Geography.

Valley is located in southeastern Chambers County at 32°48'40.993" North, 85°10'40.577" West (32.811387, -85.177938). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land.  The city is located on the Alabama-Georgia state line. Interstate 85 runs through its northern city limits, with access from exits 77 and 79. Via I-85, Atlanta is 84 mi (135 km) northeast, and Montgomery is 79 mi (127 km) southwest. U.S. Route 29 also runs through the city, connecting the city to Lanett and West Point, Georgia to the north and leading southwest 19 mi (31 km) to Opelika.  Valley has a larger Micropolitan Statistical Area known as the "Greater Valley Area" consisting of the three largest cities of Chambers County: Valley, Lanett, and LaFayette. It also includes the city of West Point, Georgia.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Valley has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 9,524 people, 3,878 households, and 2,561 families residing in the city. The population density was 864 people per square mile (333.4/km2). There were 5,025 housing units at an average density of 457 per square mile (176/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.0% White, 33.0% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. 1.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 3,878 households out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.2% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.02.  In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $31,501, and the median income for a family was $40,013. Males had a median income of $36,345 versus $29,905 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,928. About 18.2% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Media.

Valley is served by the (DMA).

Valley is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. Valley was incorporated in 1980 combining the four textile mill villages of Fairfax, Langdale, River View, and Shawmut. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,524. The city lies on the western bank of the Chattahoochee River, the state border between Alabama and Georgia. Valley is a pilot city for the Alabama Communities of Excellence program, a non-profit that partners with governments, businesses, and universities to prepare participating communities for a more vibrant future. It is the principal city of and is included in the Valley, Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Greater Columbus Combined Statistical Area.

Valley est une ville du comté de Chambers, située dans l'État d'Alabama, aux États-Unis. Sa population est de habitants au recensement de 2010.


Early life and education.

Atran was born in New York City in 1952.  While a student, he became assistant to anthropologist Margaret Mead at the American Museum of Natural History. He received his BA from Columbia College, MA from Johns Hopkins University, and PhD in anthropology from Columbia University.

Career.

Atran has taught at Cambridge University, Hebrew University in Jerusalem, the École pratique des hautes études and École polytechnique in Paris, and John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. He is emeritus research director in anthropology at the French National Centre for Scientific Research and member of the Jean Nicod Institute at the École normale supérieure. He is also research professor of public policy and psychology at the University of Michigan, founding fellow of the Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict at Oxford University, and cofounder of ARTIS International.

Early years.

In 1974 he originated a debate at the Royaumont Abbey in France on the nature of universals in human thought and society. Other participants included linguist Noam Chomsky, psychologist Jean Piaget, anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Claude Lévi-Strauss, and biologists François Jacob and Jacques Monod, which Harvard's Howard Gardner and others consider a milestone in the development of cognitive science.

Research.

Atran has experimented on the ways scientists and ordinary people categorize and reason about nature, on the cognitive and evolutionary psychology of religion, and on the limits of rationality in understanding and managing deep-seated cultural and political conflict. His work has been widely published internationally in the popular press, and in scientific journals in a variety of disciplines. He has briefed members of the US Congress and the National Security Council staff with documents and presentations including "The Devoted Actor versus the Rational Actor in World Conflict", "Comparative Anatomy and Evolution of Global Network Terrorism" and "Pathways to and from Violent Extremism". He was an early critic of U.S. intervention in Iraq and of deepening involvement in Afghanistan. In April 2015, he addressed the United Nations Security Council on "Youth, Peace, and Security."  Atran has also been a staunch opponent of political attempts to eliminate government funding for social science, arguing that it is critical to the national interest, including innovation and security in business, technology, medicine and defense.

On conflict negotiation.

Atran has published research on the limits of rational choice in political and cultural conflict.  He has collaborated on research on how political negotiations could be made more likely to produce agreement. Atran and the psychologists Jeremy Ginges and Douglas Medin and political scientist Khalil Shikaki conducted an experiment that surveyed "600 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, more than 500 Palestinian refugees, and more than 700 Palestinian students, half of whom identified with Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad." The researchers divided the subjects into three groups, each of which was presented with a different "hypothetical peace deal." In the basic situation, those surveyed were presented with "a two-state solution in which the Israelis would withdraw from 99 percent of the West Bank and Gaza but would not have to absorb Palestinian refugees"; the proposal "did not go over well." For the second group, the hypothetical deal "was sweetened with cash compensation from the United States and the European Union, such as a billion dollars a year for a hundred years, or a guarantee that the people would live in peace and prosperity. With these sweeteners on the table, the nonabsolutists, as expected, softened their opposition a bit. But the absolutists, forced to contemplate a taboo tradeoff, were even more disgusted, angry, and prepared to resort to violence." But for the third group, the proposed two-state solution was "augmented with a purely symbolic declaration by the enemy in which it compromised on one of its sacred values."  In the deal presented to Israeli settlers, the Palestinians "would give up any claims to their right of return" or "would be required to recognize the historic and legitimate right of the Jewish people to Eretz Israel"; in that presented to the Palestinians, Israel "would recognize the historic and legitimate right of the Palestinians to their own state and would apologize for all wrongs done to the Palestinian people," or would "give up what they believe is their sacred right to the West Bank" or would "symbolically recognize the historic legitimacy of the right of return [without in fact granting it]". In summarizing the result, cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker claims, "Unlike the bribes of money or peace, the symbolic concession of a sacred value by the enemy, especially when it acknowledges a sacred value on one's own side, reduced the absolutists' anger, disgust, and willingness to endorse violence."  In a study of Middle East leaders published in Science (journal), Atran interviewed leaders, as distinct from popular views. In the earlier responses, people rejected material concessions without symbolic concessions, but were open to negotiations that started with symbolic concessions. Leaders responded the same way, except that they saw the symbolic concession as only an introduction to significant material concessions as well.  For example, when the researchers asked Musa Abu Marzouk, deputy chairman of Hamas, about a trade-off for peace without granting a right of return, he said “No.” When he was offered a trade-off with a substantial material incentive, he said “No” even more emphatically; “we do not sell ourselves for any amount.” But when he was offered an apology, he said “Yes,” although an apology would only be a beginning. “Our houses and land were taken away from us and something has to be done about that.”  Similarly, when the researchers asked Binyamin Netanyahu (then opposition leader), “Would you seriously consider accepting a two-state solution following the 1967 borders if all major Palestinian factions, including Hamas, were to recognize the right of the Jewish people to an independent state in the region?” he said, “Yes, but the Palestinians would have to show that they sincerely mean it, change their textbooks and anti-Semitic characterizations and then allow some border adjustments so that Ben Gurion [Airport] would be out of range of shoulder-fired missiles.”  Atran has worked with the United Nations Security Council and has been engaged in conflict negotiations in the Middle East

Field research on terrorism.

His work on the ideology and social evolution of transnational terrorism, which has included fieldwork with mujahedin and supporters in Europe, the Middle East, Central and Southeast Asia, and North Africa, has challenged common assumptions. Cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker summarizes some of Atran's findings thus: Atran has summarized his work and conclusions: Regarding Atran's analysis of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant as a revolutionary movement of "world-historic proportions," a writer for "The New York Times" considers Atran: The Chronicle of Higher Education accompanied Atran to frontlines in the battle against ISIS in Iraq, where he and his research team were assessing "will to fight" among the combatants: A series of experimental studies directed by Atran and social psychologist Ángel Gómez performed with captured ISIS fighters, fighters of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Peshmerga, Iraq Army and Arab Sunni Militia in Iraq, as well as with thousands of ordinary European citizens, have further elaborated the Devoted Actor framework in an effort to “help to inform policy decisions for the common defense.” According to reporting from "CNN": Atran argues in an interview in "The Washington Post" that: "Never in history have so few people with so few means caused so much fear." He and his research colleagues at ARTIS International contend that: Atran and colleagues propose an alternative approach, driven by theoretically-framed field research that ground-truths big data and informs policy-making while maintaining intellectual independence. In 2017, Atran co-authored a groundbreaking paper with Angel Gomez, Lucia Lopez-Rodriguez, Hammad Sheikh, Jeremy Ginges, Lydia Wilson, Hoshang Waziri, Alexandra Vazquez, and Richard Davis. Titled 'The Devoted Actor's Will to Fight and the Spiritual Dimension of Human Conflict', the piece focuses on the spiritual dimensions of conflict based upon field work in Iraq with combatants and lab studies, assessing non-utilitarian dimensions of conflict. Atran and his team have validated aspects of these behavioral findings in recent neuroimaging studies of radicalized individuals in Europe, including greater willingness to fight and die for sacred versus non-sacred values that involves inhibition of deliberative reasoning in favor of rapid, duty-bound responses.

Other work.

Atran conducts ongoing research in Guatemala, Mexico, and the U.S. on universal and culture-specific aspects of biological categorization and environmental reasoning and decision making among Maya and other Native Americans. His research team has focused on immigration of Spanish-speaking Ladinos and highland Q'eqchi' people of Guatemala into the northern lowland Petén region, and their interaction with the lowland Itza whose language is near extinction but whose agro-forestry practices, including use of dietary and medicinal plants, may still tell us much about pre-colonial management of the Maya lowlands. Atran found that the Itza' rejected majority-culture offers for exploiting natural resources as violating spiritual injunctions that may represent the summary wisdom of centuries of experience; however, later follow-up studies suggest that this wisdom, and the sustainable practices it encouraged, are vanishing as the last Itza speakers die out.  Atran's debates with Sam Harris, Dan Dennett, Richard Dawkins and others during the 2006 symposium on the limits of reason and the role of religion in modern society highlight the differences between these authors, who see religion as fundamentally false beliefs associated with primitive cosmology, as well as politically and socially repressive, and Atran who sees unfalsifiable but semantically absurd religious beliefs and binding ritual obligations as historically critical to the formation and social cohesion of large-scale societies and current motivators for both conflict and cooperation.

Scott Atran (born February 6, 1952) is an American-French cultural anthropologist who is Emeritus Director of Research in Anthropology at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique in Paris, Research Professor at the University of Michigan, and cofounder of ARTIS International and of the Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict at Oxford University. He has studied and written about terrorism, violence and religion, and has done fieldwork with terrorists and Islamic fundamentalists, as well as political leaders.

Scott Atran (né le à New York aux États-Unis) est un anthropologue franco-américain et directeur de recherche en anthropologie au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique à Paris, co-fondateur du Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict à l'université d'Oxford, professeur adjoint à l'université du Michigan, et directeur de recherche de Artis International.


Birth.

Lisa Nicole Brennan was born on May 17, 1978 on Robert Friedland's All One Farm commune outside of Portland, Oregon. Her mother, Chrisann Brennan, and her father, Steve Jobs, first met at Homestead High School in Cupertino, California in 1972 and had an on-off relationship for the next five years. In 1977, after Jobs had co-founded Apple Inc., he and Brennan moved into a house with their friend Daniel Kottke near the company's office in Cupertino, where they all worked. It was during this period that Brennan became pregnant with Lisa. Jobs, however, did not assume responsibility for the pregnancy, which led Brennan to end the relationship, leave their shared home, and support herself by cleaning houses.  In 1978, Brennan moved to the All One Farm commune to have the baby. Jobs was not present for the baby's birth and only came up three days later after Robert Friedland, the farm's owner and a friend of Jobs from Reed College, persuaded him to do so. Brennan and Jobs named the baby Lisa. Jobs named the computer project he was working on, the Apple Lisa, after her. Shortly after, Jobs publicly denied that he was the child's father. He claimed that the Apple Lisa was not named for her, and had his team come up with the phrase "Local Integrated Systems Architecture" as an alternative explanation for the project's name. Decades later, Jobs admitted that "obviously, it was named for my daughter".

Paternity case and reconciliation.

After Lisa was born, Jobs publicly denied paternity, which led to a legal case. Even after a DNA paternity test established him as her father, he maintained his position. The resolution of the legal case required him to provide Brennan with $385 per month and to reimburse the state for the money she had received from welfare. After Apple went public and Jobs became a multimillionaire, he increased the payment to $500 a month. Michael Moritz interviewed Jobs, Brennan, and a number of others for the 1982 "Time" Person of the Year special issue, released on January 3, 1983. In his interview, Jobs questioned the reliability of the paternity test, which had found that the "probability of paternity for Jobs, Steven... is 94.1%". Jobs responded by arguing that "28% of the male population of the United States could be the father". Rather than name him "Person of the Year", as he and many others expected while giving the interviews, the issue was instead titled "Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves In". The thematic change occurred after Moritz heard about Brennan-Jobs as well as Jobs' management style.  Years later, after Jobs left Apple, he acknowledged Lisa and attempted to reconcile with her. Chrisann Brennan wrote that "he apologized many times over for his behavior" to her and Lisa and "said that he never took responsibility when he should have, and that he was sorry". After reconciling with her, nine-year-old Lisa wanted to change her last name and Jobs was happy and relieved to agree to it. Jobs legally altered her birth certificate, changing her name from Lisa Brennan to Lisa Brennan-Jobs. Brennan credits the change in Jobs to the influence of Brennan-Jobs' newly found biological aunt, author Mona Simpson, who worked to repair the relationship between Brennan-Jobs and her father.  According to "Fortune magazine", in his will, Jobs left Lisa a multimillion-dollar inheritance.

Education and career.

When Brennan-Jobs was living with her mother, she attended The Nueva School and Lick Wilmerding High School. Later, after she moved in with her father, she attended Palo Alto High School. She enrolled at Harvard University in 1996 and studied overseas for one year at King's College London. While a student at Harvard, she wrote for "The Harvard Crimson." She graduated in 2000 and subsequently moved to Manhattan to work as a writer. She has written for "The Southwest Review", "The Massachusetts Review", "The Harvard Advocate", "Spiked", "Vogue", and "O, The Oprah Magazine."

Publications.

In March 2018, Brennan-Jobs announced that she was writing "Small Fry", a memoir detailing her childhood and the complex and sometimes difficult relationship she had with her father. The book was published on September 4, 2018.

In media.

Brennan-Jobs has been portrayed in several biographies of her father, including Walter Isaacson's 2011 authorized biography "Steve Jobs". Mona Simpson's 1996 novel "A Regular Guy" is a fictionalized account based on the story of Brennan-Jobs and her parents. She has been depicted in three biopic films: Brooke Radding portrayed her in the 1999 TNT TV film "Pirates of Silicon Valley", while she is played as a child by Ava Acres, and as an adult by Annika Bertea, in the 2013 film "Jobs". In the 2015 film "Steve Jobs", directed by Danny Boyle, Brennan-Jobs is portrayed at different ages by Perla Haney-Jardine, Ripley Sobo, and Makenzie Moss. "Steve Jobs" screenwriter Aaron Sorkin said that he discussed the screenplay with Brennan-Jobs in advance and that she is the "heroine of the film".

Personal life.

Brennan-Jobs resides in Brooklyn with her husband, Bill, their son, and her two stepdaughters.

Lisa Nicole Brennan-Jobs (née Brennan; born May 17, 1978) is an American writer. She is the daughter of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs and Chrisann Brennan. Jobs initially denied paternity for several years, which led to a legal case and various media reports in the early days of Apple. Lisa and Steve Jobs eventually reconciled, and he accepted his paternity. Brennan-Jobs later worked as a journalist and magazine writer. An early Apple business computer, the Apple Lisa, is named after Brennan-Jobs, and she has been depicted in a number of biographies and films, including the biopics "Pirates of Silicon Valley", "Jobs", and "Steve Jobs". A fictionalized version of her is a major character in her aunt Mona Simpson's novel "A Regular Guy".

Lisa Nicole Brennan-Jobs (née Lisa Nicole Brennan le ) est une journaliste américaine. Elle est la fille du cofondateur d'Apple Steve Jobs et de Chrisann Brennan. De la naissance de Lisa à son enfance, Jobs nie énergiquement cette paternité, ce qui donne lieu à différentes actions en justice et une importante couverture médiatique. Finalement, Jobs et Lisa se réconcilient et ce dernier la reconnaît légalement. Brennan-Jobs travaille par la suite en tant que journaliste et écrivain dans divers magazines.


Nomenclature.

In English, the round in which only eight competitors remain is generally called (with or without hyphenation) the "quarter-final" round; this is followed by the "semi-final" round, in which only four are left, the two winners of which then meet in the final or "championship round".  The round before the quarterfinals has multiple designations. Often it is called the "round of sixteen", "last sixteen", or (in South Asia) "pre quarter-finals". In many other languages the term for these eight matches translates to "eighth-final" (e.g., in these seven European languages: "huitième de finale" in French, "octavos de final" in Spanish, "Achtelfinale" in German, "ottavi di finale" in Italian, "osmifinále" in Czech, "osemfinále" in Slovak, and "osmina finala" in Serbian), though this term is rare in English itself.  The round before the round of sixteen is sometimes called "round of thirty-two" in English. Terms for this in other languages generally translate as "sixteenth final".  Earlier rounds are typically numbered counting forwards from the first round, or by the number of remaining competitors. If some competitors get a bye, the round at which they enter may be named the "first round", with the earlier matches called a "preliminary round", "qualifying round", or the "play-in games"".  Examples of the diverse names given to concurrent rounds in various select disciplines:  Notes:

Example.

The final three rounds of the 2014 Australian Open – Women's Singles knock-out tournament:

Classification.

When matches are held to determine places or prizes lower than first and second (the loser of the final-round match gaining the latter position), these typically include a match between the losers of the semifinal matches called third place playoffs, the winner therein placing third and the loser fourth. Many Olympic single-elimination tournaments feature the bronze medal match if they do not award bronze medals to both losing semifinalists. The FIFA World Cup has long featured the third place match (since 1934), though the UEFA Euro has not held one since the 1980 edition.  Sometimes, contests are also held among the losers of the quarterfinal matches to determine fifth to eighth places – this is most commonly encountered in the Olympic Games, with the exception of boxing, where both fighters are deemed to be third place. In one scenario, two "consolation semifinal" matches may be conducted, with the winners of these then facing off to determine fifth and sixth places and the losers playing for seventh and eighth; those are used often in qualifying tournaments where only the top five teams advance to the next round; or some method of ranking the four quarterfinal losers might be employed, in which case only one round of additional matches would be held among them, the two highest-ranked therein then playing for fifth and sixth places and the two lowest for seventh and eighth.  The number of distinct ways of arranging a single-elimination tournament (as an abstract structure, prior to seeding the players into the tournament) is given by the Wedderburn–Etherington numbers. Thus, for instance, there are three different arrangements for five players: However, the number of arrangements grows quickly for larger numbers of players and not all of them are commonly used.

Seeding.

Opponents may be allocated randomly (such as in the FA Cup); however, since the "luck of the draw" may result in the highest-rated competitors being scheduled to face each other early in the competition, "seeding" is often used to prevent this. Brackets are set up so that the top two seeds could not possibly meet until the final round (should both advance that far), none of the top four can meet prior to the semifinals, and so on. If no seeding is used, the tournament is called a random knockout tournament.  One version of seeding is where brackets are set up so that the quarterfinal pairings (barring any upsets) would be the 1 seed vs. the 8 seed, 2 vs. 7, 3 vs. 6 and 4 vs. 5; however, this is not the procedure that is followed in most tennis tournaments, where the 1 and 2 seeds are placed in separate brackets, but then the 3 and 4 seeds are assigned to their brackets randomly, and so too are seeds 5 through 8, and so on. This may result in some brackets consisting of stronger players than other brackets, and since only the top 32 players are seeded at all in Tennis Grand Slam tournaments, it is conceivable that the 33rd-best player in a 128-player field could end up playing the top seed in the first round. A good example of this occurring was when World No. 33 Florian Mayer was drawn against (and eventually defeated by) then-World No. 1 Novak Djokovic in the first round of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, in what was also a rematch of a quarterfinal from the previous year. While this may seem unfair to a casual observer, rankings of tennis players are generated by computers, and players tend to change ranking positions very gradually, so that a more equitable method of determining the pairings might result in many of the same head-to-head matchups being repeated over and over again in successive tournaments.  Sometimes the remaining competitors in a single-elimination tournament will be "re-seeded" so that the highest surviving seed is made to play the lowest surviving seed in the next round, the second-highest plays the second-lowest, etc. This may be done after each round, or only at selected intervals. In American team sports, for example, the NFL and WNBA employ this tactic, but MLS, NHL and the NBA do not (and neither does the NCAA college basketball tournament). MLB does not have enough teams (10) in its playoff tournament where re-seeding would make a large difference in the matchups; only the WNBA's at the minimum, which is at least two from each conference (or league in MLB) for a total of 8. The NBA's format calls for the winner of the first-round series between the first and eighth seeds (within each of the two conferences the league has) to face the winner of the first-round series between the fourth and fifth seeds in the next round, even if one or more of the top three seeds had been upset in their first-round series; critics have claimed that this gives a team fighting for the fifth and sixth seeding positions near the end of the regular season an incentive to tank (deliberately lose) games, so as to finish sixth and thus avoid a possible matchup with the top seed until one round later. MLS's format is identical, except that the top-seed gets a conference-quarterfinal bye to play 4th-5th seed winner.  In some situations, a seeding restriction may be implemented; from 1975 until 1989 in the NFL, and from 1994 until 2011 in MLB there was a rule where at the conference or league semifinal, should the top seed and last seed (wild card) be from the same division, they could not play each other; in that case, the top seed plays the worst division champion; the second-best division champion plays the wild card team. This is due to the scheduling employed for the regular season, in which a team faces any given divisional opponent more often than any given non-divisional opponent – the tournament favors matchups that took place fewer times in the regular season (or did not take place, in some cases).  In international fencing competitions, it is common to have a group stage. Participants are divided in groups of 6–7 fencers who play a round-robin tournament, and a ranking is calculated from the consolidated group results. Single elimination is seeded from this ranking.

Evaluation.

The single-elimination format enables a relatively large number of competitors to participate. There are no "dead" matches (perhaps excluding "classification" matches), and no matches where one competitor has more to play for than the other.  The format is less suited to games where draws are frequent. In chess, each fixture in a single-elimination tournament must be played over multiple matches, because draws are common, and because white has an advantage over black. In association football, games ending in a draw may be settled in extra time and eventually by a penalty shootout or by replaying the fixture.  Another perceived disadvantage is that most competitors are eliminated after relatively few games. Variations such as the double-elimination tournament allow competitors a single loss while remaining eligible for overall victory. However, losing one game requires the competitor to win more games in order to win the tournament.  In a random knockout tournament (single-elimination without any seeding), awarding the second place to the loser of the final is unjustified: any of the competitors knocked out by the tournament winner might have been the second strongest one, but they never got the chance to play against the losing finalist. In general, it is only fair to use a single-elimination tournament to determine first place. To fairly determine lower places requires some form of round-robin in which each player/team gets the opportunity to face every other player/team.  Also, if the competitors' performance is variable, that is, it depends on a small, varying factor in addition to the actual strength of the competitors, then not only will it become less likely that the strongest competitor actually wins the tournament, in addition the seeding done by the tournament organizers will play a major part in deciding the winner. As a random factor is always present in a real-world competition, this might easily cause accusations of unfairness.

Other tournament systems.

Variations of the single-elimination tournament include: Other common tournament types include:

A single-elimination, knockout, or sudden death tournament is a type of elimination tournament where the loser of each match-up is immediately eliminated from the tournament. Each winner will play another in the next round, until the final match-up, whose winner becomes the tournament champion. Each match-up may be a single match or several, for example two-legged ties in European football or best-of series in American pro sports. Defeated competitors may play no further part after losing, or may participate in "consolation" or "classification" matches against other losers to determine the lower final rankings; for example, a third place playoff between losing semi-finalists. In a shootout poker tournament, there are more than two players competing at each table, and sometimes more than one progressing to the next round. Some competitions are held with a pure single-elimination tournament system. Others have many phases, with the last being a single-elimination final stage, often called playoffs.

Un tournoi à élimination directe est un tournoi où le perdant de n'importe quelle partie est éliminé de la première place. Cependant, il n'est pas éliminé de la compétition, dans certains cas, des matchs supplémentaires sont ajoutés, comme la troisième place, par exemple. La plupart des compétitions, notamment en judo et au football, ont d'autres phases de qualifications avant de passer à l'élimination directe, comme les phases de groupes, ou de poules.


Playing career.

Roy McDonough was born in Solihull, he was one of four brothers and a twin to Gaz McDonough. He came from a sporting family, and had an uncle Fred Harris, who captained Birmingham City. His father, James, played for Bath City and owned a dress shop. His mother, Iris, ran a boutique. McDonough signed schoolboy forms with Aston Villa, along with his twin, after becoming top-scorer for the Birmingham schools and Warwickshire county school teams. However, in March 1975, at the age of 16, he was handed a six-month suspension from competitive football for throttling a referee in the final of the Birmingham School's Cup. He was not offered professional terms by manager Ron Saunders.  He used his family connections to win a trial at First Division club Birmingham City, and was signed to an 18-month apprenticeship after he scored four goals in two trial games. He went on to sign professional forms with the club, and made his debut in the Football League in a 1–0 defeat to Sunderland at Roker Park on 7 May 1977.  He went on to Colchester to make some 88 appearances, scoring 24 goals in his first spell at Layer Road before moving to local rivals Southend United in 1983. In 22 appearances for the "Shrimpers" between 1984 and 1985 he scored 4 times.  Between 1985 and 1986 Roy moved first to Exeter City(21 appearances, 1 goal) and then Cambridge United (32 appearances, 5 goals) before returning to Roots Hall and Southend. In his second spell at Southend, Roy became to some fans a cult hero. In around 186 appearances he scored 30 times, however certain sections of the crowd were not always enamoured with his playing style.  In September 1990 he returned to Colchester United, who had been relegated to the GM Vauxhall Conference, as a player. In his second season, he top scored with 29 goals in a Conference and FA Trophy Double-winning campaign as player-manager ("see below"), before making another 63 Football League appearances and scoring 16 times. He was sacked as manager in 1994 and joined Dagenham & Redbridge, moving on to Chelmsford City amongst others.

Managerial career.

Roy took the managerial position at Colchester United for the 1991–92 season, following Ian Atkins' departure in the Summer of 1991 and achieved legendary status at the North Essex club by guiding them to a Football Conference and FA Trophy 'double', promoting them back into the full Football League.  During his period in charge, McDonough stoked the bitter rivalry with Martin O'Neill's Wycombe Wanderers that had developed during both clubs' time in non-league's 'top flight', culminating in the dramatic promotion season of 1991–92 when Colchester advanced into Division Four on the last day via a superior goal difference. While Wycombe and Colchester played out a mini-league of their own (both clubs finished some 21 points ahead of their nearest rivals) Big Roy had on occasions taunted the Wycombe players and staff and antagonised them by un-sportsmanlike tactics.  Commenting on an incident where Colchester United hooligans attacked home supporters during a Conference championship deciding match in 1992 at Adams Park, he was quoted as saying, ""It takes two to fight, one to punch, the other to stand there and be punched.""  Arguably it was his confrontational style, carried over from his playing days, that ultimately saw him leave Colchester and move through the non-league ranks with Dagenham & Redbridge, Chelmsford, Canvey Island, Heybridge Swifts, Bishop's Stortford, Braintree Town and Harwich and Parkeston amongst others.

Style of play.

A tall, imposing forward (though he played as an orthodox centre-half on a number of occasions) he had a reputation as one of football's "hard men" and rarely shied away from the physical aspects of the game. As a result, he is the record holder for the most dismissals in a career, 22, and for red cards in the Football League, 13, an unenviable mark that he holds jointly with Steve Walsh.

Later life.

In August 2012 he published his autobiography, "Red Card Roy", which was ghost-written by Bernie Friend.

Career statistics.

Playing statistics.

Source:

References.

General  Specific

Roy McDonough (born 16 October 1958) is an English former professional football player and manager in the English football league.

Roy McDonough est un footballeur puis entraîneur anglais, né le à Solihull, en Angleterre. Évoluant au poste d'attaquant, il est principalement connu pour ses saisons à Walsall, Southend United et Colchester United, club qu'il a aussi entraîné.


Life.

Frieda Ekotto was born in Cameroon and was raised in Switzerland. Ekotto received her B.A. from Colorado College in 1986, and her PhD in Comparative Literature from the University of Minnesota in 1994. She won the prestigious Chateaubriand fellowship to complete her dissertation. Ekotto began working at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1994. She has held faculty and leadership positions at the Concordia Language Villages in Minnesota, University of Technology, Sydney, Sichuan University, and the Consortium of Universities of Wisconsin, Indiana and Michigan in Aix-en-Provence, France.

Creative writing.

Ekotto's recent novel, "Chuchote pas trop/Don't Whisper Too Much" was published by the major French publishing house, L'Harmattan, in 2005. The novel focuses on a love affair between two women, Siliki and Ada. Siliki is handicapped, and older than Ada, and the story chronicles their love and intimacy through writing as a common mode of communication. Siliki mean silk in Douala, Ekotto's first language. In an interview, Ekotto has said that the homoerotic content of the novel made it difficult to find a publisher in Africa, as it is the first positive depiction of love between women in the African context. "Don't Whisper Too Much and Portrait of A Young Artiste from Bona Mbella," translated to English by Corine Tachtiris, were published by Bucknell University Press in 2019. Ekotto's writing has been said to have been heavily influenced by Jean Genet.

Critical work.

Ekotto's scholarly work covers Jean Genet and on film and literature in the Francophone world. In her first book, "L’Ecriture carcérale et le discours juridique chez Genet/Prison Writing and Legal Discourse in Jean Genet" (L'Harmattan, 2001), she studied the rhythms and rhetorical patterns of prisoners in French literature as a form of "minor literature", a category discussed by philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. In this book, Ekotto discusses how prisoners depict the consequences of criminal prosecution and imprisonment using the codes of literary expression.  Her later work expands upon the production of criminality to discuss how race is produced and entrenched as a legal and political discourse. Her second book, "What Color is Black? Race and Sex across the French Atlantic", (Lexington, 2011) argues that the French Atlantic has shaped notions of race, slavery and colonialism throughout the Atlantic World through contributing a distinctly French philosophical paradigm to the Civil Rights Movement. Through literary and historical analysis of Jean Genet's play "Les Nègres/The Blacks", Ekotto argues that Genet brings together both one of the most compelling signifiers of African-American pride and anger in the Civil Rights Movement and the Francophone "Négritude" movement.  Throughout all of her work, Ekotto has been interested in the aesthetic potential and limitations of cultural tropes. Her a recent edited collection on Jean Genet, "Toutes Les Images du language: Jean Genet", capitalises on the concept of the stereotype in the institution. Ekotto has commented in an interview: "Confinement is a serious issue for me—and it is not just the confinement of being behind closed doors or in prisons or whatever. What I call confinement is the impossibility of feeling free, of being able to participate in the world without feeling constrained by one's race, one's gender, one's sexual orientation etc. In a sense you're never free to do what you want because of all the outside forces that control you and control everything else."

Race and Sex across the French Atlantic.

In "Race and Sex across the French Atlantic", Ekotto unpacks Jean Genet's play "Les Nègres/The Blacks" in the 1960s United States to shed light on the Civil Rights Movement, riots in the Parisian "banlieues" (suburbs), and abstract French theatre. Through bringing these three events together, Ekotto argues that the French Atlantic represents "a fundamentally different philosophical and epistemological framework for articulations on black subjectivity throughout history."  Chapter one of the book focuses on the African-American playwright Lorraine Hansberry's response to "Les Nègres/The Blacks". Chapter two traces the genealogy of the French term "nègre" and the English "nigger" and its creation of alterity in European and United States cultural discourse. The book's third chapter uses Faïze Guène's "Kiffe, kiffe demain" to link French colonial history to the 2009 Parisian riots. The final chapter performs a close reading of Dany Laferrière's "Comment faire l'amour avec un nègre sans se fatiguer/How to Make Love to a Negro without Getting Tired" to explore the role of sexuality in the formation of alterity. About this book, Roxanna Curto has written that "Ekotto makes a compelling argument for a trans-Atlantic approach, and skilfully illustrates how literary texts in French critique Western philosophy."

Frieda Ekotto is a Francophone African woman novelist and literary critic. She is Professor of AfroAmerican and African Studies and Comparative Literature at the University of Michigan and is currently the Hunting Family Fellow at the Institute for the Humanities. She is best known for her novels, which focus on gender and sexuality in Sub-Saharan Africa, and her work on the writer Jean Genet, particular her political analysis of his prison writing, and his impact as a race theorist in the Francophone world. Her research and teaching focuses on literature, film, race and law in the Francophone world, spanning France, Africa, the Caribbean and the Maghreb.

Frieda Ekotto, née en 1959, est une romancière camerounaise, francophone, et une critique littéraire. Elle est professeur à l'Université du Michigan. Elle est surtout connue pour ses romans qui mettent l'accent sur le genre et la sexualité en Afrique sub-saharienne, et son travail sur Jean Genet. Ses travaux de recherche et d'enseignement s'intéressent notamment à la littérature, le cinéma, la sexualité dans le monde francophone, en particulier la France, l'Afrique, les Caraïbes et le Maghreb.


Disclosures.

In addition to the much-covered business dealings of British prime minister David Cameron and Icelandic prime minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, the leaked documents also contain identity information about the shareholders and directors of 214,000 shell companies set up by Mossack Fonseca, as well as some of their financial transactions. It is generally not against the law (in and of itself) to own an offshore shell company, although offshore shell companies may sometimes be used for illegal purposes.  The journalists on the investigative team found business transactions by many important figures in world politics, sports and art. While many of the transactions were legal, since the data is incomplete, questions

Tax havens.

Individuals and entities may open offshore accounts for any number of reasons, some of which are legal but ethically questionable. A Canadian lawyer based in Dubai noted, for example, that businesses might wish to avoid falling under Islamic inheritance jurisprudence if an owner dies. Businesses in some countries may wish to hold some of their funds in dollars also, said a Brazilian lawyer. Estate planning is another example of legal tax avoidance.  American film-maker Stanley Kubrick had an estimated personal worth of $20 million when he died in 1999, much of it invested in an 18th-century English manor he bought in 1978. He lived in that manor for the rest of his life, filming scenes from "The Shining", "Full Metal Jacket" and "Eyes Wide Shut" there as well. Three holding companies set up by Mossack Fonseca now own the property, and are in turn held by trusts set up for his children and grandchildren. Since Kubrick was an American living in Britain, without the trust his estate would have had to pay transfer taxes to both governments and possibly have been forced to sell the property to obtain the liquid assets to pay them. Kubrick is buried on the grounds along with one of his daughters, and the rest of his family still lives there.  Other uses are more ambiguous. Chinese companies may incorporate offshore in order to raise foreign capital, normally against the law in China. In some of the world's hereditary dictatorships, the law may be on the side of the elite who use offshore companies to award oil contracts to themselves, or gold concessions to their children, however such dealings are sometimes prosecuted under international law.  While no standard official definition exists, "The Economist" and the International Monetary Fund describe an offshore financial center, or tax haven, as a jurisdiction whose banking infrastructure primarily provides services to people or businesses who do not live there, requires little or no disclosure of information when doing business, and offers low taxes.  "The most obvious use of offshore financial centers is to avoid taxes", "The Economist" added. Oxfam blamed tax havens in its 2016 annual report on income inequality for much of the widening gap between rich and poor. "Tax havens are at the core of a global system that allows large corporations and wealthy individuals to avoid paying their fair share," said Raymond C. Offenheiser, president of Oxfam America, "depriving governments, rich and poor, of the resources they need to provide vital public services and tackle rising inequality."  International Monetary Fund (IMF) researchers estimated in July 2015 that profit shifting by multinational companies costs developing countries around US$213 billion a year, almost two percent of their national income. Igor Angelini, head of Europol's Financial Intelligence Group, said that shell companies "play an important role in large-scale money laundering activities" and that they are often a means to "transfer bribe money". Tax Justice Network concluded in a 2012 report that "designing commercial tax abuse schemes and turning a blind eye upon suspicious transactions have become an inherent part of the work of bankers and accountants".  Money-laundering affects the first world as well, since a favored shell company investment is real estate in Europe and North America. London, Miami, New York, Paris, Vancouver and San Francisco have all been affected. The practice of parking assets in luxury real estate has been frequently cited as fueling skyrocketing housing prices in Miami, where the Miami Association of Realtors said that cash sales accounted for 90% of new home sales in 2015. "There is a huge amount of dirty money flowing into Miami that's disguised as investment," according to former congressional investigator Jack Blum. In Miami, 76% of condo owners pay cash, a practice considered a red flag for money-laundering.  Real estate in London, where housing prices increased 50% from 2007 to 2016, also is frequently purchased by overseas investors. Donald Toon, head of Britain's National Crime Agency, said in 2015 that "the London property market has been skewed by laundered money. Prices are being artificially driven up by overseas criminals who want to sequester their assets here in the UK". Three quarters of Londoners under 35 cannot afford to buy a home.  Andy Yan, an urban planning researcher and adjunct professor at the University of British Columbia, studied real estate sales in Vancouver—also thought to be affected by foreign purchasers—found that 18% of the transactions in Vancouver's most expensive neighborhoods were cash purchases, and 66% of the owners appeared to be Chinese nationals or recent arrivals from China. Calls for more data on foreign investors have been rejected by the provincial government. Chinese nationals accounted for 70% of 2014 Vancouver home sales for more than CA$3 million. On June 24, 2016 China CITIC Bank Corp filed suit in Canada against a Chinese citizen who borrowed CN¥50 million for his lumber business in China, but then withdrew roughly CA$7.5 million from the line of credit and left the country. He bought three houses in Vancouver and Surrey, British Columbia together valued at CA$7.3 million during a three-month period in June 2014.

Newsroom logistics.

The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists helped organize the research and document review once "Süddeutsche Zeitung" realized the scale of the work required to validate the authenticity of 2.6 terabytes of leaked data. They enlisted reporters and resources from "The Guardian", the BBC, "Le Monde", "SonntagsZeitung", "Falter", "La Nación", German broadcasters NDR and WDR, and Austrian broadcaster ORF, and eventually many others. Ultimately, "reporters at 100 news media outlets working in 25 languages had used the documents" to investigate individuals and organizations associated with Mossack Fonseca.  Security factored into a number of project management considerations. Saying "My life is in danger", John Doe insisted that reporters communicate over encrypted channels only and agree that they would never meet face-to-face.  SZ also had concerns about security, not only for their source, the leaked documents, and their data, but also for the safety of some of their partners in the investigation living under corrupt regimes who might not want their money-handling practices made public. They stored the data in a room with limited physical access on air gapped computers that were never connected to the Internet. The Guardian also limited access to its journalists' project work area. To make it even harder to sabotage the computers or steal their drives, SZ journalists made them more tamper-evident by painting the screws holding the drives in place with glitter nail polish.  Reporters sorted the documents into a

Data security.

Mossack Fonseca notified its clients on April 1, 2016 that it had sustained an email hack. Mossack Fonseca also told news sources that the company had been hacked and always operated within the law.  Data security experts noted, however, that the company had not been encrypting its emails and furthermore seemed to have been running a three-year-old version of Drupal with several known vulnerabilities. According to James Sanders of "TechRepublic", Drupal ran on the Apache 2.2.15 version from March 6, 2010, and worse, the Oracle fork of Apache, which by default allows users to view directory structure.  The network architecture was also inherently insecure; the

Leak and leak journalism.

Gerard Ryle, director of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, called the leak "probably the biggest blow the offshore world has ever taken because of the extent of the documents". Edward Snowden described the release in a Twitter message as the "biggest leak in the history of data journalism". The ICIJ also said that the leak was "likely to be one of the most explosive [leaks of inside information in history] in the nature of its revelations".  "This is a unique opportunity

People named.

While offshore business entities are not illegal in the jurisdictions where they are registered, and often not illegal at all, reporters found that some Mossack Fonseca shell corporations seem to have been used for illegal purposes including fraud, kleptocracy, tax evasion and evading international sanctions.  Reports from April 3 note the law firm's many connections to high-ranking political figures and their relatives, as well as celebrities and business figures. Among other things, the leaked documents illustrate how wealthy individuals, including public officials, can keep personal financial information private.  Initial reports identified five then-heads of state or government leaders from Argentina, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, and the United Arab Emirates as well as government officials, close relatives, and close associates of various heads of government of more than forty other countries. Names of then-current national leaders in the documents include President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates, Petro Poroshenko of Ukraine, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and the Prime Minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.  Former heads of state mentioned in the papers include:  Former prime ministers:  The leaked files identified 61 family members and associates of prime ministers, presidents and kings, including:  Other clients included less-senior government officials and their close relatives and associates, from over forty countries.  Over £10 million of cash from the sale of the gold stolen in the 1983 Brink's-Mat robbery was laundered, first unwittingly and later with the complicity of Mossack Fonseca, through a Panamanian company, Feberion Inc. The company was set up on behalf of an unnamed client twelve months after the robbery. The Brinks money was put through Feberion and other front companies, through banks in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Jersey, and the Isle of Man. It issued bearer shares only. Two nominee directors from Sark were appointed to Feberion by Jersey-based offshore specialist Centre Services. The offshore firms recycled the funds through land and property transactions in the United Kingdom. Although the Metropolitan Police Service raided the offices of Centre Services in late 1986 in cooperation with Jersey authorities, and seized papers and two Feberion bearer shares, it wasn't until 1995 that Brink's-Mat's solicitors were finally able to take control of Feberion and the assets.  Actor Jackie Chan is mentioned in the leaked documents as a shareholder in six companies based in the British Virgin Islands.

Client services.

Law firms play a central role in offshore financial operations. Mossack Fonseca is one of the biggest in its field and the biggest financial institutions refer customers to it. Its services to clients include incorporating and operating shell companies in friendly jurisdictions on their behalf. They can include creating "complex shell company structures" that, while legal, also allow the firm's clients "to operate behind an often impenetrable wall of secrecy". The leaked papers detail some of their intricate, multilevel, and

Sanctioned clients.

The anonymity of offshore shell companies can also be used to circumvent international sanctions, and more than 30 Mossack Fonseca clients were at one time or another blacklisted by the US Treasury Department, including businesses linked to senior figures in Russia, Syria and North Korea.  Three Mossack Fonseca companies started for clients of Helene Mathieu Legal Consultants were later sanctioned by the US Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). Pangates International Corporation was accused in July 2014 of supplying the government of Syria with "a large amount of specialty petroleum products"

Clients of Mossack Fonseca.

Mossack Fonseca has managed more than 300,000 companies over the years. The number of active companies peaked at more than 80,000 in 2009. Over 210,000 companies in twenty-one jurisdictions figure in the leaks. More than half were incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, others in Panama, the Bahamas, the Seychelles, Niue, and Samoa. Mossack Fonseca's clients have come from more than 100 countries. Most of the corporate clients were from Hong Kong, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Panama, and Cyprus. Mossack Fonseca worked with more than 14,000 banks, law firms, incorporators, and others to set up companies, foundations, and trusts for their clients. Some 3,100 companies listed in the database appear to have ties to US offshore specialists, and 3,500 shareholders of

Responses by Mossack Fonseca.

In response to queries from the "Miami Herald" and ICIJ, Mossack Fonseca issued a 2,900-word statement listing legal requirements that prevent using offshore companies for tax avoidance and total anonymity, such as FATF protocols which require identifying ultimate beneficial owners of all companies (including offshore companies) before opening any account or transacting any business.  The "Miami Herald" printed the statement with an editor's note that said the statement "did not address any of the specific due diligence failings uncovered by reporters".  On Monday, April 4, Mossack Fonseca released another statement:  The facts are these: while we may have been the victim of a data breach, nothing we've seen in this illegally obtained cache of documents suggests we've done anything illegal, and that's very much in keeping with the global reputation we've built over the past 40 years of doing business the right way.  Co-founder Ramón Fonseca Mora told CNN that the reports were false, full of inaccuracies and that parties "in many of the circumstances" cited by the ICIJ "are not and have never been clients of Mossack Fonseca". The firm provided longer statements to ICIJ.  In its official statement

Responses in Panama.

At 5:00 am on April 3, as the news first broke, Ramón Fonseca Mora told television channel TVN he "was not responsible nor he had been accused in any tribunal".  He said the firm was the victim of a hack and that he had no responsibility for what clients did with the offshore companies that they purchased from Mossack Fonseca, which were legal under Panamanian law. Later that day, the Independent Movement (MOVIN) called for calm, and expressed hope that the Panamanian justice system would not allow the culprits to go with impunity.

Public officials.

By April 8, the government understood that media reports were addressing tax evasion and that they were not attacking Panama. The president met on Wednesday April 7, with CANDIF, a committee of representatives from different sectors of the economy which includes the Chamber of Commerce, Chamber of Industry and Agriculture, the National Lawyers Association, the International Lawyers Association, the Banking Association and the Stock Exchange, and entered full crisis management mode. On the same day he announced the creation of a new judiciary tribunal and a high-level commission led by Nobel Prize Laureate Joseph Stiglitz. There were accusations that foreign forces were attacking Panama because of Panama's "stable and robust economy".  Isabel Saint Malo de Alvarado, Vice President of Panama, said in an op-ed piece published April 21

Law enforcement.

The Procuraduría de la Nación announced that it would investigate Mossack Fonseca and the Panama papers. On April 12, the newly formed Second Specialized Prosecutor against Organized Crime raided Mossack Fonseca and searched their Bella Vista office as part of the investigation initiated by the Panama Papers. The Attorney General's office issued a press release following the raid, which lasted 27 hours, stating that the purpose was "to obtain documents relevant to the information published in news articles that establishes the possible use of the law firm in illegal activities". The search ended without measures against the law firm, confirmed prosecutor Javier Caraballo of the Second Prosecutor Against Organized Crime.  On April 22 the same unit raided another Panama location and "secured a large amount of evidence".  The Municipality of Regulation and Supervision of Financial Subjects [not the Ministry of Economy and

Suspension of investigation.

Attorney General of Panama Kenia Isolda Porcell Diaz announced on January 24, 2017 that he was suspending the investigations against Mossack Fonseca

Charges.

Mossack and Fonseca were

Demise of Mossack Fonseca.

In March 2018, Mossack Fonseca announced that it would cease operations at

Allegations, reactions, and investigations.

Africa.

Former South African president Thabo Mbeki, head of the African Union's panel on illicit financial flows, on April 9 called the leak "most welcome" and called on African nations to investigate the citizens of their

Oceania.

Australia.

On April 22, 2016, Australia said it would create a public register showing the beneficial, or actual, owners of shell companies, as part of an effort to stamp out tax avoidance by multinational corporations.  The Australian Taxation Office has announced that it is investigating 800 individual Australian taxpayers on the Mossack Fonseca list of clients and that some of the cases may be referred to the country's Serious Financial Crime Task Force. Eighty names match to an organized crime intelligence database.  Leaked documents examined by the ABC "pierced the veil of anonymous shell companies" and linked a Sydney businessman and a Brisbane geologist to mining deals in North Korea. "Rather than applying sanctions, the Australian Government and the ASX seem to have allowed a coach and horses to be ridden through them by the people involved in forming this relationship, corporate relationship with one of the primary arms

Cook Islands.

Media initially reported that the Panama Papers lists 500 entities created under the jurisdiction of the Cook Islands,

New Zealand.

New Zealand's Inland Revenue Department said that they were working to obtain details of people who have tax residence in the country who may have been involved in arrangements facilitated by Mossack Fonseca. Gerard Ryle, director of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, told Radio New Zealand on April 8, 2016 that New Zealand is a well-known tax haven and a "nice front for criminals". New Zealand provides overseas investors with foreign trusts and look-through companies. New Zealand government policy is to not request disclosure of the identity of either the settlor or the beneficiaries of the trust, and thus the ownership remains secret, and as a consequence, thus hiding the assets from the trust-holder's home jurisdictions. These trusts are not taxed in New

Niue.

Mossack Fonseca approached Niue in 1996 and offered to help set up a tax haven on the tiny South Sea island. The law firm drafted the necessary legislation, permitting offshore companies to operate in total secrecy. They took care of all the paperwork, the island got a modest fee for each filing, and it seemed like quite a deal, even if they were required by

Samoa.

Many recently created shell companies were set up in Samoa, perhaps after Niue revised its tax laws. The Panama Papers database lists more than 13,000 companies and trusts set up there. Samoa has a population of roughly 200,000.

FIFA investigation.

On May 27, 2015, the US Department of Justice indicted a number of companies and individuals for conspiracy, corruption and racketeering in connection with bribes and kickbacks paid to obtain media and marketing rights for FIFA tournaments. Some immediately entered guilty pleas.  Among those indicted were Jeffrey Webb and Jack Warner, the current and former presidents of CONCACAF, the continental confederation under FIFA headquartered in the United States. They were charged with racketeering and bribery offenses. Others were US and South American sports marketing executives who paid and agreed to pay well over $150 million in bribes and kickbacks.  On December 12, 2014, José Hawilla, the owner and founder of the Traffic Group, the Brazilian sports marketing conglomerate, waived indictment and pleaded guilty to a four-count information charging him with racketeering conspiracy, wire fraud conspiracy,

Recovered sums from litigations, fines and back taxes.

In April 2019, the ICIJ and European newspapers reported that the global tally of such payments exceeded one billion USD, and is now at 1.2 billion. In comparison, Great Britain recovered the largest position (253 million), followed by Denmark (237 million), Germany (183 million), Spain (164 million), France (136 million) and Australia (93 million). Colombia with 89 million recuperated the highest amount for South and Central American countries, which were heavily involved in the financial scandal. While investigations are ongoing in Austria, Canada and Switzerland, and more payments are to be expected, many countries are conducting continued inspections of companies and private individuals revealed in the report.

The Panama Papers () are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. The documents, some dating back to the 1970s, were created by, and taken from, Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca, and were leaked in April 2016.

Les ( en français) désignent la fuite de plus de de documents confidentiels issus du cabinet d'avocats panaméen Mossack Fonseca, détaillant des informations sur plus de ainsi que les noms des actionnaires de ces sociétés. Parmi eux se trouvent des hommes politiques, des milliardaires, des sportifs de haut niveau ou des célébrités. Les chefs d’État ou de gouvernement de six pays — l'Arabie saoudite, l'Argentine, les Émirats arabes unis, l'Islande, le Royaume-Uni et l'Ukraine — sont directement incriminés par ces révélations, tout comme des membres de leurs gouvernements, et des proches et des associés de chefs de gouvernements de plus de 40 autres pays, tels que l'Afrique du Sud, la Chine, la Corée du Sud, le Brésil, la France, l'Inde, la Malaisie, le Mexique, le Pakistan, la Russie et la Syrie.


Biography.

Liane grew up near Tintagel as the only child of a Spanish-French father and Scottish mother until she was twelve years old, experiencing inwardly the power of her natural surroundings. At the outbreak of the first world war the family moved to Australia, her mother and she herself, however, returning to England after a short time. Liane had a pronounced gift for drawing and was already selling pictures at the age of eleven. Her encounter with Buddhism and somewhat later, the writings of Plato brought a certain calm to her fiery temperament.  She attended the Birmingham Academy of Arts painting school and discovered the book “Knowledge of the Higher Worlds” by Rudolf Steiner in the library there. At the early age of 20 she received her art teaching diploma, and at the same time a bursary for the British Museum in London.  Her main desire was to work with difficult and handicapped children, whose drawings and paintings she felt able to interpret. After giving a presentation on Buddhism at the university, a priest of the Christian Community made her aware of the anthroposophical work. She thereupon went to Stourbridge in 1927, to the Sunfield Homes in Clent, joining their circle of co-workers for the next seven years.  There her paintings drew the attention of Dr Ita Wegman, the medical co-worker of Rudolf Steiner, who wrote encouraging her to continue with her painting and inviting her to visit Arlesheim. Here she was requested to try and paint healing pictures in the sense of a therapeutic art. Ita Wegman led her to understand that the most important thing for an artist is not to express him or herself but to create works for other people. After this she only seldom signed her works, schooling herself instead to observe things deeply, painting them “by heart”, as she said, the following day. For some time she stayed at the Casa Andrea Cristoforo in Ascona, followed Ita Wegman to Paris and returned once again to Arlesheim in 1940. Working together with Ita Wegman, Hilma Walter and Margarethe Hauschka, she developed an original and independent painting therapy for patients with a variety of ailments. The frescos in the “La Motta” chapel in Brissago, where later the urn of Ita Wegman was placed, are by her.

Work.

After 1946 she journeyed with the painter and sculptress, Francine van Davelaar through Europe and North America, working artistically and instructing others. Finally both women settled in the Netherlands where they were joined by a group of painting students calling themselves the “Magenta Group” throughout the years 1967-1987.  Collot developed a form of veil painting consisting of up to 80 different layers of colour, based on Rudolf Steiner’s “Philosophy of Freedom”, which she outlined in her textbooks “Colour I” and “Colour II”. After being requested by the medical doctor Dr Paulo Walburgh-Schmidt in 1978 to instruct therapists in painting, she once more began to work directly with patients and to build up her therapeutic work. Here she achieved a widespread recognition amongst doctors, therapists and patients, with her sympathetic looks, her humour and energy and her fluency in the English, German, French and Dutch languages.  Exhibitions of her work took place in Colmar in 1975, regularly at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland and after her death at the Husemann Clinic in Buchenbach, Germany. Her many paintings, including altarpieces for the Christian Community, meditative pictures in clinics, homes and for private owners, are distributed throughout the world.

Liane Collot d’Herbois (17 December 1907 in Camelford, England – 17 September 1999 in Driebergen, the Netherlands) was a British painter and anthroposophical painting therapist. She researched light, darkness, colour and its application in painting and in therapy.

Liane Collot d’Herbois, née le à Camelford (Cornouailles) et morte le à Driebergen (Pays-Bas), est une artiste peintre anthroposophe anglaise. Elle est l'initiatrice d'une approche de la peinture partant de « lumière, ténèbres et couleur » dans le cadre de laquelle elle prolongea les théories anthroposophiques de Rudolf Steiner, considérées comme pseudo-scientifiques. Elle développe à partir de cela une technique de peinture dont elle prétend qu'elle permet de révéler des prédispositions pathologiques chez les personnes l'utilisant.


History.

Formation (2012).

After more than a year of inactivity from Egypt Central, it was announced on December 3, 2012 that both vocalist John Falls and guitarist Jeff James would not be continuing on with the band, thus bringing an end to Egypt Central. The demise of Egypt Central and the formation of Devour the Day were announced simultaneously via a letter written by Joey Chicago and posted to Egypt Central's Facebook page.

"Time & Pressure" (2013–2015).

Walser and Allison began working on the band's debut album in 2012 with producer Skidd Mills for a Spring 2013 release.  Teasers of the songs "Blackout", "Respect, "Move On", and "You And Not Me" were posted on the band's YouTube page  Walser and Allison announced the band's touring line up would consist of former Egypt Central guitarist Jeff James and drummer Dustin Schoenhofer (Walls of Jericho, Bury Your Dead).  On March 18, 2013, the band's debut album "Time & Pressure" was released on May 7, 2013. The first single "Good Man" was released to radio on March 29, 2013 and to digital retailers on April 2, 2013.  The band spent the majority of 2013 touring with such acts as Pop Evil, Hinder, Sevendust, Otherwise, Theory of a Deadman, Candlebox, Trapt, and Sick Puppies.  On January 14, 2014, the band re-released their debut album which featured remixed and remastered versions of the album tracks as well as an unreleased song titled "Check Your Head" and an acoustic version of "Good Man".  The band took part in The Hell Pop Tour II headlined by In This Moment with additional support from Butcher Babies, All Hail the Yeti and Before the Mourning. They also performed in Lazerfest in Des Moines, Iowa on March 10, 2015.  On February 10, 2015. Devour the Day released a digital single called "Faith".

"S.O.A.R." (2016).

"S.O.A.R." was released on April 1, 2016. The first single titled "Lightning in the Sky" was released on January 22, 2016 and the second single titled "The Bottom" was released on March 29, 2016.

"Signals" (2018).

On August 17, 2018, their new single, "The Censor" was released with accompanying music video. The new album, "Signals", was released on October 26, 2018.

Devour the Day is an American hard rock band founded in 2012 by singer/guitarist Blake Allison and bassist Joey "Chicago" Walser after the breakup of their previous band Egypt Central.

Devour the Day est un groupe de hard rock américain, originaire de Memphis, dans le Tennessee. Il est formé en 2012 par Joey Walser et Blake Allison, anciens membres d'Egypt Central.


Education.

Since November 2015, he is a doctor of humanities (PhD) in history. He studied at the Jagiellonian University and at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.

Scientific achievements.

His academic work focusing on the history of science, history of medicine, historiography and the culture of Polish nobles with a particular emphasis on Sarmatism (original Polish ideology combining elements of the West and East).  Wojciech Paszyński has investigated the subject of the first Polish encyclopedia (older than the Encyclopédie) called 'Nowe Ateny' (New Athens), written by Benedykt Chmielowski.  PhD thesis of Wojciech Paszyński is: "Sarmaci i uczeni. Spór o pochodzenie Polaków w historiografii doby staropolskiej" (in English: "Sarmatians and Scholars. Dispute over the Origin of the Poles in the Historiography of the Old Polish Period"). Scientific research included last millennium of Polish historiography (c. 1200-1795) on the issue of the hypothesis about origin of Poles (Ethnogenesis):  "The analysis of the Polish chronicles of the Old Polish Period (around 1200-1795) leads to the conclusion that Polish scholars, far from being the creators of the theory of Sarmatian ethnogenesis of Poles, used it in a very creative way. Their analysis of ancient sources was very insightful and their contribution to the problem was extremely innovative. Whilst the Sarmatian theory was already known in the Middle Ages West (alongside with the Vandalian theory) it was spread first time broadly, throughout whole Europe, by works of Polish scholars. Familiarizing well with the legacy of Greek and Latin authors who described the future Polish lands, and comparing it with the achievements of the Old Polish Period historiography, we will see how it was thoroughly known to Polish scholars. As for the pre-Darwinian, pre-archaeological knowledge, their erudition and research methodology is really impressive. Unfortunately, in further, turbulent centuries Polish science just wandered off from their earlier standard, which was truly at the global level.  Searching for the roots of the Sarmatian theory, we should look back in the late Middle Ages (Długosz). Even in the Renaissance it was still functioning along with the older theory of Germanic origin of Poles (especially from the Vandals and Goths). Therefore, it is wrongly attributed to the 16th-century scholar, Miechowita. He was also of plebeian origin and is thought to have developed an ideology supporting the privileged layer of the Polish gentry, which was not in his interest, as he was not one of them. Apart from geographical references to the great ancient geographer Claudius Ptolemy, there is no allusion or even hint about Sarmatian provenance of gentry or Poles/Slavs in his tractate (he opted for origin from Vandals).  The dispute over the Sarmatian and Vandalian concept lasted for most of the sixteenth century, and the final result was not so obvious until the end of the Renaissance period. Scientists who created the Sarmatian theory, originated mostly from the outside of the circles of nobility, and the only Blue Bloods (Długosz is omitted here, as he was a medieval scholar) – Bielski and his son, were particularly skeptical of the orthodox version of the new theory. Supporting a moderate version, which combines the old and new concepts in a very careful way, they gave a great testimony of erudition and proficiency of their scientific methods. Marcin and Joachim Bielski argued with Kromer – the main supporter of the new theory. In the heat of this dispute developed a new version of it, which in the future would evolve into a highly original cultural formation, known as Sarmatism, combining elements of the East and West.  The genesis of the victory of the Sarmatian theory is complex and goes far beyond the framework of contemporary science, touching on geopolitics, socio-economic factors and the culture in a broad sense. Contrary to the common beliefs, continuations in the late Renaissance and Baroque periods were not always so uncritical. However, providing research was not much essential in developing the thesis of the oldest Sarmatian theory, and authors were not able to create and try to prove other alternative versions of it. This gullibility therefore, refers to the continuous of the former theory, except a few, maybe more creative examples.  It is impossible to estimate the invaluable contribution of the Sarmatian theory to the formation of the Polish national culture. Its genesis lies, paradoxically, in the completely innocent pursuits of the sixteenth-century scholars (of different social class provenances), which – contrary to their intentions (which were academic in a pure sense) – were used in the next century by the growing in strength nobility. At the same time it should be considered that, contrary to former beliefs, this theory was not in the Renaissance something entirely new, and one can even talk about uninterrupted continuation since the ancient times (but in Western Europe only – in medieval Poland it was not adopted). It is also amazing that today, in the light of the multitudinous, often completely contradictory, theories about the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, one cannot completely reject the ancient Sarmatian claims, which are even partially confirmed in heraldry, linguistics and even... genetics!"  Lecture: "„Edeljude”. Cudowne ocalenie lekarza Eduarda Blocha" [„Edeljude”. Miraculous Survival of Doctor Eduard Bloch]. Lecture: "„Egipcjanin Sinuhe” – starożytny lekarz dworski w powieści Miki Waltariego" [“Sinuhe the Egyptian” – the Ancient Court Physician in Mika Waltari's Novel]. Lecture: "Smoliste panaceum. Dziegieć drzewny w XIX-wiecznych przekazach źródłowych" [An Oil Panacea. Wood Tar in the Nineteenth-Century Literature]. Lecture: "Slavia-Sarmatia. Praojczyzna Słowian w świetle wiedzy staropolskiej" [Slavia-Sarmatia. The Cradle of Slavs in the Light of Old Polish Science]. Lecture: "Etos wymarły czy wiecznie żywy? Szlachetność i rycerskość a kultura masowa" [The Ethos Extincted or Alive Forever? Nobility and Chivalry versus Media Culture]. Lecture: "Obcy oczami "eremity lasów firlejowskich". Świat i jego mieszkańcy na kartach "Nowych Aten" Benedykta Chmielowskiego" [Aliens through the Eyes of "Hermit of Firlejow Forests". World and Its Inhabitants in the Pages of 'New Athens']. Lecture: "Gdy Polaków-Sarmatów Wandalami zwano. Koncepcja wandalska a średniowieczne losy pojęcia Sarmacji" [When the Poles-Sarmatians Vandalians were called. The Vandalian Theory versus Medieval Fate of 'Sarmatia' Conception].  Lecture: "Polska jako "Antemurale" i "ojczyzna świętych". Motyw przedmurza w "Nowych Atenach" księdza Chmielowskiego" [Poland as "Antemurale" and "Homeland of Saints". Theme of 'Bulwark' in the 'New Athens' by Benedict Chmielowski].

Wojciech Lucjan Paszyński (born 5 July 1985) is a Polish historian specializing in the history of science and the history of medicine.

Wojciech Lucjan Paszyński, né le à Varsovie dans La Masovie, est un historien polonais, spécialiste de l'histoire des sciences et l'histoire de la médecine.


Professional career.

St. Louis Cardinals organization.

Perdomo signed with the St. Louis Cardinals as an international free agent in November 2010. He made his professional debut in 2011 with the Dominican Summer League Cardinals. After spending 2012 and 2013 with Rookie League clubs, in 2014 Perdomo made 2 starts with the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League State College Spikes and 11 starts with the Class A Midwest League Peoria Chiefs, putting up a 4.43 ERA between the two levels. In 2015, Perdomo started the year with the Chiefs. He was named the Cardinals Minor League Baseball Pitcher of the Month for May, posting a 1.42 ERA and striking out 33 in 31 innings. In July, he was the Cardinals representative at the All-Star Futures Game, taking the place of the injured Alex Reyes. After posting a 3.68 ERA in 17 starts with the Chiefs, Perdomo was promoted to the Class A-Advanced Palm Beach Cardinals in August, where he made 5 starts and had a 5.13 ERA.  Perdomo was selected by the Colorado Rockies in the 2015 Rule 5 draft, and then traded to the San Diego Padres for a player to be named later or cash considerations.

San Diego Padres.

As a Rule 5 selection, Perdomo was added to the Padres bullpen for 2016 despite being hit hard in Spring Training and never having pitched above the A-Advanced level. He was moved into the rotation in June as the Padres lost other starting pitchers to trades or injuries. On August 28, he threw his first complete game, earning a 3–1 victory over the Miami Marlins. Perdomo finished the season with a 9-10 record and a 5.71 ERA, although he improved over the season and had a better ERA as a starter (4.85) than as a reliever (9.10).  Perdomo was named the Padres fifth starter coming out of Spring Training in 2017. After missing some time with a sore shoulder in April, Perdomo remained in the starting rotation for the remainder of the year. He posted an 8-11 record and a 4.67 ERA in 29 starts, with 118 strike-outs in 163 innings pitched. He was 3rd on the club in innings pitched, behind Clayton Richard and Jhoulys Chacín, and led the National League in ground ball rate.  Perdomo won a spot in the Padres' 2018 starting rotation. On April 11 of that year, in a game against the Colorado Rockies, Perdomo threw a pitch behind Nolan Arenado, causing Arenado to charge towards Perdomo. Perdomo flung his glove at Arenado and dodged in a split second to avoid the tackle, leading to a bench-clearing brawl. On April 13, Perdomo was suspended for five games. He was placed on the disabled list on July 28 with a right shoulder strain. He ended the season 1–6 in 12 appearances (10 starts). He had an ERA of 7.05 in innings. In 2019, Perdomo pitched exclusively out of the bullpen, totaling 47 appearances while making just 1 start. He was 2-4 with an even 4.00 ERA.

Luis David Perdomo (born May 9, 1993) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Luis David Perdomo (né le à Saint-Domingue, République dominicaine) est un lanceur droitier des Padres de San Diego de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


Writing Style.

Rancière's philosophy informs his writing style. Rancière tells the story of 18th century French teacher Joseph Jacotot without explicit commentary. Translator Kristin Ross sees the book as uniting Rancière's archival-narrative and polemical styles (xxiii). She considers that the book may be a satirical polemic against modern sociology, targeting specifically the sociologists Pierre Bourdieu, Rancière's teacher Louis Althusser, and Jean-Claude Milner (xxiii). The book is a historical moment intervening politically in the present; this is effected by Rancière blurring his voice with that of Jacotot (xxi-ii). Rancière's choice to write the book as a story reflects his rejection of explication, teaching and writing which presumes an intellectual inequality between the writer and reader (xxii). Translator Kristen Ross writes: "The very act of storytelling, an act that presumes in its interlocutor an equality of intelligence rather than an inequality of knowledge, posits equality, just as the act of explication posits inequality" (xxii). The book is equally relevant to history as to philosophy of education; in the U.S. Rancière is best known among historians (xxi).

Main Concepts.

Stultifying Master vs. Emancipatory Master The explicator, "having thrown a veil of ignorance over everything that is to be learned, he appoints himself to the task of lifting it" (6-7). Only by concealing knowledge from the student is the explicator able to teach it. This makes the student dependent on the master. Rancière also calls this "Enforced stultification" (7). The emancipatory master, on the other hand, teaches students only that he has nothing to teach them. This emancipates students from their dependence on explicators. However, this does not mean no master is necessary (12). What is emancipation? "We will call the known and maintained difference of the two relations-- the act of an intelligence obeying only itself even while the will obeys another will-- emancipation" (13). In other words, the student's intelligence is not reliant on the master's, but the master's will strengthens the student's will, the student's self-confidence, to learn independently. "To emancipate an ignorant person, one must be, and one need only be, emancipated oneself, that is to say, conscious of the true power of the human mind" (15).  Learned Master vs. Ignorant (School) Master "It goes without saying that a scientist might do science without explicating it. But how can we admit that an ignorant person might induce science in another?" (14). While exiled in Belgium, the French-speaking Jacotot taught Flemish-speaking students about the Télémaque using a bilingual French-Flemish translation (1-2). His students learned to intelligently read and write about the Télémaque in French, despite having no prior French instruction (2). Later, Jacotot taught other subjects that he didn't know anything about, including painting and the piano (15).  The Circle of Power A circle of powerlessness ties the student to the explicator of the old method (15). "The circle of power, on the other hand, can only take effect by being made public" (15). To break the circle of powerlessness, Rancière argues that "the circle of emancipation must be "begun"" (16). This, for Rancière, calls for a return to original "universal teaching," meaning learning something without any means of having it explained. "In reality, universal teaching has existed since the beginning of the world, alongside all the explicative methods. This teaching, by oneself, has, in reality, been what has formed all great men" (16).  Universal teaching Jacotot's method "was not a method for instructing the people; it was a benefit to be announced to the poor; they could do everything any man could. It sufficed only to announce it" (18). Thus, for Rancière, emancipation becomes a political act of affirming and awakening the equal intelligence of all people. He writes: "All men have equal intelligence" (18)

Reception.

A review in "French Studies" wrote that the book would have a small audience outside France due to the specificity of its themes, the resurgence of right-wing politics, and growing unemployment in which few would have the leisure to pursue the inward dialogue Rancière recommends.

The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation is a 1987 book by the philosopher Jacques Rancière on the role of the teacher and individual towards individual liberation. Rancière uses the example of Joseph Jacotot, a French teacher in the late 18th century who taught in Belgium without knowledge of their language (Flemish), to explain the role of liberation after Marxism. The work expresses Rousseauist ideas, e.g. in the state of nature humans are morally good, and emphasizes that individual change precipitates societal change. Its arguments draw heavily from the French socialist party's debates on education during the 1980s. It was translated to English in 1991 by Kristin Ross.

Le Maître ignorant est un livre du philosophe français Jacques Rancière, publié en 1987 aux éditions Fayard. Dans celui-ci l'auteur fait un retour sur le contenu et l'actualité de la pédagogie de Joseph Jacotot.


Édifice fédéral William Jefferson Clinton

History.

In the early 1930s, the area that was to become the Federal Triangle was one of the city's most blighted neighborhoods, known as Murder Bay and was a center of crime and prostitution. The plan for the area's redevelopment was laid out as part of the 1901 McMillan Plan, the first federally funded urban redevelopment plan, and the redevelopment of Federal Triangle began in earnest in the 1930s under the leadership of Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon.

New Post Office Building.

Construction of the New Post Office Building was completed in 1934. The Post Office headquarters was a central feature of the redevelopment. The neoclassical building was designed by architects William Adams Delano and Chester Holmes Aldrich, who took as their inspiration the Place Vendôme in Paris. The central section of the tri-unit building consists of two huge, back to back, semicircular units with side wings. The semicircle formed by the building's curve on its eastern façade was to be mirrored by a similarly curved façade built across 12th Street on the site of the Old Post Office Building.  Secretary Mellon's building commission actively sought the demolition of the Old Post Office to fulfill that plan, but preservation efforts—which continued over the course of 50 years—saved the Old Post Office. The second half of the grand plaza was never finished as designed, save for a curve in the northwest corner of the headquarters of the Internal Revenue Service. (The nearby Ronald Reagan Building, completed in 1998, does mirror, to some degree, the semicircle of the west façade of the Clinton Building.)  The exterior is decorated with bas relief panels, by Adolph Alexander Weinman.  The original design of the headquarters building included a local branch post office, called Benjamin Franklin Station. This branch, with entrances on Pennsylvania Avenue, is extant as of 2018.  In the 1990s, the General Services Administration (GSA) refurbished the former Post Office building with the architectural details of the hallways preserved in the style of the 1920s and 1930s. A seven-story marble spiral staircase is a prominent element of the building's interior. A chandelier hangs in the center of the staircase and has exposed bulbs to illuminate each floor. It terminates in a dramatic chrome and brass globe.

Department of Labor Building.

Arthur Brown, Jr. designed the Labor building between 1928 and 1931, and construction was completed in 1934. The building entrance is at 1301 Constitution Avenue, NW.  The Department of Labor was the original occupant of the building. It vacated the building in 1979 when its employees moved to the Frances Perkins Building. The Customs Service took occupancy in 1979 and remained until the late 1990s, when it moved to the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center. In 2002 EPA moved in, and the building was designated as the "EPA West" building.

Interstate Commerce Commission Building.

Arthur Brown, Jr. designed the ICC Building, completed in 1934, in a style similar to the Labor building. The building entrance is at 1201 Constitution Avenue, NW. The Interstate Commerce Commission occupied the building until 1995, and EPA moved in after a renovation.

Building occupants and renaming.

The Post Office Department occupied its headquarters building until the early 1970s. The department was reorganized into the United States Postal Service, an independent agency, in 1971, and it then vacated the building. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE) was the next occupant, through the early 1990s. Congress renamed the New Post Office Building as the Ariel Rios Federal Building on February 5, 1985, in honor of Ariel Rios, an undercover BATFE special agent, who was killed in the line of duty on December 2, 1982. BATFE moved out of the building in the early 1990s, and EPA moved in after a renovation.  In the late 1990s, EPA consolidated its headquarters offices in the Federal Triangle as it moved into two adjacent buildings: the ICC building and the Department of Labor Building, on Constitution Avenue, NW. In December 2012, both houses of Congress unanimously voted to rename the Ariel Rios Building as the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, after Bill Clinton, the 42nd President. GSA administratively renamed the building for Clinton on May 13, 2013. The structure was formally dedicated at a ceremony on July 17, 2013, at which Clinton spoke and former EPA Administratrator Carol Browner attended. The Rios family approved of renaming a building. A reflecting pool at the new ATF headquarters on New York Avenue NW was named for Rios. GSA extended the Clinton building designation to include the former ICC and Labor buildings.

Murals.

The Clinton Federal Building was one of the initial locations that integrated various Works Progress Administration (WPA) murals that were originally commissioned and displayed in federally constructed buildings during the 1930s and 1940s. 25 murals were chosen and six have been criticized by visitors and employees as to stereotyping American Indians and integrating inappropriate images.  GSA addressed the controversy: The U.S. Post Office headquarters murals embody many admirable qualities of American art and culture in the 1930s: a range of visual styles, inventive approaches to subject matter, commitment to bringing creativity and artistic beauty to public spaces, and devotion to the development of American art as a part of national identity. At the same time, engrained cultural attitudes of the 1930s are inevitably present, including stereotypes about women, Native Americans, African Americans, and rural Americans. From Ward Lockwood and Karl Free's depictions of Native Americans and African Americans as subservient to white colonists, to William Palmer and Frank Mechau's emphasis on the aggression of Native Americans and the passive victimhood of women, to Doris Lee's romanticized views of farm life during the Depression, the murals perpetuate outmoded views of their era. Today, the presence of the murals in this building offers a rare opportunity to experience a full cycle of New Deal artwork in its original context, and serves as a valuable reminder of how American society has changed over time".  Controversy over WPA murals was prevalent during their installation and afterward. Nudity and revolutionary sentiments implicit in some murals led to an extended public debate.

Renovation.

In 1993, the building was renovated. In 1998, the limestone facade was renovated. In 2007, the south courtyard was renovated.

The William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building is a complex of several historic buildings located in the Federal Triangle in Washington, D.C., across 12th Street, NW from the Old Post Office. The complex now houses the headquarters of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Lédifice fédéral William Jefferson Clinton est situé dans le Triangle fédéral à Washington, près de l'ancien bureau de poste. Initialement connu comme étant le nouveau bureau de poste, l'édifice abritait le siège du département des Postes jusqu'à ce que ce département ait été remplacé par l'Administration des postes en 1971. Le bâtiment, qui abrite aujourd'hui le siège de l'Agence de protection de l'environnement, a d'abord été rebaptisé édifice fédéral Ariel-Rios le 5 février 1985, en l'honneur d', un agent spécial pour le Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives qui a été tué lors d'une opération d'infiltration le 2 décembre 1982. Après le gouvernement fédéral ait annoncé que l'édifice serait renommé à nouveau, cette fois en l'honneur de l'ancien président Bill Clinton, le 13 mai 2013, le bâtiment fut officiellement rebaptisé édifice fédéral William Jefferson Clinton lors d'une cérémonie qui eut lieu le 17 juillet 2013. Le bâtiment a été rénové en 1993, la façade de calcaire, en 1998 et la cour sud, en 2007.