo Maldonado.

Jonathan Calleri, né le à Buenos Aires, est un footballeur argentin évoluant au poste d'attaquant à l'Espanyol de Barcelone, en prêt du CD Maldonado.


Location, situation and access.

The island is currently uninhabited but there is evidence of human occupation dating back to the Neolithic period. The remains of field systems, a church, a cairn burial, a gun battery and the Martello Tower still exist. There are two Holy Wells, one on the western shoreline is known locally as the "Scurvy Well" and is located within a surrounding stone structure. There is also a bullaun stone formed from an earthbound boulder. This may have been used as a pagan altar as it was 'Christianised' in the 7th century by carving an early Christian cross on the face. This lies close to the remains of the church. At the northern extremity of the Island there is evidence of a deep ditch or fosse that was the boundary of a medieval Promontary Fort. Located less than 300 metres off the mainland, the island comprises 9 hectares (22 acres). From Bulloch Harbour, it is possible to visit the island. Also a regular ferry operates from Coliemore Harbour, during the summer months.

History.

Dalkey Island, only 5 minutes by boat from Coliemore Harbour, is an important site of ancient and historic remains. Artefacts from the island, now housed in the National Museum in Dublin, provide evidence that the island's original occupants were from the Mesolithic, or Middle Stone Age. Humans continued to use the site through the Neolithic, Iron Age and Early Christian period. There is evidence it was inhabited in the 4th millennium BC (6,000 years ago) and was also used as a Viking base. A number of early medieval pieces of pottery and glassware were found on the island. Some of these artifacts came from Mediterranean area, possibly Turkey or Greece. It was an important site of pilgrimage in the medieval period as evidenced by the prominence of the island on early maps. One such, Danti's map of 'Isole Britaniche', painted on the wall of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence (c. 1560) survives as a remarkable record. It was believed that 'taking' water from the well attributed to the saint could cure scurvy. Recent tests to the water show that it has high levels of vitamin C (the cure for scurvy), probably due to its position below a salt marsh. There are ruins of a church, dating to the 7th century, which is named for St Begnet. An older wooden church was probably here before the present stone one was built. Another church in nearby Dalkey also named for St Begnet may have been a 'base' for pilgrims before they crossed the sound to the island. 'Pilgrim badges' would have been sold in the town which would be eventually sewn into their burial shroud to prove that they had undertaken the pilgrimage, helping their journey through the gates of heaven. On the orders of Henry VIII as part of his dissolution of the monasteries, St Begnets was raided in 1539. The ornaments and plate raised 36 schillings for the crown.  In the early Christian period, the town of Dalkey was called Kilbegnet. The earliest reference to 'Dalkey Island' is to be found on a map printed for 'Barnard's New, Complete and Authentic History of England’ printed c1782'. This was about the time that the island was becoming a site of British military ordinance. There is also a reference to it on a copy of the Downs survey of about the same time. The church on the island was altered during this period on the east side, when builders used it as living quarters while building the nearby Martello tower and gun battery in 1804..  Extensive archaeological excavations took place in the late 1960s (Liversage) which uncovered evidence of a churchyard and a number of burials. The skeletons were not exclusively male, as has been suggested but they were in the majority in keeping with the fact that it was an early Christian Monastic site.  A promontory fort designed to help protect what was the main deep water port for Dublin, now called Coliemore Harbour, in the medieval period. was located at the northern end of the island, its presence still visible today in the form of a ditch. The remains of a child (probably a plague victim) were discovered, discarded rather than buried in the ditch during the 1968 excavation. The remains may also have been that of a young Viking slave (comparisons to the remains found in Llanbedrgoch on Anglesey would suggest this) but accurate dating tests have not yet been carried out.  The ruined stone church may be as old as the 7th century and was probably abandoned for a period when the Vikings used the island as a base and there is evidence that the island was used as a slave market during this period. The Annals of the Four Masters says that in 938. Coibhdeanagh, the Abbott of Cill-achaidh, drowned in the sea off the island trying to escape with treasures from the church hidden in his vestments during one Viking raid. In the early 19th century the Admiralty erected the Martello Tower, one of eight dotted along the Dún Laoghaire coastline, as an early warning defensive device against the one-time threat of invasion during the Napoleonic Wars. A herd of goats, originally put on the island in the early 19th century, remains there today but they are replacements of the original goats who were removed.

Waters and leisure.

The island is also an ideal spot for fishing, with pollock, coalfish, wrasse and mackerel being caught.  The channel between the island and the mainland is very deep.  The waters around Dalkey Island are much used for sailing, angling and diving. Rocks known as Maiden or Carraig Rock, Clare Rock and Lamb Island, all to the northwest, form part of the ridge of the Island. Parts of these rocks are only visible at low tide. The southern end of the island is a favorite with kayakers, especially on the flooding tide. There can be a substantial overfall here and in a south east wind can be extremely challenging for the kayaker. When kayaking around the Island on a flood tide it is easier to go in an anti-clockwise direction.

Wildlife.

Dalkey Island is home to a colony of seals which has greatly expanded in recent years. Black rabbits and herd of wild goats live on the island also. Birdwatch Ireland have established a colony of Roseate Terns on Maiden Rock just north of the Island and Ireland holds most of the European population.

The Muglins.

The rocks to the east of the island are known as "The Muglins" and are a different group or chain. These form a danger to shipping and have been fitted with a distinctive beacon. The beacon stands on the site of what was once a 'gibbet' where the bodies of two pirates, Peter McKinlie and George Gidley were displayed following their execution for the murders of Captain Cockeran, Captain George Glas and his family and others on board the ship "Earl of Sandwich" in 1765. Their remains lie buried under the concrete plinth base of the beacon.

Dalkey Island ( ) is an island for which the nearby village of Dalkey is named ( meaning "thorn island"). It is an uninhabited island located south of Dublin and south of Dún Laoghaire harbour. An important site of pilgrimage for centuries, it has been known as "St Begnet's Isle" since records began. The earliest reference to 'Dalkey Island' is from c. 1782. The island had a population of 8 in 1841.

Dalkey Island est une île irlandaise inhabitée située à 16 km au sud de Dublin, à 3 km du village du Dalkey qui lui donne son nom, mais à 300 mètres seulement à vol d'oiseau de la côte. L'île a une superficie de 9 hectares (0,09 km2).


History.

Texarkana Union Station was constructed and operated by Union Station Trust, a subsidiary organization created as a joint effort between the Missouri-Pacific, Texas & Pacific, Cotton Belt and Kansas City Southern railroads. E. M. Tucker, chief architect for Missouri Pacific, designed the building with a track layout and overhead concourse reminiscent of the style he had used when rebuilding Little Rock Union Depot after a 1921 fire.  The present structure replaced an earlier Texarkana station on the same site, and was opened for business on April 17, 1930, with a large celebration and dedication held on May 12, 1930, according to Missouri Pacific Lines Magazine, June 1930. The station and the federal courthouse anchor the south and north ends of State Line Avenue, the dividing line between Arkansas and Texas. In 1876, Congress mandated that the Texarkana railroad station would straddle the state line, and the building has entrances and exits into both states. Missouri Pacific and Texas and Pacific, the two carriers with the most passenger trains serving Texarkana Union Station, were able to operate through the facility without a backup move. Kansas City Southern and Cotton Belt passenger trains both made back-up moves to access the station.  Provisions were made in the original station design for a restaurant, but as a result of the Great Depression, the only food service was provided by a snack bar and news stand.  The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Mail and express service.

During the heyday of private railroad passenger train service, Texarkana served as a major distribution point for mail and express, and a large Terminal Railway Post Office was located in and adjacent to the station. In addition, express cars originating at such distant points as New York City were routed to Texarkana, where the shipments were sorted for transportation in different trains to their final destination.

Texarkana Union Station is a historic train station in the Texarkana metropolitan area serving Amtrak, the United States' national passenger rail system. The Arkansas-Texas border bisects the structure; the eastern part, including the waiting room and ticket office, are in Texarkana, Arkansas, but the western part is in Texarkana, Texas, meaning stopped trains span both states. The station was built in 1928 and was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

La gare de Texarkana est une gare ferroviaire des États-Unis, située sur le territoire de Texarkana dans l'État de l'Arkansas.


Education.

Wörner studied civil engineering at Technische Universität Berlin and at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, now called Technische Universität Darmstadt. He visited Japan in 1982 as part of a research stay on the subject of earthquake safety. In 1985, he did his doctorate on component–building interactions during earthquakes.

Career.

Until 1990, Wörner worked for the engineering office König und Heunisch in Frankfurt. In the same year, he was appointed professor for solid construction and head of the testing and research institute at TH Darmstadt. He founded his own engineering office Wörner und Partner in 1994. From 1992 to 1994 Wörner served as dean of the university's civil engineering department. Starting in 1993, he also held the office of technical director at the Gelsenkirchen institute for glass construction. Wörner was appointed a test engineer for structural analysis and solid construction in 1994 and a professor of structural engineering in 1995.  On 28 June 1995, Wörner was elected president by the assembly of what was then called the TH Darmstadt and lead the University from 24 July 1995 to 28 February 2007.  Wörner was elected deputy speaker for Universities in the German Rectors' Conference in 2002. In 2003, he became speaker of ARGE TU/TH, the technical universities and technological institutes working group. In 2003 he joined the science council's "Ranking" working group and assumed the chair for structural analysis for superstructures at the University's architecture department as a provisional substitute. In 2004, he joined the science council's "Universities" working group.  Between 2010 and 2011, Wörner served on the High-Level Group on Aviation and Aeronautics Research launched by European Commissioners Siim Kallas and Máire Geoghegan-Quinn. In February 2011, the State Government of Baden-Württemberg appointed him to serve as a mediator for the controversial railroad infrastructure project Stuttgart 21, after he had already mediated talks concerning airport constructions in Frankfurt. On 18 December 2014, the European Space Agency announced that Wörner would assume the office of director general for four years on 1 July 2015.  On 19 October 2016 Wörner claimed that the despite the crash at the attempted landing, the Schiaparelli mission was still a success from an engineering standpoint because of the data gathered. Not only was the parachute released early, but moreover the retrorockets fired for only 3s rather than the required 30s. The probe crashed into the surface at 300 km per hour, leaving a 40m wide impact site.  In 2015, Wörner has proposed cooperation among countries and companies on lunar capabilities, a concept referred to as "Moon Village".

Johann-Dietrich "Jan" Wörner (), born 18 July 1954 in Kassel, is a German civil engineer, university professor and former president of Technische Universität Darmstadt. He served as chairman of the executive board of the German Aerospace Center DLR from 1 March 2007 to 30 June 2015. On 1 July 2015, he succeeded Jean-Jacques Dordain as Director General of the European Space Agency.

Johann-Dietrich Wörner, né le à Cassel, est un ingénieur allemand. Il était directeur de l'agence aérospatiale allemande, la DLR de 2007 à 2015. Il a remplacé Jean-Jacques Dordain à la tête de l'Agence spatiale européenne le.


Early years.

Özoğuz was born on 31 May 1967 in Finkenau, Hamburg to Turkish parents, who came to Germany in 1958. She grew up in Hamburg-Lokstedt. Her parents later went into their own food business. Özoğuz acquired German citizenship in 1989. She has two brothers, Yavuz and Gürhan.  She finished her high school education at Corvey-Gymnasium in 1986 with Abitur. Following her studies in English as a major and Spanish and Human Resources Management as a minor, she completed a master's degree at the University of Hamburg in 1994. During her university years, she was member of the Turkish Student Society in Hamburg, and served as its chairperson for two years.

Career.

Since 1994, Özoğuz was research fellow in the Körber Foundation as project manager of "Coordination of New Projects" with focus on German-Turkish projects. From 1996 on, Özoğuz conducted projects in the field of Youth and Science Exchange as well as academic conferences on issues of international relations. With her election into Bundestag, she was exempted from her post at the Körber Foundation.  Between 2001 and 2008, Özoğuz was member of the Hamburg Parliament. She was appointed speaker of the parliamentary group of SPD for migration policies and member of the committees of interior affairs, petitions and family.  In 2004, Özoğuz joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). She is the first ever Turkish descent woman in the SPD leadership as deputy chairperson.

Member of the Bundestag, 2009–present.

Özoğuz first entered the Bundestag at the 2009 German federal election. She became a member of the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. She served also in the Committee of Inquiry for internet and the digital society. On 2 March 2010, the SPD parliamentary group appointed her commissioner of the group for integration.  Özoğuz was re-elected in the 2013 election, gaining the constituency of Hamburg Wandsbek. She is one of the eleven politicians of Turkish descent who won a seat in the Bundestag, including seven women.  Since 2018, Özoğuz has been a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and on the Committee on Human Rights and Humantarian Aid.

Federal Commissioner for Immigration, Refugees and Integration, 2013–2018.

On 16 December 2013, Özoğuz was appointed Commissioner for Immigration, Refugees and Integration () in the third Merkel cabinet, succeeding Maria Böhmer (CDU). She was the first ever woman with Turkish roots and Muslim member of the German Federal Government as Minister of State.  In April 2015, Özoğuz accompanied German President Joachim Gauck on a state visit to Turkey. In September 2015, amid the European migrant crisis, she joined Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel on a trip to the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing from Syrian civil war which erupted in 2011.  In May 2017, Özoğuz wrote a guest commentary in the newspaper Tagesspiegel in which she stated that a specific German culture "aside from the language is simply not identifiable", as "already historically, rather regional cultures, immigration and diversity have shaped our history". She added that "Globalisation and pluralisation of lifeworlds leads to a further diversification of diversity."  In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Özoğuz was part of the working group on migration policy, led by Volker Bouffier, Joachim Herrmann and Ralf Stegner.

Political positions.

Human rights.

In August 2012, Özoğuz was one of 124 members of the Bundestag to sign a letter that was sent to the Russian ambassador to Germany, Vladimir Grinin, expressing concern over the trial against the three members of Pussy Riot. “Being held in detention for months and the threat of lengthy punishment are draconian and disproportionate,” the lawmakers said in the letter. “In a secular and pluralist state, peaceful artistic acts – even if they can be seen as provocative – must not lead to the accusation of serious criminal acts that lead to lengthy prison terms.”

Personal life.

Özoğuz is married to Michael Neumann, Senator of Interior Affairs from SPD in the state government of Hamburg, and has a daughter, Hanna.  Her brothers Yavuz Özoğuz and Gürhan Özoğuz, both staunch and avowed admirers of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Hizballah, run the Islamist internet site "Muslim-Markt". Aydan Özoğuz distanced herself from her brothers on their radical Islamist viewpoints in a newspaper interview in October 2011.  Her twin cousins Hakan Özoğuz and Gökhan Özoğuz are part of the ska punk band Athena from Istanbul, Turkey.

Aydan Özoğuz (, born 31 May 1967) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). She has been a member of the Bundestag since 2009 and served as deputy chairperson of the party from 2011 until 2017. She also served as Commissioner for Immigration, Refugees and Integration at the rank of Minister of State in the third government of Chancellor Angela Merkel from 2013 until 2018.

Aydan Özoğuz, née le, est une femme politique allemande d'origine turque. Elle est ministre de l'Intégration depuis. Elle est membre du Bundestag auprès du Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne (SPD) depuis 2009 et a été élue en comme un des six vice-présidents du parti.


History.

Karin Luner had studied in the class of Professor Hoedecke at the Berlin Academy of Arts along with Salomé (artist) and Middendorf among others. In 1977 she left for a foreign course of study to New York, New York where she shot “Bored”, a super 8 movie which eventually was shown in the Berliner SO 36 by Martin Kippenberger. While in New York she took drumming lessons with Fred Maher, the drummer for Lou Reed. On a 1978 visit to her hometown, Duesseldorf, Germany, she met with Eva Gossling in Carmen Knoebels underground club, "Ratinger Hof." It was here that she suggested establishing an all-girls band as soon as she returned to Berlin. Eva and Karen, who was studying in Berlin, met Beate Bartel, a bassist and sound engineer, at the Wittenbergplatz subway station. They were joined at their first meeting by tenor saxophonist Bettina Köster and Gudrun Gut, the owner of a mini Moog synthesizer. During the summer of 1979 Mania D rehearsed daily in their Martin Luther Street studio. Beate Bartel named the band, whereas Karin Luner had the idea to shoot a super 8 movie to be shown at all concerts. Karin Luner created the styling for the super-8 movie, "Fashion Interlection." The outfit for the video was designed by Eisengrau, Claudia Skoda and Karin Luner. Martin Kippenberger, Volker Anding and Oswald Wiener promoted the young band with organizing concerts, and diner for free at "exil", a restaurant owned by Oswald Wiener. Their first concert outside of Berlin was in Sappened in September of ́79 in the Wuppertal Nordstadt Kollektiv Galerie.

Recognition.

Their recognition led to an invitation to perform in New York. On October the 24th in 1979 Mania D played on Broome Street at Arleen Schloss performance loft, A ́s. The New York audience responded enthusiastically. Mania D performed at the end of November at Tier 3, without Eva Gossling, who was then living with SAMO, alias Jean-Michel Basquiat at Arleene Schloss A ́s. Both experimented with music, sound and tapes. Karin Luner stayed in New York. Eva Gossling was invited by Alexander von Borsig alias Alexander Hacke and Richard Hirsch to play in the Berlin band, "Blasse". In December 1979 Mania D performed with a smaller crew. In 1981 they founded the band, "Malaria!", which unified elements of free jazz with those of experimental music with a distinctive saxophone sound. Bettina Köster’s especially striking singing voice characterized the band and replicated the music of Berlin in the Twenties. Gudrun Gut and Bettina Köster along with Eisengrau developed an independent fashion label and a concept store. Under this name they created their unconventional stage outfits. The legendary "fog-concert" occurred on January 18, 1980 at the unheated "SO36" club where it was so cold that patrons could see their breath. A never-before viewed video of the event was discovered in 2010 in the archives of the video artist and filmmaker, Werner Schmiedel. Mania D was not part of the commercial oriented new - German wave, which started in early 1981 after the growing success of bands like D.A.F. and Fehlfarben.

Mania D was a new wave-underground band at the end of the seventies to beginning of the eighties in West Berlin. They had been part of the "Geniale Dilettanten" (Ingenious Dilettantes) movement. Members were the predecessors of the all-girls band Malaria!, of Liaisons Dangereuses, Einstürzende Neubauten, Die Krupps. Their music unified elements of free jazz with those of new wave by a distinctive saxophone sound.

Mania D est un groupe ouest-berlinois de new wave expérimentale. Formé en par des musiciennes se réclamant du mouvement des dillettantes géniaux, le groupe muera en 1981 en Malaria!. Il est constitué de Bettina Köster, Gudrun Gut, Beate Bartel, Eva Gossling et Karin Luner. Leur musique se distingue par l'utilisation du saxophone tendance free jazz marié à des sonorités new wave et punk.


Function.

Although the function of sleep spindles is unclear, it is believed that they actively participate in the consolidation of overnight declarative memory through the reconsolidation process. The density of spindles has been shown to increase after extensive learning of declarative memory tasks and the degree of increase in stage 2 spindle activity correlates with memory performance. Among other functions, spindles facilitate somatosensory development, thalamocortical sensory gating, synaptic plasticity, and offline memory consolidation. Sleep spindles closely modulate interactions between the brain and its external environment; they essentially moderate responsiveness to sensory stimuli during sleep. Recent research has revealed that spindles distort the transmission of auditory information to the cortex; spindles isolate the brain from external disturbances during sleep. Another study found that re-exposure to olfactory cues during sleep initiate reactivation, an essential part of long term memory consolidation that improves later recall performance. Spindles generated in the thalamus have been shown to aid sleeping in the presence of disruptive external sounds. A correlation has been found between the amount of brainwave activity in the thalamus and a sleeper's ability to maintain tranquility. Spindles play an essential role in both sensory processing and long term memory consolidation because they are generated in the TRN.  During sleep, these spindles are seen in the brain as a burst of activity immediately following muscle twitching. Researchers think the brain, particularly in the young, is learning about what nerves control what specific muscles when asleep.  Sleep spindle activity has furthermore been found to be associated with the integration of new information into existing knowledge as well as directed remembering and forgetting (fast sleep spindles).  During NREM sleep, the brain waves produced by people with schizophrenia lack the normal pattern of slow and fast spindles. Loss of sleep spindles are also a feature of familial fatal insomnia, a prion disease. Changes in spindle density are observed in disorders such as epilepsy and autism.

Gender differences.

Sleep spindles play a crucial role in declarative memory consolidation, however, most studies neglect to control for sex, although both sex and menstruation affect sleep and online learning periods. Studies have shown that the influence of sleep spindles during the declarative memory process may be affected by modulatory menstrual cycle effects in females. These findings have contributed to a proposed waxing and waning effect of estrogen on the memory performance of women due to fluctuating estrogen levels, which could potentially predict a decrease in memory performance during menses. Because of the novelty of these studies, the waxing and waning effect has been overlooked in every prior study.  Women tend to have 0.16 more sleep spindles per minute than men ( i.e. roughly 9–10 more over an hour's time). A female advantage has been found for episodic, emotional, and spatial memories as well as recognition of odours, faces, and pictures. These differences are believed to be due to hormonal influence, especially that of estrogen. The female sex hormone estrogen primarily influences sexual maturation and reproduction, but has also been found to facilitate other brain functions, including cognition and memory. On verbal tasks where women scored higher than men, women scored higher during the mid-luteal phase, when women have higher estrogen levels, when compared to the menstrual phase. A recent study found that local brain estrogen production within cognitive circuits may be important for the acquisition and consolidation of memories. Recent experiments concerning the relationship between estrogen and the process of offline memory consolidation have also focused on sleep spindles. Genzel and colleagues determined that there was a menstrual effect on declarative and motor performance, meaning that women in the mid-luteal phase (high estrogen) performed higher than the other female participants. Women in the luteal phase were also the only participants to experience an increase in spindles after learning, which led to the conclusion that the effect of the menstrual cycle may be mediated by spindles and female hormones.

Sleep spindles are bursts of neural oscillatory activity that are generated by interplay of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and other thalamic nuclei during stage 2 NREM sleep in a frequency range of ~11 to 16 Hz (usually 12–14 Hz) with a duration of 0.5 seconds or greater (usually 0.5–1.5 seconds). After generation in the TRN, spindles are sustained and relayed to the cortex by thalamo-thalamic and thalamo-cortical feedback loops regulated by both GABAergic and NMDA-receptor mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Sleep spindles have been found in all tested mammalian species and in vitro cells.

Un fuseau de sommeil est un ensemble d'ondes dont la fréquence est située entre 12 et 14 hertz qui sont générées durant le stade 2 du sommeil à ondes lentes. Elles apparaissent soudainement parmi les ondes plus lentes, durant une période de 100 à 1500 millisecondes.


Description.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" is a shrub or small tree usually growing to tall, sometimes twice that height, with white, brownish or grey bark and an open canopy. Its leaves are long, wide, thick, broadly elliptic and aromatic.  The flowers are cream, yellow, yellow-green or occasionally red and arranged in spikes on the ends of branch which continue to grow after flowering and sometimes also in the upper leaf axils. Each spike contains 8 to 25 groups of flowers in threes and is up to long and in diameter. The petals are long and fall off as the flower matures. There are five bundles of stamens around the flower, each with 6 or 9 stamens although the stamens are only weakly joined in bundles. Flowering can occur at any time of the year but most commonly happens in winter. Flowering is followed by fruit which are woody capsules long, scattered along the stem, each containing numerous fine seeds.

Taxonomy and naming.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" was first formally described in 1788 by Daniel Solander, the description published by Joseph Gaertner in "De fructibus et seminibus plantarum" including a carefully drawn figure of the stamen bundle and fruiting capsules. The description was made during the forced stay of the "Endeavour" on the banks of the Endeavour River, at the site of the present-day Cooktown, during the first voyage of James Cook. The specific epithet ("viridiflora") is from the Latin "viridis" meaning "green" and "flos" meaning "flower" referring to the most common flower colour of this species.

Distribution and habitat.

This melaleuca occurs in tropical areas of Australia, including as far south as Maryborough in Queensland, northern parts of Western Australia south to the Dampier Peninsula district, and the northern half of the Northern Territory. It is also found in the southern part of West Papua in Indonesia and southern Papua New Guinea It grows on the margins of gallery forest, in forest, woodland and swampy plains in a variety of soils.

Ecology.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" forests provide habitat for orchid species including the rare, threatened or endangered "Calochilus psednus", "Pachystoma pubescens", "Eulophia bicallosa" and Cardwell midge orchid ("Genoplesium tectum"). Individual trees often host the epiphytic ant-house plant, ("Myrmecodia beccarii").  Plants distributed in south-eastern Florida in 1900 under the name "Melaleuca viridiflora" have been subsequently identified as "Melaleuca quinquenervia".

Uses.

Traditional uses.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" is used by Aboriginal Australians for multiple uses. The bark is peeled off in layers and is used for shelter, bedding, containers, storing and cooking food, fire tinder, watercraft, fish traps and wrapping corpses. In traditional medicine, an infusion from leaves was drunk, inhaled or used for bathing to treat coughs, colds, congestion, headache, fever and influenza.

Essential oils.

Different populations of this species yield different oils but there are two distinct groups. One is rich in terpenic oil but otherwise highly variable with three distinct chemotypes. Another population is rich in methyl cinnamate with two chemotypes.

Horticulture.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" is a useful and adaptable small tree in cultivation, with the red-flowered form being preferred. It is suitable for tropical and subtropical areas where there is high summer rainfall, especially in heavy clay soils. Its open canopy makes it a useful host tree for epiphytes such as "Dendrobium".

Melaleuca viridiflora, commonly known as broad-leaved paperbark is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is native to woodlands, swamps and streams of monsoonal areas of northern Australia and New Guinea. It is usually a small tree with an open canopy, papery bark and spikes of cream, yellow, green or red flowers.

Melaleuca viridiflora est un arbre de la famille des Myrtaceae, originaire du nord de l'Australie et de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. L'espèce est depuis longtemps confondue avec le niaouli "Melaleuca quinquenervia". Des études récentes de Craven et Barlow (1997) ont montré la nécessité de revoir le statut de plusieurs espèces de "Melaleuca". Les deux espèces "M. quinquenervia" et "M. viridiflora" appartiennent à un groupe de mélaleucas, désigné « Complexe "Melaleuca leucadendra" » qui comprend 14 espèces : "M. arcana, M. argentea, M. cajeputi, M. clarksonii, M. dealbata, M. fluviatilis, M. leucadendra, M. nervosa, M. sericea, M. saligna, M. stenostachya, M. triumphalis" et "M. viridiflora". Ces espèces sont caractérisées par des feuilles persistantes, odorantes, et larges et une écorce s'exfoliant en larges bandes. Elles se rencontrent à l'état naturel au nord-est de l'Australie tandis que "M. quinquefolia" s'étend sur la côte orientale australienne jusqu'à Sydney et en Nouvelle-Calédonie.


History.

The first written mention about the town dates back to year 1200. The Czech Chronicle by Wenceslaus Hajek of Libočan (which cannot be taken as a credible source though) mentions a village which in 1021 should have been situated in place called U kostelíčka (about one kilometer to the west from the present town). The name of the town is derived from Bystrý, a stream flowing through the town. After the original settlement was burnt out, a new market village Bystré was built up on the Trstenice trail (mentioned in 1349). The village was shaped as a horseshoe and the first owner of the village Bystré were the Lords of Mokošín. Since 1213 the village belonged to Svojanov manor. Bystré received the town right during the reign of Charles IV. In the later period the city gained a number of privileges, such as toll collection right and the right for a weekly market. Jan Bezdružický z Kolovrat became the town owner in the 16th century. Under his rule, a local fort was constructed. Jan died in 1604 and was buried in a tomb in the local church. The following owners, lords of Martinice, started mining of iron ore in Hamry (currently a part of the municipality of Bystré). During the Thirty Years' War the city was devastated. In 1624 Albrecht von Wallenstein passed through the town. Leopold of Valderode bought the manor of Bystré in 1686. In 1707 the manor was sold again, this time in an auction. The new owner (Jakub Hanibal, the count of Hohenems) let built the town hall. During the rule of his son, Franz Rudolph, the construction of a new church started and spa Balda was founded in the neighborhood. As the counts of Hohenems died out in 1869, Bystré manor was passed to Emperor Franz Joseph I who owned it until the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918. A legend says that in the period when Bystré formed a part of Svojanov manor the tax revenues from Bystré and surrounding villages were taken away to Svojanov. The money was carried by a collector – most probably by one of the town councilors. Once, the collector was attacked by a bear during his journey through the forest between Hartmanice and Svojanov. The collector succeeded to kill the bear with a spear. This event became the symbol of the town, being depicted on the coat of arms and the city seal.  The flag has dark red background with two wavy stripes – a black and a golden one. These stripes symbolize two streams (Zlatý and Bysterský) between which Bystré was founded. The flag was introduced in 1998.

Demographics.

The number of inhabitants of Bystré (categorized by gender and age category) on 31 December 2010 is summarized in the table below (source: Czech Statistical Office.

Interesting facts.

Vojtěch Jasný’s movie All My Compatriots (Czech: Všichni dobří rodáci) was in 1968 filmed in Bystré and its surroundings. Also the filming of a stand-alone sequel Návrat ztraceného ráje partially took place in Bystré in 1999.

Twin towns – sister cities.

Bystré is twinned with:

Bystré (; ) is a town in the Czech Republic. It is located in Svitavy District (part of Pardubice Region) approximately south east from Polička. As of January 2012 Bystré had 1,628 inhabitants.

Bystré est une ville du district de Svitavy, dans la région de Pardubice, en République tchèque. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2017.


History.

Ever since the Islamic Revolution, Iran has sought to back Shia Islamist paramilitary organizations across the Middle East. Many have been very close to the Iranian state, particularly the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, like the Movement of Vanguard Missionaries and the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI). During the Iran–Iraq War many of these groups fought for Iran, with SCIRI's Badr Brigade being led by Iranian officers. After the US overthrow of Saddam Hussein, these Iranian-led militia men returned to Iraq where they retained their autonomy and Iran continued to support Shia Islamist paramilitaries.  In February 2010, Asaib Ahl al-Haq kidnapped U.S. contractor Issa T. Salomi, a naturalized American from Iraq. They released a video of him where he read their demands, calling for the release of all the group's members, including several of the group's leaders who are currently imprisoned. Iran is supporting three Shiite extremist groups in Iraq that have been attempting to attack American bases, General Ray Odierno, the top U.S. commander in Iraq, said on July 21, 2010. The Iranians have "gone to a more sophisticated program with a smaller set of extremists" and are now focusing on three groups, which he identified as Kataib Hezbollah, Asaib Ahl al-Haq (League of the Righteous), and the Promised Day Brigade.  As of 2011, according to American officials, the Promised Day Brigades is the largest, with over 5,000 fighters, and pose the biggest long-term security threat to Iraq. Kata'ib Hezbollah is said to have around 1,000 fighters and is the most exclusively reliant on Iranian support. Asa'ib al-Haq is said to have less than 1,000 fighters as of 2011 and receives a reported 5 million per month in Iranian funding. The Promised Day Brigades is said to receive the least amount of Iranian funding and is the most independent of the three.  Since the beginning of the Iraqi war against ISIS, the Special Groups have joined the Popular Mobilization Forces to fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

Special Groups (SGs) is a designation given by the United States military to the cell-based Shi'a paramilitary organizations operating within Iraq, backed by Iran. According to the United States these groups are funded, trained, and armed by the Iranian Quds Force, part of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). According to the United States Department of Defense, 603 American troops in total were confirmed to have been killed by IRGC-backed Shia militias (Special Groups) during the Iraq War.

Les Groupes spéciaux est une désignation donnée par l'armée américaine aux groupes armés insurgés chiites opérant en Irak à partir de 2007 avec le soutien présumé de l'Iran (entraînés et armés par la Force Al-Qods) : il s'agit de la Brigade du Jour promis (en arabe : لواء اليوم الموعود "Liwa al-Youm al-Mawud") dirigée par Moqtada al-Sadr du Kataeb Hezbollah et de l'Asaïb Ahl al-Haq de Qais al-Khazali (qui s'est rendu coupable de l'enlèvement de civils américains), qui ont fait scission de l'Armée du Mahdi à la suite de son démantèlement à la fin de 2008.