History.

Early stages.

Hot air balloons have been used with military purposes in Spain as far back as 1896. In 1905, with the help of Alfredo Kindelán, Leonardo Torres y Quevedo directed the construction of the first Spanish dirigible in the Army Military Aerostatics Service, created in 1896 and located in Guadalajara. The new airship was completed successfully and, named 'España', made numerous test and exhibition flights.  The Spanish Army air arm, however, took off formally in 1909 when Colonel Pedro Vives Vich and Captain Alfredo Kindelán made an official trip to different European cities to check the potential of introducing airships and airplanes in the Spanish Armed Forces. One year later a Royal decree established the National Aviation School, "Escuela Nacional de Aviación (civil)" in Getafe, near Madrid, under the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, "Ministerio de Fomento".  The established institution became militarized under the name "Aeronáutica Española" when Colonel Pedro Vives was chosen to lead it as director of the "Aeronáutica Militar", Military Aeronautics, the name of the air arm of the Spanish Army. Captain Alfredo Kindelán was named Chief of Aviation, "Jefe de Aviación".  On 17 December 1913, during the war with Morocco, a Spanish expeditionary squadron of the "Aeronáutica Española" became the first organized military air unit to see combat during the first systematic bombing in history by dropping aerial bombs from a Lohner "Flecha" (Arrow) airplane on the plain of Ben Karrix in Morocco. During the years that followed, most of the military activity of the Spanish Air Force would take place in Northern Morocco.  In 1915 Spain's first seaplane base was opened at Los Alcazares on the Mar Menor in the Murcia region and Alfredo Kindelán was named Military Aeronautics Director, displacing Pedro Vives. The Catalan Flying School was established in Can Tunis, Barcelona the following year and Getafe Aerodrome became a full-fledged military air base. In 1919 General Francisco Echagüe replaced Kindelán as leader of the "Aeronáutica Española".  In 1920 two Nieuport 80 and one Caudron G.3 were first painted with squadron identification numbers and the Spanish Air Force roundel. Shortly thereafter the "Aeronáutica Naval", the air branch of the Spanish Navy, already established through a Royal decree four years earlier, became functional in El Prat, in the same location as present-day Barcelona Airport.  In 1921, following the Spanish defeat at Annual, known as "Desastre de Annual" in Spain, the Zeluán Aerodrome was taken over by the Rif army and another aerodrome was built at Nador. Lieutenant Colonel Kindelán was named "Jefe Superior de Aeronáutica", becoming chief-commander of the air force in 1926, at the time when Spanish Morocco was retaken and the Rif War ended.  In 1926 a crew of Spanish aviators, that included Ramón Franco, Julio Ruiz de Alda, Juan Manuel Duran and Pablo Rada, completed the first Trans-Atlantic flight between Spain and South America in January 1926 on the "Plus Ultra". That same year, pilots González Gallarza, Joaquín Loriga Taboada and Rafael Martínez Esteve completed the first flight between Spain and the Philippines, in just one month. The expedition was flown with two Breguet 19 and known as the "Escuadrilla Elcano" or "Elcano Squadron".  In 1930 the Aeronaval Base in San Javier was established and in the same year a pro-Republican revolt in the Cuatro Vientos military aerodrome near Madrid was quashed. After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, General Luis Lombarte Serrano replaced Kindelán as chief-commander of the air force, but he would be quickly succeeded by Commander Ramón Franco, younger brother of later dictator Francisco Franco. Captain Cipriano Rodríguez Díaz and Lieutenant Carlos de Haya González flew non-stop to Equatorial Guinea, then a Spanish colonial outpost. Under Capitan Warlela cadastral surveys of Spain were carried out using modern methods of aerial photography in 1933. The following year Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva took off and landed on seaplane carrier Dédalo with his autogyro C-30P. In 1934 Commander Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga became new chief-commander of the air force.  Following a Government decree dated 2d October 1935, the Dirección General de Aeronáutica was placed under the authority of the War Ministry, "Ministerio de la Guerra", instead of under the "Presidencia del Gobierno", following which in 1936 the Air Force regional units became restructured. Accordingly, the Spanish Navy-based "Escuadra" model was replaced by "Región Militar" divisions which are still operative today.

Air warfare in the Spanish Civil War.

After the military rebellion that triggered the Spanish Civil War, Spanish military aviation was divided into the Air Force of the Spanish republican government and the National Aviation ("Aviación Nacional"), established by the army in revolt.  In July 1936, right after the coup, the first German Junkers Ju 52 and Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 arrived to help the rebels and the Fiat CR.32 fighters began operating in the Córdoba front. In August Heinkel He 51 fighters were also deployed. These planes helped the army in revolt to gain full control of the air, as did the German and Italian expeditionary forces, the Condor Legion and the Aviazione Legionaria. At first, the Spanish Republican Air Force had the control of great swathes of Spanish territory using a motley selection of planes, but the unwavering help received by Francisco Franco from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy reversed the situation. In September 1936 the Navy and Air Ministry, "Ministerio de Marina y Aire", and the Air Undersecretariat, "Subsecretaria del Aire" were established under the command of Indalecio Prieto as minister. The first serious air combat took place over Madrid when Italian bombers attacked the city in a massive bombing operation. In the reorganization of the military in the areas of Spain that had remained loyal to the government, the new military structure of the republic merged the "Aeronáutica Militar" and the "Aeronáutica Naval", the former being the air arm of the Spanish Republican Army and the latter the naval aviation of the Spanish Republican Navy, and formed the Spanish Republican Air Force. The Republican tricolor roundel was replaced by red bands for identification purposes, an insignia that had previously been used on "Aeronáutica Naval" aircraft during the monarchy in the 1920s, before the time of the Republic.  Many innovative, and often lethal, aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by Germany's Condor Legion forces on Spanish soil against the areas that remained loyal to the Republican Government with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Nazi help to the Nationalist Air Force was part of Hitler's German re-armament strategy and the techniques that German Nazi pilots learned in Spain would later be used in World War II. Despite the devastation and the human casualties caused by the bombing of the Basque city of Guernica in 1937, known by the Luftwaffe as Operation Rügen, Hitler insisted that his longterm designs in Spain were peaceful. He called his strategy "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War), as evidenced in a January 1937 speech. The international outcry over Guernica, however, would not bring about any increase in the military help provided to the beleaguered Spanish Republic.The pilots of the Spanish Republican Air Force, often young and poorly trained were unable to check the Nazi German and Fascist Italian modern-warfare attacks. Despite Franco's claim that both air forces were equal, and despite the help of foreign pilots, Spanish Republican planes were mostly obsolete and often in a bad state of disrepair. Even after acquiring more planes from the Soviet Union in the mid-stages of the war, the Spanish Republican Air Force was no longer able to control the Spanish skies nor match the power of the German and Italian expeditionary forces in specific combat situations.  The Spanish Republican Air Force became practically irrelevant since the Battle of the Ebro in 1938 when the root of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces was broken. Finally it was completely disbanded after the victory on April 1, 1939.

Post-Civil War era.

The present Spanish Air Force ("Ejército del Aire", or EdA) was officially established on 7 October 1939, after the end of the Spanish Civil War. The EdA was a successor to the Nationalist and Republican Air Forces. Spanish Republican colors disappeared and the black roundel of the planes was replaced by a yellow and red roundel. However, the black and white Saint Andrew's Cross () fin flash, the tail insignia of Franco's air force, as well as of the Aviazione Legionaria of Fascist Italy and the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany, is still in use in the present-day Spanish Air Force.  After the changes introduced at the beginning of the dictatorship the Air Regions and their Command centres were the following:  The Blue Squadron ("Escuadrillas Azules") was an air unit that fought alongside the Axis Powers at the time of the Blue Division, "Division Azul" Spanish volunteer formation in World War II. The "Escuadrilla azul" operated with the Luftwaffe on the Eastern Front and took part in the battle of Kursk. This squadron was the ""15 Spanische Staffel""/JG 27 "Afrika" of the VIII Fliegerkorps, Luftflotte 2.  During the first years after World War II the Spanish Air Force consisted largely of German and Italian planes and copies of them. An interesting example was the HA-1112-M1L "Buchón" (Pouter), this was essentially a licensed production of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 re-engined with a Rolls-Royce Merlin 500-45 for use in Spain.  In March 1946 the first Spanish military paratroop unit, the "Primera Bandera de la Primera Legión de Tropas de Aviación", was established in Alcalá de Henares. It first saw action in the Ifni War during 1957 and 1958. Because of US Government objection to use airplanes manufactured in the US in her colonial struggles after World War II, Spain used at first old German aircraft, such as the T-2 (Junkers 52, nicknamed "Pava"), the B-2I (Heinkel 111, nicknamed "Pedro"), the C-4K (Spanish version of the Bf 109, nicknamed "Buchón"), and some others. Still, Grumman Albatross seaplanes and Sikorsky H-19B helicopters were used in rescue operations. This is why still now in present times, EdA maintains a policy of having jet fighters from two different origins, one first line fighter of North American origin, and one from French-European origin (F-4C Phantom / Mirage F1, Mirage III; EF-18A / Eurofighter Typhoon).  Although in sheer numbers the EdA was impressive, at the end of World War II technically it had become more or less obsolete due to the progress in aviation technology during the war. For budget reasons Spain actually kept many of the old German aircraft operative well into the 1950s and 1960s. As an example the last Junkers Ju 52 used to operate in Escuadrón 721 training parachutists from Alcantarilla Air Base near Murcia, until well into the 1970s. The CASA 352 and the CASA 352L were developments built by CASA in the 1950s.  Links were established in the 1950s with the United States. Spain received its first jets, like the F-86 Sabre and Lockheed T-33 together with training and transport planes like the T-6 Texan, C-47 and C-54. This first age of jets was replaced in the 1960s by newer fighters like the F-104 Starfighter, F-4C Phantom and F-5 Freedom Fighter

Present times.

After the death of dictator Franco in 1975 and the ensuing Spanish transition to democracy years, the organization and equipment of the Spanish Air Force was again modernised to prepare for Spain's membership of NATO in 1982. Planes like the Mirage III and Mirage F1 were bought from France and became the backbone of the Air Force during the 1970s and part of the 1980s. French fighters formed the air force's mainstay until the arrival of the American F/A-18. Spanish F/A-18s participated in the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War under NATO command, based in Aviano, Italy.  The Spanish Air Force is replacing older aircraft in the inventory with newer ones including Eurofighter Typhoon and the recently introduced Airbus A400M Atlas airlifter. Both are manufactured with Spanish participation; EADS CASA makes the Eurofighter's right wing and leading edge slats, and participates in the testing and assembly of the airlifter.  Unlike the air forces of most major NATO member states, the Spanish Air Force currently do not operate any AEW&C aircraft.  Its aerobatic display team is the Patrulla Aguila, which flies the CASA C-101 Aviojet. Its helicopter display team, Patrulla Aspa, flies the Eurocopter EC-120 Colibrí.  In July 2014 the Spanish Air Force joined the European Air Transport Command, headquartered at Eindhoven Airbase in the Netherlands.

Order of battle.

The basic organization of the Air Force is the following:

Wing structure.

The usual operational unit is the "ALA" (wing), composed by two or three "ESCUADRONES" (squadrons), each one of which is integrated by 18 to 24 airplanes. Thus, Ala 15, with base in Zaragoza Air Base, is formed by two squadrons with 18 F-18s each.

Aircraft identification.

The Spanish Air Force has its own alphanumeric system for identifying aircraft. This forms a prefix to the airframe serial number, usually marked on the tail. The letter or letters, correspond to the use given. Thus, C means "cazabombardero" (fighter bomber); A, "ataque" (attack); P, "patrulla" (patrol); T, "transporte" (transport); E, "enseñanza" (training); D, search and rescue; H, helicopter; K, tanker; V, Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL); and U, utility. An example would be that the F-18 with "C.15-08" on the tail is the fifteenth type of fighter that arrived in the Spanish Air Force (the Eurofighter is the C.16) and is the eighth example of this type to enter the SAF. On the nose or fuselage the aircraft has a numeral specific to the unit in which it is based.  Variants of planes in service, for example two-seater versions or tanker versions of transports planes, add another letter to differentiate their function, and have their own sequence of serial numbers separate from the primary versions. Example: "CE.15-02" will be the second F-18 two-seater (Fighter Trainer) delivered to the SAF. In addition, the aircraft used by the Spanish Air Force usually carry a code consisting of one or two digits followed by a dash and two numbers, painted on the nose or fuselage. The first number corresponds to the unit to which they belong, and the second the order in which they entered service. Example: the fourth F-18 arriving at Ala 12 will have on the nose the code "12-04". Those codes do change when the aircraft is re-allocated to a different unit.

The Spanish Air Force (SAF) (; literally, "Army of the Air") is the aerial branch of the Spanish Armed Forces.

L'armée de l'air espagnole ( ou EDA)) est une composante des Forces armées espagnoles. Elle est chargée d'assurer l'indépendance et la souveraineté de l'Espagne, en particulier le maintien de la sécurité internationale, de l'espace aérien, des opérations de paix et d'aides humanitaires, selon l'article 8 de la constitution espagnole. En 2012, l'armée de l'air compte environ et 450 aéronefs.


Origin.

The Borophaginae descended from the subfamily Hesperocyoninae. The earliest and most primitive borophagine is the genus "Archaeocyon", which is a small fox-sized animal mostly found in the fossil beds in western North America. The borophagines soon diversified into several major groups. They evolved to become considerably larger than their predecessors, and filled a wide range of niches in late Cenozoic North America, from small omnivores to powerful, bear-sized carnivores, such as "Epicyon".

Species.

There are 66 identified borophagine species, including 18 new ones that range from the Orellan to Blancan ages. A phylogenetic analysis of the species was conducted using cladistic methods, with Hesperocyoninae as an archaic group of canids, as the outgroup. Aside from some transitional forms, Borophaginae can be organized into four major clades: Phlaocyonini, Cynarctina, Aelurodontina, and Borophagina (all erected as new tribes or subtribes). The Borophaginae begins with a group of small fox-sized genera, such as "Archaeocyon", "Oxetocyon", "Otarocyon", and "Rhizocyon", in the Orellan through early Arikareean stages. These canids reached their maximum diversity of species around 28 million years ago.  Often generically referred to as "bone-crushing dogs" for their powerful teeth and jaws, and hyena-like features (although their dentition was more primitive than that of hyenas), their fossils are abundant and widespread; in all likelihood, they were probably one of the top predators of their ecosystems. Their good fossil record has also allowed a detailed reconstruction of their phylogeny, showing that the group was highly diverse in its heyday. All Borophaginae had a small fifth toe on their rear feet (similar to the toes that bear dew claws on the front feet), where as all modern Caninae have only four toes normally.  Noteworthy genera in this group are "Aelurodon", "Epicyon", and "Borophagus" (="Osteoborus"). According to Xiaoming Wang, the Borophaginae played broad ecological roles that are performed by at least three living carnivoran families, Canidae (which they were a part of), Hyaenidae, and Procyonidae.

Classification.

Borophagine taxonomy, following Wang et al. (million years=in existence)  Cladogram showing borophagine interrelationships, following Wang et al., figure 141:

Extinction.

According to an analysis of the fossil record of North American fossil carnivorans, the decline of borophagines from a diversity of about 30 species 15 million years ago to extinction was largely driven by competition with felids and canines. Felids invaded the continent from Eurasia about 20 million years ago and were better ambush predators, in part due to their retractable claws. Climate change, which led to the replacement of North American forests with grasslands, may also have been a factor; borophagines were less suited to running down prey than canines.

The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 36—2.5 million years ago, existing for about.

Les Borophaginés (Borophaginae) plus connus sous le nom de « chiens broyeurs d'os » forment une sous-famille éteinte de canidés. Ils étaient endémiques en Amérique du Nord de l'Oligocène au Pliocène il y a environ entre (millions d'années).


Early life and education.

Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.  In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.

Career.

Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.  At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.  His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.

In the United States.

In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture.  "Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.  Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series, "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.  In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.  Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.  It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.  Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works, as shown by relative rankings by amazon.com.  Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.  Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.

BBC.

In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name. Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain".  Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.  In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.  In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's, Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's, J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's "Seagram Murals". It was also shown on PBS in the United States.  In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.  In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":  In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."  In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.

Personal life.

Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.

Israel.

Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in a 2006 article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."  In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."  In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns.

United States.

Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.

Sir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.

Simon Michael Schama (né le à Londres) est un historien et un historien de l'art anglais. Il est professeur à l'Université Columbia.


Dynamical system as a set of signals.

In the behavioral setting, a dynamical system is a triple where formula_8 means that formula_9 is a trajectory of the system, while formula_10 means that the laws of the system forbid the trajectory formula_9 to happen. Before the phenomenon is modeled, every signal in formula_5 is deemed possible, while after modeling, only the outcomes in formula_13 remain as possibilities.  Special cases:

Linear time-invariant differential systems.

System properties are defined in terms of the behavior. The system formula_1 is said to be where formula_24 denotes the formula_25-shift, defined by In these definitions linearity articulates the superposition law, while time-invariance articulates that the time-shift of a legal trajectory is in its turn a legal trajectory.  A "linear time-invariant differential system" is a dynamical system formula_27 whose behavior formula_13 is the solution set of a system of constant coefficient linear ordinary differential equations formula_29, where formula_30 is a matrix of polynomials with real coefficients. The coefficients of formula_30 are the parameters of the model. In order to define the corresponding behavior, we need to specify when we consider a signal formula_32 to be a solution of formula_29. For ease of exposition, often infinite differentiable solutions are considered. There are other possibilities, as taking distributional solutions, or solutions in formula_34, and with the ordinary differential equations interpreted in the sense of distributions. The behavior defined is This particular way of representing the system is called "kernel representation" of the corresponding dynamical system. There are many other useful representations of the same behavior, including transfer function, state space, and convolution.  For accessible sources regarding the behavioral approach, see

Observability of latent variables.

A key question of the behavioral approach is whether a quantity w1 can be deduced given an observed quantity w2 and a model. If w1 can be deduced given w2 and the model, w2 is said to be observable. In terms of mathematical modeling, the to-be-deduced quantity or variable is often referred to as the latent variable and the observed variable is the manifest variable. Such a system is then called an observable (latent variable) system.

The behavioral approach to systems theory and control theory was initiated in the late-1970s by J. C. Willems as a result of resolving inconsistencies present in classical approaches based on state-space, transfer function, and convolution representations. This approach is also motivated by the aim of obtaining a general framework for system analysis and control that respects the underlying physics.

La modélisation comportementale est la modélisation du comportement, c'est-à-dire la détection et la mesure des éléments du comportement afin d'en réaliser un modèle mathématique. Elle peut concerner tant des systèmes physiques que des comportements humains individuels et collectifs et est utilisée notamment comme outil prévisionnel dans divers domaines d'activité.


History.

Commercial exploitation of the breed meant that drovers would drive them to English markets. Herds from south west Wales travelled towards Hereford and Gloucester up the Tywi Valley to Llandovery. Herds from South Cardiganshire reached Llandovery through Llanybydder and Llansawel. The drovers would then return to Wales with large amounts of money, which made them targets of bandits and highwaymen. The result was the formation in 1799 of the Banc yr Eidon in Llandovery, the Bank of the Black Ox, which was later purchased by Lloyds Bank.  By the turn of the nineteenth century, 25,000 cattle were being exported from Wales every year. Before the 1960s, few cattle were exported outside the UK, but now can be found in Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Germany as well in Saudi Arabia, Jamaica and Uganda.  Welsh Black cattle are on the list of endangered native breeds in Wales. Through 1970 this breed served a true dual purpose as there were two subspecies in the country. The Northern Wales subspecies was a stocky breed used for its meat, while the southern subspecies was a more dairy-like breed. As the modern demand for beef has increased a more hybrid species has been developed, which fits traditional needs and the modern demand for beef.

Cornish Black.

It has been speculated that the extinct black cattle of Cornwall were a closely related breed to the Welsh Black. In the nineteenth century they were described as being the same size.

Characteristics.

As the name suggests, the cattle are naturally black. They generally have white horns with black tips, but these may be removed, and there are also naturally hornless ("polled") strains. Red individuals occur occasionally – red and other colours were more common in the past.  Its hardy nature coupled with its habit of browsing as well as grazing makes it ideal for rough pasture such as heathland and moorland, and for conservation grazing.  Traditionally bred for both milk and beef, commercially it is now usually used only for beef.

The Welsh Black is a dual-purpose breed of cattle native to Wales. This breed is one of the oldest in Britain, going back to pre-Roman times. The Welsh Black was a prized possession of Britain's people upon the invasion of the Saxons.

La welsh black est une race bovine britannique. Elle tire son nom de son origine galloise et de sa couleur noire (en français « galloise noire »).


Plot synopsis.

When young Steven's mother Selma is diagnosed with ovarian cancer and becomes increasingly ill, his eccentric and emotionally distant inventor father Sid — despite deep reservations — allows him to live with his dysfunctional uncles, pack rat Arthur and delusional paranoid Danny, in their cluttered apartment in the rundown King Edward Hotel. The two, who live in a setting worthy of the Collyer brothers, rechristen the boy with the more colorful name Franz and help him cope with his emotions by teaching him to value his own uniqueness. Learning from the odd pair that even though hope and science may fail us, art always survives, Franz secretly begins to create a memorial to his mother before she dies, filling a box with personal mementos — a tube of lipstick, an empty Chanel bottle, a cigarette lighter, and the like.

Production notes.

The film shifted the original story's setting of New York City to Southern California, and the four uncles from the memoir were condensed into two.  Keaton's previous directing credits were the 1987 documentary "Heaven" and the 1991 television movie "Wildflower".  The film debuted at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival in May. Prior to its release, it was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival and the Boston Film Festival, both held in September 1995.  During its widest release in the US, the film played at only 576 theaters. It grossed $7,929,000.

Critical reception.

The film earned positive reviews from critics, holding a 74% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews.  In a "New York" profile that ran before the film's release, Franz Lidz confessed, "My initial fear was that Disney would turn my uncles into Grumpy and Dopey. I never imagined that my life could be turned into Old Yeller." Later, in an essay for the New York Times, he cracked that the cinematic Selma had died not of cancer, but of Old Movie Disease: "The way Disney killed off my mother -- after fixing pancakes, she praises her kids, plants a perversely passionate kiss on her husband's lips and, to soulful strains of "You Are My Sunshine", drifts off to die in a comfy armchair -- reminded me of Mad magazine's send-up of "Love Story"." He added, "Someday somebody may find a cure for cancer, but the terminal sappiness of cancer movies is probably beyond remedy."  Todd McCarthy of "Variety" wrote: "A coming-of-age piece that is slight to the point of anemia, "Unstrung Heroes" sports a willful eccentricity that almost immediately becomes annoying. Diane Keaton's debut dramatic feature aims for a distinctively offbeat tone that never really gels and the movie's emotional power, stemming from personal growth through family tragedy, falls short of the goal as well."  In her review in "The New York Times", Janet Maslin called "Unstrung Heroes" "a warm, surprising, gently incandescent film... [that] becomes a celebration of quirky independence and the sustaining powers of art and memory... [it] also succeeds in becoming very moving without being maudlin... [the] screenplay runs the risk of being generically uplifting, even bland; instead, it has a sharply distinctive flavor, honest pathos and a hint of delightful household magic. Thomas Newman's sparkling musical score echoes that buoyant tone."  Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote that the film "has been directed by Diane Keaton with an unusual combination of sentiment and quirky eccentricity. There are moments so touching that the heart almost stops."  In the "San Francisco Chronicle", Edward Guthmann called the film "a picture that bears comparison to "To Kill a Mockingbird"... [it] is that rare mainstream film that doesn't shout in our ear to make its points. It draws us in, subtly and gracefully, and casts a lingering charm."  Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" described the film as "a sensitive coming-of-age story in the sublime tradition of "My Life as a Dog"."  In "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers opined, "Steven Lidz, a 12-year-old growing up in New York during the '60s with a dying mother and a distracted father, turns to his loony but life-affirming uncles. Sugar shock? Wait. Jump ahead to 1991. Steven, now Franz Lidz and a writer for Sports Illustrated, wins acclaim for a childhood memoir that doesn't choke on whimsy or schmaltz. Wait again. The film version, directed by Diane Keaton from a script by Richard LaGravenese (The Bridges of Madison County), isn't above a little tear-jerking. There's also the matters of reducing Steven's four unstrung uncles to two, Danny (Michael Richards) and Arthur (Maury Chaykin); casting Andie MacDowell as Selma, Steven's Jewish mother; and shooting this Lower East Side story in Pasadena, Calif. Guess what? The movie works like a charm."

Box office.

The film performed well at the box office.

Awards and nominations.

Thomas Newman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score as well as the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television. Michael Richards was nominated for the American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture.

Unstrung Heroes is a 1995 American comedy-drama film directed by Diane Keaton and starring Andie MacDowell, John Turturro, Michael Richards, and Maury Chaykin. The screenplay by Richard LaGravenese is based on the memoir of the same name by journalist Franz Lidz.

Les Liens du souvenir ("") est une comédie dramatique américaine réalisée par Diane Keaton, sortie en 1995 aux États-Unis. Le film a par ailleurs bénéficié de sélection dans diverses cérémonies de récompense telles qu'aux Oscars ou encore aux. Il met en scène un enfant, interprété par Nathan Watt, qui va perdre sa mère sous peu. Ayant trop peur de ce qui pourrait arriver, ce dernier quitte son foyer pour aller vivre chez ses deux oncles.


Occurrence.

Carbonyl sulfide is the most abundant sulfur compound naturally present in the atmosphere, at, because it is emitted from oceans, volcanoes and deep sea vents. As such, it is a significant compound in the global sulfur cycle. Measurements on the Antarctica ice cores and from air trapped in snow above glaciers (firn air) have provided a detailed picture of OCS concentrations from 1640 to the present day and allow an understanding of the relative importance of anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sources of this gas to the atmosphere. Some carbonyl sulfide that is transported into the stratospheric sulfate layer is oxidized to sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid forms particulate which affects energy balance due to light scattering. The long atmospheric lifetime of COS makes it the major source of stratospheric sulfate, though sulfur dioxide from volcanic activity can be significant too. Carbonyl sulfide is also removed from the atmosphere by terrestrial vegetation by enzymes associated with the uptake of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, and by hydrolysis in ocean waters. Loss processes, such as these, limit the persistence (or lifetime) of a molecule of COS in the atmosphere to a few years.  The largest man-made sources of carbonyl sulfide release include its primary use as a chemical intermediate and as a byproduct of carbon disulfide production; however, it is also released from automobiles and their tire wear, coal-fired power plants, coking ovens, biomass combustion, fish processing, combustion of refuse and plastics, petroleum manufacture, and manufacture of synthetic fibers, starch, and rubber. The average total worldwide release of carbonyl sulfide to the atmosphere has been estimated at about 3 million tons/year, of which less than one third was related to human activity. It is also a significant sulfur-containing impurity in synthesis gas.  Carbonyl sulfide is present in foodstuffs, such as cheese and prepared vegetables of the cabbage family. Traces of COS are naturally present in grains and seeds in the range of 0.05–0.1 mg·kg.  Carbonyl sulfide has been observed in the interstellar medium (see also List of molecules in interstellar space), in comet 67P and in the atmosphere of Venus, where, because of the difficulty of producing COS inorganically, it is considered a possible indicator of life.

Applications.

Carbonyl sulfide is used as an intermediate in the production of thiocarbamate herbicides. Carbonyl sulfide is a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide and phosphine. In some cases, however, residues on the grain result in flavours that are unacceptable to consumers, e.g. barley used for brewing. Carbonyl sulfide is readily converted to the gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide by carbonic anhydrase enzymes in plants and mammals. Because of this chemistry, the release of carbonyl sulfide from small organic molecules has been identified as a strategy for delivering hydrogen sulfide in different biological contexts. In ecosystem science, carbonyl sulfide is increasingly often being used to describe the rate of the photosynthesis.

Synthesis.

Carbonyl sulfide was first described in 1841, but was apparently mischaracterized as a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Carl von Than first characterized the substance in 1867. It forms when carbon monoxide reacts with molten sulfur. This reaction reverses above. A laboratory synthesis entails the reaction potassium thiocyanate and sulfuric acid. The resulting gas contains significant amounts of byproducts and requires purification.  Hydrolysis of isothiocyanates in hydrochloric acid solution also affords COS.

Toxicity.

As of 1994, limited information existed on the acute toxicity of carbonyl sulfide in humans and in animals. High concentrations (>1000 ppm) can cause sudden collapse, convulsions, and death from respiratory paralysis. Occasional fatalities have been reported, practically without local irritation or olfactory warning. In tests with rats, 50% animals died when exposed to of COS for 90 minutes, or at for 9 minutes. Limited studies with laboratory animals also suggest that continued inhalation of low concentrations (~50 ppm for up to 12 weeks) does not affect the lungs or the heart.

Carbonyl sulfide is the chemical compound with the linear formula OCS. Normally written as COS as a chemical formula that does not imply its structure, it is a colourless flammable gas with an unpleasant odor. It is a linear molecule consisting of a carbonyl group double bonded to a sulfur atom. Carbonyl sulfide can be considered to be intermediate between carbon dioxide and carbon disulfide, both of which are valence isoelectronic with it.

Loxysulfure de carbone ou sulfure de carbonyle, de formule chimique COS, est un gaz incolore, toxique et inflammable, principalement émis dans l'environnement par les sols anoxiques, l'océan et l'activité volcanique. Il est également issu indirectement de l'oxydation dans l'atmosphère du sulfure de diméthyle (DMS) et du disulfure de carbone principalement dégazés depuis l'océan.Il fait partie des "ligands soufrés volatils" (composés chimiques appartenant au cycle du soufre et interagissant chimiquement avec certains métaux).


History and profile.

A partnership between the UAE government, the Galadari Brothers and the Dawn Group of Companies began publishing the daily on 16 April 1978, making it the first English daily in the UAE. The founding team consisted of Mahmoud Haroon, Muzammil Ahmed, M.J. Zahedi, Malcolm Payne (the first editor-in-chief) and Iqbal Noorie (in charge of circulation). They were soon joined by Patrick Heyland who was in charge of advertising and promotion.  The Editorial staff of the paper includes multiple nationalities, mostly from the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka), but also local Emiratis, other Arabs (notably Egyptians, Syrians and Jordanians), Lebanese, Mexicans, British, Americans and Filipinos. The broadsheet comprises the general news section, "City Times" (lifestyle and entertainment), a business section, a sports section, the "WKND" magazine, and a classifieds section (Buzzon). "Khaleej Times" is not audited and it is believed to print around 49,000 copies. Additionally, it covers Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia through a dedicated distribution network. The newspaper also consists of Special Reports and Supplements which allow for community advertisements and other services. Its main competitors are "The National," "Gulf News" and, formerly, "7days," which closed in December 2016.  The Ipsos data in 2009 showed that the paper had a readership of 78.8%. The paper has a strong digital footprint, and khaleejtimes.com ranked as No. 15th most popular website in the UAE on June 20, 2018 (Alexa data), ahead of its competitors (none of which was ranked in Top 20 as of June 20, 2018). The online version was the 21st mostly visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.  As part of restructuring, "Khaleej Times" laid off up to 30 staff in late 2016. It has been firing staff ever since to offset losses. The newspaper's pages have been reduced to less than half of what it was.  In July 2018, "Khaleej Times" introduced a free news subscription service on WhatsApp, sending regular news updates every day to its subscribers.

Additional publications.

"Young Times", which "Khaleej Times" stopped publishing in 2008, was aimed at children and was a popular magazine among the target age-group. The publishing house relaunched "Young Times" on January 10, 2018, after a break of over 9 years. The magazine targets 9–14 year-old children.  "KT Buzzon" is a separate tabloid of 28 to 32 pages published daily along with the "Khaleej Times" main paper. It carries local advertisements about cars, real estate, recruitment, educational services and matrimonial announcements.  "WKND Magazine", is published on Fridays along with the broadsheet, discusses a range of topics that are of interest to men, women and children. Stories are balanced between topics and themes of local interest and international relevance.  "Khaleej Times Online" is the global face of the newspaper on the internet. The online version offers additional stories and exclusives not found in the print version.  "Khaleej Times Spotlight" also publishes special supplements, including on the national days of countries including UAE, Pakistan and India.

Khaleej Times is a daily English language newspaper published in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Launched on April 16, 1978, "Khaleej Times" is the UAE's longest running English daily newspaper.

Le Khaleej Times est un journal quotidien en langue anglaise publié à Dubaï, aux Émirats arabes unis. Il est publié par le groupe Galadari Printing and Publishing et était le premier quotidien en langue anglaise aux Émirats arabes unis lors de son lancement en 1978.


Saltville Massacre.

The battle was a Confederate victory. It has become known primarily for the Confederate massacre afterward of both white and black wounded Union troops. Both Confederate soldiers and irregular guerrilla forces under the notorious Champ Ferguson murdered white and black Union soldiers, on the battlefield and later some wounded who were being treated at the field hospital set up at nearby Emory and Henry College. A Union surgeon reported that 5-7 black soldiers and Elza Smith, a white lieutenant, were murdered at the hospital. Ferguson was tried after the war in Nashville, Tennessee, for these and other non-military killings. He was found guilty and executed on October 29, 1865.  Confederate Brig. Gen. Felix Huston Robertson had bragged to another officer that "he had killed nearly all the Negroes." William C. Davis, in his book "An Honorable Defeat. The Last Days of the Confederate Government" (2001), says that Robertson personally "join(ed) in the act of villainy", although he escaped prosecution. When General Robert E. Lee learned of Robertson's conduct, he communicated to General John C. Breckinridge, Commander of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia, his dismay "that a general officer should have been guilty of the crime you mention" and instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial."  Estimates of the number of men massacred at Saltville vary. Thomas Mays, in his book "The Saltville Massacre" (1995), argued that 46 Union soldiers were killed. An analysis of the National Archives records by Bryce Suderow, Phyllis Brown, and David Brown concluded that 45-50 members of the black regiment were murdered by Confederates. William Marvel had earlier analyzed the same records and concluded in 1991 that "Five black soldiers, wounded and helpless were definitely murdered at Saltville on October 3, and as many as seven more may have suffered the same fate there that day." He said as many as two dozen Union men may have been murdered.

Second battle.

The Second Battle of Saltville took place two months later at Saltville.

Battlefield preservation.

The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved of the Saltville battlefields.

The First Battle of Saltville (October 2, 1864) was fought near the town of Saltville, Virginia, during the American Civil War. The battle over an important saltworks in town was fought by both regular and Home Guard Confederate units against regular Union troops, which included one of the few black cavalry units of the United States Colored Troops. The Union troops were led by Brig. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge, then commander of US forces in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

La première bataille de Saltville est une bataille de la guerre de Sécession qui a eu lieu le en Virginie.


FENARE.

Employer's fair holy cross or Feria Nacional de El Remolino FENARE (National Fair of The Remolino NAFARE) takes place from mid-nineteenth century, in honor of the Holy Cross will be held on 3 May, this holiday began with processions and dances the third day of May, but over the years, things were being added like the peoples theater, amusement rides, among others, which has become one of the most important events in the municipality of Juchipila. These are organized by a committee that is elected by the previous committee, this raises funds for the traditional lottery on Sundays after Mass, with the sale of gorditas on Saturdays and Sundays, and some dinners, etc..  This festival had brought every year without fail until 2009, when he declared influenza pandemic AH1N1 when Zacatecas state authorities prohibit the making of any party bosses. What provoked the discontent of the people, for various reasons such as the arrival of American tourists to this event and especially not performed these tradition, this event was re-organized for late October 2009.

Main features El Remolino.

One of the major tourist attractions in El Remolinois the hill of the windows, there was a refuge for groups after the war Caxcanes Mixton, they left many traces, including a cave is a wall with windows, which give its name to the hill.  The main tributaries are El Remolino: The river Juchipila Brook neighborhood above the creek Sanjon, among others.  In El Remolino now part of the population of El Remolino live in the U.S., especially in Los Angeles, California.  With regard to education in the eddy are kindergarten, primary and extramural. The installation of the Polytechnic University of the South of Zacatecas, which benefits the people of El Remolino and so avoid partly emigration to the United States.  With regard to trade, there are several grocery stores, a convenience store, cyber Remolomania, among others.

External links.

Their web site is http://elremolino.com.mx and your blog is http://cerrodelasventanas.blogspot.com

El Remolino is a community that is located in the municipality of Juchipila in the state of Zacatecas in Mexico. The population of "El Remolino" is 737 people and is 1220 meters above sea level.

El Remolino est une communauté située dans la municipalité de dans l'État de Zacatecas au Mexique. Elle compte 737 habitants et se trouve à d'altitude.


Family.

King Tūheitia (born Tuheitia Paki) is the son of Whatumoana Paki and Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, who married in 1952. He was educated at Rakaumanga School in Huntly, Southwell School in Hamilton and St Stephen's College (Te Kura o Tipene) in Bombay, south of Auckland. He has five sisters and one brother: Heeni Katipa ( Paki); Tomairangi Paki; Mihi ki te ao Paki; Kiki Solomon ( Paki); Manawa Clarkson ( Paki), and brother Maharaia Paki.  He is married to Makau Ariki (Royal Consort) Atawhai and they have three children: Whatumoana, Korotangi, and Ngawai Hono I Te Po.  Following his ascent to the throne, the Makau Ariki was appointed patroness of the Māori Women's Welfare League in 2007 and Te Kohao Health, a Māori public health organisation.

Duties and background.

The King generally speaks publicly only once a year, at the annual celebrations in Ngāruawāhia of his coronation. Since ascending to the throne his official duties have included attending the following events:  In May 2019, King Tuheitia and members of the Whare Ariki traveled to Italy where the King met Pope Francis in a Private Audience at the Vatican. The two met and discussed issues pertaining to Te Iwi Maori and indigenous peoples around the world. King Tuheitia also issued a formal invitation for the Pope to visit Turangawaewae Marae and Aotearoa.  In 2018, to honour King Tuheitia and his leadership of the Kiingitanga, the General Synod of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, journeyed to Turangawaewae Marae to join with the multitudes in honouring the 160 years of this Monarchy.  King Tuheitia attends hundreds of events every year both nationally and internationally. He is the Patron to several key organisations; including Te Matatini, the largest Māori Cultural Festival in the world, Kirikiriroa Marae a large urban Marae in Hamilton.  He frequently receives International dignitaries, foreign Diplomats, members of other Royal families and members of Governments. In 2014 the King notably received 26 Diplomats to discuss international and trade interests for the Kiingitanga. In 2009 King Tuheitia visited the New Zealand Parliament and was acknowledged in the valedictory speech of the former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark. In the same year, the King accompanied Helen Clark to the United Nations upon her appointment as the United Nations Development Programme administrator.  The King regularly attends significant events of Māoridom up and down the country. In July 2018, the King and Royal family attended the 150th Celebrations of the Ringatu Church; to which the King's eldest grandson, Hikairo, has been baptised. The King also frequently attends the annual 25 January celebrations of the Ratana Church expressing his continued support for all denominations and his deep desire to unify the people.

Poukai.

The Poukai is an annual series of visits by the Māori King to Marae around and beyond the Tainui region, a tradition that dates back to the 19th century. Poukai were established by the second Māori King, Tāwhiao, who said “Kua whakatūria e ahau tēnei kaupapa hei whāngai i te pouaru, te pani me te rawakore, he kuaha whānui kua puare ki te puna tangata me te puna kai.” (I have instituted this gathering to feed the widowed, the bereaved and the destitute, it is a doorway that has been opened to the multitudes of people and the bounty of food.)  There are 29 Poukai every year and King Tuheitia attends each one. Poukai are a critical event in the Kiingitanga calendar. A unique element of Poukai is their focus on: te pani (the bereaved), te pouaru (the widowed) and te rawakore (the destitute). These events, lead by the King and his predecessors before him, are put in place to assist and help ease the burdens and challenges faced by people.  Poukai are also occasions of great celebration where entire iwi (tribes) and hapū (sub-tribe) come together to prepare a great hākari (feast) in honour of the King and the Royal family. The Poukai Marae are:  Horahora | Kokohinau | Taniwha | Hukanui | Maurea | Poutu | Parawera | Aotearoa / Rawhitiroa | Rakaunui | Waipapa | Maketu | Okapu | Turangawaewae | Mirumiru | Te Kuiti Pa | Huria | Te Papaorotu | Nga Taierua | Tainui-a-whiro | Ngati Pikiao | Pohara | Whatapaka | Tauranganui | Wahi Pa | Mangatangi | Ngatira / Pikitu | Te Awamarahi | Waikare | Reretewhioi

Political advancements.

King Tuheitia has been at the forefront of many political issues, particularly pertaining to Māori. In 2018 the King launched, in collaboration with the New Zealand Police and Ministry of Justice, the Iwi Justice Panel. This approach to restorative justice aims to reduce incarceration rates among Māori, which are among the highest for an indigenous people in the world.  In 2017, King Tuheitia led a groundbreaking moment for the Kiingitanga by signing a formal Accord with the Ministry of Corrections, on behalf of the Government of New Zealand. This award-winning Accord led to the development of the Iwi Justice Panel's and also a further partnership venture with Corrections to build a reintegration Center for incarcerated women who gave birth to a child while in prison. In an exclusive visit to a women's prison in Auckland, the King personally visited mother's and their children and pledge is strength to do more for all incarcerated people.  In 2014 the King received a group from White Ribbon NZ who were travelling New Zealand promoting an anti-violence campaign.

Tekau-ma-Rua and Te Kahui Wairua.

During his reign King Tāwhiao established an advisory council “Tekau-mā-Rua” (the twelve). Each successive Monarch has had a Tekau-mā-Rua to offer advice and act as a senior council within the Kiingitanga.  In 2012 King Tuheitia formally established his Tekau-mā-Rua and he also added a spiritual council, called Te Kāhui Wairua. These two councils work together in providing advice, guidance and a strategic platform for the King and the Kiingitanga. A unique aspect of King Tuheitia's Tekau-mā-Rua, and a first for the Kiingitanga, is a council made up of members from outside of the Waikato tribal region (the direct tribe of the King).

Te Kāhui Wairua.

"*Archdeacon Simmonds is the Chaplain to the Kiingitanga and Private Chaplain to the King."

Honours.

On 27 November 2007, King Tuheitia was appointed an Officer of the Venerable Order of Saint John and upgraded to a Knight in 2016. He was appointed to Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Tonga during the coronation ceremonies of King George Tupou V of Tonga. In 2010 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Lazarus.  In 2016, in celebration of the King's 10th Coronation Anniversary, the mayor of Hamilton awarded King Tuheitia the city's highest honour, the Freedom of the City. In the same year the King also received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Waikato.

Tūheitia Potatau Te Wherowhero VII (born Tūheitia Paki; 21 April 1955), crowned as Kiingi Tūheitia, is the current Māori King in New Zealand. He is the eldest son of the previous Māori monarch, Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, and was announced as her successor and crowned on 21 August 2006, the same day her tangihanga (funeral rites) took place.

Tūheitia Paki, (né le ) est le roi maori de Nouvelle-Zélande depuis le. Il étudie à la Rakaumanga School de Huntly, à la Southwell School de Hamilton et au St. Stephen's College de Bombay Hills. Son père et sa mère sont Whatumoana Paki et la reine Te Atairangikaahu. Il épouse Te Atawhai et a trois enfants: Whatumoana, Korotangi, et Ngawai.


History.

According to tradition, the site's first use was as a hermitage in about the middle of the 10th century by Blessed Rathold (or Rapoto) of Aibling, of the ancient noble family of the "Rapotonen." He established his cell on the Georgenberg (""St. George's Mount""), a rocky outcrop rising some hundred metres above the "Stallental" valley near Stans.  Substantial donations to the community beginning about 1000 from Albuin, Bishop of Brixen, and in 1097 from Emperor Henry IV suggest that by that time there was already a well-established monastery here rather than a simple hermitage.  The religious community at St. Georgenberg was turned into a Benedictine abbey in 1138 by Reginbert, Bishop of Brixen; the papal charter of confirmation is dated 30 April 1138.  On 31 October 1705 there occurred the fourth in a series of disastrous fires which ruined all the buildings, and the abbey was moved to a new site at Fiecht in the Inn valley. It became operative there in 1708.

Move from St. Georgenberg to Fiecht.

Because of lack of funds, however, the new conventual buildings and church at Fiecht Abbey (begun in 1741 and finished in 1750; its tower was finished as late as 1781) were uniquely modest in their construction, but for that very reason are the more impressive as examples of Baroque architecture. Only the inside of the church and the "trompe l'oeil" façade were finished in the typical style of the era: stuccoists of the Wessobrunn School, such as Franz Xaver Feuchtmayer the Elder and his brother Michael, the frescoist Matthäus Günther and other renowned sculptors from the Tyrol and elsewhere were engaged for these parts of the construction, visible only from the monastic buildings,  After the Treaty of Pressburg in 1806 the Tyrol passed from Austria to Bavaria and Fiecht Abbey was suppressed by the Bavarian government in 1807, but restored in 1816 when the Tyrol was restored to Austria. It suffered from another serious fire in 1868 which ruined most of the collection of graphic art, but spared most of the library.  Between 1941 and 1945 the abbey was impounded by the Gestapo and the monks were exiled, to return after the end of World War II.  After 1967 the abbey became a member of the Ottilien Congregation ("Missionary Benedictines") of the Benedictine Confederation.

Move from Fiecht back to St. Georgenberg.

In June 2016, the nine monks remaining in the monastery in Fiecht determined to move up the valley to the craggy site of St. Georgenberg, which had remained a popular place of pilgrimage and reflection, and which had been their monastery from the 11th to the 18th century. Fiecht was sold on 28 June 2018 as renovations proceeded on their mountain home. In the Summer of 2019 the monks returned to St. Georgenberg,

Pilgrimage churches on the Georgenberg.

Pilgrimages here began around 1100 and increased after the "blood miracle" that is reported to have happened in about 1310. The main objects of veneration are Saint George, a Gothic Pietà sculpture from about 1415 and the reliquary of the Holy Blood. The present Baroque church, dedicated to Saints George and James, was built after the 1705 fire on the site and to the approximate ground plan of the old church. St. Georgenberg remained a place of pilgrimage even after the monks moved to the city in the valley below. The new building was finished in 1735, with further alterations in 1863 (frescoes) and 1866.  The "Lindenkirche," a small church dedicated to Saint Mary, existed as a stone building from about 1230 and housed the Pietà until it was transferred to the larger rebuilt church of Saints George and James in 1736. Major changes to the building were made in 1759 and 1882, but its Romanesque porch is still intact.  To provide access to the monastery without strenuous climbing, a bridge was constructed by the 15th century, and restored by 1709, after the great fire. Its name is the "Hohe Brücke" ("high bridge"). When walking up from Stans, however, many pilgrims still take the route that leads through the romantic gorge.

St. Georgenberg Abbey is a Benedictine monastery, the oldest extant monastery in the Tyrol, founded in 1138 but from 1708 to 2019 removed to the nearby city of Fiecht in the community of Vomp in Tyrol, Austria. In 2019 the monks returned to a restored abbey at St, Georgenberg, which had remained a place of pilgrimage and spiritual retreat.

L'abbaye de Fiecht, qui succède à l'abbaye St. Georgenberg en 1708, est une abbaye bénédictine appartenant depuis 1967 à la congrégation bénédictine missionnaire de Sainte-Odile. Elle se trouve dans la commune de Vomp dans le Tyrol (Autriche). St. Georgenberg, ancien site de l'abbaye, et lieu de pèlerinage depuis le, est la fondation monastique subsistante la plus ancienne du Tyrol avec l'abbaye de Wilten.


Personal life.

Locke (full name Gerald Timothy Harvey Locke) was born in 1959 to Ralphine Locke (née Harvey) and Dr. Gerald Lorne Locke, in Calgary, Alberta. His family counts among Southern Alberta's earliest European settlers and has been in the Bow Valley since the early 1870s. He grew up in southern Alberta where he attended Earl Grey Elementary School and Strathcona School for Boys in Calgary and in 1975 graduated from Strathcona-Tweedsmuir School, (Nil Nisi Optimum Notable Alumnus), in Dewinton, Alberta. In 1976, he spent a year in College Wildhorn, in Anzere, Switzerland. Back in Calgary, he first obtained a Bachelor of Arts in French and later a Bachelor of Laws in 1984 (with silver medal) from the University of Calgary. He was a lawyer and partner at MacKimmie Matthews law firm in downtown Calgary for 14 years and served as volunteer president of both Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS) and the Alberta Liberal Party. In 1999, Harvey became a full-time conservationist dedicated to national parks, wilderness, large landscape and connectivity conservation and climate change. He is married to Marie-Eve Marchand and has two sons by a previous marriage.

Professional activities.

Locke served as president or vice president of the CPAWS for many years, and he is now its senior advisor on conservation. He is a founder and senior advisor for Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, and was the Vice President for Conservation Strategy at the WILD Foundation in Boulder, Colorado from 2009 through 2011. Locke's writing and photography have been published in newspapers, magazines and peer reviewed journals in nine countries. He has lectured at many universities and spoken on national parks, wilderness and large landscape conservation at conferences around the world. He has testified on national parks legislation before Parliamentary committees, and led conservation campaigns. In 1999, Locke was named one of Time Magazine Canada's leaders for the 21st century. In 2013, he received the J.B. Harkin Medal for Conservation and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.  In October 2009, Locke was invited as the keynote speaker for the inaugural Thomas Foundation Oration in conjunction with The Nature Conservancy and the Thomas Foundation Oration in Australia during that country's first Linking Landscape Summit and spoke in Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne. In 2013, he was invited to Darwin and Sydney to speak about large landscape from Kimberly to Cape and Great Eastern Ranges.  During the opening ceremony of the Ninth World Wilderness Congress (WILD9) in Mérida, Mexico on November 6, 2009, Locke addressed Mexican President Felipe Calderon on behalf of the delegates. At WILD9, the first series of stamps on wilderness was initiated by the Mexican Postal Service and cancelled by the President Calderon to celebrate Tierras Sylvestres. The series celebrates five wilderness areas in Mexico, the United States, Canada, Russia and South Africa and a picture taken by Locke of Canada's Nahanni National Park. He gave the closing plenary at WILD 9 which launched the global Nature Needs Half movement.  Locke has been invited to engage on parks and wilderness in Europe. He spoke at the Czech EC Presidency Conference on Wilderness in Prague, Czech Republic in 2009, gave a keynote speech on Europe's National Parks in a global context for Europarc Federation in Abruzzo, Italy in October 2010, spoke at the Belgian EC Presidency Conference on Wilderness Restoration in Brussels in November 2010, and at the launch of the Rewilding Europe initiative in Brussels, November 2010. In 2013, he chaired the plenary session on Nature Needs Half and spoke at WILD 10 in Salamanca, Spain.  In 2013, Locke spoke in Ootacamund and in Mumbai, India about large landscape conservation and Nature Needs Half and wrote a feature story on those ideas for Sanctuary Asia.  Locke is a frequent keynote speaker at major conservation conferences and universities throughout North America. In 2013, he was the distinguished visiting lecturer at the University of Montana and Montana State University Institute on Ecosystems. He gave keynote speeches in Banff, Canada on International Leadership, Parks Canada's Contribution to the world at the official 125th anniversary celebration of Canada's National Park System on November 2010 and at the Sixteenth Annual Symposium of the Stegner Center, Wildlife Conservation in the 21st Century on Large Landscape Conservation in March 2011.  Locke conceived and co-curated the 2011 art show, Yellowstone to Yukon: the Journey of Wildlife and Art, a collaboration of the National Museum of Wildlife Art, Jackson, WY, the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff, Canada, artist Dwayne Harty, and the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative  He is a past board member of the Nature Conservancy of Montana, as well as past president and director emeritus of the Wildlands Project (now the Wildlands Network). He also served as program advisor to Tides Canada Foundation and to the Canadian Boreal Initiative. He was also senior program officer for the environment at the Henry P. Kendall Foundation in Boston, Massachusetts. He serves on the World Commission on Protected Areas; and served on the executive committees of the Eighth World Wilderness Congress and Ninth World Wilderness Congress (WILD9); a board member of the Freedom to Roam initiative; and trustee of the Eleanor Luxton Historical Foundation in Banff. Locke is also a fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society.

Photography and media.

Locke's photography has been published in numerous books, magazines, websites and newspapers including New York Times, Wildlife Conservation, Canadian Geographic, Backpacker, Globe and Mail, Vancouver Sun, Agence France Press, AeroMexico in flight magazine Escala, and Sanctuary Asia  Locke has done interviews with all varieties of media including Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, National Public Radio, Nippon Television, National Geographic, Nature of Things, La Presse, Globe and Mail, National Post, Geo Plein Air, Backpacker Magazine and several documentary films, including a 10-minute feature on CBC National News, September 2008 and on Découverte à Radio-Canada, and Star Alliance and National Geographic partnership (Biosphere Connections), and Der Spiegel TV ZDF in Germany  His photographs are used extensively by conservation groups around the world and were shown at the American Museum of Natural History for the Yellowstone to Yukon exhibit in 2006. They were also featured in the iPad portion of the 2011 exhibit: Yellowstone to Yukon: the Journey of Wildlife and Art at the National Museum of Wildlife Art and a companion photo exhibit the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.

Politics.

Locke was the Liberal candidate in the provincial district of Calgary-Foothills in the 1989 Alberta provincial election, narrowly losing to Progressive Conservative Pat Black. He went on to serve as President of the Alberta Liberal Party from 1995 to 1997, and chaired the party's 1997 election campaign. In the Summer of 2012 Locke announced he would seek the Liberal Party of Canada nomination in the riding of Calgary Centre, which had been left vacant after the resignation of Conservative Lee Richardson. On September 22, 2012, he won 213 of 342 ballots cast in the party's nomination contest, defeating three other candidates.

Harvey Locke is a conservationist, writer, and photographer. He is a recognized global leader in the field of parks, wilderness, wildlife and large landscape conservation. He is a founder of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, with the goal to create a continuous corridor for wildlife from Yellowstone National Park in the United States to the Yukon in Northern Canada. In 2017, Locke was appointed chair of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Beyond the Aichi Targets Task Force, with the goal of ensuring the new global conservation targets set at the next Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2020 are meaningful for achieving the conservation of nature and halting of biodiversity loss.

Harvey Locke est reconnu comme un leader mondial dans les domaines des parcs nationaux, de la protection de la nature sauvage et de la conservation des grands paysages. Il est l'un des fondateurs principaux du corridor de conservation Yellowstone au Yukon


Early and personal life.

King was born in Philadelphia on October 19, 1873. Early in his life, he worked in a linen trade. Although this was the family business, his father later allowed him to leave to enter the insurance industry. King was not a member of the aristocratic and wealthy families of Philadelphia that produced many of the era's top cricketers. King's obituary in "Cricket Quarterly" suggests that his career in insurance was set up for him by those families to allow him to continue playing the game. In 1913 (or 1911), King married Fannie Lockhart; the marriage lasted for fifty years. King's wife died in 1963, and he died in 1965 in his native Philadelphia two days before his 92nd birthday.  Bart King was regarded by many of his contemporaries as an affable person. Ralph Barker called him the Bob Hope of cricket thanks to his quips and stories. King was also noted for making jabs at opponents, but leaving them laughing at themselves. The same held true when he would question umpires that turned down his appeals. He is said to have spoken for ninety minutes at a dinner during his last tour to England, punctuated every few seconds with laughs. The dinner guests were kept laughing even while King spoke with a dead-pan expression. One man who attended the dinner noted that King "told his impossible tales with such an air of conviction... that his audiences were always in doubt when to take him seriously. He made their task doubly difficult by sprinkling in a fair mixture of truth with his fiction."

Cricketing career.

Like most young American men of this era, Bart King came to cricket only after first playing baseball. He began to play club cricket at Tioga Cricket Club in 1888, aged 15, starting out as a batsman. Tioga was one of the lesser Philadelphian cricket clubs. King played his first recorded match for the club in 1889, when he was tried as a bowler due to his physique. He took 37 wickets for 99 runs for the club in the 1889 cricket season.  King played for Tioga until 1896, when he joined Belmont Cricket Club. King joined the Philadelphian cricket team for three tours of England while playing at Belmont. King's most dominating matches came during these tours, playing with the premier American team of the era.

Australia in Philadelphia.

In 1893, the Australian team stopped by Philadelphia on its way home from a tour of England. Australia fielded a strong side, but the team was tired after a long tour and trip. In spite of this fatigue, the Australians chose to face the full strength of the Gentlemen of Philadelphia in a three-day match starting September 29.  On a small ground at Belmont, the September grass was coarse. It had been rolled so that the ball moved very quickly across the ground. The Australian side, fielding first, dropped many catches and could not cope with the short boundary, allowing the Philadelphians to reach a huge total of 525 runs. King came in to bat last, at number 11, making 36 runs. The leading Australian bowlers, Hugh Trumble and George Giffen, took 2 for 104 and 0 for 114 respectively. When the Australians came to bat, they hoped that they would, by now, have recovered from their tiring journey, but ran into problems when dealing with Bart King's developing swing bowling. The side was all out for 199, with King taking 5 wickets for 78 runs. The Australians followed on and were all out again for 268, allowing the Gentlemen of Philadelphia to win by an innings and 68 runs.  The cricket world was stunned that a single American city could turn out a side capable of beating the full strength of Australia. The Australians won the return match on October 6 by six wickets, but the Australian captain, Jack Blackham, said to the Americans, "You have better players here than we have been led to believe. They class with England's best."

Tour of England in 1897.

King won the Child's Bowling Cup, the premier award for bowling in American cricket, for the first time in 1896, and joined the Philadelphian cricket team's tour of England in 1897. The tour was very ambitious, and was arranged mainly for educational purposes: few of those on the American side expected to win many matches. Previous tours had tended to involve amateur English sides with a low level of competition. In 1897, the tour started on June 7 at Oxford, ending in late July at The Oval almost 2 months later. The schedule included fifteen matches against all of the top county cricket teams, the Oxford and Cambridge University teams, the Marylebone Cricket Club, and two other sides, though only a few of the counties thought it worthwhile to put their best elevens onto the field.  While the tour initially aroused some curiosity, many English fans lost interest until Bart King and the Philadelphians met the full Sussex team at Brighton on June 17. King demonstrated his batting ability in the first innings with a fourth-wicket stand of 107 with John Lester. He then took 7 wickets for 13 runs, and Philadelphia dismissed Sussex for 46 in less than an hour. King took 6 for 102 in Sussex's second innings, helping the Philadelphians to victory by 8 wickets.  Despite the excitement surrounding King's performance, the Americans did not fare well overall, and the results may have been worse than hoped for by the tour's promoters. Philadelphia won only two of their fifteen matches, losing nine and earning a draw in the remaining four. After their win against Sussex, the only other win of the tour came against Warwickshire. During this match, King took 5 for 95 and 7 for 72 and scored 46 runs. According to "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack", King proved himself to be the best bowler on the American side and had to do much of the work. He bowled three hundred overs, more than anyone else in the team, taking 72 wickets with a bowling average of a little over 24 runs. In addition to his bowling, King scored 441 runs as a batsman at a batting average of just over 20.  Following the 1897 tour, many English counties were interested in securing King's services. It was thought that he would not play as a professional, so alternative means of remuneration had to be found: one county reportedly offered to arrange a marriage with a widow who had an income of £7000 per year. In the end, King returned to the United States, where he continued to perform very well in club cricket.

Tour of England in 1903.

The Philadelphian team returned to England in 1903. This proved to be King's most successful tour, particularly his performances in the matches against Lancashire and Surrey. King played in 13 of the 15 matches on the tour, missing two with a strained side. In his first match, against Cambridge University, he took 5 for 136 and 4 for 28. He followed that with 8 for 39 in the first innings against Oxford University, though the match was eventually abandoned as a draw due to rain. In his next match, against Gloucestershire, he took 2 for 26 in the first innings but did not bowl in the second. He also took 7 for 51 and 2 for 28 against a strong MCC side at Lord's. Then came the Lancashire match at Old Trafford Cricket Ground.  In Lancashire's first innings, King bowled 27 overs and took 5 wickets for 46 runs. The Philadelphians passed Lancashire's first innings score, but their lead was quickly overtaken in Lancashire's second innings. With the wind strong over King's left shoulder, the scene was set for him to dominate the opposition. In his first over after the lunch break on day two of the match, he yorked one of Lancashire's opening batsmen and his replacement with successive balls. He clean bowled two more batsmen in his second over, and bowled a stump out of the ground in the third. In 3 overs, he had taken 5 wickets for 7 runs. After this performance, King had to be rested in the field. One batsman was run out before King returned to take 4 more wickets, ending the innings with 9 for 62. The Philadelphians won next morning by nine wickets.  Against Surrey on August 6, King was overpowering again. It was in this match that King gave what Barker called his finest first-class performance ever. Batting first, he scored 98 runs in the Philadelphian's first innings before being run out, and he then took 3 for 89 in Surrey's reply. In the second innings, he made 113 not out and then took 3 for 98. Surrey lost the match by 110 runs. Apparently, King was so exhausted after his performance that he fell asleep during a speech by the Lord Chief Justice Lord Alverstone at a banquet after the match.

Tour of England in 1908.

King toured England with the Philadelphians a third time in 1908. This tour included both first-class matches and more minor ones. The first match that was played was against South Wales in Cardiff. The Philadelphians won by 36 behind the bowling of King and Ranji Hordern. The pair took all 20 wickets of the Welsh side. After this, the first-class matches began with Worcestershire on July 9. Again the Philadelphians won and again Hordern and King took most of the wickets. This trend continued throughout the tour. In the first-class matches that King played, the Philadelphians recorded four wins and six losses. Although he was already 35 years old, King had posted extraordinary numbers in his bowling. He topped the bowling averages for the entire 1908 English cricket season at 11.01. This mark was not bettered until 1958, when Les Jackson of Derbyshire posted an average of 10.99.

Later career.

King's cricketing career did not end with his last first-class match. He continued to play club matches in Philadelphia and participated in non-first-class fixtures around the continent. King is noted for holding the bowling record against Canada. On a rainy afternoon at Philadelphia in 1906, King bowled into a slight breeze to capture 8 wickets for 17 runs. This record came in a four-year period during which King focused on club cricket in Philadelphia, when he won the city's batting award three times and the bowling award four times.  King played in his last two international matches in 1912, against Australia. His performances were of the highest quality, given that he was nearing his fortieth year. In the first match, he took 9 wickets for 78 runs to help Philadelphia win by 2 runs; in the second, Australia won by 45 runs despite him taking 8 for 74.  King joined the Philadelphia Cricket Club after the 1912 season. Despite being well past his 40th year, he continued to play competitive cricket for another 4 years. His 27-year career ended with his last game for the Philadelphia Cricket Club against Frankford, on July 20, 1916. On this occasion, his bowling and batting skills had declined, but he maintained a batting average of 43.33 for that final season.

Death.

King died at a nursing home in his native Philadelphia in 1965, two days short of his 92nd birthday. "The Times" newspaper in the UK ran an obituary for him, which quoted Plum Warner as saying that: "Had he been an Englishman or an Australian, he would have been even more famous than he was."

Achievements and legacy.

Though King focused on bowling throughout his career, he was also a very fine batsman. In 1905, he established a North American record batting record by scoring 315 at the Germantown Cricket Club. The following year, he scored 344 not out for Belmont against the Merion Cricket Club, setting a North American batting record which still stands. He scored 39 centuries in his North American career, and he topped 1,000 runs in six seasons. He took over 100 wickets in eight seasons, including a double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in four seasons. In his whole career, he scored 19,808 runs at an average of 36.47, and took 2,088 wickets at an average of 10.47. He took all 10 wickets in an innings on three occasions, and took 9 wickets in an innings five times. One of these occasions, in the Gentlemen of Ireland's first innings in 1909, was followed by a hat-trick in the second innings.  There is an apocryphal story of King emulating a famous baseball pitcher of the day, Rube Waddell, by sending all his fielders back into the pavilion and finishing off the opponent's innings on his own. King and Belmont were playing Trenton in the Halifax Cup at Elmwood Cricket Ground. Some versions of the story have him banishing the fielders and then calling one of them to a position back and to the leg side. This fielder was stationed there to pick up the bails which landed at his feet after King bowled his trademark "angler". This story was disputed some years later by the captain of Trenton, who claimed that when he "went in to bat that afternoon, King had four balls left in his over." He claimed to have "hit the first delivery to cover point but of course there was no one there. The ball stopped within three feet of the boundary, and King had to chase it. By the time he got back we had run six." The captain claimed to be the only batsmen to have hit four consecutive sixes off King, but commended the bowler on his ability to spin a tale.  Thanks to his dominant performance over his career and his renown in the world of cricket, King was elected an honorary member of the Incogniti Cricket Club in 1908 and an honorary life member of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1962. When Plum Warner was asked to name the greatest bowler who ever lived, he said that John Barton King, "at the top of his power and speed, was at least the equal of the greatest of them all."  King is credited as one of the first bowlers to utilise swing bowling deliberately. Other bowlers in his time could sometimes get the ball to swing, but King was one of the first to do so at will with an old or new ball. He made use of a lethal delivery which he called the "angler", a product of his experience as a baseball pitcher, to confuse the English batsmen. He would come in with the ball clasped above his head in both hands as would a baseball pitcher. He was famous for his late swing—in and out—and would produce the in-swinger with his right hand coming down from a point over his left shoulder. He described it as an in-swinger which, if properly bowled, would change direction sharply in the last 10 or of flight. King used this ball only sparingly and only against good batsmen. After a tour to Philadelphia by an Australian side in 1896, George Giffen said "the Philadelphians really have some high-class players, but it was the fact of their bowlers playing us with baseball curves that upset our batsmen."

John Barton "Bart" King (October 19, 1873 – October 17, 1965) was an American cricketer, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. King was part of the Philadelphia team that played from the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I. This period of cricket in the United States was dominated by "gentlemen cricketers"—men of independent wealth who did not need to work. King, an amateur from a middle-class family, was able to devote time to cricket thanks to a job set up by his teammates.

John Barton King dit Bart King (né le – mort le ), est un joueur américain de cricket. Il effectue notamment trois tournées en Angleterre avec l'équipe de Philadelphie entre 1897 et 1908 et dispute plusieurs rencontres avec l'équipe des États-Unis contre le Canada.