Overview.

Geography.

The Sentinelese live on North Sentinel Island in the Andaman Islands, which are in the Bay of Bengal and administered by India. The island lies off the southwest coast of South Andaman Island, about west of Andaman capital Port Blair. It has an area of about and a roughly square outline. The seashore is about wide, bordered by a littoral forest that gives way to a dense tropical evergreen forest. The island is surrounded by coral reefs and has a tropical climate. The Onge call North Sentinel Island "Chia daaKwokweyeh".

Appearance.

One report by Heinrich Harrer described a man as tall, possibly because of insular dwarfism (the so-called "Island Effect"), nutrition, or simply genetic heritage. During a 2014 circumnavigation of their island, researchers put their height between and and recorded their skin colour as "dark, shining black" with well-aligned teeth. They showed no signs of obesity and had very prominent muscles.

Population.

No rigorous census has been conducted and the population has been variously estimated to be as low as 15 or as high as 500. Most estimates lie between 50 and 200. A handbook released in 2016 by the Anthropological Survey of India on Vulnerable Tribe Groups estimates the population at between 100 and 150.  The 1971 census estimated the population at around 82; the 1981 census at 100. A 1986 expedition recorded the highest count, 98. In 2001, the Census of India officially recorded 21 men and 18 women. This survey was conducted from a distance and may not have been accurate. 2004 post-tsunami expeditions recorded counts of 32 and 13 individuals in 2004 and 2005 respectively. The 2011 Census of India recorded 12 males and three females. During a 2014 circumnavigation researchers recorded six females, seven males (all apparently under 40 years old) and three children younger than four.

Practices.

The Sentinelese are hunter-gatherers. They likely use bows and arrows to hunt terrestrial wildlife and more rudimentary methods to catch local seafood, such as mud crabs and molluscan shells. They are believed to eat a lot of molluscs, given the abundance of roasted shells found in their settlements. Some of their practices have not evolved beyond those of the Stone Age; they are not known to engage in agriculture. It is unclear whether they have any knowledge of making fire though investigations have shown they use fire.  Similarities as well as dissimilarities have been spotted with the Onge people. They prepare their food similarly. They share common traits in body decoration and material culture. There are also similarities in the design of their canoes. (Of all the Andamanese tribes, only the Sentinelese and Onge make canoes.) The Onge call them "Chanku-ate". Similarities with the Jarawas have been also noted. Their bows have similar patterns; no such marks are found on Onge bows. Finally, both tribes sleep on the ground, while the Onge sleep on raised platforms. The metal arrowheads and adze blades are quite large and heavier than those of other Andamanese tribes.  The Sentinelese reside in small temporary huts erected on four poles with slanted leaf-covered roofs. They recognise the value of metal, having scavenged it to create tools and weapons and accepted aluminum cookware left by the National Geographic Society in 1974. They have also developed canoes suitable for lagoon-fishing but use long poles rather than paddles or oars to propel them. They seldom use the canoes for cross-island navigation. Both sexes wear bark strings; the men always tuck daggers into their waist belts. They also wear some ornaments such as necklaces and headbands, but are essentially naked. The wearing of jawbones of deceased relatives has been reported. Artistic engravings of simple geometric designs and shade contrasts have been seen on their weapons. The women have been seen to dance by slapping both palms on the thighs whilst simultaneously tapping the feet rhythmically in a bent-knee stance.

Language.

Because of their complete isolation, nearly nothing is known about the Sentinelese language, which is therefore unclassified. It has been recorded that the Jarawa language is mutually unintelligible with the Sentinelese language. There is uncertainty as to the range of overlap with the Onge language, if any. The Anthropological Survey of India's 2016 handbook on Vulnerable Tribe Groups considers them mutually unintelligible.

Age.

The Sentinelese have been widely described as a Stone Age tribe, with some reports claiming they have lived in isolation for over 60,000 years. But Pandya speculates that the Sentinelese arose either from a deliberate, more recent migration or from drifting off the Little Andaman.

Isolation and uncontacted status.

They are a community of indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation. Designated a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group and a Scheduled Tribe, they belong to the broader class of Andamanese people.  Along with the Great Andamanese, the Jarawas, the Onge, the Shompen, and the Nicobarese, the Sentinelese are one of the six native and often reclusive peoples of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Unlike the others, the Sentinelese appear to have consistently refused any interaction with the outside world. They are hostile to outsiders and have killed people who approached or landed on the island.  The first peaceful contact with the Sentinelese was made by Triloknath Pandit, a director of the Anthropological Survey of India, and his colleagues on 4 January 1991. Indian visits to the island ceased in 1997.

Contact.

First recorded sighting (1771).

In 1771, an East India Company hydrographic survey vessel, the "Diligent", observed "a multitude of lights... upon the shore" of North Sentinel Island, which is the island's first recorded mention. The crew did not investigate.

First recorded contact (1867).

During the late summer monsoon of 1867, the Indian merchant-vessel "Nineveh" foundered on the reef off North Sentinel. All the passengers and crew reached the beach safely, but as they proceeded for their breakfast on the third day, they were subject to a sudden assault by a group of naked, short-haired, red-painted islanders with arrows that were probably iron-tipped.  The captain, who fled in the ship's boat, was found days later by a brig and the Royal Navy sent a rescue party to the island. Upon arrival, the party discovered that the survivors had managed to repel the attackers with sticks and stones and that they had not reappeared.  Andamanese scholar Vishvajit Pandya notes that Onge narratives often recall voyages by their ancestors to North Sentinel to procure metal.

Colonial period.

The first recorded visit to the island by a colonial officer was by Jeremiah Homfray in 1867. He recorded seeing naked islanders catching fish with bows and arrows, and was informed by the Great Andamanese that they were Jarawas. In 1880, in an effort to establish contact with the Sentinelese, British naval officer Maurice Vidal Portman, who was serving as a colonial administrator to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, led an armed group of Europeans along with convict-orderlies and Andamanese trackers (whom they had already befriended) to North Sentinel Island. On their arrival, the islanders fled into the treeline. After several days of futile search, during which they found abandoned villages and paths, Portman's men captured six individuals, an elderly man and woman and four children. The man and woman died shortly after their arrival in Port Blair and the children sickened. Portman hurriedly sent the children back to the North Sentinel Island with ample gifts to establish friendly contact and noted their "peculiarly idiotic expression of countenance, and manner of behaving".  Portman visited the island again in 1883, 1885 and 1887.  In 1896, a convict escaped from the penal colony on Great Andaman Island on a makeshift raft and drifted across to the North Sentinel beach. His body was discovered by a search party some days later with several arrow-piercings and a cut throat. The party did not see any islanders.  In an 1899 speech, Richard Carnac Temple, who served as chief commissioner of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from 1895 to 1904, reported that he had toured North Sentinel island to capture fugitives, but upon landing discovered that they had been killed by the inhabitants, who retreated in haste upon seeing his party approach.  Temple also recorded a case where a Sentinelese apparently drifted off to the Onge and fraternized with them over the course of two years. When Temple and Portman accompanied him to the tribe and attempted to establish friendly contact, they did not recognize the individual and responded aggressively by shooting arrows at the group. The man refused to remain on the island. Portman cast doubt on the exact time span the Sentinelese spent with the Onge, and believed that he had probably been raised by the Onge since childhood.  Temple went on to describe the Sentinelese as "a tribe which slays every stranger, however inoffensive, on sight, whether a forgotten member of itself, of another Andamanese tribe, or a complete foreigner".  MCC Bonnington, a British official, visited the island on two separate occasions in 1911 and 1932 to conduct a census. On the first occasion, he came across eight men on the beach and another five in two canoes, who retreated into the forest. The party progressed some miles into the island without facing any hostile response and saw a few huts with slanted roofs. Notably, the Sentinelese were counted as a standalone group, for the first time, in the 1911 census.  There have been other recorded instances of British administrators visiting the island, including Rogers in 1902, but none of the expeditions after 1880 had any ethnographic purpose, probably because of the island's small size and unfavorable location.  In 1954, Italian explorer Lidio Cipriani visited the island but did not come across any inhabitants.

Shipwrecks.

In 1977, MV "Rusley" ran aground on the North Sentinel Reefs.  On 2 August 1981, the cargo ship "Primrose," carrying cargo between Australia and Bangladesh, ran aground in rough seas just off North Sentinel Island, stranding a small crew. After a few days, the captain dispatched a distress call asking for a drop of firearms and reported boats being prepared by more than 50 armed islanders intending to invade the ship. Strong waves prevented the Sentinelese canoes from reaching the ship and deflected their arrows. Nearly a week later, the crew were evacuated by a civilian helicopter contracted to the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) with support from Indian Naval forces.  The Sentinelese scoured the abandoned shipwrecks to salvage iron for their weaponry. M. A. Mohammad, a scrap dealer who won a government contract to dismantle the Primrose wreck (about from the shoreline) and assembled men for the purpose, recorded friendly exchange of fruits and small metal scraps with the Sentinelese, who often canoed to the workplace at low tide:

Government of India.

In 1956, the Government of India declared North Sentinel Island a tribal reserve and prohibited travel within of it. Photography is prohibited. A constant armed patrol prevents intrusions by outsiders.

T. N. Pandit (1967–1991).

In 1967, a group of 20 people, comprising the governor, armed forces and naval personnel, were led by T. N. Pandit, an anthropologist working for the Anthropological Survey of India, to North Sentinel Island to explore it and befriend the Sentinelese. This was the first visit to the island by a professional anthropologist. Through binoculars, the group saw several clusters of Sentinelese along the coastline, who retreated into the forest as the team advanced. The team followed their footprints and after about a kilometer, found a group of 18 lean-to huts made from grass and leaves that showed signs of recent occupation as evidenced by the still-burning fires at the corners of the hut. The team also discovered raw honey, skeletal remains of pigs, wild fruits, an adze, a multi-pronged wooden spear, bows, arrows, cane baskets, fishing nets, bamboo pots and wooden buckets. Metal-working was evident. The team failed to establish any contact and withdrew after leaving gifts.  The government was aware that leaving the Sentinelese (and the area) completely isolated and ceasing to claim any control would lead to rampant illegal exploitation of the natural resources by the numerous mercenary outlaws who took refuge in those regions, and probably contribute to the Sentinelese's extinction. Accordingly, in 1970, an official surveying party landed at an isolated spot on the island and erected a stone tablet, atop a disused native hearth, that declared the island part of India.  During the 1970s and 1980s, Pandit undertook several visits to the island, sometimes as an "expert advisor" in tour parties including dignitaries who wished to encounter an aboriginal tribe. Beginning in 1981, he regularly led official expeditions with the purpose of establishing friendly contact. Many of these got a friendly reception, with hoards of gifts left for them, but some ended in violent encounters, which were mostly suppressed. Some of the expeditions (1987, 1992, et al.) were entirely documented on film. Sometimes the Sentinelese waved and sometimes they turned their backs and assumed a "defecating" posture, which Pandit took as a sign of their not being welcome. On some occasions, they rushed out of the jungle to take the gifts but then attacked the party with arrows. Other obscene gestures in response to contact parties, such as swaying of penises, have been noted. On some of his visits, Pandit brought some Onge to the island to try to communicate with the Sentinelese, but the attempts were usually futile and Pandit reported one instance of angering the Sentinelese.

"National Geographic" (1974).

In early 1974, a "National Geographic" film crew went to the island with a team of anthropologists (including Pandit), accompanied by armed police, to film a documentary, "Man in Search of Man". They planned to spread the operation of gift-giving over the course of three days and attempt to establish friendly contact. When the motorboat broke through the barrier reefs, the locals emerged from the jungle and shot arrows at it. The crew landed at a safe point on the coast and left gifts in the sand, including a miniature plastic car, some coconuts, a live pig, a doll, and aluminum cookware.  The Sentinelese followed up by launching another volley of arrows, one of which struck the documentary director in his thigh. The man who wounded the director withdrew to the shade of a tree and laughed proudly while others speared and buried the pig and the doll. They left afterward, taking the coconuts and cookware. This expedition also led to the first photograph of the Sentinelese, published by Raghubir Singh in "National Geographic" magazine, where they were presented as people for whom "arrows speak louder than words".

1991 expedition.

In 1991, the first instances of peaceful contact were recorded in the course of two routine expeditions by an Indian anthropological team consisting of various representatives of diverse governmental departments and Madhumala Chattopadhyay.  During a 4 January 1991 visit, the Sentinelese approached the party without weaponry for the first time. They collected coconuts that were offered but retreated to the shore as the team gestured for them to come closer. The team returned to the main ship, "MV Tarmugli". It returned to the island in the afternoon to find at least two dozen Sentinelese on the shoreline, one of whom pointed a bow and arrow at the party. Once a woman pushed the arrow down, the man buried his weapons in the beach and the Sentinelese approached quite close to the dinghies for the first time. The Director of Tribal Welfare distributed five bags of coconuts hand-to-hand.  Pandya comments: Pandit and Madhumala took part in a second expedition on 24 February. The Sentinelese again appeared without weapons, jumped on the dinghies and took coconut sacks. They were also curious about a rifle hidden in the boat, which Chattopadhay believed they saw as a source of iron.  In light of the friendly exchanges with the scrap dealers' team and Portman's observations in 1980, Pandya believes that the Sentinelese used to be visited by other tribes.

Later contact.

The series of contact expeditions continued until 1994, with some of them even attempting to plant coconut trees on the island. The programs were then abandoned for nearly nine years. The Indian government maintained a policy of no deliberate contact, intervening only in cases of natural calamities that might pose an existential threat or to thwart poachers.  A likely reason for the termination of these missions was that the Sentinelese did not let most of the post-Pandit contact teams get near them. The teams usually waited until the armed Sentinelese retreated, then left gifts on the beach or set them adrift toward shore. The government was also quite concerned about the possibility of harm to the Sentinelese by an influx of outsiders—a result of them projecting a relatively friendly image. Photos of the 1991 expedition were removed from public display and use of them was restricted by the government.  The next expedition occurred in April 2003, when a canoe built by the Onges was given to the visitors. There were further expeditions (some aerial) in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which caused massive tectonic changes to the island: it was enlarged by a merger with nearby small islands, and the sea floor was raised by about, exposing the surrounding coral reefs to air and destroying the shallow lagoons, which were the Sentinelese's fishing grounds. The expeditions counted a total of 32 Sentinelese scattered over three places but did not find any bodies. The Sentinelese responded to these aerial expeditions with hostile gestures, which led many to conclude that the community was mostly unaffected and had survived the calamity. Pandya argues that Sentinelese hostility is a sign of the physical as well as the cultural resilience of the community.  The Sentinelese generally received the post-tsunami expeditions in a friendly manner. They approached the visiting parties, which carried no arms or shields as they had in earlier expeditions, unarmed.  In 2014, an aerial expedition followed by a circumnavigation investigated the effects of a forest fire. Important data was gathered and the expedition recorded that the fire did not seem to have affected the populace. They exhibited a balance of ages and sexes, with a number of young children. Friendly hand gestures were noted but the visitors did not go very close to the island. The 2014 expedition also recorded that the Sentinelese had adapted to the changes to their fishing grounds, and were using their canoes to travel up to half a kilometre (a third of a mile) from the shore.

Deaths of two fishermen (2006).

On 27 January 2006, Indian fishermen Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, who had been attempting to illegally harvest crabs off North Sentinel Island, drifted towards the island after their boat's makeshift anchor failed during the night. They did not respond to warning calls from passing fishermen, and their boat drifted into the shallows near the island, where a group of Sentinelese warriors attacked the boat and killed the fishermen with axes. According to one report, the bodies were later put on bamboo stakes facing out to sea like scarecrows. Three days later, an Indian Coast Guard helicopter, dispatched for the purpose, found the buried bodies. When the helicopter tried to retrieve them, it was attacked by Sentinelese armed with spears and arrows and the mission was soon abandoned. There were contrasting views in the local community as to whether the Sentinelese ought to be prosecuted for the murder.  Pandya hypothesizes that the aggressive response might have been caused by the sudden withdrawal of those gift-carrying expeditions, which was not influenced or informed by any acts of the Sentinelese. He also notes that whilst the images of the hostile Sentinelese (captured by the helicopter sorties) were heavily propagated in the media, the images of them burying the dead were never released. This selective display led to an effective negation of the friendly images that were circulated in the aftermath of the 1991 contact (which have been already taken out of public display) and restored the 1975 National Geographic narrative.

Death of a missionary (2018).

In November 2018, John Allen Chau, a 26-year-old American, trained and sent by the US-based Christian missionary organization All Nations, travelled to North Sentinel Island with the aim of contacting and living among the Sentinelese in the hope of converting them to Christianity. Chau did not seek the necessary permits required to visit the island and traveled illegally to the island by bribing local fishermen. He expressed a clear desire to convert the tribe and awareness of the risk of death he faced and of the illegality of his visits, writing, "Lord, is this island Satan's last stronghold where none have heard or even had the chance to hear your name?", "The eternal lives of this tribe is at hand", and "I think it's worthwhile to declare Jesus to these people. Please do not be angry at them or at God if I get killed...Don't retrieve my body."  On 15 November, Chau attempted his first visit in a fishing boat, which took him about from shore. The fishermen warned Chau not to go farther, but he canoed toward shore with a waterproof Bible. As he approached, he attempted to communicate with the islanders and to offer gifts, but he retreated after facing hostile responses. On another visit, Chau recorded that the islanders reacted to him with a mixture of amusement, bewilderment and hostility. He attempted to sing worship songs to them, and spoke to them in Xhosa, after which they often fell silent. Other attempts to communicate ended with them bursting into laughter. They apparently communicated with "lots of high pitched sounds" and gestures. Eventually, according to Chau's last letter, when he tried to hand over fish and gifts, a boy shot a metal-headed arrow that pierced the Bible he was holding in front of his chest, after which he retreated again.  On his final visit, on 17 November, Chau instructed the fishermen to leave without him. The fishermen later saw the islanders dragging Chau's body, and the next day they saw his body on the shore.  Police subsequently arrested seven fishermen for assisting Chau to get close to the restricted island. His death was treated as a murder, but there was no suggestion that the Sentinelese would be charged and the U.S. government confirmed that it did not ask the Indian government to press charges against the tribe. Indian officials made several attempts to recover Chau's body but eventually abandoned those efforts. An anthropologist involved in the case told "The Guardian" that the risk of a dangerous clash between investigators and the islanders was too great to justify any further attempts.

The Sentinelese, also known as the Sentineli and the North Sentinel Islanders, are an indigenous people who inhabit North Sentinel Island in the Bay of Bengal in India. Designated a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group and a Scheduled Tribe, they belong to the broader class of Andamanese people.

Les Sentinelles sont un peuple chasseur-cueilleur qui vit coupé du monde extérieur sur l'île de North Sentinel, dans les îles Andaman, un archipel de l'océan Indien faisant partie de l'Inde.


History.

The maximum crew size for the ISS is dependent on crew rescue capacity. Since it is imperative that the crew members be able to return to Earth in case of an unexpected emergency, a Crew Return Vehicle able to hold up to seven crew members was initially planned by the ISS program leadership. This would have allowed the full complement of seven astronauts to live and work on the ISS. During the early years of ISS on-orbit construction, the crew was limited to three, corresponding to a single Russian Soyuz TMA vehicle that could be docked to the station at any given time. Later in May 2009 provisions were added for a total of two docked Soyuz vehicles simultaneously and the ISS crew was increased to 6 members. NASA has designed several crew return vehicles over the years with varying levels of detail.  A small, in-house development study of the X-38 concept first began at Johnson Space Center (JSC) in early 1995, however several types of emergency scenarios were recognized by NASA as early as 1992 that drove the need for crew return from the International Space Station: 1. A serious illness or injury to a station astronaut 2. A fire or collision with space debris 3. Grounding of the space shuttle so that it could not deliver life-sustaining supplies.  In early 1996, a contract was awarded to Scaled Composites, Inc., of Mojave, Calif., for the construction of three full-scale atmospheric test airframes. The first vehicle airframe was delivered to JSC in September 1996.

Development.

In an unusual move for an X-plane, the program involved the European Space Agency and the German Space Agency DLR. It was originally called X-35. The program manager was John Muratore, while the Flight Test Engineer was future NASA astronaut Michael E. Fossum.  The X-38 design used a wingless lifting body concept originally developed by the U.S. Air Force in the mid-1960s during the X-24 program. R. Dale Reed worked for NASA from 1955-2000 and is considered the Father of the Lifting Body Programs. He met with Muratore (1992-93) and shared his design of the X-24A that he used to present the concept of the X-38 to NASA (Wingless Flight, Chapter 9, pages 186-88).  The X-38 program used uncrewed mockups to test the CRV design. Flight models were indicated with the letter V for "Vehicle" followed by a number.  The X-38 V-131 and V-132 shared the aerodynamic shape of the X-24A. This shape had to be enlarged for the Crew Return Vehicle needs (crew of seven astronauts) and redesigned, especially in the rear part, which became thicker.  The X-38 V-131-R was designed at 80 percent of the size of a CRV [,, ], and featured the final redesigned shape (Two later versions, V-133 and V-201, were planned at 100 percent of the CRV size). The 80% scale versions were flown at 15,000 to 24,000 pound weight. The X-38 V-201 orbital prototype was 90 percent complete, but never flown.  In drop tests the V-131, V-132 and V-131-R were dropped by a B-52 from altitudes of up to 45,000 ft (13,700 m), gliding at near transonic speeds before deploying a drogue parachute to slow them to. The later prototypes had their descent continue under a parafoil wing, the largest ever made. Flight control was mostly autonomous, backed up by a ground-based pilot.

Design.

The X-38 was intended to be semi-permanently docked to the ISS. If the crew became sick or injured during the course of their mission, they would enter the rescue vehicle through a hatched docking mechanism. With execution of a short procedure, the crew return vehicles would automatically fly the crew members safely to Earth. Once undocked, the vehicle would be deorbited using a deorbital propulsion system (DPS). The eight-thruster DPS would adjust the spacecraft's attitude and retrofire to slow the X-38 down, allowing gravitational attraction to pull it back into Earth's atmosphere. A DPS module was developed by Aerojet and delivered to Johnson Space Center in 2002 for V-201.  Following the jettison of the DPS, the X-38 would have glided from orbit and used a steerable parafoil for its final descent and landing. The high speeds at which lifting body aircraft operate can make them challenging to land. The parafoil would have been used to slow the vehicle and make landing easier. The landing gear consisted of skids rather than wheels: the skids worked like sleds so the vehicle would have slid to a stop on the ground.  Both the shape and size of the X-38 were different from that of the Space Shuttle. The Crew Return Vehicle would have fitted into the payload bay of the shuttle. This does not, however, mean that it would have been small. The X-38 weighed 10,660 kg and was 9.1 meters long. The battery system, lasting nine hours, was to be used for power and life support. If the Crew Return Vehicle was needed, it would only take two to three hours for it to reach Earth.  The parafoil parachute, employed for landing, was derived from technology developed by the U.S. Army. This massive parafoil deploys in 5 stages for optimum performance. A drag chute would have been released from the rear of the X-38. This drag chute would have been used to stabilize and slow the vehicle down. The parafoil (area of 687 square meters) was then released. It would open in five steps (a process called staging). While the staging process only takes 45 seconds, it is important for a successful chute deployment. Staging prevents high-speed winds from tearing the parafoil.  The spacecraft's landing was to be completely automated. Mission Control would have sent coordinates to the onboard computer system. This system would also have used wind sensors and the Global Positioning System (a satellite-based coordinate system) to coordinate a safe trip home. Since the Crew Return Vehicle was designed with medical emergencies in mind, it made sense that the vehicle could find its way home automatically in the event that crew members were incapacitated or injured. If there was a need, the crew would have the capability to operate the vehicle by switching to the backup systems. In addition, seven high altitude low opening (HALO) parachute packs were included in the crew cabin, a measure designed to provide for the ability to bail out of the craft.  An Advanced Docking Berthing System (ADBS) was designed for the X-38 and the work on it led to the Low Impact Docking System the Johnson Space Center later created for the planned vehicles in Project Constellation.  The X-38 vehicle was also known as the X-35 (but that designation was already allocated by the USAF to another vehicle) and X-CRV (experimental - Crew Return Vehicle)

Cancellation.

Severe cost overruns plagued the ISS program during its development and construction during the late 1990s and early 2000s. To bring costs under control the International Space Station Management and Cost Evaluation (IMCE) Task Force was created. The task force introduced a new concept known as "American Core Complete", whereby the U.S. would unilaterally reduce the previously agreed-upon American contributions to the ISS while retaining its role as the controlling member of the International partners. Core Complete (as opposed to the originally planned "Station Complete") deleted the American Habitation Module, the American CRV, and Node-3 from the ISS design without any negotiations with international partners. NASA Administrator, Sean O'Keefe, appointed by President George W. Bush, stated in December 2001 that he intended to adhere to the recommendations of the IMCE, including the implementation of Core Complete. The X-38 project cancellation was announced on April 29, 2002 as a cost-cutting measure in accordance with the IMCE's recommendations.  The Core Complete concept was roundly criticized by many experts at the time since a majority of development work on the X-38 had been completed. The prototype space vehicle was approximately 90% complete at the time it was cancelled.

Legacy and Vehicle Redeployment.

The X-38 V-132 is now on permanent loan from NASA to the Strategic Air and Space Museum at Ashland Nebraska. , the X-38 V-131R is on loan from NASA to the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.

The X-38 was an experimental re-entry vehicle designed by NASA to research a possible emergency crew return vehicle (CRV) for the International Space Station (ISS). The 1995–2002 program also developed concepts for a crew return vehicle design that could be modified for other uses, such as a possible joint U.S. and international human spacecraft that could be launched on the French Ariane 5 booster.

Le X-38 de la NASA, est un prototype/démonstrateur de navette spatiale lié au projet de vaisseau spatial américain Crew Return Vehicle (CRV). Le projet de X-38 est abandonné en.


History.

Royal Highness Era (1998 – 1999).

On February 24, 1998 Kottonmouth Kings released their first overall album, and their first EP, an EP titled Stoners Reeking Havoc.  On August 11, 1998 Kottonmouth Kings released their first national album, first studio album, and 2nd overall album titled Royal Highness on Suburban Noize Records and Capitol Records. The album featured the original lineup of: Daddy X, D-Loc, Saint Dog on vocals, and Lou Dog on drums and percussion, and DJ Bobby B.  On March 11, 1999 Kottonmouth Kings released their second EP, and 3rd overall album titled: Stash Box. On October 26, 1999 Kottonmouth Kings released their first compilation album, and 4th overall album titled Hidden Stash. This was also the last album to feature Saint Dog as a member of Kottonmouth Kings.

High Society Era (2000).

They began to gain mainstream success with the release of their 3rd studio album, and their 5th overall album, "High Society" on June 27, 2000. This was the first album to feature "original" member Johnny Richter. The album charted at #65 on the Billboard 200.

Hidden Stash II: The Kream Of The Krop Era (2001).

On September 4, 2001 D-Loc released his 1st solo album and his 1st under the name DJ Shakey Bonez titled The Green Room.  Kottonmouth Kings toured with D12/Primer 55 and Bionic Jive during the fall of 2001 in support of their fourth studio album, and 6th overall album, which was released on October 9, 2001. The album charted at #100 on the Billboard 200.

Rollin' Stoned Era (2002 – 2003).

On October 8, 2002 Kottonmouth Kings released their 4th studio album, and their 7th overall album titled Rollin' Stoned. The album charted at #51 on the Billboard 200.  In 2003 Kottonmouth Kings released their 2nd compilation album, and their 8th overall release with the promo CD titled Green Is Gold.  On July 22, 2003 Tsunami Bros released their debut album titled King Harbor.  On August 12, 2003 Kottonmouth Kings released their 3rd compilation album, their 1st live album and their 9th overall album titled, Classic Hits Live.

Fire It Up Era (2004).

On April 20, 2004 (420), Kottonmouth Kings released their 5th studio album, and their 10th overall release titled Fire It Up. The album charted at #42 on the Billboard 200.  On August 24, 2004 Daddy X released his 1st solo album titled Organic Soul.  On August 24, 2004 Kingspade released their debut album titled Kingspade.  On November 16, 2004 Kottonmouth Kings released their 4th compilation album, and their 11th overall album titled The Kottonmouth Xperience.

Kottonmouth Kings Era (2005).

On May 31, 2005 Kottonmouth Kings released their 6th studio album, and their 12th overall album titled Kottonmouth Kings. The album charted at #50 on the Billboard 200.  On November 15, 2005 Kottonmouth Kings released their 5th compilation album and their 13th overall album titled Joint Venture. The album charted at #193 on the Billboard 200.

Koast II Koast Era (2006).

On January 31, 2006 Daddy X released his 2nd solo album titled Family Ties.  On May 9, 2006 Kottonmouth Kings released their 3rd EP, and 14th overall album titled Nickel Bag. The album was a prelude to Koast II Koast.  On June 6, 2006 Kottonmouth Kings released their 7th studio album and 15th overall album titled Koast II Koast. The album charted at #39 on the Billboard 200.  In 2006, Kottonmouth Kings headlined at the annual Cannabis Cup, and was named "Band of the Year" by "High Times".  On November 21, 2006 Kottonmouth Kings released their 6th compilation album and their 16th overall album titled Hidden Stash III. The album charted at #199 on the Billboard 200.

Cloud Nine Era (2007).

On April 24, 2007 Kingspade released their 2nd album titled P.T.B..  On August 28, 2007 Kottonmouth Kings released their 8th studio album and their 17th overall album titled Cloud Nine. The album charted at #44 on the Billboard 200.

The Green Album Era (2008 – 2009).

On January 15, 2008 Kottonmouth Kings released their 7th compilation album, and their 18th overall album titled Greatest Highs. The album charted at #168 on the Billboard 200.  On April 15, 2008 Kottonmouth Kings released their 8th compilation album and their 19th overall album titled.  On October 28, 2008 Kottonmouth Kings released their 9th studio album and their 20th overall album titled The Green Album. The album charted at #42 on the Billboard 200.  In 2009 D-Loc released his 2nd solo album and his 2nd under the name DJ Shakey Bonez titled  On April 20, 2009 Kottonmouth Kings released their 4th EP and their 21st overall album titled 420 Freedom Sampler.  On September 15, 2009 Kottonmouth Kings released their 9th compilation album and their 22nd overall album titled Rollin' Down The Highway.  On October 13, 2009 Kottonmouth Kings released their 10th compilation album and their 23rd overall album titled Hidden Stash 420. The album charted at #103 on the Billboard 200.

Long Live The Kings Era (2010).

On April 20, 2010 Kottonmouth Kings released their 10th studio album and their 24th overall album titled Long Live The Kings. The album charted at #26 on the Billboard 200. Ironically named, the album was the last time Pakelika would be on as he was kicked out of the group by Daddy x, and died some time later.  On July 6, 2010 Johnny Richter released his debut solo album titled Laughing.  On August 17, 2010 D-Loc released his 3rd solo album and the 1st under the name D-Loc titled MFK (Made For Kings).

Sunrise Sessions Era (2011).

On March 1, 2011 The Dirtball released his 5th solo album, 4th on Suburban Noize Records, and 1st since joining Kottonmouth Kings titled Nervous System.  On April 19, 2011 Kottonmouth Kings released their 5th EP and their 25th overall album titled Legalize It.  On July 19, 2011 Kottonmouth Kings released their 11th studio album and their 26th overall album titled Sunrise Sessions. The album charted at #46 on the Billboard 200.  On November 8, 2011 Kottonmouth Kings released their 11th compilation album and their 27th overall album titled.

Mile High Era (2012 – 2013).

On March 20, 2012 D-Loc released his 4th solo album and the 2nd under the name D-Loc, an EP titled Weedman.  On May 22, 2012 The Dirtball released his 6th solo album, 5th on Suburban Noize Records, and 2nd since joining Kottonmouth Kings, an EP titled Desert Eagle.  On August 14, 2012 Kottonmouth Kings released their 12th studio album and their 28th overall album titled Mile High. The album charted at #36 on the Billboard 200.  On December 25, 2013 D-Loc released his 5th solo album and the 3rd under the name D-Loc, a 2nd EP titled Bong Tokes & Love Notes.

Independent (2013 – 2014).

In March 2013 it was announced via social media accounts that Kottonmouth Kings have left Suburban Noize Records. Daddy X filed for the copyright of the name United Family Music.  In October 2013 via Twitter, Johnny Richter announced that he was leaving Kottonmouth Kings, and was unsure if he would continue to do music. He released his 1st post-Kottonmouth Kings solo album, an EP titled FreeKing Out on December 17, 2013.

The Buddah Shack EP Era (2014).

On April 20, 2014 Kottonmouth Kings released their 1st post-Johnny Richter, 6th EP and their 29th overall album titled The Buddah Shack.  In September 2014, it was announced on the band's Twitter and Facebook pages their new album, "Krown Power", was in the final stages of being mixed and was set to be released in early 2015. On December 31, 2014, Kottonmouth Kings officially announced via their Twitter account that the album, the first LP release on United Family Music, would be dropping on April 21, 2015.

Krown Power Era (2015–2016).

In early April 2015, KMK announced that the new tentative release date for Krown Power was set for June 2015, and that the album will be available for pre-order on April 20, 2015. A single and the accompanying video would be released each month leading up to the release of the album; the debut single/music video was "Ganja Glow".  In August 2015, DJ Bobby B announced on Instagram that he and the band have parted ways after working together for 19 years.  On August 28, 2015 Kottonmouth Kings released their 13th studio album and their 30th overall album titled Krown Power. On November 21, 2015 it was announced that KMK was set to release a new album in 2016 titled Ganja Farm with Marlon Asher and original KMK member Saint Dog.

Hiatus (2016-2017).

After the 20th anniversary tour and the tour to promote Krown Power, the group quietly went on hiatus with no announcement. On July 31, 2017, D-Loc announced that the Kottonmouth Kings may still perform as a group at certain shows in the future.

Reunion.

It was announced in December 2017 that D-Loc and Richter reunited to reform Kingspade. On January 21, 2018 Daddy X sent out a newsletter via United Family Music hinting at KMK returning in 2018. On January 31, 2018 Kingspade announced via Instagram that new music was set to be released on March 1, 2018 through the Kingmaker Company. On March 1, 2018 a music video for the Kingspade song "Who We" was released. In the video it was announced that Kingspade would release a full-length album in the summer of 2018 and Kottonmouth Kings would be releasing a new album titled "Kingdom Come" on April 20, 2018. Kottonmouth Kings came back in 2018 when original founding members D-Loc and Johnny Richter, along with Saint Dog on multiple features, released the album “Kingdom Come.” The current lineup features D-Loc, Richter, and DJ Product 1969

Kingdom Come Era (2018).

Kottonmouth Kings is an American hip hop group from Placentia, Orange County, California. The band officially formed in 1996, describing their eclectic sound as "psychedelic hip-hop punk rock". The group's original lineup consisted of D-Loc, Saint Dog, and Johnny Richter. The group has since returned to their original lineup.

Kottonmouth Kings est un groupe de hip-hop américain, originaire de Placentia, en Californie. Le groupe décrit son style musical de Signé sur leur label indépendant Suburban Noize Records, Kottonmouth Kings est un groupe productif qui défend les valeurs de la liberté et les vertus du cannabis.


Transportation.

There are two highways that pass through Parker. From the east, PA 268 goes right through downtown, then proceeds north towards Foxburg, and Emlenton. There is also an intersection with PA 368 at the Parker Bridge.  The Allegheny River, at this point is not used to transport goods and materials, but is still a navigable waterway for boating. The first lock (Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 9) is located south of Parker, just past the borough of East Brady.

Geography.

Parker is located at (41.094151, −79.682771).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Surrounding and adjacent neighborhoods.

Parker has two land borders with the townships of Hovey to the north and Perry to the south. Across the Allegheny River to the east, Parker runs adjacent with Clarion County's Perry Township with a direct connection via Parker Bridge.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 799 people, 309 households, and 221 families residing in the city. The population density was 728.6 people per square mile (280.5/km2). There were 356 housing units at an average density of 324.6 per square mile (125.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.12% White and 1.88% African American.  There were 309 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.09.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $29,844, and the median income for a family was $35,250. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,627. About 10.2% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.

History.

A post office called Parker's Landing was established in 1871. In 1894 its name was changed to Parkers Landing and in 1950 the name was changed to Parker. It remains in operation to the present. Parker appears in the 1876 Atlas of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania.

Parker is a city located in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is in the extreme northwestern portion of the county. The population was 840 at the 2010 census. The city was named for Judge John Parker, a lead surveyor of Lawrenceburg and founder/owner of Parker's Landing, the two villages combined to create Parker.

Parker est une ville située dans le comté d’Armstrong, dans le Commonwealth de Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. Lors du recensement de 2010, elle comptait.


History.

A hanok is a Korean house which was developed in Korean Peninsula and Manchuria.  Early Time Paleolithic people in the Korean Peninsula stayed in caves or made temporary houses. In the Neolithic era, the temporary house developed into a dugout hut. They dug into the ground with a small shovel and built a small house which used rafters and columns. Woods was used for the rafters and columns, and straw was used for roof. In the Bronze Age, there were several columns in the house, so the area of house was extended relative to early houses. Iron Age "Hanok" had Ondol (Hangul: 온돌, Hanja: 溫堗), and also used "Giwa"(Hangul: 기와), a kind of roofing tile which was made with baked soil. By using "Giwa" roof tiles, "hanok" developed a specific shape. The Enlightenment  The Enlightenment saw many foreigners visit the hermit kingdom. For this reason, Protestantism was spread, but it wasn't common. Anglicanism and Catholicism were the more common branches of the Christian faith in Korea at that time. Early churches utilized the "hanok" style. This church is located in Ganghwa County, Jincheon County, Cheongju. South Korea After the devastation of the Korean War there was a need for cheap, suitable housing for people displaced by the war. During the period immediately after the war several hanoks of historical value were demolished. In the larger cities of South Korea, only small clusters of hanoks remain. However the value of hanoks has been discussed in the early twentieth century, with many comparing them favourably to the more common but less eco-friendly apartments found across South Korea. Today, some train stations are influenced by traditional hanok design. (Jeonju station for example)  North Korea  In Gaesung, the traditional hanoks originally there remain and play a role as a tourist attraction. Kiwajibs surround the hanoks. China  In northeast China, hanoks also can be found and Koreans are living in hanoks building for themselves over 100 years. Also, from 2010, people are working on a project focused on making a hanok village in Heilongjiang, China.

Term.

According to old paper about house in April 23 of 1907, the terms that Hanok appeared on the history for the first time. In that paper, Hanok was figure out the specific region where Jeong-dongroad, from Donuimun to Baejae school. At that time, instead of using Hanok, terms like 'Jooga'(It means living houses), 'Jaetaek'(It means all kinds of house) were used widespread. The word, 'Hanok', was only used in special circumstance when the latest house was built in somewhere.  During the era of Korea under Japanese rule, the ruler used terms such as 'Jooga' or 'Joseon House' when they were talking about house improvement. There was a record about hanok; however, the specific term ‘hanok’ hasn't been used prevalently.  The specific word ‘hanok’ appeared in the Samsung Korean big dictionary in 1975, where it was defined as an antonym of western house and as a term meaning Joseon house (Korean-style house). After the 1970s, with urban development! lots of apartments and row Houses were built in South Korea, and many Hanoks were demolished in every town. From that time on, a hanok was only called a ‘’Korean traditional house.’’  In a broad sense, ‘hanok’ refers to a house with thatching or to a Neowa-jib (a shingle-roofed house) or a Giwa-jib (tile-roofed house), although the general meaning of ‘hanok’ refers to only a Giwa-jib (tile-roofed house) in Korea.

Characteristics.

The environment-friendly aspects of traditional Korean houses range from the structure's inner layout to the building materials which were used. Another unique feature of traditional houses is their special design for cooling the interior in summer and heating the interior in winter.  Since Korea has hot summers and cold winters, the 'Ondol (Gudeul),' a floor-based heating system, and 'Daecheong,' a cool wooden-floor style hall were devised long ago to help Koreans survive the frigid winters and to block sunlight during summer. These primitive types of heating and air-conditioning were so effective that they are still in use in many homes today. The posts, or 'Daedulbo' are not inserted into the ground, but are fitted into the cornerstones to keep Hanok safe from earthquakes.

Materials.

The raw materials used in Hanok, such as soil, timber, and rock, are all natural and recyclable and do not cause pollution. Hanok's have their own tiled roofs (Giwa; Hangul: 기와), wooden beams and stone-block construction. Cheoma is the edge of Hanok's curvy roofs. The lengths of the Cheoma can be adjusted to control the amount of sunlight that enters the house. Hanji (Korean traditional paper, Hangul: 한지) is lubricated with bean oil making it waterproof and polished. Windows and doors made with Hanji are beautiful and breathable.

Regional differences.

The shapes of Hanok differ regionally. Due to the warmer weather in the southern region, Koreans built Hanok in a straight line, like the number 1. In order to allow good wind circulation, there are open wooden floored living area and many windows. The shape of the most popular Hanok in the central region is like letter "L" or Korean letter "ᄀ", an architectural mixture of the shapes in the northern and the southern regions. Hanoks in the cold northern region, are box-shaped like Korean letter "ᄆ" so that it would be able to block the wind flow in building Hanoks. They do not have an open wooden floored area but the rooms are all joined together.

Differences according to social class.

The structure of Hanok is also classified according to social class. Typically the houses of yangban (upper class), Jungin (middle class) and urban commoners with "giwa" (tiled roof) emphasized not only the function of the house, but also possessed great aesthetic value. On the other hand, the houses of the provincial commoners (as well as some impoverished yangban) with "choga" (a roof plaited by rice straw) were built in a more strictly functional manner.

Preservation.

Many hanoks have been preserved, such as:  Gahoe-dong and Gye-dong in Jongno-gu, Seoul, are home to many hanoks, that have been remodeled into cafes, restaurants and teahouses.

Myth related to Hanok.

Seongjosin, Samshinhalmi (one who gives birth to women), Kitchen God etc. believed by people that there are different kinds of gods related to the house of each enrollment. This belief is shared with the religion of the Ainu.

A hanok () is a traditional Korean house. Hanoks were first designed and built in the 14th century during the Joseon Dynasty.

L’Hanok (한옥 en coréen, 韓屋 en caractère chinois) est une maison traditionnelle coréenne construite selon le style architecturale transmis depuis la période des Trois Royaumes (-57 à 668) jusqu'à la période Joseon (1392 à 1910).


History.

In 1896, pianist Marian MacDowell bought Hillcrest Farm in Peterborough, New Hampshire, as a summer residence for herself and her husband, composer Edward MacDowell. She had always been careful to give him a quiet room for his work. They found that the New Hampshire landscape enhanced his work of composing music.  The couple formulated a plan to provide an interdisciplinary experience in a nurturing landscape, by creating an institutionalized residential art colony in the area. In 1904, Edward MacDowell began to show signs of an illness that ended his composing and teaching career. He died in 1908.  In 1907, Marian MacDowell deeded their farm to the Edward MacDowell Association and founded the MacDowell Colony. The first guests arrived that year: sisters Helen Farnsworth Mears, a sculptor, and Mary Mears, a writer. Mears wrote about the colony for The Craftsman in July 1909. MacDowell began by inviting applicants personally, but by the 1920s had consigned the admission process to a committee.  Marian and friends raised funds among a wide variety of people for the colony, which was supported by industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, former U.S. President Grover Cleveland, financier J. P. Morgan, other prominent people, as well as many others across the country. MacDowell said the most consistent support came from women's clubs and professional music sororities (see, for example, the MacDowell Club of New York). At the age of 50, MacDowell began lecturing to women's groups to raise funds, resumed her performing career, and became a noted interpreter of her husband's work.  By 1918, 31 of Isabelle Sprague Smith's students funded the creation of the Isabelle D. Sprague Smith studio. Through the years more separate studios were built. The program continues in 32 studios scattered over of land.  On March 13,2020, the colony shut in the face of the COVID-19 outbreak and sent artists and fellows home. It was the first time the colony shut since the 1938 New England hurricane.

Medal Day.

Every year, the colony presents the Edward MacDowell Medal to an artist who has made a significant cultural contribution. Residency at the colony is not a requirement. In 2019, the 60th Medal will be awarded to a visual artist. Medal Day is one of the rare occasions when the colony is open to the public. The ceremony includes a keynote speech, after which the artists open their studios to visitors.

Property-tax exemption dispute.

The colony, a non-profit organization, enjoys the status of a charity, entitling it to exemption from local property taxes, among other things. However, in 2005, the town of Peterborough's selectmen (local-government executives) decided to challenge MacDowell's charitable status and billed the colony for a "payment in lieu of taxes". A lawyer for the town argued that "the colony certainly benefits its artists-in-residence, but that doesn't strike us as being the general public."  The colony's board of directors paid the bill, then successfully challenged the charge. A 2007 Superior Court opinion found that the MacDowell Colony, by promoting the arts, was a charitable institution, a ruling that was upheld by the New Hampshire Supreme Court in a subsequent appeal. The appeal court found that "Contrary to the Town's assertions, MacDowell's articles of incorporation oblige it to use its property for its stated charitable purpose."

Awards.

In 1962, the colony was designated a National Historic Landmark.  In 1997, the colony was awarded the National Medal of Arts.

The MacDowell Colony is an artists' colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, United States, founded in 1907 by composer Edward MacDowell and his wife, pianist and philanthropist Marian MacDowell. After he died in 1908, Marian forged ahead, establishing the Colony through a nonprofit association in honor of her husband, raising funds to transform her farm into a quiet retreat for creative artists to work. She led the colony for almost 25 years.

The MacDowell Colony est une colonie d'artistes située près de Peterborough, une petite ville de l'État du New Hampshire au nord-est des États-Unis. Fondée en 1907 par la pianiste Marian MacDowell, elle offre pour une durée limitée, à une sélection d'artistes de tous horizons, des conditions de séjour et de travail propices au recueillement et à la création artistique.


Plot.

Janie Sawyer, an American teenager, is forced to live in Moscow because of her father's job. Janie is trying to escape her lonely life in Moscow through her deep love of music and the internet. Janie and Lana Starkova meet on a fansite for the pop-band t.A.T.u. Trapped in a small Russian town, Lana wants desperately nothing more than to flee her mundane life causing the two girls to develop an instant connection through their love of t.A.T.u.'s music. The two girls adapt one of Lana's poems into a song and post it on the internet. t.A.T.u.'s manager hears the song being played by a corrupt music producer and he loves it. He later contacts the girls, instead of the producer, hoping they will allow t.A.T.u. to record the song without the producer. Janie and Lana's relationship then becomes the catalyst for a series of adventures through both the rock bottom and highlights of Moscow's society.

Production.

The film was first announced in October 2006 by Yulia Volkova during a press conference in Paris, who said at the time: "The script has already been written and now some questions on shooting are being considered." Aleksey Mitrofanov, the author of the novel on which the film is based, is playing a large part in the production of the film, as are t.A.T.u. The group will not be playing Janie and Lana in the film, but will play themselves. Prior to its release, Lena Katina and Julia Volkova (t.A.T.u.) stated that they believed "You and I" to be "scandalous". The girls continued on to say that the film did not deal with the "love and roses" (over-sentimentality, "cheesiness") often found in romantic dramas, and instead, it focused on the real scandal and hardships that come along with relationships.  Mitrofanov has mentioned that in selecting a director, they looked for one who knew the international market well, as they planned to release the film internationally. They turned to American production companies, and an English director, Roland Joffé, was chosen because of his Oscar-winning credentials. It was filmed in Moscow (stage nine of the Mosfilm building), Yaroslavl, and in Los Angeles, California; the story is based in Russia, mainly Moscow.  Filming was scheduled to end on 14 August 2007 and editing began soon after. Mischa Barton was a no-show at the Cannes premiere of the film and didn't show up for promotion in London. The director, award-winning Roland Joffé, shockingly, told BBC Radio 1 host Natalie Jamieson: "She hasn't pulled out of interviews, she's pulled out of everything... Her room is here, she is here, but trying to get the two together has just been impossible. We just don't know where Mischa is."  In a June 2009 interview with the "Mail on Sunday", Barton dispelled previous claims that she was dissatisfied with the project. She remarked, "I did a film about t.A.T.u., the Russian girl band, and that was interesting. This whole corrupt Russian music industry formed this fake-lesbian band. It's an odd story, but a fascinating one."

Reception.

Release and marketing.

"You And I" has been pushed-back severely, but was eventually announced for releases. The film premiered at the 61st Cannes Film Festival in May 2008. On 25 January 2011 "You And I" premiered in Moscow, Russia. Mischa Barton, the lead actress of the film, decided to show up alongside t.A.T.u. to promote the film. The other lead, Shantel VanSanten, was reported to have been too busy to make an appearance at the premiere. On 16 October 2007, the official t.A.T.u. blog released a preview featuring clips from the film.  On 31 January 2012, "You and I" was released direct-to-dvd in the United States. Then in June 2012, "You and I" was released on DVD in Australia and New Zealand.

Critical.

"You and I" was not screened for most mainstream film critics, however overall, "You and I" received mixed reviews from most film critics. It currently has no approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on one review. Josh Bell from "Filmcritic.com" gave it a mixed review, as he said "Already a somewhat fascinating (if also tiresome) time capsule of forgotten pop culture less than five years after it finished production." "DvdVerdict" gave it a mixed review, as he felt ""You and I" may flirt with some saucy, scandalous issues, but it ends up being as provocative as a revue at a retirement home. One imagines the elderly being more entertaining, however" and concluded saying "Guilty. Pop culture claptrap disguised as dramatic relevance."  World-L.com gave it a more detailed, yet mixed review. He praised the actors, describing them as "good". However, he felt the storyline and production was unusual, as he said "In itself, the movie is not bad and lay, no, it's more complicated." He praised Barton and VanSanten, whom he described as "very good", but described the screenplay: "what is present in their memories but rather the very rough draft screenplay that talks about everything and nothing is wrong and the bottom of things."

You and I (; also known by its working title, Finding t.A.T.u.) is a 2008 drama film directed by Roland Joffé depicting a fictionalised version of real events adapted from the novel "t.A.T.u. Come Back". The film features Mischa Barton, Anton Yelchin, Charlie Creed-Miles, Helena Mattsson, Alexander Kaluzhsky, Bronson Pinchot and Shantel VanSanten. The film is about a teenage girl, Lana, who moves from a rural town in Russia to Moscow, completely unaware that meeting an internet girlfriend, Janie, will result in a string of adventures.

Réalisé en 2007, le film est sorti le en Russie puis aux États-Unis, le. Le film est une adaptation du roman russe "t.A.T.u Come Back" écrit par Aleksey Mitrofanov, lui-même inspiré d'une histoire vraie. Il relate les péripéties de deux adolescentes à Moscou, Lana Starkova et Janie Sawyer, qui tombent éperdument amoureuses l'une de l'autre.


Plot summary.

The book begins during the construction of Redwall Abbey, when a roving female hedgehog named Trimp visits the abbey and sings a song to help the workers lifting a beam. Martin the Warrior recognises his father, Luke the Warrior, mentioned in the lyrics and asks Trimp more about him. He decides to go on a quest to learn more about his father. Martin, Gonff the Mousethief, Dinny, and Trimp befriend an orphaned woodlander squirrel named Chugger, the bird Krar Woodwatcher, as well as two brother otters, Folgrim (who is very close to becoming feral, having filed his teeth to points, and even eating vermin after he kills them) and his older brother Tungro. When they reach the northlands, Martin meets his father's friends: the old mouse, Vurg, and Beauclair Fethringsol Cosfortingham, an exuberant old hare. They show him a book titled "In the Wake of the Red Ship", an account of Luke's life. The plot then flashes back to Martin's birth to Luke and Sayna. Luke was the leader of a tribe of mice who lived an idyllic life for many seasons until Vilu Daskar, the murderous captain of the pirate ship "Goreleech", attacked the settlement and killed Sayna, as well as many others with his Sea Rogues. Luke vowed revenge upon Daskar and soon had an opportunity when Reynard Chopsnout, master of the "Greenhawk", sailed in, hoping to fix his broken vessel. Luke and his tribe slew Chopsnout and his crew and captured the ship. Together with Vurg, Beau, and others, they sailed off. Martin, now older, wished to accompany his father, but Luke declined, giving Martin his sword, and the chance to name the ship, which he dubbed "Sayna".  The account of Luke's life contains the scene where Luke gives his sword to his son. The same scene occurs in the beginning of "Martin the Warrior", when Martin receives a flashback of his childhood, as he was captured and put out for the seagulls by Badrang the Tyrant. Therefore, the events in part two of "The Legend of Luke" occurred around the same time as "Martin the Warrior".  At one point, Beau was believed to be dead, but survived. Luke, however, was captured and forced into slavery by Daskar when the "Sayna" was destroyed. He befriended a black squirrel, Ranguvar Foeseeker, who also wanted her revenge. Luke was quite a bit like his son. For instance, he threatened to strangle the slavedriver; similarly, Martin tried to choke a Marshank hordebeast with the creature's own whip. Luke was able to convince Daskar that he knew the location of a hidden treasure that only he could steer to. Vurg and Beau sneaked aboard to free the slaves as Ranguvar and Luke killed foebeasts. Initially planning to run the ship aground where his tribe could join the fight to take the ship, upon realising his tribe had abandoned the area, Luke ordered the slaves to take the ship, trapped Daskar at one end of the ship, then smashed it against two rocks, breaking it. The ship's stern sinks instantly and Luke, Ranguvar, Daskar, and much of the vermin crew upon it were drowned. The bow becomes stuck between the two rocks and the surviving vermin are massacred by the liberated slaves.  Beau and Vurg presented Martin with a tapestry of his ancestor, which looked a lot like Martin himself. They returned to Redwall, and Martin allegedly chose to put down his sword and live a life of peace. The tapestry Martin received was later made into part of the large tapestry that hangs in the Abbey throughout the Redwall series.

The Legend of Luke is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques, published in 1999. It is the 12th book and fourth chronologically in the "Redwall" series.

Le Guerrier disparu ("") est le douzième tome de la série "Rougemuraille" de Brian Jacques. Il fut publié en 1999.


History.

Agrana was founded in 1988 as a holding company for the Austrian sugar and Starch industry. Operations started with 3 sugar plants (Tulln, Leopoldsdorf and Hohenau), a potato starch plant (Gmünd) and a corn starch plant (Aschach). Company history should however be considered dating back to 1902, when raw sugar production started in Leopoldsdorf. Similarly, sugar production in Tulln had started in 1937.  The company went public on the Vienna Stock Exchange in 1991.  In 1990, Agrana took stakes in sugar and starch plants in Hungary, and investment in neighbouring countries followed.  From 2003 to 2005, Agrana started reducing its sugar business due to European Union quotas, and diversified in the fruit processing and juice concentrates businesses, acquiring several companies : Steirerobst, Vallosaft, Wink, Atys... As of 2012, Agrana operated 9 sugar plants, 5 starch plants and 37 processing sites for fruits throughout central Europe.

Shareholders.

75,5% of Agrana shares belong to "Z&S Zucker und Stärke Holding AG", a 100% subsidiary of "Agrana Zucker, Stärke und Frucht Holding AG". 24,5% is in free float.  German company Südzucker AG and "Zucker-Beteiligungsgesellschaft m.b.H." each hold a 50% stake in "Agrana Zucker, Stärke und Frucht Holding AG".  In turn, "Zucker-Beteiligungsgesellschaft m.b.H."s main stakeholders is the Raiffeisenlandesbank Niederösterreich-Wien, with a 78,31% stake. Remaining capital is in the hands of Marchfelder Zuckerfabriken GesmbH, Estezet Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH, Rübenproduzenten Beteiligungs GesmbH and the Leipnik-Lundenburger Invest Beteiligungs AG.

Group of companies.

Research and development.

The company "Agrana Research & Innovation Center" is an AGRANA 100% subsidiary responsible for research and development for sugar, fruit, starch and bioethanol.

The Agrana Group is a food company based in Vienna that produces sugar, starch, fruit preparation, juice concentrate and ethanol fuel. Agrana is mainly supplying to international food industry, with some minor end customer business. A known brand is Wiener Zucker. Agrana runs around 50 facilities with major production bases in Australia, Austria, Argentina, Brasil, China, France, Germany, Hungary, Korea, Morocco, Mexico, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Ukraine, United States.

Agrana est un groupe agroalimentaire autrichien qui est présent dans les secteurs du sucre (marché de la consommation et industrie alimentaire : boissons, confiserie..), de l'amidon (amidon, fécule et dérivés, bioéthanol) et des fruits (concentré de jus de fruits, préparations de fruits pour l'industrie des produits laitiers, la pâtisserie et les crèmes glacées). Le groupe réalise un chiffre d'affaires global d'environ 2 milliards d'euros et emploie 8000 personnes dont 2000 en Autriche.


Background.

He was a noted jurist and economist and previously served as Interior Minister under President Gabriel Terra.  A member of the Colorado Party, Demicheli was one of a number of civilians who participated in the civilian-military administration which took office following President Juan Maria Bordaberry's coup in 1973.

President of Uruguay.

He succeeded Bordaberry as President in July 1976. Aged 80 by the end of his brief period as President, he was the oldest ever president of Uruguay. While in office he adopted measures designed to liberalize the economy.  Demicheli was a relative moderate within the civilian-military administrations which ruled Uruguay between 1973 and 1985, in that, although he was known for measures deemed repressive by democracy advocates opposed to the government, he dissented with his military colleagues regarding the extent to which former political figures should be proscribed from pursuing political activities: this is believed to have hastened the end of his short term of office as President of Uruguay.  Demicheli handed over his Presidential office to Aparicio Méndez in September 1976, who was still serving as President when Demicheli died in 1980.

Historical background.

As with his predecessor Juan Maria Bordaberry, some observers would argue that the close links between leading Colorado party figures such as Demicheli and the military mirror the similar elements present in the Colorado party's founder, the 19th century President and military patriot, Fructuoso Rivera. The preference for rule by decree of nineteenth century Colorado President of Uruguay Venancio Flores would also be a historical case in point, according to this argument. Others would reason that Demicheli was morally repudiating Colorado party ideals in cooperating with the civilian-military administration which took office in 1973.  The fact that the Colorado Demicheli twice in his career exercised ministerial / executive powers at periods when rule by decree was in force arguably illustrates the fact that within the Colorado party there was substantial support for such measures. The tendency of some observers to describe Latin American heads of state who ruled by decree as 'de facto' Presidents may be seen in this light. Others would seek to discount Demicheli's association with the Colorado Party.

Spouse.

His wife, Sofía Álvarez Vignoli de Demicheli, was noted for her diplomatic activity during the Presidency of Gabriel Terra, in whose administration Alberto Demicheli also served.

Alberto Pedro Demicheli Lizaso (August 7, 1896 – October 12, 1980) was a Uruguayan political figure. Demicheli was a "de facto" President of Uruguay in 1976 as a non-democratically elected authority of the Civic-military dictatorship (1973–1985).

Pedro Alberto Demicheli Lizaso, né le à Rocha et mort le, est un avocat, historien, journaliste, écrivain et homme d'État uruguayen.


Preparation and properties.

TBAF can be prepared by passing hydrofluoric acid thorugh an ion-exchange resin, followed by tetrabutylammonium bromide. Upon evaporation of the water, TBAF can be collected as an oil in quantitative yield.  Preparing anhydrous samples is of interest as the basicity of fluoride increases by more than 20 p"K" units on passing from aqueous to aprotic solvent. However, heating samples of the hydrated material to 77 °C under vacuum causes decomposition to the hydrogen difluoride salt. Similarly, samples dried at 40 °C under high vacuum still contain 0.1-0.3 mol% of water and some 10% of difluoride. Instead, anhydrous TBAF has been prepared by the reaction of hexafluorobenzene and tetrabutylammonium cyanide. Solutions of the salt in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide are stable.

Reactions and uses.

Because the fluoride ion is such a strong hydrogen bond acceptor, its salts tend to be hydrated and of limited solubility in organic solvents. As a fluoride ion source, TBAF solves this problem, although the nature of the fluoride is uncertain because TBAF samples are almost always hydrated, resulting in the formation of bifluoride (HF) hydroxide (OH) as well as fluoride. Many applications tolerate heterogeneous or ill-defined fluoride sources.  As a fluoride source in organic solvents, TBAF is used to remove silyl ether protecting groups. It is also used as a phase transfer catalyst and as a mild base. As a deprotecting agent, TBAF in DMSO will convert O-silylated enolates into carbonyls. With C-Si bonds, TBAF gives carbanions that can be trapped with electrophiles or undergo protonolysis.

Tetra-"n"-butylammonium fluoride, commonly abbreviated to TBAF and "n"-BuNF, is a quaternary ammonium salt with the chemical formula (CHCHCHCH)NF. It is commercially available as the white solid trihydrate and as a solution in tetrahydrofuran. TBAF is used as a source of fluoride ion in organic solvents.

Le fluorure de tétra-"n"-butylammonium, ou TBAF (de l'anglais "Tétra-n-ButylAmmonium Fluoride") est un sel d'ammonium quaternaire de formule chimique (CHCHCHCH)NF. Il se présente commercialement sous sa forme trihydratée ou en solution dans le tétrahydrofurane.


Definition.

The support function formula_3 of a non-empty closed convex set "A" in formula_1 is given by formula_6; see. Its interpretation is most intuitive when "x" is a unit vector: by definition, "A" is contained in the closed half space and there is at least one point of "A" in the boundary of this half space. The hyperplane "H"("x") is therefore called a "supporting hyperplane" with "exterior" (or "outer") unit normal vector "x". The word "exterior" is important here, as the orientation of "x" plays a role, the set "H"("x") is in general different from "H"(-"x"). Now "h" is the (signed) distance of "H"("x") from the origin.

Examples.

The support function of a singleton "A"={"a"} is formula_9.  The support function of the Euclidean unit ball "B" is formula_10.  If "A" is a line segment through the origin with endpoints -"a" and "a" then formula_11.

Properties.

As a function of "x".

The support function of a "compact" convex set is real valued and continuous, but if the set is unbounded, its support function is extended real valued (it takes the value formula_12). As any nonempty closed convex set is the intersection of its supporting half spaces, the function "h" determines "A" uniquely. This can be used to describe certain geometric properties of convex sets analytically. For instance, a set "A" is point symmetric with respect to the origin if and only "h" is an even function.  In general, the support function is not differentiable. However, directional derivatives exist and yield support functions of support sets. If "A" is "compact" and convex, and "h"'("u";"x") denotes the directional derivative of "h" at "u" ≠ "0" in direction "x", we have Here "H"("u") is the supporting hyperplane of "A" with exterior normal vector "u", defined above. If "A" ∩ "H"("u") is a singleton {"y"}, say, it follows that the support function is differentiable at "u" and its gradient coincides with "y". Conversely, if "h" is differentiable at "u", then "A" ∩ "H"("u") is a singleton. Hence "h" is differentiable at all points "u" ≠ "0" if and only if "A" is "strictly convex" (the boundary of "A" does not contain any line segments).  It follows directly from its definition that the support function is positive homogeneous: and subadditive: It follows that "h" is a convex function. It is crucial in convex geometry that these properties characterize support functions: Any positive homogeneous, convex, real valued function on formula_1 is the support function of a nonempty compact convex set. Several proofs are known one is using the fact that the Legendre transform of a positive homogeneous, convex, real valued function is the (convex) indicator function of a compact convex set.  Many authors restrict the support function to the Euclidean unit sphere and consider it as a function on "S". The homogeneity property shows that this restriction determines the support function on formula_1, as defined above.

As a function of "A".

The support functions of a dilated or translated set are closely related to the original set "A": and The latter generalises to where "A" + "B" denotes the Minkowski sum: The Hausdorff distance of two nonempty compact convex sets "A" and "B" can be expressed in terms of support functions, where, on the right hand side, the uniform norm on the unit sphere is used.  The properties of the support function as a function of the set "A" are sometimes summarized in saying that formula_23:"A" formula_24 "h" maps the family of non-empty compact convex sets to the cone of all real-valued continuous functions on the sphere whose positive homogeneous extension is convex. Abusing terminology slightly, formula_23 is sometimes called "linear", as it respects Minkowski addition, although it is not defined on a linear space, but rather on an (abstract) convex cone of nonempty compact convex sets. The mapping formula_23 is an isometry between this cone, endowed with the Hausdorff metric, and a subcone of the family of continuous functions on "S" with the uniform norm.

Variants.

In contrast to the above, support functions are sometimes defined on the boundary of "A" rather than on "S", under the assumption that there exists a unique exterior unit normal at each boundary point. Convexity is not needed for the definition. For an oriented regular surface, "M", with a unit normal vector, "N", defined everywhere on its surface, the support function is then defined by In other words, for any formula_28, this support function gives the signed distance of the unique hyperplane that touches "M" in "x".

In mathematics, the support function "h" of a non-empty closed convex set "A" in formula_1 describes the (signed) distances of supporting hyperplanes of "A" from the origin. The support function is a convex function on formula_1. Any non-empty closed convex set "A" is uniquely determined by "h". Furthermore, the support function, as a function of the set "A", is compatible with many natural geometric operations, like scaling, translation, rotation and Minkowski addition. Due to these properties, the support function is one of the most central basic concepts in convex geometry.

En analyse mathématique, et plus spécialement en analyse convexe, la fonction d'appui d'une partie d'un espace normé réel est la fonction convexe qui à toute forme linéaire continue sur associe la borne supérieure de dans.


Plot summary.

Mary Stuart is imprisoned in England — nominally for the murder of her husband Darnley, but actually due to her claim to the throne of England held by Queen Elizabeth I. While Mary's cousin, Elizabeth, hesitates over signing Mary's death sentence, Mary hopes for a reprieve.  After Mary finds out that Mortimer (created by Schiller), the nephew of her custodian, is on her side, she entrusts her life to him. Mortimer is supposed to give Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester, a letter from Mary, in which she pleads for help. This is a delicate situation, for Leicester seems to support Queen Elizabeth.  After numerous requests, Mary finally gains the opportunity to meet Queen Elizabeth (something that, in reality, never happened). This meeting ends in an acrimonious argument, caused by Mary's unwillingness to submit entirely to Elizabeth's wish. The argument leads to the inevitable suspicion that the cause of reprieve will not succeed.  To complicate matters further, Mortimer plans to free Mary from the prison by force, a dramatized version of the unsuccessful Babington Plot, but when his attempt is found out, he commits suicide, while the Earl of Leicester uses this convenient suicide to rescue himself from suspicion.  Queen Elizabeth eventually persuades herself to sign Mary's death warrant. Elizabeth insists that her only reason for signing is the pressure from her own people to do so.  The signed warrant is handed to Queen Elizabeth's undersecretary William Davison without any clear instructions on what to do with it. In the process, Elizabeth transfers the burden of responsibility to him, fully aware that he in turn will hand over the warrant to Lord Burleigh, and thus confirm Mary's death sentence.  Burleigh demands the signed document from Davison, who — despite his uncertainty — eventually hands it to him. As a result, Burleigh has Mary executed.  The play ends with Elizabeth blaming both Burleigh and Davison for Mary's death (banishing the former from court and having the latter imprisoned in the Tower), Lord Shrewsbury (who pleaded for mercy for Mary throughout the play) resigning his honors and Leicester leaving England for France. Elizabeth is left completely alone as the curtain falls.

Recent stage history.

The first UK production of "Mary Stuart" to be staged for the Schiller bicentenary in 2005, was at Derby Playhouse where it ran from 3rd to 26th May. Using Robert David MacDonald's translation, the play was directed by Uzma Hameed and starred Hilary Tones as Elizabeth I and Chloe Angharad as Mary Stuart. The production drew parallels between the danger to Elizabethan England from Catholic Rome and the modern threat of Islamist terrorism, and was described by "The Stage" as "seriously good drama, powerfully staged." "Mary Stuart", which holds a place in the opera repertory in Donizetti's version (as "Maria Stuarda"), can still hold the stage in its original form as demonstrated in its successful production, given in a 2005 run at the Donmar Warehouse. Using Peter Oswald's new translation, it was directed by Phyllida Lloyd and starred Janet McTeer as Mary, Queen of Scots and Harriet Walter as Elizabeth of England. The production transferred to the Apollo Theatre in London's West End, where it also played a sold-out engagement from late 2005 into January 2006. The production opened on Broadway on 30 March 2009 (previews), officially 19 April, for a limited engagement through mid-August. It earned seven Tony Award nominations including Best Revival of a Play.  The L.A. Theatre Works of Los Angeles mounted a production of the Peter Oswald translation in 2007 directed by Rosalind Ayres which was recorded on CD () and featured Alex Kingston as Mary, Jill Gascoine as Elizabeth, Martin Jarvis as Burleigh, Simon Templeman as Leicester, Ken Danziger as Paulet, W. Morgan Sheppard as Talbot, Christopher Neame as Davison, Shellagh Cullen as Hanna Kennedy and Seamus Dever as Mortimer.  The Faction Theatre Company, as part of a repertory season, staged an adaptation of "Mary Stuart" at the New Diorama Theatre in London in early 2012. The production was the third Schiller play translated and adapted by Daniel Millar and Mark Leipacher and staged by the company.  On 23 September 2012, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a production translated by David Harrower, adapted for radio by Robin Brooks and produced/directed by Gaynor Macfarlane. The cast included Meg Fraser as Mary, Alexandra Mathie as Elizabeth, Matthew Pidgeon as Mortimer, Robin Laing as Leicester, Richard Greenwood as Burleigh and Paul Young as Shrewsbury.  Mortimer's on-stage suicide has had its dangers. On 6 December 2008, German actor Daniel Hoevels slit his neck while playing Mortimer in "Mary Stuart". His character's suicide scene was to feature a dull knife, which became damaged and was replaced by a sharp one. The Thalia Theater company had requested that the sharp one be dulled too, though this was "carelessly" disregarded.  The Stratford Shakespeare Festival ran a production in 2013 at the Tom Patterson Theatre with the Peter Oswald translation and directed by Antoni Cimolino. The cast includes Lucy Peacock as Mary, Seana McKenna as Elizabeth, Brian Dennehy as the Earl of Shrewsbury and Geraint Wyn Davies as the Earl of Leicester. The production began its run on 31 May 2013 and was consistently sold out to the point where the production's run was extended for a fourth time, until 19 October.  In 2016 Ben Naylor directed his own adaptation of the play at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama.  An adaptation by Robert Icke opened at London's Almeida Theatre in 2016, starring Juliet Stevenson and Lia Williams. At the beginning of each performance the two leading actors are randomly assigned the roles of Elizabeth I and Mary Stuart by the spinning of a coin. The play transferred to the West End's Duke of York's Theatre in 2018 before embarking on a UK tour.  The Sydney Theatre Company staged a new adaptation by Kate Mulvany, directed by Lee Lewis, in February 2019 at the Ros Packer Theatre. It starred Caroline Brazier as Mary and Helen Thomson as Elizabeth.

Mary Stuart () is a verse play by Friedrich Schiller that depicts the last days of Mary, Queen of Scots. The play consists of five acts, each divided into several scenes. The play had its première in Weimar, Germany on 14 June 1800. The play formed the basis for Donizetti's opera "Maria Stuarda" (1835).

Marie Stuart (en ) est une pièce de théâtre classique de Friedrich von Schiller parue en 1800. Elle dépeint les derniers jours de Marie d'Écosse. Créée le à Weimar, elle a notamment servi de base pour l'opéra de Gaetano Donizetti, "Maria Stuarda" (1834).


Recording and release.

The band entered Next Level Studios and Complex Studios in Los Angeles, California, to record "The Way of the Fist". The album was recorded with Stevo "Shotgun" Bruno (Mötley Crüe, Prong) and Mike Sarkisyan (Spineshank) and was mixed by former Machine Head and Soulfly guitarist Logan Mader. Shortly after, they signed a deal with Firm Music, a branch of "The Firm". It was released on July 31, 2007, selling 5,400 copies in its first week of release to debut at No. 199 on the "Billboard" 200 chart and peaked at No. 107. The album sold an additional 1,400 copies in digital downloads its first week of release.

Reissues.

2008 reissue.

On May 13, 2008, "The Way of the Fist" was re-released. The re-release contained three new bonus tracks, "Never Enough", "Stranger than Fiction", and an acoustic version of "The Bleeding". The three songs could also be obtained on the band's website by anyone who had purchased a copy of the original release of the album.

"Iron Fist" edition.

On November 22, 2010, the album was reissued again as a deluxe box set entitled "The Way of The Fist: Iron Fist Edition". This version features new artwork, a documentary DVD, "The Legend of The Fist Vol. 1", music videos for "The Bleeding", "Never Enough" and "The Way of the Fist", a bonus CD with 11 B-sides and rarities, trading cards, and an exclusive poster and calendar. One of the tracks on disc two "From Out of Nowhere" was originally played live. They later recorded it and released it on the second disc.

Singles.

Three singles were released from the album, "The Bleeding", "Never Enough", and "Stranger than Fiction".

The Way of the Fist is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch, released on July 31, 2007. The album sold 3,800 copies in its first week of release. "The Way of the Fist" made its "Billboard" 200 debut on August 18, 2007 at No. 199 and peaked at No. 107. It has been certified gold for selling in excess of 500,000 copies as of April 1, 2010. This is the band's only release with guitarist Darrell Roberts.

La pochette originale présente un crâne mordant le symbole du groupe : un poing américain. La version américaine de l'album présente cinq crânes, qui représentent chacun un membre du groupe, que l'on reconnait grâce à la coiffure des crânes.


Bands and style.

Special guests.

On a nearly annual basis, big-name guests are occasionally brought onto the tour as temporary replacements for the main acts who are forced to cancel a few dates. The first such occurrence was in 2009, when Mushroomhead performed instead of Bullet for My Valentine for three tour dates while they appeared at the European festival Wacken Open Air. In 2010, Avenged Sevenfold was added as an extra performer for two dates only, one of which was on the release date of their fifth album "Nightmare". In 2011, Dethklok filled in for Megadeth on the festival's first day, while Testament replaced In Flames on the first two tour dates.

Stages and events.

The festival has featured three separate stages each year since the time of its inception: the Main Stage, the Jägermeister Stage, and the third stage that has gone through sponsorship changes. It was known as the Hot Topic Stage from 2008–2009. Silver Star briefly replaced the Hot Topic sponsorship in 2010, while "Revolver" sponsored the stage for 2011. Sumerian Records took over sponsorship in 2012 and 2013 and a fourth stage has been added on the 2013 festival sponsored by Musicians Institute The Main Stage features four bands each year, while the side stages typically feature four or five each. A large selection of Battle of the Bands winners are chosen to open the Jägermeister Stage upon the various dates each year, one per venue.  Each year the festival has the Metal Mulisha as a side attraction for the fans to watch. Most bands that participate on the tour have a public meet-and-greet at scheduled times throughout the day, upon each tour date. Rockstar Energy Drink, the festival's most prominent sponsor, allows fans to enjoy numerous free samples of its new products every year.  For a list of lineups by year, see List of Mayhem Festival lineups by year.

The Mayhem Festival is a touring heavy metal festival that took place during the summer. The inaugural season took place in 2008; the festival has since become an annual event across the United States. Most years also include a single date in either Montreal or Toronto, Canada. The tour has been sponsored by the Rockstar Energy Company since the time of its inception. It was assembled by Vans Warped Tour founder Kevin Lyman and John Reese (who was Lyman's partner on the Taste of Chaos tour). On August 2, 2015, Reese confirmed that the 2015 staple of the festival would be the last one. On November 30, 2019, a post to the festival's Instagram account confirmed the festival's return in 2020. However, due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the festival was postponed to 2021.

Le Mayhem Festival est un festival, ou tournée itinérante, de heavy metal qui se déplace annuellement à travers les États-Unis et le Canada de juillet à août. Créé par le fondateur du Vans Warped Tour Kevin Lyman, la première tournée eu lieu en 2008. Le festival est sponsorisé par la boisson énergétique Rockstar Energy.